Altaftj ^0 otAivJVmyvi^W .
 
 
 COMPILED AND PEN-WRITTEN BY 
 JASPER GOODYKOONTZ 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J. GOODYKOONTZ, NK\V YORK. 
 
 PRICE, $1.50. TRADE SUPPLIED BY THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, NEW YORK, OR THE 
 SAN FRANCISCO NEWS COMPANY, SAN FKANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ahhrrviations 3 8 Longevity and Marriage .... 117 
 
 AdSSi por'of:::::::. :;:; T Love K Let .V er ^ I0 ^ 
 
 Album Writer's Department .V Lumber Tables 26 
 
 American W.i r> i nd Battles Man and Woman 116 
 
 Anniversary Calendar Map of World 9 
 
 Application, Letters of Marriage Laws 35 
 
 Asteroids Marriage, Legal Requirements of 105 
 
 86 Marriage Age in different Countries 117 
 
 :*..:::::.:::::. 5 Mean A g nnull Temperature ,8 7 
 
 Bra -Masand Weight of U? Men at their Best 1,7 
 
 Business Arithmetic, Dictionary of 42 Mensuration 54 
 
 Business Correspondence no J*?* V J o 
 
 HuMtu- K,,rm; Dictionary of I 9 S Miscellaneous Letters 108 
 
 Busings an,1 Legal Terms: 19* Mohammedan Calendar 15 
 
 B.,Mness Time Tables.... , ^^^^^... ................. 
 
 Capital Letters. Rules for lot Moon, Phases of n 
 
 Cards and Notes ot Ceremony 94 Moonlight Chart, Perpetual 19 
 
 Cemetery, In the 3 
 
 Centenarians 117 Names of Men and Women 278 
 
 Chenistryof the Body 117 Notes of Ceremony 94 
 
 Chronology .......... 119 parliamentary Laws and Rules ., 148 
 
 Circu-unavijrators of Globe Perpetual Calendar 4 
 
 Civil Government 108 Per petual Calendar, Notes on 
 
 .- Perpetual Moonlight Chart 19 
 
 Commercial Law 1 Perpetual Sunset and Sunrise Table 10 
 
 Common Law I9 Manets, Facts about n 
 
 Compactof Pilgrim Fathers Politic U Economy 198 
 
 Compound Interest Tables 24 portraits of Great Men 86 
 
 Correspondence i Punctuation Points 101 
 
 Dates. Dictionary of 118 Rainfall, Average Annual 18 
 
 Day, Length of 10, 3 Recommendation, Letters of 107 
 
 Distances, fable of 18 
 
 Domestic Letters 102 Seasons, Theory of n 
 
 Signs Monetary and Commercial loi 
 
 Easter Sunday Table for 600 Years Signs of the Zodiac io-n 
 
 Eclipses Theory of 11 So i ar System 
 
 :- '9 Standard Weights and Measures 66 
 
 Epitaphs, Collection of 31 States, Facts about 34 
 
 Statistical Bureau of United States 34 
 
 Kras. Notes on Statute Law 198 
 
 Etiquette, Dictionary of 164 Sun, Declination of lo 
 
 Facts about the Body 116 Sun, Facts About n 
 
 Festivals, Fixed and Movable 8 Sunset Table Prrpetual 10 
 
 Fractional Multiplication Table 21 s>un, Slow or Fast 10 
 
 Geography of the Heavens 37 Teeth, Appearanceiof 117 
 
 Tidf s. Theory ot it 
 
 Historical Events 16 Troops in Federal Army 35 
 
 Holidays 8 Twilight Table 20 
 
 Human strength 117 Velocities, Table of 41 
 
 Instantaneous Method of Computing Interest.. 22 wars American 28 
 
 Instantaneous Method of Measuring Lumber.. 26 Weather Wi-dom" 
 
 Interest, Legal Rate of 35 wedding Anniversaries'" '.'.'.".'.'.I'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.'. 94 
 
 Interest Ta bles. Simple . Weight and Stature at different Ages i Jfi 
 
 Interest Tables, Compound 24 what's Your Name 117 
 
 Invitations, Forms of 94 wind> Pressure, etc., of 41 
 
 Jewish Calendar... 14 Women Age of 116 
 
 Women's Chances to Marry 117 
 
 Land or Squire Measure 73 Year I etipth of 
 
 Limitation, Statutes of 35 -ar, Lengtn oi 3 
 
 Local Time Chart 9 Zodiac, Signs of io-n 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY JASPER GOODYKOONTZ.
 
 tit' <fc!i' -t JMMA 
 
 S* 
 
 PERPTUAiCALENDAR 
 
 REFOENCEMANUAL 
 
 JANUARY 
 
 January is named from the Roman Jims, who was 
 he Porter of heaven. He presided over the beginning or 
 opening of everyth'mg,hence, Hie first -month of t he 
 year was named after him. Jairua wu added to the 
 ist of months bij Numa Pompiliis, 672 B.C. Among the 
 Romans, on the first of this month all enmities were 
 suspended, presents were exchanged, officers were 
 'nstalled, etc. Thus iwiCTt'wis theorigm 
 
 May is probably derived from Ma.il, a feminine di- 
 vinity worshipped at Rome, to whom sacrifices were 
 offered on the first day of May. The custom of ob- 
 serving May-day, or the first day of May, with floral 
 and festive ceremonies, is older than the Middle Ages. 
 The May-Pole was once general in England, the young peo- 
 ple going out before sunrise to gither flowers to adorn it. 
 
 <4 
 
 Februiry is dewed from Fetna, the Roman festwa 
 of general expiation and lustration, which was celebra- 
 ted during the latter part of this month. It was add- 
 ed to the list of months by Nunta,672 B.C. Evenj 
 fourth ijear February has 29 days instead of 2$ 
 and such years are called "bissextile or'leapyears'. 
 In this month the Lupercalia wen held among the 
 Romans. It is the month of harvest in UpperEgypt. 
 
 March is named From MATS, the Roman god 
 of war. It was the first month in the early calen- 
 dar, and the kga) year began with March25th 
 until the change from Old to New Style in the year 
 1752. The value of March weather is expressed 
 in the sauings,"A peck of March dust is wprih 
 a King's Tansorn." "March comes in like a lion, 
 and goes out like a lam b'.' Harvest month in India. 
 
 APRIL 
 
 The derivation of April is unknown, uet there 
 is a traditional etuntolofu, omnia i/>er/t,"\l opens 
 everything',' as spring and the buds generally open 
 In this rnonth. All-Fools' Daij (April 1) is traced 
 through evenj country of Europe to the Hindoos, 
 and even farlner back-to the mistake of Noah in 
 sending the dove out of the ark before the wain-had 
 abated, on the Hebrew first da-y of the rnonth. 
 
 JUNE- 
 
 June has commonly been traced to June, worship- 
 ped at Rome as the queen of heaven. The connection 
 is found in the fact that the month of June was 
 considered the most favorable period for marrying, 
 and Juno was believed to preside over marriage. 
 The summer solstice occurs in thismonth,and 
 in the north temperate zone it is the most pleas- 
 ant month of the year. Harvest month in South U.S. 
 
 * 
 
 JULY 
 
 F 
 
 July derives its -name from JuJiusCaesar,v*ho 
 was born on the 12th of the month. It was original- 
 ly called Q.u!n/ilis,hom its having been Ihefiftli month 
 hr the original Latin year, which began with March. 
 This is the month of"doq days" reckoned as com- 
 mencing on the 3d, and ending on the I ltd of 
 August, during which period the extreme heat of 
 summer prevails. Harvest month in mostcauihieinlllitlK 
 
 -AUGUST 
 
 August owes its name to Augustus Ctesir, who 
 followed his illustrious predecessor by appropriating a 
 month to himself. In the original Lalin year it was 
 called SKtfft, from its being the sinth month. It orig- 
 inally contained 30daus, but to gratify the vanity 
 of Augustus, one day was taken from February and 
 added to August, so as to wake his month equal in 
 extent and dignity tethe month of JuliusCaesjr-Julu. 
 
 -SEPTEMBER- 
 
 September is so called from the Latin Scpfem, sev- 
 en, because it was the 7lh month of the Roman year. 
 This is the harvest month throughout large areas of 
 the globe. Harvest moon is the full moon nearest 
 the autumnal equinox (Sept. 21), so called because it 
 enables farmers to prolong the dag's work during 
 the autumnal harvest; especially favoriHein the north. 
 
 -OCTOBER 
 
 October was the e_i<jtith month of the Roman 
 calendar, which has given rise to the following: 
 "October has its name from octo, eight; / 
 
 Though 'tis the truth, perhaps 'tis well to state, S 
 Such sixes and such sevens the months weit knockeilo / 
 That ten became translated into octo." 
 The changing of the forests to the gorgeous and 
 many-colored hues of autumn is characteristic of October, ( 
 
 November was formerly the ninth month, now 
 the eleventh. From -norem, nine. This month is re- 
 deemed almost every year from its cold and bluster- 
 ing character, by the delightful weather known as 
 Indian Summer, when for days or weeks the sun 
 pours its tays mildly through a haze, rendering the 
 air soft and genial. This month is also noted for 
 its time-honored festival known as Thanksgiving. 
 
 -DECEMBER- 
 
 December is derived from decem, len, as 
 it was formerly the tenth month. The longest 
 nights and shortest days occur during this 
 month, the winter solstice falling on tht 21st. 
 As the rnonth of the Christmas holidays, which con 
 time from Derem.24 to Jan. 2, its cold winds 
 and glo-rrmj atmosphere are enlivened with the joy- 
 ousness and charity of I he greatest festial in the yeat 
 
 L YEAR-DAY- 
 
 The Year is the period of tirne in which the 
 earth performs a revolution in its orbit a-round 
 the sun. It consists of 365 days 5 hours48min- 
 utes, and 46 seconds of n-iean solar time. The Day 
 is the interval of tim which elapses between two 
 consecutive returns of the same terrestrial merid- 
 ian to the sun. The Week is a period of seven days, 
 having no reference to the celestial moiions-a cir- 
 cumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity.
 
 CALENDAR FC 
 
 GOODYKOONTZ'S PERPETUAL CALENDAR* 
 
 An. instantaneous re/ereticc cal eri d i'r frbiri which 
 
 the complete and correct calendar for an y year, either old or nev stule, 
 
 before or a/ter Chri st, w a y be itis*antl y fo u-ti d . 
 
 -:^ 
 
 A < .>> 
 
 jt_ 
 
 =*^ 
 Jiti. 
 
 ^r^^OTp^Q^^^ 
 ^-4^4^ : A;t^;:iUiXQ:^ 
 
 ^-^'^#-1 
 
 YEARS OF THE CENTURIE 
 
 S A.ND 
 
 To /'iti^ the calendar tor any year, 
 look iti the column of cetiturtin at hc 
 l*l< <OT th re<guire4 century, at thi> 
 rifht o/ which is lh CtituTM Letter 
 /OT New Styl(si-nce Sept. 3,nS2),and 
 t the le/,he Century UtMTMrOM 
 Style. Ttwte lette-r ii-rect to corre- 
 tfontinq ktteti atthetopi o> the 
 double columns, in which tre ^iven 
 the y*T of the centurict. At the 
 riaht of each i^etr in the double col- 
 umn* n the Calendar NumlMT,d!rect- 
 ing to the corresponding number of 
 the calendars which follow. Ml the 
 yan of 1800 art given in the second 
 double column under B; all the yean 
 of 1300, in the third double column.etc. 
 
 Exattiples. 
 
 I. -Find the calendar fo-f 1894. Ljk 
 in the column of centuriei for I800;at 
 its rioht is B, directing to 8 at the lop 
 o/the second double column; at the 
 riaht of 9* in this column r> 2, direct 
 ino to Calendar Number 2, which is 
 the correct calendar for 1 894-. 
 
 A. -On what day was Washinyton 
 inaugurated President, April 30,11897 
 At the riaht of 1700 (in century celntnn) 
 i A; under A in the first double col- 
 umn.atthe riaht of 89 is 5: in cal- 
 endar number 5 April 30ih is Tbur<dy. 
 
 3. -On whaKiiM did Columbus dis- 
 cover America, October \1. 149j-At 
 the left of I400(0ld Style) it A; under 
 A at the n'htof 92 is I A; in calendar 
 number IA the 12th of October is Friday. 
 
 April' 5th of the year 4. B.C.T-T>ie years 
 B.C.baing reckoned backward, it is neces- 
 sary to take the year of the century from 
 100, and use t h century letter of the prt 
 ceding cenluru:thu,4(yearofcntttTul 
 from 100 leaves 98 ; century letter for 1 00 
 (New Style) it C ; under C in the Kurd doub 
 le column at the rihl of 96 is 2A- in 
 calendar number 2A the 5th of Aoril 
 is Friday. 
 
 lino that time has been reok
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 JA 
 FE 
 
 M; 
 
 S M 
 
 T WT 
 
 ** 
 
 F 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 APR 
 
 MA 1 
 
 JUN 
 
 J- 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 | 
 
 *J 
 F 
 
 f 
 S 
 
 ej*5si mum 
 
 S M T V 
 
 V T F~ S 
 
 S M ~ 
 
 I 
 
 ;wTFS1| 
 
 N. ...... 
 
 2 13 
 920 
 2627 
 
 ... 1 2 
 
 789 
 4156 
 
 21 2223 
 282930 
 
 3 
 O 
 1 7 
 24 
 3 1 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 i ;> 
 
 29 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 E 
 
 5 
 
 1 2 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 20 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 21 
 20 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 i :< 
 t3 
 
 za 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 1 O 
 1 7 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 
 2b 
 
 JULY ......... 
 
 12 13 14 1 
 
 1 9 20 2 1 2 
 
 1234 OCT. 
 
 8 3 O 1 1 45 
 51678 1121 
 2 23 24 23 18192 
 93031 ... 25262 
 
 . ... 1 23 
 
 37890 
 341561 
 021 222324 
 728^93031 
 
 B. ,. 
 
 9 10 
 6 17 
 2324 
 
 456 
 
 M 12 3 
 
 1 8 1 9 20 
 252627 
 
 7 
 ! 4 
 21 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 1 7 
 24 
 
 a- 
 
 4 
 
 
 V. 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 IS 
 
 26 
 
 is 
 
 13 
 JO 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 ii 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 1 5 
 
 ie 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 "o 
 
 ' 234 
 S 10 1 1 1 
 1 6 1 7 18 1 
 23 24 25 2 
 
 5678 NOV. 1 2 
 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 891 
 9 20 2 1 22 1 5 l 6 1 
 6272823 22232 
 
 34567 
 DM 12 13 14 
 7 1 8 1 9 2O 2 1 
 425262728 
 
 " 8 
 
 1516 
 2223 
 293O 
 
 345 
 IO 1 1 12 
 7819 
 242526 
 
 6 
 I 3 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 14 
 21 
 2(3 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 22 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 6 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 7 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 18 
 25 
 
 2 
 S 
 26 
 
 6 
 1 3 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 SEPT. ...?.. i 
 
 13 14 15 1 
 2021 222 
 2728293 
 
 2345 DEC 
 
 9 O 1 12 67 
 617189 13 1 4 1 
 3242526 202! 2 
 27282 
 
 2345 
 B 9 1 1 1 12 
 516 1 7 1 8 1 9 
 223242526 
 33O3I 
 
 Ms 
 JA 
 
 FE 
 
 Mf 
 
 ^I^IM 
 
 T WT 
 
 F=- 
 
 
 APK 
 MAI 
 
 JUN 
 
 JC 
 
 1 
 
 i \ 
 
 rvi 
 
 T 
 
 W 
 
 
 F 
 
 S 
 
 IIIIY SM " rv 
 
 v -T F" S S rvi T 
 
 - W T F" S 
 
 N. ...... 
 
 1 12 
 
 1819 
 2526 
 
 678 
 
 13 14 5 
 2021 22 
 272829 
 
 3 
 16 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 1 7 
 24 
 31 
 
 L 
 
 f 
 
 E 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 B 
 
 IS 
 
 1 2 
 IS 
 
 26 
 
 e 
 
 13 
 
 M 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 14 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 is 
 
 12 
 
 ,":'. 
 
 i. : 
 -' 3 
 30 
 
 10 
 1 7 
 24 
 
 1 
 B 
 15 
 22 
 29 
 
 JULY ....... 
 
 M 12 13 1 
 IS 18202 
 2526272 
 
 7 8 9 O 34 
 
 41567 IO 1 1 
 222324 1781 
 B 29 30 3 24252 
 
 56789 
 
 2 3 1 4 15 I 6 
 32021 2223 
 627282930 
 
 B - i 
 
 15 16 
 2223 
 
 345 
 10 M 12 
 17 18 19 
 242526 
 
 6 
 3 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 14 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 s 
 
 1 6 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 "a 
 
 13 
 20 
 
 .:- 
 
 3 
 10 
 17 
 24 
 31 
 
 ' ~l 
 
 14 
 21 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 
 18 
 25 
 
 5 
 12 
 1 9 
 26 
 
 6 
 13 
 20 
 27 
 
 14 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 15 16 11 1 
 2223242 
 
 4567 NOV 
 1 12 13 1 4 
 8 92021 
 5262728 
 
 "i 8 
 
 I4 I5 I 
 2 I 22 2 
 , 28293 
 
 " "s'e" 
 
 2 3 I 
 
 I 520 2 
 2627 2 
 
 23456 
 3 IO 1 1 213 
 
 5 7 18 I92O 
 324252627 
 
 iR. ? ^ 
 
 14 IE 
 21 22 
 
 234 
 91011 
 61118 
 23 24 25 
 
 5 
 12 
 19 
 16 
 
 6 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 B 
 15 
 Z2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 16 
 
 ia 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 7 
 24 
 
 ijft 
 
 4 
 1 
 B 
 25 
 
 ,5 
 
 9 
 26 
 
 SEPT. :.....:.. 
 
 567 
 1 2 13 14 1 
 1 9 20 2 1 2 
 26 27 28 2 
 
 "a "3 "* DE( 
 
 3 9 i o n 
 
 5 16 17 1 8 
 22324 25 
 330 
 
 .1234 
 7 8 9 1 O 1 1 
 5 16 17 1 8 
 1 22232425 
 32930|3 l ... 
 
 Us 
 JA 
 
 F 
 
 M/ 
 
 S fVI 
 
 H H 
 
 T WT 
 
 U 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 3j 
 
 -:A;j 
 
 S M 
 
 :! 
 
 ir- 
 W 
 
 
 D 
 
 : 
 
 S MT V 
 
 J^fcjpp^ 
 
 gtegslggi 
 
 SMI 
 
 ; 
 
 TVVT F" s 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2y 
 
 2 
 S 
 
 2? 
 JO 
 
 APRIL 
 
 MAY 
 JUNE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 i 
 6 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 JULY 
 
 12 00' 
 
 r . 
 
 
 N. ....... 
 
 IO 1 1 
 1718 
 2425 
 
 5 6 ~J 
 12 314 
 IS 2O 2 1 
 262728 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 1 7 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 2 
 B 
 26 
 
 6 
 3 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 14 
 21 
 23 
 
 345 
 IO M 121 
 
 17 18192 
 2425262 
 
 6789 ' 23- 
 3 14 IS 16 SOI 
 321 2223 ' 6171 
 7 23 29 3O 23242 
 
 * 5 6 7 8 
 1 12 13 14 S 
 
 3 l 9 20 2 1 22 
 5262723 29 
 
 B. :A , 
 
 1415 
 2 22 
 _ 2829 
 
 234 
 
 son 
 
 16 1 7 1 8 
 2324-25 
 
 5 
 
 1 2 
 
 ! t; 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 S 
 
 J 
 
 .':> 
 
 2 
 9 
 B 
 23 
 
 -0 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 1 7 
 
 24 
 31 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 
 is 
 za 
 
 : M 
 
 t 0)(D)OO1 
 
 6 
 3 
 2O 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 2 l 
 
 28 
 
 AU&. ?4y|- 
 
 1415 61 
 21 22232 
 eror 2829303 
 
 3456 NOV. ...... 
 1 1 2 1 3 67' 
 7 1 S 1 9 2O 341 
 4252627 2O2 1 2 
 1 _ 272S2 
 
 12345 
 3 9 IO 1 2 
 51617 8 9 
 2 23 24 25 26 
 330 
 
 Ub ....... 
 
 3 14 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 a 8 10 
 
 51617 
 222324 
 293O3 I 
 
 ill 
 
 4 
 1 1 
 
 e 
 25 
 
 03 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 i:' 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 i = l 
 
 7 
 
 a. 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 i r, 
 22 
 29 
 
 9 
 I 6 
 
 Vl 
 
 l|, : ; 
 
 3 
 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 SEPT. ..... 
 
 456 
 1112 31 
 18 19 2O 2 
 2526272 
 
 JHjj| |[||! VI !| 
 
 123 DEO 
 
 78910 45 
 415617 1121 
 1 222324 IH t< 2 
 J293O... 25262 
 
 .... 1 2 3 
 
 5 7 8 9 1 O 
 3 4 f 5 1 6 1 7 
 321 222324 
 
 / ja zfgio ' ! 
 
 S iv 
 
 2 3 
 9 IO 
 
 6 n 
 
 2324 
 
 FEB. ??.. 
 
 to 21 
 . 2728 
 
 T WT 
 
 456 
 1 12 3 
 
 a 1920 
 is 20 ;T 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 ,J 
 
 APRIL 
 
 MAY 
 JUNE 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 S 
 
 i e 
 
 53 
 30 
 
 '" 
 14 
 2 1 
 
 2 hi 
 
 rvi 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 1 B 
 
 2 r> 
 
 W 
 
 12 
 l 
 26 
 
 6 
 l 3 
 20 
 
 7 
 4 
 ? l 
 
 [a 
 
 S 
 
 B 
 5 
 
 2 '; 
 
 .?:.) 
 
 JULY 3- 4 -" 
 
 9 IO 1 1 
 
 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 
 2324252 
 
 <J T F" S S M T 
 
 OCT. 2 
 
 5678 891 
 23145 561 
 3202 22 22232 
 S 27 28 29 .... 29303 
 
 r W T R S 
 
 34567 
 3 12314 
 
 7 8 19202 1 
 125262728 
 
 1 2 3 
 8 9 IO 
 15/617 
 22 23 24 
 29...... 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 w : 
 
 r CICDWOl. 
 
 S 
 
 S3 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 9 
 1 (i 
 23 
 30 
 
 3 
 1 O 
 1 7 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 18 
 IS 
 
 i 
 B 
 ID 
 22 
 
 .:-i 
 
 lOrtmtD ;r((n(Dno[ 
 ! rt . -Offo 
 
 G 
 20 
 
 '" 
 
 1 
 1 7 
 
 24 
 
 AUG. ~4"i" 
 
 1314 51 
 2O 21 222 
 ccp _ 2728293 
 
 2345 
 9 O 1 12 
 51718 9 
 3242526 , 
 
 331 DE( 
 
 3 " 
 
 2 3 l 
 9202 
 , 26272 
 .._. ..^ .. 
 
 I I 1 1 
 7 8 
 24 2! ; 
 3l 
 
 7 8 9 1 1 1 
 11516 718 
 1 22232425 
 32930 
 3 
 
 M/ 
 
 "5^6 
 
 I92C 
 
 2627 
 
 789 
 14 516 
 
 ?3&% 
 
 1 Q 
 
 >" 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 
 A 
 1 ft 
 
 ,'; 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 
 
 -:.': 
 
 6 
 I 3 
 20 
 
 2-r 
 
 V 
 1 4 
 
 SEPT. 
 
 345 
 
 IO 1 1 121 
 1718 92 
 
 24 25 26 2 
 
 S 7 8 9 
 3 14 516 
 21 2223 
 7282330 
 
 56789 
 3 13 14 516 
 3202 2223 
 32728293O 
 
 NOTES ON THE CALENDAR. 
 
 ^WM) 'e cen uri/ letters, at the right of the 
 fanfof. linn of centuries, are given both A. 
 onffifi ind B.C. in New Sly e in order to r 
 
 jjKJS the advent cf man on the earth,4-0 
 <l5 B ' C '' UTlt '' "" P T "i, and ill full 
 &J To find the ce-nturij letter for IT 
 century bei/ond those g ven in Die c 
 umn of cen uries, it is only necessary to r*m 
 bfr that every centesimal leap--year(every cent 
 imal ijear divisible by 400) has D for its cen 
 ri, letter; then the net century, Aj then B an 
 
 C, nd so on forever; thus, &400 his D; 8500, A 
 8600, B; 8700, C; 8800, D; etc. 
 ol If it be desirable to use the Old Stule century 
 3. letters beyond those given at the left of thecolumr 
 p- of centur es, repeat them in the si-me order as jive 
 There are two methods of reckoning the years B.I 
 4 known as the"Aslronorners' MelhodJ* and the"Chro 
 re no ogers' Method}' The former method is used i 
 this Calendar, as it represents regular successio 
 y of years from B.C. to A. D., while the latter doe 
 - not. The difference between the two methods 
 sw may be seen from the fo owing illustration: 
 
 es e.c. i *.a- 
 
 u- 543210 234 3=AslTonomers* Method, 
 d 5432112345 =Chronologers' Method. 
 
 ; The years B.C. and A.D. ire reckoned from t h e 
 point 010-year) the same as the degrees on t he 
 scae of a thermometer are reckoned above and 
 be ow O(O-degree). 
 i There haw been two defects in rVrpetua! Cal- 
 . endiTs that Have heretofore rendered Ihetri 
 - impracticable for genera, use; viz., Tl e lia- 
 1 bility to find the incorrect date, and the time 
 n required to point out any given date. 
 Should any one feel disposed to discredit the ac- 
 curacy of this calendar, if he will furnish proof 
 of such, he will be amply rewarded for his 
 trouble. 
 The calendar for any year may be found with 
 in the emit of six seconds.
 
 
 ERAS COMPARED. 
 
 NOTE SON THE ERAS. 
 
 MOVABLE FESTIVALS. 
 
 FIXED FESTIVALS .HOLIDAYS. 
 
 s3^ 
 
 UJ 
 
 ^-FJuj 
 
 Ul 
 
 jjj 
 
 The Ghriwian (T* commenced 
 
 To find the day of the month 
 
 JANUARY I.NewVcar's andCir- 
 
 s ==: 
 
 . ^ 
 
 r~- vi \~*~ ^ 
 
 h ** 
 
 l~ 
 
 on Saturday (Old Stylel.January 
 
 upon which any of the follow- 
 
 cumcision; 6. Epiphany. 
 
 ^3 
 
 _ Q^ 
 
 i-i_ .^J ^ 
 
 M- ** 
 
 * 
 
 1st of the year A.D. The first 
 
 ino festivals occurs for any oiv- 
 
 FEBRUARY a, Puificatioi;l4,Si. 
 
 SeS 
 
 o uj 
 
 o ^^!<^ c^ 
 
 f*%l^ 
 
 * 
 
 Julian Period commenced Jan- 
 
 en year, select the date of Eas- 
 
 Valentine's Can; 32, WasHinoton's 1 
 
 S 
 
 C/"i -*- 
 
 CO /} ci 
 
 C/l ^ * 
 
 uary 1,4713 B.C., and ends Jan- 
 
 ter for the required uear from 
 
 Birthday; 84, St. Matihiu' Day. 
 
 = = 
 
 IAJ CO 
 
 LU t . * i . i llj ^- 
 
 uary 1,3268 A.D., it consist- 
 
 the table below, then select the 
 
 MARCH 17, Si. Patrick's Day; , 
 
 18* 
 
 fs 
 
 
 ing of 7980 years. It is used to 
 avoid ambiguities in chronolog- 
 
 calendar for the fiven wear from 
 the Perpetual Calendar. 
 
 Annunciation, or Lady Dau. 
 APRIL M.St.Gforoe's Dy;2S, 
 
 =2 s 
 
 
 z '*^ ^ c?5! 
 
 ical dates.The Mundane era 
 
 Sepluaoesima 9th Sun.bertreEttter. 
 
 St. Mark's Day. 
 
 c: 
 
 LU 
 
 i_u ~ 
 
 t. f 3 
 
 LU C3 -' 
 
 commenced with October 
 
 Sexaoesitna 8th > i 
 
 MAY 1, St. Phi ip's and St. James' 1 
 
 
 & 
 
 C J ^ 
 
 CJ> 
 
 
 ,"> 
 
 4-004 B.C. The Jewish era 
 
 dulnqiiigninta 7th < i 1 1 i 
 
 Day; 30, Memorial Day. 
 
 lS24 
 
 rwi 
 
 raw 
 
 SOI? 
 
 SHR 
 
 A 
 
 commenced with October 
 
 Shrove Tues. 7thTue$. n 11 
 
 JUNE II. S. Barnabas' Oau; 34, 
 
 1424 
 
 1361 
 
 fao4 
 
 ?9ij 
 
 .'I no 
 
 n 
 
 3761 B.C. The era of h 
 
 Ash Wed. 7th Wed. > it 
 
 St. John Baptist's Day; 29, St. 1 
 
 1324 
 
 6861 
 
 7104 
 
 7813 
 
 3IO< 
 
 
 Declaration of Independence 
 
 FintSw.itilMt Oil-Sun. ., > 
 
 Peter's Day. 
 
 1224 
 
 1761 
 
 7004 
 
 Til] 
 
 iooc 
 
 P 
 
 commenced July 4, 1776 A.D. 
 
 Second > Slh 
 
 JULY 4, Independence Day;2S, 
 
 1 1 14 
 
 6661 
 
 6304 
 
 7613 
 
 290( 
 
 A 
 
 The Moriamtttedavt T 
 
 Third 4th >i n 
 
 St. James' Day. 
 
 1024 
 
 656 
 
 680-1 
 
 7513 
 
 
 D 
 
 commenced on Friday, July 
 
 Tourth . > 3rd i > i 
 
 AUGUST 74,S(.BaTtholomew'< Day. 
 
 924 
 
 64bl 
 
 6704 
 
 7413 
 
 2700 
 
 C 
 
 16, 621 A.D. Us centuries can- 
 
 Fifth > i 2nd > i 
 
 SEPTEMBER, /irst Mondav.La- 
 
 824 
 
 6361 
 
 6604 
 
 7313 
 
 2600 
 
 B 
 
 not be shown with those at 
 
 Palm Sunday 1st > ti 
 
 bor Day, ai,St. Matthew's Day; 
 
 724 
 
 8261 
 
 61 i-04 
 
 721; 
 
 2M)0 
 
 A 
 
 the left, owiny to its differ- 
 
 Good Friday 1st Friday i i 
 
 Z9. M ichielrnas. 
 
 624 
 
 6161 
 
 6404 
 
 7li: 
 
 2400 
 
 D 
 
 ent length. See Mohtwntetfan 
 
 Maiindu Thur. 1st Thur. * 
 
 OCTOBER IB, St. Luke's Day; 
 
 104 
 
 goai 
 
 BS04 
 
 7013 
 
 2300 
 
 C 
 
 Ca*Wr&*vher in this book. 
 
 EASTER SUNDAY, see TaMc. 
 
 58, St. Simon's and St.Judes' 
 
 424 
 
 9961 
 
 6IC4 
 
 6913 
 
 liOO 
 
 R 
 
 To find the year of the century 
 
 Low Sunday 1st Sun. after Taster. 
 
 Day; 31, Halloween. 
 
 324 
 
 }8 6 1 
 
 5IC4 
 
 $8U 
 
 21 00 
 
 ^ 
 
 of any of the other eras corre- 
 
 Rotation Sun. 5th > i i > 
 
 NOVEMBER 1, All Saints' Day; 
 
 224 
 
 176 1 
 
 or 04 
 
 6713 
 
 2000 
 
 11 
 
 sponding to any $iven year of the 
 
 Ascension Day 6th Thttr. t t 1 1 
 
 first Tuesday after first Mon- 
 
 124 
 
 5661 
 
 If 04 
 
 t e i ? 
 
 1900 
 
 C 
 
 Christian era , add the year of 
 
 Whit Sun. or 
 
 day, General E ection Day; last 
 
 24 
 
 5561 
 
 1804 
 
 6513 
 
 1800 
 
 1 
 
 the century to the number 
 
 Pentecost 7th Sun. 11 
 
 Thursday, Thanks 9 ivi-n9 Day; 
 
 
 5461 
 5361 
 
 J704 
 SB04 
 
 641.' 
 631? 
 
 1700 
 1600 
 
 A 
 D 
 
 of the other century found 
 opposite to the Christian cen- 
 
 Trinity Sun. 8th i n 
 Corpus Christ! 9th ThitT. > t 
 
 30, St. Andrew's Day. 
 DECEMBER 6, St. Nicholas' 
 
 <; 
 
 5261 
 516 
 
 S404 
 
 6213 
 61 13 
 
 1500 
 
 1400 
 
 C 
 B 
 
 tury. Thus, the year of the 
 Jewish era correspond in 9 
 
 First Smi.inAdv't 4th Sun.bef.Ckristmas. 
 Second i j 3rd n 
 
 Dau; 2l,S.ThoMias* Dau; 
 as, Christmas Daw ; 06, 
 
 .... 
 
 506 
 
 Id 6 1 
 
 5304 
 ^2 04 
 
 6013 
 
 1300 
 
 1 2 QC 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 to 1894 of the Christian era 
 
 Third 2nd <t >i 
 
 St. Stephen's Oau; a?, St. 
 
 '..'.'. 
 
 4861 
 
 r i 04 
 
 581 ; 
 
 IOC 
 
 C 
 
 opposite to 1800) +94 =5655. 
 
 CrlRISTMAS.Dccember 2S.(IMmnbty 
 
 nocents' Day. 
 
 ':::*: 
 
 4761 
 466 
 4461 
 k4 1 
 
 S004 
 4904 
 4804 
 4704 
 
 5713 
 5613 
 
 5M3 
 5413 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 .300 
 *700 
 
 B 
 A 
 D 
 C 
 
 EASTER SUNDAY TABLE FOR 600 YEARS. 
 
 Previous to 1752 the dates arc computed fVotn the Old Sty \e. As Easter 
 
 '.air 
 
 36I 
 4261 
 4161 
 4061 
 
 4604 
 4504 
 4404 
 4304 
 
 5313 
 5213 
 51 13 
 5013 
 
 600 
 1500 
 1400 
 
 not 
 
 B 
 A 
 
 D 
 C 
 
 can occur only in March and April, Match is indicated by M and April by A. 
 
 ISOO A 19 
 
 1600 M 23 
 
 1700 M 31 
 
 1800 A 13 
 
 1900 A is 
 
 aooo A as 
 
 
 3961 
 
 4204 
 
 4913 
 
 b200 
 
 B 
 
 1 A II 
 
 51 M 29 
 
 i A a 
 
 51 M 3C 
 
 1 A 20 
 
 51 A 7 
 
 1 A S 
 
 31 A 20 
 
 1 A 7 
 
 51 M 25 
 
 1 A 15 
 
 51 A a 
 
 MnM 
 
 386: 
 
 -4104 
 
 4813 
 
 l 00 
 
 A 
 
 2 M27 
 
 S2 A r 
 
 2 A 4 
 
 52 A 
 
 2 A S 
 
 52 M 29 
 
 2 A 18 
 
 52 A 1 
 
 2 M 30 
 
 52 A 13 
 
 2 M 3 
 
 52 A 21 
 
 
 3761 
 
 IM4 
 
 47 12 
 
 Q 
 
 
 3 A 16 
 
 53 A ' 
 
 3 A *b 
 
 53 A II 
 
 3 M 21 
 
 53 A 2' 
 
 3 A II 
 
 53 M 2' 
 
 3 A i; 
 
 53 A 5 
 
 3 A 20 
 
 53 A 6 
 
 CNMfT 
 
 3661 
 
 3904 
 
 4613 
 
 "l 00 
 
 C 
 
 4 A ' 
 
 54 M 21 
 
 4 A t 
 
 54 M li 
 
 4 A 16 
 
 54 A 11 
 
 4 A 
 
 54 A 16 
 
 4 A ; 
 
 54 A li 
 
 4 A 1 
 
 54 M 29 
 
 
 356 
 
 3804 
 
 4513 
 
 200 
 
 B 
 
 5 M 23 
 
 55 A 14 
 
 S M 3 
 
 55 A 1! 
 
 S A 8 
 
 55 M 30 
 
 5 A 14 
 
 55 A 8 
 
 5 A 23 
 
 55 A 10 
 
 5 M 27 
 
 55 A 18 
 
 . . 
 
 3461 
 
 3704 
 
 4413 
 
 |30f 
 
 A 
 
 6 A 12 
 
 56 A 5 
 
 6 A 20 
 
 56 A 6 
 
 6 M 24 
 
 56 A 18 
 
 A 6 
 
 56 M 23 
 
 6 A IS 
 
 56 A 1 
 
 6 A 16 
 
 56 A 2 
 
 wM 
 
 3361 
 
 3604 
 
 4313 
 
 1400 
 
 D 
 
 7 A 4 
 
 57 A 18 
 
 7 A 5 
 
 57 M 2S 
 
 7 A 13 
 
 57 A 10 
 
 7 M 29 
 
 57 A 12 
 
 7 M 31 
 
 57 A 21 
 
 7 A ( 
 
 57 A 22 
 
 : .\ E ? 
 
 3261 
 
 ?504 
 
 4213 
 
 "5 
 
 C 
 
 8 A 23 
 
 58 A 10 
 
 8 M 27 
 
 58 A II 
 
 8 A 4 
 
 58 M 26 
 
 8 A 17 
 
 58 A 4 
 
 8 A 19 
 
 58 A 6 
 
 8 M 2! 
 
 58 A 14 
 
 
 3161 3404:41 13 
 
 600 
 
 8 
 
 9 A 8 
 
 59 M 26 
 
 9 A 16 
 
 39 A 3 
 
 9 A 24 
 
 59 A 15 
 
 9 A 2 
 
 59 A 24 
 
 9 A II 
 
 59 M 29 
 
 9 A \: 
 
 59 M 30 
 
 ? . r . 3061 330414013 
 
 W 7oo 
 
 A 
 
 10 M 31 
 
 60 A 14 
 
 10 A 8 
 
 60 A r 
 
 10 A 9 
 
 60 A 6 
 
 10 A 22 
 
 60 A 8 
 
 10 M 27 
 
 60 A 17 
 
 10 A 4 
 
 60 A 18 
 
 I?""? 29 61 320413913 
 
 T800 
 
 n 
 
 II A 20 
 
 61 A 6 
 
 II M 24 
 
 61 A 14 
 
 II A 1 
 
 61 M 22 
 
 II A 14 
 
 61 M 3 
 
 II A 16 
 
 61 A 2 
 
 II A 24 
 
 61 A 10 
 
 VF1 2861 31 04 3813 
 
 900 
 
 c 
 
 12 A 1 1 
 
 62 M 29 
 
 12 A 12 
 
 62 M 3C 
 
 12 A 20 
 
 62 A II 
 
 12 M 29 
 
 62 A 20 
 
 12 A 7 
 
 62 A 22 
 
 12 A 8 
 
 62 M 26 
 
 '.'". ! 2761 3004'37l3 
 
 1000 
 
 s 
 
 13 M 27 
 
 63 A II 
 
 13 A 4 
 
 63 A 19 
 
 13 A S 
 
 63 A 3 
 
 13 A 18 
 
 63 A 5 
 
 13 M 23 
 
 63 A 14 
 
 13 M 31 
 
 63 A IS 
 
 P '.<>f, 2661 2904:3613 
 
 II 00 
 
 A 
 
 14 A 16 
 
 64 A 2 
 
 14 A 24 
 
 64 A C 
 
 14 M 28 
 
 64 A 22 
 
 14 A II 
 
 64 M 27 
 
 14 A 12 
 
 64 M 29 
 
 14 A 20 
 
 64 A 6 
 
 * 
 
 2561 2804 ! 35I3 
 
 1200 
 
 n 
 
 15 A 8 
 
 65 A 22 
 
 IS A 9 
 
 65 M 26 
 
 IS A 17 
 
 65 A 7 
 
 15 M 26 
 
 65 A 16 
 
 15 A 14 
 
 65 A IE 
 
 15 A 5 
 
 65 M29 
 
 
 2461 
 
 2704 3413 
 
 1300 
 
 c 
 
 16 M 23 
 
 66 A 14 
 
 16 M 31 
 
 66 A S 
 
 16 A 1 
 
 66 M 30 
 
 16 A 14 
 
 66 A 1 
 
 16 A 23 
 
 66 A 10 
 
 16 M 27 
 
 66 A II 
 
 
 
 2361 
 
 2604 
 
 3313 
 
 1400 
 
 I 
 
 17 A 12 
 
 57 M 30 
 
 17 A 20 
 
 67 A t 
 
 17 A 21 
 
 67 A 19 
 
 17 A 6 
 
 67 A 2 
 
 17 A 8 
 
 67 M 26 
 
 17 A 16 
 
 67 A 3 
 
 WMV 
 
 2261 
 
 2504 
 
 3213 
 
 ISOO 
 
 A 
 
 18 A 4 
 
 68 A 13 
 
 18 A 5 
 
 68 M 22 
 
 18 A 13 
 
 68 A 3 
 
 18 M 22 
 
 68 A 12 
 
 18 M 31 
 
 68 A 14 
 
 18 A 1 
 
 68 A 22 
 
 MOf F$ 
 
 2161 
 
 2404 
 
 31 13 
 
 1600 
 
 D 
 
 19 A 24 
 
 69 A 10 
 
 19 M 2i 
 
 69 A 
 
 19 M 29 
 
 69 M 26 
 
 19 A II 
 
 69 M 2.8 
 
 19 A 20 
 
 69 A 6 
 
 9 A 21 
 
 69 A 14 
 
 Hffi 
 
 2061 
 
 2304 
 
 3013 
 
 1700 
 
 C 
 
 20 A 8 
 
 70 M 26 
 
 20 A 16 
 
 70 A 3 
 
 20 A 17 
 
 70 A IS 
 
 20 A 2 
 
 70 A 17 
 
 10 A 24 
 
 70 M 29 
 
 20 A 12 
 
 70 M 30 
 
 C L ~ 
 
 i'Hn'-i" 
 
 1961 
 
 2204 
 
 2913 
 
 1800 
 
 i 
 
 21 M 31 
 
 71 A 1! 
 
 21 A 1 
 
 71 A 23 
 
 21 A 9 
 
 71 M 31 
 
 21 A 22 
 
 71 A 9 
 
 21 M y.1 
 
 71 A II 
 
 21 A 4 
 
 71 A 19 
 
 KM 
 ffi 
 
 1861 
 1761 
 1661 
 
 2 ) 04 
 2004 
 1904 
 
 2813 
 2713 
 2613 
 
 I9CO 
 2000 
 
 21 CO 
 
 A 
 
 D 
 C 
 
 22 A 20 
 23 A 5 
 
 24 M 27 
 
 72 A 6 
 73 M 22 
 74 A II 
 
 22 A 21 
 23 A 13 
 
 24 M 28 
 
 72 A 7 
 73 M 30 
 74 A 19 
 
 22 M 25 
 23 A 14 
 24 A 5 
 
 72 A 19 
 73 A II 
 74 A 3 
 
 22 A " 
 23 M 30 
 24 A 18 
 
 72 M 31 
 73 A 13 
 74 A 5 
 
 22 A 16 
 23 A 1 
 24 A 20 
 
 72 A 3 
 73 A 22 
 74 A 14 
 
 22 A 17 
 23 A 9 
 24 M 31 
 
 72 A 10 
 73 M 26 
 74 A 15 
 
 I" III 
 
 1561 
 
 1804 
 
 2513 
 
 4303 
 
 B 
 
 25 A 16 
 
 73 A 3 
 
 25 A 17 
 
 75 A 4 
 
 25 M 28 
 
 7j A 16 
 
 23 A 3 
 
 75 M 28 
 
 25 A 12 
 
 75 M 30 
 
 25 A 20 
 
 75 A 7 
 
 j . .'-. 
 
 1461 
 
 1704 
 
 2413 
 
 53 00 
 
 A 
 
 26 A 1 
 
 76 A 22 
 
 26 A 9 
 
 76 M 26 
 
 26 A 10 
 
 78 A 7 
 
 26 M 26 
 
 76 A 16 
 
 26 A 4 
 
 76 A 18 
 
 26 A 5 
 
 76 A 19 
 
 ; . ,>;? 
 
 1361 
 
 1604 
 
 2313 
 
 2400 
 
 D 
 
 27 A 21 
 
 77 A 1 
 
 27 M 25 
 
 77 A 5 
 
 27 A 2 
 
 77 M 30 
 
 27 A 15 
 
 n A 
 
 27 A 17 
 
 77 A 10 
 
 27 M R8 
 
 77 A 1 1 
 
 
 1261 
 
 1504 
 
 2213 
 
 zsoo 
 
 C 
 
 28 A 12 
 
 78 M 30 
 
 28 A l 
 
 78 M 31 
 
 28 A 21 
 
 78 A 19 
 
 28 A 21 
 
 78 A 21 
 
 28 A 8 
 
 78 M 26 
 
 28 A 16 
 
 78 A 3 
 
 .... 
 
 1161 
 
 1404 
 
 21 It 
 
 2600 
 
 B 
 
 29 M 28 
 
 '9 A 19 
 
 29 A 5 
 
 79 A 20 
 
 29 A 6 
 
 79 A 4 
 
 29 A 19 
 
 79 A 13 
 
 29 M 31 
 
 79 A 15 
 
 29 A 1 
 
 79 A 23 
 
 
 1061 
 
 1304 
 
 2013 
 
 2700 
 
 A 
 
 30 A 17 
 
 80 A i 
 
 30 M 28 
 
 80 A II 
 
 30 M 29 
 
 80 M 26 
 
 30 A II 
 
 80 M 28 
 
 30 A 20 
 
 80 A 6 
 
 30 A 21 
 
 80 A 7 
 
 . . . . 
 
 961 
 
 204 
 
 913 
 
 2QOO 
 
 R 
 
 31 A 9 
 
 81 M 26 
 
 31 A 10 
 
 81 A 3 
 
 31 A 18 
 
 II A 15 
 
 31 A 3 
 
 )l A 17 
 
 31 A S 
 
 II A 19 
 
 31 A 13 
 
 81 M 30 
 
 tw? 
 
 861 
 
 1 04 
 
 1813 
 
 3900 
 
 c 
 
 32 M 31 
 
 82 A 15 
 
 32 A 1 
 
 82 A 16 
 
 32 A 9 
 
 82 M 31 
 
 32 A 22 
 
 82 A 9 
 
 32 M 27 
 
 82 A II 
 
 32 M28 
 
 82 A 19 
 
 
 761 
 
 1004 
 
 1713 
 
 3000 
 
 3 
 
 3 A 13 
 
 83 M 31 
 
 33 A 21 
 
 83 A 8 
 
 33 M 25 
 
 83 A 20 
 
 33 A 7 
 
 83 M 25 
 
 33 A 16 
 
 83 A 3 
 
 3 A 17 
 
 13 A 4 
 
 . 
 
 661 
 
 904 
 
 1613 
 
 31 00 
 
 A 
 
 34 A 5 
 
 84 A 19 
 
 34 A 8 
 
 84 M 30 
 
 34 A 14 
 
 14 A II 
 
 34 M 30 
 
 84 A 1? 
 
 34 A 1 
 
 84 A 22 
 
 * A 9 
 
 84 M 26 
 
 *i * * 
 
 561 
 
 804 
 
 1513 
 
 3200 
 
 D 
 
 5 M 28 
 
 85 A II 
 
 35 M 29 
 
 85 A 19 
 
 35 A 6 
 
 15 M 27 
 
 35 A 19 
 
 85 A 5 
 
 35 A 21 
 
 IS A 7 
 
 35 M 25 
 
 IS A 13 
 
 Svj^f 
 
 461 
 
 704 
 
 1413 
 
 3300 
 
 C 
 
 38 A 16 
 
 86 A 3 
 
 36 A 17 
 
 86 A 4 
 
 36 A 25 
 
 86 A 16 
 
 36 A 3 
 
 86 A 25 
 
 36 A 12 
 
 86 M 30 
 
 6 A 13 
 
 16 M 31 
 
 *? E . ".".' 
 
 361 
 
 604 
 
 313 
 
 3400 
 
 R 
 
 37 A 1 
 
 n A 16 
 
 37 A 9 
 
 17 M 27 
 
 17 A 10 
 
 87 A 8 
 
 17 M 26 
 
 87 A 10 
 
 37 M 28 
 
 87 A 19 
 
 37 A 5 
 
 87 A 2.0 
 
 .**? . 
 
 261 
 
 504 
 
 1213 
 
 3500 
 
 A 
 
 8 A 21 
 
 88 A 7 
 
 38 M 25 
 
 18 A S 
 
 38 A 2 
 
 18 M 23 
 
 'A A IS 
 
 18 A 
 
 38 A 17 
 
 88 A 3 
 
 38 A 25 
 
 88 A II 
 
 
 1 61 
 
 404 
 
 1 1 13 
 
 3600 
 
 
 
 9 A 6 
 
 89 M 30 
 
 39 A 14 
 
 89 M 31 
 
 39 A 22 
 
 89 A 12 
 
 39 M 31 
 
 89 A 21 
 
 39 A 9 
 
 19 M 16 
 
 39 A 10 
 
 19 A 3 
 
 , , . . 
 
 61 
 
 304 
 
 1013 
 
 3700 
 
 
 40 M 28 
 
 90 A 19 
 
 40 A 5 
 
 90 A 20 
 
 40 A 6 
 
 10 A 4 
 
 40 A 19 
 
 90 A 6 
 
 40 M 24 
 
 30 A IS 
 
 40 A 1 
 
 90 A 18 
 
 j* f f K 
 
 
 204 
 
 913 
 
 iaoo 
 
 3 
 
 41 A 17 
 
 91 A 4 
 
 41 A 25 
 
 1 A 12 
 
 41 M 29 
 
 1 A 24 
 
 41 A II 
 
 91 M 29 
 
 41 A 13 
 
 1 M 31 
 
 41 A 21 
 
 ll A I 
 
 rjfw*': 
 
 104 
 4. 
 
 813 
 7 13 
 
 1AM 
 
 A 
 
 Q 
 
 42 A 9 
 
 3 M 25 
 
 2 M 26 
 3 A 15 
 
 42 A 10 
 ^3 A 1 
 
 92 M 27 
 
 T A g 
 
 42 A 18 
 43 A 3 
 
 2 A 8 
 
 3 M 3 1 
 
 42 M 27 
 
 3 A 16 
 
 2 A 17 
 
 3 A 2 
 
 42 A 5 
 
 13 A 25 
 
 2 A 19 
 3 A 1 1 
 
 42 A 6 
 
 '3 M 19 
 
 i M 30 
 '3 A 12 
 
 m 
 
 '9V. 
 
 
 613 
 
 513 
 
 41 00 
 
 4200 
 
 g 
 
 4 A 13 
 5 A 5 
 
 4 M f 1 
 
 5 A 20 
 
 4 A 21 
 5 A 6 
 
 4 A 8 
 5 M 2.4 
 
 44 M 25 
 'IS A 14 
 
 4 A 10 
 5 A 5 
 
 44 A 7 
 
 ^ M 23 
 
 4 M 25 
 5 A 14 
 
 >4 A 9 
 
 >5 A 1 
 
 4 A 3 
 5 A 1 6 
 
 '4 A 17 
 
 >5 A 9 
 
 4 A 4 
 5 A 24 
 
 
 
 
 413 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 
 
 6 A 25 
 
 8 A 1 1 
 
 6 M 29 
 
 6 A li 
 
 46 M 30 
 
 6 M 27 
 
 16 A 12 
 
 '6 A 5 
 
 16 A 21 
 
 6 A T 
 
 6 M 25 
 
 6 A 15 
 
 
 
 
 3 13 
 
 4400 
 
 3 
 
 7 A 10 
 
 7 M 27 
 
 7 A 18 
 
 7 A 4- 
 
 7 A 19 
 
 7 A \8 
 
 17 A 4 
 
 7 A 18 
 
 17 A 6 
 
 7 M 30 
 
 7 A 14 
 
 7 M 3 1 
 
 
 
 
 213 
 
 500 
 
 
 8 A 1 
 
 8 A 16 
 
 8 A 2 
 
 8 A OA 
 
 8 A 10 
 
 8 A 8 
 
 8 A 23 
 
 8 A 1 
 
 
 8 A 11 
 
 8 A 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 12 
 
 600 
 
 j 
 
 9 A 21 
 
 9 A 8 
 
 9 M 25 
 
 S A 9 
 
 9 M 26 
 
 9 M 24 
 
 9 A 8 
 
 9 A d 
 
 19 A 17 
 
 9 A 4 
 
 9 A 25 
 
 9 A 12 
 
 JULIAN 
 
 WIK-O 
 
 IESINS 
 
 
 70O 
 
 
 SO A 8 
 
 
 SO A 14 
 
 
 50 A 15 
 
 
 50 M 31 
 
 
 50 A 9 
 
 
 A 10 
 

 
 CHART SHOWIMO l_OO\L. T I IVI E 
 P-QR ETAOH OR THE 2. 4- HOURS. 
 
 ro use rnf 
 
 r, ofsceivo on
 
 perpetual Subset ai?d Sunrise Gable. 
 
 r iti nearest 
 
 d left; then paw i 
 
 pro '" 
 
 ider the column of months at the 
 n headed by your latitude ( 
 
 nmale) 'where will be found the time of sunset and sunrise , 
 he tract lime may be found. To find the length o/the day, 
 the time of sunset; thus. May 10, in latitude fr, is Whours 16 min 
 >ng.To find the length of the nioht, ^o\n>o\e. the time of sunrise; thus, 
 i ibova date, the night is 9 hours 44 rrinutM lon^.OH the same day, 
 wn by ih column "Sun slow orfajt," the sun is 4 minute; tester 
 mean time. A/ter finding uour latitude, draw a red line on cacVi 
 
 4T49-5T5T ttSS&fSr *S VfGS&Bf
 
 Asteroids or small plan- 
 , there are about 140. In 
 dimensions,they are a 
 .t deal smaller than 
 j others, the ta-rg- 
 ist no* beiri9 230 
 miles in diameter, 
 hile many are 
 IcssthanSOmiles. 
 Their orbits 
 IOTE el- 
 liptical than 
 those of the 
 large plan- 
 ets,and at 
 many pla- 
 ces cross 
 each oth- 
 er. They 
 occupy a 
 belt more 
 than 100, 
 000,000miles: 
 in width, be- 
 tween the 
 irbits of Ju- 
 piter and Mars, 
 hcirdistance 
 from the Su-n 
 
 ASSE^IMN The SolarSiislein consists of th 
 
 ROM ) Sun, the cioht lare planets,lhe 
 MERCURY / names of which ars jiven at 
 
 the left, one hundred and 
 ' forty small planets, a 
 ui vast number of ms 
 teoric bodies. an 
 known number of 
 comets, and 
 rinp of n e t 
 lous matte 
 known as -m- 
 
 The pla 
 et; which 
 CCBF n c mov8 d; ' 
 
 ^lii, 
 
 f. . 
 
 nona 
 
 200,000,000 to 
 300,000,000 
 
 has I ;atellite;Ju.pi- 
 ter,4; Saturn^; Ufa 
 nut.o; Neptune,!. S 
 urn is also surrounded \>\) a 
 circular belt. The planets wove 
 round the Sun from west to east. 
 Their orbits are elliptical, so that 
 they are nearer the Sun at cer- 
 tain times than at others. When 
 nearest the Sun they are in 
 \w, when /arthest, in 
 
 THEOF\V OP THE T|D^S. 
 
 The mean distance of the S 
 from the Earth !s9l,000,000i 
 Its diameter is 852,584 miles. 
 Its volume is 1,200,000 
 times greater than that 
 of theEarth. It ro- 
 tates on its axis 
 once in about 25 
 aays.OtitheStw's ^ 
 di'sc are seen va- fa 
 rious cavities 
 
 Meteors arc 
 also called 
 
 The WOLSTlCfc 
 number that tra 
 erse the atmosphe 
 daily is upward of t 
 number, 400, 000, OOO.Thc 
 Zodiacal Ligh* isalenticul 
 shaped blush of li^ht visible after suit- 
 set in early spring, atid befoTE sunrise 
 early autumn. It is supposed *? be dae to a 
 ri-ng of rneteoriifis -revo!vin9 rou.nd the Sun. 
 
 There are -many hiA-ndreds o/ bod 
 ies called co'e'(s,and recojnii- 
 ed as beloTi9i-n9 to the so\.v 
 They contain but 
 little -matter, and their 
 bits areareatly e 
 lonoated. Only a 
 part o^ the com 
 ets have tails, 
 and these are 
 often 150,000,000 
 ofmiles 
 
 length. Ha 
 comet revolves 
 inT6jieaTs;Bie 
 la's in 6 years 
 9rnonths;Encl<e's 
 in 3/i years; and 
 Faye's inT*i years 
 
 The Moon's diameter is 
 I miles; its wean distance 
 from *he Earth is 231,5 19 mi Ies. 
 olume is X* that of the Ear*h. 
 iod oJ 1 revolution (also o/rota*ion 
 : J7days,7 hours, 4-3 minutes, and 5 seconds.
 
 I-TI IS/IE TABLE NllMlBEIl I. 
 
 Sh owl Tip the Number o/ Daijs /Vo-m hc Bcointii-np and to *he End Q( the Yeaf. 
 
 56 T 819 10 II 
 
 58155 54153 53 3 |_ u .? 
 
 ^*=^ faJL . 'fc!_ 
 
 The table applies to common years 
 >nly. For leap years, otic day -mas* be- 
 added after passing February 28. The 
 >old- faced type rep-resent the days of the 
 month, and the small type above and 
 iclow the bold-faced type re present the 
 ays from the beflinnin? a-nd to the 
 nd o/ the year, as shown by the dfrec- 
 ion of the arrows. 
 
 Exa-mplct. 
 
 I.- To find the di CCerence between two 
 ates withi-n the year, take the difference 
 etween the days from the beginnino and 
 he day? to the end o( the year: thm,from 
 March 5 to Oct. 27 is (300-64) 236 days. 
 X. I/ one date fall within the year <ol- 
 owinp the current year, add the number 
 / days to the e-nd o/ the year to the TIUTTV 
 erfrow the bea!nnin9: th its. from June 
 ro to February 16 in the /ollowiru year 
 s(2ll+47)258 days. 
 
 3. If one date /all within the yea-r 
 preceding the current year, add the num- 
 ber of days /row the beoinnin? o/ the 
 year to the tmmber to the end of the 
 year: thus, /rom May 4 to Se_p*. 18. 
 of the preceding year (reckoning back 
 - - ays. 
 
 There beinq a table for each the com 
 won and the leap years, select the table 
 to suit the year. Select the -month from 
 which the date is reckoned, at the top of 
 the table, then descend the column to 
 the month to which the date is reckon- 
 ed, where will be found the exact num- 
 ber of days. The small /i9UTes,/rom I 
 to 12, show the -number of months. 
 Examples. 
 
 I. What is the number o( days /Tom ju 
 ly 4 to March 4 (common year) From 
 July at -the top of the table, descend the 
 column to March, where is Sound 243,tl*. M 
 exact number of days. 
 
 St. Find the <Mumbe- of days /rom 
 Feb. 14- to Sept. 2 I (Leap year). From 
 
 Feb. at the top descend to Sept., whe 
 is found 213, which is the number of 
 day* to the 14th of Sept.-, then to the 
 21st is 7 days more, makino 220 days 
 
 3. Required, the nuonber of days from 
 June I, to Oct. I of the following year.- 
 From June at the top descend to Jum 
 where is found 365; thence descend t. 
 Oct. .where is found 122, which added 
 to 365, equals 467. 
 
 4-. A -note maturi-rig Sept. 13, isdis 
 counted June 24 previous; what is the 
 
 ' ie to run? From June 24 to Sept 
 
 24, by the table, is 92 days', the 13th be 
 iri9 ((days before, 9 ives (92-11) Bldaio 
 
 The table applies to common years on 
 ly. For leap years, add one day after ou> 
 iny Feb. 38. 
 
 Exawple. 
 
 Find the number of days between 
 arch 17 and Feb. 4 in the leltowl-na 
 year. The lieures opposite the 17th day in 
 the first March column are 76: opposite the 
 4th day of second Feb. col. are 40d;di{.c324. 
 
 II
 
 2-TIIVJE TABLE N\JNlBEF\-* 
 
 SViowiticj the Nurnibet o/ Days fVotn atiy Day o^ any otic Month to the satne Day o/any otherMonth. 
 
 n 
 -A 
 
 FOR COMMON \EARS. 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
 FOR LEAP \EA.RS. 
 
 
 JA.N. 
 
 f*B. 
 
 NV\I\. /VFfV m*V- J\)NE J\JL\. AjjO. S$>. OCT. 
 
 NOV. 
 
 
 JA 
 
 N. ?^B. NV\I\. Vf\. W\. JUNEJIJLV;. A)J. 3$>. OCT. 
 
 NOV. 
 
 D*C 
 
 
 Jan. 
 365 
 
 Jan. 
 334 
 
 Jan. 
 306 
 
 1 
 
 Jan. 
 275 
 
 9 
 
 Jan. 
 245 
 
 a 
 
 an. 
 114 
 
 7 
 
 an. 
 184 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 Jan. 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 an. 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 I""?' 
 
 Jan.l 
 366 
 
 3*35 
 
 Jan. 
 306 
 
 1 
 
 Jan.:J 
 275 
 
 9 
 
 an. 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 an. 
 114 
 
 Jan. 
 184 
 
 Jan. 
 153 
 
 5 
 
 Jan. 
 122 
 
 Jan. 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 Jan. 
 6 
 a 
 
 Jan 
 31 
 
 f 
 
 t-eb. 
 31 
 
 365 
 i a 
 
 331 
 
 306 
 
 1 
 
 278 
 
 9 
 
 145 
 
 8 
 
 215 
 
 -i 
 
 184 
 
 B 
 
 153 
 
 5 
 
 IT13 
 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 62 
 
 ) 
 
 -H 
 
 31 
 
 366 
 1 1 
 
 337 
 
 306 
 
 176 
 
 145 
 
 l-eb. 
 ,115 
 
 l-eb. 
 184 
 
 t-eb. 
 153 
 
 l-eb. 
 123 
 
 l-eb. 
 91 
 
 t-eb 
 62 
 
 \\ 
 
 Mar. 
 59 
 a 
 
 Mar. 
 28 
 
 MOT. 
 365 
 la 
 
 MaT. 
 334 
 
 Mar. 
 
 304 
 
 War. 
 273 
 
 9 
 
 War. 
 243 
 
 8 
 
 MaT. 
 212 
 
 7 
 
 Mar. 
 181 
 
 6 
 
 Mar. 
 1 51 
 
 5 
 
 Mar. 
 120 
 
 Mar. 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 Mar. 
 60 
 
 3 
 
 Mar. 
 29 
 
 MaT. 
 366 
 
 12 
 
 MaT. 
 335 
 i i 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 Vlar. 
 J74 
 
 9 
 
 Mar. 
 244 
 a 
 
 Mar. 
 213 
 
 7 
 
 Mar. 
 182 
 
 8 
 
 Mar. 
 152 
 
 i 
 
 Mar. 
 121 
 
 4 
 
 Mar 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 APT. 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 APT. 
 59 
 a 
 
 APT. 
 31 
 
 APT. 
 365 
 i a 
 
 A.pr. 
 335 
 
 Apr. 
 304 
 l 
 
 APT. 
 274 
 9 
 
 Apr. 
 243 
 8 
 
 Apr. 
 
 212 
 7 
 
 Apr. 
 182 
 6 
 
 Apr. 
 151 
 
 9 
 
 Apr. 
 I2I 
 
 * 
 
 APT. 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 APT. 
 60 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 APT. 
 366 
 
 13 
 
 \PT. 
 
 !36 
 
 Apr. 
 305 
 
 10 
 
 Apr. 
 275 
 9 
 
 APT. 
 244 
 
 8 
 
 APT. 
 213 
 
 7 
 
 Apr 
 183 
 e 
 
 Apr. 
 152 
 5 
 
 APT 
 112 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 May 
 120 
 
 4- 
 
 May 
 89 
 
 3 
 
 May 
 61 
 
 a 
 
 May 
 30 
 
 May 
 365 
 
 i a 
 
 May 
 334 
 
 May 
 304 
 
 1 
 
 May 
 273 
 
 9 
 
 May 
 2-Wt 
 8 
 
 May 
 212 
 
 May 
 181 
 
 6 
 
 May 
 I5I 
 
 May 
 121 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 May 
 61 
 a 
 
 May 
 30 
 l 
 
 ilay 
 366 
 
 Way 
 335 
 i i 
 
 May 
 305 
 
 1 
 
 May 
 274 
 9 
 
 May 
 243 
 8 
 
 May 
 213 
 
 7 
 
 May 
 182 
 
 May 
 152 
 
 S 
 
 f 
 
 June 
 151 
 5 
 
 June 
 120 
 
 4 
 
 June 
 92 
 
 s 
 
 June 
 61 
 a 
 
 Jutw 
 31 
 
 Jure 
 365 
 i a 
 
 JuTie 
 335 
 i i 
 
 June 
 304 
 
 1 
 
 June 
 273 
 
 * 
 
 June 
 243 
 a 
 
 211 
 
 7 
 
 June 
 I 82 
 e 
 
 152 
 
 5 
 
 121 
 
 4 
 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 61 
 
 31 
 
 366 
 11 
 
 336 
 
 305 
 
 10 
 
 June 
 274 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 244 
 8 
 
 Jun 
 213 
 
 T 
 
 Julie 
 
 183 
 
 8 
 
 
 July 
 181 
 e 
 
 July 
 ISO 
 
 3 
 
 July 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 July 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 July 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 July 
 30 
 
 July 
 365 
 
 July 
 334 
 
 Ju.ly 
 
 303 
 
 July 
 273 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 242 
 8 
 
 July 
 2I2 
 
 7 
 
 July 
 182 
 e 
 
 July 
 151 
 
 5 
 
 July 
 122 
 
 4- 
 
 July 
 91 
 3 
 
 uly 
 61 
 
 July 
 30 
 
 i 
 
 July 
 366 
 
 July 
 335 
 l i 
 
 304 
 
 10 
 
 #$ 
 9 
 
 as 
 
 8 
 
 July 
 213 
 
 7 
 
 
 AU.O. 
 
 m 
 
 7 
 
 Auo. 
 181 
 e 
 
 153 
 
 5 
 
 Auo. 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 Auo. 
 
 rt 
 
 3 
 
 Auo. 
 61 
 
 a 
 
 Auo. 
 31 
 
 i 
 
 Auo. 
 365 
 
 12 
 
 Auo. 
 334 
 1 1 
 
 Auo 
 304 
 
 1 
 
 AU.O. 
 273 
 
 9 
 
 Auo. 
 243 
 8 
 
 Aug. 
 213 
 
 7 
 
 182 
 
 6 
 
 Auo. 
 153 
 
 5 
 
 U2 
 
 4 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 Auo. 
 31 
 
 Auo 
 368 
 
 Auo 
 335 
 
 ALW 
 
 305 
 
 Auo. 
 
 r?4 
 
 9 
 
 Auo 
 244 
 
 8 
 
 
 Sept. 
 243 
 
 8 
 
 Sept. 
 212 
 
 7 
 
 Sept 
 184 
 
 6 
 
 Sept. 
 153 
 
 s 
 
 Sept. 
 123 
 
 Sept. 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 Sept. 
 62 
 a 
 
 Sept. 
 31 
 
 Sept. 
 36S 
 
 Sept 
 335 
 
 Sept. 
 304 
 
 1 
 
 Sept. 
 
 274 
 9 
 
 Se 
 
 2 
 
 P*- 
 
 U 
 
 i 
 
 Spt. 
 213 
 
 Sept. 
 184 
 e 
 
 Sept. 
 153 
 9 
 
 "apt. 
 123 
 
 4- 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 Sept. 
 62 
 
 a 
 
 Sept 
 31 
 
 i 
 
 Sept 
 366 
 
 Sept 
 336 
 
 Sept. 
 305 
 
 10 
 
 Sept 
 215 
 a 
 
 f 
 
 Oct. 
 273 
 
 9 
 
 Oct. 
 242 
 
 8 
 
 Oct. 
 214 
 
 7 
 
 Oct. 
 183 
 a 
 
 Oct. 
 153 
 
 s 
 
 Oct. 
 122 
 
 * 
 
 Oct. 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 Oct 
 61 
 a 
 
 Oct. 
 30 
 
 Oct 
 365 
 
 la 
 
 Oct. 
 334 
 l i 
 
 Oct. 
 304 
 
 I 
 
 Oct. 
 274 
 
 9 
 
 Oct. 
 
 243 
 8 
 
 Oct. 
 214 
 
 7 
 
 Oct. 
 183 
 
 e 
 
 3ct. 
 53 
 5 
 
 Oct. 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 Oct. 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 Oct. 
 61 
 1 
 
 Oct 
 30 
 
 c 
 
 Oct 
 366 
 i a 
 
 Oct. 
 335 
 i i 
 
 Oct 
 305 
 
 1 
 
 v\ 
 
 Nov. 
 304 
 
 1 
 
 Nov. 
 273 
 
 Nov. 
 245 
 a 
 
 Nov. 
 214 
 
 7 
 
 Nov. 
 184 
 
 
 
 Nov. 
 153 
 
 s 
 
 Nov. 
 123 
 
 Nov. 
 92 
 a 
 
 Nov. 
 61 
 
 a 
 
 Nov 
 31 
 
 Nov. 
 365 
 
 i a 
 
 Nov. 
 335 
 i i 
 
 Nov. 
 305 
 
 10 
 
 Nov. 
 274 
 
 9 
 
 Nov. 
 245 
 
 8 
 
 Nov. 
 214 
 
 7 
 
 Mov- 
 84 
 
 6 
 
 N-5V. 
 
 153 
 
 5 
 
 Nov. 
 123 
 
 Nov. 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 Nov. 
 61 
 a 
 
 Nov 
 31 
 
 Nov. 
 366 
 
 Nov 
 336 
 
 V 
 
 Dec. 
 334 
 
 Dec. 
 303 
 
 1 
 
 Dec. 
 275 
 
 9 
 
 Dec. 
 244 
 
 8 
 
 Dec. 
 214 
 
 7 
 
 Dec. 
 183 
 e 
 
 Dec. 
 153 
 
 9 
 
 Dec. 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 Dec. 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 Dec 
 61 
 
 Dec. 
 30 
 
 Dec. 
 365 
 l* 
 
 Dec. 
 335 
 i i 
 
 Dec. 
 304 
 
 Dec. 
 275 
 
 9 
 
 Dec. 
 244 
 
 8 
 
 Dec. 
 114 
 
 7 
 
 Dec. 
 183 
 
 e 
 
 Dec. 
 153 
 
 5 
 
 Doc. 
 122 
 
 4- 
 
 Dec 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 Dec 
 61 
 
 a 
 
 Dec. 
 30 
 
 Dec 
 366 
 
 \ 
 
 Showin 9 the I s * 
 
 3-TIIVIE T/VBL.E NbrvlBEK-3. 
 
 lurnibef o/ Days between any wo Days within thfee Yea-r-s. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 zh 
 
 112 
 
 ; I 
 
 Z - 
 
 =3 : 
 
 is 
 
 CL 
 UJ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 z I 
 
 3 | 
 
 Z 
 
 1 
 
 a. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^j e 
 
 a o! 
 
 3 UJ 
 
 f cn 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 LU 
 U- 
 
 1 
 
 Q. 
 
 I 
 
 Z 
 
 
 i 
 
 Ul 
 
 i ? 
 
 O ' 
 
 ' o 
 
 3 U 
 
 * 
 
 | 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 19 
 13 
 14 
 IS 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 27 
 20 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 13 
 23 
 33 
 43 
 53 
 6.3 
 13 
 83 
 34 
 104 
 114 
 
 13 
 I4W 
 15k 
 164 
 114 
 184 
 19. 
 20. 
 '; \ 
 22. 
 
 23; 
 
 24. 
 ^ 
 26. 
 21. 
 M! 
 29 
 
 91 
 
 HO S 
 361 S 
 
 462 S 
 563 S 
 664 < 
 1H c 
 
 856 
 967 S 
 068 
 1691 
 270 1 
 371 1 
 4721 
 5731 
 S74I 
 7751 
 4761 
 971 1 
 078 1 
 19 1 
 2801 
 381 1 
 483 1 
 5831 
 S34I 
 -351 
 b * 1 
 987 1 
 . 38 1 
 .89 
 .30 . 
 
 1 121 
 2122 
 3123 
 4 124 
 5\K 
 6126 
 7 127 
 8128 
 3129 
 130 
 1 131 
 2 133 
 i 13; 
 4134 
 5 135 
 6 136 
 1 137 
 8 138 
 3 139 
 140 
 
 1 141 
 
 2 142 
 3 143 
 
 4 144 
 
 5 145 
 6 146 
 7 147 
 8 148 
 9 149 
 0150 
 . 151 
 
 52 8 
 5316 
 54 18 
 55 18 
 5618 
 57 18 
 58 IE 
 59 16 
 60 IS 
 61 IS 
 162 IS 
 163 IS 
 164 IS 
 165 IS 
 66 IS 
 67 IS 
 168 IS 
 163 IS 
 1702 
 171 2 
 722 
 132 
 IT42 
 1752 
 762 
 772 
 782 
 792 
 1802 
 1812 
 ...1 
 
 2113 
 3114 
 4215 
 5216 
 6211 
 7 218 
 8219 
 9220 
 0221 
 1 222 
 2223 
 3224 
 4215 
 5ZM 
 6221 
 7228 
 8229 
 
 : 2j'j 
 
 0231 
 1 ,c'2 
 2233 
 ? 234 
 14235 
 5236 
 6 J 231 
 1|238 
 8239 
 9240 
 0241 
 242 
 2243 
 
 !44 
 !45 
 146 
 Z47 
 148 
 249 
 250 
 251 
 152 
 253 
 254 
 255 
 256 
 251 
 258 
 259 
 26Q 
 261 
 261 
 262 
 364 
 2t3 
 < 
 261 
 268 
 2S9 
 210 
 211 
 212 
 212 
 
 214 
 215 
 276 
 277 
 278 
 219 
 28C 
 281 
 282 
 283 
 284 
 28' 
 28 
 
 288 
 28b 
 290 
 29 
 293 
 293 
 29^ 
 
 29: 
 
 29 
 29' 
 29! 
 29' 
 30 
 30 
 SO- 
 SO' 
 30' 
 
 3050 
 3063 
 3073 
 3083 
 3093 
 3103- 
 3113 
 3123 
 3133 
 8141 
 3153 
 3163 
 3173 
 3183 
 3193 
 3203 
 1213 
 Kt7.i 
 3233 
 3243 
 IK' ? 
 3163 
 3273 
 3283 
 3233 
 3303 
 331 3 
 3323 
 3333 
 3343 
 ...3 
 
 35 1 
 !6 2 
 37 J 
 8 4 
 9 S 
 to 6 
 U 7 
 42 8 
 13 9 
 10 
 45 II 
 46 19 
 n 13 
 43 M 
 49 IS 
 5016 
 17 
 5218 
 5319 
 54 M 
 5521 
 562! 
 5723 
 5924 
 5925 
 60 26 
 6121 
 62B 
 6339 
 643 
 6531 
 
 3663 
 367C 
 368: 
 3634 
 370,4 
 311 < 
 372 * 
 
 nw 
 
 374^ 
 375f! 
 376ti 
 
 3 7 7 
 3"8J 
 319 
 380 
 
 ?SI 
 332' 
 383 
 384 ' 
 
 3S5r 
 
 33Si 
 S7 
 ,388! 
 389 
 390^ 
 '39 
 332K 
 393 
 394 
 395 
 396 
 
 97 5 
 98436 
 39427 
 00428 
 01439 
 02430 
 03431 
 04432 
 05433 
 06434 
 07435 
 08436 
 t09 437 
 10438 
 1 439 
 .2440 
 M3 44 
 ^4442 
 US 443 
 6444 
 Ml 445 
 U8 441 
 
 20 '443 
 131 44! 
 122(450 
 12345 
 124 4S2 
 ..453 
 ..S4 
 ..455 
 
 456 
 457 
 458 
 459 
 460 
 161 
 462 
 463 
 464 
 465 
 466 
 467 
 468 
 46S 
 470 
 471 
 472 
 473 
 474 
 475 
 476 
 477 
 418 
 419 
 480 
 45 1 
 482 
 483 
 484 
 485 
 
 86 
 187 
 188 
 S9 
 90 
 191 
 192 
 193 
 194 
 195 
 196 
 >97 
 >98 
 199 
 
 >oo 
 
 501 
 102 
 i03 
 504 
 505 
 506 
 507 
 508 
 509 
 510 
 511 
 512 
 513 
 514 
 5 5 
 56 
 
 511 
 518 
 519 
 52C 
 52 
 522 
 52C 
 524 
 52 
 52f 
 521 
 52i 
 
 53 
 53 
 5T. 
 533 
 5* 
 535 
 53 
 531 
 5? 
 53S 
 54C 
 54 
 54; 
 
 54 
 54 
 54 
 
 5475 
 5485 
 ,5495 
 5505 
 55! 5 
 i552 5 
 5535 
 5545 
 5555 
 5565 
 5515 
 5585 
 5595 
 5605 
 5615 
 561! 
 
 jw: 
 
 5645 
 5655 
 5665 
 5675 
 
 568 5 
 569 S 
 5706 
 :51I 6 
 5726 
 5736 
 li574 6 
 
 57bS 
 
 8609 
 79510 
 30611 
 31 612 
 32613 
 33614 
 34615 
 35616 
 36611 
 31 618 
 38613 
 39620 
 10621 
 
 33624 
 94 525 
 
 K m 
 
 96627 
 97628 
 38623 
 19630 
 0063 
 632 
 02633 
 03634 
 04635 
 
 06637 
 01 638 
 
 S39 
 540 
 541 
 542 
 543 
 544 
 645 
 546 
 547 
 548 
 549 
 
 ;;: 
 
 S5i 
 552 
 653 
 SM 
 655 
 656 
 657 
 658 
 659 
 660 
 651 
 661 
 03 
 664 
 665 
 66S 
 SSI 
 668 
 669 
 
 670 
 67 
 672 
 673 
 674 
 615 
 676 
 677 
 67 
 679 
 68C 
 68 
 68' 
 68: 
 634 
 68. 
 
 ese 
 
 681 
 68S 
 68S 
 S9C 
 69 
 59' 
 63 
 6* 
 59. 
 69 
 69' 
 S3 
 63: 
 
 700 
 701 
 702 
 703 
 704 
 705 
 706 
 707 
 708 
 709 
 710 
 111 
 712 
 113 
 
 114 
 
 715 
 716 
 711 
 718 
 
 719 
 
 7:0 
 7.' 1 
 722 
 723 
 TV 
 "25 
 725 
 721 
 7^8 
 129 
 730 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 IO 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 IS 
 16 
 17 
 IB 
 19 
 10 
 11 
 
 1 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 n 
 
 18 
 29 
 
 B 
 
 731 
 732 
 733 
 734 
 735 
 736 
 737 
 738 
 739 
 740 
 741 
 742 
 743 
 744 
 745 
 745 
 747 
 748 
 74^ 
 750 
 75 
 752 
 753 
 754 
 755 
 75S 
 751 
 758 
 759 
 750 
 761 
 
 762 
 763 
 764 
 76E 
 766 
 761 
 76e 
 76S 
 77C 
 77 
 77: 
 773 
 774 
 775 
 776 
 7T 
 71 
 719 
 78C 
 78 
 
 is: 
 
 18C 
 
 784 
 
 is: 
 
 78f 
 18" 
 785 
 18 
 
 790 
 79 
 792 
 793 
 734 
 795 
 798 
 797 
 798 
 799 
 800 
 801 
 803 
 803 
 804 
 805 
 806 
 807 
 80fe 
 809 
 8 
 8 
 8 2 
 813 
 814 
 B 5 
 8 6 
 811 
 816 
 8 9 
 
 sac 
 
 821 
 822 
 823 
 824 
 825 
 829 
 827 
 828 
 829 
 830 
 83 
 832 
 833 
 834 
 835 
 836 
 831 
 838 
 899 
 840 
 841 
 842 
 843 
 844 
 845 
 845 
 847 
 843 
 849 
 850 
 .... 
 
 851 
 852 
 853 
 854 
 655 
 858 
 857 
 858 
 859 
 860 
 861 
 862 
 863 
 864 
 865 
 866 
 867 
 368 
 8ff9 
 870 
 871 
 872 
 873 
 874 
 815 
 876 
 811 
 818 
 819 
 880 
 88 
 
 882 
 883 
 884 
 885 
 886 
 831 
 888 
 889 
 890 
 891 
 892 
 893 
 394 
 895 
 836 
 897 
 898 
 899 
 900 
 901 
 902 
 903 
 904 
 905 
 906 
 901 
 908 
 909 
 910 
 911 
 
 912 
 313 
 914 
 915 
 916 
 917 
 918 
 919 
 920 
 921 
 922 
 923 
 924 
 925 
 925 
 921 
 92.8 
 929 
 930 
 931 
 932 
 933 
 934 
 935 
 935 
 931 
 938 
 939 
 940 
 941 
 94X 
 
 943 
 344 
 345 
 945 
 947 
 348 
 349 
 350 
 351 
 352 
 353 
 354 
 355 
 355 
 357 
 958 
 359 
 960 
 961 
 962 
 963 
 364 
 ?65 
 356 
 367 
 968 
 969 
 970 
 971 
 972! 
 913 
 
 314 
 575 
 )76 
 377 
 378 
 379 
 80 
 )8I 
 382 
 83 
 84 
 >85 
 )S6 
 387 
 38 
 389 
 )90 
 391 
 )92 
 '93 
 194 
 595 
 
 J9e 
 
 397 
 398 
 
 MO 
 
 001 
 002 
 003 
 
 I004|IO 
 100510 
 100$ 10 
 100710 
 100810 
 100910 
 1010 10 
 ion 10 
 10 210 
 10 310 
 1014 
 1050 
 10 610 
 7 
 
 ioie o 
 
 1019 10 
 1020 1C 
 1021 1C 
 1022 
 102310 
 1024 10 
 102510 
 I02S ; IO 
 1027 10 
 102810 
 1029 1C 
 1035 1C 
 1031 1C 
 I032IC 
 103310 
 1034. 
 
 351065 
 3<FI065 
 37 1061 
 38 1068 
 391069 
 4011070 
 4 1071 
 42 1072 
 43 1013 
 44 1074 
 45:1075 
 46' 1076 
 47 1077 
 48 ! !078 
 49 1079 
 501080 
 51,1081 
 Mi 1082 
 53;I083 
 541084 
 55 '1085 
 56 1036 
 57; 1081 
 581088 
 59'I039 
 60' 1090 
 6 1091 
 65il09J 
 fiJI093 
 64:i OD4 
 ..1095
 
 
 h Jewish ytar is lun'udar, and it ordmi- 1 
 ry or ewbofisnhc, consisting of twelve or c 
 thirteen lunar months, eaca fff uriiich his 29 1 
 or 30 days. The length of the ordinary ye IT t 
 is 35i days, and rf Me enbolismic, 384 djy<; i 
 in either cast, it is sonetimes made a day 
 
 ISH CAL| 
 
 4 minutes ?i secondhand ihit the yea 
 es on, or immediately after, the new 
 awing the autumnal equinox. The m 
 ear is also assumed t : be 365diys '. 
 ninu'tes 25^| seconds, so that a cycle o 
 uch years, is the exact measure of 2? 
 
 EN 
 
 T commen- 
 THOOTI fol- 
 an solar 
 [hours 5 5 
 nineteen 
 5 nf th* 
 
 Cise, being at once dete 
 of days that the year 
 
 JEWISH MONTHS. 
 
 mitTed by the total number 
 nay happen to contain, 
 
 PRINCIPAL DAYS OF THE 
 HEBREW CALENDAR. 
 
 HESREYv 0^0 
 
 ,. ; V- | 
 
 more at a day less, in order that certain i 
 
 issumed lunations. 
 
 
 MONTHS Bvr 
 
 ,:..,. 
 
 TIS" 1 Newttjr fttstfIiiM* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "* The distribution of the embolism* years 
 
 essive years are adjusted, an estimation of the 
 
 TISRl 3( 
 
 30 
 
 r ib', Fist of Expiation'. 
 
 in each cvcle of 19 years, is determined according c 
 
 onsccutive intervals, by taking th 
 
 difference,*!!! 
 
 HtSl-AN ?' 
 
 + 29+ 
 
 ?> l5,Fei5tafTbm!icles. 
 
 to the following rule: The number of a Jewshyeir 
 
 how thj duration and character o 
 
 ' the vears th jt 
 
 KISLEV 3C 
 
 - 30- 
 
 -.f 2l,l.5tOijoftlwFotivil. 
 
 havmg its commencement in a tiegon'an year is ob- 
 tained by adding 3761; divide the Jewish ytirtl9; t 
 then the quotient it the number of the completed cy- ( 
 ck, and the remainder is the year of the current cy- t 
 ck; if the remainder be 3, 6, 8, II, 14, 17, or 9(0), 
 
 espectively intervene. According to the number 
 if days thus found to be contained in the differ- 
 nt years, the dys of the seven months are dis- 
 ributed as in the table of -months. The signs -t- 
 nd are respectively annexed to Hesvan and 
 
 TEBAT 21 
 
 SEBAT 3C 
 AOAR 2S 
 [VEAO.W (.. 
 NISAN 3C 
 YIAR Z c 
 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 (29) 
 30 
 29 
 
 ? 22,Fejst oftkt 8UiDay. 
 
 KISIEV J^Btdicrtiim of Tmple.' 
 T8ETIO,Fjst,Si( 9 eofJmlii 
 AOAR 13, Put of Esther. 
 
 the year is embolismicj if any other, the yeir is or- t 
 
 islev to indicate that the former of these month 
 
 SIVAN 3C 
 
 30 
 
 NISANI5,PassoveT. 
 
 dinary. 
 
 nay sometimes require to have one 
 
 day more, 
 
 TAMUZ 2 
 
 29 
 
 SIVAN 6,Pentecost. 
 
 The calendar is constructed on the issu-mp- i 
 lion that the mean lunation is 29 days [ihovs c 
 
 nd the latter, one day less, thin the number of 
 
 ays shown in the table,- the result, in every 
 
 AB ' 30 
 
 ELUL 29 
 
 12 
 
 r AMUZ !7,Flit,1ikinjof Jm-'lon. 
 
 TABLE OF HEBREW YEARS. (FROM. WOOLHOUSE'S 
 
 WEIC-HTS, 
 
 MEASURES, ETC.) 
 
 
 fid 
 
 N v- 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 JEWISH 
 
 SUM 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 JEWISH 
 
 NUM- 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 JEWISH 
 
 N 
 
 
 COMMENCEMtNT 
 
 YEAR 
 
 BER01 
 
 JAYS 
 
 (1ST OF TISRl). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 BER OF 
 <J % 
 
 (1ST OF TISRl). 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 BER OF 
 
 ^ 4 ' - . 
 
 (1ST OF TISRl) 
 
 YEAR, 
 
 B- ; of 
 
 ^ > ;' 
 
 (1ST OF TISRl). 
 
 S85Z 
 
 -^^ 
 
 THUR, 
 
 2 OCT. 1845 
 
 55J3 
 
 : S 
 
 THUR. 
 
 2 OCT. 1902 
 
 OT'Ji 1 
 
 ;s 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 ' 
 
 OCT. 1 959 
 
 5777 
 
 : 
 
 53 
 
 MON. 
 
 3 OCT. 2016 
 
 07 
 
 355 
 
 MCN. 
 
 21 SEPT. 1846 
 
 64 
 
 354 
 
 TUES. 
 
 22 SEPT. 1903 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 -^ 
 
 THUR. 
 
 ^; 
 
 SEPT. I960 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 THUR. 
 
 21 SEPT. 2017 
 
 OS 
 
 393 
 
 SAT. 
 
 1 1 SEPT. 1847 
 
 63 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 10 SEPT. 1904 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 : 
 
 SEPT. 1961 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 MON. 
 
 10 SEPT. 2018 
 
 09 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 28 SEPT. 1848 
 
 66 
 
 353 
 
 SAT. 
 
 30 SEPT. 1905 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 SAT. 
 
 29 
 
 SEPT. 1962 
 
 8C 
 
 s 
 
 53 
 
 MON. 
 
 30 SEPT. 2019 
 
 10 
 
 335 
 
 MON. 
 
 17 SEPT. 1849 
 
 67 
 
 J34 
 
 THUR. 
 
 10 SEPT. 1906 
 
 24 
 
 3! 
 
 ~ 
 
 THUR. 
 
 19 
 
 SEPT. 1963 
 
 81 
 
 j 
 
 53 
 
 SAT. 
 
 19 SEPT. 2020 
 
 . ' ' 
 
 385 
 
 SAT. 
 
 7 SEPT. 1850 
 
 I ^ 
 
 383 
 
 MON. 
 
 9 SEPT. 1907 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 MCN. 
 
 7 
 
 SEPT. 1964 
 
 J 82 
 
 3 
 
 W 
 
 TUES. 
 
 7 SEPT. 2021 
 
 ^ "2 
 
 333 
 
 SAT. 
 
 27 SEPT. 1851 
 
 " 69 
 
 355 
 
 SAT. 
 
 26 SEPT. 1908 
 
 26 
 
 3! 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 " 
 
 SEPt 1965 
 
 " 33 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 MON. 
 
 26 SEPT. 2022 
 
 o 13 
 
 384 
 
 TUES. 
 
 14 SEPT. 1852 
 
 o 70 
 
 383 
 
 THUR. 
 
 16 SEPT. 1909 
 
 o 27 
 
 , : t 
 
 3 
 
 THUR. 
 
 13 
 
 SEPT. 1966 
 
 o 84 
 
 S 
 
 J3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 16 SEPT. 2023 
 
 " 14 
 
 335 
 
 MOfi 
 
 3 OCT. 1853 
 
 " 71 
 
 354 
 
 TUES. 
 
 4 OCT. 1910 
 
 "28 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 3 
 
 OCT. 1967 
 
 " 85 
 
 3 
 
 
 THUR. 
 
 3 OCT. 2024 
 
 1 5 
 
 355 
 
 SAT. 
 
 23 SEPT. 1854 
 
 r, 72 
 
 353 
 
 SAT. 
 
 23 SEPT. 1911 
 
 29 
 
 3! 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 23 
 
 SEPT. 1968 
 
 f: se 
 
 
 
 J4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 23 SEPT. 2025 
 
 " 16 
 
 383 
 
 THUR. 
 
 13 SEPT. 1855 
 
 " 73 
 
 385 
 
 THUR. 
 
 12 SEPT. 1912 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 13 
 
 SEPT. 1969 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 JS 
 
 SAT. 
 
 12 SEPT. 2026 
 
 "7 
 
 334 
 
 TUES. 
 
 30 SEPT. 1856 
 
 _ 74 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 2 OCT. 1913 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 3! 
 
 4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 I 
 
 OCT. 1970 
 
 8 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 -.? 
 
 SAT. 
 
 2 OCT. 2027 
 
 * 18 
 
 355 
 
 SAT. 
 
 19 SEPT. 1857 
 
 " 75 
 
 333 
 
 MON. 
 
 21 SEPT. 1914 
 
 ^32 
 
 
 5 
 
 MON. 
 
 ^J 
 
 SEPT. 1971 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^4- 
 
 THUR. 
 
 21 SEPT. 2028 
 
 19 
 
 385 
 
 THUR. 
 
 9 SEPT. 1858 
 
 S 76 
 
 383 
 
 THUR. 
 
 9 SEPT. 1915 
 
 33 
 
 3 e 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 ^ 
 
 SEPT. 1972 
 
 9C 
 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 MON. 
 
 10 SEPT. 2029 
 
 ^20 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 29 SEPT. 1839 
 
 77 
 
 334 
 
 THUR. 
 
 28 SEPT. 1916 
 
 "34 
 
 3J 
 
 5 
 
 THUR. 
 
 23 
 
 SEPT. 1973 
 
 n 91 
 
 .? 
 
 53 
 
 SAT. 
 
 28 SEPT. 2030 
 
 2i 
 
 353 
 
 MON. 
 
 17 SEPT. I860 
 
 78 
 
 335 
 
 MON. 
 
 17 SEPT. 1917 
 
 35 
 
 3: 
 
 4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 17 
 
 SEPT. 1974 
 
 92 
 
 3 
 
 S4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 18 SEPT. 2031 
 
 22 
 
 ;sc 
 
 THUR. 
 
 5 SEPT. 1861 
 
 79 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 7 SEPT. 1918 
 
 36 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 SAT. 
 
 6 
 
 SEPT. 1975 
 
 93 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 MON. 
 
 6 SEPT. 2032, 
 
 23 
 
 
 THUR. 
 
 23 SEPT. 1863 
 
 80 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 25 SEPT. 1919 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 23 
 
 SEPT. 1976 
 
 94 
 
 3 
 
 S3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 24 SEPT. 2033 
 
 24 
 
 383 
 
 MQN. 
 
 14 SEPT. 1863 
 
 i 
 
 383 
 
 MON. 
 
 13 SEPT. 1920 
 
 38 
 
 384 
 
 TljES. 
 
 13 
 
 SEPT. 1977 
 
 95 
 
 385 
 
 THUR. 
 
 14 SEPT. 2034 
 
 3623 
 
 335 
 
 SAT. 
 
 1 OCT. IS64 
 
 ^J 
 
 555 
 
 MON. 
 
 3 OCT. 1921 
 
 5739 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 MON. 
 
 1 
 
 OCT. 1978 
 
 575e 
 
 .5 
 
 J4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 4 OCT. 2033 
 
 26 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 21 SEPT. 1865 
 
 83 
 
 333 
 
 SAT. 
 
 23 SEPT. 1922 
 
 40 
 
 3; 
 
 ? 
 
 SAT. 
 
 22 
 
 SEPT. 1979 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 MON. 
 
 22 SEPT. 2036 
 
 
 383 
 
 MOM 
 
 10 SEPT. 1866 
 
 84 
 
 384 
 
 TUES. 
 
 I 1 SEPT. 1923 
 
 41 
 
 & 
 
 3 
 
 THUS. 
 
 1 1 
 
 SEPT. I960 
 
 98 
 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 THUR. 
 
 10 SEPT. 2037 
 
 M 
 
 353 
 
 MON. 
 
 30 SEPT. 1867 
 
 85 
 
 335 
 
 MON. 
 
 29 SEPT. 1924 
 
 42 
 
 
 4- 
 
 TUES. 
 
 29 
 
 SEPT. 1981 
 
 99 
 
 - 
 
 -4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 30 SEPT. 2038 
 
 29 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 1 7 SEPT. 1 868 
 
 86 
 
 333 
 
 SAT. 
 
 19 SEPT. 1825 
 
 43 
 
 3: 
 
 S 
 
 SAT. 
 
 9 
 
 SEPT. 1982 
 
 5800 
 
 3 
 
 -0 
 
 MON. 
 
 19 SEPT. 2039 
 
 j 30 
 
 385 
 
 MON. 
 
 6 SEPT. 1869 
 
 J 87 
 
 383 
 
 THUR. 
 
 9 SEPT. 1926 
 
 44 
 
 3t 
 
 3 
 
 THUR. 
 
 B 
 
 SEPT. 1983 
 
 . 01 
 
 , J 
 
 )3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 8 SEPT. 2040 
 
 " 31 
 
 333 
 
 MON. 
 
 26 SEPT. 1870 
 
 " 88 
 
 354 
 
 TUES. 
 
 27 SEPT. 1927 
 
 ^43 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 THU.R. 
 
 27 
 
 SEPT. 1984 
 
 02 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 THUR. 
 
 26 SEPT. 2041 
 
 -( 32 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 16 SEPT. 1871 
 
 ^ 89 
 
 385 
 
 SAT. 
 
 15 SEPT. 1928 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 MON. 
 
 16 
 
 SEPT. 1985 
 
 o 3 
 
 3 
 
 JS 
 
 MON. 
 
 15 SEPT. 2042 
 
 "33 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 3 OCT. 1872 
 
 " 90 
 
 353 
 
 SAT. 
 
 5 OCT. 1929 
 
 ^ 47 
 
 K 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 * 
 
 OCT. 1 386 
 
 04 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 MON. 
 
 3 OCT. 2043 
 
 *" 34 
 
 353 
 
 MON. 
 
 22 SEPT. 1873 
 
 
 -154 
 
 TUES. 
 
 23 SEPT. 1930 
 
 48 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 24 
 
 SEPT. 1987 
 
 ^ 05 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 THUH. 
 
 22 SEPT. 2044 
 
 H Q 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 12 SEPT. 1974 
 
 "92 
 
 385 
 
 SAT. 
 
 12 SEPT. 1931 
 
 49 
 
 J8 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 13 
 
 SEPT. 1988 
 
 06 
 
 3 
 
 }4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 12 SEPT. 2045 
 
 .36 
 
 335 
 
 THUR. 
 
 30 SEPT. 1875 
 
 o 93 
 
 355 
 
 SAT. 
 
 1 OCT. 1932 
 
 _ 50 
 
 /j' 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 30 
 
 SEPT. 1989 
 
 , 07 
 
 3 
 
 >3 
 
 MON. 
 
 1 OCT. 2046 
 
 37 
 
 354 
 
 TUES. 
 
 19 SEPT. 1876 
 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 21 SEPT. 1933 
 
 o 5' 
 
 X 
 
 4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 
 
 SEPT. 1990 
 
 o 08 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 SAT. 
 
 21 SEPT. 2047 
 
 38 
 
 385 
 
 SAT. 
 
 8 SEPT. 1877 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 383 
 
 MON. 
 
 10 SEPT. 1934 
 
 ^52 
 
 ) 
 
 .i 
 
 MON. 
 
 I 
 
 SEPT. 1991 
 
 09 
 
 
 14 
 
 TUES. 
 
 8 SEPT. 2048 
 
 
 355 
 
 SAT. 
 
 28 SEPT. 1878 
 
 96 
 
 353 
 
 SAT. 
 
 28 SEPT. 1935 
 
 "53 
 
 5: 
 
 ! 
 
 MON. 
 
 28 
 
 SEPT. 1992 
 
 " 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 27 SEPT. 2049 
 
 40 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 18 SEPT. 1679 
 
 97 
 
 354 
 
 THUR. 
 
 17 SEPT. 1936 
 
 34 
 
 i: 
 
 S 
 
 THUR. 
 
 
 SEPT. 1993 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 i3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 17 SEPT. 2050 
 
 41 
 
 
 MON. 
 
 6 SEPT. 1890 
 
 98 
 
 383 
 
 MON. 
 
 6 SEPT. 1937 
 
 35 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 TUES. 
 
 i, 
 
 SEPT. 1994 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 THUR. 
 
 7 SEPT. 2051 
 
 42 
 
 333 
 
 SAT. 
 
 24 SEPT. 1881 
 
 99 
 
 353 
 
 MON. 
 
 26 SEPT. 1938 
 
 56 
 
 y. 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 23 
 
 SEPT. 1995 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 i4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 24 SEPT. 2052 
 
 43 
 
 383 
 
 [HUR 
 
 14 SEPT. 1882 
 
 5700 
 
 -' 
 
 TJJJJR. 
 
 ISEP1 
 
 37 
 
 - 
 
 
 SAT. 
 
 14 
 
 SEPT. 1996 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 SAT. 
 
 13 SEPT. 205.' 
 
 ic-:- 
 
 334 
 
 TUES. 
 
 2 L'i.T. [$9 
 
 ^ / 
 
 J53 
 
 T" HUR. 
 
 3 OCT. 1940 
 
 5758 
 
 R 
 
 4 
 
 TKUfl. 
 
 -' 
 
 OCT. 1997 
 
 SSI? 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 SA'. 
 
 3 OCT. 2054 
 
 45 
 
 355 
 
 SAT. 
 
 20 SEPT. 1884 
 
 02 
 
 335 
 
 MON. 
 
 22 SEPT. 1941 
 
 39 
 
 : :- 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 21 
 
 SEPT. 1998 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 J4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 23 SEPT. 2055 
 
 46 
 
 383 
 
 Th'. = . 
 
 10 SEPT. I38S 
 
 03 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 12 SEPT. 1942 
 
 60 
 
 - 
 
 S 
 
 SAT. 
 
 1 1 
 
 SEPT; 1999 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 
 
 )3 
 
 MON. 
 
 II SEPT. 2056 
 
 47 
 
 -M 
 
 i r jS. 
 
 30 SEPT. 1886 
 
 04 
 
 354 
 
 T f"R. 
 
 30 SEPT. 1943 
 
 61 
 
 .:. 
 
 1 
 
 SAT. 
 
 30 
 
 SEPT. 2000 
 
 18 
 
 
 IS 
 
 SAT. 
 
 29 SEPT. 2037 
 
 48 
 
 153 
 
 MON. 
 
 19 SEPT. 1687 
 
 05 
 
 335 
 
 MON. 
 
 18 SEPT. 1944 
 
 62 
 
 J3 
 
 4 
 
 T i 
 
 B 
 
 SEPT. 2001 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 19 SEPT. 2058 
 
 ^ 49 
 
 }& 
 
 THUR. 
 
 6 SEPT. 1888 
 
 j 06 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 8 SEPT. 1945 
 
 ui 63 
 
 !8 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 / 
 
 SEPT. 2002 
 
 J 20 
 
 3 
 
 
 MON. 
 
 8 SEPT. 2059 
 
 . 30 
 
 -i 
 
 THUR. 
 
 26 SEPT. 1889 
 
 
 334 
 
 THUR. 
 
 26 SEPT. 1946 
 
 64 
 
 B 
 
 J 
 
 SAT. 
 
 27 
 
 5EP1 20 
 
 ", 21 
 
 
 i'j 
 
 SAT. 
 
 25 SEPT. 2060 
 
 -" 51 
 
 383 
 
 MON. 
 
 15 SEPT. 1890 
 
 ^08 
 
 385 
 
 MON. 
 
 15 SEPT. 1947 
 
 65 
 
 31 
 
 ! 
 
 THUH. 
 
 a 
 
 SEPT. 2004 
 
 ^ 22 
 
 
 
 THUR. 
 
 15 SEPT. 2061 
 
 " 52 
 
 335 
 
 SAT. 
 
 3 OCT. 1891 
 
 "09 
 
 335 
 
 'VN. 
 
 4 OCT. 1948 
 
 " 66 
 
 5: 
 
 i 
 
 TUES, 
 
 4 
 
 OCT. 2005 
 
 " 23 
 
 
 ! 
 
 THUR. 
 
 5 OCT. 2062 
 
 
 334 
 
 THUfl. 
 
 22 SEPT. 1892 
 
 I0 
 
 353 
 
 SAT. 
 
 24 SEPT. 1949 
 
 o 67 
 
 3! 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 23 
 
 SEPT. 20o 
 
 24 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 MON. 
 
 24 SEPT. 2063 
 
 54 
 
 385 
 
 MON. 
 
 1 1 SEPT. 1893 
 
 
 384 
 
 rues. 
 
 12 SEPT. 1950 
 
 68 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 THUR. 
 
 .= 
 
 SEPT. 2007 
 
 " 25 
 
 3i 
 
 i.' 
 
 THUR. 
 
 II SEPT. 2064 
 
 en 55 
 
 333 
 
 MON. 
 
 1 OCT. 1894 
 
 12 
 
 355 
 
 
 1 OCT. 1951 
 
 69 
 
 |: 
 
 4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 M 
 
 SEPT. 2008 
 
 ^ 26 
 
 J 
 
 ,.I 
 
 THUR. 
 
 1 OCT. 2065 
 
 ;' ; 
 
 335 
 
 CHUL 
 
 19 SEPT. 1895 
 
 ~ 13 
 
 333 
 
 SAT. 
 
 20 SEPT. 1952 
 
 70 
 
 - J 
 
 5 
 
 SAT. 
 
 B 
 
 SEPT. 2009 
 
 o 27 
 
 ,' 
 
 S3 
 
 MON. 
 
 20 SEPT. 2066 
 
 ^57 
 
 364 
 
 TUES. 
 
 8 SEPT. 1896 
 
 
 383 
 
 t HUH 
 
 10 SEPT. 1953 
 
 Z 71 
 
 .^ 
 
 9 
 
 THUR. 
 
 1 
 
 SEPT. 2010 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 SAT. 
 
 10 SEPT. 2067 
 
 rt S8 
 
 353 
 
 MON. 
 
 27 SEPT. 1897 
 
 n 15 
 
 354 
 
 TUES. 
 
 28 SEPT. 1954 
 
 72 
 
 33 
 
 ~ 
 
 THUR. 
 
 28 
 
 SEPT. 201 
 
 "29 
 
 3! 
 
 4 
 
 THUR. 
 
 27 SEPT. 2068 
 
 59 
 
 353 
 
 SAT. 
 
 17 SEPT. 1898 
 
 16 
 
 333 
 
 SAT. 
 
 17 SEPT. 1953 
 
 73 
 
 .:- 
 
 . 
 
 MON. 
 
 7 
 
 SEPT. 50 12 
 
 30 
 
 '. 
 
 13 
 
 MON. 
 
 16 SEPT. 2069 
 
 60 
 
 364 
 
 TUES. 
 
 3 SEPT. 1999 
 
 17 
 
 385 
 
 THUR. 
 
 6 SEPT. 1956 
 
 74 
 
 3i 
 
 S 
 
 THUR. 
 
 9 
 
 SEPT. 2013 
 
 31 
 
 .'> 
 
 13 
 
 SAT. 
 
 6 'SEPT 2070 
 
 61 
 
 333 
 
 MON. 
 
 24 SEPT. 1900 
 
 18 
 
 354. 
 
 THUR. 
 
 26 SEPT. 1957 
 
 ' 75 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 THUR. 
 
 23 
 
 SEPT. 20 4 
 
 32 
 
 3: 
 
 -:> 
 
 THUR. 
 
 24 SEPT. 2070 
 
 62 
 
 383 
 
 SAT. 
 
 14 SEPT. 1901 
 
 19 
 
 383 
 
 V:."!. 
 
 15 SEPT. 1958 
 
 76 
 
 385 
 
 '''" 
 
 4 
 
 . -.--. 2013 
 
 33 
 
 384 
 
 ruts. 
 
 3 SEPT. 2071 
 
 
 u
 
 
 T 
 
 * 
 
 *1 ' ! JKI'l'l ' 
 
 .^-^H&KSfe^^ ; 
 
 f IVIUI 
 
 * 
 
 in 
 
 BBaBlHSHyHsi 
 
 
 lj 
 
 f~*$!iS&*kt Mohammedan 
 
 era, OT era of 
 
 ^^-^i-L^i^syypjJA^P 1 ^ 
 
 To find if a year is intercalary or common, di- 
 
 Apostle.' The Mohammedan doctrine of God's being 
 
 
 tySySHf the Heoira, is dattd from t he 
 
 /f/'.'.^VJ flight of Mohimmed from Mec- 
 
 vide it by 30; the quotient will be the number 
 of completed cycles, and the reminder will be the 
 
 and attributes coincide with the Christian, so far 
 as relates to him at the Creator of heaven and earth 
 
 i 
 
 P9$|]| cai to Medina, wh 
 
 ch was in the 
 
 yen of the current cycle; if this last be one of the 
 
 who rules and preserves all things, and, who is 
 
 d 
 
 
 iS&t night of Thursday the 15th of 
 ^ July 621 A.O., and it comment 
 
 numbers 2, 5, 7, 0,13,16,18,11,24,16,29, the 
 year is inttrci ary and consists of 355 daysjif 
 
 without beginning, omnipotent, omniscient, om- 
 nipresent, and ful of mercy. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 [ ed on the day fo owing. 
 , The years of the Heqira ire pure 
 
 it be any other number, the year is common. 
 The intercalary years of each cycle in the table. 
 
 MOHAMMEDAN MONTHS. 
 
 
 i 
 
 > ly lunar, and always 
 
 consist of a 
 
 of years is distinguished by an asterisk. 
 
 M-uharram 30 S 
 
 haaban 09 
 
 
 % 
 
 ' period of twelve unar 
 
 months, com- 
 
 The table of years given below shows the dates 
 
 Siphar . . . .29 f 
 
 a-madan 30 
 
 <j 
 
 1 
 
 !j mencing with the app 
 
 roxirrute new 
 
 of the commencement of Mahommedan yejtsftom 
 
 flabiaL . . . .30 
 
 hiwall .29 
 
 
 
 ? moon, without any i 
 
 itercalatio-n to 
 
 1845 up to 2047, OT from the 43rd to the 49th 
 
 RibiaH 29 [ 
 
 ulkuda 30 
 
 t 
 
 v(v keep theiri to the sun 
 
 f spiton w th 
 
 Cycle inclusive, wh ch form the whole of the seventh 
 
 Jornada I. . . .30 1 
 
 ulheggia. . > . .29 
 
 c 
 
 W^ respect to the sun, so that they retro- 
 
 period of seven cycles. Throughout the next pe- 
 
 Jornidall. ... .29 
 
 99 and in in- 
 
 grad 
 
 e through all the seasons ii 
 
 i about 324 
 
 riod of seven cycles, and all other like periods, th 
 
 Rajab 30 
 
 tercalary years. .30 
 
 years. They are also partitioned into cycles of 
 30 years, 19 of which are common years of 354 
 days each, and the other II are intercalary years 
 
 days of the week will occur in exactly the sam ordet 
 
 PRINCIPLES. OF THE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL DAYS OF THE MOHAMMEDAN CALENDAR. 
 
 MuharTam 1, New Year. 
 
 hat 
 
 ro an additional day apperu 
 
 ed'.i the last 
 
 There igion founded by Mohammed, is,accor- 
 
 > 10, Ash-uTa. 
 
 rnor 
 
 th. 
 
 
 ding to him, the only orthodox creed existing 
 
 Racial. II, Birth of Mohammed. 
 
 The mean length of the year is 354 days, 8 
 hours, and 48 minutes, and that of the month 
 
 from the beginning of the world, and preach- 
 ed by all the prophets ever since Adam. It is 
 
 Jornada I. 20j Taking of Constantinople. 
 Rajab 15, Day of Victory. 
 
 is 29days,llhouTs,and44 minutes, whi ch ditfeo 
 
 also called \s\un. 
 
 20, Exultation of Mohammed. 
 Shiaban 15, Borak's Night. 
 
 only 2.8 seconds, so that the er 
 
 TOT amo-unts 
 
 are contained in the two articles of belief.-'Tnere 
 
 Shawall 1,2,3, G-rand Bsiram. 
 
 to only a day in about 2400 years. 
 
 is no 6-od but tod; and Mohimrned is G-od's 
 
 rj-ulheggii 1, Kurban Bairam. 
 
 
 TABLE 
 
 OF MOHAMMEDAN YEARS.IFROM WOOLHOUSE'S W[IGHTS,MEASURES, ETC.) 
 
 YEAR OF 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 YEAR OF 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 YEAR OF 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 YEAR OF 
 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 YEAH OF 
 
 COMMENCEMENT 
 
 HEGIRA 
 
 (1ST OF MUHARRAM). 
 
 HE&IRA 
 
 ( ST OF MUHARRAM). 
 
 HEGIRA 
 
 (1ST OF MUHARRAM). 
 
 HEGIRA 
 
 (1ST OF MUHARRAM). 
 
 HE&IRA 
 
 OST OF MUHAftRAM]. 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 FRID. 
 
 2 N 
 
 )V. 1883 
 
 1344* 
 
 WEO. 
 
 22 JULY 1925 
 
 1384 
 
 w 
 
 .1). 
 
 13 MAY 1964 
 
 1427 
 
 TUES. 3l JAN. 100 
 
 
 43 CYCLE. 
 
 130 
 
 J 
 
 TUES. 
 
 21 
 
 ;T. 1884 
 
 1345 
 
 MON. 
 
 12 JULY 1926 
 
 1385* 
 
 Si 
 
 N. 
 
 2 MAY 1965 
 
 1428* 
 
 SAT. 20 JAN. 2007 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 3* 
 
 SAT. 
 
 10 C 
 
 IT. 1885 
 
 1346* 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 1 JULY 1927 
 
 1386 
 
 FF 
 
 10. 
 
 22 APRIL 1968 
 
 1429 
 
 THUR. 
 
 10 JAN. 2008 
 
 126 
 
 
 FRID. 
 
 10 JAN. 1845 
 
 130. 
 
 I 
 
 THUR. 
 
 30 S 
 
 .PT. 1886 
 
 1347 
 
 WED. 
 
 20 JUNE 1928 
 
 1387* 
 
 TL 
 
 ES. 
 
 II APRIL 1967 
 
 1430 
 
 MON. 
 
 29 DEC. 2008 
 
 126 
 
 t* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 30 DEC. 1849 
 
 130 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 19 S 
 
 ;PT. 1887 
 
 1348 
 
 SUN. 
 
 9 JUNE 1929 
 
 1388 
 
 si 
 
 N. 
 
 31 MAR. 1368 
 
 1431* 
 
 FRID. 
 
 18 DEC. 2009 
 
 126 
 
 3 
 
 SUN. 
 
 20 DEC. 1846 
 
 130 
 
 5* 
 
 FRID. 
 
 7 S 
 
 :PT. 1888 
 
 1349* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 29 MAY 1930 
 
 1389 
 
 ft 
 
 UR. 
 
 20 MAR. 1969 
 
 1432 
 
 WED. 
 
 8 DEC. 2010 
 
 126 
 
 1 
 
 THUR. 
 
 9 DEC. 1847 
 
 130 
 
 7 
 
 WED. 
 
 28 A 
 
 JG. 1889 
 
 1350 
 
 TUES. 
 
 19 MAY 1931 
 
 1390* 
 
 M 
 
 Wi 
 
 9 MAR. 1970 
 
 1433 
 
 SUN. 
 
 27 NOV. 2011 
 
 126 
 
 5* 
 
 MON. 
 
 27 NOV. 1849 
 
 1301 
 
 3* 
 
 SUN. 
 
 17 A 
 
 JG-. 1890 
 
 
 1391 
 
 St 
 
 T. 
 
 27 FEB. 1971 
 
 1434* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 15 NOV. 2012 
 
 126 
 
 
 SAT. 
 
 17 NOV. 1849 
 
 130 
 
 3 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 7 A 
 
 JC-. 1891 
 
 46 CYCLE. 
 
 1332 
 
 W 
 
 EO. 
 
 16 FEB. 1972 
 
 1435 
 
 TUES. 
 
 5 NOV. 2013 
 
 126 
 
 7* 
 
 WED. 
 
 6 NOV. 1850 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 TUES. 
 
 26 J 
 
 JLY 1892 
 
 
 1393* 
 
 si 
 
 S. 
 
 4 FEB. 1973 
 
 1436* 
 
 SAT. 
 
 25 OCT. 2014 
 
 126 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 27 OCT. 1851 
 
 131 
 
 * 
 
 SAT. 
 
 15 J 
 
 JLY 1893 
 
 1351 
 
 SAT. 
 
 7 MAY 1932 
 
 1394 
 
 FF 
 
 ID. 
 
 25 JAN. 1974 
 
 1437 
 
 THUR. 
 
 15 OC1. 2015 
 
 126 
 
 3 
 
 FRID. 
 
 15 OCT. 1852 
 
 31 
 
 Z 
 
 THUR. 
 
 5 J 
 
 JLY 1894 
 
 1352* 
 
 WED. 
 
 26 APRIL 1933 
 
 1335 
 
 TL 
 
 ES. 
 
 14 JAN. 1975 
 
 1438 
 
 MON. 
 
 3 OCT. 2016 
 
 127 
 
 3* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 4 OCT. 1853 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 MON. 
 
 24 J 
 
 JNE 1895 
 
 1353 
 
 MON. 
 
 16 APRIL 1334 
 
 1336* 
 
 Sf 
 
 T. 
 
 3 JAN. 1976 
 
 1439* 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 22 SEPT. 2017 
 
 127 
 
 
 SUN. 
 
 24 SEPT. 1854 
 
 I3i 
 
 1* 
 
 FRID. 
 
 12 J 
 
 JNE 1896 
 
 1354 
 
 FRID. 
 
 5 APRIL 1935 
 
 1397 
 
 ft- 
 
 UR. 
 
 23DE. 1976 
 
 1440 
 
 WED. Il2 SEPT. 20lfl 
 
 127 
 
 2 
 
 THUR. 
 
 13 SEPT. 1855 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 WEO. 
 
 2 J 
 
 JNE 1897 
 
 1355* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 24 MAR. 1 936 
 
 1398* 
 
 M 
 
 M. 
 
 12 DEC. 1977 
 
 A A pvn c 
 
 127 
 
 3* 
 
 MON. 
 
 1 SEPT. 1856 
 
 131 
 
 3* 
 
 SUN. 
 
 22 M 
 
 AY 1898 
 
 1356 
 
 SUN. 
 
 14 MAR. 1337 
 
 1399 
 
 s; 
 
 T. 
 
 2 DEC. 1978 
 
 49 UYlfLC. 
 
 127 
 
 t 
 
 SAT. 
 
 22 AU6. 1857 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 FRID. 
 
 12 M 
 
 AY 1893 
 
 1357* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 3 MAR. 1938 
 
 1400 
 
 w 
 
 EO. 
 
 21 NOV. 1379 
 
 1441 ISUN. 
 
 . SEPT. 2019 
 
 127 
 
 1 
 
 WEO. 
 
 II AUG. 1858 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 TUES. 
 
 ! M 
 
 AY 1900 
 
 1358 
 
 TUES. 
 
 21 FEB. 1939 
 
 1401* 
 
 SI 
 
 N. 
 
 9 NOV. 1 980 
 
 !442*n'HUR. 
 
 20 AUG. 2020 
 
 127 
 
 5* 
 
 SUN. 
 
 31 JULY 1859 
 
 131 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 20 A 
 
 3 RIL 1901 
 
 1359 
 
 SAT. 
 
 10 FEB. 1940 
 
 1402 
 
 Ffi 
 
 10. 
 
 30 OCT. 1981 
 
 1443 TUES. 
 
 10 AUC. 2021 
 
 127 
 
 ' 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 20 JULY I860 
 
 132 
 
 3 
 
 THUR. 
 
 "\ 
 
 'RIL 1902 
 
 1360* 
 
 WED. 
 
 29 JAN. 1941 
 
 1403 
 
 TU 
 
 ES. 
 
 19 OCT. 1982 
 
 1444 SAT. 
 
 30 JULY 2022 
 
 127 
 
 3* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 9 JULY 1861 
 
 
 
 
 1361 
 
 MON. 
 
 19 JAN. 1942 
 
 1404* 
 
 S/ 
 
 T. 
 
 8 OCT. 1 983 
 
 I443*|WEO. 
 
 19 JULY 2023 
 
 127 
 
 3 
 
 SUN. 
 
 29 JUNE 1861 
 
 
 45 CYCLE 
 
 
 1362 
 
 FRID. 
 
 8 JAN. 1943 
 
 1405 
 
 TV 
 
 UR. 
 
 27 SEPT. 1984 
 
 1446 'MON. 
 
 8 JULY 2024 
 
 128 
 
 
 THUR. 
 
 18 JUNE 1863 
 
 
 
 
 1363* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 28 DEC. 1943 
 
 1406* 
 
 M 
 
 DN. 
 
 16 SEPT. 1985 
 
 I447*F.R1D. 
 
 27 JUNE 2025 
 
 128 
 
 * 
 
 MON. 
 
 S JUNE 1864 
 
 132 
 
 
 MON. 
 
 30 M 
 
 URCH 1903 
 
 1364 
 
 SUN. 
 
 17 DEC. 1944 
 
 1407 
 
 s; 
 
 T. 
 
 6 SEPT. 1986 
 
 1448 
 
 WEO. 
 
 17 JUNE 2016 
 
 128 
 
 1 
 
 SAT. 
 
 27 MAY 1865 
 
 32 
 
 2* 
 
 FRID. 
 
 18 M 
 
 ARCH 1904 
 
 1365 
 
 THUR. 
 
 6 DEC. 1945 
 
 1408 
 
 w 
 
 EO. 
 
 26 AUG. 1387 
 
 1449 
 
 SUN. 
 
 6 JUNE 2027 
 
 128 
 
 3 
 
 WED. 
 
 16 MAY 1866 
 
 132 
 
 3 
 
 WEO. 
 
 8 M 
 
 ARCH 1905 
 
 1366* 
 
 MON. 
 
 25 NOV. 1946 
 
 1409* 
 
 Si 
 
 N. 
 
 14 AUG. 1988 
 
 1450* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 25 MAY 2028 
 
 128 
 
 i* 
 
 SUN. 
 
 5 MAY 1867 
 
 132 
 
 1 
 
 SUN. 
 
 25 F 
 
 EB. 1906 
 
 1367 
 
 SAT. 
 
 15 NOV. 1947 
 
 1410 
 
 FR 
 
 10. 
 
 4 AUG. 1989 
 
 1451 
 
 TUES. 
 
 15 MAY 2029 
 
 128 
 
 S 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 24 APRIL 1868 
 
 132 
 
 y 
 
 THUR. 
 
 14 F 
 
 EB. 1907 
 
 1368* 
 
 WEO. 
 
 3 NOV. 1948 
 
 
 
 1452 
 
 SAT. 
 
 4 MAY 2030 
 
 128 
 
 
 TUES. 
 
 3 APRIL 1869 
 
 132 
 
 S 
 
 TUES. 
 
 4 F 
 
 EB. 1908 
 
 1369 
 
 MON. 
 
 24 OCT. 1949 
 
 4 
 
 8 CYCLE. 
 
 1453* 
 
 
 23 APRIL 203 
 
 128 
 
 7 
 
 SUN. 
 
 3 APRIL 1870 
 
 132 
 
 7* 
 
 SAT. 
 
 23 J 
 
 \H. 1909 
 
 1370 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 13 OCT. 1950 
 
 
 
 1454 
 
 MON. 
 
 12 APRIL 2032 
 
 128 
 
 3 
 
 THUR. 
 
 23 MARCH 1871 
 
 132 
 
 B 
 
 THUR. 
 
 13 J 
 
 W. 1910 
 
 1371* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 2 OCT. 1951 
 
 1411 
 
 TL 
 
 ES. 
 
 24 JULY 1990 
 
 1455 IFRIO. 
 
 1 APRIL 2033 
 
 128 
 
 3* 
 
 MON. 
 
 II MARCH 1872 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 MON. 
 
 2 J 
 
 UN. 1311 
 
 1372 
 
 SUN. 
 
 21 SEPT. 1952 
 
 1412* 
 
 S/ 
 
 T. 
 
 13 JULY 1991 
 
 1456* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 21 MAR. 2034 
 
 129 
 
 J 
 
 SAT. 
 
 1 MARCH 1873 
 
 133 
 
 3* 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 220 
 
 EC. 1911 
 
 1373 
 
 THUR. 
 
 10 SEPT. 1953 
 
 1413 
 
 n 
 
 UR. 
 
 2 JULY 1992 
 
 1457 
 
 SUN. 
 
 1 1 MAR. 2035] 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 1 
 
 WED. 
 
 1 1 D 
 
 EC. 1912 
 
 1374* 
 
 MON. 
 
 30AU&. 1954 
 
 1414 
 
 M 
 
 Mi. 
 
 21 JUNE 1993 
 
 1458* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 28 FEB. 2036 
 
 
 44 CYCLE. 
 
 133 
 
 2 
 
 SUN. 
 
 30 N 
 
 0V. 1913 
 
 1375 
 
 SAT. 
 
 20 AUG. 1955 
 
 1415* 
 
 FF 
 
 ID. 
 
 10 JUNE 1994 
 
 1459 
 
 TUES. 
 
 17 FEB. 2037 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 3* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 19 N 
 
 0V. 1914 
 
 1376* 
 
 WED. 
 
 8 AUC. 1356 
 
 1416 
 
 W 
 
 EO. ' 
 
 31 MAY 1935 
 
 1460 
 
 SAT. 
 
 6 FEB. 2038 
 
 129 
 
 
 WED. 
 
 18 FEB. 1874 
 
 133 
 
 4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 9N 
 
 3V. I9i; 
 
 1377 
 
 MON. 
 
 23 JULY 1957 
 
 1417* 
 
 Si 
 
 N. 
 
 19 MAY 1336 
 
 1461 
 
 WED. 
 
 26 JAN. 2039 
 
 129 
 
 2* 
 
 SUN. 
 
 7 FEB. 1875 
 
 133 
 
 3 
 
 SAT. 
 
 28 
 
 CT. 1916 
 
 1378 
 
 FRID. 
 
 18 JULY 1958 
 
 1418 
 
 FF 
 
 ID. 
 
 9 MAY 1997 
 
 1462 
 
 MON. 
 
 16 JAN. 2040 
 
 129 
 
 3 
 
 FRID. 
 
 28 JAN. 1876 
 
 133 
 
 S* 
 
 WED. 
 
 17 
 
 CT. 1317 
 
 1379* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 7 JULY 1959 
 
 1419 
 
 Tl 
 
 ES. 
 
 28 APRIL 1398 
 
 1463 
 
 FRIO. 
 
 4 JAN. 2041 
 
 123 
 
 4 
 
 TUES. 
 
 16 JAN. 1877 
 
 133 
 
 7 
 
 MON. 
 
 70 
 
 CT. 1918 
 
 1380 
 
 SUN. 
 
 26 JUNE 1360 
 
 1420* 
 
 S 
 
 \T. 
 
 17 APRIL 1999 
 
 1464* 
 
 TUES. 
 
 24 DEC- 2041 
 
 129 
 
 5* 
 
 SAT. 
 
 5 JAN. 1878 
 
 133 
 
 8' 
 
 FRID. 
 
 26 S 
 
 EPT. 1919 
 
 
 1421 
 
 T 
 
 UR. 
 
 6 APRIL 2000 
 
 1465 
 
 SUN. 
 
 14 DEC. 2042 
 
 129 
 
 5 
 
 THUR. 
 
 26 DEC. 1878 
 
 133 
 
 3 
 
 WD. 
 
 15 S 
 
 EPT. 1920 
 
 47 CYCLE. 
 
 1422 
 
 M 
 
 W. 
 
 26 MAR. 2001 
 
 1466* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 3 DEC. 2043 
 
 129 
 
 7* 
 
 MON. 
 
 15 DEC. 1879 
 
 134 
 
 ) 
 
 SUN. 
 
 4 S 
 
 EPT. 1921 
 
 
 1423* 
 
 FF 
 
 D. 
 
 15 MAR. 2002 
 
 1467 
 
 TUES. 
 
 22 NOV. 2044 
 
 129 
 
 8 
 
 SAT. 
 
 4 DEC. 1880 
 
 134 
 
 1* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 24 A 
 
 UG. 1922 
 
 1381 
 
 THUR. 115 JUNE 1961 
 
 1424 
 
 W 
 
 EO. 
 
 3 MAR. 2003 
 
 1468 
 
 SAT. 
 
 1 1 NOV. 2045 
 
 129 
 
 9 
 
 WED. 
 
 23 NOV. 1881 
 
 134 
 
 2 
 
 TUES. 
 
 14 A 
 
 OG. 1923 
 
 1382* 
 
 MON. [4 JUNE 1962 
 
 1425 
 
 SI 
 
 N. 
 
 22 FEB. 2004 
 
 1469* 
 
 WED. 
 
 31 OCT. 2046 
 
 1300 
 
 SUN. 
 
 12 NOV. 1882 
 
 1343 
 
 SAT. 
 
 4 AUG. 1924 
 
 1383 
 
 SAT. R5MAY |963 
 
 1426* 
 
 THUR. 
 
 10 FEB. 2005 
 
 1470 
 
 MON. 
 
 21 OCT. 2047 
 
 
 IB
 
 The followi 
 
 I Landmarks of * I 
 
 World's Hi story, I 
 
 vhllt notice 
 
 memory those 
 events that have 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 ANNIVERSARY CALENDAR. 
 
 the week the 
 
 I vent occurre, 
 
 (he weekday is 
 
 "' 
 
 I - Union Fl.g t.nf unfurled by Washinglo 
 
 -Battle of New Orleans -British defeated by Jackson, ItlKW _. 
 
 1-Astor library in New York City opened, IB54,>Ao-\o,a\t. 
 
 0- Penny Postage in Great Britain came into operation, 1840,5 
 1 1 - Bill to abolish slavery in the U.S. submitted to the Senate, !864.Vvw 
 ia-8irth of John Hancock, Revolutionary Patriot, I" J "-'- - 
 
 It-Oerman Emp 
 
 19-GoW d.scovared in Calif 
 
 30 First English Parliament con 
 
 31 -Louis XV). of France beheaded 
 -Unita4 Parliaments of England a 
 23 -Panama Canal, to loin the two 
 34-0ath of Henry W. Longfellow, A 
 
 blithed, l81l,Ve,od,au'. 
 s Mill, 1848, V 
 
 24-0ath of Henry w. Longfellow, American Poet, ltKt.^Mta>. 
 13-Converion of %l.Paul, Apostle to Gentiles, 33 o.,TtUt**>>. 
 
 2C-Expiration of the Alien and Sedition Laws, 1801, \Aov\&..\. 
 27- Treaty of Ghent, closing War of 1812 ratified by EnolanJ,l8l5,v>\u. 
 ~v Accession of Edward VI. to the Throne of Enoland,l547,TT\o.v). 
 - Uniform Rule of Naturalization adopted by Congress, H95;TVv>Oo.a.u. 
 
 nching 
 
 l-Amendment 13th, abolishing Slavery, passed by the House, l865<Nio 
 
 2- Treaty of Peace between United States and Mexico, 1847, %tti>. 
 
 3-lndeMndence of Greece proclaimed, 1830, vev*so,a>. 
 
 4-Peace Conference convened at Washington, l86l->Aov\o,av). 
 
 }-Sw>etn acknowledges Independence of United Slates, I783,>leneso,u. 
 
 C-J*mes M. accedes *o the Throne of England, IV8S.VVio.av.. 
 
 7-Pennsylvania Hopital (first in America) established, nll^Vnnstoy 
 
 6-Southcrn Confederacy formed at Montgomery, Ala., IB6l,^v\o,Au. 
 
 9-Rogcr Williams arrived at Boston from England, !63l.>Ne.*o.u 
 10- Naiml Battle U.S. Sloop-Hornet" captures Brit. Bri 'Hev>lute,"l8l3, VMeo 
 II -Circular utter of Mass, against Taxation published, n68,AV\*YV.u. 
 12-Firct Fugitive Slave Law passed by Congress, I 793,"\\vo.av. 
 13- William and Mary became King and ftueen of England, !689.VJcV4a-> 
 
 14-Captaln Cook, English navigator, killed on Sandwi ' ' ' 
 
 15-St. Louis. Mo., settled by the French, IT ~ 
 
 MARCH 
 
 l-Bnko< Pennsylvania chartered, fir)l in the U.S., n8 
 3- Bureau of Education established at Washington, I867,^>x^ 
 3-MinriComfTomis Bill palted by Control, 1820,% Vxti 
 4 British House of Commons resolves to end Anser.War, I783, 
 J-Second affray in Boston-" Boston Matcre."mo,>A 
 *-Ored Scott Oeclnon by U.S. Supreme Court, I857,f r' 
 
 ~ 
 
 *- Wt Point Wllitarv Academy founded by Congress, l02.S>ul -si 
 t-The Stamp Act repealed by the British Parliament, nse^sves^ 
 7-B.ston v.ci.atd_> v the British soldier;,. I776.^ r &*u. 
 
 -Act to prevent Slave Trade passed by Coti^ress.HS*, ^>*^-6a.^. 
 -War declared by Plymouth against the lndians,l6a3.J.T>o.\). 
 -Spain acknowledges Independence of United StatM,l183,W\o\\<iv 1 . 
 -Abolition of Slave Trade in British Empire. l807,y<AkH. 
 -Providence, R.I., attacked bu the Indians, I6T6, %\*v>6ivi. 
 -Battlcof Horse Shoe Bend, Ala. .Jackson deceits Creeks, 1914, %(.. 
 - Vote of Censure passed by Senate aoainst Prcs'* Jackson, l834At>6M. 
 -Surrendr of Vera CTU.Z, Me ico, to General Scolt,l841,Voy\ts) 
 -Sicilian Vespcrs-ia.OOO Frenchmen- massacred, 1282, rAo **). 
 -Battle of Dinwiddie Court House -Sheridan defeats Ue,iB65,W\6a\(, 
 
 I- Harvey, discoverer of Circulation of Blood, born, iS78,^^t6,*vi. 
 l-U.S.Mint,thefirst,established at Philadelphia, 1792, \Ao-v\6i\c 
 9-Richmond,Va.. evacuated bu the Confederates, 1865, VAowo.3,. 
 t-Death of the President, William H. Harrison, 1841 <iwtto/.v>. 
 5- York town, Va., besieged bu General McClellan, l86a,%AtM--<6v). 
 5- Battle of Shi I oh, Tenn., Grant defeats Bevureaard, 180/LWivVu. 
 7- Mississippi Territory for-med by Act of Congress, 1798, l b.\\o.^. 
 (-Bill to abolish Slavery passed by the Senate, 1864, VVA^. 
 )-Ue's Surrender to Grant at Appomattor Court House, l863,VlMMIa. 
 3- U. S. Bank re -charteredjcapltai 35, 000,000), 1 8 1 6,\Nea-ne.so,a.\t. 
 
 2-Scotl 
 
 , 
 
 ida discovered by Ponce de Leon, 15 12, V_ae.v 
 d declared incorporated with England, l 
 
 ., ,( Nantes, tolerating Proles 
 4- President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth,l865,TV\ka\). 
 5-Patcnt Right Law first enacted by Congress, rftB.TVwajntige, 
 6-Slavery abolished in District of Columbia, l862.,Weo,rv.fcau. 
 /-Columbus obtains sanction of Ferdinand and Isabella, !497,T\>.o.a,\(. 
 8-Corner Stone of St. Peter's at Rome laid, I506.5>%xwvo,-a\). 
 9- Battle of Lexington-first in Revolutionary War, I775.^*ao\\e.so.a.\j. 
 !0-Expulsionofthe"'Hump"Parlia-mcnt byCromwell, l653.Vlfcoineso.a.^. 
 :i-United States Mint established at Denver.Col., l862,N\ov\c,a\). 
 !2-Battle of Cranicus, Alexander defeats Darius, 334 B.C.,^VnnrsAa>),WS 
 13-Oeath of William Shakspeare.Eng. Dramatic Poet. 1616, Tw.cs^a\). 
 !4 Boston News Letter, first paper published in U.S., HD4 WVOY\O,\. 
 IS-New Orleans captured by Commodore Tarragut, l8t!LTlr\4*u. 
 !6-Hoslilities begin between United States and Mexico, 1 841. vmte> 
 !7- Death of Ralph Waldo Emerson, American Poet, 1882, VVivor.ia( 
 [8- Charlotte Harbor, Fla., attacked by the Seminoles, 1836. AV\\s4a\). 
 !9- Battle of Orleans, France, sieae relieved by Joan of Arc. 1429, VV\k**). 
 10- Washin9ton inaugurated first President of U.S.,n89,Tviu.-<*4au. 
 
 MAY- 
 
 l-F*irst Inter national Exposition opened at London, IBSlJXVtWfaAftlf. 
 
 1- Bat tie of Lut7en,Cer., Napoleon defeats the Allies, I8i3,%u.wo,&u. 
 3-Death of Tho-rnas Hood, English Poe*, I845,>vwv^t>,. 
 4-Anarchist Riot In Chicago-many policemen killed, 1886, ^uesaau. 
 
 5 Death of Napoleon Bonaparte on Isle of St.Helena, 1821, ?>axu.va\. 
 
 6 Death of Sir William Hamilton, Eng. Mathematician, iB56,T.ec.a\. 
 
 7 Battle of Baton Rouoe, la. .captured byFarragut, I882.wivtaku. 
 8- Innocent XIII. is made Pope at Home, H i I , VA o v\ C.A . 
 
 9- Battle of Ijesacadela Palma, Taylor defeats Mexicans, 1846. Swvtttv,. 
 0- Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia opens, t8/6^corvso^M 
 I- War declared by United Slates against Merico, 1846, WOYIO.J.M- 
 I-Batt le SpottsylvatiiaC.H.,Va., Hancock captures Johnson, 18 64, TVwvt&au. 
 3 Naturalisation Treaty made with Great Britain, 1870, V -\ ou . 
 4- Vacci nation discovered by Edward Jenner,o( E ng., I79S, %a.\vv &a,vt 
 5 -Protective Tariff adopted by U.S. Government, I 828,^Vv.-,o,\. 
 6- Acquittal of President Johnson -impeachment, 1868. %w.o.u. 
 7-Great Fire in St. Louis. Mo., much suffering, l849,~\Y\wtto,a.\t 
 8- Napoleon Bonaparte made Emperor of the Trench, 1804, VVx&au. 
 9-Last of the Crusades to Palestine ended, 1 181, V.>iH. 
 10- Mecklenburg (N.C.) Declaration o( lndependence,lIT5,Sv.-<6,M 
 '-Terrible Fighting in Paris (21 to 27),l87l,Suv>o,A,*\o-vxo,a,\, c*c 
 
 -Chas.Sumner assaulted in Senate bg Rep. Brook, i8S6,^v>u.\&a.v,. 
 Jamestown, Va., settled-first per. Eng. set't in U.S.,l60l,S&ivo,. 
 
 -Missouri Comproniise repealed by Congress, 1854 V>leo,Y*esc,a^ . 
 
 - Dens. Howe, Burgoyne and Cli titon arrive at Boston, 1115, "VMw;o,av> 
 -Matsacre of Pequods at Ft. Mystic, Conn., by Mason, 1697, Vv\^a.vi. 
 
 First Telepraph operated in U.S.- Washington >o Baltimore,l844,VAo6j.v|. 
 
 'Noah Webster, American lexicographer, died , 1843. %\A.-,a M . 
 -Restoration of Monarchical Government in Fng., l660,^vMlsc,*M. 
 
 - Columbus embarks on his third vouaoe of olever.l48e.N4**. 
 -Copyright Law first enacted by Congress, ITM, *V\S%\|. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 - The-lnvincible Armada" sail) from Lisbon,Spain,l588,4a> > .Yia l> ,, ' 
 
 - Naval Ba*lc on Lake Champlain -Brit. defeat ftmer., 1813-^Ne.V 4M- 
 
 - Battle of Cold Harbor, Va., Grant outflanks lee, l864,v*tt.Y\<taaM. 
 -Treaty of Peace between U.S and T ri poll, lVOB.Au.a*k*%|. 
 -First Balloon ascension, from Lyons, France, l783,^V\vvvi,fcaA. 
 -An American Congress first proposed by James Otis, 1165, TVvxors >.>. 
 -Coronation of Louis XIV. King of France, 1654, W e 6. v< e * & a.\f 
 -Jamestown. Va.. abandoned.-Starving Time,"l6IO, ^-r\ ^^. ., 
 
 16
 
 4 -National Flay, with stars first added, adopted by Conart'ss, I777,s\vw 4A\j. 
 5- Washington appointed Commander in- Chief, 17 75,~VV\v>.YScVa.v>. 
 6-Convcntion at Cincinnati nom. Hayes andWhepler, 1876, V i\4a\). 
 1- Battle o( Bunker Hill, first .ea\in Revolution, 1715; "iaVu.Yiax). 
 8 Battle of Waterloo, Belgium -Napoleon defeated, 18 16, %\vY\4av,. 
 9- Naval Action "Kearsaroc" sinks the"Alabama','IS64,'i\*r.4au. 
 0- Alaska ceded by Russia to the United States, I 861, ~vv\\>.rs4a\(. 
 l-Ninth State Ratified Constitution making it binding, I788,%axi o.a\). 
 2-Arkansas reconstructed after secession, I BG, Vf\o-v\&4\. 
 3- Battle of Springfield, N.J., Brit, defeated by G ret ne. 1780, WVO.A M . 
 
 4 Newfoundland discovered by the C a bots, I491,^ivv.-<c,a^. 
 
 5 Gen. Custer,U. S.A. .killed by Sioux Indians, D.T., !876.%w.'A6a^. 
 6- Battle of Mechanicsville, Va.,McClellan defeats Let,l862,^YuM*4a\i. 
 '7- Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, murdc red, 1844, ^\vMY<;aa\). 
 8 -Victoria Alcxandrina Edward crowned Queen of Eng..l838/\V\iA<>4l>,\. 
 9- Pope Pius VII. condemns Bible Societies by his Bull, 1811, Swna'&t,. 
 0- Charles J.Cuiteau., assassin of Pres't Garfield, hanged, I882,^v\ia^. 
 
 JULY- 
 
 i-Battie of Gettysburg, Pa., Meade defeats Lee, i863,VMa4v\e,^oa^,e*G 
 2-President Garfield shot-fatally wounded-buCuiteay,i88i,s<\). 
 3-U.S. Mint established in San Francisco, Cal., 1852, =>** 4ax>. 
 4-lndependencc of United States declared, I ;iS,^v>u.vsi\). 
 5-Columbian (S.A.) Declaration of Independence, I8II,V V\4a\. 
 6- John Hus3, Bohem. relig. reformer,burnt alive, 1415. Savv,Y4a\. 
 7-California declared a part of the United States, 1646, "\\>,<is4a\>. 
 8- Bat tie of Pultowa, Rust., Pott r the Great defeats Chas.lfll., l709,Wv4M. 
 9-BradJock defeated by French and Indians, II 55,>Ne.V\e*oa\. 
 0-Bill tore-chaTter U.S. Bank vetoed by Pres't Jackson, !83J,^vMiso,\). 
 I - Nine U.S. Senators expelled from Congress for Treason, I86l,~^\\\ors4a^. 
 2-Canada invaded by Genera I Hull, I 8 I 2, <b%,Y\ 6a^ . 
 i-Draft Riots take place in New York City, 1863, W>o-x\c>a.\,. 
 
 5-First Crusade to Palestine camr to an etid, 1*099, "v-x\4a\. 
 6- Era of the Hcgira begins- Flioht of Mohammed, 6 2a,^V\c,a\. . 
 1- Yellow Fever E p idem ic. begins at .New Orleans. 1818, VMeo' &a\), 
 
 !0-ConfederateCdpitol remuved to Richwonctjva., l86l,S>atwY4i\. 
 il-Proclamation by Pres't Hayes for rioters to disperse, l877,Sa<.4\). 
 !d-Atlanta,Ga., besieged by Genera I Sherman. 1864,^ V\4a. 
 !3-E.T>res't Grant died at Mt. McGregor, N.Y., 1 885,TY\\v4,av>. 
 !4-Thc Mormons arrive at Salt Lake Valley, 184-T, %aVwvA,-aA). 
 
 !6 Capture o< Ticonderoga, N.Y., by Amhersl, 1759,^ v> \A--W 6 -ax). 
 
 23- Treaty of Ar 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 I -Battle of the Nile -Nelson defeats French f ice t, 1798, vNaiwesJ 
 2- Battle of Cannae, Italy -Hannibal defeats Romans, aib" B.C.,VJ>ov 
 
 *- Abolition of .Feudal privileges in Western Europ.c, I78'9,"\\ve,. 
 5-Battle of Mobile Bay Farragut repulses Confederates, !864,Vv'\4 
 6- Dissolution of the. Holu Roman Empire, l806,VJe-QV\es4' 
 7- Battle of Thermopylae, heroism of Leonidas,480 B.C.,c,axwx4 
 B-Wilmot Proviso, restricting Slavery, presented in House, l84S,<ba> 
 9 -New York passed to control of he Dutch, I 61 3,>iaV\vYO, 
 0- Observatory at Green wich. England, founded, 1615, "\ we. s 4 
 I -first attempt to lay Atlantic table (ails, I 8 51, T.e,=.6.2 
 2- Death of Geo. Stephens"" ' " --_:--- '.no *.._... 
 
 t,Mich., S M.rrendtred to British by Hull, I 8 , -, 
 
 7-Dcath of Frederick the&reat, King of PTussia, n8e,"vv\vmki>. 
 B- Bat tie of Yellow Medicine, Minn., Sioux massacre Whites, 1 8 6X, \Atm6av). 
 S- Paulus Hook (Jersey City) captured by Ma> HcnT V Lee, m6,A^\vc,u. 
 End of Civil Wr by Proclarnation of Pres't Johnson, 1866, Vf\or\4aM. 
 l-The Puritans embark from Dartmouth, Enfl., I 620, XAor\4aM. 
 I- French" Directory," consisting of five, established 1795 c,atu^4a\*. 
 !- Battle of Staten Island, British defeat Sullivan, I777,?,a.w-<&a%. 
 I- Washington City captured by British, Pub. Build's bur'd 1814 VNeA'fcau. 
 5-Montreal, Canada, sacked by Iroquois Indians, 1689, 'bu.T\4a\ ) . 
 S-Julius Caesar invades. the British Isles, 55 B.C., Svvwia^. 
 
 3- St. A u.gust!ne,FI a. .founded -oldest town in U.S., ISSB.Vl^Tvcs^oav). 
 0-Mail Steamer Teuton lost with QOO lives, 188 I,"V \xe-i4-aw. 
 I -Great Charleston, S.C., earthquake commenced, !88S,T\.e,4i^. 
 
 pulsed bu &er.,l870,^ 
 ed over, I 566 .'bvi. 
 c. Eng.Com'lth, l658,'?r 
 dson, I807A 
 
 reat London Fire,436'acres bu- 
 
 leath of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Pro 
 
 ulton's first steamboat voyage o ,, vn K nw-u^w r,, iou 
 
 "he Pacific Ocean discovered bu Balboa, 1513, W\ 
 
 hakspeare Jubilee at Stratford-on- Avon, 17.69, V> 
 
 tion of Independence by Empire of Braiil.182; 
 
 L: - -' ' '-- by Titus-l,IOO,OOOJewskiMed,10 
 
 - Decl 
 
 of Je 
 
 - The United Stat 
 
 of A 
 
 , .. 
 
 lled, 177 6, VA 
 Lake trie, 1813, Vv\ 
 def. Washington, n77,^V 
 , I 85O, TV-^ 
 ~ 
 
 -Battle of the Branduwine, Ho 
 -Fugitive Slave Law passed by 
 
 Battle of Quebec -C-eneral Wolfe 6i I led', 1159,' 
 
 -New Style Calendar adopted by England, II 5d, TV*.v 
 -Ordinance of 1181 adopted by Continent Cong., 1787, %ax.u 
 -Fahrenheit, inventor of Thermometer, died, 1736, A Vvw 
 -Constitution of United States passed Convent Ion, 1787, Wvo-> 
 -Anne Hutchinson, religious enthusiast, arr.at Boston, 1634 TYv 
 -Death of President Carfield at Elbcron, N.J., I 8 8 I V* o w 
 
 -King William's Wa 
 -Oeath of Sir Walt 
 Tre 
 
 ded by 4 
 
 at West Point discovered, l'180, 
 
 John Patil Jones' great naval victory, n~!9,TVv \x-vs4a\j 
 Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in U.S., 1861, V^wesiax,.. 
 Battle of Montreal, Ethe n Allen taken prisoner, 1775, X^ov>4.^. 
 Philadelphia captured by the British army, 1117. V=-\&M. 
 First passenger railroad opened in England, I825,"^\ves4a\i 
 Battle of Marathon, Greeks defeat Persians.490 e.C.,VNe4r.es4ax. 
 
 Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cal., opened, l89l,"VVvvi,rs4aM. 
 Execution of Major And re, British spy, 118 0, WVoY)4a\). 
 Death of Miles Standish, great Indian f ighter,l656,Y"t\4ax). 
 In dependence of Belgium declared, I 8 3d, wv o v> &av). 
 Battle of the Thames, Can. .Harrison defeats Proctor. ISIS.T^A^ax). 
 Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by Clinton, l717,J\OT\o. 
 The Colonial Congress meets in New York, l7S5,tAov\4aj- 
 GTeat Chicago fire commcnced.-Loss190,000,000,l81I.Swn&a\4. 
 International Postal Treaty concluded at Berne, 1814 ,^Y\ia^- 
 Battle of Tours, FT., Martel defeats Saracens, 131, V -v'\ 4.\}. 
 New Netherlands granted to Amsterdam Co., I 6 I4,"\.fb4>j. 
 Christopher Columbus discovers America, I49a,v V 4^>. 
 Death ot R.E.Lee, Confederate General, I 81O,A\Av.-<i,iiaN,. 
 
 Battle Of Hastings, Duke of Normandy def. Harold, l066,%alUYoa%). 
 Death of kosciuszko,at Solleure, Switzerland, I8n,^jc.4c.s4a\). 
 Houses of Parliament, London, burned, I 8 34,"\VwA.Ys4a-^. 
 First Legislative Assembly of New York meets, 1683, VMe,o.Y\e,s4a\). 
 king George's War ends by Treaty of Aix la Chapelle,l748,"We*4&\). 
 Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorkeown,l78l,W>4ax). 
 Battle of Salamis, Greeks defeat Persians, 480 t.C.,<HfciMMm. 
 Great Earthquake at San Francico,Cal., l868,\Ne.4Yvc^i.a\. 
 Revocation of Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV, IS85,^Vvv>.T,4avi. 
 First Parliament of Great Britain meets, noi,TVv.v<,4a\. 
 Death of Daniel Webster, Amer. statesman, I 852,S>v>.v\ Aav. 
 F rig. "United States" captures Brit. Nig."Mactdoma,"IBI2,W*4aM. 
 
 Island of Cuba discovered by ChristophtrColumb'us,l493,^av'4iv\. 
 Battle of White Plains,N.Y., Howe defeats Washington,n76^Aov4a^. 
 Infamous execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, I 6 I a.Tvvvfr-io.ax,. 
 Death of Edmund Cartwright, inventor of Loom,l813,~V<wft4a\>: 
 
 Death of Oliver P. Morton, prominent U.S. Sen ator,i877,'\v\ 
 National Thanksgiving for the Peace, I 86 5 ,A V\\*-< s4 
 American Armu is disbanded by Cong ress, l783.W\O 
 Penn's Treaty of Peace and Friendship with lndians,l683,<bV 
 Gunpowder Plot, London, Guy Fawkcs arrested, 1605, "\ \*.c,, 
 British Orders in Council passed. II 9 3, VMc 6 wt.% 4a\> 
 Battle of Tippecanoe.lnd., Harrison defeats Indians, IBM, ^V\NW 
 Re-election of Pres't Lincoln tothe Presidency 1864. "We. * 
 Great fire it Boston, Ioss,t13,000,000, 1812, %^xwviia 
 Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia closed. 1876,? Vv 
 Gen. Sherman begins his march to the sea, 1864, ^-\ 
 Berlin, Germany, declared in a state of siege, 1848, l =^-v\ 
 Mason and Dixon, surveyors, arr. at Philadelphia, 1763, Sv>, 
 Chas. Carroll, last surviv. signer of Dec. Indepen., died, 1831, vjMc 
 The Articles of Confederation adopted, 1111, "iAVxvx 
 Corner stone new building Edinburo. Univer. laid,l189,N\o 
 Congress meets for first time in Washington, l800,VJ\ 
 New standard railroad time adopted in U.S., 1863, "bvvvi 
 Nullification Ordinance passed by South Ca 
 
 , , 
 
 First Nat'l Encampment G.A. R., at Indianapolis, 18 66, ^^V8, 
 Berlin Decree issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, 1806, fV\ 
 Battle Ft. Pickcns.Fla., Confederates defeat Bragg, l86l, 
 Battle Lookout Mountain, "above the clouds," !863,VNo-v 
 Discovery of Tasmania by Abel Janszen Tasman,l642,^ 
 Evacuation of New York City by British army, n83,~ r vxu 
 Oliver E Us WOT th,Exr U.S. Chief Jus t ice, died, I 801,~S\\\ 
 Hoosac Tunnel opened, 23,100 feet long, 1873, A\\\v.is6 
 Magellan, circumnavigator, first enters Pacif ic Ocean, I520, 
 Death of Thos.Woisey, Eng. Cardinal and Statesrtian,l530," 
 Revolution closed by treaty with Creat Brit. ,1782, 'ia 
 
 -Portugal becomes independen-t of Spai n, I64O,"V 
 John Brown executed at Charlestown.Va., I859A Y' 
 Battle of Hohenlinden, French defeat Austrians.l803, < iu 
 Washington's Farewell Address to his Army, I183,"\V\\IY 
 Battle o* Co ffeevi lie, Miss., Con fed. loss heavy, 1 861 ,Wv 
 Amer. Anti Slavery Society formed at Philade!'a,l833,V-v 
 Noah's Deluge said to have commenced, 2348 B.C.,<ba 
 Proclamation of Conditional Artinesty,Pres.Lincoln,IB63,-\u. 
 Buffalo, N.Y., burned by British and Indians. ISIS^Vvv^i 
 Martin Luther ljurns the papal bull, I 5 20, W\ov\i 
 A-mer. Army goes into winter quarters, I m,"^V\\x-44 
 Kalafcaua.kiTig Hawaiian Isls., visits Washirigton,IS74,>at 
 B at tic of Fredericksburg, Union Army repulsed, 1862, = a* u. 
 Washington dies at Me. Vernon,(IO p.m.) 1193, "batwYi 
 
 4a.\. 
 "&a\>. 
 -.4an. 
 
 . . 
 
 ets. 18 l 
 
 :ford Convention (a 
 
 Boston Tea Party,342 chests 
 Milan DecreclBrit. Blockade) issued by Napolcon.iaoi.^V^t 
 Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery, I865,^o 
 Pres't Lincoln calls for 30O.OOO volunteers, l8B4,N\ov 
 South Carolina first to secede from Union, I860,~SV\^ 
 Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth Rock, I620JN.S.), \^o> 
 Massacre of 100 soldiers at Ft. Kearney, 18 66,'bax.^Y 
 
 Treaty of Ghent signed-ending War of I 8 12 ,' I 8 14,'iian 
 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West, 800, <FV> 
 Massacre of 36,000 Turks at Ismail, Russ., 1730, <=>MV\ 
 Explosion of str. "West Point," York Riv.,Va., I88l.^\xc< 
 Abbey, London, dedicated, I 6 5,Ve4Y 
 
 ttle of Narragansett Swamp.Kinq Philip defeated, l675,*i 
 ss ion of Gadsden Purchase to United States, 1853, T V l 
 ttle of MuTfreesboTo.Tenn., Union victory, I862,vic 4 
 
 17
 
 I 
 
 
 3 
 C 
 C 
 < 
 
 _'__ '^2 ' .' ' _ i _!__ - ' - 
 
 ' u-v* o" o" "o" ' u*" ~o* o~ " o" * />' o" uV~ih' iA; o' 
 
 " * j' *^ V O l ~ 
 
 r_,^r- >S O* 'K r-S *"*- * ' S J1O rSrf 
 
 o S ,-S 
 
 
 . fjk j 4__ j_ i ~.._ , 
 
 * -- '2252 2oTo.o- oe2t/crtw>*^>t/>> H->>? 

 
 1892, BY JASPER QOODYKOONTZ
 
 
 *-< 
 
 ^ffifMAJititiM^AAi,tA>4S4i4iti4ili^ * >v. . \i / . ^- 
 
 *fWlllGHT ^BlE.** a- 
 
 Showing the beginning and end of twilight for the first, eltventh,and twenty-first days of every month, as seen 
 on the parallels of 2ir30t3336,39, <> 4245, and48 < 'north latitude, and by estimation, will serve equally well for adjacent points. 
 
 
 
 L A T 1 T U O E_. 
 
 
 37* 
 
 30' 
 
 
 33* 
 
 36 s 
 
 39 
 
 4-2 
 
 45 
 
 4-8 
 
 Mont he. 
 
 Btfins 
 
 Ends 
 
 Begins 
 
 Ends 
 
 Begins 
 
 Ends 
 
 Begins 
 
 Ends 
 
 Begins 
 
 Ends 
 
 iegine 
 
 Ends 
 
 Begins 
 
 Ends 
 
 Begins 
 
 Ends 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 H m 
 
 h m 
 
 h m 
 
 h tn 
 
 h 
 
 m 
 
 h m 
 
 h -m 
 
 h ni 
 
 h m 
 
 h in 
 
 N n-i 
 
 h m 
 
 H rn 
 
 h m 
 
 h m 
 
 h m 
 
 JA.N. 1 
 
 5 28 
 
 6 45 
 
 5 33 
 
 6 37 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 6 33 
 
 S 40 
 
 6 28 
 
 5 43 
 
 6 24 
 
 5 48 
 
 6 21 
 
 5 53 
 
 6 10 
 
 5 58 
 
 6 
 
 ,. II 
 
 5 27 
 
 6 50 
 
 5 30 
 
 6 45 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 6 40 
 
 5 39 
 
 6 34 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 32 
 
 5 45 
 
 6 30 
 
 5 50 
 
 6 18 
 
 5 52 
 
 6 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 5 24 
 
 6 54 
 
 5 28 
 
 6 51 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 6 47 
 
 5 37 
 
 6 43 
 
 5 40 
 
 6 41 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 39 
 
 5 45 
 
 6 31 
 
 5 47 
 
 6 24 
 
 FEB. 1 
 
 5 21 
 
 7 
 
 5 28 
 
 6 59 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 6 57 
 
 5 32 
 
 8 54 
 
 5 35 
 
 6 52 
 
 5 37 
 
 6 50 
 
 5 39 
 
 6 39 
 
 5 41 
 
 6 36 
 
 M II 
 
 5 20 
 
 7 8 
 
 5 22 
 
 7 6 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 7 7 
 
 5 25 
 
 7 4 
 
 5 16 
 
 7 2 
 
 5 27 
 
 7 
 
 5 35 
 
 6 45 
 
 5 36 
 
 6 48 
 
 
 5 16 
 
 7 14 
 
 S 16 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 7 13 
 
 5 IS 
 
 7 12 
 
 5 15 
 
 7 I I 
 
 5 17 
 
 7 9 
 
 5 31 
 
 7 6 
 
 5 15 
 
 7 
 
 MAR. 1 
 
 5 8 
 
 7 18 
 
 5 7 
 
 7 18 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 7 19 
 
 5 5 
 
 7 20 
 
 5 4 
 
 7 21 
 
 5 1 
 
 7 23 
 
 4 58 
 
 7 25 
 
 4 48 
 
 7 27 
 
 >> "l 1 
 
 5 
 
 7 22 
 
 4 57 
 
 7 24 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 7 27 
 
 4 51 
 
 7 29 
 
 4 49 
 
 7 31 
 
 4 46 
 
 7 35 
 
 4 43 
 
 7 37 
 
 4 22 
 
 7 39 
 
 ,, 21 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 27 
 
 4 46 
 
 7 31 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 7 35 
 
 4 38 
 
 7 38 
 
 4 33 
 
 7 42 
 
 4 27 
 
 7 47 
 
 4 21 
 
 7 50 
 
 4 15 
 
 7 54 
 
 
 4 37 
 
 7 32 
 
 4 29 
 
 7 37 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 7 43 
 
 4 19 
 
 748 
 
 4 14 
 
 7 54 
 
 4 6 
 
 8 2 
 
 3 52 
 
 8 8 
 
 3 45 
 
 8 15 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 4 25 
 
 7 40 
 
 4 18 
 
 7 46 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 7 51 
 
 4 3 
 
 7 59 
 
 3 56 
 
 8 7 
 
 3 46 
 
 8 16 
 
 3 31 
 
 8 29 
 
 3 18 
 
 8 42 
 
 1 1 21 
 
 4 15 
 
 7 48 
 
 4 5 
 
 7 57 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 8 1 
 
 3 47 
 
 8 12 
 
 3 37 
 
 8 10 
 
 3 25 
 
 8 32 
 
 3 13 
 
 8 47 
 
 3 56 
 
 9 4 
 
 WAV 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 3 51 
 
 8 6 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 8 12 
 
 3 31 
 
 8 22 
 
 3 21 
 
 8 33 
 
 3 6 
 
 8 48 
 
 2 53 
 
 9 7 
 
 2 35 
 
 9 17 
 
 , , | | 
 
 3 45 
 
 8 II 
 
 3 37 
 
 8 17 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 8 22 
 
 3 17 
 
 8 33 
 
 3 5 
 
 8 45 
 
 1 47 
 
 9 6 
 
 1 19 
 
 9 31 
 
 2 6 
 
 9 54 
 
 ... 11 
 
 3 30 
 
 8 21 
 
 3 16 
 
 8 18 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 8 35 
 
 3 7 
 
 844 
 
 2 51 
 
 8 57 
 
 1 31 
 
 9 23 
 
 1 8 
 
 9 52 
 
 1 34 
 
 10 26 
 
 JUJJC 1 
 
 3 21 
 
 8 32 
 
 3 11 
 
 8 37 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 8 43 
 
 1 57 
 
 9 
 
 2 41 
 
 9 14 
 
 2 17 
 
 9 38 
 
 49 
 
 10 18 
 
 1 9 
 
 10 51 
 
 , . II 
 
 3 17 
 
 8 41 
 
 3 13 
 
 8 45 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 8 51 
 
 1 50 
 
 9 1 1 
 
 2 36 
 
 9 21 
 
 2 13 
 
 9 51 
 
 39 
 
 10 30 
 
 12 24 
 
 II 36 
 
 ,, , 11 
 
 3 15 
 
 8 44 
 
 3 1 1 
 
 8 49 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 54 
 
 2 45 
 
 9 21 
 
 1 38 
 
 9 18 
 
 1 8 
 
 9 55 
 
 34 
 
 10 50 
 
 11 10 
 
 II 30 
 
 MY i 
 
 3 21 
 
 8 41 
 
 3 13 
 
 8 47 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 8 51 
 
 1 57 
 
 9 5 
 
 140 
 
 9 15 
 
 2 14 
 
 9 50 
 
 39 
 
 10 37 
 
 11 28 
 
 II 27 
 
 
 3 30 
 
 8 37 
 
 3 19 
 
 8 44 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 8 48 
 
 3 7 
 
 9 
 
 2 50 
 
 9 19 
 
 1 14 
 
 9 41 
 
 49 
 
 10 16 
 
 1 
 
 10 43 
 
 ' ai 
 
 3 42 
 
 8 27 
 
 3 33 
 
 8 38 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 8 41 
 
 3 15 
 
 8 51 
 
 3 
 
 9 9 
 
 1 39 
 
 9 19 
 
 2 2 
 
 9 58 
 
 I 25 
 
 10 21 
 
 Mo. i 
 
 3 55 
 
 8 14 
 
 3 47 
 
 8 21 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 8 30 
 
 3 27 
 
 843 
 
 3 15 
 
 8 57 
 
 2 57 
 
 9 16 
 
 2 18 
 
 9 42 
 
 1 50 
 
 10 9 
 
 
 4 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 8 10 
 
 a 
 
 50 
 
 8 19 
 
 3 40 
 
 8 29 
 
 3 19 
 
 8 41 
 
 3 13 
 
 8 57 
 
 2 36 
 
 9 22 
 
 2 12 
 
 9 49 
 
 v 21 
 
 4 16 
 
 7 45 
 
 4 6 
 
 7 57 
 
 3 
 
 59 
 
 8 7 
 
 3 51 
 
 8 15 
 
 3 41 
 
 8 22 
 
 3 18 
 
 8 35 
 
 1 59 
 
 9 
 
 1 34 
 
 9 20 
 
 SE"?. i 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 31 
 
 4 14 
 
 7 41 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 7 51 
 
 4 2 
 
 7 58 
 
 3 55 
 
 8 4 
 
 3 45 
 
 8 14 
 
 3 24 
 
 8 35 
 
 3 5 
 
 8 51 
 
 
 4 25 
 
 7 22 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 30 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 7 36 
 
 4 II 
 
 740 
 
 4 7 
 
 7 46 
 
 3 59 
 
 7 54 
 
 3 50 
 
 8 10 
 
 3 32 
 
 8 25 
 
 '.' 21 
 
 4 29 
 
 7 15 
 
 4 26 
 
 7 17 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 7 20 
 
 4 20 
 
 725 
 
 4 17 
 
 7 28 
 
 4 12 
 
 7 37 
 
 4 5 
 
 7 48 
 
 3 50 
 
 8 7 
 
 OCT. i 
 
 4 36 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 33 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 7 10 
 
 4 29 
 
 7 II 
 
 4 27 
 
 7 12 
 
 4 24 
 
 7 15 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 30 
 
 4 12 
 
 7 46 
 
 . . ii 
 
 4 40 
 
 7 
 
 4 39 
 
 6 57 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 6 54 
 
 4 38 
 
 8 55 
 
 4 37 
 
 6 56 
 
 4 35 
 
 6 58 
 
 4 30 
 
 7 19 
 
 4- 26 
 
 7 34 
 
 1 21 
 
 4 47 
 
 6 46 
 
 4 46 
 
 6 45 
 
 4 
 
 4C 
 
 6 43 
 
 4 45 
 
 647 
 
 4 45 
 
 6 50 
 
 4 44 
 
 6 52 
 
 4 41 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 38 
 
 7 21 
 
 NoV. i 
 
 4 52 
 
 6 37 
 
 4 53 
 
 6 35 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 6 33 
 
 4 55 
 
 6 31 
 
 4 57 
 
 6 35 
 
 4 58 
 
 6 39 
 
 5 
 
 6 49 
 
 5 2 
 
 7 II 
 
 ,, H 
 
 5 
 
 6 30 
 
 5 1 
 
 6 28 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 26 
 
 5 5 
 
 623 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 21 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 19 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 39 
 
 5 16 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 18 
 
 5 7 
 
 6 25 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 22 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 19 
 
 5 16 
 
 6 16 
 
 5 20 
 
 6 12 
 
 5 30 
 
 6 30 
 
 5 31 
 
 748 
 
 DC. 1 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 16 
 
 5 13 
 
 6 23 
 
 5 
 
 n 
 
 6 11 
 
 5 21 
 
 6 17 
 
 5 25 
 
 6 14 
 
 5 29 
 
 6 1 1 
 
 5 37 
 
 6 25 
 
 5 44 
 
 6 37 
 
 1 | 
 
 5 15 
 
 6 24 
 
 5 20 
 
 e 12 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 29 
 
 6 IS 
 
 5 33 
 
 6 12 
 
 5 38 
 
 6 10 
 
 5 44 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 48 
 
 6 14 
 
 > 21 
 
 5 20 
 
 6 13 
 
 5 26 
 
 6 20 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 6 19 
 
 5 36 
 
 6 13 
 
 5 39 
 
 6 10 
 
 5 44 
 
 6 9 
 
 5 48 
 
 6 15 
 
 5 53 
 
 6 12 
 
 cMMMT" 
 
 A A 
 
 ^wflSs^i^l^- ; ' r " ' 
 
 
 ^3fc iT-^xv^^i^LF^ 
 
 ennri j.^aSSaza.*.^^ * .-i-W*^ ' MtO-nfiftL 
 
 <=. t \ucAT\irD\ifi 
 
 ^SjgLnKSypfe '*' 
 
 M^ VW*n9v "V^Qg?^ $&&&** 
 
 Weather is the condition of the a;- 
 Mosphere at any time and place with 
 respect chiefly to its tem perature, hu- 
 midity , clearness or cloudiness, rain, 
 
 formed groups of these clouds are fre 
 quently seen in fair and settled weath 
 er.The cirri are also the clouds on th 
 foie-part of the storm, where they are u. 
 
 F9S. Fogs indicate set-tied 
 - weather. Morning fogs seldom last till noon. 
 , Frost. First and last frosts are usual ly 
 - preceded by a temperature much above mean. 
 
 fog, or snow, and wind. 
 
 ually more abundant, very ragged, am 
 
 Halo(sun-dogs). Large circles, or parts 
 
 Barottieter. In prognosticating 
 
 generally blend into a white.far-reachin 
 
 i of circles, about the sun or moon. A halo 
 
 the weather by the barometer, notice 
 whether it be greatly above or below the 
 mean heigh*, and the rapidity of its rise 
 or fall. Higher and steady, foretells con- 
 tinued fair weather. Lower and falling, 
 rain, or damp cloudy weather.Rapio 
 rise or fall, continued unsettled weath- 
 
 cloud- bank. The curmwXw.*, "thunder 
 heads," or"cotton bates," are of a 
 hemispherical form, with horizonta 
 base. When they appear in the heat of th. 
 day and pass away in the evening, then 
 foretell continued fair weather. I/ they it 
 crease rapidly, sink into'thc lower at-mo" 
 
 after fine weather indicates a storm. 
 Rainbows. A morning rainbow in- 
 dicates rain; an evening one, fair weather. 
 e Sky Color.-A deep-blue sky, even if 
 seen through clouds, indicates fair weath- 
 er; a growing whiteness,! stor-m. 
 Sunset Colors . - A gra y, lowering sun- 
 
 er and much wind . 
 Clouds. Clouds are distinguished by 
 
 pherc,and remain as evening approach? 
 rain is at hand. Loose patches on theit 
 
 , set, or one where the sky is green or 
 yellowish green, indicates rain. A red 
 
 their textures, motions, and outlines. 
 The ew<n.t, or"mare' tails," appear at 
 
 surfaces predict showers. The **<&&** 
 appear as a continuous layer of widely extei 
 
 , sunset foretells fine weather. 
 i Sunrise Colors. -A red sunrise, wit 
 
 a greater elevation than other forms, 
 and are marked by thvi-r light texture, 
 fibrous and sundered, or interlacin9 
 
 ded sheet of cloud, at a lower level than th 
 cumulus, and often touching the earth. 
 Co-ro-na. -Circles around the moon o 
 
 , lowering clouds later in the -morning, in- 
 dicate rain; a grey sunrioc, dry weather, 
 r Visibility. Unusual clearness of the 
 
 as in the far-spreading white cloud which 
 produces the halo.S-tnall, regular 1 y 
 
 sun. Crowing smaller they indicate 
 ri-n; growing larger, fair weather. 
 
 atmosphere, unusual brightness or twink- 
 ling of the stars, indicate rain. 
 
 
 90
 
 Table is especially valuable to eti9ravers,electrotupeTS, and ajl others havitio frequent 
 
 jsion to ttnd the products of numbers, both integral and fractional, not exceeding^! 
 
 To u-se the table, select either dimension at the top ma^in, theti descend the column 
 io the other (shown by the small number above the lar^e), where is ^iventheintejfal prod- 
 
 *2 
 
 44 
 
 6 6 
 
 i 12 
 
 iJ? 
 
 4 14 
 
 h 
 
 I 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 e 
 
 48 
 
 6 12 
 
 i 22 
 
 1 24 
 
 o 40 
 
 3 
 
 a 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 * 12 
 
 s 15 
 
 6 18 
 
 7*1 
 
 824 
 
 at 
 
 30 
 
 M 
 
 ise 
 
 39 
 
 44*ii45 
 
 is 
 
 n SI 1 
 
 us 
 
 i4 
 
 3 12 
 
 4 16 
 
 s 20 
 
 8 24 
 
 7 28 
 
 32 
 
 9 36 
 
 o 40 
 
 i 44 
 
 ii 48 
 
 3 52 
 
 4 56 
 
 s 60 
 
 is 64 
 
 7 68 
 
 , 72 
 
 80 
 
 i 5 
 
 a 10 
 
 * IS 
 
 4 20 
 
 s 25 
 
 s 30 
 
 7 35 
 
 s 40 
 
 345 
 
 o 50 
 
 55 
 
 12 60 
 
 3 65 
 
 4 70 
 
 s 75 
 
 5 
 
 c 80 
 
 7 85 is 90 19 95' 
 
 win 
 
 i 6 
 
 3 18 
 
 424 
 
 s 30 
 
 e 36 
 
 42 
 
 848 
 
 9 54 
 
 60 n 6612 72 
 
 78 
 
 4 84 is 90 
 
 e 96 
 
 i 102 
 
 8 108 
 
 ttWi 
 
 2 14 
 
 428 
 
 535 
 
 42 
 
 7 49 8 56 
 
 63 io 70 
 
 i 77 
 
 is 84 
 
 9 81 
 
 98 
 
 7(19 
 
 8 126 13 133 
 
 2ol4S 
 
 3 24 
 
 432 
 
 s40 
 
 648 
 
 7 56? 
 
 s 64 
 
 9 72 
 
 o 80 
 
 i 8811 96 3 104 
 
 4 112 
 
 5120 
 
 7 136 1 8 144 19 152 1I90 
 
 i 9 
 
 2 18 3 27 
 
 4 38 
 
 3 45 
 
 i 54 
 
 8 72 
 
 9 81 
 
 o 90 
 
 99 
 
 2108 
 
 13(17 
 
 *I26 is 135 is 144 
 
 7(53 
 
 (62 
 
 n(7l 
 
 i 10 
 
 i 20 
 
 330 
 
 440 
 
 5 50 6 60 
 
 7 70 
 
 8 80 
 
 9 90 
 
 io 1 00 
 
 1 110 13120 
 
 3 130 
 
 14(40 
 
 3)50 
 
 id60 
 
 7 170 is 180 
 
 i II 
 
 221 
 
 333 
 
 ii 
 444 T 's55 
 
 e 66 
 
 7 77 
 
 s 88 999 
 
 ollO 
 
 n 121 
 
 nl32 
 
 3143 
 
 4 154 is 165 le 176 
 
 i(87 
 
 18(98 
 
 i9209io220 
 
 i 12 
 
 2 24 
 
 3 36 
 
 448 
 
 5 60 
 
 672 
 
 7 84 
 
 9(08 
 
 ISO 
 
 132 
 
 12)44 
 
 3156 
 
 4)68 
 
 5180 
 
 16(92 
 
 R204 
 
 is2!6 
 
 9228 io240 
 
 i 13 
 
 26 
 
 339 
 
 4 52 
 
 5 65 
 
 6 78 
 
 7 91 
 
 in 
 
 ;I30 
 
 1431 
 
 13 
 
 13169 
 
 14(82 
 
 6208 
 
 n22l 
 
 s234 
 
 19247 
 
 i 14 i 28 
 
 3 42 
 
 456 
 
 5 7ft 
 
 s 84 
 
 7 98: 
 
 it2 
 
 9 126 
 
 tl68 
 
 13(82 
 
 14196 
 
 15216 
 
 e224 
 
 iiXM 
 
 9266 i 
 
 r ' 15 
 
 i 30 
 
 345 
 
 460 
 
 5 75 
 
 6 SO 
 
 8 120 
 
 5 135 
 
 ,150 
 
 165 
 
 13(95 
 
 i*2IO 
 
 15225 
 
 is240 
 
 7255 
 
 18270 
 
 )285300 
 
 i 16 
 
 232 
 
 348 
 
 464 
 
 5 80 
 
 6 96 
 
 7112 
 
 8(28 
 
 io 160 
 
 ii 176 
 
 2 192 1 3208 
 
 14224 ,524 i s256 1727? 
 
 8288 19304 
 
 io320 
 
 iH 'H 
 
 234 
 
 331 
 
 468 
 
 s85 
 
 6)02 
 
 7(19 
 
 e!36 
 
 iol70 
 
 n 187 
 
 13221 
 
 14238 
 
 19299 16273 iv289li8306 19323 
 
 36 3 54 
 
 el08 
 
 7|26 
 
 e!44 
 
 3)62 
 
 nl98 
 
 12216 
 
 3234 14252 
 
 s270 
 
 17306 
 
 8324 u342 
 
 360 
 
 i 19 
 
 a 38 
 
 476 
 
 6 114 
 
 7133 
 
 8)52 
 
 171 
 
 19 
 190 n209 
 
 12228 13247 14266 ,s285 i304 
 
 is342 
 
 19361 
 
 io380 
 
 - i 20 
 
 a 40 
 
 360 
 
 4 80 5100 
 
 6120 
 
 7(40 
 
 8(60 
 
 9180 
 
 10200 
 
 220 
 
 224^13260 
 
 i^^.saoo 
 
 n340 is360 
 
 19380 io400 
 
 21
 
 p o find Hie lute 
 
 turn far any time, at atiy rate per cent. 
 
 given in the table, find the interest (I) on the sum (or the years 
 (2) for the months; (3) (or the days, and then add the several results "
 
 To /ind the interest at %.%, fiiiJ it at 4% by the table, atid take half the amou-nt; /or 3%,*ake half the. amount /or 
 6?S; for 7/4??, take half of 5?S; for 3/4 ?S, take, half of 7%; for 8%, take twice 4% ; fo-r 10%, fake twice 5X;forn%, 
 take twice 6%. The (able is so constructed as to be the most possible convenient /or compittitt? interest with rapidity, 
 the a-mount and the interest being given together in the same rectangular space, so that when the t trie is known, 
 simply descend the coltwin to the required amoi4.nt(the back-hand mi/mber) where will be /ou.ti<4 the nterest jint 
 beneath it. The interest at any per cent. not given in the table or mentioned above, -may be/ow-nd readily by proportion. 
 
 23
 
 
 tefeg$gj MIWWWMUHI'I III^EIMllIiroOS'' 1 *- 1 ' ' 
 
 . r jsSisitm 
 
 1 TABLE; NUlviBE;F\ 1., 
 
 Showi-ng the Accurtiulatio : H~oV Principal and Interest on one Dollar, *He Interest bai-no compounded jttvmaN\H 
 
 To use Tables Nos. 1 and a , observe at whit intervals the interest is pay able, also the number of such intervals, and the 
 
 rate correspond! rip to each. Find from the tables the compound amount of *l for this rate and number of inter 
 
 va s,and -multiply it bu the given principal. If the number of years be greater than 30, find t ha product of the 
 
 amounts for any two nutnbors of years. Thus, the amount for47yearsat 2,9S-l.8ll3(am't for30yrs.)> I.4002(am'tforl7|rr4 
 
 Vrs. 
 
 a% 
 
 a>4% 
 
 3% 
 
 3k % 
 
 4-% 
 
 4-Vi% 
 
 5% 
 
 6% 
 
 7^0 
 
 8% 
 
 9% 
 
 10% 
 
 
 1.0200 s 
 
 ' . 02SCT 
 
 f" .0300 V 
 
 r" I.0350 V 
 
 f .0400 V 
 
 f 1 .0450"- 
 
 K .0500 s 
 
 { .0600 s 
 
 ' .0700 s 
 
 ' .0800 s 
 
 * .0900 s 
 
 
 2 
 
 1.0404 
 
 .0506 
 
 .0609 
 
 .0712 
 
 .0816 
 
 .0920 
 
 .1025 
 
 .1236 
 
 .1449 
 
 .1664 
 
 .1881 
 
 .2100 
 
 3 
 
 1.0612 
 
 .0769 
 
 .0927 
 
 . 1087 
 
 .1248 
 
 .(411 
 
 .1576 
 
 .1910 
 
 .2250 
 
 .2597 
 
 .2950 
 
 .3310 
 
 4 
 
 1.0824 
 
 . 1038 
 
 .1755 
 
 . 1475 
 
 .1698 
 
 .1925 
 
 .2155 
 
 .2625 
 
 .3108 
 
 .3005 
 
 .41 16 
 
 .4641 
 
 5 
 
 1.10411 .1314,. 
 
 I .'593 
 
 N . 1 877^ 
 
 ..2160. 
 
 L .2462 
 
 L .2763 
 
 .3382, 
 
 N .4025^ 
 
 .4693 
 
 .5386 
 
 .6105 
 
 6 
 
 1. 1261 
 
 .1597 
 
 r .1940 
 
 .2292 
 
 .2653^ 
 
 P .3022 C 
 
 P .340. C 
 
 f .4185 
 
 .5007 
 
 \ .5868 
 
 
 f .7715 
 
 7 
 
 1. I486 
 
 . 1887 
 
 .2298 
 
 .2723 
 
 .3159 
 
 .3608 
 
 .4071 
 
 .5036 
 
 .6058 
 
 I .7138 
 
 l!8280 
 
 .9487 
 
 
 1.1716 
 
 .2184 
 
 .2667 
 
 .3168 
 
 .3685 
 
 .4221 
 
 .4774 
 
 .5938 
 
 .7182 
 
 .8509 
 
 1.9925 
 
 2.1436 
 
 
 1.1951 
 
 .2488 
 
 .3047 
 
 .3629 
 
 .4233 
 
 .4861 
 
 .5513 
 
 .6895 
 
 .8384 
 
 .9990 
 
 2.1719 
 
 2.3579 
 
 10 
 
 1.2190 
 
 L .2801 
 
 L, .3439,. 
 
 .4 IPS. 
 
 L .4802J 
 
 . .5529 
 
 L .6289 
 
 .7908 
 
 .9971 
 
 La. 1589 
 
 [2,3673 
 
 2.5937 
 
 II 
 
 1.2433 
 
 .3121 
 
 .3842 
 
 .4599 
 
 .3394 
 
 ) .6228 C 
 
 f .7I03 C 
 
 1.8983 
 
 2 . 1 048 
 
 '2.33I6 V 
 
 '2.5804^ 
 
 2.8531 
 
 19 
 
 1.2682 
 
 .3449 
 
 .4257 
 
 .51 10 
 
 .6010 
 
 .6959 
 
 .7958 
 
 2.0122 
 
 2.2522 
 
 2.5181 
 
 2.8126 
 
 3. 1384 
 
 IS 
 
 1 .2936 
 
 .3785 
 
 .4685 
 
 .5639 
 
 .6650 
 
 .7722 
 
 .8856 
 
 2.1329 
 
 2.4098 
 
 2.7196 
 
 3.0658 
 
 3.4522 
 
 14 
 
 1.3194 
 
 .4129 
 
 .5126 
 
 .6187 
 
 .7317 
 
 .8519 
 
 .9799 
 
 2.2609 
 
 2.5785 
 
 2.9372 
 
 3.3417 
 
 3.7975 
 
 IS 
 
 1.3458 
 
 ..4483, 
 
 N .5579^ 
 
 N .6753^ 
 
 .8009 
 
 .9353J 
 
 L2.0789 J 
 
 2.8965^ 
 
 2,7590 
 
 3..722J 
 
 3.6425 ( 
 
 ,4. 1772, 
 
 J f 
 
 16 
 
 1.3728^ 
 
 .4845 
 
 .6047 
 
 .7340 
 
 .8730 
 
 / 2.0223 V 
 
 2.1828 
 
 2.5403^ 
 
 2.9521 
 
 ' / 3.4269 X 1 
 
 3.9703 
 
 4.5949 
 
 17 
 
 1.4002 
 
 .5216 
 
 .6528 
 
 .7946 
 
 .9479 
 
 2. 1 134 
 
 2.2920 
 
 2.6927 
 
 3 . 1 588 
 
 3.7000 
 
 4.3278 
 
 5.0544 
 
 18 
 
 1.4282 
 
 .5596 
 
 .7034 
 
 .8575 
 
 2.0258 
 
 2.2085 
 
 2.4066 
 
 2.8543 
 
 3.3799 
 
 3.9960 
 
 4.7171 
 
 5.5599 
 
 19 
 
 1 .4568 
 
 .5986 
 
 .7535 
 
 .9225 
 
 2.1068 
 
 2.3078 
 
 2.3269 
 
 3.0256 
 
 3.6165 
 
 4.3157 
 
 5:1416 ' 
 
 6 . 1 1 59 
 
 90 
 
 I.4859J 
 
 .6386 , 
 
 L .806lJ 
 
 . .9898 
 
 2. 1911 
 
 2.4117 
 
 2.6533 
 
 3.2071 
 
 .3.8697 
 
 .4.6609 
 
 5.6044 
 
 .6.7275 
 
 91 
 
 ' 1.5156^1 
 
 3 .8796^ 
 
 ' .8603 V 
 
 2.0594^ 
 
 2.2787] 
 
 
 2 7859 
 
 ^3.3995 
 
 J 4.|405 
 
 5.0338 
 
 6.1088 
 
 7.4002 
 
 99 
 
 1 .5459 
 
 .7215 
 
 .9101 
 
 2.1315 
 
 2.3699 
 
 2!6336 
 
 2^9252 
 
 3.6035 
 
 4.4304 
 
 5.4365 
 
 6.6588 
 
 8.1403 
 
 as 
 
 1.5769 
 
 .7646 
 
 .9736 
 
 2.2061 
 
 2 .4647 
 
 2.7521 
 
 3.0715 
 
 3.8197 
 
 4-. 7405 
 
 5.8714 
 
 7.2578 
 
 8.9543 
 
 94 
 
 1 .6084 
 
 .8087 
 
 2.0328 
 
 2.2833 
 
 2.5633 
 
 2.8760 
 
 3.2251 
 
 4.0489 
 
 5.0723 
 
 6.3413 
 
 7.91 1 1 
 
 9.8497 
 
 95 
 
 ^.6406] 
 
 .8539J 
 
 .2.0937 
 
 2.3632 
 
 ^2. 6658; 
 
 3. 0054 J 
 
 .3. 3863. 
 
 4.2918 
 
 5.4274 
 
 6.8485 
 
 .8.6231 J 
 
 10.8347 
 
 as 
 
 ' I.6734 V 
 
 ' .9003 V 
 
 2.1566 
 
 2.4459 
 
 2.7724 
 
 3. 1407 
 
 3.5556 
 
 4.5494 
 
 5.8073 
 
 ^7.3963 
 
 9.3991 1 
 
 11.9182 
 
 97 
 
 1.7069 
 
 .9478 
 
 2.2213 
 
 2.5315 
 
 2.8833 
 
 3.2820 
 
 3.7334 
 
 4.8223 
 
 6.2(38 
 
 7.9880 
 
 10.2451 
 
 13.1100 
 
 39 
 
 1.7410 
 
 .9965 
 
 2.2879 
 
 2.6201 
 
 2.9987 
 
 3.4297 
 
 3.9201 
 
 5. 1 1 17 
 
 6 . 6488 
 
 8.6271 
 
 11.1671 
 
 14.4210 
 
 98 
 
 1.7758 
 
 2 . 0464 
 
 2.3565 
 
 2.71 19 
 
 3. 1 186 
 
 3.5840 
 
 4.1 161 
 
 5.4184 
 
 7. 1 142 
 
 9.3173 
 
 12.1722 
 
 15.8631 
 
 30 
 
 1 .8113 
 
 N 2.0975^ 
 
 2.4272 
 
 .2.8069 
 
 3 . 2494 
 
 3.7453 
 
 4.3219 
 
 5.7435 
 
 ,7. 6122 J 
 
 10.0626 
 
 13.2677 
 
 17.4494 
 
 Showing the 
 
 
 2 TABLE NUMBER a. 
 
 VTS. 
 1 
 
 i* '0 
 
 1.0101^1 
 
 ' .02511 
 
 J -/o 
 
 ' .0301' 
 
 ' .0353^ 
 
 ' .0404^1 
 
 " .0455Y -0506^ 
 
 t>-7 
 
 .0712^ 
 
 n~/o 
 
 " .0816^1 
 
 9-7-0 
 ' i 0920^1 
 
 .I025 N 
 
 51 
 
 1 . 0406 .0519 
 
 .0613 
 
 .0718 
 
 .0824 
 
 .0930 .1028 
 
 '.1255 
 
 . 1475 .1692 1 .2134 1 .2155 
 
 3 
 
 1.0615 .0783 
 
 .0984 
 
 .1097 
 
 .1161 
 
 . 1438 .1596 
 
 .1940 
 
 .2292 .2646 .3250 .3400 
 
 4 
 
 1.0828 .1054 
 
 . 1264 
 
 .1488 
 
 .1715 
 
 .1948 .2184 
 
 .2667 
 
 .3168 .3678 .4470 .4773 
 
 3 
 
 I.I 0461 . I33a y 
 
 .1605 
 
 .1894 
 
 v .2l88 y 
 
 .2481 1 -2800 
 
 ,.3439 
 
 .41051 479 ^JL -S697JI .6287^ 
 
 6 
 
 I.I268T .1617 
 
 . 1956 
 
 .2314 
 
 ^ .2681 
 
 .3004| -3448 1 
 
 .4257 ] 
 
 ^ .51101 -6002T .7l4lY .7957 1 
 
 7 
 
 1.1494 
 
 . 1909 
 
 .2317 
 
 .2759 
 
 .3193 
 
 .3643 
 
 .4129 
 
 .5125 
 
 .6186 
 
 .7307 
 
 .8713 
 
 .9747 
 
 
 1.1725 
 
 .2209 
 
 .2689 
 
 .3210 
 
 .3726 
 
 .4264 
 
 .4845 
 
 .6047 
 
 .7339 
 
 .8720 
 
 2.0641 
 
 2.1827 
 
 
 1.1960 
 
 .2516 
 
 .3073 
 
 .3676 
 
 .4281 
 
 .4913 
 
 .5596 
 
 .7024 
 
 .8574 
 
 2 . 0247 
 
 2.2541 
 
 2 .4064 
 
 [10 
 
 1.2200 
 
 .2831 
 
 .3463 
 
 .4I54J 
 
 ^ .4958J 
 
 .5592J 
 
 . .6385 
 
 .8061 
 
 . .9897 J 
 
 V 2 . 1 899 y 
 
 2 .46 i 5 . 
 
 ,2.6530, 
 
 II 
 
 I.2445Y .3I54Y .3875Y .4654Y .5458Y -630lY .7234Yl.9l6r 
 
 2. 13I5|2.3687Y2 6880^2.3250^1 
 
 ia 
 
 1.2696 .3484 .4295 .5171 .6082 .7044 .8086 2.0326 
 
 2i2833 2^5619 2i3354 3^2248 ' 
 
 13 
 
 1.2931 .3824 .4727 .5704 .6732 .7820 .9001 2.1564 
 
 2.4459 2.7710 3.2055 3.5558 
 
 14 
 
 1.3211 .4171 .5172 .6259 .7408 .8631 .9963 2.2878 
 
 2.6201 2.9971 3.5005 3.3198 
 
 18 
 
 I.3477J - 4 5"A .5630X -6833X -SMlJ^ .9479^2.0933X2 .4271^ 
 
 .2.8068X3- 24 1 7A3 . 8227A> 32 ijyj 
 
 16 
 
 1.37481 
 
 ' .4893> 
 
 fTiiir 
 
 ^ .7418 
 
 .8843^ 
 
 2.0365^ 
 
 ^.2027 1 
 
 ^2 . 5749 1 
 
 /j 006 7\ 
 
 3.5062^ 
 
 4. 1 744 
 
 4.7645 
 
 II 
 
 1 .4024 
 
 . .5268 
 
 .6589 
 
 .8043 
 
 .9604 
 
 2. 1272 
 
 2.3142 
 
 2.7317 
 
 3^2208 
 
 3.7923 
 
 4.5586 
 
 5.2529 
 
 IB 
 
 1.4307 
 
 t .5652 
 
 .7091 
 
 . 8680 
 
 2.0396 
 
 2.2240 
 
 2.4313 
 
 2.8981 
 
 3.4502 
 
 4. 1018 
 
 4.9781 
 
 5.7883 
 
 N 
 
 1.4593 
 
 I .6045 
 
 .7607 
 
 .9339 
 
 2.1220 
 
 2.3252 
 
 2.5544 
 
 3.0746 
 
 3.6960 
 
 4-.4365 
 
 5.4361 
 
 6-3816 
 
 90 
 
 I.4886X .6449X .8140X2. 0021X2 .2078X :t - 4 3l A :t 6831 A 3 26 ' 8 A 3 - 9593 A 4 ' 198J A 5 ' 9370 A 7 - 036a ^ 
 
 91 
 
 1. SISsY .6863Y .8686Y2-0729Y2. 2970 Y 2.541 5 Yl-S'^Ys. 4605 Y4. 241 2Y 5 . 1300y6.4833 Y 7 7514 
 
 B9 
 
 1.5490 .7287 .$253 2.1451 2.3898 2.6572 2.9624 3.67U 4.5433 5.6(36 ' 7.0906 8.5575 
 
 93 
 
 1.5801 .7722 ,9835 2.2208 2.4863 2.7781 3.1 123 3.8948 4.8669 6.0716 7.7525 9.4292 
 
 94 
 
 1.61 18 .8168 2.0434 2.2992 2.5868 2.9045 3.2699 4.1320 5.2136 6.5670 8.4659 10.3957 
 
 95 
 
 .1 . 64431 8625J1 ' 05213 3804J2 . 69 1 3J3 036713 - 43 5yU. 383615 5849X 7 . 1 030X9. 2A50 Jjl -*6 ' \ 
 
 196 
 
 I.6772Y .9093Y2 !68sY2 464sY2 BOOeYs ' 749Ys 6094Y4 6506J 5 9827 i 7 682sYo OgSsY* 6359 
 
 
 I.'TI 10 '.99T> 2! 234 4 l! 55 IS I'.Slil 3.' 3 193 3.' 7921 4^9338 6 1 4088 8.3034 III '. 0248 1 3.' 93 II 
 
 
 1.7453 2.0066 2.3019 2.6416 3.03)8 3.4703 3.9841 5 2343 6.8653 8.9875 12 0334 15.3591 
 
 
 1.7804 2.0571 2.3715 2.7348 3.1543 3.6282 4.1858 5.3531 7.3543 9.7208 1 3. 1473 6.9334 
 
 30 
 
 J. 8 163X2- 1088X2.4432X2 8314X3.2818X3 7933X" 3917^5-89 1 3X^-878 lX 0. 5143X4 . 35 7lX?- 6691 , 

 
 (rivinq the Present Wo 
 
 rth orValu 
 
 
 
 to*!20 a year, payabl 
 
 B annually, fo-r 25 years at 6 % ; what is the present value of her interest ? So\v**\t\-.-*l20 
 
 (the annuity) x3 12. 7833 (the present value of *l ar 
 
 nuity /or 25 year;, at 6%) =!531t.OO. It the annuity be payable 
 
 semi-annuall 
 
 y and so 
 
 m-annua 
 
 interest is to be al 
 
 owed,tak 
 
 i the present value for dou 
 
 ble the -number of i, 
 
 (ears, at 
 
 one-half the 
 
 9wen rat 
 
 e .^Vu.s, an annuity of *l eve 
 
 ry six mot 
 
 ths,for lOi^rs.at 895=l per anr 
 
 urti for 20yTs.at4%=*l3.5503 
 
 YTS 
 
 2% 
 
 a v^?^ i 3?*o 
 
 3/4-^ 1 49^ 
 
 4-'':% 
 
 S % i 6% I 7 % 
 
 8% 1 9% 
 
 I0?o 
 
 1 
 
 J Q 9804 V 
 
 J d 9756^ 
 
 /Q 9T 08 ^ 
 
 SQ 96 g a Yo 3615^ 
 
 [^0.9569 V 
 
 'o.9514Yo.9434Yo.9346 V 
 
 ' y 0.9259YO-9 n4 - V 
 
 ^0.9091 V 
 
 a 
 
 I.'94I5 
 
 K9215 
 
 l'. 9 1 34 
 
 1 !8997 1 !S86I 
 
 1 .8726 
 
 1 .8594 1 .8334 1.8080 
 
 1.7833 1.7591 
 
 1.7355 
 
 3 
 
 2.8839 
 
 2.8560 
 
 2.8186 
 
 2.8016 2.7751 
 
 2.7489 
 
 2.7232 2.6730 2.6243 
 
 2.5771 2.5313 
 
 2.4869 
 
 4 
 
 3.8077 
 
 3.7619 
 
 3.7110 
 
 3.6731 3.6299 
 
 3.5875 
 
 3.5459 3.4651 3.3872 
 
 3.3121 3.2397 
 
 3.1699 
 
 5 
 
 S 4.7I34^ 
 
 4.6458 
 
 4.5797 
 
 4.5150 14.4518 
 
 ^4.3899^ 
 
 4.3295 14.21 23 1 4. 1002 
 
 3.9927 1 3.8896 
 
 3.7909 
 
 ~6 
 
 5.6014^ 
 
 rs.sosi 
 
 P5. 41721 
 
 5. 3185 Ys. 2421 
 
 r5.t578 
 
 [5.0757 74.917374.7665] 
 
 4.622974.5216^ 
 
 [4.3553 
 
 7 
 
 6.4719 
 
 6.3494 
 
 6.2303 
 
 6. 1 145 6.6020 
 
 5.8926 
 
 5.7864 5.5824 5. 3893 
 
 5.2064 5.0657 
 
 4.8684 
 
 S 
 
 7.3255 
 
 7. 1701 
 
 7.0197 
 
 6.8739 6.7327 
 
 6.5958 
 
 6.4632 6.2097 5.3713 
 
 5.7466 5.5648 
 
 5.3349 
 
 9 
 
 8. 1622 
 
 7.9708 
 
 7.7861 
 
 7.6077 7.4353 
 
 7.2687 
 
 7. 1078 6.8017 6.5152 
 
 6.2469 6.0228 
 
 5.7590 
 
 10 
 
 -.8.9816., 
 
 L.8. 7521 . 
 
 L8.5302J 
 
 ..8.3166 JL8. 1 1 09^ 
 
 L7.9l2lx. 
 
 L 1. 72 17 J.7. 3 601 17.0236 J 
 
 .6.7101 16.4429 ., 
 
 6. 1446. 
 
 II 
 
 9.7868 
 
 [9.5142 
 
 9.2526] 
 
 9.001578.7605 
 
 [8.52881 
 
 8. 3064 YT. 8869 Y'' -4987 S 
 
 ) 1. I390Y6. 8284^ 
 
 ^6.4951 
 
 12 
 
 10.5753 
 
 10.2578 
 
 9.9540 
 
 9.6633 9.3851 
 
 9.1 IBS 
 
 8.8632 8.3838 7.9427 
 
 7.5361 7. 1888 
 
 6.8137 
 
 13 
 
 11.3484 
 
 10.9831 
 
 10.6349 
 
 JO. 3027 9.9856 
 
 9.6828 
 
 9.3936 8. 8517 8.3576 
 
 7.9038 7.5131 
 
 7.1034 
 
 14 
 
 12.1063 
 
 1 1.6902 
 
 1 1.2960 
 
 10.9205 10.5631 
 
 10.2223 
 
 9.8386 9.2950 8.7454 
 
 8.2442 7.8101 
 
 7.3667 
 
 IS 
 
 J2.8493 J 
 
 J1.3BI4. 
 
 Lj 1.9339 J 
 
 J 1.5174 111 . l 184 J 
 
 JO. 7395 J 
 
 JO. 3796 J.9. 7I22J-9. 1079.1 
 
 .8.5595 JL8. 0626 J 
 
 -.7.6061 .. 
 
 16 
 
 13.57771 
 
 13.0550 
 
 n2.56l iS 
 
 12.0941 711.65231 
 
 11.2339 
 
 "10.8378 710. 1059 79.44661 
 
 ; 8. 8514 YS. 32261 
 
 J 7.8237 
 
 17 
 
 14.2916 
 
 13.7122 
 
 13. 1661 
 
 12.6513 12. 1656 
 
 11.7072 
 
 1 1.2741 10.4772 9.7632 
 
 9. 1216 8.5621 
 
 8.0216 
 
 18 
 
 i4.992l 
 
 14.3534 
 
 13.7535 
 
 13.1897 12.6593 
 
 12. 1600 
 
 1 1.6896 10.8276 10.0591 
 
 9.3719 8.7725 
 
 8.2014 
 
 19 
 
 15.6784 
 
 14.9163 
 
 14.3238 
 
 13.7098 13. 1339 
 
 12.5932 
 
 12.0853 11.1581 10.3356 
 
 9.6036 8.9656 
 
 8.3649 
 
 ao 
 
 ^16.3514^ 
 
 J5.589I, 
 
 .14.8774^ 
 
 J4. 2 124 113.5903 
 
 13.0079 . 
 
 ,12.4622 ll 1.4694 llO. 5940 J 
 
 9.8181 l9. 1428 
 
 8.5136 
 
 aT 
 
 17.01 121 
 
 16. 1606 
 
 [15.41507 
 
 14.6979 714.02911 
 
 13.4047 
 
 13.821 1 p 1.7641 VlO.fraSsS 
 
 10.016879-30531 
 
 8.6487 
 
 29 
 
 17.6581 
 
 16.7421 
 
 15.9369 
 
 15.1671 14.451 1 
 
 13.7844 
 
 13. 1630 12.0416 11.0612 
 
 10.2007 9.4543 
 
 8.7715 
 
 33 
 
 18.2922 
 
 17.3094 
 
 16.4436 
 
 15.6104 14.8568 
 
 14. 1478 
 
 13.4885 12.3034 11.2722 
 
 10.3711 9.5912 
 
 8.8832 
 
 24 
 
 18.9138 
 
 17.8628 
 
 16.9355 
 
 16.0583 15.2469 
 
 14.5650 
 
 13.7986 12.5503 11.4693 
 
 10.5288 9.7167 
 
 8.9847 
 
 as 
 
 19.5235 
 
 18.4028 
 
 17.4131 J 
 
 I6.48l5ll5.622t f 
 
 J4.82S2 
 
 ,14.0939^12.7833^1 1.6536^ 
 
 10.6748 19.8330 
 
 9.0770 
 
 26~ 
 
 20.11501 
 
 18.9296 
 
 "17.87687 
 
 \6. 8903^5.9827 
 
 \5. 14661 
 
 "14.2752 Y'3- 0032 Y 1 ' 8258 
 
 10.810079. 9375 
 
 9. 1609 
 
 ai 
 
 20.7069 
 
 19.4435 
 
 18.3270 
 
 17.2853 16.3296 
 
 15.4513 
 
 14.6430 13.2105 11.9867 
 
 10.9352 10.0344 
 
 9.2372 
 
 98 
 
 21.2813 
 
 19.9448 
 
 18.7641 
 
 17.6670 16.6630 
 
 15.7429 
 
 14.8981 13.4062 12. 1371 
 
 11.0511 10.1233 
 
 9.3066 
 
 99 
 
 21.8444 
 
 20.4339 
 
 19. 1884 
 
 18.0357 16.9837 
 
 16.0219 
 
 15.141 1 13.5907 12.2777 
 
 11.1584 10.2048 
 
 9.3698 
 
 30 
 
 22.3964 
 
 JO.91.3, 
 
 ^19.6004^ 
 
 ^8.3920^,11.2920 
 
 6.2889 
 
 15. 3724 JL|3. 7648 JL|2. 4090^ 
 
 11.2578^10.2874 
 
 9.4269 
 
 friving the A-Miouttt of*! Annuity per ann"um atCompound Interest. To use the *able, -multiply *he annuity by 
 
 At the birth of a son a father in 
 
 vests fo-r Him WIOO at 5%, 
 
 interest computed annually 
 
 and the same amount with 
 
 accrued inter 
 
 est on es 
 
 ch birthd 
 
 ay thereafter till t 
 
 He son is 
 
 21 years old; what su-m w 
 
 ill the son have 
 
 rt/hen he 
 
 comes of age? SoWV\o*i.-3SIOO( the annuity) x 3*35.7193 (the amount oflannui*y for 2lj/rs. at 5%)=*357I.93. 
 
 Vrs.l 
 
 an, 
 
 a^% 
 
 3% I 
 
 3M% 1 4% 
 
 4-Xi% 
 
 5% 1 6% j_ 7 % | 
 
 8% I 99S_| 
 
 10% 
 
 I ! 
 
 ' i.ooooN 
 
 ' 1.0000 s ! 
 
 ' l.0000\ 
 
 ' i.ooooY i.oooo^ 
 
 / i.ooooN 
 
 ' i.ooooY i.ooooY i.oooo^r 
 
 ' i.ooooY i.oooo^ 
 
 1. 0000^1 
 
 a 
 
 2.0200 
 
 2^0250 
 
 2.0300 
 
 2.0350 2.0400 
 
 2.0450 
 
 2.0500 2.0600 2.0700 
 
 2.0800 2.0900 
 
 2.1000 
 
 3 
 
 3.0604 
 
 3.0756 
 
 3.0309 
 
 3.1062 3.1216 
 
 3.1370 
 
 3.1525 3.1836 3.2149 
 
 3.2464- 3.2781 
 
 3.3 100 
 
 4 
 
 4. 1 2 1 6 
 
 4.1525 
 
 4.1836 
 
 4.2149 4.2465 
 
 4.2182 
 
 4.3101 4.3746 4.4399 
 
 4.5061 4,5731 
 
 4.6410 
 
 S 
 
 5.2040 
 
 5.2563 J 
 
 5.3091 j. 
 
 5.3625 1 5.4163 J 
 
 5.4707 1 
 
 5.5256 1 5.637 1 1 5.7507 1 
 
 5.8666 A 5.9847 i 
 
 6.1051 , 
 
 ~6 
 
 '6.308lS 
 
 6.387 lS 
 
 ' 6.4684\ 
 
 6.5502Ys.633oS 
 
 6.7169\ 
 
 6.80 1 sY 6-9753 Y ~>- ' 5337 
 
 7.3359Y 7 -5833 S 
 
 7.7I56 N 
 
 7 
 
 1.4342 
 
 7.5474 
 
 7.6625 
 
 7.7794 7.8983 
 
 8.0191 
 
 8.1420 8.3938 8.6540 
 
 8.9228 9.2604 
 
 9.4872 
 
 a 
 
 8.5829 
 
 8.7361 
 
 8.8923 
 
 9.0517 9.2142 
 
 9.3800 
 
 9.5491 9.8975 10.2598 
 
 10.6366 1 1.0884 
 
 1 1.4359 
 
 9 
 
 9.1546 
 
 9.9545 
 
 10.1591 
 
 10.3685 10.5828 
 
 10.8021 
 
 1 I.026S 1 1.4913 1 1.9780 
 
 12.4876 13.0810 
 
 13.5795 
 
 10 
 
 10.9491 
 
 II 2034 
 
 1 1.4639 1 
 
 1 1.1314 112.0061 1 
 
 12.2883 i 
 
 ^2.5779^13. 1808 1 13.8 1641 
 
 14.4866 11 5.2529 1 
 
 15.9374. 
 
 II 
 
 12. 1681 1 
 
 12.48341 
 
 12.80787 
 
 13. l42oY3-4864S 
 
 13 84 I 1 S 
 
 ^4 206sYl4 97l6Y'5-7836 T 
 
 16 6455YI7.6203 7 
 
 18.5312 
 
 12 
 
 13.4121 
 
 13.7955 
 
 14.1920 
 
 14.6020 15.0258 
 
 15^4640 
 
 I5i9l 11 I6!8699 I7.'s885 
 
 1 8^977 1 20i2207 
 
 21.' 3843 
 
 13 
 
 14.6803 
 
 15. 1404 
 
 15.6178 
 
 16. 1 I 30 16.6268 
 
 17.1599 
 
 17.7130 18.8821 20.1406 
 
 21.4953 23.0334 
 
 24.5227 
 
 14 
 
 15.9139 
 
 16.5189 
 
 17.0863 
 
 17.6710 18.2919 
 
 18.9311 
 
 19.5986 21.0151 22.5505 
 
 24.2149 26.0992 
 
 27.9750 
 
 IS 
 
 J 1.29 34 / 
 
 17.9319 J 
 
 1 8.5989 Jl 
 
 ^19.2957^20.0236^ 
 
 20.78401 
 
 2 1.5786 123.2760 125.1 290 1 
 
 27. 1521 1J9.44Q9 1 
 
 3I.7725/ 
 
 16 
 
 8.6392S 
 
 19.38021 
 
 20.15697 
 
 20.971 oY3'-8245S 
 
 22.71937 
 
 23.e515 < Y25.6125Y2~'-888l\ 
 
 30.3243Y33-083 4 T 
 
 35.9497 
 
 If 
 
 20.0120 
 
 20.8641 
 
 21.1616 
 
 22.1050 23.6915 
 
 24.7417 
 
 25.8404 28.2129 30.8402 
 
 33.7502 37'.0537 
 
 4o!5447 
 
 18 
 
 21.4123 
 
 22 3863 
 
 23.4144 
 
 24.4991 25.6454 
 
 26.8550 
 
 28.1324 30.9057 33.9990 
 
 37.4502 41.3813 
 
 45.5992 
 
 19 
 
 22.8405 
 
 23.9460 
 
 25.1 169 
 
 26.3M2 21.6712 
 
 29.0635 
 
 30.5390 33.7600 37.3790 
 
 4.1.4463 46.0984 
 
 SI. 1591 
 
 20 
 
 24.2973 J 
 
 V 25.5446J 
 
 V 26_8704l 
 
 28.2197 129.7781 J 
 
 ,31.3714,1 
 
 33.0660 136. 7856/140.99 55 A 
 
 45.7620 J5 1.240 1 1 
 
 57.2750. 
 
 "aj~ 
 
 35.7833S 
 
 '21 lASsS 
 
 "28.67651 
 
 30 1696Y3 1 969lS 
 
 
 35. 7193 739.9927 7*4.86527 
 
 50.4229 Y56-84457 
 
 64.0015 
 
 29 
 
 27.1989 
 
 28.8229 
 
 30.5368 
 
 32.3290 34.2480 
 
 36i3033 
 
 38.5052 43.3923 49.0057 
 
 55.4568 62.9533 
 
 71.4027 
 
 23 
 
 18.8449 
 
 }0 5444 
 
 32.45J9 
 
 34.4605 36.6179 
 
 38.9370 
 
 41.4305 46.9938 53.4361 
 
 60.8933 69.61 19 
 
 79.5430 
 
 24 
 
 30.42 1 8 
 
 32 3090 
 
 34.4165 
 
 36.6666 39.0816 
 
 41.6892 
 
 44.5020 50.8156 58.1767 
 
 66.7648 76.8698 
 
 88.4973 
 
 2S; 
 
 32.0303 
 
 ,341177 J 
 
 .36.4^^3 1 
 
 38.9499 141.6459 J 
 
 44.565^1 1 
 
 47.727 1 154.8645 1.63.2490 1 
 
 73. 1059A84.7809 1 
 
 98.3470 
 
 I? 
 
 33.6709S 
 
 '35 9lllS 
 
 ^a.sssoSr 
 
 41.3139144.31 nS 
 
 41 sioeS 
 
 
 1 9.9 544 Y 93.4040 y 
 
 109 1817 
 
 27; 
 
 35.3443 
 
 31.8720 
 
 40.7096 
 
 43.7598 41.0842 
 
 Sflill 13 
 
 54^669 1 63'.7057 74i4838 
 
 87.3508 IB2.803I 
 
 I2U0239 
 
 28 
 
 31.05H 
 
 39.8198 
 
 42 9309 
 
 46 2914 49.9616 
 
 53.9933 
 
 58.4026 68.52S7 80.6977 
 
 95.3334 113.0482 
 
 134.2099 
 
 29 
 
 38.1923 
 
 41 8163 
 
 45.2188 
 
 48.91 16 52.9663 
 
 51.4230 
 
 62.3227 73.6404 87.3465 
 
 03.9659 134.2153 
 
 148.6309 
 
 30 
 
 ,40.5680^143.8617^ 
 
 ,47 5754/ 
 
 ^51.6235X56.0849^1 
 
 \ 6 . I - 007 V 
 
 
 

 
 Hi i he ubk', Board atid Plank Measurement, the \c,\\^\\\ is given at the top; the \m^XV\ 
 at th left, and also in the body of the table. If the dimensions of any board erceed the 
 dimensions 9iven in the table, take atiy two dirnensions.and add. To find the feet in 
 aboard, take the length at the top, and descend the column to the required width 
 (shown by the small back-hand number), where is found the number of feet and inch- 
 es. In the other tables, fractions of A foot are dropped if less than J-i; added if more.
 
 tSJSsa?8fia^VKWtVM;fr;tw.*S|! 
 
 War of the Revolution 1 775 to 1782 
 
 Indian War in Ohio Territory I 790 
 
 Warwiththe Barbary States . . ..1 803 to 1804 
 
 Tecumseh Indian War 1811 
 
 War with Great Britain J8l2tol8l5 
 
 Alaerine War 1815 
 
 First Seminole War 1817 
 
 Black Hawk War I 832 
 
 Second Seminole War 1 845 
 
 Mexican WaT 1 846 to I 848 
 
 Mormon War 1856 
 
 Civil WIT 1861 to 186 
 
 Stillwatei,N.Y. 
 Ft. Mercr,Nl 
 Red Bank.NJ. 
 Ft.Mifflin,P.. 
 Monmouth. . . 
 Schoharie,N.Y. J 
 Wuomina,Pa. 
 QuakerHillJU 
 
 Dutch War. 1673 
 
 Klnq Philip's War I 676 
 
 Kinq William's W.aT. I 68 
 
 DewfieW, Maes. burned by Indians I 70^ 
 
 Haverhill, Mass. burned by Indian I 70S 
 
 TuscaroTas expelled from North Carolina .1713 
 
 Queen Anne's War 1 744 
 
 French and Indian War 1754 to I 759 
 
 Pontiac's Conspiracy 1 762 
 
 Massacre of Wyoming 1 778 
 
 Treaity with the Si Nations- 1 7 94 
 
 Tneitij with the Delawares 1 804 
 
 War with the Crjeks 1813 to 1814 
 
 War with the Sentinol<s 1 835 to I 342 
 
 Cherokee Removal 1 836 to I 837 
 
 Capture of Osceola I 837 
 
 Aroostook Disturbance. .*. .. .1838 to 1 839 
 
 Roque River Indian War 1 855 
 
 Oregon Indian War 1 856 
 
 Minnesota Indian WJT 1 862 
 
 Chivinqton's Massacre. near Ft, Lyon. . . 1864 
 
 Modoc Disturbance. . '. 1 873 
 
 Custrr Defeat by Indians I 876 
 
 Indian Messiah Craze Disturbance ... 1 890 
 
 SunbuTy,Gj. 
 Sherry valley 
 )TifTCrert,Gi. 
 KettlcCreek.Ca. 
 
 ffVOLUr/OM 
 
 exinqtin. 
 
 Ticonderoqa 
 Bunker Hill. 
 Quebec . . . 
 Norfolk, Va. . 
 Boiion. . . . 
 Ft. Moult. 
 LvnaWtni. 
 Harlem Plains 
 White Plains. 
 LMM 
 
 Princeton. . 
 
 Apr.l9.-75 
 
 Ju*n,'-75 P'. 
 
 tetf.3Mrt.MI 
 
 V -..:.- 
 
 . - 
 
 Parker 
 tllen 
 rescott 
 
 . " A 1 -.:- -. 
 
 -.:- 'i .. '. ',';: 
 
 uM. titMXtS 
 
 --..-, 
 
 .27,76 Putnam 
 Stp". 16,76 Washington 
 Oct.28,-76 Washm^m 
 
 Howe 
 
 Otc.26,76)WasMn9t(m|Rahl 
 Jan. 3,-H Washinjion tbwhood 
 
 IE 
 
 BRIT 
 
 )e Li place 
 
 HOWE 
 
 CLINTON 
 
 CimtON 
 Diirrmore 
 CTaVi VVi 
 Clinton 
 
 - 
 
 Amer. 
 Amer. 
 
 BTit. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 t\\\v 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amei. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amrr. 
 
 Amerr. 
 
 Hubbardton. 
 Ft.Schuyler. 
 Benning,ton . 
 Brandywiiw.Pa 
 Bemis HeigHsJIY 
 ernantown. 
 
 Aug. 6, 
 
 Oct. 4, 
 ie, 
 
 7, 
 
 zt, 
 
 22, 
 
 Nov.19, 
 
 Je. 28,78 Washiiijtai Cl 
 Brown 
 
 . Auq.29," 
 hjA.Oec.29,. 
 
 Howe 
 
 Jan. 9,79 Lane 
 No*i!j,-78 
 Uch. 3,79 Ashe 
 Feb. 14,' - 
 
 51 owj Point, N.YX 
 fenobscot.Me. 
 PauktsHook,N.J. 
 
 Savanna h,Ga. 
 ltarl 
 
 Waxhaw, S.C. . 
 jfrinjfMMLJL 
 
 Rocky Mount 
 
 ishina Creek 
 Kim's MaratXSi Oct. 7, 
 r ishdji.FTd,S.C. Nov.12. 
 
 Feb.25. 
 
 3lockstocks,S.C, 
 ^owpens, S.C. 
 Battle of h Haw 
 lT07dC.H.,l.C.Mcli.l5. 
 
 Ninety-Su,N.c! 
 AuousU,&a. 
 
 York town, Va 
 
 FOUtUT. 
 
 7,-77 Warner 
 
 Herkime? 
 Stark 
 
 Wjshinjton 
 
 "ales 
 
 WjsWngtonH 
 
 Clinton "' 
 
 Gates 
 
 Greene 
 
 Greene 
 
 Thatjtr 
 
 Je. 20, 
 
 Juh|l6," 
 
 Lovell 
 Lee 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 _ ,__ , Lincoln 
 
 lestcn,S.C. Mai) 12^ Lincoln 
 "" Buford 
 Greene 
 Sumter 
 Sumter 
 Gates 
 Sumter 
 Campbell 
 Sumler 
 Sumter 
 
 29, 
 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 29, 
 
 S 
 
 JuJi|30, 
 
 ! j] 
 
 Butler 
 Sullivan 
 
 Pickrns 
 Lincoln 
 
 Jan.17,-81 Morian 
 
 Lee 
 
 &reene 
 
 Greene 
 
 Creerif 
 
 idlest on 
 
 Leduard 
 
 Greene 
 
 FrazeT 
 
 Leijer 
 
 Biurn 
 
 Howe 
 urqcgne 
 owe 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Burqoyne 
 
 Donop 
 
 Howe 
 
 Howe 
 ntoir 
 
 Indians 
 
 Butler 
 
 Piqot 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Prevost 
 
 IIMA* 
 
 Prevost 
 
 Boyd 
 Maitland 
 Clinton 
 McLean 
 
 Brint 
 
 Prevost 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Tarleton 
 
 Njphausm 
 
 Tumbull 
 
 Brown 
 
 dmwallis 
 
 Tarleton 
 
 FeiqusoTi 
 
 wemyss 
 
 Tarleton 
 
 Tarleton 
 
 Peyle 
 
 Cornwillis 
 
 Rawdon 
 
 Cruder 
 
 Brown 
 
 Arnold 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Cemwallis 
 
 \ = M \ . 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Brit, 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Arner. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Amer. 
 
 Brit. 
 
 BTit. 
 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 AmeT. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Amer. 
 Brit, 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Arner. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Amex 
 Amer. 
 Amer. 
 Arner. 
 Amer. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Neither 
 Amer. 
 
 W/lff Of /ff/2. 
 
 WH ERE. 
 
 FOUGHT. 
 
 lrownstown,Can. 
 Maqumqa . . 
 
 Detroit. . .. 
 lutmstown. . 
 ^densbuTi). . 
 TeTichtown . 
 'ort (Toronto) . 
 
 15, 
 Ort.13, 
 
 Sacketfs Harbor 
 Stony Creek . 
 
 Vanleneki Brock 
 
 Forsuth 
 
 ., 
 Oct.5, 
 
 COMMWDEBS 
 
 Miller 
 Hull 
 
 Tecumseli 
 Teeumsth 
 Brock 
 
 kn2Z,-t3glMHtB 
 
 Aptl7, ' 
 MayS, 
 
 2?; 
 
 29, 
 
 Oe. 8, 
 
 Pike 
 
 Clay 
 
 Dearborn 
 
 Beawlty 
 
 Brown 
 
 Winder 
 
 Croahan 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Proctor ' 
 Sheafft 
 Proctor 
 Vincent 
 Tfcumseh 
 Prevost 
 Vfncent 
 Proctor 
 Proctor 
 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Arner. 
 Arner. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Amer. 
 
 FOUGHT. FOUGHT AMER. I BRIT.! ARMY 
 
 Chrysler's Fie 
 LaCaell Mill. 
 Wash inq ton 
 Chippewa. 
 Lun du's Lane 
 Ft. Erie. . . . 
 Bladensburq. 
 Plattsburq 
 North Point . 
 Ft.McHenry . 
 Ft.Bowuer. . 
 Ft-Erie.. .. 
 Ft. Niagara. . 
 JhnilesfmmmL 
 New Orleans 
 
 |0..- 
 Mch.30;l 
 Apr.55, 
 JuluS" 
 "25," 
 
 13 Boyd 
 
 Oec.19, 
 23, 
 Jan. 
 
 8,-l5 J 
 
 Morrisonl AmtT 
 
 Brown 
 Brown 
 Gaines 
 Winder 
 Macomb 
 Strieker 
 Armistead 
 Lawrence. 
 Brown 
 Leona' 
 Jackson 
 lackson 
 
 Hancock 
 ROSS 
 Riall 
 Drumiwa 
 
 Drarnmon Amer 
 
 J ! 
 
 Ross 
 
 Prevost 
 
 Brooke 
 
 Cxhrane 
 
 Nicholls 
 
 Pac^nr- ^mer. 
 
 WHERE 
 FOUGHT 
 
 Aiij.13,-12 
 Off Massachusetts Aug.19, 
 
 Oct. 18, 
 
 Off NoithCiToliiu 
 
 Off San Salvador Oec.29, 
 
 Off Oemerrju . 
 
 British Channel A 
 Off Maine.. 
 Lake Erie. .. 
 
 Lake Ontario 
 
 Harbor ofValpuiso Mch.28,14 
 
 Off Florida. 
 BiitishClmmel Je 
 Near Africa. . 
 Lake Champiain 
 
 Mobile Bay. . 
 LakeBorque. 
 Off New Jersey. 
 Off Madeira blrt 
 Olf Brazil... 
 
 WHEN 
 FOUGHT. 
 
 orter Lauflham 
 
 
 
 Jones 
 
 Bailee 
 MtJNSKn 
 
 F!>.24.13 Lawrence 
 
 unel, 
 uj.14, 
 Sep.5, 
 Sep.10, 
 Oct. 5, 
 
 Apr.29, 
 .28, 
 
 Sep. 1, 
 ep.ll, 
 
 Sep. 15," 
 Dec. 9," 
 Jan.15,-150 
 : eb.20, 
 Mch.23, 
 
 NNta^si. 
 
 fflMMWDEIt! VEj : , 
 
 AMER. BHlT. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Im^ 
 
 Allen 
 W^ta 
 
 Burrows 
 
 ti$ 
 
 Perr 
 
 'orter 
 
 Blakflg 
 Si^^i^ 
 Blakely 
 
 .awrentt 
 
 W.%0\V 
 
 Jones 
 
 Stewart 
 
 MtfRSS 
 
 Biddle 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 ARMY. 
 
 AmeT. 
 Am er. 
 
 Whimjato A met 
 Am tr 
 Amer 
 Amer 
 
 BTit. 
 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Arner. 
 
 'Brit. 
 Amex 
 Amer. 
 A met. 
 Amer. 
 Amer. 
 Brit. 
 
 BTit. 
 
 Arner. 
 Am err. 
 
 Carder.. 
 ff^Mnft 
 
 Lambert 
 ^.im 
 eake. 
 ^\E 
 
 Broke 
 
 w^\Cf 
 
 Maples 
 
 SMflE 
 Blythe 
 iT^loit 
 Barday 
 
 l'lyar 
 
 V-A< 
 
 Wales 
 
 Wij&U* 
 
 Manners 
 
 Arbutmiot 
 S> VN 
 
 Jownie 
 
 9^S 
 Nichols 
 
 ^ovvmi 
 Lockyer 
 
 W^w 
 Hayes 
 
 Brit. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 AmeT. 
 
 Brit. 
 Arner. 
 Brit. 
 Amer. 
 Arner. 
 Bri-t. 
 
 8 Tit. 
 
 Neither 
 
 The War of 1812 was really a continu- 
 ance of the War of the Revolution, caused bythe 
 impressment of American seamen, and harassing 
 of American comnfra. It is noted tor the arqe 
 TiurnberoNaval en^eme-ntj.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <M 
 
 I-H 
 *-^S 
 
 
 WHERE 
 FOUGHT 
 
 StoneRiwrJIen 
 
 WHEN 
 FOUGHT 
 Jan.2;6 
 
 Feb. 3,*: 
 Miy 1, ' 
 
 ::J;: 
 
 "12, ' 
 "14, ' 
 
 "27,' : 
 
 Je.6, ' 
 "9, . 
 "14, ' 
 "20 ' 
 JuluU-, ' 
 T4j. 
 
 " 14) 
 lee. 4 " 
 
 "25| 
 
 Mch.5',-64 
 
 iio' r> 
 
 I2! 
 
 i; 
 
 Je. ( I 5 , 
 
 "22', 
 "27, ' 
 wlu9, ' 
 
 ',,' ' 
 
 "31,'" 
 Sep. 19," 
 
 S'l9i " 
 
 ::,:: 
 
 ov.30, " 
 Dec. l; 
 aruJ5,65 
 
 ek.27,' .'. 
 27," 
 27, 
 
 " 6,' " 
 ' 9, " 
 " II, 
 
 "12," 
 
 >u4'.: 
 
 UOMM 
 UNION 
 Bpsecrans 
 
 (PORTER 
 
 WaemHi 
 
 Hardinc) 
 Nixon 
 DeHuff 
 Sedawick 
 Hoole'r 
 G-rant 
 fjrant 
 
 Banks 
 Thomas 
 
 Milroy 
 Rosecrans 
 Meade 
 Grant 
 'rentiss 
 &rant 
 Banks 
 Silmore 
 Surnside 
 iosecrans 
 Warren 
 9umside 
 Grant 
 Hooker 
 Hooker 
 Meade 
 Hicks 
 Ba.nKs 
 Wessells 
 Jrint 
 G-rant 
 Grant 
 Butler 
 Sherman 
 Sherman 
 >ra.nt 
 Orant 
 yieade 
 Sherman 
 Wallace 
 Sherman 
 Sherman 
 Grant 
 
 IFARRACUT 
 
 &RArt&En 
 
 Jranl 
 Varren 
 jrant 
 Sherman 
 Sheridan 
 Sheridan 
 
 rrant 
 heridan 
 
 'leasan'.on 
 
 rTZnt 
 
 chofield 
 ^homas 
 
 Shridan 
 Settofield 
 herman 
 
 Wilson 
 rant 
 heridn 
 Vli ^\nt( 
 
 SaRr" 1 
 
 \tV^ii\v 
 
 ANDERS 
 CONFEC 
 Braqq 
 PlUUgjill 
 
 SDCCfi 
 
 ARMY 
 
 Union 
 Union 
 
 +*Af*fu i * uujij^i^^-aatj 
 1 jm 11 
 
 'i~> 
 
 >-:-* 
 
 f*~ 
 
 4 
 
 
 Ft.Donelson,Te 
 Suffolk.Va. 
 
 MFX/CAM WAR 
 
 LiGrange,Ar 
 FredeTicksbJ,Va 
 
 Lonjsheet 
 Lee 
 Johnston 
 Pemberton 
 Pemberton 
 Pemberlon 
 Gardner 
 
 Ewetl 
 
 Brago 
 Lee. 
 
 'embfrton 
 
 Johnston 
 Jardner 
 ieaureqard 
 : razier 
 Brig n 
 Hill 
 Lonqstiwt 
 Bra 9 , 
 Bra.qq 
 Hardee 
 Lee 
 Forrest 
 Smith 
 Hoke. 
 Let 
 Lee 
 Lee 
 
 Johnston 
 -onjstwet 
 -ee 
 .ee 
 Lee 
 Johnston 
 :irlu 
 Jooo 
 food 
 .ee 
 
 SS^^NAN 
 .ee 
 'ickett 
 
 .ee 
 lood 
 
 'ariy 
 'rice 
 
 'rice 
 .ee. 
 
 lood 
 Hood 
 
 ohnson 
 ohnson 
 .ee 
 .ee 
 orrest 
 .it 
 .ee 
 
 IJljIOT 
 
 mn\4n\i 
 VoSVtr 
 
 Confed 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed 
 
 Union 
 
 Con'fe'd 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed 
 Union 
 Confed 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed 
 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed 
 Confed 
 Conftd. 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union. 
 Donfed. 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 
 Union 
 Jnion 
 Donfed. 
 Inion 
 Jnion 
 Jonfed. 
 Jnion 
 Jni on 
 Jnion 
 Jnion 
 Jnion 
 Jnion 
 
 Jnion 
 Jnion 
 Jnion 
 Jnicm 
 
 *\wX. 
 
 Wvro. 
 rcvvxx. 
 
 IB62,Feb,6, Fk.Hennj,Term.,captured byFooU; Feb. 
 8,Roanoke Island captured by Goldsborouqh andBurn 
 side; Feb.16, Ft.Donelson,Term., orces of Grant 
 and Foote; Mar. 8, Confed. Ram Merrirnac'sniks" 
 U.S. Friaaus Cumberland and Conqress, Hamp- 
 ton floads,Va.; Mar. 9, Federal Monitor disables 
 Merrimac; Apr. 6, Pittsburq Landing; Apr. 8, Cap- 
 ture of Isknd No. 10; Apr.ll, Ft.Pulaski Ga. cap- 
 tured by land and naval forces; Apr.34, Fts. 
 Jackson, St.Phillip, and New Orleans; May ^Nat- 
 chez, Miss.,captured bu Farragutj July l,Malvern 
 Hill. 
 1863, Ft.HindmaTi,Ark.,on Jan.ll, also U.S.Stea- 
 rr Hatteras sinks Confed. Alabama; Jan.n,Mo-n- 
 itor Weehawken captures Confed. Ram Atlintj; Jan. 
 IO,Vicksburq,Miss.; July 8, Pt.Hudson,Miiuca 
 lured, also Natchei. 
 !864,June 19, U.S. Steamer Kearsiqe'sinki the Al- 
 abama" off CheTboUTq,France;Aitq.5, Mobile, All. 
 1865, Jan.l5,Ft.Fisher,N.C,capturedbuTenij and 
 Porter. 
 
 Afl/MffFff OF rffOOPS /ft T/ff WAftS. 
 
 WHERE 
 FOUGHT 
 
 WHEN 
 fOUGHl 
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 a/cos 
 
 Jackson^Miss 
 
 AMER 
 
 MEX. 
 
 ' ARMY 
 
 Palo Alto. 
 birth MI 
 
 Monterey. 
 Bucite... 
 Bucna Vista 
 Sacramento 
 Vera Cruz. 
 CerroCordo 
 Contreras . 
 Churubusco 
 MoliiK del Reij 
 Chapultepec 
 Mexico . . 
 Huamantha 
 
 . Way 8,-4f 
 J " 9, ' 
 
 . Sep.24,' 
 . Oec.25,' 
 Feb.23;4 
 " 28, 
 MchJ7, ' 
 Apr.18,' 
 Aug.20, ' 
 " 20, ' 
 
 " 14*, 
 Oct. 9,' 
 
 Taylor 
 Taylor 
 Taylor 
 Ooniphar 
 Taylor 
 Donipliar 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Worth 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Lane 
 
 Arista 
 Arista 
 Amptid < 
 
 fence delfoi 
 SaniaAmt 
 Trias 
 Morales 
 
 Valencia 
 Santaflirna 
 Alvarez 
 Bravo 
 SntaAima 
 Santi^nra 
 
 Ame 
 Ame 
 Amer 
 Ame 
 i Ame 
 Ame 
 Ame 
 Ame 
 Ame 
 Ame 
 Ame 
 Awe 
 Ame 
 Amer 
 
 SigBlickRiver, 
 Vicksbura.Miss 
 Pt. Hudson. 
 
 JeverliiFard/Vi 
 /Vinchestn-,Va 
 3helbyville,Term 
 
 /icksburg,Mis 
 felena,Ark. 
 iolton,Miss. 
 "ort Hudson 
 
 lumber land Gap 
 
 iristow, Va. 
 fno*ville,Term. 
 ihattanooqa. 
 
 linqold, G-a. 
 .ocust Grove, Va. 
 'aducah,KLj. 
 
 'lLjmoath,N.C. 
 Wldernss,Va 
 >potst|lvania,Va. 
 Spotsylvania,Va. 
 : t.Darlinq,Vi. 
 tewctJnu , 
 lallas, G-a., . 
 Cold Harbor,Va. 
 PetersbuTo,Va. 
 VeldonR.1i.,Va. 
 
 <onocricij,Mc 
 :tlaTrfa,G-a. 
 
 Mobile Bay, All. 
 eepBottom,Va. 
 
 MileStitim,Va. 
 
 Atlanta, G-a. 
 BunkerHill,Va. 
 : isher'sHill,Va. 
 ronton, Mo. 
 'etersburg,Va. 
 jedarCreek,l'a. 
 imsCieek,Mo. 
 alrheis Run,Vi 
 
 ashville,Term. 
 r t. Fisher . . 
 
 entonvillt,li.C, 
 ftersburo,,Va. 
 lv'fForks,Va. 
 
 ipornaitoiC.H. 
 :. Blakelij,Ala, 
 
 UT*V\Ci^ tA 
 
 vcnt^itx o^ 
 ^xT[^^CltToX 
 
 C/IS/Z. WA/f. 
 
 WHERE 
 FOUGHT 
 
 WHEN 
 FOUGHT 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 ARMY. 
 
 UNION 
 
 CONFEO 
 
 R.SuTnler 
 Baltimore. . 
 
 Big Bethel,Va. 
 Ciihaqc,Mo 
 RjchMtrafn^VA 
 Bull Run,Va. 
 Wilson's &m,Mo 
 
 Urinaton Mo 
 Ball's Bluf ,Va 
 Belmont,Mo 
 Pt.f\oyal,S.C. 
 Piketon, Ky. 
 Milford, Mo. 
 
 Roa-nokels.',N.C 
 Ft. Henryjen 
 Ft.DmelsJH,Term. 
 fea Ridge, Ark 
 
 Newbem,N.C. 
 Wi richest cr,Va. 
 
 iTrs9URt T J 
 
 Island No.10 . . 
 Wifemshng,Va 
 Winchester, Va. 
 Hanover CJt,Va. 
 1 Corinth, Miss. 
 I Fair Oaks, Vi. 
 rairOaks,Va. 
 1 Cross Keys.Va. 
 Pt.ftepublic,Vj. 
 Chickantnihiij,Va. 
 GainesMills.Va. 
 MalvernHill,va. 
 BalonRou<ie,U. 
 
 Gallatin,Term. 
 Kettle Bun,Va. 
 Cioveton,Va. 
 Bull Run,Va. 
 
 tUMUHu,Vi. 
 
 Hjipn'sFerri )> Va. 
 A-ntietam,Md. 
 1 luka.Miss. 
 1 Corinth, Miss. 
 1 Peiruville.Kij. 
 Prairierow.Hrk. 
 1 FredericlBlm^Va. 
 | Vicksbur<j,Miss. 
 
 Apr.12,-6 
 'I 
 
 &, : 
 
 " 21, 
 Nov. 7, > 
 
 8', " 
 
 Dec.18, " 
 Jan.19,-62 
 Feb. 8, " 
 
 " I6J 
 Mch.a" 
 
 :: 23',:: 
 
 Aprtf " 
 " 10," 
 
 '"25; :: 
 
 " 29 ' 
 "30," 
 "31," 
 Je. 1, " 
 " 8, 
 " 9, " 
 "26, " 
 "27, " 
 uluL " 
 
 "22'" 
 "27, " 
 
 "30, ' 
 tfcL 
 
 Ji 
 
 ctj', ' 
 
 jj! 
 
 IB!' 
 
 Anderson 
 
 MULJML 
 
 Price"' 
 
 Siqel 
 
 MtClellan 
 McDowell 
 Lyon 
 Reynolds 
 
 Baker 
 kelson 
 
 wL 
 
 Thomas 
 
 Sj :'.-:..; 
 
 BumisiDE 
 
 /urtis 
 lurnside 
 
 HOOKER 
 
 links 
 ktonell 
 Halleck 
 A-Cldlan 
 kMbn 
 rtmont 
 Shields 
 ^cClellan 
 'orter 
 *Dlellm 
 
 lanks 
 ohnson 
 'ooker 
 
 \l\tt* 
 jcOtUin 
 
 jmside 
 herman 
 
 Bcaurfqard 
 Peqram 
 
 IttQIUOCH 
 
 Lee 
 Price 
 Evtns 
 
 Jrayton 
 
 Zofcoffer 
 Wise 
 iWwJvi\ 
 
 Branch 
 Jackson 
 
 \iaSSSit 
 
 Makad 
 Lonqslreet 
 
 JEWELL 
 
 Branch 
 Btauicjaid 
 Johnston 
 Johnston 
 Jackson 
 Jackson 
 Lee 
 Let 
 .ee 
 
 Jarkson 
 
 .ee 
 Smith 
 .ee. 
 .ee 
 Hill 
 & 
 
 Iraag 
 
 w^?*a^,_ 
 
 ee 
 
 ohnston 
 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confet 
 Union 
 
 Confe< 
 Confec 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 j^sxtm 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union- 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Ccmfcd. 
 Union 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Can fed. 
 Con fed. 
 Union 
 Confed. 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Union 
 Ion fed. 
 lonfed. 
 
 WARS. 
 
 RE^MS. 
 
 vouniFiK 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Revolution 
 Northwestern Indian Wars . 
 War with France(l798) . . 
 War with Tripoli. . , . . . 
 Creek Indian War 
 War of 1812 
 
 130,711 
 
 85,Vo6 
 1,000 
 1,339 
 
 "935 
 11,169 
 30,954 
 |,5M 
 
 164,080 
 
 47*1,622 
 Mil 
 
 5,126 
 9,494 
 12/83 
 29,953 
 73,776 
 1,061 
 3,687 
 
 309,781 
 8,983 
 4,593 
 
 1 3*781 
 576,622 
 7,911 
 6,465 
 9,494 
 13,418 
 41,122 
 112,230 
 2,561 
 3,887 
 2,772/08 
 
 SeminoleWar 
 Black Hawk War- 
 Cherokee Disturbance. . . . 
 Creek Indian Disturbance. 
 Florida fndianWai. . . . 
 War with Mexico. . .'. 
 Apache, Navjjo,Utah War. 
 SrmmoleWaT(l856). . . . 
 Civil War. 
 
 In the War of 1812 there were 10 bailies, 8 corakib 
 and assaults,52 actions and bombardments. In 
 :he Mexican War there were II pitched battles, and 
 35 actions, combats, sieges and skirmishes, hi the 
 livil War there were 107 pitched battles, 102 com- 
 >ats, and 362. actions, sieves and lesser affairs. 
 The number of battles, fights and actions waq- 
 ed iqainst Indians have been Upward, of 1000. 
 
 COST or r#r w/iffs- 
 
 The cost of the War of the Revolution was 
 * 135,133,703: of the War of I8l2,*l07,l59,00i 
 ofthe Mexican War,*66,000,000; of theCivil 
 WiT,*6,500,000,000. 
 
 ff/LLfO A/V0 WOWOfO. 
 
 Iti the Civil War the Provost Marshal Gener- 
 al's report shows that there were killed in _ar- 
 ;ion or died of their wounds while in service: 
 iommissioned officers, 5,221; enlisted men, 
 90,868. Died from disease or accident: Com- 
 missioned offictrs,2,32l; enlisted men,l82,329 
 rnakinq a. total loss of 2.80,739. 
 
 Groveton,Va.,Fed., 6,000-Confed., 12,'oopjChan- 
 cellorvillt, Fed., 15,000-Confed., 18,000; GFetttjs- 
 bura, Fed., 28, 198 -Confed., 37,000: Vicksburj, 
 Fed., 3,933-Confed., 9,000; Chickamiuoa, Fed. 
 0,906-Confed., 17,000; Chaltanooqa,Fed.,4000 
 Confed.,16, 000; Nashville, Fed., 6,500-Confrieral, 
 23,000; Cold HirboT,Ffl,9,000-Corjfed., 8,000. ' 
 
 
 20
 
 Musi Jesus bear 
 
 the cross alone. 
 And ill the world 
 
 ao free! 
 No; there's a cross 
 
 for every one, 
 And there's a cms? 
 
 for m. 
 The co nsecnttd cross 
 
 I'll bear 
 Till death shall set 
 
 me free, 
 And then 90 home 
 
 my crown to 
 For there's a crown 
 
 for me. 
 
 As you. are now, 
 
 to once wj I, 
 As I am now, 
 
 you toon shall be. 
 Sooner or later, 
 
 herein you.1l lie; 
 Then b prtpared 
 
 to follow me. 
 
 LITTLE EDDY, 
 
 -DIEO- 
 OctoberlO,l937. 
 
 LILLIE, 
 
 l-nfant daughter of 
 
 EAC. Moore, 
 
 "Sh filt- 
 ered by the 
 wayside, and the 
 Angell tooK 
 htr home." 
 
 'tis a little 9n, 
 
 but 0, hive care, 
 For worldwide hopes 
 
 are buried there*, 
 How much of light, 
 
 how much ot joy, 
 Is buried with a 
 
 da-rlinj boy." 
 
 Aupu-st 13,1917. 
 Aed 63 Years. 
 
 Beneath this stone, 
 
 in soft repose, 
 Is laid a mother's 
 
 dearest pride; 
 A (lower that strrce 
 
 hid waked to life 
 And light wd beaut ji. 
 
 ere it died." 
 
 Died May 3,1916. 
 
 AGED 70 YEARS. 
 
 Dying is but 
 001119 home: 
 
 Husband of 
 E.E.Stephenson. 
 Born Oct.1,1907. 
 Died May 3,131 1. 
 
 The Angelscalled 
 him on a sun- 
 ny day, 
 September 5, 1933. 
 
 *BE04Y'S,3M'S,601 
 
 ENTERED 8HR1TI.IFE 
 
 October 17,1947. 
 Aoed2lY\3M's. 
 
 BORN, 
 
 November 4, 1893. 
 DIED, 
 
 December 13, 1351. 
 
 ANDREW OOX, 
 
 December 19, 19 n. 
 
 Aged 36 Ytart-. 
 
 A^ed 41 Years 
 November 1,1937. 
 
 "0 land beyond the 
 setting sun! 
 
 than poets dTcim! 
 How clear thy silvery 
 
 streamlets run, 
 How bright 
 
 glories alea-m 
 
 "This lovely bud, 
 
 so young, so fair, 
 Galled henct by 
 
 early doom, 
 Jast came to show 
 
 how sweet a flower 
 In Paradise would 
 
 bloom." 
 
 Heaven's 
 
 eternal year is 
 thine:* 
 
 He died as he livet- 
 
 a Christian. 
 
 'When immorta 
 spirits reijn, 
 
 There we sha 
 meet again." 
 
 RN INTO SUMMER UK 
 
 September 1,1927. 
 Aped l9Y's,TM's. 
 
 Sixteenth 
 President of the 
 United States, 
 
 Born 
 February IZ.I809. 
 
 Died 
 April 15,1863. 
 
 CAPT.OF 
 
 5lst Regimenl 
 I II. Volunteers, 
 
 Killed at the Battle 
 of 
 
 October 8,1 864. 
 
 F\.^. HANCOCK, 
 
 -OIEO- 
 February 7,1839. 
 
 Aged 
 59Y'8,3M's,40's. 
 
 -Admiral O.S.N. 
 Died Feb.l3.B9l. 
 
 -OIED- 
 March.17,1941. 
 
 Amiable. 
 
 she won all; 
 
 intelligent,she 
 
 charmed illjfment, 
 
 she loved all; 
 
 and dead,she 
 
 saddened 
 
 HI." 
 
 n
 
 "Happy infant, early blest! 
 Rest in peaceful si umbers, rest." 
 
 '" Swt flower.tra-nsplinted to a clime 
 Where never comes the blight of time." 
 
 "To us for sixteen anxious months, 
 
 His infant smile wa& given, 
 And then he bad farewell to earth 
 
 And went to live in heaven." 
 "Ere sin could blight, or sorrow fa.de,- 
 Deaih came with friendly care; 
 The opening bud to heav'n conveyed, 
 And bade it blossom there." 
 
 G-e-rttle, Sweet little 
 Charlie. 
 
 ''We shall all go home to our Father's house, 
 
 To our Father's house in the skies, 
 Where the hope of our souls shall have no blight 
 ~And our love no broken ties) 
 We shall roam on the banks of the River of Peace, 
 
 And bathe in its blissful tide; 
 And one of the joys of our heaven shall be 
 The little boy that died." 
 
 "Suffer little children to come unto me." 
 
 " There, in the Shepherd's bosom. 
 
 White as the drifted snow, 
 Is the little lamb we missed one morn, 
 From the household flock below." 
 
 "Of such is the kingdom of Heaven." 
 "My Lord hath need of these f low'rets gay'* 
 
 The Reaper said, and smiled; 
 "Dear tokens of the earth are they. 
 
 Where He was once a. child." 
 " The morning flowers display their sweets, 
 
 And gay their silken leaves unfold; 
 As careless of the noonday heats, 
 
 And fearless of the evening cold. 
 Nipped by the wind's unkindly blast, 
 
 Parch'd by the sun's director ray, 
 The momentary glories waste, 
 
 The short-lived beauties die away." 
 
 Father 
 OUT Mother. 
 
 "In after Time we'll meet Her." 
 'Her children rise up and call her blessed." 
 
 "We loved her." 
 'Sweet is the image of the brooding dove; 
 
 Holy _as heaven is a mother's tender love. 
 
 Soon did these eyes their trembling lustre close, 
 
 And welcomed the dreamless nijhlof ton) repostf 
 
 'Iknow his face is hid-Underthe coffin lid; 
 
 Closed are his eyes; cold is his forhead fair. 
 
 My hand that marble lt-OVr it in prayer I knelt; 
 
 Yet my heart whispers that he is not here." 
 
 Darling Sister. 
 "Rest, Darling Sister, Rest." 
 "Yet, though thou wear's! the glory oMhesku, 
 We know thou'lt keep the same beloved name 
 The same fair, thoughtful brow and gentle eye, 
 Lovlier hi heaven's sweet climate, yet the same' 
 
 "Shed -not (or her the bitter tear, 
 
 Noraive the heart to vain regret, 
 Tis but the casket that lies here, 
 The g,m that filled it sparkles yet." 
 
 " She vyas but as a smile, 
 
 Which 9listens in a tear, 
 Seen but a little while, 
 But, oh! how loved, how dear!" 
 
 " Death lies on her, like an untimely frost 
 Upon the sweetest (lower of all the field." 
 " E ar I y , bright, transient, chaste as morning dew, 
 She sparkled, was exhil'd, and went to heaven." 
 
 "The day without a cloud hath passM, 
 And thou- wert lovely to the list; 
 Exlinguish'd, not decay'd! 
 As stars that shoot along the sky 
 Shine brightest as they fall from high." 
 
 " We saw not the Angels who met him there, 
 
 The gates of the city we could not see. 
 Over the -river, over the river, 
 My darliny stands waiting to welcome me? 
 
 "So the bird of my bosom fluttered up to the dawn, 
 A window was opened my darling was gone! 
 A truant from time, from tears, and from sin. 
 For the angel on watch took the wanderer in. 
 
 'From meadows fanned by heavenls life-breathing wind, 
 In the resplendence of that glorious sphere, 
 And larger movements of the unfettered mind, 
 Dome darling, oft, and meet me here." 
 
 " Death loves a shin ing -mark." 
 
 Death is the gate of life." 
 
 " G-O-NC before us, our brother, 
 
 To the spirit land! 
 Vainly look we for another, 
 In thy place to stand." 
 
 " Known and unknown, human, divine, 
 Sweet darling hand, and lips and eye; 
 Dear heaven \y one, thou canst not die, 
 Mine, mine forever, ever mine." 
 
 "Christ is my hope." 
 
 "There shall be no Night there." 
 
 "He carries the lambs in his bosom." 
 
 '1 love them that love me, and they ihi seek 
 me early shall find me." 
 
 "Judge not the Lord by feeble sense-, 
 
 But trust Him for His grace; 
 Behind a, frowning providence, 
 He hides a smiling face." 
 
 " Not thus his riobler part shall dwell 
 
 A prisoner in this narrow cell; 
 But he, whom we now hide from men, 
 With youth renewed, shall live again." 
 'Though I walk through the valley of the- 
 shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for 
 Thou art with me." 
 
 "Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me." 
 
 "Sweet is the scene when virtue dies! 
 When sinks a righteous soul to rest, 
 How mildly beam the closing eyes, 
 How gently heaves the expanding breast!" 
 
 "Mere I lay my burden down, 
 
 Change th cross into *h crown." 
 'I shall know the loved who have gone- before, 
 
 And joyfully sweet will the -meeting be, 
 When over the river, the peaceful river, 
 
 The angel of death shall carry me." 
 
 " Because I lived, ye shall live also." 
 
 "Dear is the spot where Christians sleep, 
 And sweet the strains that angels pour. 
 0! why should we in anguish weep? 
 They are not lost, but gone before." 
 
 "l arn the resurrection and the life." 
 
 "Life's duty done, as sinks the day, 
 Light from its load the spirit flies; 
 While heaven and earth combine to say, 
 How blest the righteous when he dies. 1 
 
 "he giveth his beloved sleep." 
 
 '* G-reen be the turf above thee, 
 
 Friend of my better daysi 
 None knew tHee but to love thee, 
 Nor named thce but to praise." 
 
 ' By foreign hands thy dying eyes were clos'dy 
 By foreign hands thy decent limbs compos'd, 
 By foreign hands thy humble (rave ajjorn'd, 
 By strangers honor'd,and by strangers doa 
 
 "We will Meet again." 
 "Over in the Summer Land." 
 *" Farewell to thee, my house of clay! 
 long have we two been bound together, 
 But 1 forsake thy porch to-day, 
 And yield thee up to wind and weatFier. 
 Sleep, sleep at last! thy deep shall be 
 My test, my strength, my victory." 
 
 "Absent, not Dead." 
 
 -" Rest in peace-, thou gentle spirit, 
 
 Throned above 
 Souls like thine with&od inherit 
 Life and love." 
 
 " G-one Home." 
 
 " Death, thou- art but another b'rrtfr, 
 Freeing the spirit from the clogs of earthv" 
 
 "0 Deathjwhere is thy sting? 6-raveI 
 where is thy victory?" 
 
 " G-one, but not forgotten." 
 
 "A happier lot than ours, and larger light 
 surrounds thee there." 
 
 " Life is real, life is earnest, 
 
 And the grave is not its goal; 
 
 "Dust thou art, to dust returnest. 
 
 Was not spoken of the soul." 
 
 " We only know that thou. hast aone, 
 
 And that the same retu-rnless tide, 
 Which bore thee from us,still glides on, 
 And we, who mourn thee, with it glide." 
 
 "The Morning Cometh." 
 "Where immortal spirits reijn, 
 There we shall meet agam." 
 'The sands are numbered that made upmjilife." 
 
 The boast of heraldry, the- pomp of power, 
 And all that beauty, and all that wealth eergave, 
 Await alike the inevitable hour, 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave." 
 
 "f>ood-bye, proud world! I'm going home, 
 Thou, art not my friend, and I'rh not thine? 
 
 " Sleep the sleep that knows no breaking, 
 Morn of toil, nor night of waking." 
 
 " Death is only kind to mortals." 
 
 31
 
 "Desint -no* to live long, but to I've well; 
 Ho* Ion9 we liye,not yean, but actions tell." 
 
 " Press on! our lift is not a. dream, 
 Though often such its -maies seem; 
 W wm not bom to live at ease, 
 Ourselves alone to aid and please." 
 
 "As you travel through life, scatter words 
 and gentle deeds; in so doing you will 
 enrich your soul. Withhold them a-nd 
 
 1* tends to poverty." 
 
 "Give tvrry -man thine ear, but few thy voice; 
 Take each man's censure, but men* 
 
 "Know when to speak for many I'met it brings 
 Danger, to jive the best advice, to kings." 
 " Fear not the anger of the wise to raise; 
 Those best can bear reproof who merit priseT 
 
 " I find, quoth Mt, -reproof is vain! 
 Who first offend will first complain." 
 
 "(rood advice is one of those injuries which 
 
 a good man ought, if possible, to forgive, but 
 at all events to forget at once." 
 
 " When the golden sun is setting 
 
 And your heart from care is free, 
 When o'er a thousand things you'te thinking 
 
 Will you sometimes think of me!" 
 " Years have -not sun time shall not see 
 The hour that tears my soul from thee." 
 
 "There are moments of mingled sorrow 
 
 a.nd tenderness, which hallow the caresses 
 
 of affection." 
 
 " When years and months have glided by. 
 
 And on this page you cast your eye, 
 Remember 'twas a friend sincere 
 That left this kind remembrance here, 
 With best wishes for your future cheer." 
 
 "There are few mortals so insensible that 
 their affections cannot be gained by mild- 
 ness, their confidence by sincerity, their 
 hatred by scorn or neglect." 
 
 " Passing through life's field of action, 
 
 lest we part before its end, 
 Take within your modest volume 
 This memento from a friend." 
 "Hearts may be attracted by assumed qual- 
 ities, but the affections are onlu to b< fil- 
 ed b v those that are nal. 
 
 "We seek what w love; our .Mori, fol- 
 low our affections, whether we know it 
 or not.** 
 
 BIRTHDAY. 
 
 " I w!sh thee every blertin^ 
 That can attend thee here; 
 And may each future birthday prove 
 My wish to be sincere." 
 
 "My birthday! -How many years ago! 
 Twenty or thirty!" Don't ask me! 
 "Forty or fifty!" How can I tll? 
 I do not remember my birth, you see!" 
 "Little trouble and still less cam, . 
 With ever a faithful heart to share; 
 Birthdays many, and happy too, 
 This is the life 1 wish for you. " 
 "Is that a birthday! 'tis, alu! loo clear, 
 
 *Tis but the funeral of the former yeat." 
 
 "As beauteous flowers in garlands intertwine. 
 
 May peace and love to cheer thy heart combine 
 
 To give' you a very happy birthday'* 
 
 'May these flowers, presented on your birth 
 
 day be emblematical of the purity of your life." 
 
 "May Spring its blossoms round thee strew, 
 And Summer, deck'd in mantle new. 
 
 Come forth to greet thee; 
 May Autumn fruitage crown the year. 
 And Winter, with its jovial cheer, 
 
 Bring friends to meet thee.' 
 
 "Like sunbeams to the drooping flowers, 
 Good-will our lives doth bless; 
 
 It furthers every wish of ours, 
 And joys in our success. 
 
 So may Its rays towards you flow, 
 That none but friends your heart my run/ 
 
 Lovingly take this birthday souvenir, 
 And for my sake esteem it dear! 
 
 May the morn of thy birth break mglad 
 
 ness, and the day teem with light-hearted 
 
 mirth that shall last always." 
 
 CH^I STIVES. 
 
 'True love shall live thro' sorrow's wintry storm, 
 And bloom afresh on this glad Christmas mornT 
 
 Christmas is corning, and what will it bring? 
 Many a pleasant and gladdening thing! 
 Meetings and greetings, and innocent mirth: 
 All that is brightest and best on the earth." 
 
 "AsChristrnas offerings meet your eyes, 
 Still closer be sweet friendship's ties." 
 
 ' Oh joyous be your Christmas tide. 
 
 Und bring your New Year too; 
 To you mau love ne'er be denied; 
 
 May all your friends be true." 
 
 Be of good cheer, for Christmas comes but met I gear. 
 
 '0h! -may thy Christmas happu be, 
 
 And naught but joy appear, 
 
 Is 'now the wish I send to thee, 
 
 And all I love most dear.'* 
 
 "Oh bird so softly Dinging 
 Tour song of pleasant days, 
 Co sing to her I fondly love, 
 
 Through the wintry cold and bare, 
 When the heart is lighf.the days are bright 
 
 And the sun seems ever new; 
 So sing her your lay this Chrislma day 
 And through all the bright NewYear. 1 ' 
 
 *\Now Christmas comes with hearty cheer, 
 
 May kindly thoughts go round, 
 
 And bring to you a glad New Year, 
 
 With peace and plenty crowned. 
 
 "Christmas comes, let every heart 
 In Christmas customs bear a part? 
 The "old 1 be'youngj the sad be gay, 
 And smiles chase every cart away." 
 
 : 'May health and joy, and peace be thine 
 
 Upon this Christmas day, 
 And happy faces round thee shina 
 As plenteous as the flowers in May.* 
 
 "On the broad highway of action, 
 
 Friends of worth are far and few; 
 But when one has proved her friendship, 
 
 Cling to her who clings to you." 
 " There are few friends in this wide world 
 
 Whose love is fond and true; 
 But .when you count th-rn o'er, 
 
 Place me among the few." 
 "In future years, should trusted friends 
 
 Depart like summer birds; 
 And all the comfort memory lends. 
 
 Is false and honeyed words, 
 Turn then to me who fain would prove. 
 
 However thy lot be cast, 
 That naught his heart can ever move 
 
 From friendship of the past." 
 
 In the evening of life, cherish the nrmem- 
 brance of one who loved thee in its morning" 
 Lei not our friendship be like the rose, to sever; 
 But, like the evergreen, man it last forever.* 
 " A day for toil, an hour for sport, 
 But for i friend life is too short. " 
 
 'Thick waters show no images of things; 
 : riends are each other's mirrors, and should be 
 Clearer than crystal, or the mountain-springs, 
 And free from clouds, design, or flattery." 
 
 A generous friendship no cold medium knows, 
 t burns with one love, with one resentment glows."
 
 "Sailing down the stream of life, 
 / In your little bark canoe, 
 May you. have- a pleasant trip, . . 
 i, With just roo-tn enough for two. f 
 
 "Man may be happy, if he will, 
 
 I've said it often, and I think so still; 
 Roses may smooth life's joimieu, and adorn; 
 '-But thou hast full leave to tread upon a thorn.' 
 
 * Oread fevers bum, and ague freeies, 
 
 Rheumatics gnaw, and colic squeezes; 
 Butthou.toothache.surely bear'st the bell, 
 And hast thy place with the priests o' hell.' 
 
 * The wprld is full of fools. 
 
 An he who wo uli -none- view- 
 Must shut himself in a cave, 
 And break his mirror too." 
 
 "Your arithmetic only can.trip, 
 
 When to kiss and to count you endeavor; 
 But eloquence glows on your lip, 
 
 When you.swearthat you'll love we forevert 
 *"Come ) o,rt\V\ Spring ! ethereal -wW&\w,cotne!' 
 0! Thompson, void of rhyme as well as reason, 
 How couldst thou thus' poor human nature hum? 
 There's no such season. 
 The Spring! I shrink and shudder at hername! 
 For why; I find her breath a bitter blijhter! 
 And suffer from her \>\cw as if they came 
 hFrom Spring the Tighter." 
 
 %*May your cheeks retain their dimples, 
 V. May your heart be just as gay, 
 Until some manly voice shall whisper, 
 'Dearest, will you name the day?' " 
 
 **l care not much for gold or land, 
 Give me a mortgage ner and there, 
 
 Some good bank stock- some note of hand, 
 Or trifling railroad stuns, 
 
 I only ask that Fortune send 
 A little -more than 1 can sperid." 
 
 * A long life, and a happy one; 
 A tall rrian, and a jolly one- 
 Like well you know who!" 
 
 "Love me little, love me long, 
 Do not flirt, for it is wrong." 
 
 'The heart that has truly loved never forgets, 
 
 But as truly loves on to the close." 
 
 "I bring no gift of passion, I breathe no tone of love, 
 
 But the freshness and the purity of a feeling) far above; 
 
 love to turn to thee, fair girl, as one within whose heart 
 
 Earth hath no stain of vanity, and fickerness no part.' 
 
 "Dost thou know, love, that thy smile 
 Makes the whole world bright for 'me? 
 
 Just as sunrise pours a sudden 
 Purple glory on the sea. 
 
 Ah! had I that power, ever 
 Should the world look bright to thee." 
 
 When words we want, love teacheth to indite; 
 And what we blush to speak,she bids us writ*." 
 
 "Rank is good, and gold is fair, 
 And high and low mate ill; 
 But love has never known a law 
 Beyond its own sweet will." 
 
 "Love, I ife's fine centre, includes heart and mind.* 
 
 IS/1 A (\r\IAGE., 
 
 "Precious and lovely, I yield her" to thee; 
 
 ' Take her, the gem of thy dwelling to be. 
 She who was ever my solace and pride, 
 Flees fron\ my bosom to cling to thy side.' 
 
 "There's a bliss beyond all that minstrel has told, 
 When two that are linked in one heavenly tie 
 
 With heart never changing, and brow never cold 
 Love on through all ills, and love till they die.' 
 
 "Wedlock's asiucy, sad, familiar state, 
 Where f ol ks are very apt to scold and hate: 
 Love keeps a modest distance, is divine 
 Obliging, and says evVy thing that's fin 
 
 " Misses! the tale that I relate 
 This lesson seems to carry 
 Choose not alone a proper mate, 
 But proper time to marry." 
 
 "Marriage from love, like vinegar from wine 
 A sad, sour, sober beverage by ti-me 
 Is sharpened from its high celestial flavor 
 Down to a very homely household savor.' 
 
 "On this New Year's morning 
 My wishes take their flight, 
 
 And wing to thee a greeting 
 That would make all things bright." 
 
 We cannot look into the future, 
 We cannot tell if the flew Year 
 Will bring us fresh sorrows ttunourtiot 
 Or bring us fresh blessings to cheer." 
 
 * For friends we strive to pierce 
 The future, dense and dark, 
 
 But not a ray of light 
 We see, nor faintest spark; 
 
 But yet while we have faith to cheer, 
 We trusting wish 'A bright New Year.' '' 
 
 "0 childhood is a golden time, 
 
 When all the world is bright, 
 When sunshine comes with every morn 
 
 Sweet dreams with every night. 
 Were I a fairy, I would give 
 
 To thee a magic kiss, 
 That should ensure for the New Year, 
 
 As fair a time at this." 
 
 "Health and prosperity 
 
 Your life to cheer, 
 With every blessing 
 For the bright New Year." 
 
 "One port, methinks, alike weseek, 
 One purpose hold where'er we fare; 
 
 bounding breeze, rushing seas, 
 At last, at last unite us there." 
 
 "Full many a gem of purest ray serene 
 Tha dark, un fathomed caves of ocean bear; 
 
 Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air. 
 
 'When the name \ writ* here is dim on the page, 
 Arid the leaves of j/our album are yellow with ije, 
 Still think of me kindly, and do not forget 
 That, wherever I am, I remember you yet." 
 
 " The massive gates of c'rrcumstance 
 Are turned upon the slightest hinge, 
 
 And thus some seeming pettyest chance, 
 Oft gives to life its after tincje." 
 
 "Thanksgiving-Day again is here, 
 And Turkey is the leading question; 
 
 I wish, with heartiness sincere, 
 That you may have good digestion." 
 
 'There is a kind of gratitude in thanks, 
 Though it be barren, a-nd bring forth bywords? 
 
 "Hours are golden links-tod's token- 
 Reaching heaven, but one by one; 
 Take them, lest the chain be broken 
 Ere thy pilgrimage be done." 
 
 'We should, count time by heart-throbs; h 
 
 most lives who thinks most, speaks the n 
 
 Hesl, acts the best." 
 
 "Lost, yesterday, somewhere between sun- 
 
 rise and sunset, two golden hours,each 
 
 set with sixty diamond minutes. No rewar 
 
 offered, for they are gone forever" 
 
 "The lapse of time and rivers is the same; 
 Both speed their jour-net/ with a. restless strum 
 The silent pace with which they steal away 
 No wealth can bribe, no prayers persuade to stay 
 
 "May the morn of thy life be orient an 
 joyous, the noontide peaceful and happy 
 and the sunset gloriously hopeful, is th. 
 wish of your friend." 
 
 'Precious book of charming glaw, 
 Gems oE thought may here be cast,, 
 
 Names t~at time -may -not erase, 
 Pleasant mementos of the past." 
 
 "fro forth thou little volume,' 
 
 I leave thee to thy fate; 
 To love and friendship truly, 
 
 Thy leaves to dedicate." 
 
 "G-o, little book, thy destined course pursue, 
 Collect memorials of the just and true, 
 And beg of every friend so near- 
 Some token of remembrance der. n 
 
 "My dear friends, there is an Album. 
 
 Full of leaves of snowy white, 
 Where no name is ever tarnished. 
 
 But forever pure and bright. 
 |n that Book of Life, God's Album, 
 
 May your name be penned with c'an> 
 And may air who herein write, 
 
 Have their names forever therel* 
 
 "May God's mercy ever guide thee, 
 
 Safe o'er all thy thorny road; 
 And His grace, what'er betide the*, 
 
 Lead thee home to His abode." 
 'May your life be like the snowflake,wnich 
 
 leaves a mark, but nota stain." 
 "May happiness ever be thy lot. 
 
 Wherever thou shalt be; , 
 Artd jo^i and pleasure, light the spot 
 
 That may be home to ttiee." 
 
 'May Heaven on you its choicest blessings shower 
 
 is the sincere wish of your friend." 
 
 " Roses, without thorns, for thee." 
 
 "May your days in joy be passed 
 With friends to bless and chterj 
 
 And each year exceed the last 
 In all that earth holds dear."^ 
 
 " May Future with ner kindestsmile, 
 Wreath laurels for thy brow; - .. 
 
 May loving angels guard and keep thea 
 Ever pure as thou art now.." 
 
 May He who hath pencilled the leaves will 
 eauty, given the flowers their bloom, and 
 ent music to the (ay of the timid blr& 
 raciously remember thee in that Jaj> 
 
 when He shall gather His jewels.** 
 
 'May the chain of friendship formed 
 
 y the links which atre dropped hereu? 
 
 nite you more closely in spirit with the 
 
 ^friends who have worJ<edit^'
 
 ULTIMUS. 
 
 PRIMUS. 
 
 NAMES OF 
 STATES. 
 
 AREA: 
 
 ADMITTED. 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 SCHOOL 
 A&E. 
 
 EXTfltiflEJfTREMt 
 
 LENST 
 
 VILE 
 
 SETTLE D.WHEN, AND 
 BY WHOM.. 
 
 POPULAR 
 NAME. 
 
 FICTITIOUS NAME 
 OF INHABITANTS. 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 52 250 DEC. 14. 1 81 9 
 
 MONTGOMERY. 
 
 7 T0.2I 
 
 330 
 
 2QO 
 
 1 702. BY THE FRENCH. 
 
 COTTON STATE 
 
 ARKANSAS' 
 
 113 020 
 
 SlTKA. 
 
 0" JUNE 15.1 536 
 
 6 L8 
 
 _390_ 
 
 1526. 
 
 1685 
 
 SPANIARD 
 
 FRENCH7 
 
 L 
 
 M^flh. 
 
 LIZARDS. 
 
 BEAR STATE. 
 
 SEAL FISHERS. . 
 tlLVEH HUNTERS. 
 
 240 
 
 275 
 
 TOOTH PICKS. 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 5; FT. 9, It 
 
 SPANIARD. PM.OEN STATE. GOLD HUNTERS. 
 
 AUG. I, 1876 
 
 38F 
 
 MINERS. 
 
 CtKIjIHML STATE. HOVERS. _ , 
 a'SBS STATE. WOODEN IHITMEB 
 
 IAN. 9.1788 
 
 ENCLISH. 
 
 1EC. 7. 1787 
 
 no 
 
 SWEDES; 
 
 MUSKRATS. 
 
 .DISTRICT OF COLIiBIA 
 
 MAR. 3.1845 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 TALLAHASSEE. 
 
 450" 
 
 TOO" 
 
 I660._._ ENGLISH. 
 
 SPANIARDS. RNIHSUUH STATE. 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 y-.O^C-lA 
 
 JAN. 2.1 
 
 ATLANTA. 
 
 315 
 
 250 
 
 1733 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 BUZZARDS. 
 
 ULV 3.1890 
 
 BOISE' CITY. 
 
 490 
 
 305 
 
 I860 
 
 MINERS. 
 
 GLACIER STATE. 
 
 r ORTUNE SEIKtIS. 
 
 I 
 
 1C. 3.1818 
 
 5PRIN&FIELO. 
 
 ' FRENCH. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 surKE=s, 
 
 36 ?53 
 
 C. II. 1816 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 IOWA 
 
 rs raa 
 
 DEC. 28. li 
 
 DES IMOINES. 
 
 STATE. HAWKEY E 5 
 
 -' *' : ' IfiVLJAVJUtCD 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 JAN. 29. 1861 
 
 TOPEKA. 
 
 4W 
 
 350 
 
 f! 
 
 gHAWKERS. 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 JUNE I, 1791 
 
 FRANKFORT. 
 
 280 
 
 UISIANA 
 
 APR. 30. I 
 
 BATON ROU&E. 
 
 1718, BY THE FRENCH. 
 
 CREOLE STATE. 
 
 REOLES. 
 
 V- \E 
 
 33 040 
 
 MAR. 1 5, 1820 
 
 Ai!C-U8TA. 
 
 205 
 
 1624. ENGLISH. 
 
 L P^g E T!i? STATE. 
 
 FOXES. 
 
 VWL.A'O 
 
 12 210 
 
 APB. 28. 1 786 
 
 ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 I 634. 
 
 EN6.ROM.OTH. OLD LINE STATE. 
 
 CLAM HUMPERS. 
 
 8 315 
 
 FEB. 6. I78 
 
 58 91 5 JAN. 26. 1837 
 
 eOSTON. 
 
 190 
 
 \m. 
 
 ENG.PURITANS, 
 
 BAY STATE. 
 
 YANKEES. 
 
 WOLVERINES., 
 
 LANSIN&. 
 
 20 
 
 400 
 
 310 
 
 '668. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 63 365 
 
 MAY I I. 
 
 in JM 
 
 ; PAUL. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 GOPHERS. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI 
 
 46 810 
 
 DEC. 10.181 
 
 180 
 
 lAYOU STATE. TADPOLES. 
 
 MISSOURI 
 
 69 415 AUG.IO. 1821 
 
 PUKES. 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 NOV. 8.1889 
 
 HELENA. 
 
 580 
 
 STATE,V,ROCKIES 
 
 INERS. 
 
 MAR. I. 1867 LINCOLN. 
 
 3^ 
 LU 
 
 415 
 
 1850. 
 
 IIP 700 
 
 CARSON CITY.' 
 
 Ti5" 
 
 1848 
 
 <EW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 9 305 
 
 JUNE 2 1. 1788 
 
 :OMCORD. 
 
 185 
 
 1623. EN&. EURTTARS. 
 
 .:.-. 
 
 8L5 
 f-: 
 
 a 18.1787 
 
 RENION 
 
 SANTE FE. 
 
 620. DUTCH AMD DAMIS. 
 
 THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 INVADE MWBE. 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 I582T 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 SSS STATE. 
 
 KNICKERBOCKERS
 
 STATISTICAL BUREAU OF THE UNITED STATES CONTINUED. 
 
 NAMES OF 
 STATES. 
 
 ABBREVF 
 ATIOH 
 
 SIGNIFICATION OF Ml 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 GfiACE 
 
 smpffliH 
 
 HNK nws. 
 
 A6E OF 
 
 CONSENT. 
 
 MOTTO 
 
 (ON MEAT SEU). 
 
 TROOPS FLW 
 EBFEOT.ARMY 
 DyHINCDV.WAR. 
 
 LEGAL 
 RATE 
 
 eycott- 
 
 TRACT. 
 
 IJUO&- 
 MEHTS. 
 lews. 
 
 NOTES 
 Itas. 
 
 OPEN 
 
 A COS. 
 
 lew*. 
 
 MALE 
 
 muii 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 ALA. 
 
 IND..HERE WE REST. 
 
 | 
 
 8 
 
 YkS 
 
 20 
 
 b" 
 
 3 
 
 I/ 
 
 14 
 
 HERE WE REST. 
 
 
 ALASKA 
 
 ALAS. 
 
 IND..A MEAT &%?." 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 AHIZ. 
 
 SPAN., SAND HILLS. 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 YES 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 l_6 
 
 LAT.-'DITAT DEUS'. (TEHMTORWO. 
 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 ARK. 
 
 F ?N A ABOWOFa? E K ,L 
 
 7 
 
 ANY 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 UUREGNANT POPULI'-^ E : it 
 
 S589 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 CAL. 
 
 SPAN., HOT FURNACE. 
 
 | 
 
 ANY 
 
 NO 
 
 5 
 
 4- 1 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 &REEK-'EUREKA'- ' ""K*" 
 
 /5ll5 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 COL. 
 
 SPAN., RED OR COLORED. 
 
 i 
 
 ANY 
 
 YES 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 L. p NILSINENUMIN['- NOT o H u l T lt &r lt 
 
 1 762 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 CONN. 
 
 IND., THE LONG RIVER. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 YtS 
 
 .. 
 
 b' 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 LAI. susrmrv ED.STIU SUSTAINS. 
 
 57374 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 DEL. 
 
 1 N HONOR OP LORD OE LA WAR 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 YtS 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 LIBERTY AND INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 13651 
 
 DIST.OFCOLUM. 
 
 U.C. 
 
 IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 YES 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 LAT.-'jySTICIAOMNIByS- J T u o ST ;fL S . 
 
 16872 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 FLA. 
 
 SPAN., FLOWERY. 
 
 8 
 
 *IO 
 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 a 
 
 IN GOD OUR TRUST. 
 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 IrA. 
 
 INHONOROFKO.II.OFEN&. 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 YES 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 WISDOM,JUSTICE,W MODERATION. 
 
 
 )AHO 
 
 ID. 
 
 IND..KM OF THE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 NO 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 '3 
 
 IB 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1INOIS 
 
 ILL. 
 
 INO.JRIBEOFMEN. 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 YES 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 STATE SOVEREI&NTf NATION tili, ON. 
 
 258217 
 
 1DIANA 
 
 IND. 
 
 FROM THE WORD'INDIAN: 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 YES 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 197 147 
 
 \IDIAN TERR. 
 
 IND.TER. 
 
 NAMED FROM THE INDIANS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )WA 
 
 10. 
 
 IND., THE SLEEPY ONES. 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 YES 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 U " "'^.EWWISn-UMWrn 
 
 75860 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 KAN. 
 
 IND., SMOKY WATER. 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 YtS 
 
 5 
 
 b 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 LAT.'TO A ?-flT\ A , 5 PE T*^H E ^ flM .T, E V 
 
 20057 
 
 INTUCKY 
 
 KY. 
 
 IND.. DARK AND >W SX . 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 YFS 
 
 15 
 
 ID 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 UNITED WE STAN 0-BllfD WE FALL 
 
 78 OM 
 
 .OUISIANA 
 
 LA. 
 
 N HONOR OF LOUK XIV. f j?,W 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 YtS 
 
 10 
 
 b 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 JUSIICE-UNION-CONFIDENCE. 
 
 
 AINE 
 
 ME. 
 
 'ROM 'MAINE' IN FRANCE. 
 
 6 
 
 ANY 
 
 YES 
 
 20 
 
 g 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 LAT/DIRIGO'-I DIRECT OR EOIDE. 
 
 71745 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 MD. 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 YtS 
 
 12 
 
 V 
 
 -3 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 LAT.-' c 'ffi; T lGA M K U D L il ) p LV, c p^. IN ' : 
 
 49731 
 
 ASSACHUSETTS 
 
 MASS. 
 
 ND.,ABOUT THE GREAT HILLS. 
 
 6 
 
 ANY 
 
 YtS 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 
 Sj48 
 
 ilCHIGAN 
 
 MICH. 
 
 'NO., THELAKE COUNTRY. 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 VES 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 U\V SI UAE ?J JlSkW/""- 
 
 ki9 
 
 INNESOTA 
 
 MINN. 
 
 iND., CLOUDY WATER. 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 vts 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 FR.-L'ESTAILDyNOr- T ^ t 6T N ^ / 
 
 25 <34 
 
 ISSISSIPPI 
 
 MISS. 
 
 NO., FATHER OF WATERS. 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 YtS 
 
 V 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 
 ISSOURI 
 
 ViO. 
 
 NL MUDDY WATER. 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 YtS 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 LATnKMLIAM Ot IH PEVU ISK SUHEW UB 
 
 108773 
 
 ONTANA 
 
 MONT. 
 
 SPAN..MOUNTAIN. 
 
 10 
 
 ANY 
 
 YtS 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 EBRASKA 
 
 NEB. 
 
 NO., SHALLOW WATER. 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 YES 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY-PROEliESS 
 
 1Z79 
 
 EVADA 
 
 W. 
 
 SPAN..SNOW COWERED. 
 
 7 
 
 ANY 
 
 YtS 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 LATr'VOLENS ET POTEHS-SaSS. 
 
 \2K 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 N.H. 
 
 FROM THF a N . T E Y N S FH * M ''- 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 YtS 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 34605 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 M.J. 
 
 -ROM THE ISLE OF JERSEY. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 YES 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 79511 
 
 NEW MEXICO 
 
 N.MIX. 
 
 SPAN./Vo^oV 1 ^' 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 NO 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 LAT/CRESCITEUNDO'-'ffllSBr 
 
 2395 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 N HONOR OF J? E YOR U K. E 
 
 6 1 
 
 "6 
 
 YtS 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 LAVEXCELSIOR'-HI&HER. 
 
 467047 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 N.C. 
 
 N HONOR OF c Sf V& " 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 YES 
 
 10 
 
 3* 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 3 I5& 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA 
 
 M.U. 
 
 NO., LEAGUED ""ALLIED. 
 
 / 
 
 10 
 
 YtS 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 1 |DCDTV' N 6uNiorflw*SfJfVH- 
 LlotKI T ONE MU iNSErAMiu. 
 
 181 
 
 OHIO 
 
 o. 
 
 NO.. BEAUTIFUL RIVER. 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 YES 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 (NONE). 
 
 3ld 659 
 
 OKLAHOMA 
 
 OK. 
 
 ND..BEAUTIFULLAND. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 OREGON 
 
 OHL 
 
 SPAN..WILD THYME. 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 YtS 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 LAT.-'AUSVOLATPROPIillS-^rffi 
 
 m 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 PA. ft!, 
 
 PENN'S WOODLAND. 
 
 b x 
 
 6 
 
 YtS 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 VIRTUE-LIBERTY-INOEPEN3ENCE. 
 
 366 326 
 
 MODE ISLAND 
 
 H.I. 
 
 FROM ISLE OF RHODES. 
 
 6 
 
 ANY 
 
 VES 
 
 M 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 HOPE. 
 
 23711 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 EC 
 
 N HONOR OF ^f&y. 1 - 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 YtS 
 
 10 
 
 b 1 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 
 MOPurrv. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 S.U. 
 
 ND.,LEAGUEO OR ALLIED. 
 
 
 12 
 
 YtS 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 IR 
 
 ra 
 
 UNDER GOD THE PEOPLE RULE. 
 
 181 
 
 'TENNESSEE 
 
 ILNN. 
 
 NO.,RIVEROF THE BIG BEND. 
 
 g 
 
 | 
 
 YtS 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 AGRICULTURE-COMMERCE. 
 
 12077 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 ItX. 
 
 SPAN., FRIEND'S. 
 
 
 
 \2 
 
 YES 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 ;NONH. 
 
 
 UTAH 
 
 UIAH 
 
 FROM UTAH INDIANS. 
 
 10 
 
 ANY 
 
 YtS 
 
 ;> 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1? 
 
 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 VI. 
 
 FR..&REEN MOUNTAIN. 
 
 b 1 
 
 6 
 
 YtS 
 
 | 
 
 >ti 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 B 
 
 FREEDOM AND UNITY. 
 
 35248 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 VA. 
 
 'N HONOR OF vftgS 6 a n u K, H . t 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 YtS 
 
 10 
 
 ,1 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 I? 
 
 I AT -'Sit SEMPtft TvAANUlS! 
 
 
 WASHIN&TON 
 
 WASH. 
 
 N HONOR Mttf&'ttl 
 
 10 
 
 ANr 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2] 
 
 I 
 
 
 895 
 
 iWESTVIR&INIA 
 
 W.VA. 
 
 SAMEASVIR&INIA. 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 
 YkS 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 14 
 
 i? 
 
 1 ITfMONTANI 6SM(Sn LI*E*1> 
 LR I.'MOUNTAINUISNK U5 FMEMCN. 
 
 32003 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 WIS. 
 
 |N.O,.WILDflUSHING RIVER. 
 
 
 10 
 
 YES 
 
 20 
 
 '}() 
 
 6 
 
 IR 
 
 
 
 FORWARD. 
 
 96 118 
 
 WYOMING- 
 
 WVO. 
 
 IND..LAR&E PLAINS. 
 
 Q 
 
 ANY 
 
 YtS 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 IB 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 \ UNION OF STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E PLURIBUS UNUM.S, E AW. OF 
 
 2.688523 
 
 "Under seal, 10 years. *\( -made in State, \( oivtsid,2 years. "No usury, bu-t over 6 per cent, cannot be 
 collected by law. Under seal, 20 years. IT Under seal., 12 years. ** ReaJ estate, 20 years. " New York 
 has by a recent law lepalized any rate o/interest on call loans of #5000 or upward, on collateral securi- 
 ty. ** Becomes dormant, but -may be revived. %* Under seal, 14 years. 
 Hpxt .-\t ctofcx^es occwr, <n m\n "bita.Ve* &v. %.tav\VVA,'mtt.Y<. VV\e. covec.V\<m o\ AlW\m'm X\\t Va\>\.. 
 
 35
 
 a,MPn; J.BETA; >,OMM: s, HELTA; 
 
 A; Y|,ETA;9,THETA; l,IOTA; 
 
 f,Mu; V,NU; t,xi;o,oMiciiOTi; 
 <J,S 
 
 HKV\VA. THto CJAAI- 
 l TM fWUilS 
 
 or lungn on Tut 
 
 IMT1.TM Lint* 
 
 DECLINATION it 1TB(l- 
 
 TCH IT H),IO i 
 
 H CSL1). 
 MMM* It W W- 
 
 IAKC of A< 
 
 EMINOCTIAL AT Tut MM 
 
 l"l UMTWHJTM AffAAf NT ANIIUAl I 
 
 SWI AUMHT TM JTAii. ITIAPfAUKT 
 
 fAIN IS r ACM THE WIST TOWAM TMfASTyANO TfcC EMTt 
 
 CliOrT 0* ThE HUVENS UCtMrtfTiB >N A TEAJL THE fOtlTI 
 
 MIMMmnAISJMni 
 
 IAM0UPOF 8TAW |N UKSA MAJOR) AT * ^ 
 
 CADI5 M 
 (AMICMIM. 
 CAMT WMU.
 
 iH Co-nstellatiotis a-ra dividd into 4hre Ijeltsor zone?: vh.,Th Northefti, which lie between the 7o4iao and the north. 
 Bpole of the heavens; the Southern, which lie between the zodiac and th^ south polo o-f *he heave-ns; and *ke Zodiacal, 
 Hwhich lie about. 8 both -north a-nd south o/the ecliptic. People, livi-n? in the latitude of New York -mau see 
 the co-nstellations i-n the sou-them hettiisphere,aircept thow between the south pole o/the heavem and south declination^! 1 
 
 All THE STARS VISULE TO Tt Hl EYE ARE I 
 CLASSES OF IU4HTNESS CAUEO VkVWWVV., A \ 
 ANT CHE IEIN OF THE FlftST MAJNITUDl, AND Till 
 EST VISII1E, OF THI UKTH MASNITUDt. TH WHOL 
 
 IE! OF STARS VISIILE TO THE NAKED E 
 I AtWT GOOO-AIOUT3000 AT ANY ONE 
 fllHEjA! ONLY HALF OF THE ST IS SEE 
 ONCE. WITH POWE 
 LEAST 20 000 000 A 
 DOWN TO THE FOURTEEi 
 
 IDE. ON THE MAPS THE 
 MACI 
 
 CM OF THIS PA&E) FIND ITS CONSTELLATION AS 
 DIRECTED ON THE OWOVTE PACE,WHLN IT. CA 
 IE LOCATED AT ONCE. To FIND ANY OKE OF 
 THEM IN THE SKY, FIND ITS CONSTEUA- 
 OH AS ALREADY DIRECTED,*** T 
 YWE DE- 
 
 00>IN FOR. A 
 lINlSTMf SHY 
 MUST IE CONSID- 
 ERED AS HE1DIETWEEN 
 E NORTH STAR MO 
 E EYE. 
 
 lur, in onion; c- 
 
 AjlK EKIOANUl; 
 OEIAMN, II) TAURUt; 
 
 IHOAMON6 THE 
 kNO SPANHIN THE S nV. 
 niSCOMfOSEBOF STARSSO 
 FAINT AMD NEAR TOGETHER 
 THAT THE ETC PERCEIVES ONLY 
 CONTINUOUS CUMWEl. IT IS !' 
 
 N CRUX}ANTARE*,I N 
 *U>MIO i AlTAI ) 1l1AOII.A) 
 
 ncA,ii i ee; FOMALKAVT, i N 
 
 PlSUt ATAMI^IETA,IN CRUX; 
 
 a ChTAURU3| A FIRST MAftNIT\iO 
 TDt SOUTHfRN HEMISfl(Et,AND O.HJW T IIBAR- 
 tSTTO THE EARTH, IS, IN MOll<lll>Kn,20 000001 000 
 S FROM YS-A18UIAII* I.I8HT 3J YIAi 10 TRAVERSE. 
 tTUO STARS REQUIRE 28 YEARS FOR UMTTomS! 
 
 E EMTH; SIXTH MUNITUDE STARS Rmu.120 va>A. 
 
 THE BEAOllFOL 6ROUP OF THE PLEIADES, 
 THE CONSTELLATION TAURUS, IS THE MOST F 
 LIAR. TE E OR 7 STARS VISIILE TO THE NAKED EYE IE- 
 .COMtGo OUTS WHEN VIEWED THHOU1H THE TELESCOPE. THE 
 
 PIUtSEPE 0"BEE.mYfTl"CEVA OTHER Moots. 
 
 tuirMmitn t/s- 
 
 . Arm T*rfmtM, 
 
 a'CAPRiCORNI 
 
 UCAS5IOPEIS. . 
 
 KWSttl 
 
 HUOHOS 
 
 CORRECTION. Under " Distances of the Stars" a Oentaurus should be 20,000,000,000,000 miles. 
 
 S7
 
 Ir-vvy-ai 
 
 ft ! &' '^J 
 
 Bis. Bismuth, Biswxtilt. 
 
 Chat. Chattel 
 
 Cwt. HundreJ weight. 
 
 'mp. Emprror,f.mpress,EiipiTe. 
 
 HB^P BUBuf^E 
 
 f \TTlti Wl^ 
 
 Bk. Bank, Book. 
 
 Chem. Chemistru. 
 
 Cyc. Cyclopedia. 
 
 'ncu. or EncifC. EncirJopedii 
 
 ^ ^P ID^^Wn^^L 
 
 IffK 9 1 if I^B w 
 
 B.L. Bachelor of Laws. 
 
 Cht Chief. 
 
 VC^V 
 
 E.N.E. Eist-North-East. 
 
 .rt .$&.?*?( 
 
 PT. ;**?* A- 7,5s 
 
 B/L Bill of Lading. 
 
 Chin. Chinese. 
 
 ifty 
 
 inq. Enqknd, English. 
 
 E 
 
 ng.Sax. Anglo Saxon. 
 
 Bl. Barrel, Barrels. 
 Bis. Bales. 
 
 Chlo. Chloroform. 
 Chron. Chronicles. 
 
 Q* Dj-y, OiughtCT,Oeputtj,De 
 gree, Oldunium, Penmj 
 
 .ngin. Enginetrinq. 
 :ns. Ensign. 
 
 c/^S^ 
 
 nno. Annotate. 
 
 B.Lit. Bachelor of Letters. 
 
 CH. Citizen, Citation. 
 
 or Pence, Five hundred. 
 
 inv. Ext. Envoii Ejrtrundhun). 
 
 A.ora. Adjective, *ere. Af- 
 ter Noon, Mlo, Accepted. 
 
 non. Anonymous. 
 ns. Answer. 
 
 B.LL. Bachelor of Laws. 
 B.M. BachelorofMediclne. 
 
 Civ. CIvIL 
 C.J. Chief Justice. 
 
 3an. Daniel, Danish. 
 Oat. Dative. 
 
 [p. Epistle, 
 ph. Ephesians, Ephraim. 
 
 .OT@. ton a. 
 Al. First class or rate. 
 
 nt.orAntlq. Antiquity. 
 .O.F. Ancient Order of 
 
 B.Mus.. Bachelor of Musit. 
 B.o. Buyer^ option. 
 
 Cks. Casks, 
 Cl. dergymn,Clerk,Chlo- 
 
 D.C. District of Colurabia,(ln 
 music) From the beginning. 
 
 ipis. Episcopal. 
 ;q. Equal, Equivalent,? 
 
 A-orAns. Answer. 
 
 Foresters. 
 
 Bohem. Bohemian. 
 
 rine, Centilitre. 
 
 D.C.L. Doctor ol Civil or 
 
 quitlj. 
 
 A-A.fr. Assistant Adjutant 
 
 .O.H. Ancient Order of 
 
 BOT. BoTouqh, Boron. 
 
 Cld. Cleared. 
 
 Canon Law. 
 
 :.S. Ells Scotch. 
 
 General. 
 
 Hibernians. 
 
 Bot. Bought, Botany, Bot- 
 
 Clk. Clerk. 
 
 d.d. Daijs alter date. 
 
 :sd, Esdras, 
 
 A.A.S.I American Acade- 
 
 .O.U.W. AncienlOrder 
 
 anist. 
 
 C.M. Common Metre. 
 
 D.D.S. Doctor of Dentil Sin- 
 
 ;.S.E. East-South-East. 
 
 my of Sciences. 
 
 of United Workmen. 
 
 Boul. Boulevard. 
 
 Cm. Centimetre. 
 
 gen). 
 
 Tsp. Especiallu. 
 
 A.B. Bachelor of Arts, A- 
 
 j. April, Apostle, 
 
 Bp. Bishop. 
 
 Co. CountidCompanvi Co- 
 
 Dea. Deacon. 
 
 "sq. OT Esqr. EsguJre. 
 
 ble bodied seamen. 
 
 po. Apoqee. 
 
 B/P Bill of Parcels. 
 
 balt. 
 
 Dec, December, Declaration, 
 
 Est. Estate. Estimate. 
 
 Abb. Abbot. Abbess. 
 
 poo. Apocryphi,Apoc*lvps, 
 
 B.Pay. Bills Payable. 
 
 Coad. Coadjutor. 
 
 Declension. 
 
 Estab. EsUbllshed.Estab- 
 
 Abbr. AUrevuied,AbkierWioi 
 
 pen. Apennlne. 
 
 Bque. Barque. 
 
 Coch. or Cochl. A lea-spoon 
 
 Del. Definilion,Defendanl. 
 
 lishnient. 
 
 > A.B.C.F.M. AnricnBom 
 
 jr. April. 
 
 BT. Brother,Britain,BTlt 
 
 ful, A spoonful. 
 
 Deq. Degree. 
 
 Esth. Esther. 
 
 of Commissioners hr For- 
 
 q. Water. 
 
 Ish, Brig, Bromine. 
 
 C.O.D. Cash (Collect) on 
 
 Del. Deliware,Delegale. 
 
 t al. And others. 
 
 eign Missions. 
 
 .Q.M. Assistant Quar- 
 
 Braz. Brail 1. 
 
 Delivenj. 
 
 Dem. Democrat, Democratic. 
 
 Etc. or?c. And otbm,And 
 
 AbU Ablative. 
 
 ter Master. 
 
 B.RCC. Bills Receivable. 
 
 Col. Colonel,Colossians, 
 
 Den. Denmark. 
 
 SO fOTth. 
 
 Abp. Archbishop. 
 Abr. Abridgement. 
 
 .Q.M.G-. Assistant Quir- 
 ter Matter General. 
 
 Brig. Brigade, Brigadier. 
 Brig.&en. Brigadier C-en 
 
 Colorado, Column, Col- 
 or, Colonial, Columbia. 
 
 Dent. Dentist. 
 Oep. Deput-y, Department. 
 
 et seq. And what fol- 
 lows, And the following. 
 
 A.B.S, American Bible So- 
 
 rib. ArablCjArabian. 
 
 eral. 
 
 Coll. Collector, Colleague, 
 
 Dept. Oepartmerit, Deponent. 
 
 ituitt. Et/umoloq-y. 
 
 ciety. 
 
 rilh. Arithmetic. 
 
 Brit. British, Britain. 
 
 College, Col lection. 
 
 Deriv. Derivativt, Derivation. 
 
 Evang. Evangelical, Evan- 
 
 A.C. BefowCtirisljAnnyGoTps. 
 
 Tii. ^Arizona.. 
 
 Bro. Brother. 
 
 Colo. Colorado. 
 
 Deut. Deuteronomy. 
 
 gelist. 
 
 Ace. Accusative. 
 
 rk. Arkansas. 
 
 Bros. Brothers. 
 
 Com. Commerce, Commlt- 
 
 Oft. Draft, Defendant. 
 
 ;x. Eximple, Exception, 
 
 Acc-oratct. Account. 
 
 rn. Arnold. 
 
 B/S Bill of Sale. 
 
 lee, Commissioner, Com- 
 
 dq. Decigram. 
 
 Exodus. 
 
 AccUCur. Account Current. 
 
 TT. Arrived. 
 
 3.S. Bachelor of Science. 
 
 menlanj, Commodore , 
 
 Dq. Dekagram. 
 
 Exc. Excellencij,Eception. 
 
 Artt. Sate, Awn* of salts. 
 
 rt. Article, Artenrus. 
 
 3u. Bushel. 
 
 Common. 
 
 D.H. Dead Head. 
 
 Exch. Exchequer, Exchange. 
 
 A.C.S. American ColoniiA- 
 
 th. Arthur. 
 
 3.V. Blessed vlrgin,Farewell, 
 
 Comdg. Commanding. 
 
 81. Oidijniunu 
 
 Exec. Executor. 
 
 tion Society. 
 
 S. Academy of Sciences, 
 
 3xs. Boxes. 
 
 Comdt. Commandant. 
 
 31am. Diameter. 
 
 :xecx. Executrix. 
 
 lAd. Active. 
 
 Assistant Surgeon. 
 
 *0$ 
 
 Comm. Cornmentanj. 
 
 Diet. Didionanj, Dirtitor. 
 
 ~x. q. For example. 
 
 A.D. hi the yeirofxirW; 
 a. 4., After date. 
 
 s. Arsenic, Astronomy. 
 st. Assistant. 
 
 C. Carbon, Hundd,Cent, 
 
 3omp. Compare, Compound, 
 Comptrative. 
 
 ]im. Diralmutlve,0imiiiution. 
 Dioc. Diocesi, Diocesan. 
 
 Exod. Cxodus. 
 ixp. Export, Exporter. 
 
 I Ad.ffAAfc.Advcrb.AdveT- 
 tisement. 
 
 trol. Astrology, 
 tron. Astronomy. 
 
 Centigrade thermometer, 
 Centime, Gallon. 
 
 Com.Ver. Common Version. 
 Con. SLqainst, hi opposition, 
 
 3isct. Discount. 
 Dist. District. 
 
 Ez. Ezra. 
 Ezek. Eiekiel. 
 
 A.D.C. Aide-de-Camp. 
 
 S. At suit of. 
 
 c. Cents. Also f. 
 
 Constitulion,Contratt, 
 
 3ist.Att-u. DistrktAttomev 
 
 'iffi 
 
 I Ad. Inf. Without limit. 
 
 ty. Attorney. 
 
 Da. Centare,Calciu-m. 
 
 "Concordance. 
 
 Div. Divide, Division, Divi- 
 
 iv^ 
 
 I Ad. hit. hi the wan while. 
 
 ty.Oen. AttonteyGewral. 
 
 Cal. California, Calcium, 
 
 Conch. Concholoqy. 
 
 dend, DivisoT. 
 
 : . France, Folio, Fello^ 
 
 I Adi. Adjective. 
 
 .Wt. Atonic Weight. 
 
 Calendar,Calends. 
 
 Cong. Congress, Congrega- 
 
 Dl. Dekaliter. 
 
 Fluorine, Fridau,Flc- 
 
 Adit. Adjutant. 
 1 Ad]t.C-en. Adjutant C-ewr- 
 aL 
 
 u. Gold. 
 U.C. In the year from 
 the building of t h e 
 
 Dalif. Calitornii. 
 Dan. Canada, Canon. 
 DanU Canticles. 
 
 tion, Congregationalisl. 
 jOnj. Conjunction. 
 Donn. orCt. Connecticut. 
 
 dl. Deciliter. , 
 D.M. Doctor of Music, 
 dm. Decimeter. 
 
 rin, Fahrenheit, Fern- 
 inint,FntMng,Foot. 
 r . A. A. Free ol all Average. 
 
 I Ad. lib. At pleasure. 
 
 citij(Rortie). 
 
 Dap. Capital, Capitol.Cap 
 
 Donsl. ConstabltjConstitution. 
 
 D.M.D. Doctor Dentil Medicine. 
 
 : ahr. Fahrenheit. 
 
 Urn. Admiral. Aihniraltv. 
 Admr. Administrator, Mm 
 
 uq. August, 
 ur. Gold. 
 
 Hal Letter., 
 
 Daps. Capitals. 
 
 Donlr. Contraction. 
 Donv. Convent. 
 
 Do. The same. 
 Del. Dols. * Dollars. 
 
 : ir. Farrier, Farthing. 
 F.A.S. Fellow of the So 
 
 Istralion. 
 
 uth.ver. or A.V. Author- 
 
 Clpt. Captain. 
 
 Dop. Copper, Coptic. 
 
 Dow. Dominion. 
 
 cietu of Arts, Fellow 
 
 I Adrnx. Administratrix. 
 
 ized versIcm(Blble). 
 
 Car. Caral. 
 
 Cor. Correspondent, Correc- 
 
 3oz. Dozen. 
 
 of the Antiquarian So- 
 
 I Adv. Advrrb.dvent,V!voc4te. 
 I ,ort. Of age, Aatd. 
 
 v. Average, Avenue. 
 ve. Avenue. 
 
 Dard. Cardinal. 
 Dish. Cashier. 
 
 tion, Corner,Corinlhl- 
 inj. 
 
 3. P. Doctor ot Philosophy 
 3pt. Deponent. 
 
 cietu. 
 F.C. Free ChuTcr,[ScotM 
 
 i Af.orAfr. Africa. 
 I A.F.A.M. Ancient Free 
 
 oir. Avoirdupois. 
 
 Dat. Catalogue. 
 Dath. Catharine,Cathollc, 
 
 DOT. Mem. Conesponding 
 Member. 
 
 Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram, 
 d/s- Oaus' Sight. 
 
 -cap. or Fcp. Foolscap. 
 MJ. Defender of the Faith. 
 
 and Accepted Masons. 
 
 V 
 
 Cathedral. 
 
 GOTO!. Corollanj. 
 
 D.S. From the sign. 
 
 : e. Iron. 
 
 I A.G. AdjutjntGereril. 
 
 Base or Bass, Baron.Bay, 
 
 D.B. Common Bench, Cape 
 
 Dor. Sec. Corresponding Sec- 
 
 B. Sc. Doctor of Science. 
 
 ; .E. Flemish Ells. 
 
 I Aa. Silver. 
 
 Book. 
 
 Breton. 
 
 tttari). 
 
 D.V. God willing. 
 
 r eb. Februanj. 
 
 Aol Aijent. 
 
 Bom, Book. 
 
 D.C. Circuit Court, Coun 
 
 DOS- Cosine. 
 
 Dwt. Penrrtweigrit. 
 
 "em. Feminine. 
 
 AIM. In the year of the He 
 
 A. Bachelor of Arts, 
 
 ty Cterk, Chancery Casu, 
 
 C. P. Court of Probate,Com- 
 
 
 Feud. Feudal. 
 
 giTA,or flight of Mahaw 
 
 British America. 
 
 County Commissioner. 
 
 mon pleas. 
 
 jlK^I 
 
 ff. Following. 
 
 lied. 
 
 a. Barium. 
 
 D.C.P. Court of Cownon Pleas. 
 
 C.P.S. Clerk of the Privy 
 
 E. East, Earl, Erbium. 
 
 : l.fl. Cause it to be done. 
 
 A.H.M.S. AmrrieanHome 
 
 al. Balar.ee. 
 
 jd. Cadmium. 
 
 Council, Keeper ol the 
 
 El. Each. 
 
 "iq. Figure, Flquntive. 
 
 Missionanj Society. 
 
 ar. Barrel, Barky com. 
 
 D. Cerium. 
 
 Privy Seal. 
 
 Eb. Erbium. 
 
 Fin. FTnanciaU 
 
 AU.Atuminium. 
 
 rt. orBt. Baronet. 
 
 D.E. Canada East)Dvil 
 
 Cr. Creditor, Credit, Crown, 
 
 Eben. Ebeneier. 
 
 Fir. Firkin. 
 
 Ala. Alabama. 
 
 B. Bill Book. 
 
 Engineer 
 
 Cromium. 
 
 E*bij S. East bu South. 
 
 Fl. Flemish, Flourished, 
 
 Alas. AlatkaTerritoni. 
 
 1. Barrel, Barrel*. 
 
 3el. or Celt. Celtic. 
 
 CTCS. Cresendo. 
 
 E.C. Established Church. 
 
 Florin, Flor&. 
 
 Alex. Alexander. 
 Alf. Alfred. 
 Alt. Altituds. 
 
 C. Before Christ. 
 C.L. Bachelor of CMI Law. 
 .0. Bachelor of DMnilu.. 
 
 Den. Century, Centime. 
 Dent. A hundred. 
 Df. Compare. 
 
 Crim. Con, Criminal Cower- 
 tatlon, Adulteru, 
 Cs. Caesium. 
 
 feel. EcclesiasUs.fctlesiastlol. 
 Ed. Editor, Edition. 
 
 Fli. FloridA. 
 FI.E. Flemish Ells. 
 Flor. Florence. 
 
 A.M. Muter of Arts, Be- 
 fore noon, hi the year 
 of tht world. 
 
 . Bond, Bound. 
 s. Boards. 
 
 Is. Bundle*. 
 e. Glucinum. 
 
 Do. Centigram. 
 C.G.H. Cape of Gxxxi Hope. 
 C.H. Court House,Custon 
 House. 
 
 C.S. Court of SessIons,Kee; 
 er of the Seal. 
 C.S.A. Confederate States 
 of America. 
 
 Edw. Edwin, Edward. 
 E. E. Errors exce pled, Ells 
 English. 
 E.Fi. Ells Flemish. 
 
 P.M. Field-marshal. 
 c o. or Fol. Folip. 
 P.O. Fleld-ofllceT. 
 P.O. B. Free or* Beard, 
 
 merican, Americana. 
 
 enj. Benjamin. 
 
 Ch. Church, Chapter.Chan- 
 
 C.S.O. Chief Signal OHictr. 
 
 E.Fr. Ells French. 
 
 For. Forelqru 
 
 Amt. Amount. 
 
 ev. Beverly. 
 
 ctry. 
 
 Ct. Cent, A hundred, Con- 
 
 eg. For example. 
 
 FQtt. Forljf'cttion. 
 
 An. Answer. 
 
 s. Bags. 
 
 Chal. Childron,Chaldet. 
 
 necticut. 
 
 E.I. East India or Indies. 
 
 FT. FTin<re,F7incs^ian 
 
 Anal. Analysts. 
 Anat. Anatomy. 
 
 Bismuth. 
 1. British India. 
 
 Dhanc. Chanceru. 
 Chap. Chapter, Chaplain. 
 
 Cts. Cents. 
 Cu. Copper. 
 
 Elec. Electricltu. 
 EHr. Elizabeth. 
 
 els, Frank, Fiench. 
 F.R.C.S. Fellow of the 
 
 Anc. Ancient. 
 
 And. Andrew. 
 
 >. Bible, Biblical. 
 
 Char. Charter. 
 Chjj. Charles. 
 
 Cur. OT Curl. Current,!** 
 Month. 
 
 E. ton. East Longitude. 
 Em. Eirrma,Emllij,F.manuel. 
 
 Royal College ol Sv 
 geons.
 
 SIPJBP'^SBP"'^ "^MEBB^SBGi 
 
 I.O.U. 1 owe uou(an ac 
 
 Lit. Latin, Latitude. 
 
 M/d. Month'! dit(. 
 
 Nat. Hist. Natural History. 
 
 ^Bptf |W 
 
 kncwledqment tor nuneuj. 
 
 Lb. or tb. A pound. 
 
 Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 
 
 Nath. Nathaniel. 
 
 KL Jiltvl/iiHi^ 
 
 Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. 
 
 I.e. LowerutelPrintina), 
 Place before cited. 
 
 M.E. Mtthodisl EpisropiL 
 M E.5 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Naut. Nautical. 
 
 KllkJlCSL 
 
 
 IT. Iridium, Irish, Wand. 
 
 L/C. Letter of Credit. 
 
 ' South. 
 
 Nav. Con. Nivy OonstntttVL 
 
 
 
 Ire. Ireland. 
 
 L.C. Lower Canada,Lord 
 
 Me. Maine. 
 
 N.B. Take notice ot nott 
 
 FT. t~. French Ells. 
 
 Her. Heraldry. 
 
 Ir-reg. Irrequlai; 
 
 Chancellor. 
 
 Meas. Measure. 
 
 well, New Brunswick. 
 
 Fred. Frederick. 
 
 H.F. Hohj Father. 
 
 Is. or Isa. Isaiah. 
 
 Ld. Lord. 
 
 Mech. Mechanics, Mechanical. 
 
 N.C. North Carolina. 
 
 F.R.G.S. Fellow of the 
 
 Hf, bd. Half-bound. 
 
 Isl. Island. 
 
 L.D. Ladij Dau, Liaht 
 
 Med. Medicine. 
 
 N.D. No Oate,NorthDi>>ti. 
 
 Roijil Geographical Sociehj 
 FTU Friday. 
 
 Hf.cf. Half calf. 
 Hf.chts. Half Chests. 
 
 I.S.M. Jesus theSavior 
 of the world. 
 
 Dragoons. 
 Ldp. or Lp. Lordship. 
 
 Mem. MetnoraridurajMemonj, 
 Remember. 
 
 N.E. New EnqUnd, North 
 Eijt. 
 
 F. R.S. Fellow o( theRoif 
 at Societu. 
 
 Hi). Mercury, Hektograrn. 
 H.G. Horse Guards. 
 
 It. or liil. Itthj, Italian. 
 I.T. Indian Territory, In- 
 
 Lea. League. 
 Led. Ledqer. 
 
 Merc. Mercuru, 
 Mer. Meridian. 
 
 Neb. Nebraska. 
 Neg. Negative. 
 
 F.R.S.E. Fellow of the 
 
 H.H. His Holtness(Pope), 
 
 ner Ternple. 
 
 Leo,, or Leqis. Leqislatura 
 
 Messrs, or MM. Gentlemen 
 
 Neh. Nehemiah. 
 
 floual Society, Ed'mburq. 
 
 MlbrNcrlrtWrntn. 
 
 m 
 
 Lev. Leviticus. 
 
 or Sirs. 
 
 Nem. Con. No one contra- 
 
 F.R.S.L. Ftllow of the. 
 Roual Society of Liter- 
 
 Hhd. Hogshead -s. 
 H.I.H. His (or Her) Imperial 
 
 
 
 J. Judqe, Justice. 
 
 Le*. Lexicon,Lexlcojnph- 
 er, Ltxinqton. 
 
 Met. Metaphijsio, Metaphor, 
 Metropolitan. 
 
 dicting, Unanimously. 
 Nern.Diss. No one Dissent- 
 
 ature, Fellow of the 
 Roual Sociehj, London. 
 
 Highness. 
 Mil. Hilary 
 
 JJ. Justices. 
 J/i. Joint account. 
 
 L.I. Lonq Island, Light 
 . fnfintrij. 
 
 Meth. Methodist. 
 Mex. or Mexic. Meico,M- 
 
 Ne-ut.'Neuter. 
 
 F.S.A. Fellow of the.So- 
 
 Hind. Hirxru.,HmdustaTi, 
 
 J.A. Judge Advocate. 
 
 Li. Lithium. 
 
 ican. 
 
 Nev. Nevada. 
 
 cietu of Arts. 
 Ft. Foot, Feet, Fort,Forti- 
 
 Hlndustanee. 
 Hist. Historu, Historical. 
 
 Jac. Jacob. 
 Jam. Jamaica. 
 
 Lib. Book,LibTanj,libniiiti. 
 Lieut, or Lt. .Lieutenant. 
 
 Mg. Magnesium, Mijrigram. 
 mg. Milligram. 
 
 New M. New Mexico. 
 New Test. New Testament. 
 
 ficatlon. 
 Fth. Fathom. 
 Fur. Furloni). 
 
 HI. Hectolitre. 
 H.M. Ws(orHer)Maietij. 
 H.M.S. His(orHer)MtJM 
 
 Jan. January. 
 Jas. James. 
 J.C. Jesus Christ, Justice 
 
 Liq. Liquor. 
 Lit. Lit"eriture,Uteranj, 
 Literallij. 
 
 M.&. Major General. 
 Mgr. Monsignor. 
 M.H.S. Massachusetts His- 
 
 N.F. Newfoundland. 
 N.&. New Granada, Noble 
 Grand. 
 
 Fut. Future/ 
 
 ^n 
 
 ty's Steamer, Shi p or 
 Service. 
 
 Clerk, Julius Caesar. 
 J.C.D. Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 Lilh, LithuiTiian. 
 Liv. Llvre. 
 
 torical Society, Member 
 of the Historical Society. 
 
 N. H. New Hampshire. 
 Ni. Nickel. 
 
 % 
 
 Hon. Honorable. 
 
 J. D. Doctor of Law,Jun- 
 
 L.L. Law Latin,Late Latin. 
 
 Mi. Mill, Mills. 
 
 N.J. NewJerseu. 
 
 G. Gnitive,&uide,Gulf, 
 
 Hor. Horace, Horizon. 
 
 ior Deacon. 
 
 L.Lat. LowUtin.Lwlilm. 
 
 Mic, Micah. 
 
 N.Lat. North Latitude. 
 
 Glucrnurn, Guinea. 
 
 HorU Horlicultwe. 
 
 Je. June. 
 
 LL. B. Bachelor of Laws. 
 
 Mich. Michigan. . 
 
 N.Mex. New Mexico. 
 
 g. Gram. 
 
 Hos. Hosea. 
 
 Jet. Jeremiah, Jersey, 
 
 LL.D. Doctor of Laws. 
 
 Mid. Midshipman.Middle.. 
 
 N.N.E. North-Northeast. 
 
 G. A. General Assembly. 
 
 H.P. Horse Power, Half- 
 
 Jerusalem, Jericho. 
 
 L.L.I. Lord Lieutenant 
 
 Mil. MilUary. 
 
 N.N.W. North-Northwest, 
 
 &a. C-eorqia. 
 
 pa^, High Priest. 
 
 J.G.W. Junior Grand War- 
 
 of Ireland. 
 
 Min. Mi'nute-s. 
 
 N.O. New Orleans, 
 
 Gal. &illatlans,Glllori,e*- 
 
 H.R. House ciffleprestntitlKts. 
 
 den. . 
 
 Lon. Longitude. 
 
 Minn. Minnesota. 
 
 No. Number. 
 
 len.Gallons. 
 
 H.R.E. Hohj Roman Ernpe 
 
 Jno. John. 
 
 Lon. or Lond. London. 
 
 Min.Plen. Minister Plen- 
 
 Nol.Pros. Unwilling to 
 
 Gael. Gaelic. 
 
 ror, or Empire. 
 
 Jnt. Joint, 
 
 Lonq. Longitude. 
 
 i potent! jru. 
 
 prosecute. 
 
 Galv. Galvanic.Galvanism. 
 G.A.R. Grand Armu tithe 
 
 H.R.H. His (or Her) Roijal 
 Highness. 
 
 Jnt. Stk. Joint Stock. 
 Jnt. Stk.Co. Joint Stock 
 
 Loq. Speaks. 
 Lp. or Ldp. Lordship. 
 
 Miss. Mississippi. 
 Ml. Millilitre. 
 
 Nom. Nominative. 
 Non. Con. Not content, Dis- 
 
 Republic, 
 
 H.5.H. HhltoilMStTCM 
 
 Company. 
 
 L.S. Left Side (Place r of 
 
 Mile. Mademoiselle. 
 
 senting. 
 
 fr. B. Great Britain. 
 
 Highness. 
 
 Jo. Joel. 
 
 the Seal). 
 
 mm. Millimetre. 
 
 Non. Pros. He does not pros- 
 
 G.B.<g 1. Great Britain 
 
 Hun. or Hung. Hungarian 
 
 Jona. Jonathan. 
 
 L.S. D. Pounds, Shill- 
 
 MM. Their Majesties,Gen- 
 
 ecute. 
 
 nd Inland. 
 
 garian. 
 
 Jos. Joseph. 
 
 ings, Pence. 
 
 tleirm, Two thousand. 
 
 Non. sea,. It does not follow. 
 
 &.C. Grand Chaptrr,Grand 
 
 Hund. Hundred -s. 
 
 Josh. Joshua. 
 
 Lt. or Lieut. Lieutenant. 
 
 Mme. Madame. 
 
 Norw. Norway, Norwegian. 
 
 Chancellor, Grand Con- 
 
 Hi). Art. Neayij Art! lenj. 
 
 J.P. Justice o! the Peace. 
 
 Lv. Livre -s. 
 
 Mmes. Madames. 
 
 Nos. Numbers. 
 
 ductor. 
 &.C.B. Grand Crass of the 
 
 Hljpoth. Hijpotlirsis,HifpoUiela 
 Hu. MercuTu. 
 
 Jpr. Jasper. 
 J. Prob. Judqe of Probate. 
 
 LXX. The Septuaqint. 
 
 U 
 
 Mn. Manganese. 
 Mo. Missouri, Month, Mo- 
 
 Nov. November. - 
 N.P. NotlTi) Public. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 IE 
 
 Jr. Junior. 
 
 B 
 
 lybdenum. 
 
 N.S. New Stule, Nova Sco- 
 
 G-en. &enerl,Genesis,Gen 
 
 & 
 
 J.U.O. Doctor of Canon 
 
 M. Marquis,Mondau,Me- 
 
 Mod. Modem. 
 
 tia. 
 
 itive,6enerallu. 
 Gent. Gentleman. 
 
 \. Island, Iodine, 
 la. Iowa. 
 
 and Civil Law. 
 Jud. Judith. 
 
 Tidian, Middle, Morn- 
 ing, Monsieur, Merid- 
 
 Mon. Monday, Monastery. 
 Mons. Monsieur, Sir. 
 
 N.T. New Testanienl,New 
 Translation. 
 
 &to. Ctotije. 
 
 Ib. or Ibid. In the saw place. 
 
 Judcu Judges. 
 
 ian, Noon. . 
 
 Monsiq. Monsignor. 
 
 N. u. Name unknown. 
 
 Gecq. Geoqraphih&coqrapher. 
 
 Ice. OT Icel. Iceland, Icelandic. 
 
 Jul. Juhj. 
 
 M. or m. Married, Mas- 
 
 Mont. Montana. 
 
 Num. or Numb. Number. 
 
 &tol. &eologij,t<olo^ist,(i<- 
 
 Id. Idaho, Ides, Thtsarne. 
 
 Jus. June, Junior. 
 
 culine, MeteTjMinute, 
 
 Mos. Months. 
 
 N.W. Northwestern. 
 
 oloqical. 
 
 I.e. That is. 
 
 JUT. Jurist, Jurisprudence. 
 
 Moon, Month, Mi Ms, 
 
 M.P. Member olfWanent, 
 
 N.W.T. Northwest lemtoru. 
 
 Geom. &>mebu,(>eometeT. 
 
 I.H.S. Jesus the Savior of 
 
 Just. Justinian. 
 
 Mile, A Thousand. 
 
 Member of Police. 
 
 N.Y. New York. 
 
 Get. Gerund, Otrman,Ger- 
 
 Men. 
 
 1? 
 
 M. 10,000. 
 
 M.P.C. Member of Pailit 
 
 N.Z. New Zealand. 
 
 mamj. 
 
 III. Illinois. 
 
 L 
 
 M.A. Master of Arts,Mil- 
 
 ment in Canada. 
 
 
 G-i. Gills. 
 
 Imp. Imperial, Imperative, 
 
 1C. King, Knight, Kilogram, 
 
 itarrj Academij. 
 
 M.P, P. Member of thf 
 
 
 G. M. Grind Master. 
 
 Imperfect, Emperor. 
 
 Potassium. 
 
 Mac. or Mace. Maccabes. 
 
 Provincial Parliament. 
 
 0. Ohio, Old, OxTjqen. 
 
 Goth. Gothic. 
 
 Impers. Impersonal. 
 
 Kan. Kansai. 
 
 Maced. Macedonian. 
 
 Mr. Master, Mister. 
 
 *. Percent. 
 
 &ov. Governor. 
 
 In. Inch, Inches. 
 
 K.B. King's Bench.lniqht 
 
 Mach. Machinist.Machinerv 
 
 MTS. Mistress or Missis. 
 
 Ob. Died. 
 
 Gov. G-n. Governor Oners 1. 
 
 Incog. Unknown. 
 
 of the Bath. 
 
 Mad. or Mine. Madam. 
 
 M/S. Month's sight. 
 
 Obad. Obadiah. 
 
 G. P. 0. General Post Office. 
 Cr. Creek, Gross Grain t, 
 
 Itid. India, Indianaj.tnd- 
 ian, Index, Indicative. 
 
 K.C.B. Knight Comman- 
 der of the Bath. 
 
 Mag. Magazine. 
 Ma!. Major. 
 
 MS. Manuscript, Mates 
 of Science. 
 
 Obj. Objective, Objection. 
 Obs. Obsolete, Observato- 
 
 &rin, treat. 
 
 l-ndef. Indefinite. 
 
 Ken. or KTJ. Kentuck-ij. 
 
 Maj. Gen. Major General. 
 
 MSS. Manuscripts. 
 
 ry, Observation. 
 
 Grim. Grammar. 
 
 Ind. Meth. Independent 
 
 Kq. Kiloqram. 
 
 Mai. Malacha.!. 
 
 Mt. Mount, Mountain. 
 
 Obt. or Obdt. Obedient. 
 
 Gro. Gross, 
 
 Methodists. 
 
 Kf. Kings. 
 
 Man. Manual, Manege. 
 
 Mts. Mountains. 
 
 Oct. October. 
 
 &.T. GoodTemplirs,Gtind 
 Tuler. 
 
 Indo. Eur. Indo-European 
 Ind. T. Indian Territory. 
 
 Kil. Kilderkin. 
 Kilo. Kiloqram. 
 
 Manuf. Manufactonj,Man- 
 ufactuTe.Manufacfurtr. 
 
 Mus. Music, Museum. 
 Mus. B. Bachelor of Music. 
 
 O.F. Odd Fellow -s. 
 O.K. All Correct. 
 
 Gun. Gi"ineru.. 
 
 Inf. Beneath or below, 
 
 Kl. Kiloliter. 
 
 Mar. March, Maritime. 
 
 Mus.D. Doctor of Music. 
 
 01. Oil. 
 
 
 Infinitive, In antnj. 
 
 Km. Kitometer, Kingdom. 
 
 March. Marchionesa. 
 
 M.W. Most Worthu. 
 
 Old Test, or O.T. Old Tes- 
 
 
 1. N.R.I. Jesus of Naia 
 
 Knt. Kniqht, 
 
 Marg. Margin. 
 
 M.W.G-.M. Most Worthu, 
 
 tament. 
 
 H. H-udroqen.HouTjHeijht, 
 High, Harbor, Husband. 
 
 reth, Kino of the Jews. 
 Ins. Inspector, Insurance; 
 
 K. of H. Knights of Honor. 
 K. of P. Knights of h/th las. 
 
 Marq. Marquis. 
 Masc. Masculine. 
 
 or Worshlpful,Grand 
 M ssler. 
 
 Olum. Olympiad. 
 Ont. Ontario. 
 
 H. or hi. Hour, Hours. 
 Ha. Hektare. 
 
 lust. Instant-the presen 
 month) Institute, taitwiar 
 
 Kt. Knight. . 
 Kij. Kentucky. 
 
 Mass. Massachusetts. 
 
 Mith. MathematicSjMath- 
 
 Miith. Mutholoau. 
 C 
 
 Opt. Optics. 
 Or. or Ore. Oregon. 
 
 Hab. Habakkuk. 
 
 Int. rrtterest. Interpreter. 
 
 y 
 
 ematiclan. 
 
 n 
 
 Ord. Otdinance,0idlnru. 
 
 Hag. Haqqa'. 
 H.8.C. Hudson BauCompanii. 
 H.B.M. HisCorHerlBritan 
 
 tnterj. rntrriection. 
 Intr. Introduction, 
 hitrans. Intransitive. 
 
 L. Lldu, Lord, Lithium, 
 Low, Lake, League, 
 
 Matt. Matthew. 
 
 M.B. Bachelor of Medicmi. 
 M. C. Member oiCongres, 
 
 N. North, Number, Neuter, 
 Note, Name, New, Noun, 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Orig. Original, Oriuinalhi. 
 Omilh. Ornitholoqij. 
 as. Old Shjle. 
 
 nic Majejtij. 
 
 In trans, hi the passage. 
 
 Lint. 
 
 Master of Ceremonies, 
 
 N.A. North America. 
 
 Os. Osmiuiti. 
 
 H.C.M. H,s tor Her) Catholic 
 "Majesty. 
 
 hihod. Introduction. 
 Inv. Invoice. 
 
 L.,i,or I. Pound Sterling. 
 L., lb.,or tt. A Pound 
 
 Master Commandant. 
 M/C. Metallic Currency. 
 
 N.A.S. National Academy 
 of Sciences. 
 
 O.S.A. August inUns. 
 O.S.8. Benedictines. 
 
 Hdkf. Handkerchief. 
 
 lo. Iowa. 
 
 in Weight. 
 
 Mch. Marchk 
 
 Na. Sodium. 
 
 O.S.F. Franciscans, 
 
 Hei. or Htkr. Hebrew, Hebrews. 
 
 I.O.B.8. IndependentOr 
 
 La. Lantharmm,Louisiana. 
 
 M. D. Doctor of Medicine. 
 
 Nah. NahuTn. 
 
 O.T. Old Testament. 
 
 Hectol. Hectoliter. 
 
 derof BWB'rith. 
 
 Lam. Lamentations. 
 
 Md. Maryland. 
 
 Nat. Natural, National. 
 
 0*on. Oxford.
 
 Sffi^^SSlBl Sjg&gB Rf cd. Received. 
 
 S.&. Solicitor General. 
 
 Tart. Tartaric, 
 
 V.C. Vice Chancellot,Vice 
 
 Bvc**XT9^MM(vB^ B Ar^Br IlMl^l^H ^ ec * ^ <c * R (CCr ^^N 5<r?UT> 
 
 Sh. Shilling, Ship. 
 
 Tb. Terbium. 
 
 Chairma-n.Victoria Cross, 
 
 ST A H * H_lJe ^i vE* jp^HLlHJji * ^ By^^ Rgct. Rect*T. Receipt. 
 
 S.H.S. Fellow of the His- 
 
 Te, Tellurium. 
 
 Ven. Venerable. 
 
 s^5?&fei*'v^vY- .gBHHP0r9firl fcf* RffrrervftR^ormcd. 
 
 torical Society. 
 
 Tel. Telegram, Telegraph. 
 
 Ver. Verse -s, Vermont. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Reformation. 
 
 5'. Silicium. 
 
 Term. Tennessee. 
 
 Vet. Sjcrq. Veterinary Sur- 
 
 O2. o r oz. Ounce -s. 
 
 P. R. Porto Rico Prize 
 
 Ref. Ch. Reformed Church. 
 
 Sin. or Sing. Singular. 
 
 Ter. Territory. 
 
 geon. 
 
 9 
 
 fling. 
 
 Preb. Pirbend,Pribendjru 
 
 Reg. or foqr. Register, Req- 
 
 5. Id. Sandwich Islands. 
 S.J. Society of Jesus. 
 
 Teut. Teutonic. 
 Tex. Texas. 
 
 V.G. vice&eneral, Vice 
 Orand. 
 
 P. P.ge,P',Parlicipk,Hk, 
 
 Prf. Preface, Prefix. 
 
 Rea. or Reqt. (Uoent,3eghnent. 
 
 S.J. C. Supreme Judicial 
 
 Th. Thomas, Thorium. 
 
 V.i. Verb intransitive. 
 
 PhcspJiofVS, Pint, Pope . 
 
 Prep. Preposition. 
 
 Rei. Pron. Relatoe Prmui 
 
 Court. 
 
 Th. or Thurj. Thursday. 
 
 Vid. See. 
 
 Pa. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pres. President. 
 
 Rem. Remark -s. 
 
 Skr. Stnskrit. 
 
 Theo. Theodore, Theodosia. 
 
 Vil. Village. 
 
 P. A. Post Adjunct. 
 
 Pnsb. PresbyteriaijPio- 
 
 Rep. Rfpresentatlve, Re- 
 
 S.Lat. South Latitude. 
 
 Theol. Theologij, Theological. 
 
 V. imp. Verb impersonal. 
 
 P. a. Participial adjective. 
 
 bytery. 
 
 porter, Republic. 
 
 Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian. 
 
 Theor. Theorem. 
 
 V. irr. Verb irregular. 
 
 Par. or K Paragraph. 
 
 Prtt. Preterit. 
 
 Rev. Reverend, Revenue, 
 
 Sid. Sailed. 
 
 Thess. Thessalonianj. 
 
 Vis. or Vise. Viscount. 
 
 Par. or 1 Parallel. 
 Parl. tVliamemt. 
 
 Prim. Primate, Primitive. 
 Prin. Prrncipal,Prheiles. 
 
 Revelation, Revolution, 
 Review, Revise. 
 
 S.M. Short Meter, State 
 
 Militia, Sergeant Ma- 
 
 Thos. Thomas. 
 Thurs. Trrursdau. 
 
 Viz. Namely, To wit. 
 In. Verb neuter. 
 
 Part. Participle, 
 
 Prob. Problem. 
 
 Rev. Ver. Revised Version. 
 
 jor, Sons of Malta. 
 
 Ti. Titanium. 
 
 Voc. vocative. 
 
 Pass, Passive, Passionist. 
 
 Prof. Profestor. 
 
 Rhet, Rhetoric. 
 
 Sm. C. Small Capitals. 
 
 Tier. Tierce. 
 
 Vol. Volume. 
 
 Past. Pastor. 
 
 Pfon. Pronoun. 
 
 R.I. Rhode Island 
 
 S.M.I. His or Her Impe- 
 
 Tirn. Timothy. 
 
 V.P. Vice President. 
 
 PaiJt. Payment. 
 
 Pro. tern. For theti-me. 
 
 Richd. Richard. 
 
 rial Majesty. 
 
 Tit. Titus, Title. 
 
 V. R. Queen Vtcloria,Very 
 
 Pb. Lead. 
 
 Prov. ProverbtjIVovost, 
 
 Riv. River. 
 
 Smith, rust. Smithsonian 
 
 TI. Thallium. 
 
 Reverend. 
 
 P. B. Bachelor of Philotopm). 
 
 Province. 
 
 R.M. Roual Mail, Roual 
 
 Institution. 
 
 T. o. Turn over. 
 
 Vs. Against, hi opposition. 
 
 P. 0, Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 P-rox. Next,Nejt month. 
 
 Marines. 
 
 Sn. Tin. 
 
 Tob. Tobit. 
 
 /t. Vermont. 
 
 Pd. Paid, Palladium. 
 
 Prus. Pruii,Prian. 
 
 R.N. Royal Navy. 
 
 S.o. Seller's option. 
 
 Tom. Volume. 
 
 V.t. Verb transitive. 
 
 Pe. Pelopium. 
 
 P.S. Po^script, Perma- 
 
 Ro. or Robt. Robert. 
 
 Soc. Society. 
 
 Tonn. Tonnage. 
 
 Vul. or Vulg. Vulgate. 
 
 P.E. Protestant Episco- 
 
 nent Secretary, Privy 
 
 Rom. Roman, Romans. 
 
 S. of Sol. Song (or Songs) 
 
 Topog. Topography. 
 
 ^&Jfp 
 
 pal, Presiding Elder; 
 
 Seal. 
 
 Rom. Catn. Roman Cathode. 
 
 of Solomon. 
 
 Tr. Transpose, Translation, 
 
 jf 
 
 P.E.I. Prince Edward Island. 
 
 PS. Psalms, Prices. 
 
 R. R. Rairroad, flight Rewnend. 
 
 S. of T. Sons of Temperance. 
 
 Treasurer, Trustee. 
 
 W. Wednena\j,Wtst, 
 
 Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pt. Pint, Port, Payment, 
 
 R.S. Recording Secretary. 
 
 Sol. Solomom, 5olution.Sn- 
 licltor 
 
 tr. A shake. 
 
 Welsh, Warden,Week. 
 
 Pent, Pentecost. 
 Per. or Pers. Persia. 
 
 Pub. 'Publisher, Public. 
 
 Riqht side 
 Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 
 
 5p. Spain, Spanish. 
 
 lation, Transportation. 
 
 W.A/West Australia, 
 
 Per , pr. or f, By the, as 
 
 Pub. Doc. Public Documents. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 
 
 Sp. qr. Specific gravity. 
 
 Trcj. Tierces. 
 
 West Arrici. 
 
 per Ib., per ez., etc. 
 
 Pulv. Powder. 
 
 Russ. Russia, Russian. 
 
 Sq. Square,The following. 
 
 Trea. Treasurer. 
 
 W.C. West Central, Wa- 
 
 Per an. By the war. 
 
 Pun. Puncheon. 
 
 R.V. Revised Version. 
 
 Sq.ft. Square feet. 
 
 Trin. Trinity. 
 
 ter Closet. 
 
 Per cent, or pr. cL In the 
 
 Pwt. Pennyvttiqht-s. 
 
 R.W. Railway, Bight Wor- 
 
 Sq. In. Square inch -es. 
 
 Tu. or Tues. Tuesday. 
 
 W. C.T.U. Womert Chris- 
 
 hundred. 
 
 Pxt. He tor She) said. 
 
 thy or Worshipful. 
 
 Sq. m. Square mile -s. 
 
 Turk. Turkey, Turkish. 
 
 tian Temperance Union. 
 
 Perf. Perfect. 
 Peri. Perigee. 
 Pers. Person. 
 
 A 
 
 a. auestlfti, auintus. 
 
 R*u. Railway. 
 
 Sq. id. Square rd -s. 
 Sq. yd. Square yard -S. 
 ST. Sir, Senior, Strontium 
 
 Typ. or Tpo. Typographer 
 Typog. Tupoqupny -er. 
 
 Wed. Wednesdau. 
 W.f. Wrong font. 
 Whf. Wharf. 
 
 Pet. Peter. 
 
 a* ordu. aueen,Q.uc- 
 
 S. SaintTfound, Sign, 
 
 S.R.I. Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 >!!* 
 
 W.I. West India -ies. 
 
 P.O. Past C-rand. 
 
 ry, auestion. 
 
 Sculptor, Sunday,Sec 
 
 S.S. Sunday School, or 
 
 U. Uranium. 
 
 Wis. or Wise. Wisconsin. 
 
 Pg. Portugal, Portuguese, 
 
 a.B. aueen's Bench. 
 
 ond. Sulphur, Signer, 
 
 Sibbath SctiooL 
 
 U.A.0.0. United Ancnn 
 
 Wk, Week, Work. 
 
 Phar. Pharmacy. 
 
 (i.C. aueen's Council, 
 
 Shilling, Sun. 
 
 SS. Slints. 
 
 Order of Druids. 
 
 W. Lon. West longitude. 
 
 Ph. 8. Bachelor of Phtao|*j 
 
 aueen's College. 
 
 * Dollar's. 
 
 S.S.C. Solicitor before 
 
 U.C. Upper Canada. 
 
 Wm. William. 
 
 Ph. D. Doctor of Philcuoptiu. 
 
 a.d. As if he should say. 
 
 S.A. South America,South 
 
 the Supreme Court. 
 
 U.G.R.S. Underground Rail 
 
 W.N.W. West-Northwest. 
 
 Phil. Phii;p,Philemon,it4 
 
 a. e. Which is. 
 
 Africa, Sulh Australia. 
 
 S.S.E. South-Southeast. 
 
 road. 
 
 W. S.W. West-South-west. 
 
 ipians. Philosophy. 
 
 a.E.D. Which wattobe 
 
 Sam. Samuel; 
 
 S.S.W. South-Southwest. 
 
 U.K. United Kingdom. 
 
 Wt. Weight. 
 
 Phila. Philadelphia. 
 
 demonstrated. 
 
 Sans. Sanskrit. 
 
 St. Sttre, Stanza,Saint, 
 
 U.L.A. Uriion League of 
 
 W.Va. West Virgin!*. 
 
 PVii lorn. Lover of Learning. 
 Philos. Philosophy. 
 
 a>L. As much at you please. 
 a.M. auarler Master. 
 
 Sit. Saturday. 
 Sax. Saxon. 
 
 Street. Strait. 
 Stat. Statute -s, Statuary. 
 
 America. 
 Ult. Last month. 
 
 
 Phonog. Phonography. 
 
 a.M.O. aunler Master 
 
 Sb. Antimony. 
 
 S.T.O. Doctor of Sacred 
 
 Unit. Unitarian. 
 
 7a ffi r 
 
 Photog. Photography. 
 Phren. Phrenology. 
 
 General, 
 ar. auarteTtta Ibsyir- 
 
 S.C. South Carolina, A de 
 crec of the Senate, Small 
 
 Theology, Doctor of Kviniti 
 Ster. or Stg. Sterling. 
 
 Univ. University, Umvet- 
 salist. 
 
 X. Christ, Ten or tenth, 
 St. Andrew's Cro, His 
 
 Phys. Physics, Physician. 
 Pinx. or pit. He (or She) 
 
 thing, duive. 
 a.s. A sufficient guntilf. 
 
 Caps. 
 
 Sc. or scil. To witjTamtlij. 
 
 S.T. P. Prof, of Theology. 
 Str. Steamer. 
 
 U.P. United Presbyterian. 
 U.S. United States. 
 
 (or her) mark, Etchanqe. 
 Xmas. or Xm. Christmas. 
 
 painted it. 
 
 at. auart, auantlty. 
 
 S. caps. Small capitals. 
 
 Sts. Streets. 
 
 U.S.A. United States of 
 
 Xn. or Xtian. Christian. 
 
 Pk. Peck. 
 
 au. ftueen,0untini,cjurta 
 
 Sch. or Schl. A note. 
 
 Subj. Subjunctive. 
 
 America, United 
 
 Xntu. or Vty. Christianity. 
 
 Pkgs. Packages. 
 
 an. or gu. aueru. 
 
 Sch. or SchT. Schooner 
 
 Subst. Substjntivt,Substttt 
 
 States Army. 
 
 Xt. Chrij^ 
 
 PI. Place, Plate. 
 
 auad. auadrantjftuad- 
 
 Sci. Science. 
 
 Sulf. Suffix. 
 
 U.S.M. United States 
 
 
 P.L. Poet Laureate. 
 
 rate. 
 
 Sci. fa. Make known. 
 
 Su-n. or Sund. Sunday. 
 
 Mint, United States 
 
 ^S 
 
 PI. or Plur. Plural. 
 
 a-uir. auarterlu. 
 
 Scil. or sc. To wit, namely. 
 
 Sup. S-upplement, Super 
 
 Marine. 
 
 Y. Yftrium. Year. 
 
 Plff, Plaintiff. 
 
 aues. auestion. 
 
 Sclav. Sclavonic. 
 
 fine, Superior, Superin- 
 
 U.S.M.A. United States 
 
 Y. B. orYr.B. Yar-Book. 
 
 Plup. or Plupf. Pluperfect. 
 Plur. Plural. 
 
 a,v. Which s,Asrmich 
 as you please. 
 
 Scot. Scotland,SoltislsSciUi 
 Scr. Scruple. 
 
 tendent. 
 Sup.C. Superior Court. 
 
 Military Academu. 
 U.S.N. UniKd Sljtes Navy. 
 
 Y. C. Yale College. 
 Yd. Yard. Yds. Yards. 
 
 Pm. Premium. 
 
 ay. aueru. 
 
 Script. ScripturijScTiptiiral. 
 
 Superl. Superlative. 
 
 U.S.N.A.UnitedStateria 
 
 Y. The or Thee. 
 
 P.M. Afternoon, Pay Mas- 
 ter, Pott Maslr,Past Mid- 
 
 a 
 
 Sculp, or Sculpt. Sculpture. 
 S.fX South Dakota, Doc- 
 
 Supt. Superintendent. 
 Surq. Surgeon, Surgery. 
 
 val Academy. 
 U.S.S. United States Sen 
 
 Y". Them. 
 Y. M. C. A. Young Men's 
 
 shipman, 
 
 R. Railway, Rriodiuin,Riv. 
 
 tor of Science. 
 
 Surv. Surveyor, SuTKVi" 
 
 ate. United Stales Ship 
 
 Christian Association. 
 
 P.M.G-. Post Master frrn- 
 eral, Paij Master C-en- 
 
 a, Rod-Rood, ftueen. 
 Xing, Take. 
 
 S.E. Southeast.Siuthuitem 
 Se. Selenium. 
 
 Surv. C-en. Surveyor (en 
 traL 
 
 lor Steamer]. 
 U.S.V. Urited StatesVol 
 
 V". Then. 
 Y'. Their. 
 
 yti. Promissarv Note. 
 
 al Arch, Royal Artille- 
 
 'Section.' 
 
 S.VV. Southwesi,South 
 
 U.T. Utah Territory. 
 
 Yrs. Yours, Years. 
 
 P.O. Post Office. 
 
 ry, Rear Admiraljllight 
 
 Sec. Leg. Secretary of Le 
 
 western, Seniorwarderu 
 
 Ux. Wtft._ 
 
 Y 1 . This. 
 
 P.O.D. Port OfficeDepart- 
 nwnt, Pay on delivery. 
 Pol. Polish'. 
 
 Ascension. 
 R.A.C. Royal Arih Chapter. 
 Rad. Root, Radical. 
 
 gation. Accord mo tt law 
 Sect. Section. 
 Sen. Senate, Senator, Sen 
 
 Sw. Sweden, Swedish. 
 Switz. Switzerland, 
 Sun. Synonym. 
 
 V. Vtnadium,Vletoria, 
 
 Y'. That. 
 Y.W.C.A. Young Women's 
 Christian Association. 
 
 P.O. a Post Of lice Order; 
 
 R. Adml. Rear AemhaU 
 
 IM 
 
 Synop. Synopsis. 
 
 Viscount, Verb, Voca 
 
 ^jf 
 
 Pop. Population, 
 
 R.A.M. Roual Academy of 
 
 Sep. or Sept. September, 
 
 f~ "ij e , surup 
 
 live. Verse, Volume 
 
 
 Port, Portugal, Portuguese. 
 Pos. or Pots. Pottesslv*. 
 
 Music. 
 Rb. Rubidium. 
 
 Septuaqint. 
 Seq. or Sqq. The follow- 
 
 
 Violin, Village,Five 
 V.a. Verb active. 
 
 2.. Zero, Zinc, Zone. 
 2. or ZT. Zirconium. 
 
 Pp. Pages. 
 
 R.C. Roman Catholic, 
 
 ing, The next. 
 
 T. TeTritonj,Town,Tewn 
 
 V.A. Vice AdmiraliVic 
 
 Zach. Zachary. 
 
 P.P. Please pau. 
 P.P.C. Tttakelav. 
 Pph. Pamphlet, 
 PT.,Pr,oTT, gwthe.as 
 
 R.O. Royal Dragoons. 
 R.E. Royal Engineers, Re^ 
 al Eichange, Right Ex- 
 
 Ser. Serie. 
 Serg. OT Serj. Scrgcant,o 
 Serjeant. 
 Serg. Mai. Sergeant Major. 
 
 ship, Ton, Tenor,Tues 
 day. 
 T. or Tom. Tome, Volume 
 Ta. Tantalum. 
 
 ar Apostolic. 
 Va. Virginia. 
 Vat. Vatican. 
 V. aux. Verb- auxiliary. 
 
 Zeb. Zebulon, Zebedee. 
 Zech. Zechariah. 
 Zeph. Zeptia-niah. 
 Zn. Zinc. - Zed. Zodiac. 
 
 Per bushel. 
 
 Rec. Recorder, Recipe. 
 
 Serv. or Servl. Servant. 
 
 Tan. Tangent. 
 
 Vb. n. Verbal noun. 
 
 Zool. Zoology. -Zr. ZrrMtoK 
 
 40
 
 TABLE OF VELOCITIES.. 
 
 he velocities given i-n the folio 
 ing list hive been compiled 
 from various authorities,!!! 
 while it cannot be sid wha 
 isibllities of many of the mo 
 ng bodies are, such as steam vessel 
 ocomotives, etc., yet the figures gii 
 i-n will convey a general idea of sue 
 possibilities. The slow coach of the time of Wash 
 'ngton will not compare with the lightning 
 train at the dost of the nineteenth century. Wh 
 can say what are the possibilities of electric 
 a rnotive power! 
 
 BLOOD, circulates through the system in-two 
 
 utts. If allowed to wove in a straight line, it 
 
 would move at the rate of 150 feet per minute. 
 
 3ICYCLE,one mile may be attained in two minutes 
 CANNON BALL, (2<Hb) at the rate of 1600 miles per 
 
 hour. 
 
 CARRIER PI6EON,43_m,les per hour. 
 !ARS, art express train attains a speed of 60 miles 
 
 per hour. 82.7 miles per hour has been attained. 
 CLOUDS, storm clouds, apparent^ moving slowly,oft 
 
 en attain a velocity of 100 miles per hour. 
 
 !OMET(Halley's),in perihelion, 1,180,000ft. ptr second. 
 !ROW, flies at the ra*e oS 23 miles per hour. 
 CYCLONE, spiral motion of wind, 180 miles per hour. 
 
 IUCK, 90 miles per hour. 
 
 :ARTH, point on equator when -rotating on its a/is 
 
 1076 miles per hour. In its orbit while revolving 
 
 around the sun, 65,533 miles per hour. 
 EARTHQUAKE SHOCK, 13th Aug., 1868, 764ft. pe 
 
 second; 25th July, 1885, 5,104 ft. per second. 
 EIDER DUCK, 90 miles per hour. 
 ELECTRICITY, submarine wire, 13,128,000ft. pei 
 
 second; aerial wire, 1 18,152, OOOft.per second. 
 ELEVATOR, in Western Union Telegraph Building 
 
 N.Y., 500ft. per minute. 
 FALCON, 74 miles per hour. 
 FALUNS BODIES, Isl second, I6A ft.; 2nd second 
 
 64^ft.: 3rd second, I4-4J fU; 4-th second,257 
 
 ft.; etc. 
 &LACIERS, for those of the first rank 'm the Alps, 
 
 100 yards per year; of the second rank, about 
 
 25 yards per year. 
 
 CULF STREAM, 4 to 5 miles per hour. 
 HAWK, 150 miles per hour. 
 HORSE, trotS,7 miles per hour; runs,20miles 
 
 per hour. ITI Racing the following records have at 
 
 different times been made: running, I mile in I 
 
 minute and 35i seconds', trotting, I mile in 2. 
 
 minutes and 8i seconds; pacing.) mile in 2 min 
 
 utes and 13 seconds. 
 
 HUMMING- BIRD, a-l the rate of ISO miles per ho'ur. 
 HURRICANE, 80 miles per hour. 
 
 ICE BOAT, is said to outrivAl all other modes 
 of locomotion, it running it the rate of a-nUt 
 per minute with ea.se. ." 
 
 INSECTS, the wings of the common house-fly flap 
 at Iht rate of 330 times per second; of the bum 
 ble bee, 240; of the honey bee, 190; of the wisp 
 1 10; of the dragon flu, 28; of the 9mt,l5,000. 
 
 JUPITER, revolves in its orbit 28,774. mile per 
 
 LIGHT, 192,000 miles per second; pses from the 
 sun to the earth in 8 minutes and 13 seconds, 
 from the nearest fixed star to the earth in a- 
 bout 34 years. ' '/' 
 
 MAN, walks from 4 to 5 -miles per hour. I mile 
 his been attained by walking in 6 minutes and 
 23 seconds; 5 miles in 35 minutes and 10 seconds; 
 100 miles in IBhours, 8minutfS aw 15 seconds. 
 
 MARS, revolves in its orbit 53,000 miles a tout 
 
 MARTIN, 200 miles per hour. 
 
 MERCURY, revolves in its orbit 105,000 miles 
 per hour. 
 
 METEOR, 30 miles per second. 
 
 MILL STONES,4ft.in diameter, 120 to 140 rev- 
 olutions per minute; dressing machines, 11 inch- 
 es diam., 450 to 500 revolutions perminute; 
 screen, 16 indies diim., 300 to 350 revolutions 
 per minute. 
 
 MOON, in its orbit jround the earth 236miles 
 per hour. 
 
 MUSKET BALL, 850 miles per hour. 
 
 NEPTUNE, revolves in its orbit 11,958 miles 
 per hour. 
 
 OCEAN WAVE, during tempest,50 miles per 
 hour. 
 
 PENDULUM, vib'ates seconds at the equator 
 'when 39.0152 Inches in length. Either north 
 or south from the equator the pendulum slight- 
 ly lengthens as the latitude increases. 
 
 PIANO WIRES, middle C, 264 times per sec 
 ond; one octave above, 528; one octave be- 
 low, 1 32. 
 
 RIFLE BALL, 1000 miles per hour. 
 
 RIVERS, slow when 3 miles perhour; rapid 
 when 7. 
 
 ROWING, i-w smqle scull I mile has been attain 
 ed in 5 -minutes; in double scull I mi le 
 in 5 minutes and 55 seconds; in four-oared 
 shell I mile in 4 minutes and 5 1 seconds. 
 
 RUNNING, I mile has been attained in 4 min- 
 utes and I2i seconds; 5 miles in 24 minutes 
 and 40 seconds; 100 miles in 13 hours, 26mi> 
 utes, and 30 seconds. 
 
 SAILING-VESSELS, 10 miles per hour. 
 
 SATURN,in its orbit 21,221 miles per hour. 
 
 SENSATIONS, in human nerves, >08W. per 
 second. 
 
 SIRIUS, 153,000ft. per second. 
 
 SKATING, I mile in 2 minutes nd 12 seconds 
 Has been attained. 
 
 SNOW SHOES, I mile in Sminutes and40sec- 
 
 SOLAR ATMOSPHERE, 90,000 to 180,000ft. 
 
 per second; tempest, 1,200,000 ft. per second. 
 SOUND, in dry air at 82, 1, 141 ft. per second, 
 
 or about 775 miles per hour; in water, 
 
 4,900ft. per second; in iron, 17,500ft. 
 
 in copper, io,378; in wood, from 12,000 
 
 to 16,000ft. per second. 
 SPARROW, 150 miles per hour. 
 STEAM BOAT, 18 miles per hour. 25 miles 
 
 per hour is attainable. * 
 
 STORM, 36 miles per hour. See Wind. 
 SUN, point on equator, 6, 090 ft. per second. 
 SWIFTS, 150 miles per hour. . 
 SWIM Ml NO, 1 00 yds. in I -m!n.,5i see.} 300yds. 
 
 in 4- min.. 8 see.; 600yds. in 8min,40 seconds; 
 
 I mile in 26 min., 52 sec.; 20 miles in 5 hours, 
 5 1 -minutes. 
 TEMPEST, 60 to 70 miles per hour. On t he 
 
 Su-n, 940,580 wiles per hour. 
 TIDAL WAVE, in open ocean, as great as 900 
 
 miles per hour. 
 TftlCYCLE,imile in I min.,15 sec,; Imilein 
 
 2 min., 28 sec.; Smiles in I3rmn.,50sec. 
 TROTTING, see Horse. - 
 URANUS, revolves in Its orbit 14,963 -miles per 
 
 hour. 
 VENUS, revolves in its orbit 7Z050 wiles per 
 
 hour. - 
 VULCAN, -revolves in its ojblt,174. f OOOjmiles 
 
 per hour. ' 
 
 WALKIN6,seeMan. 
 WAVES, see Ocean Wave. . 
 WINGS, the wing of the sparrSw f lapt 13 tlflie's 
 
 per secomd; of the wild duck,9; of the pigeon,8; 
 
 of the osprey,6; of the humnirng b'rrd, 100. 
 
 WIND, 
 
 Miles Pressure per 
 perhout sq.ft. in Ibs. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 20 
 2? 
 33 
 45 
 50 
 60 
 
 80 
 100 
 180 
 
 0.005 
 
 0.020 
 
 0.123 
 
 0.492 
 
 1.968 
 
 3.075 
 
 6.027 
 
 9.963 
 
 12.300 
 
 17.715 
 
 31.490 
 
 49.200 
 
 Characteris-tics. 
 
 Not perceptible. 
 Hardly perceptible. 
 Just perceptible. 
 G-entle breeze. 
 Brisk wind. 
 
 isk wind. 
 
 Hiqh wind. 
 
 Very hiqh wind. 
 
 Storm. 
 
 Great storm. 
 
 Hurricane. 
 
 G-reat hurricane.. 
 
 Cyclone. 
 
 agalhaens, Portuguese, who nmcs Vo>joflj 
 
 agellan's Straits 1319 
 
 'endafia, Spaniard, who names the 
 Marquesas, or Mendana Islands. ... .1 567 
 Q.U I R OS, Spaniard 1605 
 
 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, first tnglish.. . .1577 
 
 GAVENOlSU,fiTst voyage 1586 
 
 LE MAIRE,Outch 1615 
 
 TASMAN, Dutch, who namesTasmania. .1642 
 
 DAMPIER, English 1679 
 
 COOKEjEnqlish 1708 
 
 ROG-GE WEEN, Dutch -. 1721 
 
 ANSON, British ; 1740 
 
 BYRON, English 1764 
 
 WALLIS,Brltish 1766 
 
 BOUGAINVILLE, French 1766 
 
 CARTERET. English 1766 
 
 JAM ES COOK. 1768 
 
 KINO, continued after Cook's death 1779 
 
 KING- AND FITZROY, British 1826-36 
 
 BELCHER, British 1836-42 
 
 WILKES,American I 838-42 
 
 TRAIN.G.F., American, completed, May 4, 1890, 
 a trip around the world in 67 days, 13 hours, 
 3 minutes, 3 seconds, stoppinq over one day 
 in New York City. 
 
 The following is the compact as siqned on board 
 the Mayflower just before landing: 
 
 "hi ye name of &od,Awn. We whose Tomes are under- 
 written, the loyall subjects of our dread soverupie Lord, Kin 5 
 James, by ye grace of M, of fjreit Briuint, Franc* Ireland 
 king, defender of ye f4ith,lc.,havein9 undertaken, for ye 
 glorie of iiod, jnd ^dvancementc of ye Christian fa'rth, and 
 honour of our kinqfc countrie, a voyage to plant ye first 
 colcnie in ye NoHheme part of Virginia, doe by these present! sol 
 evnry&mutualy in yt presence of 5od,ani of one jncthfr.ontw*! 
 cmbwowsdvejtojeither into i mil body politick,fr our betttr or 
 deringlprestTvjtioit. furtherance rf ye ends aforesaid; and by 
 vertue hejrof to f]tact,constituU,ari() frame such 
 
 bt thought most rnfftefe convenient for ye genrull good of yt 
 
 wliick wepromist l dut submission md obfdience. In wihw of 
 
 whic' v>( tiut htreundrr subscribed our nuncs it Cip-Codd yj II o 
 
 u >t iai>,tot Sotknd it fiftie 
 
 r4Jgn<M,(Jnq J 
 ie t<rortno:
 
 NOTE. 
 
 In the 
 
 follow I no 
 P39S will 
 
 b< found 
 all de/mi 
 
 tions.rules, 
 processc 
 and '" 
 t rations 
 in practi- 
 cal arith- 
 metic that 
 an otdina- 
 busi- 
 ness in an 
 Has occas 
 ion to us*. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 The alpha- 
 betic arratie- 
 merit will 
 be found 
 to or, \i lu 
 expedite 
 
 the exam- 
 pie follow- 
 ing most 
 of i he rules, 
 sufficiently 
 elucidates 
 t h e. IY 
 application. 
 
 ABSTRACT. -Separate or distinct 
 from something else. An abstract 
 quantity is one which does not 
 involve the idea of matter, but 
 simply that of a mental concep- 
 tion. All numbers are abstract 
 when the unit is abstract. 
 
 ACRE. -A unit employed in thft 
 measurement of land. It con- 
 tains 43,560 square feet, 4840 
 square yard*, or ISO square rods. 
 In the form of a square, one side 
 measures 108.7 feet, or 69.57 
 yards. (See Land or Square Meas- 
 ure -\v\6ex). 
 
 ACCURATE INTEREST. -interest 
 
 computed according to the exact 
 number of days. To fitid accurate 
 interest, Compute it at the rate 
 of 360 days to the year, and 
 subtract from it J$ part- of itself; 
 in leap-year subtract ^r. 
 
 ACUTE. -Sharp as opposed to ob- 
 tuse. Ati acute ari9ie is one that 
 is less than a right angle, or 90. 
 Aii acute-angled triangle is one 
 having all of its angles acute. 
 
 ADDITION. -Finding tHe simplest 
 equivalent expression for the ag- 
 gregate of two or more quanti 
 ties of the came kind. To prove 
 the accuracy of the operation of 
 addition, (I) Add the columns of 
 units from the top downwards, 
 and then from the bottom up- 
 wards;(ft) Separate the numbers 
 into two or more groups, adding 
 each group separately, and then . 
 the several results; (3) Cast out 
 the 3's, by taking the 
 sum of the digits in 
 each number to be ad- 
 ded, and having divid- 
 ed each sum by 9, set 
 down the remainder 
 in a column at the right. Take the 
 sum_o-f these remainders and di- 
 vide it by 9, setting the remainder 
 beneath. If this remainder is the 
 same as that found by dividing 
 
 the sum of the digits in the surr 
 total by 9, the work is correct. 
 
 ADJACENT. -Contigu- 
 
 ous to, or borderiti9 up- / 
 
 on. Adjacent angles 6 f t 
 are those which have f 
 one side in common, arid their 
 other sides a prolongation of the 
 same straight line; thus, the arr 
 gles D8C and DBA are adjacent. 
 
 AGGREGATE .-the sum of sever- 
 al particulars, or an assemblage 
 of parts to form a whole. 
 
 ALIQUOT PART.-Fpr defini- 
 tion see under Business Terms. 
 To find the aliquot parts of a 
 number, Divide it by the least 
 number except I, that will ex- 
 actly divide it; then divide the 
 quotient by its least divisor ex- 
 cept I ; and so on, always divid- 
 ing the last quotient by its least 
 divisor except I, till I is obtained 
 as a quotient, which, with the 
 several divisors, constitute the 
 aliquot parts of the number. 
 
 ALLIGATION. -The compounding 
 or mixing of ingredients. ISee 
 Business Terms-Vnaex). Alli9a- 
 tion Medial is the process o fin- 
 ding the average value or quali- 
 ty of a mixture, the, quality and 
 quantity of whose ingredients are 
 known. Thus mix Otao-\V 
 ing together SO en cts. 
 
 bushels of oats, at 40x50=2.000 
 40 cents per bush- 50x30 = 1500 
 el; 30 bushels of 60x3.5=1500 
 barley, at 50 cents 105 15000 
 
 per bushel, and 
 25 bus he Is of corn, 
 at 60 cents per bushel, one bush- 
 el of the mixture is worth47;y{ 
 cents. Alligation Alternate is 
 the process of finding what a- 
 mount of each of several sim- 
 ple ingredients, whose pricet or 
 qualities are known, must be 
 taken to form a mixture of any 
 required price or quality. In solv- 
 
 J-M9 problems of" this class, Com 
 pute the balance of pain or loss 
 on the definite quantities taken; 
 then cancel this balance by tak- 
 ing a sufficient quantity of one 
 or more of the same or other 
 elements' furnished. ^xavi\^\e. 
 To make a grade worth \\t per 
 pound, how many pounds at 9 , 
 must be mixed with 100 pounds 
 of coffee at lie", and 90 pounds 
 O^e.vfetxo'MV. 
 Total 
 
 Av. 
 
 El's or 
 
 10, 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 100 
 90 
 
 lost. 
 
 90 + 
 
 Baltnce 
 
 10 
 10 + 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 11.00 
 9.00 
 
 .45 
 
 Vroot.-lf 195 Ib. are worth 21.45 
 
 I Ib. is worth II 
 
 Hote.-4- shows gain, and , los. 
 
 ALTITUDE. -The height of a body, 
 or its third dimension. To measure 
 an accessible altitude, 
 Select any convenient 
 point A, on a hori- 
 zontal line through . 
 C; measure the dis- * 
 tanceCA;then measure of/a dis- 
 tance AB towards the object, and 
 at B set up a vertical stake; from A, 
 sight to the top of the object, and 
 note the point where this line of 
 sight cuts the stake, and then meas- 
 ure OB. From similar triangles 
 AB is to OB as AC is to EC; 
 
 whence, _ EC = "^ 
 Similarly the altitude of an object 
 which is accessible, may be determ- 
 ined bu means of its shadow. 
 ANALYSIS. -Logically deducing 
 from the terms of a problem the 
 conditions and relations requir- 
 ed in its solution, which are not 
 fully stated. ^.xa/m^U.- If 4 tbj. 
 
 42
 
 of sugar cost 28 cts., what will 
 9 tts. ? K^\fc\\*\*.-lf 4 tts. c os V 
 28 cts., one pound will cost one- 
 fourth o( 23 =7 cts., and 9 pounds 
 will cost nine times 7 cts. = S3 cts. 
 
 ANG-LE.-The portion of space ly- 
 ing between two lines, or be- 
 tween two or -more surfaces, 
 meeting in a common point. 
 
 ANNUITY.-For definition see un- 
 der Busmess Form* and Terrns.. 
 A certain annuity is an annui- 
 ty payable /or a definite length o/ 
 time. A contingent annuity is 
 one payable /or an uncertain pe- 
 riod of time, as durin9 li/e. A 
 deferred annuity iff AtM -not to 
 be entered upon until after a 
 certain period^/ time. A rever- 
 sionary annuity is one not to be 
 entered upon till a/ter the death 
 of a certain person. An annui- 
 ty in possession is one to be en- 
 tered upon at once. A life annu- 
 ity is one to continue during the 
 life of one or -more persons. Aeon 
 tmgcnt life annuity is one to con- 
 firms for a certain number of 
 years, provided a certain person 
 Survives the period mentioned. 
 A perpetual annuity is one to 
 continue forever. A fovboY-ne 
 annuity is one Vv\ a-vrevts, that 
 is, the payment may not h ave 
 been -made when du-e. (See Com- 
 pound Interest Tables, Nos. 3 and 
 4. also Life Annuity). 
 
 ANTECEDENT.- The first of the 
 two terms in a ratio, which are 
 compared together. It forms 
 the standard of comparison, and 
 must be known before the value 
 of the other term (the consequent) 
 can be expressed. (See Ratio). 
 
 APPLES, Potatoes, etc. -To find 
 the number of bushels of apples, 
 potatoes, etc., in a bin, Multiply 
 the length, breadth and thickness 
 together, and this product by 8, and 
 point off one figure in the prod- 
 uct for decimals. 
 
 APOTHECARIES' Weight and 
 Measure. -Used in mixing and 
 compounding medicines. For 
 the table, see under Weights and 
 Measures. 
 
 ARABIC Notation. -That meth- 
 od of expressing numbers by the 
 use of characters called i\qu.ra<=,. 
 They arc, 1,2,3, 4-, 5, 6,7,8,9, and 
 0, the last is used for vacant orders. 
 
 ARC. -A part of the circumference 
 of a circle or other curve. "To find 
 the length of an arc, u-se the fol- 
 lowing formula: The number of 
 degrees (dco.) contained in an arc, 
 and the diameter (diam.^of the 
 circle being given, required the 
 length (1) of the arc: 
 
 deQ.xdiam.x 3.14-16 -i-360 = l. 
 
 AREA. -The superficial contents 
 of any surface expressed interms 
 of some given sur/ace assumed 
 as a unit or_standard of compar- 
 ison; the unit f measurement us- 
 ually being a square. 
 
 ARITHMETIC. -That branch of math- 
 ematics treating of the relations 
 and properties of numbers when 
 ex pressed .by the aid of figures, or 
 combinations of figures. 
 
 AVERAO-E. -The. quotient aris- 
 ing /row dividing the sum of 
 two or more terms by their -num- 
 ber: thus the average of 3,8,9,11, 
 and 14 =(3 +8 +9 +11 +14) H-5 = 9. - 
 For the commercial signification 
 of this term, see under Business 
 Forms and Terms. 
 
 AVERAGE or Equation of Pay- 
 ments. -The -method of finding 
 the time when the payment of sev- 
 eral sums, due at different times, 
 may be made at once, without loss 
 of interest to either debtor or 
 creditor. The Focal Date .is the 
 date from which the time is reck- 
 oned to the dates when the sev- 
 eral amounts become due. (See 
 Business Time Tables).To find 
 the average time when afl the 
 terms o-f credit begin at the same 
 time, Multiply each amount by 
 
 its term of credit, and divide the 
 sum of the several products .by 
 the sum of the debts; the quotient 
 will be the average term of credit. 
 ^ X-srtw^Xe. . - A merchant purchas- 
 es goods, January 6th,atnou,ntitio 
 to #900 : *300 payable in 6 months 
 300 in 8 months, and 300 in 
 10 months. When may the whole 
 be paid without loss to either par- 
 ty? Solution). 
 *300 /or6mos.=4tl800 for I mon. 
 300 " 8 1. = 24-00 M ,, 
 300 . 10 = 3000 . 
 900, ) 7200" =8 months. 
 To fitid the average time when 
 the terms of the credits beobi at 
 different times , Fi fid the date when 
 each debt becomes due. (See Busi- 
 ness Time Tables). Find the time. 
 intervening between the earliest 
 of these, dates and the date of each 
 succeeding amount.Multiply each 
 amount by the tirne intervening 
 between the earliest date and 
 the date when the amount be- 
 comes due. Divide the SU-HI of the 
 products by the sum of the debts; 
 the quotient will be the average 
 
 time required. Add this average, 
 time to the focal date- fov the 
 day of payment. ^.x-vm^Vz..- Re- 
 quired the time when the amoii-nt 
 of the debts as below stated be- 
 come due per average. 
 
 " 
 
 Jan. 6, %300 S-mos. July 9. 
 Apr. 10, 200 6 Oct. 10. 
 May 7, 400 3 Aug. 7. 
 
 State-men*. 
 
 ^ua. \Savs- ^'\ l *. Vioivicfc 
 
 FrcmiJuJu5toJiil(iS, 0x300 00000 
 ,, ,. Au.o.7,32x400 12800 
 .> .... Oct. 1 0,96x2-00 19200 , 
 900 )32000t35f 
 Atis.36* days from Julg 6th is Au-j.llth. 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS. -The system of 
 weights by. which the coarser 
 commodities are weighed, su-ch 
 as hay, grain, wool, and the. 
 coarser metals. For table see 
 under Weights and Measures. 
 
 BARREL. A unit of liquid -meas- 
 ure, differing in value for dif- 
 ferent articles measured. The 
 English wine barrel contains 
 3l^i gallons, and the beer bar- 
 rel, 36 gallons. (See Weights 
 and Measures). 
 
 BASE. -The side of a plane fig- 
 ure upon which it is supposed 
 to lie. I-M a triangle, the base 
 lies opposite the angular point 
 chosen as the vertex. The. Base 
 of a System of Numbers, is. the 
 value of the unit of the first 
 order, it being the abstract mm 
 her l,for all systems.of abstract 
 numbers. Iti denominate nunt 
 bers, the base is I thing of the 
 kind numbered. 
 
 BILLION. -In the decimal si/s- 
 tem, a unit of th;e tenth order, 
 which is a thousand millions. 
 
 BLAZE. -A spot ma.de on theside 
 of a tree, by removing the bark 
 with an axe. It is used i-ji Sur- 
 vey ing, and for distinguishing 
 different points. 
 
 BOARD MEASURE. -The unit 
 
 of lumber measure is a/o.ot 
 12 inches long, 12 inches wide, 
 and I inch thick. All kinds of 
 lumber and timber are estl- 
 mated by this un it, except tha* 
 timber is sometimes estimated 
 by the cubic foot. To find the 
 contents of an inch board, Find 
 the product of the length and 
 breadth in feet. For a two-inch 
 board, multiply the area by 2", 
 for a half-inch board, divide by 
 2, etc. I/ the board tapers, take 
 half -the sum of -the two ends 
 for the average width. To find 
 the contents of a plank,;Vut,etc., 
 estimated in board measu.re.Fi-nd 
 the product of the width in inches 
 the thickness in inches, and the 
 length jn feet; and take Ai of this. 
 If the timber tapers in width 
 and in, thickness, the contents 
 in cubic feet may be found by 
 multiplying half the sum of th 

 
 areas of the two ends m inches 
 
 bu th It Mfll ^ in led and dividing 
 th product by 144 To /itid t ht 
 number of Cubic feet in round tim- 
 ber, Find th average eircu.-mf.r - 
 ence by adding the circumference 
 of the larger and smaller end and 
 dividing by 2 ; multiply the square 
 of one- fourth of this average cir. 
 Cumference by the length in feet; 
 the result gives four-fi/ts of the 
 real contents in cubic feet, one* 
 fifth being customarily allowed to 
 the purchaser for waste in sawitia. 
 (See Instantaneous Method of 
 Measuring Lumber). 
 
 BUSHEL. -See under Business 
 Forms and Terms, also under 
 Weights and Measures. 
 JUTT.-A measure for liquids,co-n- 
 taining 108 imperial gallons. 
 
 CANCELLATION .-The operation 
 of strikin? out the common fac- 
 tors in both dividend and divisor, 
 before performing the operation 
 of division. _ N 
 
 iARAT.-A weight of four grains 
 employed.in weighing diamonds. 
 The tcrm_ is also used iri measur- 
 ing the fineness of gold, the whole 
 mass being divided into 34 e- 
 qual parts, the number of these 
 parts which are pure gold will ex- 
 press the number of carats o/ 
 fineness, as 23 carats fine. 
 
 CARDINAL Points. -The four 
 principal points of the compast : 
 North, South, East, West. 
 CASK. -To find the mean diam- 
 eter of a cask (ne.w\v),Add to 
 the head diameter yt ,or, if the 
 staves are but little curved, .6 , 
 of the difference between the 
 head and bung diameters. To 
 find the contents of a cask in gal 
 Ions, Multiply the square of the 
 mean diameter by the length (both 
 in inches), and this product by 
 .0034. 
 
 CAUSE and Effect. -Anything op 
 crating to produce a result is a 
 ca.u.*e, and the result istheeUae*. 
 jf is a natural law that the *Us,cv 
 is proportional to the c\va. which 
 produces it. A. cause or an ef- 
 fect -may be either t\trv\^\t _or 
 cov\^ourv\& : %VVY\^\I, when it in- 
 volves but one element: WW^OMYVO, 
 when it involves two or more el- 
 ements. ^.>(v\\\>. - If 10 men 
 in 5 days of 7 hours each, d ig 
 a trench 25 feet long, 8 feet wide, 
 and 7 fact deep, in how many days 
 of 12 hours each will 4 men dig 
 A trench Id feet long, IQfeetdeep, 
 and 8 feet wide? 
 
 to about x<ic of a grain. 
 
 CENTILITRE. -The hundredth part 
 o> the French litre, equal to 
 about H of a cubic inch. 
 
 CENTIMETRE. -The hundredth part 
 of the French metre, equal to 
 about 3^3 of an inch. 
 
 CENTURY.- A period of time 
 the length of which is 100 years. 
 
 CHAIN. -An instrument usc_d 
 in surveying, and is 66 feet in 
 length, containing 100 links,each 
 link being 7.9fl inches long. I* 
 is usually called Cunter's chain. 
 
 ".HORD.- A strait line, joining the 
 two extremities of an arc of a 
 curve. 
 
 CIPHER. -The character 0. It 
 signifies -r\o Yvu.Y\\>e/v when stand- 
 ing by itself, but rn combination, 
 it occupies a place in the arithmet 
 ical scale, and indicates that there 
 are no units of that order in 
 the number. 
 
 CIRCLE. -A portion of a 
 plane AEBF, bounded by 
 a curved line,eery point 
 
 10 : 12 :: 15 : 12 
 
 5 4 8 10 
 
 7x78 
 
 Operation. 
 
 J3xlO8ylO57 _e . 
 
 " 11x4*35x3x7 - 5dai 
 
 CENTIGRAMME. -The hundredth 
 
 part of a French gramme, equal 
 
 of which is equally distant from 
 & point within called the ce/wvve-. 
 The bounding line is called the 
 
 A'va-mefce-v is a stra'^ht 
 line drawn through 
 the centre and_terwii-S 
 nated by the circum- 
 ference, as AB. The 
 -a,4W% is a straight 
 line from the centre t 
 ference, as CO. An a/<c it any portion 
 of the circumference, as AE.A.ec- 
 Vot is the space included between 
 two radii and the intercepted arc, 
 as BCD. A cVo'vo. is a straight line 
 joining the extremities of an arc, 
 as AO. A <ieqvv\eYvV is bounded by 
 an arc and its chord, as AOE.A 
 plane figure is Xv^eVxW^ in a cir- 
 cle when the vertices of its angles 
 are in the circumference of the 
 circle, as LMNO is inscribed in 
 the circle whose radius is PM.A 
 cVvcuXa-v Vw\9 is the space enclosed 
 between the circumferences of two 
 concentric circles .Cor\ca\%*V\c c\t- 
 c\ have the same centre but dif- 
 ferent radii, as the circles whose 
 
 radii a> PK and PT To find 
 the cvc>.-wvkeYe,-Y\ce o' a circle 
 Multiply the diameter by 3.1416 
 To /'id the o>'\awcx.*Y of a cir 
 cle. Divide the circumference by 
 3.1416.10 /ind the .\ea. of a 
 circle, Multiply the square of 
 the radius by 3. 14-16; or Divide 
 the square of half thecircum 
 ference by 3.1416; or Multiply 
 fche circumference by one-fourth 
 of the diameter. To livid the 
 diaxweWv or c'stcu.-vYxte/Karvoa. of 
 a circle, i vide t he area by 3.I4U 
 the square root of the quotienl 
 will be half the diarnetcr, and 
 the diameter multiplied b^?.(-*is 
 will be the circumference. To 
 /i-Md the area of a =,acvo / v of 
 a circle, Multiply half he length 
 of the arc by the radius ;orTali 
 the same part of the area of 
 the circle as the number ofde 
 grees in the arc are of 360. To 
 find the area of a %.< 
 the area of the sector, subtract the 
 area of the triangle formed with 
 the chord and radii, for a segment 
 less than a semi-circle; but add 
 these areas^for a segment greater 
 than a semi-circle. To find the area 
 of a T.owe.,STUV, From the area of 
 the circle, subtract the areas of the 
 segments riot included in the zone 
 To fitid the area of a tvccvuXvt Vwvo, 
 Find the difference between the 
 areas of the two circles. To /Jttd 
 the side of an \Y\'5C,V\ 
 e.K?A Vr'xwtoAfe, M ultiply the diam- 
 eter by .866025. To Ct-nA the side 
 of an Yv\cV\\a& %o,u,a.ite, Multiply 
 the diameter by ,707l06.To f'tttA 
 the side of a %^u.a.re v 
 Va'\v\ VV\e %KVM are as a given cr- 
 cle, M ultiply the diameter by 
 .886217. 
 
 CIRCULAR Measure. -Used to 
 determine localities, by estimating 
 latitude and longitude; also to meas- 
 ure the motions of the heavenly bod- 
 ies, and compute differences of 
 time. For table, see under Weights 
 and Measures. 
 
 CIRCULAR Ring. -See Circle. 
 
 CIRCULATING Decimal, or Repeat 
 inp Decimal.- One in which one 
 or more figures are continually 
 repeated in the same order; as, 
 .33333,. 57235723, etc. The fig- 
 ure or_set of figures which is re- 
 peated is called the ire,v.V/v\& . 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE. -See Circle. 
 The circumferences of different 
 citclcs are to each other as their 
 diameters, or radii. 
 
 CIRCUMSCRIBE. -To 
 
 limit or bound. A fig- 
 ure drawn around a 
 other, so that all its 
 sides or faces shall be 
 tangent to the second figure, 
 which is then called an \nscV\WA 
 iVqxvre. The circle ABC is circum- 
 scribed about the triangle ABC. 
 CISTERN. To find thcnumber 
 of gallons in a quadrilateral cis-
 
 tern, Multiply the length, width, 
 and depth, in inches, togcthcr^and 
 divide the product by 231. To find 
 the number of gallons in, a circu- 
 lar cistern of uniform diameter, 
 Multiply the square of the diam- 
 eter (in inches) by .7854, which 
 product multiply by the depth(in 
 inches); then divide by 231. To 
 find the number of gallons in 
 a circular cistern whose lower 
 and upper diameters differ,To 
 the sum of the squares of the. 
 lower and upper diameters, add 
 the product of the lower and up- 
 per di'amete > rs; then -multiply by 
 .7854 , which product -multiply 
 by the depth (all in inches);then 
 divide by 693. (See Cisterns,un- 
 dcr Weights and Measures). 
 
 CLOTH Measure. -Seetable un- 
 der Weights and Measures. 
 
 COIN. -Pieces of metal, as gold, 
 silver, copper, etc., conve-rted 
 into money by stamping upon 
 the,m certain characters. (Sec 
 Coin.under Weights and Measures). 
 
 COMMON DIVISOR. -Any quan- 
 tity which vyijl divide two or -more 
 other quantities, without a re- 
 mainder; as, 4 is a com-mon di- 
 visor of 20, 40, and 60. The 
 q-vea.WiX' co-wwvorv ITwtM* a( two 
 or wore numbers is the greatest 
 number that will exactlydivide 
 each; as, 4 is the greatest com- 
 mon divisor of 12, (6, and 28.- 
 To find the QYa^vaiV co-m-mo-v\ V\- 
 vVio-x of two -numbers, Divide the, 
 greater number by, the less ; i f 
 there be no remainder,the small- 
 er -number is the G-.C. O.I/ there 
 be a remainder after completing 
 the division, divide the first di- 
 visor by this; divide this second 
 divisor by any second remainder, 
 and so on till an exact divisor 
 is found. This exact divisor is 
 the G.C.D. I/ there be -mere than 
 two tiutnbers, find the G.C.D. of 
 the smallest -number, and the 
 sum of the others, which, wjll 
 be the greatest common divis- 
 or of all. 
 
 COM PASS. - An instru- 
 ment to indicate thedi- 
 rectjon of the magnetic 
 meridian, and alsotode- 
 terwine the angle con- 
 tained between that -meridian and 
 any horizontal line. It is named 
 according, to the different purpos- 
 es for which it is used; as, iMTviev- 
 o-x*<; co-vtt^ass,-vt\3L-v\t\eV* cow^a^s, 
 eo.\-mu,vVv co-*v\v, etc., but the 
 general principle is the same in 
 all. 
 
 COMPLEMENT. -The difference 
 between a number and a unit 
 ofthenext higher order; thus 
 the complement of 6 is 110-6) 4; 
 of 16 is (100-16) 24; of 475 is 
 (1000-475) 525; etc. 
 
 COMPLEX F-raction. -A fraction 
 having a fraction or mixed num 
 ber in either the iiurnerator or 
 
 denominator, or in both; thus 
 
 f^Wn**"-*" 
 
 fractions. To -reduce a complex, 
 fraction to a simple fraction, Di 
 vide its numerator by itsdetiomina 
 tor. 
 
 COMPOSITE Nu-niber.-Onethat 
 can be divided by some other -num- 
 ber besides itself and unity; as, 
 10, 18,48,75, etc. 
 
 COMPOUND. -Composed of dif- 
 ferent things. Compound Addi- 
 tion, Subtraction, Multiplication, 
 and Division, are names given 
 to these several operations, when 
 the numbers are expressed in a 
 varying scale; as, years, -months, 
 days; bushels, pecks, quarts; etc. 
 Compou.nd Fraction. -A frac- 
 tion of a fraction, or several frac- 
 tions connected by the word ot. 
 To reduce a compound, fraction 
 to a simple fraction, Find the 
 product of the nu-merators,and 
 write it over the product of the 
 denominators. Compound Inter- 
 
 est.- Interest on both principal 
 and interest. To compute com- 
 pound interest, Find the interest 
 on the given principal to thetitne 
 the interest becomes due, and, add 
 the principal. Then find the inter- 
 est on this amount for the next 
 period, and add as before,, and so 
 continue for each successive peri- 
 od to the time of settlenient.Sub 
 tract the given principal f-roin 
 the. last amount, and the remain- 
 der will be the compound interest. 
 If there be -months and days , find 
 the amount for the years, and the 
 interest on this for the remainder 
 of the time. (See Compound Inter- 
 est Tables). Compound Number. 
 -A -number constructed according 
 to a varying scale; as, 7cwt.,lqr., 
 10 Ibs. Called also &ev\o\v\\;Y\'a.Vo, 
 M \WK\W-v. Compound Ratio. -The 
 product of -two or more ratios. 
 Compound Proportion. ATI 
 equality of two compound ra- 
 tios, or of a compound ratio and 
 a simple one. I-M solving problems 
 in Compound Proportion,Arranoe 
 the terms of each of the simple 
 
 ratios of the compound ratio * 
 in Simple Proportion. Then, if an 
 extreme term be required, it will 
 be equal to the quotient of the prod- 
 uct of the means divided by the 
 product of the known extremes, 
 and if a mean term be required, 
 it will be equal to the product of 
 the extremes divided by the prod- 
 uct of the known means. Exam- 
 ple. -If 10 men can mow 40 a- 
 cres of grass in 3 days by work- 
 ing 8 hours each day, how many 
 men will it take to mow 80 a- 
 cres of grass in 4 days, working 
 
 6 hours each day? Kv\>.20 men. 
 
 Statement. 
 
 40ft. .SOA. 1 J80x3*8)rl() 
 
 6houTs:8houTsJ " ) 40x4x6 
 
 COMPUTE. -To reckon by the aid 
 of figures or characters; to prac- 
 tically apply the rules of a sci- 
 ence to individual examples. 
 
 CONCAVE. -A term applied to, the 
 inner surface of hollow bodies, 
 and by analogy extended to lines- 
 
 CONCENTRIC. -A term ap- 
 plied to circles or spheres 
 having the same centre kut 
 different radii, and some- 
 times, by analogy , to other sur- 
 faces and lines. 
 
 CONCRETE. -A, term signifying 
 that a quantity carries with if 
 the idea of matter, as 10 boxes, 
 
 7 men, 5 stones, as opposed to 
 abstract quantities, 10,7,5. 
 
 CONE. -A solid which 
 -may be generated by 
 a right-angled triangle 
 CAD, revolving about 
 one of its sides. CO, ad- 
 jacent to the right an- 
 gle. The side CD,iscall- 
 ed the -a.x\<i, and i t s 
 length measures the -.~ - 
 the cone. The side AO, generates 
 a circle called the V>-a.%e-, and the 
 hypothenuse CA, generates a 
 curved surface, which is called 
 the \-aAtAA\ or corvee* tu.rxAC.4 oV 
 VV\e torve.The length of th hi/poth- 
 enuse measures the S\VM W\c)Vv of 
 the cone. A V\qV\V co-v\, has a cir- 
 cular base and a curved surface. 
 The S-tMwvwwv of a cone (or pyr- 
 amid) is that part that remains 
 after cutting off the top by a 
 plane parallel to the base. The 
 ^eVx-mexVe/v is the circumference 
 of the base. To find the entire. 
 surface of a cone (or regular pyr- 
 amid), Multiply the perimeter of 
 the base by half of the slant 
 height, and to the product^ add 
 the area, of the base. To -find 
 the solidity o,f a cone ( or any pyr- 
 amid), Multiply the area of, the 
 base by one-third of the altitude. 
 To find the entire, surface of a 
 frustrum of a cone (or right pyr- 
 amid), Multiply the sum of the 
 perimeters, or circumferences of 
 the two ends, by half of the slant 
 height, and to the product add the
 
 areas o * the two ends. To -find 
 
 than three figures). Find the great- 
 
 the cube roots o-f numbers from 
 
 the solidity of the frustrum of a 
 
 est cube in the left-hand period, 
 
 1 to 232. 
 
 conc(orany pyramid), Multiply 
 together the areas of the two bas- 
 
 and place its root at the right,lika 
 a quotient . S ubtract the Cube of 
 
 No. 
 
 CUBE 
 ROOT 
 
 Mn CUBE 
 NO. ROOT 
 
 MK CU' E 
 
 No. ROOT 
 
 M CUBE 
 No - ROOT 
 
 es, and extract the square root of 
 
 this root from the left-hand pei- 
 
 1 
 
 
 59 3.891 
 
 117 4.890 
 
 1755.599 
 
 the product. This root will be the 
 
 riod, and to the remainder annex 
 
 2 
 
 .259 
 
 60 3.914 
 
 1184.904 
 
 176 5.604. 
 
 area of a base- which is a mean 
 between the other two. Take the 
 
 the figures of the next period, and 
 call this number the d i v i d e-ri d. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .442 
 .587 
 
 6113.936 
 62 3.957 
 
 1194.918 
 1204.932 
 
 177 5.614 
 178 5.625 
 
 sum of the areas of the three bas- 
 
 Take three times the square of 
 
 5 
 
 .709 
 
 63 3.979 
 
 121 4.946 
 
 1795.635 
 
 es, and multiply it by one-third 
 
 the root found considered as tens 
 
 6 
 
 .817 
 
 644 
 
 1224.959 
 
 180 5.646 
 
 of the altitude; the product will 
 
 for a trial d ivisor. F ind how ma- 
 
 7 
 
 .912 
 
 654.020 
 
 1234.973 
 
 181 IS. 656 
 
 be the solidity. 
 
 ny_*imes it is contained in the 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 66 4.041 
 
 1244.986 
 
 I82i5.667 
 
 CONSEQUENT. -The second 
 
 d ividend, and write the quotient 
 
 9 
 
 2.080 
 
 67;4.06l 
 
 125 5 
 
 18315.677 
 
 tern^ of a ratio. I/ the value of 
 
 as the next figure of the root; then 
 
 10 
 
 2.154 
 
 684.081 
 
 126 5.013 
 
 18415.687 
 
 a ratio is given, and the antece- 
 
 multiply the divisor by this last 
 
 II 
 
 1.223 
 
 694.101 
 
 1275.026 
 
 185; 5. 698 
 
 dent is known, the consequent 
 
 root figure, placing the product 
 
 12 
 
 2.289 
 
 70:4.121 
 
 128 S.039 
 
 186 5.708 
 
 may be found by multiplying the 
 
 under the dividend. Multiply the 
 
 13 
 
 2.351 
 
 714.140 
 
 129 5.05i 
 
 187 5.718 
 
 ratio by the antecedent. 
 
 square of the last root figure by 
 
 14 
 
 2.410 
 
 724.160 
 
 130 5.065 
 
 18815.728 
 
 CONTENTS.- The contents of a 
 
 the preceding root figure or fig- 
 
 15 
 
 2.4K6 
 
 73!4.I79 
 
 131 '5. 078 
 
 I89 ! 5.738 
 
 . plane figure, is the number of 
 
 ures considered as so many tens, 
 
 16 
 
 2.519 
 
 74:4.198 
 
 132! 5. 091 
 
 190 5.748 
 
 times which the figure contains 
 
 and this product by 3, and place 
 
 17 
 
 2.571 
 
 754.217 
 
 133:5.104 
 
 191 5.758 
 
 come given aj-ea assumed as the 
 
 the product under the last; then 
 
 IS 
 
 2.620 
 
 76(4.235 
 
 134:5. 117 
 
 192 5.768 
 
 unit of surface. 1 1 is the same 
 
 under these two products place 
 
 '9 
 
 2.668 
 
 7714.254 
 
 135' 5. 129 
 
 193 5.778 
 
 as the area. The contents of a 
 
 the cube of the last root figure, 
 
 20 
 
 2.714 
 
 78 4.272 
 
 1365.142 
 
 194(5.788 
 
 solid, is the number of times 
 
 and find their sum, calling it the 
 
 21 
 
 2.758 
 
 79 4.290 
 
 137,5.155 
 
 1955.798 
 
 which the solid will contain some 
 
 subtrahend. Subtract the subtra- 
 
 22 
 
 2.802 
 
 804.308 
 
 I38j5.i67 
 
 I9S 5.808 
 
 particular solid assumed, as the 
 
 hend from the dividend, and to 
 
 29 
 
 1J. 
 
 2.843 
 
 81 4.32S 
 
 139 5.180 
 
 197:5.818 
 
 |QQ C CTQ 
 
 un i t of vol ume. 1 1 is the s ame 
 as the volume. 
 
 f~^ ....<"""""'"""*""---,. C^. 
 
 x-r 
 
 25 
 
 2^924 
 
 82 A, 344- 
 834.362 
 
 140,5. 191 
 141 5.204 
 
 '?}' D. OAO 
 
 199 5.838 
 
 CONTOUR. -The bounding line.or 
 
 " '''' SBto. A^fifc'*'' 1 ^"^ 3 
 
 26 2.962 
 
 8414.379 
 
 142 5.217 
 
 2005.848 
 
 perimeter, o-f a plane figure. The 
 
 - 1 '' *!JsjPgT\ ffr}t$& '** 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 8514.396 
 
 143 5.229 
 
 201:5.857 
 
 contour of ground, has reference 
 
 /''' t^SSi ^^^ f/^*rj& **' 
 
 28 
 
 3.036 
 
 86 4.414 
 
 144' 5.241 
 
 202.5.867 
 
 to the surface of any part of t he 
 
 / ^\\fB^\Jf/^S^/f ** 
 
 29 
 
 3.072 
 
 87 4.43 f 
 
 I45 1 5.253 
 
 203 5.877 
 
 earth with respect to its undula- 
 
 ^ ^k.\^i^^^^"/>w **" 
 
 30 
 
 3.107 
 
 88 4.447 
 
 146 5.265 
 
 204 5.886 
 
 tions and accidents. 
 
 IB^^^ ^^^ff "" 
 
 31 
 
 3.141 
 
 89 4.464 
 
 147:5.277 
 
 205:5.896 
 
 CONTRACTION. -The process of 
 
 T J jSS t " MB ffi' n^ B^ *nE mTT 1 3P ; 
 
 32 
 
 3.174 
 
 904.481 
 
 148 5.289 
 
 206 5.905 
 
 shortening any operation. For 
 
 SJJ5. y&v JfOH oil Vt|> ffi j&i. jBS : 
 
 33 
 
 3.207 
 
 91 4.497 
 
 149 5.301 
 
 207 5.915 
 
 the contractions of the different 
 
 So^ ^5^1$ 1 ^r &P' i >r^5Hr ' 
 
 34 
 
 3.239 
 
 92 4.514 
 
 1505.313 
 
 208 5.924 
 
 operations, as Multiplication, Di- 
 
 " 'Jj Pllf^rt^*.' jJlllMmmo^ f 
 
 35 
 
 3.271 
 
 93 4.530 
 
 151 5.325 
 
 209 5.934 
 
 vision, etc., see each in its prop- 
 
 ^y^>sj^<^^% ^ 
 
 36 
 
 3.301 
 
 944.546 
 
 1525.335 
 
 210 5.943 
 
 er order. 
 
 """ ' fL~^^^*df^if^^^. + 
 
 37 
 
 3.331 
 
 95 4.561 
 
 1535.348 
 
 211 5.953 
 
 CON VEX. -Protuberant outwards, 
 
 ' /^/^H/y^\t8f v ^k s " 
 
 38 
 
 3.361 
 
 96 4.578 
 
 1545.360 
 
 111 5.961 
 
 as the outer surface of a sphere. 
 
 '' ris?$/f i^\^ SJ^SB >** 
 
 39 
 
 3.391 
 
 97 4.594 
 
 1555.371 
 
 213:5.972 
 
 The opposite of concave. 
 
 ".-. Qer i3SHr* '*'* 
 
 40 
 
 3.419 
 
 98 4. 6 1C 
 
 1565.383 
 
 214,5.981 
 
 CUBE, or Hexahedron. A regu- 
 
 ffl'^Sr' '**^i^t^ ^^P"^"' * % t&m 
 
 41 
 
 3.448 
 
 99 4.626 
 
 157 5.394 
 
 215 5.990 
 
 lar polyhedron bounded by_s ix 
 equal squares. It is the unit of 
 
 s3L ''"<. ..:---'"' 3^ 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 3.476 
 3.503 
 
 100,4.641 
 1014657 
 
 1585.406 
 I59'5.4I7 
 
 2166 
 217 6.009 
 
 measure for all volumes. The vol- 
 
 the remainder bring down the 
 
 44 
 
 3.530 
 
 1024.672 
 
 160 5.428 
 
 218 6.018 
 
 ume of any cube is equal to the 
 
 next period for a new dividend, 
 
 45 
 
 3.556 
 
 1034.687 
 
 16 l ! 5.440 
 
 219:6.027 
 
 product obtained by taking one 
 
 with which proceed as before till 
 
 46 
 
 3.583 
 
 104.4.702 
 
 162 5.451 
 
 220 6.036 
 
 Of its edges three times as a factor. 
 
 the required root be found. If 
 
 47 
 
 3.603 
 
 1054.717 
 
 163,5.462 
 
 221 6.045 
 
 The cube of a num ber or quanti- 
 
 any dividend be too small to con- 
 
 48 
 
 3.634 
 
 ICS'4.731 
 
 164 5.473 
 
 Ml 6.055 
 
 ty, is the product obtained by tak- 
 
 tain the trial divisor, place a ci- 
 
 49 3.659 
 
 1074.747 
 
 165 5.484 
 
 213 6.064 
 
 ing the number or quantity three 
 
 pher in the root, and then pro- 
 
 50 
 
 3.684 
 
 I08 ! 4.762 
 
 166 5.495 
 
 224 6.073 ! 
 
 times as a factor. 
 
 ceed, as before. \( -there be .a re- 
 
 51 
 
 3.708 
 
 109,4.776 
 
 167 5.506 
 
 225 6.082 
 
 CORN. -Two cubic feet of good, 
 
 mainder after the last period is 
 
 52 
 
 3.732 
 
 1104.791 
 
 168 5.517 
 
 226 6.091 
 
 sound, dry corn in the ear will 
 
 used, annex periods, of ciphers and 
 
 53 
 
 3.756 
 
 11114.805 
 
 169 5.528 
 
 227 6.100 
 
 -make a bushel of shelled corn. 
 
 continue the operation until the 
 
 54 
 
 3.779 
 
 1124.320 
 
 1705.539 
 
 228 6.109 
 
 To -littd, then, the number of 
 
 requisite number of decimal pla- 
 
 55 
 
 3.802 
 
 1134.834 
 
 I7li5. 550 
 
 229:6.1(8 
 
 bushels of shelled corn in a crib 
 
 ces be obtained. Extract the cube 
 
 55 
 
 3.825 
 
 114 4.848 
 
 172 5.561 
 
 230 6.126 
 
 of corn in the ear, Multiply the 
 
 root of both terms of a cowrnovi 
 
 57 
 
 3.849 
 
 1154.861 
 
 I73 ! 5.572 
 
 23! 6.135 
 
 length, breadth, and height(al) 
 in -feet) together, and divide the 
 
 4-a.cV\oY\ when they are perfect pow- 
 ers; otherwise multiply the numer- 
 
 CU 
 
 3.870 
 
 BIC r 
 
 11614.876 
 i/lEASU 
 
 174 5.582 
 RE. -Us 
 
 2316.144 
 ed for 
 
 product by 2. (Sec Bushel, under 
 Weights and Measures). 
 
 ator by the square of the denom- 
 inator, and divide the root of the 
 
 computing the contents of sol- 
 id substances or volume o f any 
 
 CUBE ROOT.- A quantity which 
 
 product by the denominator, the 
 
 space. It is also called %O\'\^V<\.'JLS- 
 
 being taken three times as a fac- 
 
 result will be the root required. 
 
 NWC.. For table see under Weijhts 
 
 tor, will produce the quantity 
 
 To extract the cube root of dec- 
 
 and Measures. 
 
 of which it is the cube root; thus 
 
 imals or mixed decimals, ciphers 
 
 CUBIC UNITS. -Standard meas- 
 
 4 i* *he cube roo* of 64, because 
 4x4 x4 = 64. To -find -t-he cube 
 
 must be added to fill the periods; 
 if the -root does not contain suffi- 
 
 ures of volume. The pr mary cu- 
 bic units are_ ; cubic yard, cubic 
 
 root of a whole riun-iber,_Sep- 
 
 cient decimal places, prefix ciphers. 
 
 foot, and cubic inch. 
 
 arate the number into periods 
 of three figures each, beginning 
 at the right hand; ( the left hand 
 period will often contain tecs 
 
 In pointing o-ff a mixed decimal 
 into periods, _begin at the decimal 
 point, and point off in both direc- 
 tions. The following table contains 
 
 CURVE. -A line which changes 
 its direction at every point; i.e., 
 no three consecutive points of which 
 lie in the same straight line. 

 
 CYLINDER. -Asolid which 
 tnay be generated by revolv- 
 ing a rectangle about one 
 of its sides. This side .is its 
 &x\%.The opposite side gen- 
 erates a single curved sur- 
 face, called thec,cmM.ii or 
 \Ae,ta\ i\xittac. of the cy I- 
 inder, and the two adjacent s ides 
 or ends generate circles call.ed 
 \sa%e% of the cyl.inde-r.The dis- 
 tance between the bases is call- 
 ed the a\V\Vvv&e. To find the con- 
 vex surface of a cylinder, Multi- 
 ply, the diameter by 3.I4I6, a nd 
 this product by the length. To 
 find the solid contents of a cyl- 
 inder,Multiply the square of 
 the diameter by .7854, and this 
 product by the length. 
 
 DAY. -The natural period of time 
 which elapses between two con- 
 secutive transits of one of the 
 heavenly bodies over the merid- 
 ian. (See Day under Business 
 Forms and Terms). 
 
 DECAGON. -A polygon of ten 
 
 sides and ten angles. If the sides 
 are all equal and the angles equal, 
 it is areg.ular. decaqon,and m.ay 
 be inscribed in a circle. To find 
 the area of a regular decagori, 
 Multiply the square of one ofits 
 sides by 7.6942. 
 
 DECAGRAMME. -A French weight 
 of.ten gra.mmes, each gramme 
 being equivalent to about 15.438 
 grains Troy. 
 
 DECALITRE. -A French meas.ure 
 containing ten litres, eq uiva- 
 Ientto6l0.28 cubic inches. 
 
 DECAMETRE. -A French meas- 
 ure containing t-en metres, or 
 393.71 English inches. 
 
 DECIMAL. -Any number express- 
 ed in the scale of tens; butadec- 
 imal fraction is generally under- 
 Stood.. A tacYvwaX xAac,V'\OY\ is a, 
 fraction whose denominator is 
 some power of ten; as, >iq, xu>o , 
 ./fooo, etc. Itl writing decimals, 
 it is cormnon to not express the 
 denominators, thus the above 
 fractions would be written, .7, 
 .07, .007. The number of places 
 of figures which follows thedec- 
 imal point indicates the number 
 of O's in the denominator. The 
 &e.c\wa\ ^oVv\V is a period used 
 to separate integers from deci- 
 mals, and when no integers are 
 expressed, the decimal point is 
 placed at the left of tenths' or- 
 der. To write decimals , Write 
 the decimal as a whole number, 
 and place the decimal point so 
 that the right-hand figure shall 
 be of the lowest decimal order to 
 be expressed, prefixing ciphers if 
 necessary. To read decimals, Fead 
 the figures as in whole numbers, 
 and. add the-name of the lowest 
 decimal order expressed. To add 
 or subtract decimals, Write tHe 
 numbers so that the decimal 
 points shajl fall in column, then 
 proceed as in whole numbers. To 
 
 multiply decimals, Multiply as in 
 whole numbers, and in the product 
 point off as many decimal places 
 as are in both factors. To divide 
 decimals. Divide as in whole nu-m 
 bers, and point off in the quotient 
 as niany decimal places as the 
 dividend has more than the divisor 
 
 DECIMAL Currency.- A curre-n 
 cy having decimal relations, as 
 the various denominations of the 
 money of the United States, call 
 ed VaiavaX VAo-v\ev>. 
 
 DEDUCE.- To infer, or draw a 
 conclusion from given premises 
 The -method of reasoning is call 
 ed oe6.vk.cV\ve, and the conclusion 
 is called a o,ei\vcv'\o-w. 
 
 DEGREE. -The 360th part of the 
 circumference of a circle. A be.- 
 o/ve-e o<i Xa.vVt'W.&a is the. length of 
 a portion of a meridian between 
 two points, whose latitudes dif 
 fer from each other by one dearei 
 Owing to the spheroidal form 
 of the earth, the length of a de- 
 gree of latitude is different at 
 different distances -f-rom the 
 
 equator. At 20 either north o 
 south latitude, the length of a 
 degree > of latitude is 68.779 stat 
 ute miles; at 25, 68.821 miles: 
 at 30, 68. 811 1 at 35, 68.925 ; 
 at 40", 68. 984; at 4-5, 69.044; 
 at 50, 69. 1 04. A fcetyyee ox \OY\ 
 q\t\vi,e is the 360th part of any 
 circle of latitude. The length of 
 a degree of longitude varies with 
 the length o^ the circles of latitude 
 from the equator, where it is great 
 est, to the poles, where it isnoth- 
 ing. For the length of a degree of 
 longitude at different^ points, See 
 Longitude, under Weights and 
 Measures. 
 
 DENARY Scale. -A unirorni scale 
 whose ratio is ten. 
 
 DENOMINATE Number. -A num- 
 ber whose unit of -measure is a 
 concrete quantity, as 7 feet, 125 
 pounds, *40, etc. A %V*v\^\e. &e- 
 wow\-w.a.ite -mvw^e.-* refers to units 
 of only one kind or value, as 135 
 bushels , 45 pounds, etc. A cow- 
 ^ovtYvo, 6.e-v\OYv\VYva.x,e, -v\ \wv\\3 S.Y re- 
 fers to units of different values 
 
 but of the same variety or appli 
 cation, as 5 Ib. 6 or., 10 h-rs. 15 
 min, 30 sec., etc. For the ta. 
 bles relating to denominatetmin 
 bers, see under Weights and Meas 
 ures. The ^e/vcawvaqe ^ &e.v\ovr\ 
 Vwax-e* ttvv/ / w\\>e,-<% may be obtain 
 ed by reducing them to the low 
 est denomination, or to the dec 
 imal of the _highest, and t h e-r 
 proceed as in simple nu.in.bers. 
 
 DENOMINATOR. 7 That term 
 of a fraction which indicate 1 
 the value of the fractional unit 
 as 8 in -the fraction %,indicat 
 ing that the fractional unit is 
 }/$. Multiplying the denomina 
 to_r divides the fraction, anil _d ! 
 viding it multiplies the -fractio 
 The denominator of a decimal 
 fraction is generally suppresse< 
 
 DESCENDING Series.- One .in 
 which each -term is numerica 
 ly less than the preceding one 
 as 8 : 4- : a : I : etc. 
 
 DlACpNAL. -A straight 
 line joining the vertices 
 o-f two angles of a poi- E 
 ygon, which are not ad- 
 jacent, as AC and AD 
 in the polygon ABODE. N 
 
 DIAL.- An instru-^ 
 went for deter- 
 mining -the hour 
 of the day , b y 
 weans of a shad- 
 ow cast by the 
 sun. Iri the con- 
 struction o/ a 
 dial, the sun's apparent motion 
 is supposed to be uniform through 
 out the day, and to lake place in 
 a circle whose plane is parallel 
 to the equator. 
 
 DIAIWIETER.-For definition and 
 rules for finding, see Circle. The 
 following table gives the diame- 
 ters, areas, and circumferences 
 of circles and sides of squares 
 whose areas coincide with those 
 of the circles. By combining and 
 multiplying, the area of any cir- 
 cle having diameter greater than 
 10 can also be found. 
 
 Diarn Circum. Area. 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.35 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.25 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.75 
 
 S.OO 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.50- 
 
 5.75 
 
 6.00 
 
 3.141592 
 
 3.926990 
 
 4.712388 
 
 5.497787 
 
 6.283185 
 
 7.068583 
 
 7.853381 
 
 8.639379 
 
 9.424777 
 
 10.210178 
 
 10.995574 
 
 11.780972 
 
 12.566370 
 
 13.351768 
 
 14. 137166 
 
 14.922565 
 
 15.707963 
 
 16.493361 
 
 17.278759 
 
 18.064157 
 
 18.84-9555 
 
 0.78539 
 
 1.227184 
 
 1.767145 
 
 2.405281 
 
 3.141592 
 
 3.976078 
 
 4-. 908738 
 
 5.939573 
 
 7.068583 
 
 8.2957S8 
 
 9.621127 
 
 11.044661 
 
 12.566370 
 
 14.186254 
 
 15.904312 
 
 17.72054-6 
 
 19.634954 
 
 21.647536 
 
 23.758294 
 
 25.967226 
 
 38.274333 
 
 0.88623 
 1.10778 
 1.32934 
 1.55089 
 1.77245 
 1.99401 
 2.21556 
 2.43712 
 2.65868 
 I. 88023 
 3.10179 
 3.32335 
 3.54490 
 3.76646 
 3. 98802 
 4.20957 
 4.43113 
 4.65269 
 4.87424 
 5.09580 
 5.31738 
 
 47
 
 called the VNM'V^QX , the second.the 
 &W\4-v\&, and the third, the ^vco- 
 V\fcrvV. Any part left undivided, 
 is called the t,Yv\a.Vn&e,T. To prove 
 the accuracy of the operat'ion,(l) 
 Multiply the divisor by the quotient, 
 adding in the remainder, if any; 
 the result should equal the d i vi- 
 
 Oi-m- Circuiti. 
 
 19.63*954. 
 
 :o.4:o3s: 
 
 21.205750 
 21.391144 
 22.776546 
 23.551934 
 24.347343 
 25.132741 
 25.918139 
 26.703537 
 27.488935 
 28. 274373 
 29.859372 
 29.845130 
 30.630528 
 31.415926 
 
 Area 
 
 30.619615 5.53831 
 
 33. 1 8307 J 5 .75041 
 35.784703 ! 5.98203 
 33.4S4.5JO ' 5.20358 
 41.181490 6.42514- 
 44.l7864Si 6. 64670 
 47.172977 6.8S825 
 50.2654-?! , 7.08981 
 
 53.456161 
 56.745017 
 60.132046 
 63.617251 
 67.200S30 
 70.88:194- 
 74.S6I9I2 
 78.539818 
 
 7.31137 
 7.53292 
 7.75448 
 7.97604 
 8. 19759 
 8.41915 
 8.64071 
 8.86210 
 
 6.23 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.75 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.25 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.7S 
 
 8.00 
 
 8. 25 
 
 8.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.25 
 
 9.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 JO. 00 
 
 DIFFERENCE. -The result obtain- 
 ed from subtracting one sum 
 from another. It is generally un- 
 derstood that the less quantity 
 is to betaken from the greater, 
 but *h greater may be -taken 
 from the less, the result being 
 a negative quantity. 
 DIGITS. -The ten characters, 1,2, 
 3,4,5,0,7,8,9, 0, by the aid of 
 which all numbers are expressed 
 DIMENSION. -Extension in one 
 djrection. Every body has three 
 dimensions, Ne-v%()VV\,\>Yaa.ixVv,and 
 VvexgVvv.or^VvxcVrve,**. A jine is 
 extended in one direction, and 
 a surface in two directions. 
 DISCOUNT. -Allowance -made for 
 the payment of -money before it 
 is due. The actual amount to be 
 paid is called the vre*e-nt NI\WC., 
 and the difference between the 
 amount specified and the present 
 value, is. the &\tcownt. Batik dis- 
 count is discount on the entire 
 princjpal. The v^oceeis are the 
 principal less the, bank discount. 
 True discount is discount on 
 such a sum of money as would 
 a.-vwo\x-w>t to the face of the note, 
 if put at interest at the given rate 
 and -for the.given time. The v 
 ew* \No-vvVv is the principal amount 
 less the true discount. MeTCati 
 trie discount is any allowance 
 or per cent off. To compute bank 
 discount, Multiply the amount by 
 y& t-he number of days, including 
 the day of discount and the three 
 days of grace, and in the product 
 point off three decimals. This will 
 give the 'interest at 6?i. For any 
 other rate, add or subtract in pro- 
 portion as the given rate is greater 
 or less than S%.To(i-nd true. 
 discount, Divide the amount by 
 1.00 pjus the product of the -rate 
 and time; the quotient wijl be the 
 present worth ; subtract this from 
 the amount, and the remainder will 
 be the true discount. (See Compound 
 Interest Tables). 
 
 DIVIDEND. -A quantity which is 
 to be divided by another, called the 
 
 DIVISION. -The operation of find- 
 ing^om two quantities a third, 
 which multiplied by the first shall 
 produce the second. The first is 
 
 dend.(A) Add the 
 excess of 9's inthe 
 remainder to the ex- 
 cess of 9's in t he 
 product of the ex- 
 cess in the divisor, 
 multiplied by the 
 excess in the quo- 
 tient (without the 
 remainder or frac- 
 tional part). The 
 excess of 9's ! n 
 this sum of excess 
 es should eq ual 
 
 193)74020^383 
 
 w 
 
 * 
 
 Excess of 9's 
 in retn. =2 
 
 Excess hi divbo>4 
 i- quot. = 5 
 ., f>T<x).(54i =2 
 
 Sum of excesses =4 
 
 Excess individend'4 
 
 the excess of 9's m 
 the dividend. ConvVrac^Virw*. -To 
 divide by 10, 100, 1000, etc., C ut 
 off from the right-hand of the 
 dividend as many figures as there 
 are.c'ohers in the divisor, or -re- 
 
 move the decimal point as many 
 places toward the left^as there 
 are.ciphers in the divisor. To 
 divide by a composite number, 
 as 36(9x4), 360(9x4xlO),etc.,Di- 
 vide first by one of the ( actors, 
 and the resulting quotient by an- 
 other factor, and proceed thus till 
 all the factors have been used.^x 
 *w\v^'- Divide 21073 by 96\usin9 
 factors 8,4, and 3. 
 
 Operation. 
 8I21Q73 
 
 4 2634 Rem.l= I unit of 1st dividend. 
 apSSS Rem.2(2*8)l6 " t. 
 H2I9 Rem.l 
 
 (Ix48)= 31 
 
 Hence true Rem.*49 
 
 DIVISOR. -That factor in division 
 by which the dividend is.to be di- 
 vided. Any number is divisible by 
 2 or 5 'if the last figure is divisible 
 by 2. or 5 ; i* is divisible by 4 or 25 
 if the last two figures are divisi- 
 ble by 4 or 25 ; it. is divisible by 
 8 or 125 if the laft three fiau.res 
 are divisible by 8 or 125 ; it is di- 
 visible by 3 or by 9 if the saw of 
 
 ts figures is divisible by 3 or by 3. 
 
 DODECAGON.- A polygon 
 
 of twelve sides oT f twelve 
 angles. To inscribe a 
 regular dodecagon in a 
 circle, apply the radius 
 six times to the circumference as 
 a chord ; bisect the arcs subtended 
 by the chords, and join each of the 
 points of bisection with the ver- 
 tices of the consecutive angles 
 formed by the chords. 
 
 DOLLAR. -A silver coin of the U- 
 nited States whose vaJue is. 100 
 cents or 10 dimes. The original 
 form of the sign was proba- 
 bly a barred 8,W signifying 8.^e 
 a\*,the divisions of the Spanish 
 Dollar, adopted as the basis of the 
 United States coinage. Some re- 
 gard the sign as a nio-nogram of 
 the letters U.S. 
 
 DRY MEASURE. -Used for meas- 
 uring articles not- liquid, as salt, 
 fruit, grain, etc. For table see 
 under Weights and Measures. 
 
 DUODECIMAL. -A_system of num- 
 bers whose scale is 12, the unit 
 of each order being equal to 
 twelve times a unit of the next 
 lower order. The systeni is used 
 by artificers in estimating the $! 
 perficial and solid contents o f 
 their work. The following table 
 gives the names of the units: 
 12 foimhs("") ..make I third.Tnarked '" 
 12 thirds ....... * I secofidj > " 
 
 12 seconds ..... >i I inch (prime) .. ' 
 
 l2inches{piT>nes) ,, I foot ...... i ft. 
 
 Duodecimals may be added, sub- 
 tracted, multiplied, or divided, 
 like compound numbers, but 
 are chiefly use^d in multiplica- 
 tion. To multiply duodecimals, 
 Write the -multiplier under the 
 multiplicand, placing units of the 
 same order in column. Multiply, 
 first by the feet, next by the inch- 
 es, and so on, recollecting that 
 the product will be of that de- 
 nomination denoted by the Sum 
 of their indices. Add the several 
 partial products together, and 
 their sum will be the required 
 product. Example. -How -many 
 sq. ft. in a board 9ft. 5 in. long, 
 and 2ft. Sin. wide? 
 
 ECCENTRIC. -Two_spheres, sphe- 
 roids, circles, or ellipses, are said 
 to be e,ccev\>iV\c, when one lies 
 within the other, but has ru>t 
 the sama centre. The term is 
 opposed to cp-wcervnAc.. 
 
 EDGE.- The line in which two fa- 
 ces of a polyedral angle meet each 
 other. The edge of a polyhedron, 
 is the line in which two adjacent 
 faces meet each other. 
 
 ELLIPSE. -A curved line.havmg 
 two centres, called its <ot'\, and 
 two diameters, called its mo.'jor 
 
 -'8
 
 and -m\Y\oir a.xa.,^. 
 The sum of the dis- 
 tance* from any 
 point in it to two 
 fixed points is equal 
 to the longest diam- 
 eter, which diameter passes through 
 those points. Thus EF + EG=AB.The 
 points Fand (? are the foci ; the 
 point is the centre of the ellipse. 
 To /itid the area of an e 1 1 i pse, 
 Multiply the product of the long- 
 er and shorter diameters bu .7854. 
 
 EQUIANGULAR .- Having all the 
 angles equal, as a square. 
 
 EQUILATERAL. -Having all the 
 sides equal, as a square. 
 
 EQUATION OF, ACCOUNTS.-The 
 process off inding at what time 
 the \>a\a-v\ce. o* .-v\ a.ccownv can 
 be paid without loss to either debt- 
 or or creditor. ( It is also called 
 "Averaging of Acco,unts" and 
 "Compound Equation of Pay- 
 ments "). To /i-tid the equated 
 #ime, Assume the earliest date 
 upon which any item of the ac- 
 count becomes due to be the 
 time of maturity for all of the 
 items. Multiply each item, by the 
 number of days intervening be- 
 tween this assumed date and the 
 date upon which it becomes due, 
 and -find the sum of these prod- 
 ucts on,each side o,f the account. 
 Then divide the oAtte.'Yft/wce- be- 
 tween the sums of the debit and 
 credit products by the balance 
 of the account; the quotient 
 will be the time for consideration 
 or average term of credit. When 
 the difference of products and 
 the balance of,the account fall 
 on the % ; &.'me- side count fco-vvN'Wo; 
 when on o^os'sv^ sides co unt 
 >> j a.cV.vM-&-Y&; that is, when t he 
 balance of account and balance 
 of interest or discount go to the 
 same party count backward; when 
 they go to opposite parties count 
 forward. Example.. 
 
 C.-Y. 
 
 Due. * 
 
 July 3, 1870,200* 2. 440 July I,l870,20nx 
 Oct. I, . 125x32= 11500 Oct.3, 150x94=14100 
 
 Nov.15, ,, 200x137. 27400 020, 
 
 Due * 
 
 *650 K' 
 53020+225=262 
 262 days from July I, 
 
 Feb.24-.B7l, W)>238= 33320 
 -. I, ,. 190x274. 520SO 
 *875 124720 
 650 657QQ 
 S&225 "5jJol l8 '"',isMaTch20,l87l. 
 
 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS.-See 
 Average of Payments. 
 
 EVEN NUMBER. -Any number 
 divisible bit 2, as 4, 10, 1 8, etc. 
 
 EVOLUTION. -The process of 
 finding one of several equal fac- 
 tors of a. product. It is also called 
 e-xv*LcVv\\4 vv\, -voov o4 &. \ O\N e.-v. 
 It is opposed to Vnvo\\vt\OY\. (See 
 Cube Root and Square Root)., 
 
 E XAMPLE,,- An individual or,sin- 
 gle application of a general prin- 
 ciple or rule, 9enerally 9iven to 
 illustrate the nature of the- -rule 
 or it* mode of application. 
 
 EXCHANGE. -For definition, tec 
 
 under Business Forms. To -find 
 the cost of a draft at sight, Add 
 the premium to the face of the 
 draft, or sub-tract the discount 
 Example. -How much must be 
 paid for a draft of * 1 000 on 
 New York at a "premium of l/i%? 
 \y*% 0^5*1000 = 9.515 premium. 
 
 1000 face of draft. 
 961015 total cost. 
 
 To /itid the face, of a,draf t,, *,he 
 cost and rate bein9 given, Divide 
 the cost by 9*1 plus the rate of pre- 
 mium, or SSI minus the rate of 
 discount. Example. -A draft was 
 purchased on Chicago for3226.05, 
 at a premium of MX, and anoth- 
 er on Denver for 862397.88, t a 
 discount of .24% . What was the 
 face of each? 
 
 I.OO+. 005=1.005)3226.05(3210 face of 
 draft on Chicago. 
 1. 00-. 0075 = . 9325)0397.88(04-16 
 face of draft on Denver. 
 (See Foreign Exchange). 
 EXPECTATION. -The value of 
 any chance which depends up- 
 on some continent event. Thus, 
 
 if a person is to receive the sum of 
 46200 upon the occurrence of an 
 event which has an equal chance 
 of happening or failing, the expec 
 tation of the sum is worthsSIOO. 
 If there are three chances of 
 the event's failing, arid only one 
 of its happenin9, the expectation 
 is worth only 4650. Expectation 
 of Li/e.-A phrase applied to the 
 average duration of life after 
 any given age as determinedly 
 the tables of mortality. If it is 
 found from a 9reaf number o-f 
 recorded examples, that of all 
 the individuals who reach the 
 age of 30, the averase remain- 
 inp period of existence is 34.34 
 years, then is the expectation of 
 life at that age 34.34 years. (See 
 Carl isle Table of Mortality, under 
 Weights and Measures). 
 EXTRACTION OF ROOTS.-The 
 process offindino a quantity, 
 which being taken as a factor a 
 certain number of tittles , will 
 produce a given quantity. (See 
 Cube Root and Square Root). 
 
 EXTREME. -In a proportion, the 
 
 first and last terms, arc called 
 e.xwrme.s , the remaining two 
 the 'moft.'w*. When the proportion 
 has but three different *erms, 
 the middle one is a geometrical 
 mean, or a -\n.Kv\ ^vo^ot *'\o-\r\a\ 
 between the extremes. In the. 
 proportion 
 
 3 : 9 :: A- : 12, 
 
 3 and 12 are the- extremes, aft* 
 in the proportion 
 
 F 3: 6:: 6 : 12, 
 3 and 12 are extremes, andl 8 
 is a mean proportional between 
 them. Iti a geometrical progres- 
 sion, any term is a mean propor- 
 tional between the preceding arid 
 succeeding term, and if there is 
 an odd number of trms,thtn?d' 
 die- one is a mean proportional be- 
 tween the extremes. Also t he 
 product of the two extremes is 
 equal to the product of any two 
 means equally distant from the 
 extremes. l an arithmetical 
 progression, the sum of the ex- 
 tremes is equal to the sum of any 
 pair of terms which are situated 
 at equal distances from tte extremes 
 The sum of the progression is e- 
 qual to the half sum of the extremes 
 multiplied by the number of terms. 
 
 FACE. -The plane surface of any 
 solid. 
 
 FACTOR. -A quantity which will 
 divide another is said to be a^& 
 vm of it. To resolve a quantity 
 into its factors, is to,find two or 
 more quantities, which when 
 multiplied together, will produce 
 the given quantity; thus the 
 factors o f 4-2 are 2, 3, and 7 . 
 The vvVvwe, iacVOT* of a quantity 
 are those, factors which cannot be 
 exactly divided by any. other,quan 
 tity except I, which is a prime 
 factor of every number .The pro 
 cess of resolving numbers into 
 their factors is called {acvoVvw) 
 To resolve a number into Us 
 prime factors, Divide thegiven 
 number bu any prime 
 number that will,ex- 
 actly divide it; divide 
 the quotient in t he 
 same manner, a,nd 
 so continue,to divide, 
 until a quotient is ob- 
 tained which is a prime numbc 
 thejast quotient and the several 
 divisors will constitute the prime 
 factors of the given number-lSec 
 Divisor). 
 
 FALLING BODIES. -In falling 
 from a height, a body will fall 
 1 6 feet the first second, three 
 times that distance in the sec- 
 ond, and so on, the space passed 
 over in each successive second in 
 creasing as the odd numbers, 1,5 
 S,7,9,ll,,etc. The entire space pass 
 ed over is as the square of he,tirne 
 To find the height from which a 
 body, falls, Multiply the square of 
 the time occupied in falling by 16 
 and the product will be the height
 
 FIGURE. -A character employed 
 to represent numbers. The follow 
 1119 are *he Arabic figures: 1,2,3, 
 4, 5,6,7,8,9,0. By propr combi- 
 nation these arc sufficient to rep- 
 resent every possible -number. (See 
 Notation). 
 
 FOOT.- A linear measure whose 
 length is 13 inches. In other than 
 English speakirig nations, the /not 
 varies from this. 
 
 FOREIGN EXCHANGE. -Bills of 
 Exchange are Generally drawn in 
 the money of the country in which 
 they are -made payable. (See Coin, 
 under Wei9hts and Measures, al- 
 so Bill, under _8usiness Forms atid 
 Terms). To find the value of 
 Cterling (English) rti one y, Reduce 
 the shillings and pence, if any, 
 to the decimal of a po and, and 
 -multiply by the given rate per 
 pound. (See Sterling Money). To 
 change U.S. money to Sterling, 
 Divide the given amount by the 
 value of 1 at the given rate. Re- 
 duce the remainder, or the dec- 
 imals in the quotient, if any, to 
 shillings and pence. 
 
 FRACTION .- One or -more of tlie 
 equal parts of I. One o-f the e- 
 qual parts is called a <Y*U\oifta\ 
 wm*; thus in the fraction X8, 
 y$ is the -fractional unit. Frac- 
 tions are either covr\-r\o-n (vul- 
 gar) or &e.cvma\. For the expla- 
 nation of decimal -fractions, see 
 Decimal. Common fractions are 
 those in which the denominator 
 is expressed, and may be anyquan- 
 tity.They are wri tten in the f orm 
 54, which denotes that the quan- 
 tity .14 is taken 3 timcs.The parts 
 3 and 4 are called fceYrn* of the 
 fraction, 3 being the -wu.-mfcifa<oY 
 and sho ws t how many parts are 
 taken ; 4 is the &e\\on\Vt\L*oY, and 
 shows into, how many parts the 
 unit is divided. A ^vo^t.-* 4-<at*'\or\ 
 is one in which the numerator 
 is less than the denominators 
 y-\ . An Vwv^To^e-v i-vacVva-n is one 
 in which the numerator is great- 
 er than the denominator^* i. 
 A vr\\x& ^racuo-n is an expression 
 corn posed of two parts, one part 
 being entire, and the other frac- 
 tional, as 4%. Multiplying the 
 numerator of a fraction, multi- 
 plies the fraction. Dividing the 
 numerator of a fraction, divides 
 the fraction. Multiply ing the de- 
 nominator of a fraction, divides 
 the fraction. Dividing the denom- 
 inator of a fraction, multiplies 
 the fraction. Multiplying ordivid- 
 mg both terms of a fraction by 
 the same number, does not alter 
 its value. To reduce a fraction to 
 its lowest terms, Divide both terms 
 by any common factor; divide the 
 resulting fraction in the s ame 
 manner, and so on till no num- 
 ber greater than I will exactly 
 divide both terms. Or, Divide 
 both terms by their greatest com- 
 mon divisor. To reduce an im- 
 
 proper fraction to a whole or mix- 
 ed number. Divide the nitmeTa- 
 tor by the denominator. To re- 
 duce a whole or mixed number 
 to an improper fraction, Multi- 
 ply the whole number by the de- 
 nominator of the fraction; add 
 the numerator to the product.and 
 write the sum over the denomina- 
 tor. To reduce a whole number 
 to a fraction having a given de- 
 nominator, Multiply together 
 the whole number and the de- 
 nominator, and write the de- 
 nominator beneath the product. 
 To reduce a compound fraction 
 to & simple one, see Compound 
 Fraction. To reduce fractions 
 of different denominators to 
 equivalent fractions having a. 
 common denominator, Multi- 
 ply both terms of each fraction 
 by the product of all the denom- 
 inators except its own. To re- 
 duce fractions of different de- 
 nominators to equivalent frac- 
 tions having the, least common 
 denominator, Find the least 
 
 
 common multiple of thedenom- 
 inators of the given fractions, and 
 multiply both terms of each frac- 
 tion by the quotient of the least 
 common multiple, divided. by the 
 denominator of the fraction.To 
 add fractions, Reduce them to 
 a common denominator; then 
 add their numerators, and place 
 the sum over the common denom- 
 inator. To^' subtract fractions, Re- 
 duce them to a common denom- 
 inator, find the difference be- 
 tween, their numerators, and 
 place it over the common de- 
 nominator. To multiply a frac- 
 tion by afraction, Multiply togeth- 
 er the numerators for a new nu- 
 merator, and the denominators 
 for a new denominator. To mul- 
 tiply a fraction by a whole num- 
 ber, or a.whole number by a frac- 
 tion, Write I under the whole 
 number for a denominator, and 
 proceed as in last rule. To divide 
 a fraction by a fraction, Invert 
 the divisor; multiply the numer- 
 ators together for a new numera- 
 
 tor, and the denominators for 
 a naw denominator. To divide 
 a whole number by a fraction, o 
 a fraction by a whole number, 
 Write I under the whole num 
 ber fora denominator, and pro 
 ceed as in last rule. To reduce 
 a complex fraction to a simple 
 fraction, see Complex Fraction. 
 FRUSTRUM.-A piece or part of a 
 solid separated from the rest, as 
 the frustrum of a pyramid or 
 cone. To -find the solidity of a 
 (rust-ruin, see Cone. 
 FURLONG. -A linear unit of len^t 
 .. equal to 660 feet or % fa-wife 
 d GAUGING. -The operation of find 
 ing the contents of casks and 
 vessels of any form.>4\\'a.o / e/ 
 is the difference between the.act 
 ual contents of a vessel and its 
 capacity, or that part which is 
 empty. To find the Contents 
 of a cylindrical vessel, Find the 
 contents in cubic inches! see 
 Cylinder), and divide by 2150.42 
 for the -measurement in bushels; 
 by 283 for beer gallons, and by 
 231 for wine gallons. To find 
 the contents of a cask, see Cask. 
 To -find the contents of ullage 
 casks, when the cask is standing 
 Find one-third the sum of the 
 head, mean, and bung diameters, 
 and square the result ^multiply 
 by the height of the fluid in inch- 
 es, and that product by .0034 for 
 wine gallons, and by .0018 for 
 beer gallons. 
 
 GENERAL AVERAGE. .-For defi- 
 nition, see under BusinessTerms. 
 To make a claini for General Av 
 erage valid, three considerations 
 are necessary :(l) An imminent 
 common peril and a necessity 
 for some_sacrifice;(a) A volunta 
 ry sacrifice of a part to save 
 the rest; (3) The success of the 
 effort to save a part, as aresult 
 of the sacrifice made. To -find 
 General Average, Divide the to- 
 tal loss subject to average by the 
 sum of the values of the contrib- 
 utory, interests, and multiply 
 each interest by the per cent, 
 thus found. 
 
 GEODESY. -That branch of Sur- 
 veying in whjchthe curvature 
 of the earth is taken into account. 
 
 GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION.- 
 
 See Progression. 
 
 GEOMETRY. -That branch of Math 
 ematics which treats of the re- 
 lation, properties, and measure- 
 ment of solids, surfaces, lines, 
 and angles. 
 
 GOLDEN NUMBER. -Thenumber 
 denoting the yea_r of the cycle.of 
 19 years, in which the year in 
 question -falls. To -find the gold- 
 en number for any year, Add I 
 to itsnumber in the Christian 
 year, and. divide the sum by 19, 
 the remainder is the gvlden num- 
 ber of the year, unless the remain- 
 der is 0, in wh ich case the oolden 
 number it 19; thus 1854+ 1- 1855;
 
 dividing 1855 by I9,.the remain- 
 der i$ 12; hence, Id is the golden 
 number required. 
 
 GOLDEN RULE.-A name some- 
 
 ti-mes given to the Rule of Three, 
 on account of its great practical 
 value and universal use. (See Rule 
 of Three). 
 
 GRAIN MEASURE..- TO (M the. 
 
 quantity of grain in a bin, wag- 
 cm-bed, etc. .Multiply the height, 
 length, and breadth together, in 
 inches, and, divide by 2150.42; the 
 quotient will be *he number of 
 bushels. To lit*d the quantity 
 of grain when Heaped on the 
 floor in the form of a Co-ne 
 Square the depth and square 
 the slant height, in inches;take 
 thei-r difference and -multiply by 
 the depth, and this product by 
 .0005, the -result will be the 
 number of bushels. To -find 
 the quantity of grain ,w hen 
 Heaped against a straight wall, 
 Square one-Hal/ the depth. and 
 proceed as in last rule. (See 
 Apples, Bu.shel,and Cornl. 
 
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR.- 
 
 See Common Divisor. 
 
 GUNTER'S CHAIN.- A chain us- 
 ed for the purposes of land sur- 
 veying. It is 4 rods or 66 feet 
 in length, divided into 100 links, 
 each link 7.92 inches in length, 
 every tenth one. being -marked, 
 for convenience, in counting.The 
 advantage of this mode of divis- 
 ion is, that a square chain or 
 a square link is a decimal frac- 
 tion of an acre, and if the area 
 of a piece of ground be found in 
 square chains and links, it may 
 at once be converted into acres 
 by pointing off a suitable tiiwnber 
 of decimal places. 
 
 HAY. -To find the amount of 
 hay in a mow or stack, Find 
 tHe.nu-mber of cubic feet, and 
 divid.e by the number of cubic 
 feet in a ton, as given u.nder 
 Hay, under Weiohts a-nd Measures. 
 
 H EC TO -GRAM ME.- A F-rcnch 
 weight of 100 grammes, equal 
 to 3 02. 8 drams 11.9848 grains 
 Avoirdupois. 
 
 HECTO-LITRE.-A French weas- 
 
 I ure containing JOO litres, equal 
 (o 26 gallons 3 pints. 
 
 HECTOMETRE. -A French -meas- 
 ure containing 100 metres, equal 
 to 19 rods 4- yards 2 feet 7.019 in- 
 ches. 
 
 HEIGHT. -Any distance estima- 
 ted or measured upwards. 
 
 HEMISPHERE. -One of the two 
 equaj parts of a sphere, made by 
 passing a plane through its cen- 
 tre. 
 
 HEPTAGON.- A polygon of seven 
 angles, or seven sides. To x 
 construct a regular hep- f \ 
 tagon, Divide the circum- I / 
 ference o< a circle into \-^ 
 seven equal parts, a-nd draw the 
 chord subtending each arc. 
 
 HEXAGONAL. -Having six angles. 
 
 IE X AGON. -A polygon _of / v 
 six .angles o-r sides. To in- / \ 
 
 scribe a regular Hexagon \ f 
 
 in a circle, Apply the ra- 
 dius six times as a chord, v he 
 resulting figttre will be aregu- 
 lar hexagon. 
 
 HEXAHEDRON. -A polyhedron of 
 
 six faces, the same as a cube. 
 
 HOGSHEAD. -A measure, of ca- 
 pacity , equivalent to 63 gallons 
 of wine, or 54 gallons of beer. 
 When used for tobacco, it varies 
 in the different States from 750 
 to 1200 pounds. 
 
 HORIZONTAL. r Parallel to the 
 horizon. A Y\oYvLor\x/a,\ \\rve, is 
 one parallel to the horixon,orto 
 the surface of still water. 
 
 HOUR. -A period of time equal to 
 one-twenty-fourth part of a 
 day, or 60 -minutes. 
 
 HYPOTHENUSE.-Theside A 
 
 of aright-angled trian- / 
 
 gle opposite the -right Z- L 
 
 angle, as. AC. In a plane 
 triangle the square described up- 
 on the hypothcnusc is equivalent 
 
 to the sum of the squares describ- 
 ed upon the other two sides. 
 
 IMPROPER FRACTION. -A frac 
 tion whose denominator is less 
 than Us numerator, as ?4- (See 
 Fraction). 
 
 INCH. -A -measure of length equal 
 to the twelfth part of a foot.The 
 length of a simple pend ulun-i, 
 which beats seconds In the Tow- 
 er of London, js taken as t he 
 unit, and an inch is 36.13908 
 of this. This is, in the City Hall 
 o( New York, equal to 35. ioiao 
 of a simple seconds pendul'um.The 
 length of the seconds pendulum 
 serves as the basis of a system of 
 weights and measures. 
 
 INCLINED PLANE. A rigid 
 
 surface, sloping at an angle be- 
 tween the horizontal and vertical. 
 To -find the weight which can 
 be raised on the inclined p I ane, 
 Multiply the power by the length 
 of the inclined planc,and divide 
 the product by its perpendicular 
 height. 
 
 INCOMMENSURABLE. -With re 
 spect to each other, two quantities 
 
 of the same kind are incommen- 
 surable when they do not have a 
 common unit; i.e., when there 
 is no quantity so small that it 
 will be contained in both an exact 
 number of times. Thus,the diago- 
 nal and the side of a square are 
 incommensurable. 
 
 INDEFINITE. -Unlimited or un- 
 bounded. A line is indefinite if 
 it is not limited by points, and 
 space is indefinite in all direc- 
 tions, unless limited by asm-face. 
 When the number of terms in 
 a series is unlimited,. as 4,7,10, 
 etc., ad irifiriitu-m, it is called 
 an '\Y\o.exVw\ve. %e.V\e.%. 
 
 INDEX.- A number written 
 ovc-r the radical sign to de-v!25 
 note the degree of .the root to be 
 extracted .Thus, 3 in the above 
 denotes that the cube root of 
 125 is to be extracted. 
 
 INFINITY.-A term used to ex 
 press a quantity greater than 
 any assignable quantity of the 
 same kind. It is also the limit 
 or last term of.the series of nat- 
 ural numbers in an arithmeti- 
 cal progression. It is designated 
 by the cymbol co. 
 
 INSCRIBE. -To draw within, 
 as one figure within another. 
 A straight line is in- 
 scribed in a circle 
 when. its two entrem- 
 ities lie in the c i r- 
 cum ference, as AB in 
 the circle .ABCOD. An 
 angle is inscribed when its vertex 
 lies in *he circumference, and 
 when its sides form chords of 
 the circle, as ABC, BCD.etc. A pol- 
 ygon is inscribed .in a circle whtt 
 all the vertices of its angles I !e 
 in the circumference, as A BCD, 
 ABC, BCD, etc. 
 All regular 
 polygons may E 
 be inscribed 
 
 in a circle. A A 
 
 quadrilateral 
 may be inscribed wMen the.sum 
 of any two opposite angles is e- 
 .qual to. 180. A circle is inscribed 
 in a triangle or other polygon, 
 when it is tangent to every side 
 of the polygon, as the circle F&H 
 in the polygons ECB and.ABCO. 
 A circle can always be inscrib- 
 ed in any triangle, and in any 
 quadrilateral, when the sum of 
 two opposite sides isequal to the 
 sum of the other two opposite 
 sides The square and rhomtus 
 are the only parallelograms in 
 which acircle can be inscribed. 
 A polyhedron may be inscribed 
 in a sphere, when the surface of 
 the sphere passes through all its 
 vertices. A sphere may be inscrib- 
 ed in any regular polyhedron, and 
 also in any tria.n9ular pyramid. 
 To find the side of an inscribed 
 efu//atera/ e-rr'anf/e* Multiply 
 the diameter by .866025, or the 
 circumference by .275664.T* .find 
 
 61
 
 NVERSE.-Two processes or oper- 
 ations are said to be >'nverse,v*htn 
 one is exactly contrary to the other, 
 or when being performed in suc- 
 cession upon a given quantity, the 
 result will be that quantity; as Ad- 
 dition and Subtraction are inverse 
 operations. For Inverse Propor- 
 tion, see Proportion. 
 NVERSION.-The act or opera- 
 tion of changing the order of 
 the terms. Thus, in the propor- 
 tion, 3 : 9 :: 5 : 15 , by inversion 
 it is 9 : 3 : : 15 : 5. For Inversion 
 of Series, see Series. 
 NVEBT. -To turn or place in 
 a contrary position. Thus the 
 fraction ?4 becomes % when 
 inverted. 
 
 NVESTMENTS ANO.DIVIDENDS. 
 To /ind what rate of income will 
 be derived from any^iven invest- 
 ment, Multiply the income by 
 100, and divide the product ( b y 
 the amount invested. To /i-nd 
 the rate of dividend, Multiply 
 the dividend by 100, and divide 
 by the par value of the stock. To 
 find what rate must be obtain- 
 ed, that a given sum invested may 
 britig a given income, Multiply 
 the given income by 100, and 
 divide the product by the sum 
 in vested. To /itid the dividend 
 on any given number of shares 
 of stock, Multiply the par val- 
 ue of the stock by, the rate of 
 dividend, and divide the product 
 by 100. To /ind what must be 
 paid /or stock purchased through 
 a broker, Multiply the bonds or 
 shares by the rate, and add the 
 brokerage. If purchased on acred 
 it of more than 3 day_s, add in- 
 terest for the whole time. To 
 /ind what sum niust be invest- 
 ed that a given income may be 
 obtained, Divide the required in- 
 come by the rate of income per 
 share, or per* 1 00, for the num- 
 ber of shares or bonds required, 
 and multiply the quotient by 
 the given price. To /itid the par 
 value, when the premium or dis- 
 count is given, Divide the given value 
 of the stock by I increased by the rate 
 percent, of premium, or diminished 
 by the rate percent, of discount.The 
 following table shows the rate of inter- 
 est received on Stocks purchased /torn 25 
 &, discount to 25% premium : 
 tahanlATE RECEIVEd'ON STOCK BEARING Jfft , 
 
 the side o( art inscribed square, 
 Multiply the diameter by.101106, 
 or the circumference by .525079. 
 NSURANCE.-For definitions, 
 see under Business Terms. T he 
 amoumt of insurance corresponds 
 to the iaselin Percentage), the 
 rate of premium to the per cent., 
 and the premium to the, percen- 
 tage. To -find the face value of a 
 policy that shall insure both the 
 property and the premiums, Di- 
 vide the amount of insurance re- 
 quired on the property by the 
 difference per cent, of the rate 
 of insurance. Most of the or- 
 dinary problems referring to 
 insurance are simple problems 
 in percentage, and require, no 
 further explanation. 
 NTEGER.- A whole number, as 
 3, 7, 20, etc., as distinguished 
 from a fraction. 
 NTEREST. -Compensation for 
 the use of money or value. The 
 sum for the use of which inter- 
 est is paid, is the Pr/'ncipa/.fhe 
 number of hundredth* of the 
 principal that is paid for its use, 
 is the Rate; as, 6% is ><oo..The 
 sum of the principal and inter- 
 est, is the^mount. Interest on 
 the principal only, is Simple In- 
 terest. Interest on the principal 
 and_on interest for a previous 
 period, is Compound /nterest. - 
 Interest computed by the rate 
 established by law, r // /w- 
 terest . Interest greater ^han 
 legal interest, and prohibited by 
 law, is Usury. When no rate, is 
 mentioned, the legal rate is 
 always understood. (For the le- 
 gal rate in the different States 
 see under Statistical Bureau of 
 the United States). To /itid the 
 time between two dates, omit 
 the day of the date and include 
 the day of maturity. (See Busi- 
 ness Time Tables; see also Time 
 under Business Terms). For a 
 quick and easy method of com- 
 puting simple interest, without 
 the use of fractions, see Instant: 
 tieous Method o^Computing In 
 terest. From this method, the 
 interest on any sum,/ or any 
 time and rate, may be found 
 by simply adding the results ob 
 tained mentally from the tables 
 To find the interest at anyra_te 
 per cent, per annum for any giv- 
 en time, Multiply the principal 
 by the rate, expressed as a decimal 
 the product will be the jnterest 
 /or I year. Mult! ply this jn ter- 
 est by the time expressed in years 
 TiO fractions of a year; the.re 
 suit will be the interest require* 
 Or, Find the interest for the 
 years as above, and take aliquot 
 
 irt* for the -months and days, 
 he following brief rules may 
 be preferred by some parsons: At 
 4- per cent., Multiply the prin 
 
 cipal by -the number of days, c ut 
 of the right-hand figure anddivide 
 by 9. At O per cent., Mult! ply by 
 the number of days and divide by 
 72. At G per cent., Multiply by 
 by the number of days , cut off 
 the right-hand figure anddivide 
 by S. At 8 per cent., M ultiply 
 by the number of days anddivide 
 by 45. At ff per cent., Multiply 
 by the number of days; cut_off 
 the right-hand figure and divide 
 by 4. At JO per cent., Multiply 
 by the -number of days and divide 
 by 36. For time at which -money 
 doubles at different rates of in- 
 terest, sec Time at which Money 
 Doubles, etc., under Weights and 
 Measures. To find the Principal, 
 when the time, rate per cent, 
 and interest are given, D i v i dc 
 the given interest by t-he interest 
 on ONE DOLLAR for the given rate 
 and -time. To -fi-nd the /?a*e.per 
 cent., when -the principa^ time, 
 and interest are given, iyide 
 the given in-teres* by the inter 
 
 est on the principal at ONE percent 
 To /itid the T/'-me, when th prin 
 cipal, rate, and interest are given 
 Divide the given interest by the 
 interest on the principal for ONE 
 DAY; the quotient will be therequir 
 ed time, in days. To /ttid the Prin 
 c/pa/, when the time^rate, and 
 amount are given, Divide the 
 given amount by the amoun 
 of ONE DOLLAR for the given rate 
 and time. 
 
 INTERIOR. -Lying on the inner 
 side. An Interior anp/e of a poly 
 gon is an angle included ^between 
 two adjacent sides and lying with 
 in the polygon. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE TERMS. -l-n a 
 progression, all the tern-is except 
 the first and last, which are call 
 ed extremes. 
 
 iNTERSECT.-To pass through or 
 cut each other. Two lines inter 
 sect when they cross each oth- 
 er, and have one point in com 
 mon.Two surfaces intersect wher 
 thr.y cut each other, and havo a 
 line, or lines, in common. 
 
 "TSTOMts. 000 "9.333 
 
 6.250 
 5.882 
 5.555 
 5.263 
 5.138 
 5.000 
 4. 75 1 
 4.545 
 4.347 
 4.166 
 
 4.000 4.800 
 
 7.500 
 7.143 
 6.666 
 6.316 
 6.156 
 6.000 
 5. 714 
 5.454 
 5.130 
 5.000 
 
 7.777 
 7.263 
 7.179 
 7.000 
 6.66S 
 6.363 
 6. OSS 
 5.833 
 5.600 
 
 10.666 
 10.000 
 9.411 
 8.888 
 8.421 
 8.305 
 8.000 
 7.619 
 7.273 
 6.956 
 6.666 
 6.400 
 
 12.500 
 
 I. Ill 
 
 10.525 
 10.256 
 10.000 
 9.523 
 9.090 
 8.695 
 8.333 
 8.000
 
 INVOLUTION .-Operation of find- 
 ing iny power of a. 9i'ven quan- 
 tity. I* is the reverse of evolu- 
 tion, and is performed by con- 
 tinued multiplication. A Bovv- 
 er it the product obtained by in- 
 volution. The rtf*, or first pow- 
 er, is the number -multiplied. The 
 different powers derive * he_ir 
 name from the number of times 
 the root is taken as a /actor. The 
 number denoting the power 
 to which the root is to be rais- 
 ed, is the index or exponent of 
 the. power. It is placed on the 
 right a little higher *hati the 
 root. Thus, 2 =2, the 1st power 
 0/2; S*= 2x24,the2d pow 
 er, or square, of 2 ; 2 3 =2x2x2= 
 8, the 3d power, or cuke, of 2; 
 2* = 2x2x2x2=l6,the4th p_ow- 
 er of 2; etc. To find a-ny given 
 power of a number, M uUiply the 
 number by itself, till it is used 
 as a factor as many times as 
 there are units in the index of 
 the power. 
 
 SOSCELES.-A term ap- 
 plied to a triable, when 
 two of its sides are equal. 
 Thus, in the triable ABC, e 
 AB and AC being equal, the trian 
 gle is isofce/es.tn an isosceles tri- 
 angle, the angles opposite the e- 
 qua) sides are equal, and a line 
 drawn from the vertex of the 
 equal sides, to the middle point 
 of the base, is perpendicular to 
 the base, it bisecting the base, 
 and also the angle at the vertex. 
 KILO-GRAMME. -A French weight 
 of 1000 grammes, equal to 
 pounds avoirdupois. 
 KILO LITRE. -A French measure 
 of 1000 litres, equal to 264 gal- 
 lons I pint 1. 9638 gills. 
 KILO-METRE. -A French measure 
 of 1000 metres, eaual to about 
 ?/B of a. mile. 
 
 LATERAL. -Relating to the side. 
 The lateral faces of a prism are 
 those which have a side lying 
 in the perimeter of each base 
 the lateral faces of a pyramid ari 
 those which meet at the vertex. 
 LATITUDE. -The angular dis- 
 tance of a place, on the surface o 
 the earth, from the equator. 
 measured on the meridi aft of 
 the place. (See Degree). 
 
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.- 
 
 The least common multiple of 
 two or more numbers, is the 
 /ea.st number that can be divid 
 ed by each without i remainder 
 Thus 35 is the least common -mu 
 tiple of 5 and 7. To / ittd the leas 
 common multiple of two or more 
 numbers, Write > 2)4 10 12 14 
 the numbers in t^2)2 5 S 7 
 a line,anddivide VI 
 by any prime divis- 
 or of two or more of 
 them,_writing the quotients an< 
 undivided numbers underneath 
 
 Divide these resulting numbers 
 by any prime divisor of two or 
 more of them, and so continue 
 until no two of the resulting num- 
 bers have a common prime divis- 
 or. The product of the divisor* and 
 the last resulting number* will 
 be the least common -multiple re- 
 quired. To /itiJ the least common 
 multiple of several fractions, Re- 
 duce them to their lowest terms; 
 then write the L.C.M. of fheir 
 numerators over theG-.C. 0. of 
 their denominators. 
 .ENGTH.-One of the three at- 
 tributes of extension, generally 
 the greatest horizontal dimen- 
 sion of a body. 
 
 .EVEL.-A surface issaid.to be 
 level when it is concentric with, 
 or parallel to, the surface of the 
 sea. 
 
 .EVER. -A solid bar turning up- 
 on a pivot, which is called its 
 fulcrum. To /i-Md *he weight which 
 can be moved by a lever, no > ac- 
 count being taken of the wei9ht 
 
 430.1 CM 
 
 of the lever, M ulti ply the pow- 
 er by its distance from the ful- 
 crum, and divide by the distance 
 of the weight from the fulcrum 
 
 LIFE. -Of 100 lives, equally good, 
 any one may expect to live tjll 
 50 are deceased. This period is 
 called the probable life. The -mean 
 duration of life is found from the 
 tables of -mortality, which jive out 
 of a certain number born, the 
 number living at each successive 
 birthday. (See Carlisle Table of Mor- 
 tality, under Weights and Measures). 
 
 LIFE ANNUITY.- See Annuity. To 
 find the final value of an annu 
 ity at simple interest, Multiply th. 
 interest on the annuity for I year 
 by the number of years less I, and 
 this product by one-half the num 
 ber of years. Then add the product 
 of the annuity multiplied by the 
 number of years. %.xav^\a.-Wha 
 will be the amount or final value 
 of an a.-nnuiti< of SIOO for 8 
 years at 6 ? ? So/utiort. -Inter- 
 est on # 1 00 for I year = * 6 ; 6x7 
 =.42; 42x4 = 168; 100x8-800; 
 
 168 +800 = 0968 *W. To find 
 the present value of an annuity 
 at simple interest, Find the final 
 value of the annuity, and then 
 find the present value of that 
 amount. To find the final value 
 of an annuity at compound in- 
 terest, Multiply the amount of 
 ttl, as given in Table 4 (of th* 
 Compound Interest Tables), by the 
 annuity; the product will be the 
 final value. To find the present 
 value of an annuity at compound 
 interest, Multiply the present- 
 worth of ^l, as given in Table 
 3 (of the Compound Interest Ta- 
 bles), by the given annuity. To 
 find the present value of an an- 
 nuity in reversion. Pi rid tHe 
 present worth of the final val- 
 ue of the annuity from the pres- 
 ent time to the time it term i- 
 nates.^.*\^\e..-A father leaves 
 an income of #500 per year to 
 his son, to commence in Shears 
 and to continue for 10 years. What 
 is the present worth of the legacy, 
 at 6 per cent. ? So/u-tiort. -By Ta- 
 ble 3, present worth of* I for 15 yrs.,*9.7 122 
 ., ., *l M 5 .. 4.2123 
 * 5.4999 
 * 5.4999 x500=*2749.94, Arts. 
 
 LINE. -A magnitude w_hich has 
 the attribute of extension, call- 
 ed length, but neither breadth 
 nor thickness. A straight //Tie. 
 is one which does not chan9e its 
 direction between any two of 
 
 its points, as - . .A curved 
 
 line is one which changesits 
 direction at every o-ne of i ts 
 
 points, as s- . A broken 
 
 fine in one ->nade up of lirji- 
 ited straightjines lying indif- 
 ferent directions, as ^ . 
 
 LI NEAR. -Relating to aline. A 
 linear unit is a standard -meas- 
 ure of length, as an Inch, fool, 
 yard, etc. 
 
 .INK. -A unit of measure equal 
 to the hundredth part of Guiiter 1 ! 
 chain (which see), which is 7.92 
 
 LIQUID' MEASURE.-Used forth* 
 measurement of liquids, such 
 as I iguors, molasses, water, etc. 
 For Table, see under Weights and 
 Measures. 
 
 LIQUIDS, PRESSURE OF. -The 
 area, (a) of the base of a regular 
 vessel, the height (H)_of the flu- 
 id in feet, and the weight (-w) of a 
 cubic foot of the fluid being giv- 
 en; required the pressure (p) in 
 pounds on the bottom of the ves 
 sel: for-mu/a.-a'xHX-w=p.Vhe. 
 height (A)-of a colurnn of fluid 
 in feet, and the we.ight.of a cu- 
 bic foot of the fluid being given; 
 required the press ure(p) in pounds 
 of the column per square inch: 
 Formula.. -h Xw + l44*p. The 
 diameter in feet of the ba-se ( 4) 
 of a cylindrical resrvoir,and the 
 depth in feet (</) of fresh water
 
 contained therein being ai v*n; 
 required the pressure (;>) in pou-nds 
 upon the slaves: f'ormu/a. 3 X 
 
 .ITRE.-A French measure o^ ca 
 pacity, whose volume is equal to 
 a cube whose edge Is Xo of a me- 
 tre, and whose capacity is X>oo 
 of a cubic -metre. If is equal to 
 61.027+ cubic inches. 
 
 LOG, a-nd LOG-LINE. -An in- 
 strument, of the nature of a 
 float,haviri9 & line of about ISO 
 fathoms attached, for determin- 
 ing the velocity of?, ship when 
 passing through the water. 
 
 LOGARITHMS^ logj. -Are in- 
 dices of powers, Every number 
 may be regarded as some pow- 
 er of 10, which is called the 
 base, and logarithms are the 
 indices of these gowers of 10, 
 most of them being proper or 
 improper fractions. Thus the 
 index or logarithm of 1000 is 
 3, that is, 1000 is the 3d power 
 01 10: the log. of 251. 19 is about 
 2.4 or ff, that is, 251. 19 is the 
 10th root of the 24-th power of 
 10; 25l.l9.lofr*=IO a -*. 
 
 LONGITUDE.- The arc of the 
 equator intercepted between 
 the meridian of a place, and 
 the meridian of some other 
 place /row which lorigitude is 
 reckoned. Longitude is general- 
 ly reckoned from the meridian 
 of Greenwich (near London), but 
 sometimes from the meridian of 
 Washington. For the length of 
 a decree of longitude /or each 
 degree of latitude, and (or con- 
 verting longitude into time, 
 and we* versa, see Longitude, un 
 der Weights and Measures. 
 
 LUMBER MEASURE. -seBoard 
 
 Measure. 
 
 AGNITUDE. -Anything that 
 can be increased or diminish- 
 ed, as a line, surface, number, 
 angle, time, space, etc. 
 MARKING PRICES. -For meth- 
 od of marking 9oods,see Mark- 
 ing Goods, under Business Terms. 
 To change the price of goods, 
 marking them higher or lower, 
 at a certain per cent on the old 
 price, Find the difference between 
 the old and new per cent, of aarri 
 or loss. Divide this by the Old 
 amount or difference percent. 
 the quotient will be the percent 
 advance or discount from the 
 old price. Multiply the old price 
 by the amount or difference per 
 cent. Just found, and the p-ro d- 
 uct will be the required price. - 
 ^xtw7\e.-What advance or 
 discount must be made on the 
 Price of cloth marked @*2.60 
 to secure a profit of 26 ?"S or 
 14 y, if the present price affords 
 a prof it of 20% ? What is the 
 required price? ,j 
 
 Operation. 
 
 |.2t>~.2e)-M.20-.05;*2.60xi.05*2.73. 
 (.20~.t4KI.20=.05;*2.60x .95=*2.47. 
 
 MARINER'S MEASURE. -Used 
 in measuring distances at sea. 
 For Table, see. under Weight! and 
 Measures. 
 
 MATHEMATICS. -That science 
 which treats of the relations 
 and measurement of quantities, 
 and of the operations and pro- 
 cesses, by means of which these 
 relations are ascertained. 
 
 VIEAN.- Lying between, as the 
 mean of two quantities. ATI A- 
 rithrnetical -mea-n, or average 
 of several quantities of the same 
 kind, is their sum divided by 
 their number. Thus the mean 
 of 10,12, 17. and 25 is ^ or 16. 
 A geo-nietr/ca./ mean o ( t w o 
 quantities, is the square root of 
 their product: thus the geomet- 
 rical mean of 2 and 8 is Vi6"-4-. 
 The greater of the given quan- 
 tities is as many times greater 
 than the -mean, as the mean is 
 
 greater than the less quantity. 
 In an arithmetical progression, 
 each term is an arithmetical mean 
 between the preceding and sue- 
 ceeding terms. In a geometrical 
 progression, each term is a geo- 
 metrical mean between the pre- 
 ceding and succeeding terms. 
 
 MEASURE. -The extent or val- 
 ue of a quantity, in terms of an- 
 other quantity of the same kind, 
 taken as a uni^of measure. The 
 measure of a line is the number 
 of linear units, as f eet, yards,etc., 
 which it contains. The measure 
 of a surface is the number of 
 square units of surf ace, aj square 
 feet, square yards, etc., which it 
 contains. The measure of a vol- 
 ume is the number of cubic u- 
 nits, as cubic feet, etc., which it 
 contains. .(See any particular 
 measure in .its alphabetic order, 
 or under Weights and Measures^. 
 
 MECHANICAL POWERS.-Thc 
 mechanical powers are the lever, 
 the wheel and axle, the pu.lley t 
 the i-nolrned plane t the w</?e, 
 
 and the tcrew. See each in its 
 proper order. 
 
 MENSURATION.- Thai brmchof 
 applied geometry which relates 
 to the computing of the length 
 of lines, the area of surfaces, a-nd 
 the volume of solids. For infor- 
 mation concerning any particu- 
 lar subject under Mensuration , 
 refer to it under its appropriate 
 title. The following list of titles 
 
 will aid in reference: 
 
 Acute 
 Altitude 
 Angle 
 Apples, tc. 
 Arc 
 Area. ' 
 Board Meas'ie 
 Chord 
 Circle 
 
 Line 
 Lumber 
 
 Mechanical 
 
 C'mvmftmct Length 
 
 Circular Din? ' 
 
 Cistern 
 
 Cone 
 
 Concentric 
 
 Convex 
 
 Concave 
 
 Corn 
 
 Cube 
 
 Cylinder 
 
 Decagon 
 
 Diameter 
 
 Dodecagon 
 Ellipse 
 
 Frustrutn 
 Gauging 
 train 
 Hay 
 
 Heiqht 
 
 Hexagon 
 Inscribe 
 Lateral 
 
 Obtuse 
 
 Octagon 
 
 Parallel 
 
 PaTalleloqr'in 
 
 Parallelopip'n 
 
 Pentagon 
 
 Peri-meter 
 
 Point 
 
 Pyramid 
 Potatoes 
 Prism 
 
 Radius 
 
 Rectilineal 
 
 Rhomboid 
 
 Rhombus 
 
 Sector 
 
 Seoment 
 
 Solid 
 
 Sphere 
 
 Square 
 
 Surface 
 
 Trapeiium 
 
 Trapeiofd 
 
 Triangle 
 
 Undeca9on 
 
 Vertex 
 
 Volume 
 
 Weiohts.etc. 
 
 Width 
 
 Zone 
 
 Polygon 
 
 MERIDIAN. -The meridian of 
 a place, is the intersection of the 
 surface of the earth, with a plane 
 passing through the axis of t he 
 earth and the place. It is the same 
 as a north and south line. 
 
 METRE. -A.French measure of 
 jength, equivalent to the ten -mill- 
 ionth part of the distance from 
 the equator to the north pole, 
 or about 39.37 inches. 
 
 METRIC S Y STEM.- The Fretich 
 system of denominate numbers, 
 having for its fundamental unit 
 the Metre ,and having 10 as the 
 constant ratio in.its scale of no- 
 tation.(See Metric System, w-n- 
 der Weights and Measures'). 
 
 MIDDLE. -In a. straight line, 
 the ( niiddle point is the point 
 which is the same distance 
 from the two extremitie.s; in 
 general, it implies equi-distant 
 from the extremes. 
 
 MILL. -I n the money of t he 
 United States, the unit of the 
 lowest denomination, and is 
 equal to the tenth part of a 
 cent, orthe.thousattdth part 
 of a dollar. 
 
 MILLION. -A number written 
 thus 1,000,000. It isathousand 
 thousand. 
 
 MINUEND. -In Subtraction, the 
 quantity from which another 
 is to be taken. _ 
 
 MINUS. -The sign of subtrac- 
 tion. I* is a horizontal -m ark. 
 thus -. The number at its right is 
 taken from the one at its left
 
 MINUTE. -In time measure, *h 
 60th part of an hour, or 1440th 
 part of a day. In angular meas 
 ure, the 60th part of a degree, 
 or 5400th par* of a right angle. 
 MIXED NUMBER OR QUANTITY 
 A number or quantity consist 
 ing of both integral and frac- 
 tional, parts, as I OA, or 10.25 
 A.I I mixed numbers or quant! 
 ties' can be reduced to the for-tn 
 of simple fractions. \ > 
 MOMENTUM. -The quantity 
 of motion in a body. To find 
 momentum, Multiply the weigh 
 by the. velocity . Thus,' the -mower 
 turn of a body weighinglS 5 I bs 
 and moving at the rate of 80 
 feet per second, is 2000 Ibs., i.e. 
 it is equal to the momentum 
 of a bodu.weighing 2,000 Ibs. 
 and moving one foot per secotic 
 MONEY.- For table of U.S. MOD 
 ey, and for the value of foreign 
 coins, see'under Weights and Meas 
 ures. 
 
 MONTH. -The twelfth part of 
 a year. The number of days 
 jn each of the calendar months 
 is shown in the Perpetual Cal- 
 endar. The number of days 
 from any day of any onettiontl 
 to the same day of any other 
 month, is shown under Busi- 
 ness Time Tables.A/kwarmonth 
 embraces the.period between 
 two consecutive new -m oons, 
 and is about 2 9, '-3 days in length 
 (Sec Time Table, under Weights an< 
 Measures). 
 
 MULTIPLE. -A -multiple of am. 
 number is a number which it 
 will exactly divide, as 24 is a 
 multiple of 2, 3,4, 6, 8,and 12. 
 ^ (See Least Common Multiple). 
 MULTIPLICAND. -In Multipli- 
 cation, the quantity which is 
 to be repeated or multiplied. 
 MULTI PLICATION. -The oper 
 ation of finding the product 
 of two quantities. The product 
 is the quantity obtained by mul 
 tiplying. The -multiplier is the 
 quantity denoting how many 
 times the multiplicand is taken. 
 The mu.ltipjica.nd is the quantity 
 to be mu-lti plied. To prove the 
 accuracy of the operational) 
 Reverse the factors ;(S) Divide the 
 product by one of the factors;the 
 quotient should be the other; (3) 
 Find the excess of 9's in each 
 of the factors, whether two or 
 more. Then find the excess in 
 the product of the excesses in 
 the factors; this should equal the 
 excess in the entire product.^.*- 
 ' .-Multiply 23045 by 70800. 
 
 Opera.* i on. 
 23045 5 Excess. 
 
 70800 _ 
 3<T\3 
 
 J6I3I5 
 
 Pi-od.16315 86000 / 
 
 Contractions. -To 
 
 by 10, 100, 1000, etc., Annex to 
 the multiplicand as .many cipher 1 
 as there are ciphers in the mult 
 plier. To -multiply by a conveni 
 ent part of 10, 100, I000,etc.,as3> 
 12/4, \6*3 ,33%, etc., Multiply b 
 10,100, 1000, etc., and divide the 
 product by the number of times 
 the multiplier has been increased, 
 Thus, to multiply 459. by 33J4, a 
 nex two ciphers, and divide by 3. 
 To multiply when the multipli 
 er is 3 figures, 2 of which can be 
 evenly divided .by the third, then 
 only two partial multiplications 
 need be used. Thus, to multiply 
 47123 by 328 and by 832: 
 47123 47123 
 
 328 832 
 
 first multiply by 8 in each case 
 and then multiply that produc 
 by 4 (which is. equivalent to mu 
 tiplying the original number by 3' 
 'In multiplying by 8 in each case 
 
 put the first figure of the prod- 
 uct under the 8, and in multi- 
 plying by 4(32), place the first 
 figure of -the product under the 
 2 of the 32. To multiply 2 fig- 
 ures by II, Place the sum of the 
 figures between the figures:thus, 
 45 X 1 1 = 495 . To -multiply by 5, 
 Add one 0, and divide by 2 ; *o 
 multiply by 15, do *he same, and 
 then add the quotient to the d iv- 
 idend; to multjply by 25, add 
 two O's.and divide by 4;*o -mul- 
 tiply by 75, do the same, and 
 then subtract the quotient from 
 the dividend. To -multipli* by 
 any number ending with9,Mu.l 
 tiply by the next higher -number, and 
 subtract the multiplicand. 
 
 MULTIPLIER. -In Multiplication, 
 fhat factor of a product which 
 indicates the number of times 
 which the other factor is to be 
 taken. . . 
 
 VIAUTICAL. -Pertaining to nav- 
 igation. A rta.u.tica.1 mile. Is the 
 60th part of a degree of latitude; 
 it is equal to 69>4 English wiles. 
 
 NEGATIVE. -A term applied to a 
 quantity preceded by the neoi 
 tive or minus sign, thus 14( 
 A result affected by the -irtinui 
 sign, is to be interpreted i-n a 
 sense exactly contrary to wha 
 it would have been interpret 
 had it not been preceded by th 
 minus sign, or by the positive 
 sign (the plus sign +). The op 
 erations indicated by the signs 
 + and are diametrically op 
 posed to each other, njnd it a 
 quantity in am^partfculaTseti 
 is considered positive, In the op 
 posite sense it should be regard 
 ed as negative. . 
 
 NINE.- Among the "rcmarka 
 ble and valuable properties of 
 the number 9, is that made 
 use of in proving^the accuracy 
 
 For an explanation of this prop 
 erty, setAddjtion, Subtraction 
 Multiplication, and Division. 
 NOTATION.- The art of rep- 
 resenting or expressing math 
 ematical quantities and opera- 
 tions by means of symbo.ls.The 
 two methods of expressing -num 
 bers,in general use, are the Ara. 
 tic and the /to-matt. Arabic 
 Notation,- By this method mi 
 bers are expressed by one or -more 
 of ten characters or ff cures. 
 These are 1,2,3,4,5,6/7,8,9,0 
 Ro-ma-H Notation.- By this 
 method nu-rtibers are expressed 
 by one or more of seven capi- 
 tal letters. These are I,denot 
 Ing one; V, f ive; X, tcn;L,f if 
 ty ; C, one hundred', D,five hun 
 d-red; M, one thousand. Repeat 
 ing a letter repeats .its value, as 
 111= 3, etc. Annexing a letter 
 to another letter of greater val- 
 ue, adds the two, VI denotes 
 V + I = 6. Prefixing a letter 
 to another of greater value, in- 
 dicates their difference, as IV 
 denotes V -I = 4. A dash or 
 vinculum placed over a letter, 
 denotej_a thousandfold its val- 
 ue, as V= 5000 ; XXV= 25,000. 
 The following ta.ble contains 
 the principal combinations of 
 Roman numerals: 
 
 C = IOO 
 
 CX=IIO 
 
 CC = 200 
 
 CCC=300 
 
 CD=400 
 
 D=500 
 
 DC = 600 
 
 CM =900 
 
 M = IOOO 
 
 MD = I500 
 
 MDC=I600 
 
 MM=2000 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 rn 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 
 VII 
 
 VI1I 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 XI 
 
 XII 
 
 XIII 
 
 XIV 
 
 XV 
 
 =I4 
 
 XVI: 
 
 XVII: 
 
 XVIII: 
 
 XIX: 
 
 XX = 
 
 XXI = 
 XXX = 
 
 xxxv =; 
 
 XL. 
 L 
 
 LX = 60 
 
 LXXX=80 
 XC=90 
 
 XX =20000 
 M =1000000 
 
 55
 
 MUMBER.-Q^uantitti conceived 
 as made up of parts, or the -meas- 
 ure of the relation between quan- 
 tities of the same kind, and an- 
 swers to the question, et How 
 many?" Thus., distance is a 
 quantity^ but if that distance 
 is called 0, the notion is convert- 
 ed into number. A -number is 
 an expression for one or more 
 units. An integra.1 -number con- 
 sists of entire or whoje units, 
 as I, 7, 16, etc. A fractional nitm- 
 ber consists of parts of units, 
 as Yi. , y% , 'J43, etc. A mixed* urn 
 her consists of .integral a.nd frac- 
 tional units being combined, as 
 4v4, 16 /$ , etc. A concrete or de- 
 nominate number consists of 
 concrete units, as I pen, 6 ox- 
 en, 100 bushels, etc. Ana4*rac* 
 number consists of abstract u.- 
 nits, as I, 5, 17, etc. A simp/e 
 number consists of units of 
 only one kind, as 10, 25 pounds 
 *75, etc. A compound number 
 consists of units of different 
 kinds, as IS pounds 10 ounces, 
 2 miles lOrods 6feet4inches. 
 A prime number i.s one which 
 cannot be exactly divided by any 
 other number except- I, as 1 1, 17, 
 1999, etc. A composite number 
 is one consisting of the product 
 of the factors of other numbers, 
 as 4, a 5, 1 92, etc. 
 
 NUMERALS ..-The characters by 
 means of which numbers are 
 expressed, as figures in the Ara- 
 bic notation, and letters in the 
 Roman. 
 
 NUMERATION.-The artof read- 
 ing numbers, when expressed by 
 means of numerals. For the con- 
 venience of reading numbers, 
 then are separated into periods 
 of three places each as per table. 
 
 number of fractional u-.nits 
 that are ta.ken. (See Fraction). 
 OBLATE. -Flattened or depress- 
 ed. If .an ellipse be revolved about 
 its minor ax-is, the volume gcn- 
 era.ted is called an oblate, sphe- 
 roid. The earth being flatten- 
 ed at the poles, and protruded 
 at the equator, is in the form 
 of an oblate spheroid. 
 
 OBLIQUE. -Dcviat / D 
 
 ing from the per- ^_ 
 
 pendicular. Thus 
 the line BD is oblique to the 
 line AC. A-n oblique, angle. \ s 
 one either greater or less than 
 a right angle, the angles DBA 
 and DBC both being oblique an- 
 gles. An oblique tri 'angle is one 
 in which all the. angles are 
 oblique. An oblique cylinder- 
 or cone is one whose a-xis is 
 oblique to the plane of its base. 
 OBLONG. -A rectangle whose 
 adjacent sides are unequal. In 
 general, any body or.vol.u-me 
 which is longer than it is wide. 
 
 equal to each other. THe angle at 
 the center, ACB, is 45", and the 
 angle at the vertex of any angla 
 ACO, is 135. The area of a regu- 
 lar octagon, whose side is l,isequal 
 to 4.8284271. 
 
 OCTAGONAL. -Pertaining to an 
 octagon. 
 
 OCTANGULAR. -Having eight an 
 
 OCTANT. -The half of a quadrant, 
 or the eighth part of a circum- 
 ference of a circle. 
 
 OOO.-Not divisible by 2 with- 
 out a remainder. The alternate 
 numbers beginning at I , as I, 3, 
 5, 7, etc., form the series of odd 
 numbers. 
 
 OPERATION. -Something to be 
 done, as a transformation to 
 be. made upon quantities. Such 
 transformation is indicated ei- 
 ther by rules or by symbols. (See 
 Symbol). 
 
 OPPOSITE ANGLES.- o^./" 
 Angles lying on.oppo- ^xJr^e 
 site sides of two inter- * 
 secting lines. Thus,*h angle* ACO 
 and ECU are opposite. 
 
 OUNCE. -A unit of weJ9ht. In 
 avoirdupois weight, it is the six- 
 teenth part of a pound, and con- 
 tains 437/S grains; in Troy 
 weight, it is the twelfth parr of 
 a pound, and contains 480 grams. 
 >VAL. A figure resembling an 
 ellipse, or egg-shaped. 
 
 PAR VALUE. -The full value 
 represented on the face of a. 
 note, bond, or other certificate 
 of property. (See Par, under Bu- 
 siness Terms). 
 
 PARALLEL. -Having the same di 
 rection,and equi-dis- - 
 tant in al.l parts.Two 
 straight lines are parallel toeach 
 other, when they lie in the same 
 
 Penodof Period** PtriodW Pr'odof Periodtf Periodof Period ef RrriodV Period i/IWodo/ feriodof Period Period Period of Periodof fcriod of Period o/ 
 DecilCs. Noimill*. Octill's. Spi^ Swill's. Qumill's. Quadrilft. Trillions: Billions. Minions. Thous'ds. of Units. Thous'lhiMill'ths. Kll'ths. Tnll'ths. ^adrilPtrs 
 
 Xl^o Xt^z XI^O xHtn (/> iHOf xHtf X^V^ Xr-CD Xr~2i xHt- Xt^D r-Xr- t-i5 Px'cn xr- K X tf 
 000000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.000 000 000 000 000 
 
 direction, and are therefore con- 
 tained in the same plane, and 
 cannot touch or intersect,how 
 far soever he.y be extended. Three 
 or more straight lines are paral- 
 lel to each other when they have 
 the same direction. Two 
 or more circles are said 
 to be parallel to each oth- 
 er when they art ccncmtric. 
 
 To read an 9 number, Determine 
 the order and name of each sig- 
 nificant figure in the number to 
 be read; then begin at the left 
 hand and name the significant 
 figures in each period, together 
 with their relative unit value, 
 and add the name of the period . 
 NUMERATOR. -The term of a 
 fraction which indicates the 
 
 OBTUSE. -Not point 
 
 ed, sharp, or acute. - 
 
 An obtuse angle is 
 
 an angle greater than a righ* 
 
 angle, as ABD. 
 OCTAGON. -A polygon 
 
 of eight sides or angles. 
 
 A regular octagon is 
 
 one whose sides and 
 
 angles are respectively 
 
 56
 
 *rm of e*f le-ment, and add the 
 sutti of the interest thus found to 
 
 the sum of the payments. ///. De- 
 duct the sum of the payments and 
 the Interest therco-n from the 
 amount of principal and interest, 
 and the difference will be t He 
 balance due. 
 
 The Vermont Ru-le Is the same 
 as the Merchant*' Rule, except in 
 the latter,settlemetit is -made not 
 later than a year a/ter the date 
 of the no re, while in thefor-nier, 
 settlement is not made until the 
 final adjustment of the account, 
 which may be less than a yea-r, 
 or many years. The difference 
 between any two of the three 
 rules may be seen from the fol- 
 lowing Exa-tiiple: A -note of 
 $1000 runs 4 years a* 8?>o inter- 
 est, on which were made quar- 
 terly payments of 50. What 
 was the amount due at settlement? 
 , &440.82 
 432.23 
 400.00 
 
 PARALLELOGRAM.-/* quadri- 
 lateral whose opposite 3 J^i c 
 side? are parallel, and al-yU^i,/! 
 so equal. If one angle 
 of a parallelogram is a right angle, 
 all the other angles are also right 
 angles, and the parallelogram is 
 a f*ocn0A,M ABCD. If two ad- 
 jacent sides of a parallelogram are 
 equal, the figure is a rhombus^ if, 
 in addition, the included angle is 
 a right angle, the figure is a square. 
 I* a parallelogram is oblique-an- 
 gled, it is a rho-mtoid, E FCD.The 
 area of a parallelogram is equal 
 to the product of its base by its 
 altitude-. 
 
 PARALLELOPIPEDON.-A polyhe- 
 dron bounded by six /- - * 
 parallelograms.The \ 
 solid is a rectangular [ '.. ..'j.>;C.'i^ 
 parallelopipedon, if 
 the parallelograms are rectangles. 
 If they are squares, it is a cAc. 
 The area of a parallclopipedon 
 is equal to the product of its 
 length, breadth, and thickness. 
 
 PARTIAL PAYMENTS.- Pay- 
 ments made at different tin-ies 
 of part _of a note, bond, or other 
 obligation . These payments should 
 be indorsed upon the back of the 
 note,, bond, etc. _The foil owing rule 
 for computing interest when par- 
 tial payments have been made 
 has been adopted by the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and 
 by several of the States, and is 
 called 
 
 The United States Rule. 
 I. The rule for casting interest 
 when partial payments nave been 
 wade, is to apply the payment, in 
 the first place, to the 'discharge of 
 the interest due. //. If the pay- 
 ment exceeds the interest, the 
 surplus goes towards discharging 
 the principal, and the subsequent 
 interest is to be computed on the 
 balance of the principal remain- 
 ing due. ///. If the payment be 
 less than the interest, the surplus 
 of interest must not be taken to 
 augment the principal; but inter- 
 est continues on the for-mer prin- 
 cipal until the period when the pay- 
 ments, taUen together, exceed the 
 interest due, and then the surplus 
 is to be applied towards discharging 
 the principal, and interest is to 
 be commuted on the balance as 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Among merchants where it 
 is customary to make settlements 
 yearly, or o/tener, the following 
 rule is much used by them, an d 
 is called 
 
 The Merchants' Rule. 
 I. Find the interest on the prin- 
 cipal from the time it becomes due 
 to the time of settlement , and 
 add it to the principal. //. Find 
 the interest on each payment 
 from the time it was -made to the 
 
 It will be seen by the above exam- 
 ple that, for periods longer than 
 one year, fche United States Rule 
 is most favorable to the credit- 
 or, then the Merchants' Rule, 
 after which the Vermont Rule; 
 while the_y favor the debtor i-n 
 the opposite order. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP. -For definitions 
 
 and forms, see under Business 
 Forms and Terms. To /itid each 
 partner's share of the gains or 
 losses, when the shares are in 
 proportion to the investments, 
 Place tHe amount invested by 
 each partner as a numerator, 
 and the whole capital ofthefir-m 
 as a denominator: the several 
 fractions will express each part- 
 ner's share. Then multiply the 
 gain or loss by the fraction ex- 
 pressing each partner's share, 
 and the product will be h is 
 share of the gain or loss.%xwv- 
 V\*.- A, B, and C formed a part- 
 nership. A invested * 6000 , B 
 9*5000, and C $63000. Their pro/- 
 
 its were 95600, to be divided In 
 proportion to their capital. What 
 was each partner's share? 
 Operation. 
 
 share. 5600xf -4, A'sgain. 
 
 g .3 
 
 5600xjf=*UOO,C's 
 
 Another method is To multiply 
 each partner's capital by the per- 
 centage which the gains or loss- 
 es may be of the capital of the 
 firm. Thus 
 
 #5600 -40% of * 14000. 
 * 6000 X40 X =#2400, AHnht 
 2000,B's 
 
 To littd each partner's interest 
 at closing: /. Find the firm's 
 net capital or net insolvency 
 at commencing and at closing. 
 //. Find the firm's net gains 
 or net losses, and each part- 
 ner's share. Trien,///- To each 
 partner's original investment 
 add any additional investments 
 or sums to which he may be en- 
 titled, and his share of the net 
 pains, if an_y; also deduct t_he 
 amounts withdrawn by him, 
 and obligations assumed by the 
 firm for him, and his share 
 of the net losses, if any. If the 
 original agreement entitles him 
 to any other sum, or makes him 
 responsible -to the ffrtn for any sum, 
 add or subtract, as the'case may be 
 
 PENTAGON. T A poi 
 
 ygon of five sides or 
 five angles. A regu- 
 lar pentagon is one 
 whose sides and an- 
 gles are all equal each 
 to each, and -may be inscribed in 
 acircle. 
 
 PENNY-WEIGHT. -A unit in Troy 
 weight, equivalent to /4o of an 
 
 PERCENTAGE. -A general desig- 
 nation for all processes involving 
 the method of reckoning by the 
 hundred. The result obtained by 
 taking a certain per cent, of a 
 number is called the Percentage. 
 The number on which the per- 
 centage is reckoned is called the 
 Base. The sum of the base and 
 the percentage is the Amount. 
 The excess of the base over the 
 
 i percentage is the Difference. 
 The number used as a multipli- 
 er in obtaining any required per 
 cent, of a given number, is the 
 Rate. To find the percentage, 
 the base and rate being given, 
 Multiply the base by the rate 
 
 | expressed decimally , or remove 
 the decimal point two places to 
 the left, and multiply the result 
 
 57
 
 by theratc.^E.xvmv\.-What 
 it 4% of H6T4.50? 
 
 1st Method- 2d Method. 
 
 *674.50 6.7450 
 
 26.9800 16.98 00 
 To /ind the rate, the base and 
 percentage being given, Annex 
 two c.iphers to the percentage 
 and divide by the base^X's^w^a. 
 What rate per cent, of 400 is 
 24 ? 2400*400 = 6. Arts. 6$f. 
 To /ittd the base, the rate and 
 percentage being given, Annex 
 two ciphers to the percentage and 
 divide by the rate.txw\yto'-What 
 is the number of which 300 is 
 
 6 o y ? ? 300 oo -r eo=soo A ns. 
 To fi-nd the base, the rate and 
 the amount, or the rate and 
 difference being given, Divide 
 the amount by I increased by the 
 rate per cent, (expressed decimal- 
 ly). Divide the difference by I 
 diminished by the rate percent, 
 (expressed decimally). ^.xi-w^Vis.- 
 600 is 20 % rciore than what 
 
 What number diminished by 
 3.0 7 of itself equals 4-00? 4-00 
 .8O~5OO Arts. 
 
 Formu/as. 
 
 Prcet-f. = base\rate percent. 
 Rate pet cent. = per cent.-f base. 
 Base = per cen t. -f rate per cent. 
 P, JArnount-fl I -(-rate percent.). 
 = iDifference-KI -rate percent.). 
 
 PERCH. -A unit o* measure for 
 surfaces. It is a square rod, and 
 is equivalent to 30.1-4 square yards, 
 or 272^4 square feet. It is used 
 chiefly in land measurino. 
 
 PERIMETER.- The line * ha* 
 bounds a plane figure. In a pol- 
 ygon its length is equal to the 
 sum of all the sides of the polygon. 
 
 PERIOD. -In Numeration, a 
 group of three orders, as Peri- 
 od of Units, Period ofThousanls, 
 e*c- In Extraction of Roots, a 
 number of -figures considered 
 together. 
 
 PERMUTATION. r The results 
 
 obtained by writing any num 
 berof factors in every possible 
 order, so that each shall enter 
 every result and enter it but 
 once. Thus, the two letters 
 a. and b can be placed in only 
 two positions, at and ^a.. The 
 three letters a, t, and c can be 
 placed, in 6 different positions. 
 The first four letters of the al- 
 phabet can be placed in 24 dif- 
 ferent positions, and the 2.S 
 letters of the alphabet admit of 
 4-0329 146 1.I26605S35,58400C1000 d i/fer- 
 nt positions. To find any. re- 
 sult in permutation, Multiply 
 together the numbers, 1,2,3,4, 
 etc., from J to the given num- 
 ber; .the latt product will be the 
 required result. 
 
 PERPENDICULAR. -One straight 
 
 line is perpendicular to 
 another straight line 
 when they meet so as 
 to make the two angles 
 formed equal. Thus A B 
 and DC are perpendic- 
 ular to each other. Straight lines 
 and curved, straight lines and 
 planes, places and planes, etc., way 
 be oerpendicular to each o*he*. 
 PERPETUITY. -The sum of money 
 which will buy an annuity to last 
 forever. To /ind any perpetu-ity, 
 Multiply the annual payment by 
 the reciprocal of the rate pet cent. 
 at which the perpetuity is compu- 
 ted. ^.X\Y\\\..- What is the value 
 of a perpetuity of*IOO per an- 
 num at 5 % ? Solution.- 5 ^ 
 = .Xioo ^Xo ; the reciprocal of At 
 
 = a >f : * 100 X^T= 2000 /Ins. 
 PERSPECTIVE. -Such a represen- 
 tation of an object upon a sur- 
 face as shall present to t he .eye, 
 situated at a particular point, 
 the same appearance that the ob- 
 ject itself would present, were 
 
 the surface removed, 
 PlLINGSHOT- 
 
 Shot, shells, 
 etc., are gen 
 erally piled 
 in regular 
 piles of a 
 pyramidal or 
 wedged-shaped form. The piles are 
 named from the form of their 
 bases, square, recta-nau/ar, and 
 triangular. To ^itld the num- 
 ber of balls in any. pile, Add to 
 the number of balls in the longest 
 side of the. base the. number in the 
 parallel side opposite, and also 
 the number in the parallel top 
 row; multiply this sum by one- 
 third of the number of balls in 
 the triangular face of the pi Ic, 
 and the result will be the num- 
 ber of balls in the pile.^X'a.w^Ne..- 
 How many balls in the a bove 
 pile? So/ution. -The number in 
 the longest side of the bate, is 6; 
 in opposite parallel side, 6; in par- 
 allel top row, I ; in triangular 
 
 face of pile, 21, one-third of which 
 is 7; 6 +6 +1= 13; !3x7=9Mw. 
 
 PINT, -A unit of measure, equiv- 
 alent to */* of a gallon, or 28 /* 
 cubic inches. 
 
 PLANE.- A surface o/such nat- 
 ure that, if any two points be 
 taken and joined by a straig.ht 
 <ina, that line will lie wholly in 
 the surface. 
 
 PLUMB-LINE. -A I inc.or string, 
 having a weight attached, and 
 used for the purpose, o/ ascertain- 
 ing a ver*!ca.l direction. 
 
 POINT. -Position without ex- 
 tension, it haying -neither length 
 breadth, nor thickness. 
 
 POLE. -A unit o-f measure, equiv- 
 alent to I6X -feet, or 5'A yards. 
 
 POLYGON. -A plane figure bound- 
 ed by straight lines. These lines 
 are called the sides of the poly- 
 gon, and the points in which 
 they meet are called vertices of 
 the polygon. Polygons are class- 
 ified according to the number of 
 their sides or angles. The follow- 
 ing table exhibits the angles and 
 areas of all the polygons, upto the 
 dodecagon, viz., the angle at the 
 centre, tHe angle of the polygon, 
 and the area of the polygon when 
 each side is I :- 
 No.of Naine of A9le Anfof 
 Sides. Polygon, atcciu. PoluV 
 
 Triangle 
 
 Square 
 
 Pentagon 
 
 Heragon 
 
 Heptagon 
 
 Octagon 
 
 Nonagon 
 
 Decagon 
 
 0.4330127 
 1.0000000 
 1.7204774 
 2.5380762 
 .6339124 
 4.8284271 
 6.1818242 
 7.6942088 
 9.365S399 
 11.1961524 
 
 Undecagon 
 Dodecagon 30 150 
 To /ind the area of any regular 
 polygon, Square the side, and -mul- 
 tiply that square by the area in 
 that part of the fifth column of 
 preceding table corresponding, with 
 the number of sides. To fi-nd 
 the area of an irregular poly- 
 gon of four or -more sides, Divide 
 the figure into triangles by diago- 
 nals connecting some one angular 
 point with each of the ot hers; 
 then compute the area of each 
 triangle, and find their sum. 
 
 POLYHEDRON. -A solid, whose 
 sides or faces are polygons. The 
 lines in which the faces meet 
 are called e</ocs, and the vertices 
 of the polyhedral angles are call- 
 ed vertices of the polyhedron. A 
 regular polyhedron is one whose 
 faces are regular polygons. 
 
 POSITIVE. -A term applied to a 
 quantity affected with the sign 
 + . (See Negative). 
 
 POUND. -A unit of weight, as a 
 pound Troy, a pound Avoirdupois, 
 etc. A Troy pound contains 
 5760 grains, and an Avoirdupois 
 pound, 7000 grains. A cubic inch 
 
 5H
 
 
 TABLE OF PRIME NUMBERS TO 6000. 
 
 To ttsc the table, look for the re 
 
 qu red thousand over one of the sub 
 tables, then under it look for the requir- 
 ed hundred, /ol lowing down the 
 colunm, if the remain ing figures of 
 the number occur, it is pri-me;o*her- 
 wise,-not:.tw.w9\..-339l is prime; 3397, not. 
 
 of distilled wafer, at 6J Fahr., 
 the barometer being 30 Inches, 
 weighs 252.458 Troy grains, 
 which is taken as the unvary- 
 ing standard of comparison. A 
 Pound is also a unit of curren- 
 cy in the British, and several 
 other foreign systems; the Brit- 
 ish pound sterling being equiv- 
 
 to 6000. The Prime Factors of 
 a number.are the prime num- 
 bers that will exactly di_vite_it. 
 To Tesolva a number into its 
 prime factors, see Factor. 
 PRINCIPAL.-Thenawe given to 
 a sum of money put out at in- 
 terest. See Interest. 
 PRINCIPLE. -A self-evident truth, 
 or one which has been proved. 
 'RISM.- A solid whose sides A 
 or faces are parallelograms, /A 
 and whose ends or bases j, 
 are equal and para 1 1 e.l 
 polygons. A prism is tri- p! 
 angular, quadrangular, \J\ 
 pentagonal, etc., accord- - 
 ing as its bases are triangles, 
 squares, pentagons, etc.To fitid 
 the entire surface of any right 
 prism, Multiply the perimeter, or 
 circumference of the base, by the 
 height, and to the product add 
 the area of the two bases. To 
 fl-nd the solidity of a prism, Mul- 
 tiply the area of the base by the 
 perpendicular height. 
 
 PROBABILITY. -i-n the doctrine 
 
 of chances, the likelihood of 
 the occurrence of an event. If 
 a small cube be thrown into the 
 air, it will necessarily fall upon 
 one of its si* faces, and the prob- 
 ability of its falling upon any one 
 face is said to be !4 , and the prob- 
 ability that a given face wjllnot 
 turn up is ^/6 The following are 
 different phases of probability : 
 ./".Probability of the occurrence 
 of one event out of any given 
 number. II. Probability of *He 
 simultaneous occurrence of two 
 or wore events. !!! Probabili- 
 ty of successive events occurring 
 in any given order. I IT. Proba- 
 bility derived from erperience. 
 
 
 
 1000 
 
 alent to about &4-.8S. 
 
 
 gss 
 
 g|gsss 
 
 
 g,gg:glS!8 
 
 ^ 
 
 POWER. -See Involution. 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 5 
 7 
 II 
 13 
 17 
 19 
 23 
 29 
 31 
 37 
 41 
 43 
 47 
 53 
 59 
 61 
 67 
 71 
 73 
 79 
 83 
 89 
 97 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 7 
 9 
 13 
 
 37 
 31 
 
 37 
 39 
 A3 
 51 
 57 
 63 
 67 
 73 
 79 
 81 
 91 
 93 
 97 
 99 
 
 II 
 23 
 27 
 
 29 
 33 
 39 
 41 
 51 
 57 
 S3 
 69 
 71 
 17 
 81 
 83 
 93 
 
 1 
 II 
 13 
 
 n 
 
 31 
 31 
 41 
 49 
 53 
 59 
 61 
 13 
 79 
 83 
 89 
 91 
 
 1 
 9 
 19 
 
 21 
 31 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 57 
 61 
 63 
 S7 
 79 
 87 
 91 
 
 ! 
 
 21 
 
 2? 
 
 41 
 47 
 
 57 
 63 
 69 
 71 
 77 
 87 
 92 
 99 
 
 1 
 7 
 13 
 17 
 19 
 31 
 41 
 43 
 47 
 53 
 53 
 61 
 73 
 77 
 83 
 91 
 
 197 
 311 II 
 1921 19 
 27'23 I 29 
 33'27 ! 37 
 392941 
 433947 
 515353 
 5757^67 
 6l59i7l 
 636371 
 737783 
 8181(91 
 91 83S1 
 ..87.. 
 
 3 
 13 
 19 
 21 
 31 
 33 
 39 
 43 
 51 
 61 
 63 
 69 
 81 
 91 
 93 
 97 
 
 3 1 
 
 Mia 
 
 17117 
 2323 
 2929 
 5131 
 5337 
 6349 
 7159 
 8177 
 8779 
 93 : 83 
 ..83 
 ..91 
 ..37 
 
 3 ' 
 
 7 
 19 
 21 
 27 
 61 
 67 
 73 
 SI 
 99 
 
 23, 
 27' 
 29 
 33 
 39 
 47 
 51 
 fj 
 
 59 
 71 
 81 
 83 
 87 
 89 
 93 
 
 1 
 23 
 31 
 
 
 53 
 59 
 51 
 71 
 79 
 83 
 31 
 
 
 
 1 ( 
 
 7Q 
 
 92' 
 123 
 194 
 21 k' 
 27 15 
 375 
 57,7 
 638 
 678 
 698 
 93. 
 91. 
 99. 
 
 1 
 II ' 
 
 23 1: 
 
 313 
 
 !4i3: 
 
 6I4 C 
 675 
 717' 
 737' 
 77 ff 
 1799 
 S93" 
 ..9 
 
 method of applying arith-met- 
 ical -rules to questions which oc- 
 cur in trade and business. It is 
 a particular case i-n the use 
 of aliquot parts and of t H e 
 Rule of Three, in which the 
 first term is 1. To solve any 
 problem according to this 
 method, Take the sum o/such 
 aliquot parts of the given num- 
 ber of things, as the piveit price 
 is of the- u.nit of currency of 
 the next Higher order,arid the 
 result will be the. price of the 
 thing internis of that u.ni*. 
 ^.x.'WYV^Ne.. - Required the cost 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 1 ^^'^^'-'''^ ~~~~v^&^i-'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IF\^ Jw 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dl np^ 
 
 t*-^^- Tl c V D S ,TH-: ' -1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3001 
 
 > 
 
 \\o f rf$L:&3- 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 
 S 
 
 ggss 
 
 V /^:-:' 
 
 3 
 II 
 11 
 
 27 
 29 
 39 
 53 
 '62 
 69 
 81 
 S3 
 81 
 89 
 99 
 
 II 
 13 
 22 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 43 
 53 
 Gl 
 79 
 
 ! 
 
 13 
 21 
 37 
 39 
 43 
 51 
 67 
 69 
 73 
 81 
 87 
 93 
 97 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 39 
 41 
 47 
 51 
 57 
 71 
 17 
 81 
 83 
 89 
 33 
 99 
 
 II 
 11 
 23 
 31 
 41 
 47 
 59 
 67 
 73 
 77 
 
 3 
 21 
 31 
 29 
 
 43 
 49 
 
 51 
 57 
 79 
 91 
 93 
 
 9 
 17 
 
 21 
 33 
 47 
 57 
 59 
 63 
 
 ?! 
 
 33 
 37 
 89 
 33 
 99 
 
 ,: 
 
 13 
 19 
 
 29 
 31 
 4 
 49 
 53 
 61 
 11 
 89 
 91 
 
 9 ! 
 
 1 
 3 
 19 
 3; 
 37 
 43 
 51 
 51 
 61 
 19 
 81 
 
 ! 
 
 S 
 
 n 
 
 27 
 39 
 53 
 51 
 63 
 
 7 6 ? 
 93 
 
 1 
 ll 
 
 19 
 23 
 31 
 41 
 49 
 SI 
 61 
 73 
 83 
 89 
 
 9 
 19 
 21 
 37 
 63 
 67 
 69 
 81 
 81 
 31 
 
 , 
 
 29 
 51 
 53 
 57 
 59 
 71 
 99 
 
 I 
 
 19 
 23 
 29 
 31 
 43 
 147 
 59 
 61 
 11 
 73 
 89 
 91 
 
 13 
 33 
 49 
 51 
 SI 
 63 
 67 
 69 
 91 
 99 
 
 II 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 J3 
 
 39 
 41 
 47 
 51 
 59 
 11 
 81 
 83 
 93 
 
 T| 
 
 13 
 111 
 23'2 
 3 3 
 373 
 436 
 59|6 
 IIS 
 131 
 119 
 919 
 97. 
 
 3 
 
 3:211 
 j!23l 
 7331 
 3472 
 3;5I2 
 1533 
 7634 
 9114 
 3816 
 3898 
 J.. . 
 
 
 of 24 yards of muslin at 12/i 
 cts. per yard.5"o/^/bw.-A* ^ 1 
 a yard it is worth .^24.00. A* 
 12/^1 cts. a yard it is worth on 
 ly Yz of S324.00, which is*3.00 
 PRESENT WORTH. -The Pres- 
 ent Worth of a debt payable at 
 a future time without inter- 
 est, is that sum which, at a 
 
 probability, Divide the number 
 of favorable chances by the whole 
 number of chances, both favor- 
 able and unfavorable, and the 
 quotient (which is always in 
 trie form of a fraction) will be 
 the probability. . > 
 PROBLEM. -A question propos- 
 ed for solution. To solve a prob- 
 lem, is to find such a val ue or 
 values as will satisfy the given 
 conditions of the problem. To 
 state a problem, is to translate 
 the conditions of the problem in- 
 to mathematical language. 
 PROCESS. -Course of proceed- 
 ings or operations. 
 PRODUCT.- The amount or result 
 obtained by taking one number 
 or quantity as many times as 
 there are units in another.The 
 co-nt/Tiued product of any num- 
 ber of factors is the result ob- 
 tained by multiplying the first 
 .factor by the second, that result 
 by the thi-rd. that by the fourth, 
 etc., until all the factors have 
 been used. 
 
 
 4000 
 
 5000 
 
 specified rate par cent, for 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 ijlljiililjlfl 
 
 i _ > oSoc 
 
 ? 
 
 the s a rue time, would amou/n 
 to the debt. To find the pres- 
 
 1 
 3 
 7 
 13 
 19 
 21 
 21 
 49 
 51 
 57 
 13 
 79 
 91 
 93 
 99 
 
 II 
 27 
 29 
 33 
 39 
 53 
 57 
 53 
 77 
 
 [(27 9 
 D312I 
 173923 
 134941 
 29,5l|47 
 31 63'5I 
 4 73:51 
 439 '63 
 5331 81 
 59I..83 
 KH..I93 
 
 1=! 
 
 B9i.. .. 
 97.... 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 n 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 41 
 49 
 SI 
 67 
 83 
 31 
 91 
 
 i 
 
 31 
 39 
 43 
 43 
 51 
 51 
 63 
 13 
 19 
 91 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 23 
 29 
 33 
 51 
 59 
 83 
 81 
 89 
 93 
 99 
 
 !l 
 13 
 17 
 31 
 61 
 71 
 71 
 89 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 31 
 3" 
 31 
 43 
 51 
 
 fl 
 69 
 13 
 81 
 93 
 33 
 
 ~3 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 39 
 51 
 59 
 77 
 81 
 81 
 99 
 
 7 
 13 
 19 
 41 
 53 
 61 
 1 
 19 
 89 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 31 
 33 
 31 
 61 
 13 
 19 
 81 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 23 
 33 
 41 
 51 
 81 
 81 
 93 
 
 " 
 
 1\ ' 
 
 iia 
 
 IT1 
 1919 
 3121 
 3121 
 4 '31 
 4351 
 4963 
 1169 
 1113 
 19181 
 82j3l 
 
 23 
 391 
 41 1 
 473 
 514 
 534 
 514 
 591 
 698 
 83;3 
 89. 
 33. 
 
 1 
 1 12 
 7132 
 121? 
 U15 
 3398 
 94? 8 
 949. 
 351 . 
 59 ! . 
 . 6I ; . 
 .61. 
 .83. 
 .19. 
 .811. 
 .57,. 
 
 ent worth, Divide the given 
 debt by the amount of *I.OO 
 for the given time, atthegiv 
 en -rate per cent.^t*\v\^\..- 
 What is the Present Worth of 
 922.4, due two years hence, 
 without Interest, money be- 
 ing worth 6 <?i per annum? 
 So/ut!on.-~\ne. amount of* I 
 for 2 years, at 69* , is $* 1.12 : 
 2244-ttl.l2 = 200 Ans. 
 PRIME.- A -number is prime 
 when it cannot be exactly di- 
 vided by any other number ex 
 cept I. See the table at the left 
 for all the prime numbers up 
 
 
 60
 
 PROFIT AND LOSS. -/>//> it any 
 
 gain realized from an increase 
 or appreciation of value m com- 
 modities, or any other property 
 iofs is *He amount which the 
 selling price of any commodity, 
 or other property, is less.than 
 its cost; also any depreciation 
 in value. To -find the gain or 
 loss, when the cost and rate per 
 cent, are given, Multiply the cost 
 by the rate per cent., expressed 
 decimally.^x.Y\^\.*. Cloth 
 costing &250, was sold at 15% 
 advance. What was the gain? 
 Solution. -#250 X.I5=37.50 Arts. 
 A bale of cotton costing & 8 0, 
 was sold at 8 7<> loss. What was 
 the loss? $o/ut/orf.-&8QX.<!B = 
 V6.40 Arts. To litid the -rate 
 percent, when the cost and 9ain 
 or loss are 9! ven, Divide the gain 
 or loss by the cost, and the quo- 
 tient, expressed in hundredths, 
 will be the rate per ccnt-Vi^-m 
 V\fe. -Cloth costing %4 a yard, 
 was sold /or **5 a yard. What was 
 the gain per cent. ? Solution* - 
 l(thegain) ^- #4 (the cost) = 
 .25 or 25 9S Ans. To/ind the 
 cost when the gain or loss and 
 the rate per cent, are given, Di- 
 vide the gain or loss by the rate 
 per cent., expressed decimally. - 
 tmnw^tt. Cloth sold at a gain 
 of tt I per yard, pays a profit of 
 25 % . What was the cost per 
 yard? Solution. -&\. 00-K25 = 
 4.00 Ans. Tp find the cost 
 when the selling price and the 
 rate per cent, of gain or loss arc 
 given, Divide the selling price 
 by I plus or -minus the rate per 
 cent. ^.xTi-w^Xe,.- Cloth sold at 
 #5.00 a.yard, pays 25 % prof- 
 it: required the cost price per 
 yard. W*/<m.-5.00-H.25 = 
 4.00/fw. Formulas. 
 Cain or loss = cost X rate 94 . 
 Rate, per cent. =oain or loss -r cost. 
 Cos* =gam or loss -r rate 2%. 
 Cos*.= selling price -r/ 1-*- rate y,. 
 \l-rate%. 
 
 PROGRESSION. -A series in which 
 the terms increase or decrease 
 according to a uniform law. An 
 Arithinetiaa.1 Progression is a 
 series which Increase or decrease 
 by a c.oYv\\\\or\ &'\tiftYe.\\ce,.Thus, 
 1,4,7, 10,13, etc., is an V-ntvaa.*- 
 vno, %V\., while 20, 17, 14, 1 1,8, 
 5, etc., is a tacYeaiVrnq, *erte.t.The 
 numbers forming the series are 
 called tertns \ the first a-nd last 
 terms are the extremes, and 
 the other terms, the means. 
 To find the sum of all the terms 
 of series, when the extremes and 
 number of terms are given, Mul- 
 tiply the sum of the extremes by 
 the number of ter-ws; half the 
 product will be the sum of the 
 series. \.X'W\^\..-How -many 
 strokes does the hamtner of a 
 
 clock strike in 12 hours? Solu- 
 tion.- I 4 II (theextremes)~l3; 
 13 X I2(number of ter-mrt= (56; 
 1 56 -fa =78 Aits. To find the 
 common difference, when the 
 extremes and the number ef terms 
 aregiven, Divide the d ifference of 
 the extremes by the number o< 
 tertns less one; the quotient wil 
 be the common difference. *.x*w 
 V\ft.-The first term of a series is 
 3, the last 300, and the number 
 of terms 10: what the com.dif.? 
 Solution.- 300-3 = 297; 297 -r 
 9=33 Ans. To find the last term 
 when the first term, the com- 
 mon difference, and the tmmber 
 of terms are given, Multiply the 
 common difference by thetiit-m 
 ber of terms less one; if an in- 
 creasing, series, add the product 
 to the first term; if a decreasing 
 series, subtract the product from 
 the first ter-m. ^.xaAnrx^Vfc.-The 
 first term of an increasing ser- 
 ies is 2, the common difference 
 3, a-nd the number of tertns 50; 
 
 what is the last term? Solution. 
 -3X4-9=147; 147+2 = 14-9 Ans. 
 A Geometrical Progression is 
 a series increasin9 by a constant 
 multiplier, or decreasing by a con- 
 stant divisor. Thus, 2,4, 8,15,32, 
 64, etc., is an \YvcYci%Vv\Oy qeov^e*. 
 VtcMVte-t, while 64,32,16,8,4, etc., 
 is a teewMMM MMMttfo w \as.The 
 constant multiplier or divisor is 
 called the ratio. To find the sum 
 of all the terms of a geometric se- 
 ries, Multiply the greatest term 
 by the ratio; from the product sub 
 tract the least term, and djvide 
 the -remainder by the ratio less 
 l.te.x.Yv\9\e.- John Jones gave to 
 his daughter on New Year's day 
 4tl; he doubled it on the first day 
 of every -month for a year: what 
 sum did she receive? Solution. -The 
 ratio is 2; the least term I; the 
 greatest term 2048 (found prais- 
 ing the common ratio to a power 
 whose decree is one less than the 
 number of terms, and, multiply- 
 ing the Is* term by it. (2" XI =2048). 
 
 2048 X2 = 4096;4096-l=4095: 
 40954-1 = 4095 ; Arts. #4095. -i 
 PROOF. -Verification of a rule, or 
 of the accuracy of an operation. 
 In -many operations a converse 
 rule will verify the accuracy of 
 the work. For proofs of Addition. 
 Subtraction, Multiplication, and 
 Division, see each of these subjects 
 PROPORTION. -The relation which 
 quantities of the same kind bears 
 to another, with respect to mag 
 nitu.de or numerical value. An 
 equality of ratios (see Ratio) is 
 a Proportion. Thus, 3 : 6 : : 9 : 18 
 expresses that the ratio between 
 3 and 6 is the same as between 9 
 and 18, and is read, 3 is to 6" as 
 9 is to 18. The first and fourth 
 ter-ms are called the extremes; 
 the second and third, the -rrtea-HS. 
 The product of the -means always 
 equals the product of the extremes. 
 Simple Proportion (or Ru-le of'Thrw 
 is an equality of two ratios, and 
 consists of four terms. Three of 
 the -members of a proportion be- 
 ing given, two of them ttiustb* 
 of the same kind, and_the other 
 must be of the same kind as the. 
 fourth term, or answer. Hence, 
 To fttiti any required term of 
 a proportion, PI acc_the number 
 of the same denomination's 
 the answer sought, for the third 
 term. If the answer is to be 
 greater than the third term, 
 place the greater of the other 
 two numbers for the second 
 tertn, and the less for the first. 
 If the answer is to be /esrthan 
 the third term, place the less of 
 the other two numbers for t he 
 second term, and.the greaterfor 
 the first. Reduce, if necessary, the 
 first and second tertns to the same 
 denomination, and if the third 
 term is a compound number, re 
 duce it to the lowest term men- 
 tioned in it. Then divide the 
 product of the means by the knowr 
 extreme, or divide the product of 
 the extremes by the known mean; 
 the quotient will be the* term re- 
 quired. ^.x*.V(\^\e,.-lf 25 barrels 
 of flour cost $165, what will 35 
 barrels cost? So/ution.- 
 
 25 : 35 ::IS5: (Answer). 
 9*165 X 35 = 5775 ; *5775-f 15 = 
 23I Ans. A Compound Propor- 
 tion is one which involves two 
 or more simple ones. All of the 
 terms of a compound proportion 
 appear in couplets, except otie, which 
 is always of the same kind as t he 
 answer sought. To find any re- 
 quired term of a compound pro- 
 portion, Write the number which 
 is of the same kind, as the answer 
 sought, for the third term. Ar- 
 range the two terms of each ra- 
 tio separately, as t'n simple pro- 
 portion. Then, if an extreme term 
 be required, it will be equal to the 
 
 CO
 
 face of a pyramid, or its solid! 
 ty, sec Cane. 
 
 Gl.UADRANGLE.-A figure havino 
 four angles and sides. 
 
 QUADRATIC. -Denoting a square 
 or pertaining to it. 
 
 G^U ADR I LATERAL, -A polygon of 
 four sides, or four angles. See. 
 each of che following,: Trapezi- 
 um, Trapezoid, Parallelogram, ffec 
 tangle, Rhomboid, Square, Rhom 
 bus. 
 
 QUADRUPLE.- Four times, as 
 the qw.adru.plc of a given area 
 is an area four times as much. 
 
 QUANTITY. -Any thing thatcan 
 be i-ncreased, diminished,or -meas- 
 ured; as, number, space, 
 time, etc. A Unit of Qu 
 is a standard of -measure,prcow 
 putatiqn, used for deter-m in ing 
 or indicating^.^77/; weight, 
 i/a/ue, duration, and intensity- 
 
 Gl.UART.-A unit of measure e- 
 quivalent to 2 pints orx^gal- 
 lon; also 57?4 cubic inches. 
 
 QUARTER. -in avoirdupois 
 
 quotient of the product of the means 
 divided by the product of the known 
 extremes, and if a mean term be 
 required, i t will be equal to the prod- 
 uct of the extremes divided by the 
 product of the known means.Vx- 
 a\w^\e..-lf 12 'men in 30 days of 
 10 hours each earn ^270 , how 
 many dollars will 1 8 men earn 
 in 36 days of 12 hours each? 
 So/ u t /' off. 
 
 12 : 18 :: 270 :( Answer) 
 
 30 : 36 
 
 io : 12 
 
 18 X 36 x 12 X 270 =2099520; 12 
 X30 X. 10 = 3600 ; 209951043600 
 = 583.00 ; #583.20 Ans. Distrib- 
 utive Proportion is the meth- 
 od of dividing a n umber, or quan 
 tity, into parts which are pro- 
 portional to given nun-ibers. 
 To divide a number or quan- 
 tity thus, Multiply the whole 
 quantity to be divided by each 
 proportional number, and di- 
 vide each product by the sum 
 of the proportional numbers. 
 ^.X'fcYn^Xe,. -Divide ^1200 propor- 
 tionally among 4 men whose 
 shares are to each^ther as 3,4, 
 5, 6. Solution. 
 
 3 + 4- + 5 +6 = 18, 
 18 : 1200 : : 3 : 200 first man's share. 
 18 : 1200 ::4: 2663$ second " 
 I8:l200::5:333>ithird .. 
 I8:I200::6:400 fourth" -. 
 PULLEY. -A small wheel fixed 
 in a block and turning on an ax 
 is by means of a cord which runs 
 in a groove formed on the edge 
 pfthe whee'-A system of pulleys 
 is a number of pulleys so arrang- 
 ed that great weight may be rais- 
 ed by a small expenditure of pow- 
 er. To find the weight which way 
 be raised by a system of p ul leys, 
 Multiply the power by twice the 
 number of -movable pulleys, or, 
 when the end of the rope is at- 
 tached to the movable block, by 
 twice the number of movable 
 blocks, plus one. c 
 
 PYRAMID. -A soiid.or 
 
 polyhedron, of which 
 the base is a plane rec- 
 tilinear figure, and 
 the sides are triangles, 
 converging toapoint 
 at the top or 'apex.' 
 Pyramids take thei-r 
 names from the na- 
 ture of their bases, 
 and may be. triangu- 
 lar, quadrangular, etc., according 
 as their bases are triangles, quad- 
 rilaterals, etc. A right pyramid 
 is one whose base is a regular pot- 
 ygon, and in which a perpendic- 
 ular let fall from the vertex up- 
 on the base, passes through its 
 centre. A regular pyramid is 
 one bounded by four equal e- 
 quilateral triangles. For the 
 rules to find the area of the sur- 
 
 a quarter is 25 pounds. In Eng- 
 land, the quarter is 28 pxmnds; 
 It is also a measure of capacity, 
 equivalent to 8 bushels. 
 
 QUINTAL. -A weight consist- 
 ing of 100 pounds. 
 
 QUOTIENT. -The number re- 
 sulting from dividing one -num- 
 ber by another. 
 
 RADICAL. -An indicated root of 
 an irnperfect power of the de- 
 gree indicated. If it be a perfect 
 power, it is not a radical, but a 
 rational quantity under a radi- 
 cal form. The Ra.dica.1 Sign is a 
 character -\/ , placed before 
 a number to show that its root 
 is to be extracted. A stnall figure 
 placed above_the radical sign, 
 is called the index of t he root. 
 Thus,v / 3l5 denotes the second 
 or square root of 25; (The index 
 is usually omitted in square root); 
 ^33 denotes the third or cube 
 root of 25: ^X3~5 denotes fhe 
 fourth -roof of CIS; -^O5 de- 
 notes the sixth root; etc. 
 
 RADIUS. -The distance froni the 
 cent-re of a circle to its circum 
 ference, or half the diameter. 
 
 RATE PER CENT.-in computin 
 
 interest, the part of one dolla 
 which is paid annually for the us 
 of the money. See Interest. 
 
 RATIO. -The relative magnitud 
 of two numbers of the sawc kind 
 or the measure of the relation o 
 one quantity to another, as ex 
 pressed by their quotient. Thus 
 the ratio of 3 to 12 is 4, and of 
 12. to 3 is x4. The two numbers 
 compared are called the te-r-mfof 
 of the ratio, the first ter-m beim 
 the antecedent , and the last the 
 consequent. A ratio is denoted 
 by two dots similar to a colon 
 thus, 4- : 12. , ex-presses the ratio 
 of 4 to 12, and is read, As 4 is to 
 12. 
 
 RECIPROCAL. -The reciprocal of 
 a num ber is the quotient aris- 
 ing from dividing I by tl-ienuiti 
 ber: thus, the reciprocal of 4 is 
 ,!4; of I2.,>ri; of I25,^j 5 je*c. - 
 The reciprocal of a fraction is 
 expressed by the -fraction invert 
 ed ; thus the reciprocal of %. is 
 ^J; of *y\z , %; etc. The recipro 
 cal pf^a ratio is expressed byth< 
 ratio inverted; thus, the recip 
 rocal of 5 : 15 is 15: 5. It is call 
 ed an inverse ratio. 
 
 RECKON. -To calculate or com 
 pute by figures. . 
 
 RECTANGLE. -A par r\s r -'1 
 allelOfjra-m whose |^-^^J 
 angles are all right D 
 angles. If it is also equilateral,! 
 ic a square. Us area is equal to 
 the product of its base and al 
 titude. 
 
 RECTANGULAR. -Having right an 
 qles, as a square. 
 
 RECTIL!NEAR(AL).- 7 Relatingto 
 right lines. A rectilinear polygon 
 is one bounded by straight lines. 
 
 REDUCTION.- The process of chang 
 ing the form of an expression with 
 ou.t altering its _value, or the op- 
 eration of finding an equivalent 
 expression in terms of a d iffer- 
 evi t unit. Redu ctio n Ascending 
 is reducing numbers to units of 
 higher orders, by dividing Ihenum 
 ber of units of the kind express 
 ed, by the number of them equiy 
 alentto a unit of the order reqiiir 
 ed- Thus, 360 inches =30 feet.or 
 10 yards. Reduction Descending 
 is reducing units to num hers of 
 lower orders, by multiplying the 
 number expressed, by the num- 
 ber of units of the kind required 
 equivalent to one of the kind ex- 
 pressed. Thus, 2 yards = 6feet, or 
 72 inches. To -reduce a number 
 ro one of a higher order, as inch- 
 es to yards, I. Divide the g i ven 
 number by the number requir- 
 ed to make one of the next high- 
 er order. II. Divide the quotient 
 
 61
 
 thus obtained as before, and 50 pro 
 ceed to the denomination required. 
 The la quotient with the sever*) 
 remainders will be the answer.^* 
 *vn\\.- Reduce 4-050 pi flirtat- 
 ions. Solution. 
 4 91 /km / tint. 41 4 050 4 i 1 1 \ . 
 2pinto--l<ititn. 2)1013 pints and ?p ills. 
 tjuirts-Jytllon. 4)506 quart;. 
 
 12.6 gallons *nd 2 
 /*w. 1269315. Iqts.and 
 To reduce a de-nominate. nu-mber 
 to one o4 at lower order, I. Multi 
 ply the number o( the highest de 
 nomination by the nuniber which 
 one o/ this denomination -makes 
 of the nef lower. //. Add to the 
 product the number in the next 
 lower denomination, if xnuJIJ. 
 Proceed in the same way through 
 the lower denominations to the 
 one required. t*'*v\^\. How 
 many pints in 7 bushels, 3 pecks, 
 4- quarts, and I pint? 
 So/ution. 
 
 I bushel = 4 pecks. JL 
 
 31 pecks. 
 I peck= 8 quarts. 8 
 
 252 quarts. 
 I quart = 2 pints. 2 
 
 505 pints =^nfwer. 
 To reduce a fraction of a higher, 
 to one of a lower denomination, or 
 to integers, Multiply as in whole 
 numbers, described above, accord- 
 ing to the rules for the multiplica- 
 tion of fractions. (See Fraction). 
 ^w*.-*%\^V,.- Reduce J<e of a gallon 
 to integers of lower denominations. 
 
 Solutions. 
 7 
 
 \ = .875 
 
 4qts.= laal. 
 3.500 quarts. 
 
 2.pts.=lqt. 
 
 1.000 pint 
 
 Weights and Measures). To re 
 duce U.S. money to foreign mon 
 eu. Divide the amoumt expressed in 
 U.S. money by-the U.S. value of a, 
 u-nit of the kind o/ money requir 
 ed. See Ster/ina Money. 
 REGULAR. -Conformed to a rule. A 
 regular polygon is one which is 
 both egu.i/a.tern.1 and eyu.t4rtpu.tv 
 
 uarts. REMAINDER. -The part of the 
 
 subtrahend which remains af 
 ter taking away the minuend. 
 
 REPETEND. -TW part of a dec 
 
 mal which is continually repeat 
 ed, as 64 in the decimal num- 
 ber 4.646464. 
 
 RESOLUTION. -The operation 
 of separating any number or 
 quantity into its factors. See 
 Factor. 
 
 REVERSION. -A payment notduc 
 till the occurrence of sortie con- 
 tingent event, as -the death of 
 a person now living. See Anna 
 
 RHOMBOID. -A parallelogram all 
 of the sides of which are not e- 
 qual. The rhombus is but a par- 
 
 4ats.= I gallon. 
 
 8)28(3 qi 
 
 ,_J(3 quarts 
 34 
 
 2 pts.*lqt. 
 8;TT( I pint. 
 
 J| 
 
 /77f.3quarts,l pint. 
 To reduce a fraction of a lower, 
 to, one of a higher denomination, 
 Divide as in whole numbers, as 
 described above, according to the 
 rules for the division of fractions. 
 ^.xa-vw^\o,.--Reduce ?-^ of a pint 
 to the fraction of a peck. So/u- 
 
 ^5+ pk.-^w*. To reduce a quan- 
 tity composed of one or more de- 
 nominations, to the fraction of 
 another quantity consisting of one 
 ormora denominations, Reduce 
 both quantities to the lowest de- 
 nomination in either; the less 
 will be the numerator, and the 
 greater the denominator of the 
 required fraction, which reduce 
 to its lowest terms. tx*v\\\a.-2ft. 
 6 in. is what part of 6 ft. 8in.f-.9o- 
 
 = 80 m. ; 3 2$ = $4 Ans. To reduce 
 foreign money to U.S. money, Mul- 
 tiply the amount expressed in units 
 of the foreign money by the value 
 of one of these units expressed 
 in U.S. money. (See Coins under 
 
 ticula-t- form of the rhombo!d,in 
 which the sides are all equal. 
 
 RHOMBUS. -A parallel- 
 ogram the sides of which 
 are equal. If its angles 
 become each equal to 
 90, it becomes a square. 
 
 Its diagonals bisect each . _ 
 
 right angles, and its area is e- 
 qual to half the product of its 
 diagonals. D 
 
 RIGHT ANGLE. -An aiK /TX 
 gleof 90. If onestraigkr / L \ 
 I ine, A B, meet another h \- }' 
 straight line, OE, so as V I/ 
 to make the adjacent ^~E 
 angles, AGO, and BCD, 
 equal, both angles are right an 
 gles,and the two lines are perjen 
 dicular to each o*her. 
 
 RIGHT ANGLED. -containing a 
 
 right ^angle^. A right angled tr!- 
 
 a.rtoJe is a triangle containing one 
 
 right angle. 
 HOD. -A measure of leng*h e- 
 
 qual to \6yji feet, or 5^i yards. 
 
 It is used chiefly in land surveyi-ne. 
 *OMAW NOTATION.-See/' " 
 IOOO.-A unit of surface 
 
 used in land surveying, ft is equa 
 to 40 perches, or % acre. 
 
 ROOT. -The root of any number 
 is a number which, being taken 
 certain number of times as a fa 
 tor, will produce the given num 
 ber. See Cube Root, Square /loot 
 and ffad/'cal, also Involutifm*, . 
 
 ROUND. -A term applied indiscrmH 
 inately to the shape of conieal,cy 
 indrical, spherical, spheroidal, ant 
 annular bodies. 
 
 RULE. -The prescribed mode o-r 
 direction given for performing 
 the operations necessary to ob 
 tain a certain resul*. 
 
 RULE OF THREE. -A method of 
 solving practical, questions by a. 
 ratio or proportion. It is so call 
 ed because *he answer is obtaine 
 by/inding one t-errti of a proper 
 tion whose other three terrris 
 are known . It is also called Sim 
 p/e Proportion. Double Rule of 
 Three is the same as Compound Prr 
 portion. See Proportion. 
 
 SA L I ENT.-P-r ejecting out ware 
 as an angle. Opposed to -re-enter 
 ing. 
 
 SCALE. -The various '-radices 
 which determine -the form an< 
 digits of the number evpressing any 
 numerical quantity. The decimal 
 scale is the only uniform scale 
 that is of importance, all others 
 possessing interest onlu_as mat 
 *ers of curiosity. In varytttg scales 
 the base is some unit of measure 
 arbitrarily assumed, as in com- 
 pound numbers. 
 
 SCALES (Balances). -To /itid the 
 true weight with fraudulent bal 
 ances, when the weights are ac- 
 curattf, Find what weights will 
 balance the substance to be weigh 
 ed; then transpose them, and 
 find the weight that will produce 
 an equilibrium; then multiply to 
 gether the two weights thus found 
 and extract the square root of 
 the product. 
 
 SCALENE TRIANGLE. -A triangle 
 
 whose sides are all unequal. 
 SECANT.-A straight line cutting 
 a curve in two or more points. 
 CREW. -A cylinder worked by a 
 lever, and having upon ita threap 
 which is a winding inclined plane. 
 To estimate, the advantage of a 
 screw, Multiply the power by 
 the circumference of the^circle 
 which it describes, and divide the 
 product by the distance ,the weight 
 is raised by one revolution. 
 SECOND. A unit of measure em- 
 ployed, in estimating time, and 
 is equivalent to the 60 th part of 
 a minute. It is also a unit in cir- 
 cular measure, equivalent to the 
 3600 part of a degree. 
 ECTION.-A tract,of land one 
 mile square, containing 640 acres 
 See Land Measure, under Weights 
 and Measures. 
 
 ECTOR.-The part of a circle in- 
 cluded between two radii and an 
 arc. To find the area of a sector, 
 
 at SCREW. 
 
 Gl!
 
 
 Multiply the arc of the sector by 
 
 SOUNDING. -A measured dep*h of 
 
 right angles. The Area, of a square 
 
 SEGMENT.- The part of a circle 
 
 line and lead. 
 
 ,cent sides. 
 
 included between a chord and the 
 
 SPACE. - E xtension to an indefi- 
 
 5Q.UARE ROOT. -The square root 
 
 arc which it subtends. (See C/Vc/e). 
 
 nite distance in all directions. It 
 
 of a quantity, is a quantity which, 
 
 From the area of a corresponding 
 
 ble from, the sensible, exterTJal,or 
 
 produce the given quantity. Thus, 
 
 sector, subtract the area of t he 
 triangle formed by the chord and 
 
 Object World. 
 SPHERE. -A solid bounded by acurv- 
 
 the square root of 4-9 is 7. The 
 following table contains the square 
 
 radii, for a segment less than a 
 
 ed surface, every point of which 
 
 roots of numbers from 1 to 232: 
 
 semicircle, but add these areas for 
 
 is equally distant from a p o ini ( 
 
 . (Square 
 
 No 
 
 Square 
 
 No. 
 
 Square 
 
 .. | Square 
 
 a segment greater than a semicir- 
 
 within called the centre. A line 
 
 "Root. 
 
 
 Root. 
 
 
 Root. 
 
 
 Root. 
 
 cle. 
 
 passing through the centre, and 
 
 1 1 
 
 59 
 
 7.681 
 
 117 
 
 10.816 
 
 ITS 
 
 13.228 
 
 SERIES. An infinite number of 
 
 terminated each way by the surface, 
 
 2 1.414 
 
 60 
 
 7.745 
 
 IIS 
 
 10.862 
 
 178 
 
 13.266 
 
 terms which follov^one another, 
 
 is called the diameter or ax/s.The 
 
 3 1.732 
 
 61 
 
 7.810 
 
 
 10.908 
 
 177 
 
 13.304 
 
 each term being derived from one 
 
 ract/'us is a line extending from 
 
 42 
 
 62 
 
 7.874 
 
 120 
 
 10.954 
 
 178 
 
 13.341 
 
 or -more of the preceding ones, by 
 
 the centre to the s-urface. To 
 
 5 2.236 
 
 63 
 
 7.937 
 
 121 
 
 II 
 
 179 
 
 13.379 
 
 a fixed law, called the law of the 
 
 fitld the Surface of a sphere,Mul- 
 
 6 2.449 
 
 64 
 
 & 
 
 122 
 
 11.045 
 
 !80 
 
 13.416 
 
 series. (See Progression}. 
 
 tiply the diameter by the circum- 
 
 72.645 
 
 65 
 
 8.061 
 
 123 
 
 11.090 
 
 181 
 
 13.453 
 
 SEXTANT. -The sixth part or the 
 
 ference. Or Multiply the square of 
 
 8 2.828 
 
 56 
 
 8.124 
 
 122 
 
 11.135 
 
 182! 13.490 
 
 circumference of acircle. 
 
 the diameter by 3.1416. To /ind 
 
 93 
 
 61 
 
 8.185 
 
 125 
 
 II. 180 
 
 183 
 
 13.527 
 
 SEXTUPLE.- Six times as much, or 
 
 the solidity of a sphere, Multiplu 
 
 03.162 
 
 68 
 
 8.246 
 
 126 i 1.224 
 
 184 
 
 13.564 
 
 six fold. 
 
 the cube of the diameter by 3.1416, 
 
 i 3.316 
 
 69 
 
 8.306 
 
 127 
 
 It. 269 
 
 185 
 
 13.60! 
 
 SHILLING-. -An Englis-h coin equiv- 
 
 a-rfdtaUe one-sixth of (tie product, 
 
 23.464 
 
 70 
 
 8.36S 
 
 128 
 
 11.313 
 
 186 
 
 13.638 
 
 alent to about 24 >3 cents. 
 
 Or Multiply the area of the sur- 
 
 3 3.605 
 
 71 
 
 8.426 
 
 129 
 
 11.357 
 
 187 
 
 13.674 
 
 SHINGLES. -Wrven exposed four 
 
 face by one-sixth of the diameter. 
 
 4 3.741 
 
 72 
 
 8.485 
 
 130 
 
 11.401 
 
 188 
 
 13.711 
 
 inches, 9 are required for each 
 
 SPHERICAL. -Relating to a sphere, 
 
 5 3.872 
 
 73 
 
 8.544 
 
 131 
 
 11.445 
 
 !89 
 
 13.747 
 
 square foot of surface; if exposed 
 
 as a spherical angle, etc. 
 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 8.602 
 
 IM 
 
 11.489 
 
 190 
 
 13.784 
 
 four and a half i nches, 8 ; if expos- 
 
 . ,^^-^=f=^^ : 
 
 74.123 
 
 75 
 
 8.660 
 
 133 
 
 11.532 
 
 191 
 
 13.820 
 
 ed five inches, 7 Vs. 
 
 P&* ^^^^V^^&^^^^ ?5&* 
 
 8 4.242 
 
 76 
 
 8.717 
 
 134 
 
 11.575 
 
 192 
 
 13.856 
 
 SlG'N* A symbol erriployed to indi- 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 ft "77S 
 
 1 1^ 
 
 Ufi If) 
 
 
 1 9 fiQO 
 
 cate the relation between quanti- 
 
 / ^\ '' 
 
 04^472 
 
 \ ! 
 
 78 
 
 o. ( i J 
 
 8.831 
 
 1 J 
 
 136 
 
 .010 
 
 11.661 
 
 194 
 
 IS .03 A 
 
 13.928 
 
 ties, the operation to be perform- 
 ed upon then*!, to show the result 
 
 /y&s^K |- J _^**%1>\ "' 
 
 14.582 
 1 4 690 
 
 79 
 
 Ofl 
 
 8.888 
 8 344 
 
 137 
 138 
 
 11.704 
 1 1 747 
 
 195 
 19S 
 
 13.964 
 14 
 
 or nature of some previous opera- 
 
 /4S** /^, ^v*^w^ ' 
 
 34J95 
 
 ou 
 81 
 
 9' 
 
 139 
 
 IL789 
 
 197 
 
 14.035 
 
 tion, or to indicate the sense i n 
 
 "fiE^N. fa mf . \.^.^\ /^^ ^ ' 
 
 44.898 
 
 82 
 
 9.055 
 
 140 
 
 11.832 
 
 198 
 
 14.071 
 
 which an indicated quantity is to 
 
 i ^^^^y a/t'^Lt^s&.^&^jiP^ \ '. 
 
 55 
 
 83 
 
 9.110 
 
 141 
 
 11.874 
 
 199 
 
 14.106 
 
 b considered. (See Symbol ). 
 
 "^^/(lO''aV)S''V^^g^ 
 
 3 5.099 
 
 84 
 
 9.165 
 
 142 
 
 11.916 
 
 200 
 
 14.142 
 
 SIGNIFICANT. -A term applied to (')- 
 
 <tfk T^V fllLj A*** Iff Sfot^ ' > 
 
 75.196 
 
 85 
 
 9.219 
 
 143 
 
 11.958 
 
 201 
 
 I4.I77 
 
 ures standing for numbers, as op- 
 
 \ X^^\ ^^J^' iff sf^^S^tr 1 ' 
 
 85.291 
 
 8S 
 
 9.273 
 
 144 
 
 12 
 
 202 
 
 I4.2I2 
 
 posed to 0. 
 
 \ jsJSi ^^.^ ff/ -/ll / ' 
 
 3 5 ;385 
 
 87 
 
 9.327 
 
 145 
 
 12.041 
 
 203 
 
 14.247 
 
 SIMILAR.- A term applied to figures 
 
 \ SM?I ;<*^iB*raH ^^xr2sB^ / ' 
 
 05.472 
 
 88 
 
 9.380 
 
 146 
 
 12.083 
 
 204 
 
 14.282 
 
 composed of the same number of 
 
 ^&a!y&r^ 1 ^^^0Fjf ' 
 
 1 5.567 
 
 8S 
 
 9.434 
 
 147 
 
 12.124 
 
 205 
 
 14.317 
 
 parts, which arc arranged in the 
 
 \^Vyfr ^VSi*f , 
 
 25.656 
 
 90 
 
 9.486 
 
 148 
 
 12.165 
 
 206 
 
 14.352 
 
 same manner, being of the same 
 
 ^s^ ligr|'Hi jf JL; ; 
 
 ? 5.744 
 
 91 
 
 9.539 
 
 149 
 
 12.206 
 
 207 
 
 14.387 
 
 form, but differing in magnitude. 
 
 s ^^^^. aSfflSt ^f^ <w$* * 
 
 *5.830 
 
 92 
 
 9.591 
 
 '50 
 
 12.247 
 
 208 
 
 14.422- 
 
 SIMPLE. -Not combined, compli- 
 
 C^V ^ Ss ^as=*-^^^^~~&2'^ *S& ' 
 
 5 5.316 
 
 93 
 
 9.643 
 
 151 
 
 12.288 
 
 209 
 
 14.456 
 
 cated or compounded A Sitnp/6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 T^fl 
 
 1 A 
 
 
 Number is a number expressed in 
 
 SPHEROID. -A solid resembling a ; 
 
 3 6 
 
 7 6.082 
 
 94 
 95 
 
 9.695 
 9.746 
 
 153 
 
 1 A. JZC 
 
 12.369 
 
 x (u 
 
 211 
 
 141525 
 
 a uniform scale. A Simple Quanti- 
 
 sphere iri form,_ having a' major ; 
 
 8 6.164 
 
 96 
 
 9.798 
 
 154 
 
 12.409 
 
 212 
 
 14.560 
 
 ty is one containing only a single 
 term. A Simple Equation is one of 
 the first degree. For Simple Propor- 
 tion, see Proportion. 
 SOLID. -A magnitude having the at- 
 tributes of length, breadth and thick- 
 ness. Same as volume. 
 SOLJDITY.-The number of tinges 
 that a solid t or volume contains 
 another solid or volume, taken as 
 a unit of measure. 
 SOLUTION. -The operation of find- 
 
 and a -minor axis, and which may ; 
 be generated by revol ving an ellipse 
 about one of its axes. An ok/ate .1 
 spheroid is one generated by re- i 
 volving an ellipse about itsconju-i 
 gate axis. A prolate^spheroid 'is one t 
 generated by revolving an ellipse i 
 about its transverse axis. To .find 4 
 the solidity of an oblate spheroid.Muh 
 tiply the square of the greater di- i 
 a/meier, by the less, and this prod- < 
 uct by .5236. To find the solidity ; 
 
 36.244 
 
 fl G.324 
 1 6.403 
 26.480 
 36.557 
 46.633 
 56.708 
 56.782 
 76.855 
 86.328 
 97 
 07.071 
 
 97 
 98 
 33 
 100 
 01 
 02 
 03 
 04 
 05 
 Off 
 07 
 108 
 
 9.848 
 9.839 
 9.949 
 10 
 10.049 
 10.099 
 1 Oil 48 
 (0.198 
 10.246 
 (0.295 
 (0.344 
 10.392 
 
 155 
 15S 
 !57 
 158 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 
 12.449 
 12.489 
 12.529 
 12.569 
 12.609 
 12.649 
 12.688 
 12.728 
 12.767 
 12.808 
 12.845 
 12.884 
 
 243 
 214 
 215 
 216 
 217 
 218 
 219 
 220 
 221 
 222 
 223 
 024 
 
 14.534 
 (4.628 
 14.662 
 14.596 
 14.731 
 14.764 
 I4.-798 
 14.832- 
 14.866 
 14.899 
 14.933 
 14.966 
 
 ing such value or values for the 
 
 of a prolate spheroid, Multiply the ; 
 
 1 7.141 
 
 39 
 
 10.440 
 
 161 
 
 12.922 
 
 225 
 
 15 
 
 unknown parts of a problem, as 
 will satisfy its conditions. 
 SOUND, VELOCITY OF. -The velocity 
 of sound in still air a* 32. Fahr., is 
 1090 feet per second. As *he tem- 
 
 square of the less diameter, by the; 
 greater, and this product by .5236. 5 
 SPHEROIDAL. -Relating to a sphe- 5 
 roid, as a spheroidal triangle. ^^^ ; 
 >PIRAL.- A curve gener- isZ-N I 
 
 27.211 
 37.280 
 7.348 
 57.416 
 S 7 .483 
 
 10 
 II 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 10.488 
 10.535 
 10.583 
 10.630 
 Ifl.fi77 
 
 168 
 169 
 I7C 
 171 
 173 
 
 12.361 
 13 
 13.038 
 13.076 
 ia.i w 
 
 226 
 227 
 228 
 223 
 230 
 
 15.033 
 15.066 
 J5.099 
 15.132 
 15.165 
 
 perature rises, the velocity increas- 
 es at the rate of . 12 fest for every 
 degree Fahrenhe *. The following 
 taole gives the ve ocity in fee* per 
 second in some other substances: 
 Oxygen 1040 Silver 5717 
 Hiidrooen 4164 Steel ard&lass. 16600 
 Fresh Water ... 4700 Pine 10300 
 Lead 41)30 Ash. 15314 
 
 a ted by moving a po in* /~j' [ ; 
 along a straight J ine, \-.^y J 
 in the same direction,ac- ^- 
 cording o any law, while thestraijht 
 line revolves uniformly about a 
 fixed point, always continuing in 
 the same plane.. 
 SQUARE. -A quadrilateral whose 
 sides are equal, arid its angles 
 
 77.549 115 10.723 173 13.152 231 IS'JSS 
 (1.613 16 10.770 174 13.190)232 I5.23J 
 
 Toftttd the sqitarc roo*ofariu.Tn- 
 ber, JT. Separate fheoiven -num- 
 ber into periods of two figures . 
 each, beginning at the place of 
 u-n!*s. II. Find the.^rea-test square 
 rn the (eft-hand period, and place 

 
 certain town is valued at*2500000; 
 its tax assessment is*37500. What 
 rate per cent, is the tax? H o w 
 much will be paid by a man whose 
 property is valued at tt 12000? 
 Solution.- 37500 -5-2500000 =.0 15, 
 or, \*/i cts. tax per dollar => Arrs. 
 to first. 12000 X 1)4 9S= ISO- 
 Ans. to second. 
 
 its root for the first figure of the 
 required root. Q\ex-X\cm. 
 Subtract th 50964(225.75 + 
 square of this 4- 
 figure from the 42jfb~3 
 left-hand period, 94 
 
 and.tothe re- 445)7554. 
 wainder annex 222_5__ 
 
 the next period 4507rt3ToD 
 for a dividend. . 3154.9 
 HI. Double the 45145} 135100 
 root already 225725 
 
 found,.for a 
 
 trial devisor; find how often i* is 
 contained in the dividend, exclusive 
 of theright-ha-nd figure, and place 
 the result in the rgot, and also at 
 the right, of the trial diwisor.7K"Mul 
 tiply the complete divisor by the 
 last -figure of the root; subtract 
 the product from the dividend, and 
 to the remainder annex the next 
 period for a new dividend .V. Proceed 
 In the same manner with all the 
 periods to the last. The result will 
 be the square root -required. 
 
 STERLING r*ONEY.-Thecu 
 
 of Great Britain. For rule to re- 
 duce to U.S. -money, See Foreign 
 Exchange. For table, see English 
 Money, under Weights an Measures. 
 
 STRAIGHT LINE. -A line which 
 
 does not change its direction be- 
 tween any two of its points. 
 SUBTRACTION. -The operation of 
 finding the difference between two 
 numbers. The Minuend is the great 
 tr number; tr>eSuitrafterx/,lhe 
 less; and the Remainder, the dif- 
 ference. To prove the accuracy 
 of the. operation, JT. Add the true 
 remainder to the subtrahend, and 
 the sum will equal -the minuend. 
 II. Find the ^exo,% oJ "Vs. 
 excess of 9's Minuend 87138641 I 
 in the s ubtra- Subtrahend _223568 8 
 hznd and in the Remainder 849029612 
 remainder, and 
 
 take theirsurrijfrpTTi which cast 
 out the 9's, and find the excess. 
 Find the excess of 9's in the min- 
 uend, and if these results ate equal, 
 the work is probably correct. 
 
 SUBTRAHEND. -see above. 
 
 SUM. -The aggregate of two or more 
 quantities. The sum is greater than 
 any of its parts. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL.- Relating to a surface, 
 as superficial conterits, etc. 
 
 SURFACE.- Extension in ana on- 
 ly. A plane surface extends in the 
 same direction throughout, but 
 a curved surface changes its direc- 
 tion. 
 
 >YMBOL.-Any character used to 
 represent a quantity., an opera- 
 tion, a relation, or an abbrevia- 
 tion. The sign +, called plus, in- 
 dicates addition. The sign , call- 
 ed minus, indicates subtraction. 
 The sign X indicates multiplica- 
 tion. The sign -?-, or :, indicates 
 division. The sign =, called sign 
 oSefuaf/tt/, denotes that the ex- 
 pressions between which it is placed 
 ire equal. The signs (),[],{ Und 
 a horizontal line over a nu.tn5er 
 
 are symbols of agoreoatjon , and 
 signify that the expressions enclos 
 ed are to be taken as a whole. The 
 colon, : , written between num- 
 bers indicates the ratio of the for- 
 mer to the latter. (See Ratio) .The 
 double colon, :*. , indicates the e- 
 qualltu of two ratios. (See Propor- 
 tion). For the sign v~ , see Rad- 
 ical. The period, , placed between 
 two numbers, thus, 4-5, denotes 
 that they are to be multiplied to/ 
 gether^The dividend written over 
 the divisor, thus, -y- , or between 
 two curved lines, with the divis- 
 or at the ]eft,thus, 4) IS(, indi- 
 cates division. 
 
 7K"Mul-TABt.E.-A collection of particu 
 lars, in a small space, for refer- 
 ence and ready application, such 
 as weights, measures, 
 
 TANC-ENT.-A rigMt 
 
 line which touches a 
 curve but does not 
 cut it, as AB is tangent to 
 curve CBD. 
 
 y TETRAG-ON.-A polygon havin9 
 four angles and four sides. 
 
 X 
 
 (jt* 
 
 TAXES .-Sums of -money assessed 
 on persons, property, incomes, or 
 products, usually for some public 
 purpose. A Capitation or Poll Tax, 
 is a tax assessed on persons. Prop- 
 erty-Tax is a tax assessed on real 
 or personal property. To fittd 
 what su.ru rnust be assessed to 
 raise a given net amount, S u b- 
 tract the rate allowed for collection 
 from * I, and divide the -net atnou-nt 
 to be raised, by the remainder; the 
 quotient wffl be the entire sum 
 to be assessed. ^.x&-%\7\e..- Allow- 
 fng 5^S for collection, whatsuw 
 must be assessed to raise $950,000, 
 net?-.?o/W/Vm.-*rl.OO-.05=.95; 
 950000 -f .95 = IOOOOOO Ans. 
 \f there be a specific tax fo r 
 any purpose, it must be deducted 
 from the total amount to be rais- 
 ed. Then, To /itid how -much 
 must be paid on each dollar of 
 tax-able property to raise the re- 
 mainder of the ta*, Divide the 
 amount to be raised by the amount 
 of taxable property, less that part 
 on which nothing can be collected. 
 The property of a 
 
 2 pay. 028 
 3>. .042 
 4., .055 
 5 ,. .070 
 6,, .084 
 
 8 ."112300 
 SM .1264-00 
 10 11 .140 500 
 20 .280 600 
 30 ,, .420 700 
 40 .560 800 
 
 u $.700 *900 p 
 -'- 
 
 .098 200 
 
 .840 
 .980 
 1.120 
 1.260 
 1.400 
 2.800 
 4.200 
 5.600 
 7.000 
 8.400 
 9.800 
 1 1 .200 
 
 1000 
 2000 
 3000 
 4000 
 5000 
 6000 
 7000 
 8000 
 9000 
 10000 
 20000 
 30000 
 
 14.000 
 ,. 28. 000 
 , .42.000 
 56.000 
 ., 70.000 
 ,, 84.000 
 ,, 98.000 
 ,, 1 12.000 
 ,,126.000 
 , ,140. 000 
 1,280.000 
 ,,420.000 
 
 t he THICKNESS. -One of the dimensions 
 of a solid, usually the lesser one. 
 
 TIME MEASURE. -Used to com- 
 pute the passage of time. For ta- 
 ble, see under Weights and Measures. 
 
 TOTAL. -The whole sum, amount, 
 or aggregate of several particulars. 
 
 TRAPEZIUM. -A quad- x\ 
 ri lateral having -HO ^ 7 
 two sides parallel. To 
 /irid the area of a trapeiium.or 
 other irregular polygon, Divide 
 the figure into triangles by di- 
 agonals connecting some one an- 
 gular point with each of the oth- 
 ers', then compute the area of 
 each triangle, and find theirsum. 
 
 TRAPEZOIO.-Aquad- / v 
 
 ri lateral having only j_ \ 
 
 two of its sides paral- 
 lel. To /ii<J the area of a.-trape- 
 zoid, or any other quadrilateral 
 having two sides parallel, Multi- 
 ply half the sum of the two par- 
 allel sides by the altifuo'e, or per- 
 pendicular distance between the 
 two parallel sides. 
 
 TRIANG-LE.-A pol- 
 ygon having three 
 sides and three an- 
 gles. No,. I isan/tttf- 
 ce/es triangle, and 
 has two sides equal. 
 No. 2 is a rfyht an- 
 g/ed triangle, and 
 has one -right angle. 
 No. 3 is an obtuse _ 
 
 angled triangle, and hasoneobtuse 
 angle. No. 4- is an equilateral tri- 
 angle, and has all its, sides equal. 
 No. S is a scalene triangle , and 
 has no two sides equal. No. 6 is 
 an acute angled triangle, and has 
 all its angles acute. To liftd the 
 area of a triangle, I. Multiply the 
 base by half the altitude; or, It. 
 From half the sum of the three- 
 sides subtract each side separately; 
 then multiply together the half sum 
 and the three remainders, and ex- 
 tract the square root of the prod- 
 uct ; .the square root will be the 
 required area. 
 
 M
 
 TRIANGLED, or Triangular. -Having 
 three armies. 
 
 TRIGON.-A polygon having three 
 sides. Same as triangle. 
 
 TROY WEIGHT. -Used for weigh- 
 ing precious tnetals, gems, etc. For 
 table, sec under WeigVits and Meas- 
 ures, The Troy pound istHe_ stand- 
 ard of all other weights ; it if the 
 weight of 22.7944 cu. in. of pure 
 water at its greatest density (39.2 
 Fahr.). The grains mentioned i 
 Avoirdupois Weight are Trou grains. 
 
 TRUE DISCOUNT. -See Discount, 
 
 TRUNCATED CONE, or, Pyramid. 
 That portion of a cone or pyra 
 -mid included between the base 
 and a plane oblique to the base 
 passed between !t and the vertex. 
 Sec Cone. 
 
 UNDECAGON.-A polygon having 
 eleven sides or angles. 
 
 UNEVEN NUMBER. -A number 
 not exactly divisible by 2, as 1,3, 
 5,7. etc, Same as odd -Mu.wbcr.An 
 unevenly uneven number is one 
 which, being divided by 4, leaves 
 a remainder of I, as I, 5, 9, 13, etc. 
 
 UNIT.- A single thing of any kind 
 regarded as a whole. An abstract u- 
 nit is the same as I. A unit of cur- 
 rency is a -monetary u-tiit, as *l r 
 I dime, I cent, etc. A de-nominate 
 or concrete unit is one in which 
 the kind of thing is named, as I 
 loot, I hour, I pound, ctc.A ofcoofce 
 itml unit is one in the scale of 
 I2's. A fractional u-nit is one of a 
 fraction, as /4 , X , /foo,etc.An 
 integral unit is the unit l,t he 
 unit of whole numbers. A unit of 
 measure is a quantity of the same 
 kind, with which the quantity is 
 compared, as I inch, I yard, I foot, 
 etc. The following is the 
 ' 
 
 C/ass. 
 
 things ^ 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Species. Kind 
 (Minds.. ..Names. 
 K Thoughts i - 
 iTmths ) Seflte ^s- 
 f Animals 1 r 
 ^ \teoetabfes ^"L^ 
 (.Minerals) wes 
 [Distance.. Ft., yds.,efc 
 
 Extent ^Area. 
 
 wolume .. Cu.m.,ete 
 
 Duration.. Time Days,etc. 
 
 Weight. .. Gravity.. . (rains,e. 
 Value. ...Currency.. Dollars,et<:. 
 Intensity . Forces . . . De^rees.etc. 
 
 "' ^-'oTds 
 
 ,N U-Tfl 0.T -^ o. f ~^i 
 
 |5| 
 
 bs tract.. Ones JorRjures 
 
 JN.ITY.-An entire collection re- 
 garded as a single thing. Thus, 
 100 uards.considered as a single 
 distance, is unity. 
 
 VALUE. -That which has procur- 
 mg, or purchasing power, or pos- 
 sesses etrehttngeability.Thenumer- 
 ical value of an expression is t he 
 result obtained by making each 
 
 qu,a""^uj entering the expression 
 equal to some number, and then 
 performing the operations indicated 
 VELOCITY.-See Falling &x//'<?y,also 
 Table of Velocities elsewhere inthis 
 
 VERIFICATION. -The act of test- 
 ing or proving computations, op 
 erations,etc., to be correct. See 
 the tests g-iven in con-nee t ion 
 with the different operations, as 
 Addition, Subtraction, etc. 
 
 VERTEX. -Apoint ^-c 
 
 at which the sides A ^_ 
 
 0* an angle meet. 
 
 Thus A is the vertex of the angle 
 
 CAB. 
 
 VERTICAL. -Perpendicular to the 
 plane of the hori7ori.A vertical 
 angle is an angle, the p I ane of 
 whose sides is vertical. A verti- 
 cal line is the direction assumed 
 by a plumb-line, with a vyc?9 ht 
 attached to one crtremity,wheTi 
 it is freely suspended from the oth- 
 er extremity. 
 
 VOLUME. -Dimensions; s pace 
 occupied; the number of cubic 
 
 **>, 
 
 units contained in a body. See So- 
 lidity. 
 
 VULGAR. -Common. A vulparfrac- 
 tlon is one whose den orn'mator does 
 not con/o-rn^to the scale of tens, 
 in contradistinction to decimal 
 fraction. 
 
 WARPED SURFACE.-A sitr/ace 
 con/orming to that generated by 
 a straight jine moving, so that 
 no two of its consecutive p o s i- 
 tions shall be in the same plane. 
 
 WEDGE. A solid & H 
 
 bounded by five D^_JlSX| 
 plane f igu-res,and ^^'. ^-J 
 represents two in- A B 
 
 C lined planes. The advantage 9ain- 
 ed by its use may be approximately 
 reached by the rule given for* he 
 Inclined Plane. The parallelogram, 
 ABGH, is called the back. The two 
 trapeioids, DC&H andABCD, are 
 called faces. The two triangles 
 ADC- and BCH, are called ends of 
 the wedge, and CD is the edye. 
 
 WEIG-HT.-The resultan* o/the 
 forces exerted by gravity upon all 
 the different particles of a body. 
 
 The standard unit of weight is 
 the pound. (See Troy We/j7/rt).The 
 standard avoirdupoi's pound of tke 
 United States, as determined bu Mr. 
 Hassle r. is the i/yeiohk of 27.7015 cu- 
 bic inches of distilled water.weigh- 
 ed in air,at tMe temperature of- 
 maximum density (39.2 Fahr.), 
 the barometer beiriq 30 inches. 
 For net and ^ross 'weight, see 
 under Business Ter-ms and forms. 
 For the various tables relating to 
 weights and measures, see Weights 
 and Measures elsewhere in this 
 
 s book. The French system of weights 
 is one of the -most per feet, as we 1 1 
 as the most simple, of all systems 
 that have ever been adopted. See 
 Metric System under Weights 
 and Measures. 
 
 WELL or Cistern. -To ascertain 
 the capacity of a well orcistern, 
 Multiply the square of the diam- 
 eter in inches by .7854, and this 
 product by the depth in inches; 
 divide this product by 231, and 
 the quotient will be the contents 
 in gallons. I/ the* actual quanti- 
 ty of water be -required, -multiply 
 by the depth of the water, and not 
 by that of the well or cistern.See 
 Cistern. 
 
 WHEEL AND AXLE.-A kind of lev 
 er, in which the radius ofthewheel 
 arid the radius of the axle are parts 
 of the lever, and the center of the 
 ax-le is the fulcrum. To f itid the 
 weight which can be raised by the 
 wheel and axle, Multiply the pow- 
 er by the radius of the wheel, and 
 divide the product by the radius of 
 the cylinder or axle. 
 
 WIDTH, or Breadth. -One of the 
 three attributes of extension, the 
 other two being length and heifttt 
 or thickness. Width is usually ap- 
 plied to the intermediate dimen- 
 sion of a body, length to the great- 
 est, and thickness to the least. 
 
 WINE MEASURE. -Used in meas- 
 uring nearly all liquids, such as 
 liquors, molasses, water, etc. For 
 table, see under Weights and Measures. 
 
 YARD. -A -measure of length equal 
 to 3 feet, or 36 inches. In C/oth 
 Measure, the yard is now divid- 
 ed into binary parts, the old di- 
 vision into quate.nary parts of 
 quarters and nails (na. = 2% if.) be- 
 ing now seldom used. 
 
 YEAR. -A unit of time, determin- 
 ed by the revolution of the earth 
 in its orbit. The year is either a$- 
 tronomical or civil. The length of 
 the solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 
 4-8 minutes, and 49.7 seconds. The 
 civil year is the year of the calendar. 
 
 ZENITH. -The point in the heav- 
 ens in a line with the spectator's 
 position and the center of t h e 
 earth. The -nadir is the point di- 
 rectly under the spectator's feet. 
 
 ZERO. -The character 0,.which 
 signifies -no number. See Cipher. 
 
 ZONE. -The area of a zone is equal to 
 the circu-rniference of thecirek of *h 
 spherE,tnu.lt!pli4 by the zone's altitude. 
 
 G5
 
 E( Land Measure. 
 
 ". 4 ; Aniseed, ii'oT Beer, 4.0; Bordeaux, 1 1.5; BraV 
 du,53.4; Burgundy, 1X6; Canary, 18.8; Cape, 
 19.2; Chartreuse, 43.0; Cider, 8.6; Champaqno, 
 1 1.2 ; Ctewt, 13.3; Curacoa, 27.0: Elde:T,9.3; 
 iocMberry. 11.8; Hock- 11.6; Lisbon, 18.5; 
 Moselle, 9.6; Malaga, 17.3; Malmsey.19.7; 
 MarsaJl, 20.2: Madeira, 21.0; Maraschino, 
 34.0; Orange, IJ.2 ; Porter, 4.5; Port,23.7; 
 Rrrru,8.8; Rhine. ll.O; Sherry, 19.0; Scotch, 
 54.3; Tokau, 11.2; Vermont, l9.0;Whiskey 
 Vo-iSvMK^x. 53.9; WhiskeyWiw*\\53.9;Whis 
 keyV.Vto\c\\\ 54.3. V.^?\-<\X% vx %,\o,Vo 
 
 Scruple; 3 Scruples I 3)> I Dram: 8 Drams 
 (31- I Ounce: l20unc(S)= I Poundttb.). 
 
 V\vj, gOMinimslM). I FluidTam; 8 Flui- 
 dram*(f 3)> I Fluidounce; 16 FluidounostfS) 
 >l Pint; 8 Pints(O). I GaHon(Cong-) 
 
 VXso, I Common ieaspoonful=45 drops; I 
 Com. teatpoonfuU-ii com. tablespoonful-l flu- 
 idram; I com. tablcspoonf ul ~fe com. teacup 
 = about '-i fluidounce; I com. teacup- about 
 4 fluidounces; I Pint of watr about Ipowi 
 AtKXtaV V*t\o,\\X.- I Carat* 10 Pwt.Trou; I 
 C*rat grain- 2 pwt. 12 qr. OT 60 gr. Troy; 24 
 Carali = l Pound Troy. (cS Volume of AIT. 
 
 bers the atmospheric prcsure ptr squire inch 
 is 15 pounds. KVmaivV\rta. K\T.- A coliimn, 
 I inch square, full height -14.73 pounds. 
 Vicic.\\y-A column,! inch square,and30 
 inche* high- 14.73 pounds .VMtxtx.- A col- 
 umn, I inch square, and 33.95 feet high 
 14.73 pounds. 
 
 >NOXWO?OVXNWW.- 16 i>rams I Ounce; 
 16 Ounces = I Pound; 25 Pounds = I Quarter; 
 4 Quarters' I Cwt.; 20 Cwt. = I Ton. 
 X-v\ XWv Vv\o,\\%V\ * VotwxAoTv, 1 12 pourdj 
 
 IboNK. VV*. %tv-Xt\itX IOOOH., 29.91 inch- 
 es; 2000 H., 27.86 in.; 3000ft.,26.85 
 in.; 4000 ft., 25.87 in.; 5000 ft., 24.93 
 in.; I mile, 24. 67 in.; 1 milts, 20.29in; 
 Smiles, I6.08in.; 4 mi Its, 13.72 in.; 5 
 miles, 11.28 in.; I0mi|s, 4.24in.;l5Tmie 
 1. 60 inches. > 
 
 kK>,'ew'&,tKS.V&,'^C,.'-25 Pourtds-l Keq ot 
 powder; 56 Ibs.- I Firkin of butter; 100 Ibs. 
 I Cental of train; 100 Its.- I Cask of rai- 
 sins; 100lbt.= l SLuinlal of dried -fish; 
 
 beef, pork,or fish; 25^ Ibs.- 1 bbL of soap; 
 280lt.= I bbl. of salt. 
 kOK* \A\tAXiVCt.- Set Lumbtr MeMUTS on. 
 
 another page. ' 
 
 kOW&,>^KftM^ni(>f\X% Mi "ivTBi A.- The prin- 
 cipal sizes ol books are four, namely: VoX'xo, 
 a long book; Qc.*iXo(4to), nearly squanfls 
 similar to this Manual); Oc\i\c>(8vo),theiien. 
 era) sue; and ^>vu><ivTt\pU3mo),asmi; book. 
 Other (miller forms are, S\xXecx\ iv\o(l6mol, 
 
 1 
 
 02TTio), and 
 
 VOv^O.-The ttandaid siie of book paper 
 is 2.5 x 38 inches; one half -of the sheet 
 being 19 x25 inches, which folded in two 
 
 leaves, with bur pages, mate a book of the 
 size caitad a \ox\o. CA.\it>,vc\Q.- When the half 
 sheet is folded in four leaves, with eight pa- 
 ges, it forms a ojav<X V\ie. OCMwp. 
 When the half sheet is folded in eight leaves 
 with sixteen paqes, it forms an otXiy.and 
 soon for &ao&e,tvma.\^TiM>,\^Tt\o'X^T&a, 
 etc. 
 
 %WMCTOM..~Ttn marks a,b,c; 1,7,3, etc., 
 occasionally found at the bottom of the page, 
 are for tht direction of the binders in folding 
 the sheets. 
 
 MMESW1K 
 MO ITS DIVis- 
 FOR BOOK 
 
 SIIE OF 
 PACE Of 
 
 Quarto 
 Octavo 
 Duodecimo 
 Sixteen i 
 
 , Thirty-tin mo 
 
 ., 54 
 81 27 
 19 
 14 
 
 SUE Of Tiff MOST SUITABLE. 
 ANO THC NuMflf* of WORDS, 
 fC 5 lEHtHS EUCMO 
 
 Pi.4.|4;S.PL587;LJ>T.667. 
 LPi.306;8n.399;Biev.450. 
 LA2t*:BJBOc*Bt3lS. 
 Brev.US ; Min.aTOjNon.361 
 
 Pi.49a;S.K.e96;L.Pi.782. 
 
 S.RJT7;I..I>T^l;BouT5M 
 l.Pr.Z16;BouT.357;Brrv.4flS 
 
 Eng.510;Pi.666;S.Pi.944. 
 
 S.Pi JJtjjLPr'.Sga'; Bout476 
 BourJ57; Brtv.4CI5;Min.44. 
 
 Ena.640;Pi.8n;S.F!-ll5i 
 Pi.426jS.Pi.60ijLPr.68l. 1 
 
 L.Pr.3W;Bour.399;BiB.459 
 
 EXCUItlvf OF HEAOLine. 'SI2ES or PAPEH UNDI 
 
 pen MtAjune. 'PL-PicaiS.Pi.'SmaliPica;L.fr.-Lorig 
 Primer; BOUT. = Bourgeois; Brev.. Brevier; Min.=Min 
 
 Tht following measurements maij be useful 
 as giving an idea of the sizes of books asfli 
 et by the librarians who have abolished thi 
 time-honored expTessiont, ''imperial," "crown^ 
 "fodscapT "demij.etc., and adopted the,almst 
 equally vague terms "large" and "smili'' insW 
 VKW\ \o\\olla.loL), over 18 inches; Q\XMM* 
 below 18 inches; ^v>K\xVoX\otsm.foL-), below 
 ,9 inches; VWS.^ ocXwoda.Svo), below Ilinch 
 es; OtTNMOfSvo), below 9 inches; =>^>cOw ot- 
 X\Nolsm.8vo), below 8 inches; ^\30WtXYW3 
 (I2rno), below 8 inches; ^>VA*AO otXi\mi8in 
 is 6 inches; \l\x\\\v\0 (-mo), below 6 inches-, 
 \AVS>\ <\\xjnXo(la.4to), below 15 inches; Cww- 
 '\0l4to), below II inches; SAK\.vojijnVo(sin.4t; 
 below 8 inches. . 
 
 VA ^\^r-vvw^c.^>. A bon 16 by I6i inches tqiun 
 and 8 inches deep, will contain a bushel, or 
 2150.4 cubic inches, and each Inch in dtyltt con 
 taining one gallon. - _",.. 
 
 ) A box 24 DU 11.2 inches square, and 8 inch 
 es deep, will alto contain a bushel. If 12 
 by 11.1 inches square, and 8 inches deep, it 
 will contain half a bushel. If 8bg8.4 ssuan 
 an 6 dap, it contains half a peck. If 4 by 4 sq'< 
 and 4.J deep, it contains one quart. - 
 
 ,v >\Nii.\o J \\\, oX.-See Mitt andWo 
 
 tCneil lndel 
 
 U.V(KS,\i^^^'5.HT.-To find thenmnber 
 of bricks requJnedfor anij buildinq, muJtipl4 
 the dimensions, lenath,hiaht, and thickness, 
 in fat and fractions of a oot, of the several 
 brick walls, and the product- by 22i , a n d 
 the result will be the number of bricks re- 
 quired. Allowance must be rnade-for doors, 
 windows, chimneys, etc. 
 
 The subjoined table is reckoned on a ba- 
 sis of 7 bricks to the superficial square foot. 
 For 17 superficial ft, add the numbers, for 
 10 and!; for 75, add 70 and 5; for 500 su- 
 perficial feet, take 5 times 100; etc. 
 
 PEBMJ NUMBER OF BRICKS TO THICKNtSS OF 
 w"i. 4 IN. 18 IN.IP IN.|ie IN.|2Q IN.|i4 IN 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 J: 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10- 
 20. 
 30. 
 40. 
 30. 
 60. 
 70. 
 80. 
 90 . 
 100 . 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 105 
 
 120 
 
 135 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 
 490 
 
 600 
 
 750 
 
 900 
 
 525 I 050 I 575 
 
 1200 
 1350202! 
 
 48 
 
 68 
 90 
 I 13 
 135 
 158 
 ISO 
 203 
 22S 
 45 
 87! 
 900 
 1125 
 1350 
 
 1200 
 
 i 500 I 87 
 
 2100 
 
 . ..4050 
 
 I 500 22SO 3000 3750 4500 
 
 900 I I 2 
 
 180022502700 
 
 E625 
 
 1800240030003600 
 
 27003375 
 
 *:; 
 
 . ... I 350 
 1500 1800 
 
 2250 
 
 Rome, 87,000; Cathedral at Milan, 31,000; 9t 
 Paul's, Rome, 32,000; St.PauJ's,London,3I^OIl; 
 St. Peter's, Rome, 54,000; St.Pet-Tonia,Boloqni 
 24,400; Cathed.ral,Florence, 24,300; Cathe 
 dral, Antwerp, 24,000; St.John Lateriri,Ro 
 23,000; St. Sophia, Constantinople,2J.OOO 
 Notre Dame, Paris, 21,000; Theater of Mar 
 celius, Rome, 20,000: Cathedral, PisaAOOfr 
 St.Skphcn's, Vienna, 12,400; St.Oommic's 
 Bologna, 12,000; St.Peters, Bologna,! 1,400 
 Cathedral, Vienna, 11,000; frilmores &aTdm 
 New York, 8,443; Mormon Temple.SaltUXe, 
 3,000; Sl.Mark's, Venice, 7,500; Spurgeon's 
 Tabernacle, London, 6,000; Bolshoi Theater, 
 St. Petersburg, 5,000; Music Hall,Cincinnat 
 i, 4,824; Chicago AuditoTium,8,000; Acad 
 -mi of Music, Philadelphia, 2,865. 
 ., . _, t -i-^Sfj Monuments " 
 
 47,Oa.,u..Pa.); Beans, 60 (64,Me.); Bran,iO;lu* 
 wheat, 31t40,Cal., 48,Conn.,Me.,Mtss.,Mich n N.Y 
 50, Wis.,Term., 0., N.C., N.J., Kati., Ind.. 55.Ku.,56 
 S.C4; CASTOR BEANS,46: CLOVER SEED,6C 
 (64.N.H., N.Y., 6i,Pa.) ; COAL-AnihTacite,80, 
 (76,Ky.) ; COR N -Cob, 70168 ln<j.j; CORN 
 Shellfd,36l52,Cal.,V*.,55,KM.) ; CORN MEAL 
 50(48,Ga.,III., 46,N.C.)j DRIED APPLE5,24 
 (25 Ind., 26,S.C.,Term.,27,MicK.O.,28,Va 
 Wis., Minn., 25, N.JO; DRIED PEACHES.33 
 FLAX SEED, 36lS4,Kan.,55,N.J.,N.Y.,44,R,L 
 GRASS-Blue,l4; GRASS-RedTop,l4; HAIR-daj 
 lerinq, 8'; HEMP SEED, 44; HLTNGARlWueMS., 
 50; L(ME-Urtslaktd,30; MILLET SEEP, 50
 
 
 SUi*^*33!3&!ta.i_nm% 
 
 Lu 
 
 ItfK 
 OF I 
 
 A'lON 
 FF. 
 
 CD 
 
 1PECMTION 
 OF LIFE. 
 
 UJ 
 r*i 
 
 tmti 
 
 OF 1 
 
 ,illiN 
 FF 
 
 Cteve Cceurs-Eqqs 8 to the po 
 
 itid; 114 140 
 
 ^^IA^JREI^^^^S 
 
 ' < 
 
 MALE 
 
 CM. 
 
 < 
 
 MALE 
 
 FEW. 
 
 < 
 
 MALE 
 
 FEM. 
 
 Black Spanish- Eggt, 1 1 the pound; lay 14-0 
 per annum. 
 
 43.. 
 
 26.J8 
 
 26.45 
 
 62 
 
 3.34 
 
 13.10 
 
 81 
 
 4.55 
 
 4.89 
 
 *% ~SK- w^ 
 
 45.. 
 
 ^4fl7 
 
 ann 
 
 64 
 
 1 Ifi 
 
 QjM 
 
 tM 
 fl3 
 
 4H 
 
 /I/IS 
 
 leghorns- E<jqs,8 to the pound; Uy 160 
 
 MALT.38; OATS,32l30,Me.,Ms.,N.J.); ON- 
 ions, 57(48,lnd., 52,Mass.,50,R.l.);PEAS,60 
 tt6,Ark.); POTATOES, 6CK56,Pi. ; POTATOES 
 Swt, 56(50, Ark..Kan.,0.,S.C.,Tenn.,55,CoiiTi. 
 
 46.. 
 47.. 
 48.. 
 49.. 
 
 24.09 
 
 2338 
 Z2J66 
 
 nas 
 
 24JO 
 
 23.57 
 22.83 
 
 :,i 
 
 65 
 66 
 57 
 ,- 
 
 1.60 
 .04 
 
 J.50 
 3.J) 
 
 11.51 
 
 1038 
 10.47 
 
 asi 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 ,i 
 87 
 
 3.95 
 3.73 
 3.53 
 3.34 
 
 4.26 
 3.38 
 3.76 
 3..% 
 
 Hamburgs-Eggs. 9 to the pound; lay ISO 
 per annum. 
 Polish-Eqqs,9 to the pound; lay 125 pti 
 
 C.,Ky.): RYE,56(54,ni.,30,La.,50,Me.);RYE 
 WEAL, 50; SALT, 50156,N.Y.); T MOTHY SEED, 
 
 50.. 
 51.. 
 
 UM 
 2054 
 
 il.33 
 SL59 
 
 :,H 
 70 
 
 9.46 
 J.91 
 
 i48 
 
 9.00 
 
 -- 
 
 S3 
 
 3.16 
 3.00 
 
 J.36 
 3.18 
 
 Dominique Eqgs,9 to the pouTid; lay 135 
 
 per annum. 
 
 45(44,N.t,46,WiS.); TURNlP9,55(42,Wis., 
 60 Vl.,Ky.,58,Mich.,50,IW.,Conn.);WHEAT, 
 
 52.. 
 53.. 
 
 iais 
 
 9 
 9JS 
 
 il 
 7) 
 
 a.48 
 
 J.03 
 
 8J1 
 
 8.1? 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 2j)4 
 2.69 
 
 J.C1_ 
 
 &imes-Egqs,9 to the potfnd; laij 00 per 
 annum. 
 
 60 156, Conn.). 
 
 54.. 
 
 8.4: 
 
 8.44 
 
 '3 
 
 1.51 
 
 7.70 
 
 3: 
 
 '2.5b 
 
 2. /'O 
 
 Bintams- Egqs,l6 per pound; lay 90 per uroum. 
 
 iMV CstTuvtvaC^ixXw, w fc."^r*\~V^ ^"\5\d^< 
 
 55.. 
 
 1 f.Hl 1 
 
 I. i'. 
 
 
 (.14 
 
 r.a 
 
 93 
 
 JAI 
 
 
 
 5\V?..-DOSCO 
 
 nds = l minute; 
 
 Flour SObarreis Lumber. ..6,000feet 
 
 56.. 
 
 11.13 
 
 17. Ki 
 
 15 
 
 8.U 
 
 8.84 
 
 : ; - 
 
 129 
 
 2.4o 
 
 60 minute^ I d< 
 
 qree , 30 duree 
 
 5 = 1 siqn; IS. 
 
 Eqqs..l30to I60barrels Wheat ...300bushels 
 
 57.. 
 
 lb.4/ 
 
 16.33 
 
 K 
 
 fi.X' 
 
 6.53 
 
 -:- 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.2^ 
 
 siqns-l circle; 
 
 90'- a Quidri 
 
 nl;60Tl St 
 
 Lime 70barrels Corn ... .400 bushels 
 Salt.. 70barTtls Oats 780bushels 
 
 58.. 
 59.. 
 
 IM3 
 
 IMP 
 
 I3u6 1 
 8.03 
 
 n 
 
 7S 
 
 S.3J 
 5.51 
 
 B.23 
 5.88 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 2.06 
 1.95 
 
 in 
 
 2.06 
 
 tank 360'= a 
 CMRVRN&^oVn 
 
 Circle, large or tmafl. 
 \i tOT\t?r\%.- See Cistern u 
 
 Whisky 60 barrels Barley . . .300 bushels 
 
 60.. 
 
 I4..so 
 
 14,31 
 
 9 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.36 
 
 38 
 
 1.85 
 
 I.9S 
 
 4>r Mensuratio 
 
 nllndo). The 
 
 innued tablt 
 
 Plour 200sacks Fli 360 bus ids 
 
 61.. 
 
 IJ44 
 
 13. .'J 
 
 80 
 
 4. a? 
 
 s.2d 
 
 :, : 
 
 1.76 
 
 I.Hd 
 
 qives the number of qa ons contained in the 
 
 Hoqs 50 to 60Hea.d Apples 370 bushels 
 
 WSrt\W> 
 
 \ vx\ 
 
 ^\\\ 
 
 N^^,to 
 
 w^wtf\ 
 
 *i\* 
 
 nn 
 
 es ot depth. 
 
 Cattle.. ..I8to 20head Bran ... 1,000 bushels 
 Sheep... 80tolOOhead Butter. 20,000pounds 
 
 fi.-The fol owinq table shows the transverse 
 strength of timber and cast iron one foot lonq 
 and one inch square: 
 
 Oiam. G-als. 
 2 ft. equals 19 
 2i " " 30 
 
 Oiam. Ons. 
 6 ft. equals 176 
 6i ' " 207 
 
 Diam. Gait. 
 10 ft. equals 489 
 
 how many persons out of 0,000 will die 
 annually until a are deceased. 
 
 MATERIALS. 
 
 BREAKING 
 
 WEIOHT-lb- 
 
 WEIGHT BORNE 
 
 wiTKSAFETY-lbS. 
 
 3 44 
 3i 60 
 
 7 " 240 
 71 " 275 
 
 12" " 705 
 13" " 827 
 
 AM. 
 
 VORS. 
 
 Pis* 
 
 J K |SI)"H- 
 
 ton 
 
 Hi 
 
 jgB 
 
 OE.ms 
 
 Ash.S 
 
 eoned 
 
 ..175.. 
 
 
 ..55 
 
 
 4 .. 78 
 
 8 " " 313 
 
 14" " 959 
 
 0... 
 1 ... 
 
 3'.' 
 4.. 
 5 
 
 0000 
 8461 
 7/79 
 7274 
 6998 
 6797 
 
 1 5." 
 JOS 
 
 nt 
 
 20! 
 1 1 
 
 33 
 36 
 
 37 
 36 
 29 
 40 
 
 5365 
 5301 
 
 5251 
 5194 
 5136 
 
 SJ75 
 
 53 
 
 5o 
 51 
 58 
 62 
 fiP 
 
 70 
 7 
 
 72 
 73 
 
 74 
 7^ 
 
 2401 
 
 2277 
 2143 
 1997 
 1841 
 Ifii^ 
 
 124 
 134 
 146 
 156 
 166 
 160 
 
 Hickory, seasoned . .. 
 White Oik 
 White Pine,sasoned. 
 Yellow Pi'ne,s5oTKd 
 Iron (cast) 
 
 ..270. 
 ..240.. 
 ..135. 
 ..150. 
 5,781 . 
 
 
 ..90 
 ..80 
 ..45 
 ..50 
 1,927 
 
 
 
 5 " 122 
 5i ' 148 
 
 $\J8Vfc VJvtKSMV. 
 = 1 q uarter ; 4 
 W\HVN\\\. oX \ 
 
 9 " 396 
 9i " 461 
 
 t.-2i inches- 
 quarters^ 1 yai 
 
 20" ' 1956 
 25" " 3059 
 
 1 nail: 4 mils 
 d. 
 
 6.. 
 
 6676 
 
 fl} 
 
 41 
 
 5009 
 
 69 
 
 7fi 
 
 1513 
 
 ISfi 
 
 QIK*Ji 
 
 "^o S. 
 
 H\\tX% 
 
 >X.l XV^."* 
 
 i\o^\\ oV 
 
 .-Mu 
 
 i; F h, 
 
 Coins is at different times subject ta sliqM va- 
 
 
 6534 
 
 X 
 
 42 
 
 4940 
 
 7 
 
 r / 
 
 1339 
 
 146 
 
 the qii 
 
 Ih in 
 
 inchp 
 
 s, just b* 
 
 k of the 
 
 shouldt 
 
 TS, by 
 
 riations, but the 
 
 following ma 
 
 1 be tikrn as 
 
 8... 
 
 6536 
 
 4' 
 
 41 
 
 4> 
 
 1 
 
 76 
 
 1213 
 
 135. 
 
 theni. 
 
 Tr b^T 
 
 of in 
 
 thes Irom 
 
 the squ, 
 
 re of 
 
 the 
 
 about the avera 
 
 qe value: 
 
 
 9... 
 10.. 
 11 .. 
 13. 
 13 
 14. 
 15. 
 10- 
 11. 
 
 6493 
 6460 
 6431 
 6400 
 6368 
 6335 
 6300 
 6261 
 6211 
 
 33 
 29 
 31 
 31 
 
 a 
 
 35 
 39 
 42 
 43 
 
 44 
 43 
 4<j 
 47 
 43 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 53 
 
 4198 
 
 4727 
 4651 
 4566 
 
 4521 
 4458 
 4397 
 4338 
 4276 
 
 7 
 70 
 63 
 67 
 6? 
 6 
 5? 
 62 
 85 
 
 /9 
 80 
 
 BJ 
 83 
 83 
 
 54 
 83 
 86 
 
 P7 
 
 lOtil 
 953 
 
 837 
 72? 
 623 
 529 
 445 
 367 
 2?6 
 
 128 
 H6 
 112 
 102 
 94 
 84 
 78 
 71 
 64 
 
 buttock to the point of the shoulder-blade, and 
 divide the product by 144, which will qive 
 the number of superficial teet. If the qirth is 
 from 3 to 5 Feet, multiply the number of super- 
 ficial feel by 16, which will give the weight 
 of the animaL It the animal has a girth of from 
 5 to 7 feet, multiply b23; if from 7 to 9, mul- 
 tiply by 31 ; il less than 3 lt, rnu tipli) tuj II. 
 Many ciwurnstances.as modi of fattening, con 
 
 NAM. CouNrnv. VALUE. 
 
 6olivar,Veneiutlij0.l4 
 Boliviano, Bolivia... 0.70 
 Crown, Sweden .. 0.27 
 " Denmark . 0.27 
 ' * Norway . . 0.27 
 Dollar, Mexico... 0.76 
 " Liberia... 1.00 
 
 NAME. COUMTKY. VALUE. 
 
 Miireis,Braiil..oT55 
 11 Pbriugal . I.OS 
 Peseta. Spain... 0.19 
 Peso,NicaTui. 0.70 
 Honduras. 0.70 
 Guatemala. 0.70 
 " Argentine. 0.96 
 " Chili 91 
 
 If, 
 
 19 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 31.. 
 32.. 
 33 . 
 
 34.. 
 
 6176 
 6133 
 6090 
 6047 
 6005 
 5963 
 592! 
 5879 
 5836 
 5793 
 5748 
 5698 
 564? 
 5585 
 5528 
 5471 
 5417 
 
 4.1 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 4; 
 
 42 
 
 4: 
 43 
 
 4.- 
 4; 
 
 SB 
 56 
 
 S 
 
 57 
 98 
 55 
 
 s 
 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 
 :; 
 
 51 
 58 
 59 
 M 
 
 el 
 
 62 
 63 
 e-; 
 65 
 66 
 61 
 68 
 69 
 
 4211 
 
 4143 
 4013 
 4000 
 3924 
 3641 
 ; 149 
 36*3 
 352 
 j;js 
 3268 
 ji-^3 
 3018 
 2894 
 277 
 
 2648 
 
 2s:> 
 
 68 
 70 
 73 
 76 
 
 s; 
 
 33 
 1 ,16 
 l 
 136 
 12] 
 125 
 us 
 124 
 123 
 123 
 123 
 
 98 
 
 89 
 :>; 
 91 
 92 
 33 
 >-f 
 93 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 102 
 03 
 
 ;,.; 
 
 Tel 
 
 1-12 
 IC5 
 7S 
 54 
 40 
 30 
 23 
 
 ia 
 
 14 
 II 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 ! 
 
 51 
 39 
 37 
 30 
 21 
 14 
 10 
 7 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 dition,breed,ttt., m( uence the weiqht,ba( the 
 (oreqoing will be found approiimately correct. 
 OMWCAf^^iS^VvX o\,vc\4 ^imvANrnvViM) S\V 
 VmctAi < te.- The best quality of charcoal is 
 mide f'oin beech, chestnut, maple, ok,and pine. 
 Wood will furnish, when properly burned, about 
 23 per cent, of coal. Oak charcoal absorbs about 
 4.18 and pine 8.3 per cent of water. One bush- 
 el ot charcoi contains 2,747.7 cubic inches, and 
 if made from red or white pine, wil weiqh 43 
 Its.; if from oak, ortrituTited, about 135 Us. 
 CVS^\H^S,SVi\\\Vvoji o\.- Th alowance lor the 
 shrinkage in castings should be foi each foot 
 in lenqth, aj fo ows: Cst iron pipes, t inch; 
 Cast iron beams and qiideni, ,^ inch; Cast rtn 
 CMlindcrsiiatqH, ^ ; (smal ) 4 ; Brass. i| ; Lead, ^ ; 
 2in c ,i; Copper, ^. 
 
 Orachma.Giace... 0.19 
 Florin.Netherlands 0.40 
 Austria.. 0.35 
 Franc, Belqium. 0.19 
 " France... 0.19 
 Switrrland 0.19 
 G-Ourde,Haytt... 0.96 
 Lira, Italy 0.19 
 Mahbub,Tripoli . 0.63 
 Mark, Germany . 0.24 
 
 ire nine-tenths fitie; 
 tenths fine; the copp< 
 the 5-cent and the 3-c 
 nickel and three-fouit 
 coins arc 95 per cent 
 
 " Colombia... 0.70 
 >' Cuia 0.93 
 'iastre, Turkey. . 0.04 
 Pound, Eqypt.. 4.94 
 Pound, England 4.86 
 Rouble, Russia. 0.56 
 Rupee, India.. 0.33 
 Sol, Peru 0.70 
 Sucre, Ecuador. 0.70 
 Ven, Japan .... 0.99 
 l*,*, cA.- The gold coins 
 Jhe silver coins, nine- 
 r-nickel coins.such as 
 ent piece], arc one'ou* 
 is copper; the bronze 
 copper md Sper cent 
 
 \ 119 ^.'vA K"^\^^\ <i^ \_\^^-. 
 
 \V\t\o!r,\. 
 
 silver and copper; in the silvercoins,>ppeT. 
 
 The subjoined title is based upon I lie slal'slics 
 
 Si^E 
 
 
 
 
 UE 
 
 Mu 
 
 V18ER 
 
 KKS 
 
 \kM\. > cAs.% vn 
 
 &^-\\xA> _ 
 
 
 of mortality experience of tMirly American life In- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '.! I 
 
 A.HOTI 
 
 iHilX 
 
 M&iuir Las. 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 number or years any one may yet eipeet to litre. 
 
 16x16 ... 
 
 38.... 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Apples 
 
 . 8,00( 
 
 ManqetWuiiel.27,000 
 
 
 16 2 
 
 I ... 
 
 
 li 6. . 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Bailey 
 
 . I,60C 
 
 Peache 
 
 5 ..5,000 
 
 ci 
 
 OF Lift. 
 
 cs 
 
 OF LIFE. 
 
 6S 
 
 OP LIFE. 
 
 20 2 
 
 I.. .. 
 
 . 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 Beans 
 Cabbaqe 
 
 IOX 
 
 Onions 2.800 
 
 10.. 
 
 MALE 
 
 49.99 
 
 4SL09 
 
 ? > 
 
 MALE 
 
 Ift i 
 
 :c 
 
 MALE 
 
 38 
 
 FEM. 
 33.69 
 
 CAfcVt>Y.XW?A)jvt\o 1 ^a^itAvj ^ ^AX\fc\Nw^,\\tv 
 Light Brahmas nd Part ridqe Cochins, Egqs, 7 
 
 Carrots 
 Cherries 
 
 . b,80C 
 . 2,OOC 
 
 Parsnips 11.200 
 Pe aTs 5,000 
 
 1! . 
 
 12.. 
 
 49.32 
 
 JH t'4 
 
 MM 
 
 :? 
 
 ; .65 
 4093 
 
 3056 
 
 ;, . . 
 
 33 
 
 3.; 
 
 a es 
 
 5J 9i 
 
 33.06 
 3? 42 
 
 to Hie pound, ay 30 per annum 
 Dark Brahmas -Eaas. 8 to the pound; 
 
 Un 
 
 Chnquf foil grass 
 Clover Seed. ... 
 
 .9,601 
 . 20C 
 
 Peas.. 
 
 Plums 
 
 L900 
 2,000 
 
 12.. 
 
 47 93 
 
 us n 
 
 -.; 
 
 40.J 
 
 
 )5 
 
 I2J1 
 
 H.7R 
 
 130 
 
 pet ai 
 
 T1UTT 
 
 
 
 
 
 Com, Indian... 
 
 . J,00l 
 
 Potato* 
 
 s 7,500 
 
 14.. 
 
 47.26 
 
 -:4-!i 
 
 35 
 
 39.49137.80 
 
 ),- 
 
 >>A:> 
 
 li.H 
 
 Black,; 
 
 viiu 
 
 and 
 
 SullCoch 
 
 ns-EqqS 
 
 ,7 lo 
 
 tfM 
 
 Grass......... 
 
 . 7,OOC 
 
 Turnip: 
 
 8,500 
 
 15.. 
 16 
 
 46.57 
 
 44J9 
 
 IQ 
 
 3ai7l37.23 
 
 IS '4 V (( 
 
 37 
 
 ion 
 
 J0.47 
 
 pound; lay 115 pei annum. 
 
 
 Hay 
 
 . 4,501 
 
 Wtches.qreen . . 10,000 
 vvhoit i inn 
 
 17.. 
 
 45.18 
 
 G.TS 
 
 M 
 
 nj &oe 
 
 3-1 
 
 
 79 Ifi 
 
 150 per annuii 
 
 ^ IT i 
 
 
 
 
 j.-Firie Solder 
 
 18.. 
 
 44.4fl 
 
 4:.i7 
 
 
 )63a S 
 
 4/1 
 
 >'4S 
 
 78,4fl 
 
 Houda 
 
 
 C)1JS, 
 
 B to the 
 
 ound; 
 
 aMl. 1 ) 
 
 ;i per 
 
 is an alloy of tw 
 
 parts of Block T 
 
 71 to one f tad. 
 
 19.. 
 
 43.18 
 
 4I.4S 
 
 30 
 
 35.8! ?-!.?" 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 77. HV 
 
 annu 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dating Solder, eq 
 
 ual puts of Bloc 
 
 Tin and Lead. 
 
 20.. 
 
 43.07 
 
 40.8; 
 
 21 
 
 35.1234.29 
 
 42 
 
 27.01 
 
 27.15 
 
 LaFleche-EoflsJlotlw pound; 
 
 lay 130 per annum. 
 
 Plumbin9 Solder, one part BbckTIn, 
 
 wo par Is Lead. 
 
 
 67
 
 Babbitt's Mttal IlrrtS,l'or*r J./,ArH(moni| 7.3. 
 
 Church Bells DwerSaTmcSe.Tin ttl,Lead4.3. 
 
 RneYellow Brass. . . . Copper 66, Zinc 24. 
 
 GermanSilver Copper 33.3,ZiTic314,lfcW3JJ. 
 
 Gong* Copperei.6, Tin 18.4. 
 
 Gun MeUl,Vak,ek.Copper 90, Tin 10. 
 
 Lath Bushes Copper 80, Tin 20. 
 
 Madiir*ri| Bearing.. Copper 87.5, Tin 12.5. 
 
 Muntz Metal Copper 60, Zinc 40. 
 
 Sheathing MeUI...Copper56, Zinc 44. 
 White Brass Copperl0^inc80,Tin 10. 
 
 One Ib. broken loaf sugar = I quart; I lb.and 
 1 02. powdered whik sugaT=l quirt; I Ib. and 
 2oz. best brown su-qjr = l quirt; I Ib. soft 
 butter- 1 quart; | ib.and 2oi. Indian meal 
 = I quart; I I b. wheat HOUT- I quart; 4 larqt 
 Ublespoonfuls-i <jill; a common siud tum- 
 bler. { pint; 4 common sized wine-glass = 
 iqill; a, larqe wine-qlKs2oz.; a teacup* 
 i H ;:i ; a tabiespoonful =i 01. (Set Apothecaries' 
 Weighl). ' 
 
 Mensuration (.index). 
 iCJ^\NOWJ,Vvi\vV\MiVNi\o)A^ tX.-A cord of 
 
 hickory weighs about 4,500 Ibs.; a cord 
 
 of beech, 3,215 Ibs.; hard ma. pie, 2,850: Ash, 
 
 3,450; pitch pine, 1,900; red oak, 3,150; 
 
 Lombard^ poplar. 1,800. 
 i^S.VKW\OH.- A body weighing 140 Ibs., in 
 
 buminq 55 minutes. will produces Ibs. 
 
 of ashes. 
 
 that a person can count at the rate of 200 
 per minute, for 12 hours a day, to count, 
 1,000,000, would squire 6daiA II hr;20rnin 
 1,000,000,000, ,, 19 iff. 4 " 18 "20 
 1,000,000,000,000, "Ityl23ll " 5 "20 " 
 1,000,000,000,000,000 would -requtre more, 
 thin 19 000,000 years 
 
 .. 
 
 Rivtr mud, liquid eirtti.etc., 3 inches per stc 
 ond; brown pottery claij, 4 in. per sec.; 
 Tnon claij, 6 in. per sec.; Bellow sjnd.loami 
 8 in. per sec.; cornmon river sand, I foot 
 prr sec.; gravel, siif of small seeds, 5 in. per 
 sec.j q ravel, size of peas, 7 in. per sec.; qrav- 
 el.sue of beans, I ft. per sec.; coarse bal- 
 last, 2ft. per sec.; sea sNinqk,a,bout one 
 in. in di'am., 2eft. per sec.; large shfnqle, 
 3 ft. per sec.j anqular Hints, size of hen's 
 e<|q,3ift. per sec.; broken stones, 4ft. prr 
 
 Antimony 42 1.6 Fir ..... 34.3 PinefKtch) 41.0 
 Astilwood) 518 BoWipu) .1204.4 P-wWKie) 216 
 Beech.... 532Cranite.. 139.0 Pmltllgw) 33.8 
 Brass.... 53Z7I ..... 58J8PWCT Paris 1 05.0 
 Brick.... 100.0 froiKasi) .450.5 auarti . 1600 
 37.8 ffon(wil).486.6 SUMmnl 1310 
 ia7 Uad ....70a4Sind. .. 945 
 I20J lgniDVte 83.3 Siler(pua)6M3 
 53J Mahoqanij 66.5 Spruce.. 31.3 
 . 000 Maple ... 46.8 Sulphur . 127.0 
 Copper.. .5545 Marble... 141.0 Walnut. 55.0 
 Cork.... 15.0 Meronu|W4i5 WalertfustO 625 
 Ei7ltysn<il35J Mill-stone 130.0 luJt) 643 
 Erth,taae 90J OakCLi) 70.0 "GfeiiM62.3 
 Elm ..... 42J OaltlWhHe) 45.2 "ItaBolTU 
 
 ... 
 
 Cedar. .. 
 ChircoaU 
 Claij 
 
 Coal.Bii 
 
 C<Mc in 
 
 wwvi wvi aVA.vo wte.Ns,\Yi'e..-i ua CU.DIC incn 
 es-lcubic foot; 27cu.ft.-l cu.yd.; 128 
 cu.ft.= l cord; 8 cord feet = lcord; I6cu.ft 
 = 1 cord fool; 24|cu.ft.-l perch ol stone: 
 40cu.fi. =.1 fon of ship cargo; 50cu.fl. 
 = 1 4on of squire timber; 2l50.42cu.in. 
 =1 bushel; 231 cu.in.-l gallon(winA281 
 cu. in. = 1 gillon(ale or beer-nearlii obsolete); I 
 cu,tt.-}of a bushel. 
 
 *2,900 In 50 Hears. 
 0.05idally=*20 yearly =160 in 10 years 
 
 *5,800 in 50 years. 
 0.ll daily =*40 yearly =510 inIO years- 
 
 * 1 1, 600 in 50 years. 
 *0.27i daily=*IOO yearly =*l,300 in 10 years- 
 
 19,000 in 50 years. 
 *0.55 daJlu**1004ejrly=*2,600 inlOyears- 
 
 S58^>oo in 50 years. 
 *I.IO daihi.*400uearlyi5,200 in lOuers 
 
 *l 16,000 in 
 
 SHORTEST UKf 
 
 7hr. 33mln. 
 
 Amsterdam..... 
 Berlin .....:.... 
 
 Boston 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Calcutta 
 
 Cape Town ...... 
 
 Copenhagen .... 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Edinburq 
 
 London 
 
 Madrid 
 
 Naples 
 
 Panama 
 
 Paris 
 
 Pekin , 
 
 LOWEST DAY 
 
 16 hr.44mm 
 
 16 " 38 
 
 15 " 16 
 14 " 00 " 
 13 26 
 
 14 
 
 17 2( 
 
 16 ' 5( 
 
 17 "32 
 16 "32 
 
 00 
 03 
 
 St. Petersburg... 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Sitka 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Washington.... 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 9" 16 " 
 5"42 
 5"54 ' 
 6" 10 " 
 8"I7 " 
 9-22 " 
 
 . . ,TO^.-A 
 
 man of average weight, and doing a fair 
 day's work, requires, as has been ascertain- 
 ed by experiment, so much food as, con- 
 verted into mechanical work, would raise 
 4.000 tons one fooi htqh. 
 
 16 Parts = I Grain - .8 Grain T?oy 
 4 Grains - I Carat =3.2 " " 
 10 Parts Diamond Wt. =1 " 
 &KV The twelfth part of the diameter 
 of the Sun or Moon, used in measuring 
 the extent of a partial eclipse. 
 ^xytKHGt QH^. Ct>0^ **.- The earth 
 being round, its convexity limits the vis- 
 ion _even on a level likt the sea. The line 
 of vision on Hie sea.-(horc of a man ol or- 
 dinary height, say si feet(see table),!? in- 
 tercepted by the horizon at 3.14 miles. 
 If he were looking at a flag on a mast- 
 heid 44ft. in height, the flaq would seem 
 to be on the horizon if it were9.35miles 
 distant. In this case add the height of 
 the object 44ft. to the height of the eye 
 from the ground 6 ft. -50ft., and find 
 (,he corresoonding distanc in the table. 
 
 5.97 
 
 6.61 
 
 10.: 500 29.6 
 . 1 1 .8 1000 314 
 7.2510013^2000501 
 7.83 15016.2 3000 7ZJ5 
 R37 200 18.7 4000 83.7 
 8.87 300 20.9 5000 95i 
 9.35 400 26.7 IMI.96J 
 
 a grain of nitrate of lead in 500,000grain 
 of" water, and pass through the solution 
 a current of sulphuretted hydrqgen.vvhen 
 the whole liquid becomes sensibly discoto 
 eA Now a grain of water may be rpgart 
 ed as equaling a drop, and a drop may 
 be easily spread out so as to cover asqua 
 inch of surface. But under an ordinary m 
 croscopf the millionth part of a square 
 inch maij be distinguished by the eye, The 
 water therefore, could be divided into more 
 than 500,000,000,000 parts. But Ihe lead in 
 a grain of nitrate of lead weighs 0.62 grains; 
 an atom of lead cannot weigh more than 
 1, 3 10, 000,000,000th part of a qrain.whiie 
 the atom of sulphur, which, combined wit 
 the lead, rendered it visiule, could notmeiqh 
 more than one half of 1,000,000,000,000th 
 part of a grain. (See Counting in first col- 
 umn p-n this paqe, for tirr.e required for 
 counting the atoms in a grain.) 
 
 sour ".. 
 Barley, boiled... 
 Bears, pod, boiled., 
 flofsfak.btoiltd... 
 Beei5<fB!i$, boiled 
 
 Mulion,bTOiled. 
 boiled . 
 
 IMstfd. 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 15 S 
 
 30 
 30 . 
 45 T 
 30 
 
 roii, baked. 
 
 Suiter 
 
 Cabbage. raw 
 
 boiled.. 
 Cake.spon^baked 
 Carrot, boiled ... 
 
 Cheese.old . 
 
 Cuslard.baked.. 2 
 Eggs, whipped... I 
 
 " fresh, raw. 2 
 
 " Toasted ... 2 , , 
 
 " soft-boiled. 3 .. Tapioca, boiled. 
 
 " hard " 3 30 Trout,(it;h,frit 
 Goose, roasted .. 2 30 Turkej), roast. 
 Grren com, boiled. 3 45 Turnips,liled 
 Hash, warmed.. 2 30 Veal.fTKh.friei) 
 Liver,beef,broiled . 1 Venison broiled. , -.. 
 WM? W^-A'bXW^..- Nothing is more hill 
 cious than measuring fluids by dropping 
 since the drops from the lip o' a ial vary, 
 chiefly according to the different force_ o 
 the attraction of cohesion in different Ifq- 
 uids. Thus 60 drops of water fill the sami 
 measure as 100 drops of laudanum from 
 a. lip of the same she. The graduated glass 
 measure used by apothecaries is the only 
 certainly. 
 
 oV.-See Medicine. 
 
 l\^.NiW..-2 pints.l quart; Squarls 
 k ; 4 pecks = I bushel . (Se< Cubic Measure) 
 
 Milk.boiled... 
 
 45 Ousters, raw. 
 30 
 
 30 Parsnips,boiled. I 
 Pork,aB,boile<). " 
 Rice, boiled... 
 Sago, boiled.. 
 Salmon,sa)t,boil 
 Sausage, broiled 
 Soup,barleu.. 
 - ' bean . . 
 Chicken. 
 
 Gold rnay be beaten to wfxt tf an inch in 
 thickness, and an ounce drawn to a length o) 
 50 miles. Platinum is more ductile f han an>| 
 other melal. The same metal does not al 
 ways manifest the same relative degree ol 
 the aboue properties, as is sern by t_h_table. 
 TENACITY. DUCTILITY. 
 
 1. Iron 
 
 2. Copper 
 1 Platinum 
 
 4. Silver 
 
 5. Zinc 
 
 6. Gold 
 
 7. Lead 
 
 8. Tin 
 
 Platinum 
 
 Silver 
 
 Iron 
 
 Copper 
 
 Gold 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Tin 
 
 Lead 
 
 Lead 
 
 Tin 
 
 Cold 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Silver 
 
 Copper 
 
 Platinum 
 
 Iron 
 
 Odd 
 
 Silver 
 
 Copper 
 
 Tin 
 
 Lead 
 
 Zinc . 
 
 Platinur 
 
 Iron 
 
 68
 
 hive been made by drrvinq sticks,ma,(te 
 of different woods, each two feet long 
 and one and one half inches sqiureinto 
 the ground, only one hilt inch 
 outvvaTd. After the lapse of five years, an 
 those made of oak,elrn,ash, fir, soft ma- 
 hoqany, and nearly every variety of pine, 
 were totally rotten; larch, hard pine and 
 teak were decayed only on the outside; aca- 
 cia was only slightly attached on the exteri- 
 or; hard mahogany and cedar of Lebanon 
 were in tolerably qood condition, and Vir- 
 ginia cedar was as sound as when put 
 into the around. 
 
 \\MAY\Vf o^c* cA.- The power devel- 
 oped by the explosion of a ton of dynam- 
 ite is equal to 45,615 foot-tons. 71,000 
 tons of ordinary building stone, if arrang- 
 ed in the form of a cube, would make on- 
 ly about 90feet to the side, and it it were 
 possible to concentrate the entire force of 
 a ton of blasting qelatine to point, t He. 
 force from the explosion would lift the 
 mass only one foot. (See Explosives). 
 iLKWk,NNi\o^\\ o\.- Baily contrived a pair 
 of scales that enabled him to approximate- 
 ly ascertain the weiqht of the earth, and 
 that it contained within itstlf somewhere 
 about 6,04-9,836 billion tons of matter. 
 
 ^ooV- See Cu-bic-Foot Weights, alsoSoei-if- 
 ic Gravity. 
 
 oV-See Chickens. 
 
 ^tWkvw (A.- , 
 
 Hov obtained. CCS I 
 
 Ohm R 
 
 Amp- 
 
 foul 
 
 Resis- 
 tance 
 
 Current 
 
 The Electricil re- 
 sistance of a col- 
 umn of mere am 
 'Centimeters long 
 and of I sq.milli- 
 metif section, 
 
 Is that current (hit 10' 
 decomposes .01009J14 
 grammes of water 
 per second. 
 
 motive 
 Force 
 
 Quan 
 
 lapac'it) 
 
 Power 
 
 One anpereotcin 
 
 rot pissing through 
 
 substance having I 
 
 ohm of resistance 
 
 olt. 
 
 A current of 1 amp 
 ere iti 1 sec, of time. 
 
 The capacity that 
 curient of 1 ampere 
 per sec. W coulomb) 
 charges it to poien 
 tial ol 1 volt. 
 
 l-millionth of a 
 farad. 
 
 Power of 1 am- 
 pere current pass 
 "nq through tesis- 
 
 W.j. Work 
 
 Work donebij Iwjtl 10 
 
 true ohm- 
 .010 British 
 Association 
 ohms. 
 
 Deposits I.M8 
 milligrams^ 
 si I v<rr per sec 
 
 .926 of a 
 
 standard 
 
 miel Cell. 
 
 Deposits 1.118 
 
 nillia'iiBofsiIri 
 
 2. 5 knots of 
 D.U.S. cable. 
 
 .OOI3405lor 
 4t!ol d horse 
 power. 
 
 .738 unitstl 
 heaUThernis) 
 
 (/I Foot fan /s /Af d mount ofenery// nee 
 essart/ /<? rj/se one tor? one SootJ. - Walking 
 I mile, 17?; walking 4 miles,70i;carrijing 
 
 60 Ibs. I rnile,25; pedlar's day's work.303; 
 convict-s day's work, 3 10; dock laborer's dau's 
 work,3l5; pile-driving, 332; pavi'oT,35/; 
 turning a winch, 374; man's ordinanj work, 
 300; very hard work,403. 
 
 . 
 4 FaTthinqslfar.) - 1 Remwld.) = .02 
 
 a Pence..;. = I Shilling Is.) = ..0.24i 
 
 20 Shi Hi I Pound l).. 4,86* 
 
 Vo/ume. 
 
 .=?3 
 -182 
 
 lbti.(U.s.) .2150.41' 
 lbu.lEng.1 .2218.19'' 
 lbu,,heaped =2747.7 
 
 Weight, 
 
 llb.Av. 
 
 I o7.Av. =437.5 
 lo2.Ap.orT. =480 
 lcaral,Asau.=24fl 
 lcaTat,dia'd^ 3.2 
 
 lowing table exhibits the lineal-dilation of 
 bodies from 32 to 212. 
 
 Flint glass I 
 
 , 
 
 ).. noo Solder,tinl,leid2. 
 solid rod... sir Bismuth ....... 
 
 cast, prism of. fir Speculum metil... 
 
 Platinum irir 
 
 Palladium rooo Steel str 
 
 Tin ............ 44? 
 
 Lead ........... fjo 
 
 Gold eer 
 
 Silver ste 
 
 CopperSparts.tinl. sio 
 
 Copper 386 Mercury, in volume 
 
 Copper 2, zinc I... 4ir Wafer.. 
 
 Brass 16, tin I .... sis 
 
 Brass wire rfi 
 
 8rass,Cist ...... 
 
 Iron ........... 
 
 Alcohol ......... k 
 
 Allthegases ..... 4at 
 \Vt.- See Carlisle Table. 
 
 explosives derive their energy from nitro- 
 glycerine, ^upwxnta. is nitre-glycerine com- 
 pounded with rotten-stone, or silicious, or in- 
 fusorial earth, tripoli,etc.^\x,tfCvs\ \% a com- 
 pound of nitre-glycerine and saw-dust.S>e\- 
 ct&Vcvb^Wi&R is a mixture of plaster of 
 Paris and nitre-glycerine. The subjoined ta- 
 ble is by M. Berthelot. (See " 
 
 Nit ro ijlijceiinc 
 
 Piaate 
 
 Picric Acid.withChC Potash 
 Gun Cotton " 
 
 Plcrate Potash 
 
 Picric Acid 
 
 Gun Cotton 
 
 Powder,b.dse Chi. (Wash.. 
 Powder, base Nitrate Soda. 
 
 Powder, sporting 
 
 Powder, artillery 
 
 Powder, blasting 
 
 1 320 0.7 10 liter. 
 1422 0.337 
 1424 0.408 
 1450 0.484 
 
 578 0.585 
 
 687 0.780 
 
 590 0.801 
 
 97Z0.3I8 
 
 764 0.248 
 
 641 0.216 
 
 608 0.225 ' 
 
 509,0.11? 
 
 OT NHVW^KVb.-The camel, 
 elephant, and horse seldom produce more 
 than one_ at a birth; the lion I, oftener2 or 
 3, sometimes 5 or more. The fecundity of 
 the rabbit is marvelous, it beginning to 
 breed at the age of six months, havinq from 
 6 to 7 litters a year, each from 4 to 12, or 
 upwards. 
 
 A codfish has been found to produce 
 3,686,760 eqgs or spawn, and a ling up- 
 ward of 19,000,000. Herrinqs from 21,285 
 to 36,960. Mackerel, 454,061. Soal,38,773; 
 flounder, 1,357,403. Lobsl<T,2l,699; prawn, 
 3,800; shrimp, 6,800. 
 
 M. Von Cleichcn, a German naturalist, has 
 made the annexed calculation for the com- 
 mon house fly. 
 A fly lays four times during the summer, 
 
 eachtime eighty eggs 320 
 
 Half of these are supposed to be ferrales,30 
 
 that each of the. four broods produce 
 fortg: 
 I. First ei<)hth,or the fortu females, of tha 
 
 first brood, lay four times U,8flO 
 
 The first eighth of these,orl6,000 
 
 females, Ian three time 384,000 
 
 The second eighth, twice 256,000 
 
 The thiid and fourth eighth, once... 256, 000 
 <L The second eighth, or the forty 
 
 females of the second brood, i4 
 
 three times 9,600 
 
 One sixth ofthese, three times 384,000 
 
 The second sixth, twice 256,000 
 
 The third sixth, once 128,000 
 
 3. The third eighth,oT the forty fe- 
 males of the third brood, twice.... 6,40C 
 
 One fourth of these lay twice.... 256,000 
 
 4. The fourth eighth. or forty fe- 
 males of the fourth brood, once.. 3,200 
 
 Half of these lay Once 128,000 
 
 Total for one fly in one summer, 2,080,320 
 
 \S>te. V\SO\\NVT\ viY4T(tgxv<3cii&cAX-H is 
 
 often asked how stout a woman ought 
 to be in proportion to her heijjht. The fol- 
 lowing table gives a fair J-ndicit'on of the 
 proper proportions: 
 
 .. 
 
 Five ft. one in. 
 Fiveft. two in. 
 Fiveft.thrtein. 
 Fiveft.four in. 
 Five ffc five in. 
 Fiveft.six in. 
 
 Five feet.... about 100 Five ft. seven iuab't 150 
 
 106 Fiveft.eight in. " I5f 
 
 113 Five ft. -nine in. " 16, 
 
 119 Five ft. ten in. " IK 
 
 130 Five ft. eleven iu " I7( 
 
 138 Six ft. " I8( 
 
 144 Six ft. one in. 181 
 ,%VoWvj 1 \,\\,Hwju'c*, A 
 
 Working horses. 3.08 Ibs. Dry cows 2.41 Ibs. 
 
 ' ' oxen. . 2.40 Young cattle . . 3.08 " 
 Fatti oxen .... 5.00 " Steers 2.84 > 
 
 " when fat. 4.00 " Pigs 3.00" 
 
 Milch cows 2.35" Sheep 3.00" 
 
 A horse will consume as much food, aside 
 from corn, as 8 sheep; a cow, as 12 shetp;a fit 
 ting ox, as 10 she^p; a two-year-old heifer, as 6 
 sheep; a three-year-old heifer, as 8 sheep; a one- 
 year-old heiftr, as 4 sheep; a calf, s 2 sheep. 
 .-See Coins. 
 
 LB\JVk,iVtt\oww. v\\x vxv\i *\\uu\a \^\a.- 
 A bushel of good wheat, 60 Ibs., should uieid 
 about 48 Iba. of flour, 8 Ibs. of shorts, and 
 4 Ibs. of bran. The following is a fair av- 
 erage, which gives 38.45 Ibs. of flour to t 
 bushei: . 
 
 Weight of wheat l,486lbs. 
 
 . >' "flour 952 Ibs. 
 
 . " " bran 240 " 
 
 . ," "screenings 32" 
 
 . " " middlings....'... 88 " 
 
 . , " toll 148 " 
 
 . " " waste 26 "-I486 Ibs. 
 
 XWfc^WWiNiV^. 0^.-|. Fluids submit 
 ted to pressure trans-mit it undiminished in 
 every direction. 2. The pressure sustained 
 bw any s_urf8ioe is- proportional to its a-rea. 
 3! The direction of the pressure at any point 
 is perpendicular to the surface at t h at 
 point. 4. The pressure on the- bottom of 
 a vessel is independent of the- form of 
 the vessel. 5. The pressure is proportion- 
 ed to the density of the liqu.id. 6.The- 
 pressure exerted by a flu-id is proportion- 
 al to its depth. 7. A fluid Is in equilib 
 rium, or at rest, only when its particles are 
 restrained by some- vessel or its equivalent. 
 
 G9
 
 .WEIGHTS 
 ASURES 
 
 PER CENTlMTIClE. 
 
 Apples ............. 16 
 
 Barley.boiled ....... 9Z 
 
 6Tapes,rw 
 Melons, raw 
 
 . , 
 
 B*ns,boiled ....... 87 M[lk..T. 
 
 Bf,tw ........... 26 Mu.tton,broile<i.. 
 
 Beets .............. 14 Datmeal Porridge. 
 
 Bread, -rue ......... 79 Peaches ..... . 
 
 B-red, barley ....... 88 Peas, boiled 
 
 , ....... 
 
 Bread, wheat ....... 90 
 
 Bwad,corn 
 
 91 
 
 Butter ............ 9Z 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 7i 
 
 Codflsh,boiled ..... 21 
 
 , 
 
 Currants.. 
 E<J<JS, whipped ..... 
 
 , 
 
 Plums, raw 
 Pork,Toast 
 Potatoes 
 PouJHu.ToasI; 
 Rice.boiled 
 
 1 Turnips, boiled.. 
 Veal.fried 
 venison.boiled ..... 
 e Digestion. 
 
 EggsrrAlbuminoids,.. M-fHCent. Oil IlkrCd 
 Milk.. . 
 
 Butter. . 
 
 Cheese. " 
 Bed... 
 
 4.1 
 
 ... 14) " 
 
 ...29.X " 
 
 ... 84) ' 
 
 5.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 17 
 
 88J" 
 23.6" 
 30.0" 
 400" 
 50.0" 
 
 Pork... 
 
 M Meal . JUWrno'is..l6.I..Sich..610..0il.KlJ 
 
 Whet Flour 
 
 Rue Flour 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Rice ...... 
 
 Bmis.... 
 
 Potatoes . 
 Sweet Potatoes 
 
 hau 
 
 74.0 > 18 
 714) 1.6 
 6+5 "it 
 63.3 
 76.0 "0.5 
 510 "23 
 I5.4- "0.3 
 15.0 - 
 
 undred pounds of good 
 stock are equal to: 
 
 KiVcM*. v 
 
 IO-5 
 IO5 
 9.0 
 15.0 
 7.5 
 23.0 
 2 .3 
 
 Apples Ii3 Oat-straw 317 
 
 Beans 28 Oats 59 
 
 Beets 669 Oikake,linseed .. 43 
 
 Clover, red, o/rteti.. 373 Peas,dry 38 
 
 Carrots... ....... 371 
 
 Corn ............. 62 
 
 CtoveT,red,dTy 
 
 88 
 
 , 
 Lucerne ......... 89 
 
 Mangolds ........ 369 
 
 Potatoes 350 
 
 Rye-straw 429 
 
 Rye 53 
 
 Turnips 469 
 
 Wheat 45 
 
 J.-l-n order to estimate the 
 
 efficiency of any work or force, an trbitt 
 ry unit of work has been adopted called a 
 VooV^owwb. The foot-pound is the median 
 ical value of a force capable of r*isin.4-ne 
 pound through a vertical space of one foot. 
 The work of the power is equal to the prod- 
 uct of an equivalent weight in pou-nds mul- 
 tiplied by the vertical height in feet 
 thrott^h which it passes. The work of the. 
 [pad is found in a similar wanner. 
 oX.-Se* Coins. 
 
 -3 miles; French league-Smiles; French 
 jostiruj league 2 miles, 743 yards; Spanish 
 judicial Iea9ue=2 miles, 1,1 15 yards;SpanisH 
 Wmmon league5-inilts,37oyard: PortM 
 guese league -3 miles, 1,480 yards; Flemish 
 league- 3 -miles, 1, 584 yard*; Russian went 
 
 . - 
 
 and Nitrate of Potash, fcfcfc VV6.*,* 
 '50* down-to 10? if ., THOUSfl... 
 
 A G-rwk foot - I2i ruches: A span- lOSi-ncKe 
 : TCZ\& VNYC\MV.t < =>.- ; No ice is nqi^ 
 d, and the water u-sed should not be mr- 
 mer than 50* Fahrenheit. 
 
 Nitrate Am-monil and water, etch onrpirt, 
 makes a change from 50* to 4". 
 
 Muriate Ammonia and Nitrate of Potas' 
 each five pzrts, frxmi'50'downlo 10, if 
 sixteen parts water be added. 
 
 Muriate Ammonia five parts. Nitrate of 
 Potash five parts, Sulphate of Soda ejjht 
 parts, Water sixteen parts, 50* to 4". 
 
 Sulphate of Soda three parts, Dilute Ni- 
 tric Acid two parts, 50* down to -3*. 
 
 Nitrate of Ammonia, Carbonate of Soda, 
 and Water, each one part,50*to 7*. 
 
 Phosphate Soda nine parts, Dilute- Nitric 
 Acid four parts, 50* to -12* . 
 
 Sulphate of Soda, five parts, Dilute Sulphu- 
 ric Acid four parti. 50* to 3. 
 
 Sulphate of Soda six parts, Muriate Am- 
 monia, four parts, Nitrate of Potash two 
 parts, Dilute NitncAcid four parts,50V-IO . 
 
 Sulphate of Soda si* parts, Nitrite of Arn- 
 moriia five parts. Dilute Nitric Acid four 
 parts, 50* to -14. 
 
 . , 
 Materialt. 
 
 Oak upon oak, fibers parallel.... 
 Oak upon pab, fibers cross.... 
 
 Wrought iron upon oak 
 
 Wrought mm upon wroi^w iron. 
 Wrought iron upon cist iron .. 
 Wrought iron upon brass ... 
 Cast iron upon cast iron.... 
 Bran upon cast iron 
 
 Macadamized road 4)33 
 Well-paved road... .014 
 
 i highway ... .0.015 Railroads .0059 
 
 TOW J9WM \N.- Ww.\\\v\\V -The pro 
 portion of swjir in various fruits is: 
 
 Loose sand 0.25 
 
 Common by-road ..O.I 
 
 Apple .73 
 
 Mulberry 9.2 
 
 Pear..... 9.4 
 
 Cherry 
 
 G-rape 
 
 .J08 
 
 Peach 1.6 
 
 Raspberry .4.0 
 
 StrawberTy 5.7 
 
 Currant 6.1 
 
 Coosfbe-r-ri/ 7.2 
 
 Asparagu3,lffz. produces 1000 plants-bed 12 ft. sq. 
 * ' roots, 1000 plant i bed 4ft.bw225ft. 
 English Owar/ Scots, I qt. plants -row 125ft. long. 
 French Iqt. " "300" 
 Beans,pole,large. !<}t. plants 100 hills. 
 Beans,pole,&malf,lqt. 300hiHs,ar250&Tow. 
 Beets, 10 Ibs. per acre, or loz.fo-r 150ft. row. 
 Brocoli and Kale, 1 01.2.500 plant: " " 
 Cabbage, same u Broccoli, but 6 
 Cauliflower, same as cibbtje. 
 Carrot, 1 02. to 1 50 ft of row. 
 Celery, I oi-gives 7000 plants, 8 sq.ft. ofgrwnd. 
 Cucumber, loz. for 150 hills. 
 Cress, I oz. sows a bed 16 ft. square. 
 Egg Plant, loz. gives 2000 plants, 
 Endive, I oi.givesSOOO plants, 80 sq.ft. of ground. 
 Leek, 1 01. gives 2000 plants, 60 sq. ft. of g-round. 
 Lettuce, I oz.gives 7000 plants, bed ISOft.long. 
 Melon, loz. for 120 hills. 
 Nasturtium,lo7. sows 25ft. of row. 
 Onions, 1 07. sows 200 ft. of row. 
 Okra, loz. " 200 " 
 Parsley, loz. 200 " 
 Parsnip, I <n. " 250 " 
 Peppers, I oz. gives 2500 plants. 
 Peas, iqu-art sows 120ft. of row. 
 Pumpkin, loz. to 50 hills. 
 Radish, 1 07. to IOOH. of row. 
 
 Salsify, I oi. to 150 ft. of -row. 
 
 Spinage, loz. to 200ft. of TOW. 
 
 Squash,! oi.to 75 hills. 
 
 Tomato,loz. gives 2500 plants, bed of 80. 
 
 Turnip, loz.to 2000 sq. ft* 
 
 Water Melon, I oz.to 50 hj'lls. 
 
 \J 1. 3J\3 7A7 I' 3 
 
 ^Sy^L 
 
 10,000 1,000 
 
 The figu-res on the index at the n'jto hand it 
 note even hundreds. When the hand completes 
 the entire chruit, it dmotes ten-hundrEd-a-nd is 
 -registered by the hand in the center circle point- 
 ing to ore-the interval between any one fig- 
 ure and the next, in center circle, measuring one 
 thousand. The entire round of center circle mea- 
 ures ten thousand, and is registered on the hi 
 dex of the left-hand circle, in which the in 
 tervaj between any two successive figures 
 counts ten thousand. The hands ofilltlnw 
 circles are always hi simultaneous nwement 
 and the hand of the left-hand ctrcte, at any 
 point between two fijuns, indicates the m 
 sumption of so -much fraction of ten trious 
 and, Le., so -tnmy. thousands and so Trum/ 
 hundreds as are indicated by the mid did the 
 right-hand circles respectively. 
 
 The quantity of gas which his passec 
 th-rouah the meter srnce last date is ascer- 
 tained by reading from the indexes the to 
 tal amount -registered, and deduct ing -thm 
 from the quantity shown .by the indexes 
 at a previous observation. 
 Total amount ngisteml by theurdsiliiM,49 ,901 
 Amount it previous obsenti<m(di>tteil lrnes),42_,5J)( 
 
 Amount since list observation ., 7,4 
 
 It will be noticed that the hand on the 
 left-hand circle is just it the nurghi,Jbu^ not 
 yet it the center, of -the "5? When notrt 
 of the gas meter is consurned,the hind 
 the left-hand circle will point exactly a*"57 
 of the mid-circle, exactlu at "0" and of right 
 hand >circle exactly at"0," indicating 50,000 
 cubic feet. 
 
 The register at all times shoyvi the quanti- 
 ty that his -passed through since the meter 
 was first set, and deduct/rig therefrom the 
 amount that has been paid for( without any 
 regard to the time when), we obtain the a- 
 riount remaining unpaid. 
 
 ONE ATMOSPHERE OF PRCSSUKE. 
 
 Acetic ether 
 
 Air. 
 
 Ammoniaral gas- 
 
 Benzine, vapor of.... 
 
 Bromine, vapor of 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 Carbonic oxide 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 Coal gas 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Hydrogen, light carburetted. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 Olefiant gas. 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 Steroi, gaseous 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Turpentine, vapor of. 
 
 4.075 
 12.387 
 21.017 
 4.598 
 2.236 
 8.101 
 12.804 
 5.077 
 2.337 
 28.279 
 178.83 
 22.412 
 12.723 
 12.580 
 11,205 
 19.913 
 5.513 
 2.637 
 
 0.245 
 
 0.0807J8 
 
 0.04758 
 
 0.217 
 
 0.447 
 
 0.12344 
 
 0.0781 
 
 0.197 
 
 0.428 
 
 0.03536 
 
 0.005532 
 
 0.04462 
 
 0.078596 
 
 0.0795 
 
 0.089253 
 
 0.050E 
 
 0.1814 
 
 0.378 
 
 70
 
 mhiiumlTEd tad,63 parts; refined poth,33 jarft; 
 nitre, 10 parts; cullst,60 to 100 parts. 
 
 The following are other proportions far op 
 tical and flint glass: Sand, 5l parts; pearl ash- 
 eslpreparsdl,l6 parts; litharge, 28 parts (or red 
 lead,29 parts); niter, 4J parts; while arsenic, 
 i part; peroxide of -manganese, 4 part; cu.ll?t 
 of f'int glass in proportion as the -manu- 
 facturer thinks proper. 
 
 ^iO\\\tQf\\iV. This is the coarsest 9 lass in 
 common use, and is made from varied pro- 
 portions of the following: Soap-makers' waste 
 (containing a quantity ol sodi-salls), fresh wa- 
 ter, river sand, brick-dust, calcined lime,jnd 
 marl. 
 
 ^oVwA ^i\w. - The colors usually emploj/ed 
 consist of metallic oxides. Gold yields the most 
 beautiful ruby, crimson, rose, and purple col- 
 ors. Copper yields ruby red, and emerald green. 
 Cobalt, rich deep blues. Iron, dull green; with 
 alumina, flesh color; combined with chloride 
 of silver, orange yellow. Silver with alumina, 
 beautiful yellow. Uranium, chrysoptase^TO" 
 and canary yellow. 
 rVJkVs W&N93K&T I stone=5 Ibs.; 24 stone 
 
 I seam. 
 
 An incliratlon of I ft. in 30 is 176 ft. pet mi le. 
 J 35 "15"' 
 
 eV.-See Expansion and 
 
 Wheat and millet seed germinate in one 
 day; barley, seven; cabbage, ten; peach, al- 
 mond, and chestnut, require from eight 
 to twelve months; rose and filbert re- 
 quire twenty-four months. Potatoes bu- 
 ried three-feet deep do not vegetate. If 
 wheat be covered t inch deep, it usually ap 
 pears above the ground in II days; I inch 
 deep, 12 days; 2. inches-deep, 18 days; Cinch- 
 es deep, 23 days. A field of wheat after hav- 
 ing been burled under an avalanche for 
 25 years, grew after the snow melted. 
 (See Vitality of Seeds.) 
 
 The period of gestation is longer in herbiv- 
 orous than in carnivorous animals. The 
 young of the latter are also less developed at 
 birth, their eyes not opening for several da^s 
 thereafter. Vve,"(V\MO-\ovig, wivpftiXv.- The ele- 
 phant has about 20^ months' gestation; the 
 giraffe, I* months; dromedary. 12 months; 
 ass and buffalo, 12 months^ mare, upward 
 of II months; -rhinoceros and cow,9 months; 
 larger deer,over 8 months; sheep and goats, 
 5 months; pig, 4 months. WwaktrAv. 
 Beaver, 4 months; dormouse,3l days; Tab 
 bit, 30 to 3 1 days; rat and squirrel, 28 days; 
 gu.ina-pig, 20 t-c-21 days. ^yirCwyfo-av. 
 Bear. 6 months; I ion. 108 days; purna.79 i^ 
 fox,wolf,and doa.62 to 63 daus.^ovi&xt.^ 
 aaVvwaXv. Kangaroo. 39 days: opossum, 26 
 dausXg-\a.ww ytC\Tts\\v. B-reenland whale, 
 about 10 months.^ox\Vi\\v.~The -most 
 common duration for the varieties of 
 monkeys is 7 months. 0\i'\yK\owb vi\\w3\v.- 
 The goose sits 30 days; swan,42 days; hens; 
 21 days; ducks,30 days; pea-hens and turkeys, 
 28 days; canaries and pigeons, 14 days; par- 
 rots, 40 days. OVVvnv.-Hurnan being, 280 
 days; hippopottamus, 234 days-, cat,about 
 56 days; bat, 40 days; marmoset, 120 days; 
 tapir, lOtoll months. 
 
 i;- Purified sand, lOOpa-ttj; Ihne 
 
 stone, or chalk, 35 to 40 parts; sulphate of so 
 da, 40 to 45 parts: cullet, 50 tolSO parts. 
 
 Vwrc.\v7\ftf.- White quartzose sand I00.0pjrts; 
 Bodic mbonitO3.3 parts; Iime(slaked),l4.3 parts; 
 manganese peroxide, 0.15 parts; cullet,IOO.flpaTts. 
 
 ^\\x\X gvaav.-Fitie white sand, 100 parts; 
 
 6 by8-- 
 
 8 "10 
 8 "II 
 
 8 "12 
 
 9 "II 
 9 "12 
 9 "13 
 9 "14 
 9 -15 
 9 "16 
 
 9 "18 
 10" 12 
 IO"I3 
 10" 14 
 IO>'I5 
 10-16 
 10"I7 
 IO"I8 
 
 10 "20 
 10 "22 
 
 10 "24 
 I0"26 
 10-28 
 I0"30 
 
 1 1 "12 
 1 1 "13 
 II"I4 
 1 1" 15 
 JII6 
 1 1 "17 
 1 1" 18 
 1 1 "20 
 1 1 "22 
 1 1 "24 
 12" 14 
 I2I5 
 I2"I6 
 12-17 
 
 I2"20' 
 
 --l50l2bu2Kn 
 
 12' 
 
 90 
 82 
 
 -75 
 
 = 73 
 
 =67 
 6212' 
 5713" 
 5313' 
 
 =50 13 ' 
 45 I3 
 6013' 
 5513' 
 52 13' 
 
 =26 
 
 44 14 
 41 
 
 ^39 
 =31 
 
 38|5 
 =35 15 
 
 12 "26=23 
 
 12 "28-22 15' 
 12 "30=20 15' 
 I2"32=I9 15' 
 15 
 15' 
 14=40 15' 
 
 =18 15 
 
 3716 
 
 13-i 
 
 i6=; 
 
 18=31 
 
 2o=; 
 
 22-25 16 
 24-23 16 
 16' 
 
 3516 
 31 16 
 '2816 
 
 =20 16 
 
 26=21 
 28' 
 30-19 
 32-17 
 15-34 
 16- 
 
 17=31 .. 
 
 28 14" 18=29 16 
 20-" 
 22- 
 
 14 
 
 I4 
 
 -32 16 
 
 -26 I6 
 
 =24I6 
 
 14 
 
 28-19 
 30=17 
 
 |4"32-I6-|8 
 14" 34=15 18 
 
 30=11 
 
 32=10 
 
 34-10 
 
 36*9 
 
 '40=8 
 
 42=8 
 
 44-7 
 
 48 
 
 '50 
 
 52=6 
 
 56-6 
 
 60-5 
 
 '26-25 
 
 An inclination of I ft in 10 is 528 ft. per mile. 
 " I " 15 "352 t 
 | " 20 "264 > 
 it - | 25"2ll ' 
 
 36-14 
 
 38-14 
 
 40=13 
 
 42=12 
 
 44=12 
 
 46-11 
 
 16=30 18"36-ll 
 . 18=2718 
 34 15' '20=24 1 8 
 30 15" 22=22 18 
 
 NO. SIZE. NO. 
 
 28 20 
 
 26=19 
 
 '28=17 
 
 30=16 
 
 '32= " 
 
 34= 
 
 '36=13 
 
 38=13 
 
 40-12 
 
 16 
 
 '18-25 
 
 22-21 
 
 24=19 
 
 26 
 
 28=16 
 
 30=15 
 
 32 
 
 34-13 
 
 36-13 
 
 '38=12 
 
 40-11 
 
 42=11 
 
 44-10 
 
 '46=10 
 
 1518 
 1418 
 
 I8"46=9 
 I8"50=8 
 !8"52-8 
 
 56=7 
 
 '60 
 
 20"22=I6 
 20 "24-15 
 
 . 
 17 20 
 
 14 20 
 
 |4"24=22I6"48-922 
 
 54- 8 22 
 60- 8 22 
 20=20 22' 
 '22 = 1822 
 24=1722 
 '26-I6P2 
 28=14 
 30=14122 
 32-1322' 
 '34=12 22 
 
 38=M 
 
 40-I0 24 
 42-10 24- 
 
 28=13 
 20"30=I2 
 20''32=M 
 2034=H 
 20 "36= 10 
 
 '38=10 
 20"40- 9 
 20-42 ; 
 
 '44-8 
 20 "46= 8 
 20-48=8 
 20 "50- 7 
 20 "54- 7 
 20 "58- 6 
 20 "64- 6 
 22-24-I4 
 
 26-13 
 
 132 
 
 50 "106 
 100" 53 
 125 " 42 
 150 " 35 
 200 " 26 
 
 ,- ,_ _,. From the time wheat 
 
 is threshed, it will shrink two quarts to the 
 bushel, or si* per cent, in six months. 
 
 Corn shrinks much more than wheat. 
 0_-we hundred bushels as gathen>d from the 
 field, will be reduced to eighty bushels af- 
 ter shrinkage, or twenty per cent in six 
 months. 
 
 Potatoes, taking into account those t hat 
 rot, shrink still more. From October till tte 
 succeeding June, the loss islbirlif-tltwperoMt 
 
 8,000 miles 
 7,000 miles 
 6,000 miles 
 5,000 miles 
 4,000 mil 
 
 All obiects weigh 
 most At thp surface 
 of the earth. Ascend- 
 ing from the sur- 
 face, their weight 
 diminishes as the 
 square of their dis- 
 tance from the cen- 
 ier increases. De- 
 scending towards 
 the center,! heir 
 weight diminishes 
 as tMcir distance from 
 the surface increases. 
 The operation of 
 thi? law in the case of an object weighing 
 1,000 pounds at the earth's surface, is shorn! 
 in the diagram. 
 
 Owing to the centrifugal force, being ex- 
 cessive at the equator, and the polar diame 
 ter shorter than the equatorial, an object 
 will weigh less at the e<) uator than at the 
 poles 1,000 pounds at the poles weighing 
 only 995pounds at the equator. 
 W&^.V>\^S.,VJt\oJok oX . S Cooks. 
 iWV3,^\KH^^.,^.Xc.,oS.-TJie followinja* 
 all breech-loader rifles, and ccrtrvey agetier 
 al idea of the power.etc- of guns. There 
 are large numbers of naval guns whose 
 range is ten wiles ortno-re. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 LENCTH 
 or CON 
 
 I l9-ton[&erj 
 
 110 t4l.8 
 
 100 
 
 ("146.8 
 J30.7 
 
 100 "(It. 139.7 
 
 20 "("125.5 
 
 44.7 
 
 (Get) 3 1. 4 
 (Fr.) 34.8 
 "(EngJ 34.7 
 "(Fr.)32.7 
 "(Ger.) 32.0 
 
 900 
 882 
 772 
 772 
 485 
 546 
 625 
 362 
 357 
 230 
 197 
 s oV V 
 
 1,632 
 1,800 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 1,715 
 
 926 
 1,003 
 
 1,455 2,034 24 " 
 1,2502,05028" 
 
 3202,179 19" 
 "" 1,90021 
 
 2,020 30 
 2,037 29 " 
 1,83528" 
 1,835 28 
 1,703 24 " 
 
 1,968 23 
 1,857 24- " 
 
 j o\ "^tooi.-The relative hardness 
 
 of' woods is calculated by the hickory whicl 
 is the toughest. Estimathig this at 100, others 
 rank as follows: Pigrmt,96; white oak,84 
 white ash, 77; dogwood,75; scrub oak,73 
 white hazel, 72; apple tree,70: red oak, 69 
 white bech,65; black wahiui.65; black birch 
 62; yellow,and black oak,60; Hard1tiaVl,56; white 
 efm,58; red eedar,56; cheni/,55; yellow phK,54;chesl 
 nui,52; poplrr,5l; buttmut,43; white fine,35. 
 
 71
 
 . oV.-ln 
 
 the following list, any substance will 
 scratch the one imrmdiattly following it: 
 Diamond, sapphire, topaz, quartz. feldspar, 
 ccpolite, apatile.lluor spar, caic spar, mi 
 qa.gwpsum, talc. 
 
 Timothy, a year in mow or stack, 
 Timothy, from bottom of stack.. 400 
 
 Timothy, newly stacked 700 
 
 Timothy and clover, ok) stacked.... 600 " 
 
 Timothy and clover, new 800 " 
 
 Clover, stacked,oli 700 " 
 
 C lover, new 900 
 
 Common meadow hay, old. 800 " 
 
 Common meadow h&y, new 1000 " 
 
 k>^,Vi\\qJCV\,t\t.,A.- The length to which 
 hair mau grow normally, especially m wo- 
 mrn, is very considerable, 74 inches hav- 
 ing been e*Viibited in-the "Hair Court" of 
 the International Exhibition(l862). 
 
 Adam Kirpen,of Chicago, is reported to have 
 gold a ci.'P of whiskers in 1861, the lenjth 
 of which was 5 feet, and that subsequently 
 they grew to the length of 12 feet. 
 
 Hah which is lijhtest in color is ai*o 
 lightest in weight. Lijht or blonde hair 
 is generally the most lumieTrl, and it has 
 been calculated that the average number of 
 hairs of this color oh tn averaje person^ head 
 is 140,000; while the number of brown hairt 
 is II 0,000, and black.1 03.000. 
 
 >K^^W Vt^Rt>N*.\J5r%X-36 Ibs. straw 
 = i trust; 56 Ibs. old hu=Uri*ss;60lbs.new 
 hay- 1 liuss; 36 trussesl load. 
 
 ^.Nfc VN^XSMWtWCtWS.-Most of great 
 men have had great heads. Webtters head 
 measured ovrr 24 inches; Clay\, over 23; 
 Napol t eon's, rearly 24; Hamilton's, 23i. 
 Burks, Jefferson's, and Franklin'* heads 
 wrre very large. Small and avera9e heads 
 may astonish us by their brilliancy and 
 learning, but fail in that commanding ?rea! 
 ness which impresses and sways.(See Brain 
 weight of). 
 
 The general rule for the head- measure - 
 ments of adults is as follows: -Smallest 
 Size compatible with fair talents, 204; mod- 
 eTate,20jto2li;aver9e,2lito22; full, 
 22 to 27 1; la-rge,22j to23J, very large, 
 above 231. 
 
 i^.KV-See TernperatuTtt. 
 
 'WCX o^>\^\iC\W:>.-Heat is commu-n 
 cated in three ways: v/T., Conduction, Con- 
 vection, and Radiation. 
 
 The relative conduct ing power of metali 
 is as follows: Silver.lOO; copper,74;gold, 
 53; brass,24; tin,i5; iron, 12; lead,9;piat- 
 rnum,8; German silver,6; bismuth,!. 
 
 Of artiri of clothing, linen, cotton, si Ik, 
 wool, furs. 
 
 Liquids and gases are poor conductors, 
 but good converters of heat. 
 (See Radiation). 
 
 CtK^SV^oKA^.-See Specific Heat. 
 Yfc VXVVtt. 0V Vvft\S>.- Pounds of water 
 evaporated by I Ib. of fuel ire at fallows: 
 Straw,l.9: wood, 3.1; peat,3.B; coke or 
 charcoal, 6.4; coal, 7.9; petroleum, I4-.6. 
 
 - 
 
 Man tndWomanlmdeii. 
 
 NNft >NW*\,**YV\Na.- The. 
 following are the average relative lieigMs 
 nd weights of persons >ti health, as ob 
 tamed by (h-. Hutchlnson from over Jive 
 thousand Individuals: 
 
 5. lin 120 Ihs. 
 
 125 
 
 3" 133 
 
 4- 139 
 
 3" 143 
 
 6" 145 
 
 5ft. Tin. ...148 Ibs. 
 
 00 
 
 .,55 
 ...162 
 ...169 
 ...174 
 ...178 
 
 Barometer, also Water. 
 
 |Ci(xrtfm net. 
 
 I inch., 
 li . 
 
 . 200 Ibs. 3 
 
 .312 
 
 .450 
 
 .612 
 
 .800 
 
 .1012 
 
 .1250 
 
 .1512 
 
 40 feet 
 
 35 ' 
 
 30 " 
 
 25 
 
 20 >< 
 
 15 ' 
 
 12 " 
 
 10 " 
 
 apart, 27 hills. 
 
 35 
 48 
 69 
 108 ' 
 193 
 302 
 435 
 
 inches... 1800 Ibs. 
 
 3i " ....2112 " 
 
 34 " ....2450 " 
 
 31 " ....2812 " 
 
 4 " ....3200 " 
 4i " ....4000 " 
 
 5 ....5000 " 
 
 6 " ....7200 " 
 
 8 feet aj>att,680 hills. 
 
 1,110 
 1,732 
 3,556 
 4,840 
 6J969 
 10,890 
 43,560 
 
 MS. -See Gestation. 
 \HVft 
 
 enty pigs were well fed.arid fattened 
 with results as follows: 
 
 Mo. Live. OBESSEalNo. LIVE. PRESSED. 
 
 I 172 IDS. 143 Ibs. 
 
 151 
 
 150" 
 
 130" 
 
 136" 
 
 162" 
 
 135" 
 
 136" 
 
 153" 
 
 160' 
 
 J28 
 126 
 107 
 117 
 133 
 109 
 118 
 128 
 130 
 
 121 Ibs. 102 Ibs. 
 
 144 
 
 119 
 125 
 141 
 122 
 113 
 141 
 112 
 97 
 
 Total Live W't, 2,942 Dressed W't,2,453 
 vQNSK. ?0\N 1 t.Vv.- To estimate tin work 
 of any force, acting ihrou-gh i limited 
 pe-rioo of time, a u-nit of work has been 
 adopted, called the V\oise-wwei.(Se Foot- 
 pound). A horse-power is itte mechanic' 
 al value of a force capable of raising thir- 
 ty-three thousand pounds one foot m one 
 minute. Its work is equal to thirty-three 
 thousand foot-pounds in a minute. 
 WV^XNN\tt& CrXVNaXTX.-On metal 
 rails ahorse can draw '.- One and two- 
 . thirds times more than on aphii pavement; 
 
 Ttrree and one-third tin* wit than on good 
 Belgian blocks; 
 
 Five titties mote *Han ort ordinnu^iat 
 blocks; 
 
 Seven tirnes wore than on good cob- 
 ble-stone; 
 
 Thirteen limes more than on orditmy 
 cobble-stone; 
 
 Twenty times more than on an ordi 
 nary earth road; 
 
 C 07tu times more than on sand. 
 
 A horse can dri9,as compared with 
 what he can car iy on his back, in the fol 
 lowing proportions:-0n tarlh ruad,lhre 
 times more; macadamized road, nine; planl( 
 Iwentu; on stone trackway, thirty-three; 
 on a good railway, fifty-four I irnea a much. 
 
 -Sw Cooks. 
 o^.-See Chem- 
 
 y ol the Bbdu(iride|. 
 
 average length of human life is placed 
 at thirtu-three yars.(Set Life, 50 Years oU. 
 kViYAMk ^c. < sV\VK\\0\.- At each i nspi- 
 ration of a man, about 17 cubic inches 
 t)f air pass into the lungs,and this is re 
 peaUd JO times a minute, making a Cu 
 bic foot in 5i minutes; 274 cu-bic feet 
 in 24 hours. The capacity o' the lungs 
 is about 340 cubic inches. 
 
 I. Lowest Grade of Savages. 2. Middle 
 Grade of Savagery. 3. Uppt r CVrade of 
 Savaqeru. 4.Lowest C-raae of Barbarism 
 J. Middle &rade of Barbarlsui. 6. Uppe 
 Grade of Barbarism. 1. Civilization. 
 
 Ice two inches thick will sustain a man. 
 Four inches IHick, t ma" on horseback. 
 Five inrh, an 80-poundtr gun. 
 Si> inches, a team with 5 mail load. 
 Eight inches, a (earn wiln heavy load. 
 Ten inches, an Innumerable multitude. 
 
 .- An " I nch of Rain" means 
 a aalion of water spread over a surface of near. 
 ii/lwo square feet, or 3,630 cubic feetl-iOO tons 
 
 Brown -red and black muted together. 
 Bull- ^fliow.whiif, and a little Venetian red. 
 Chestimt= white and brown. 
 Chocolate- black and Venetian red. 
 Claret= red. umber, black. 
 Coppfi= red, yellow, black. 
 Cream. white, yellow, Venetian red. 
 Dove= white, vermillion, blue, yellow. 
 Drab- umber, while, Venetian red. 
 Fawn- white.yeMow, red. 
 Flesh Color* white, lake, vermillion. 
 Freestonf=red,Wick, yellow ochr*, vermin ln 
 G-old = white, stone ochre, red. 
 C-ray= white lead, black. 
 &rau(Silver)-i-ndiqo and lampblack. 
 GraulPeatO- white, blue, black. 
 Green Bronze^chrome qrten, black, yellow 
 &TemlBn'9ht)= white and green. 
 Green* Orrki-liaht yreen and black. 
 Green(Pgft)= white and green. 
 Breen(Brilliant). white ttti tmtnH yrn. 
 Lead Color= white and lampblack. 
 Lemon = white, chrome yellow. 
 Lime:toru-whitt,ytllDvv OChri,blXk. red. 
 Olive- yellow, blue, black, whitt. 
 Oran9e'- yellow and rid. 
 Pcach= white and vermillion. 
 Pcarl= white, black. bhw. 
 PinkwhiU and carmine 
 Purple=violel, with moie red and white. 
 flose= white and lake. 
 Sandstontewhitt. yellow ofhre.blark, red. 
 Snuff uellow,Vandukt brown. 
 SlrawColor. while and yellow. 
 Violet-red, blue, whitt. 
 White (Frenc/i)- purple arid white. 
 <VS^BT\%.'b\xt.-<\o l \VAo'*--A beetk lecenllya 
 hibited at a wientilic erhib't'On, j,*v t i 
 to the foMOW>n9 U to its strin^th: -We 
 of beetle, two ((rains; weight movrd by it, 
 5J ounces IJZO times the wei9ht of the 
 beetle.' Were man's rtrtnplri equal in proper 
 tion, he could move nearly 100 tons. 
 
 72
 
 _..,. ..,. ^0\.-At birth 
 
 the inspirations are from 70 to 23j from 
 the ages of from 15 to 20 years, from 24 
 to 16; from the ages of from 30 to 50, 
 23 to II. 
 
 KtfimftlCWMtiM%t* oS.- Several stages 
 may be noted hi the progress of intoxica- 
 tion. WnX^XMt. This is characterized by 
 liveliness and excitability, the circulation 
 of the blood is more free, the bod'iy func- 
 tions are performed with greater freedom, 
 the rnenkal faculties *re wore active, and 
 there is a feeling of confidence and strength. 
 'isss^SiSftSL- In this stage all the pecul- 
 iarties of character, the weaknesses and fail 
 ings of temperament, which are concealed in 
 sobriety, manifest themselvesAVw&'iAMit, . 
 Consciousness becomes. still more weakened, 
 bodily balance Is lost, and the brain becomes 
 dizzy. VovnXVv ox Va& 'ito.a.t. The victim s_inl 
 into a heavy slumber, appetite for food fails, 
 the cheeks become hollow or bloated, the 
 vigor of the frame i so lessened as to cul- 
 minate in delirium tremens. 
 WSH,V\\\w\\\ \aXv*4 - A bar of !ron 
 worfh #5, worked into horseshoes, advam 
 ces in val ue to tt 1 ; rnade into needles, is 
 yvorth*350; made into penknife-blades, 
 is worth SS3285; -made into baiMice-springs 
 of watches, is worth $250,000. 
 W^Vie-aX to\w=> oV-(Fah-renheit degrees). 
 502"to680-Violet, Purple.and dull blue. 
 932-Covered with light coating of oxide. 
 9T7-8ecomes Nascent Red. 
 l292-Somber Red. 
 !472-Nascent Cherry. 
 |657-CheTry. 
 1832 -Bright Cherry. 
 2012- Dull Orange. 
 2 1 92"- Bright Orange. 
 2372-White, 
 
 2552- Brilliant White welding heat. 
 2732 to 2912- Dazzling White. 
 
 _ _ 
 
 Break'ing strain of wroughriron.. 
 C-rushin 
 
 17 
 
 Breaking strain of cast Iron... 
 Crushing " " > ... SO 
 Breaking strain of steel bars.. 50 
 Crushing " , " " .. 166 
 ifl*.WHV oV.- See Metals. 
 MNV KWO VtK^ VNtNsV^ 
 14 Pounds = IStone; 214 Stone = I Pia; 
 8 Pigs I Pother. 
 
 ^OX\ V\K\VS,^\v>!o\Y\V\> o\.-The av 
 erage life of an iron rail is 15,000,000 
 tons, or equal to 100,000 trains of I50tons 
 each. The average time in years is abou 
 5; but this depends upon the a-rnourit o 
 traffic over the road. Steel rails are on 
 ly half worn out with 95,690,000 ton 
 of traffic, making the time in years 
 upward of 18. 
 
 "\-XO\^.<^\\''i.- 
 
 The G-erah(feShekfl) = Olbs.0oz.0pwt.l2g 
 The BekahCi Shekel) = 0"0" 5" 0' 
 The Shekel = 0"0" 10" 0' 
 
 The Maneh(60Shektls)= 2 "6" 0" 0' 
 The Talent (3000 ")=I25"0" 0" 0' 
 
 The circunferetice of the ea-tth is divided 
 into 360 degrees, each degree into 60 knots 
 or nautical miles, consequently th circum- 
 ference of the eaith-viz.131,385,456 feet- 
 divided bij(^60x60=)2l,600 gives the length 
 of a knot, viz. 6,081.66 feet, which is gen- 
 erally considered the stindard,except by 
 the Admiralty. The Admiralty knot is6,080 
 feet; the statute mile being =5,280 -feet. 
 
 One. knot equals 1.1515 miles, conse- 
 quently to find the equivalents of knots 
 in miles, multiply the nu-mberuf Knots 
 by 1. 1 5 15. 
 
 Dr. Farr estimates the value of an agricul- 
 
 tural laborer to the commonwealth is fol- 
 
 lows: 
 
 A6e. VALUE.IACE. VALUE.|AOE. VALUE, 
 
 5 .* 280 30....* 1205 55 *690 
 
 10 58535 114060 485 
 
 15 96040.... 106065 230 
 
 20 117045.,.. 96570 
 
 25 _ 123050.... &W75 -125 
 
 The minus sign shows a loss to the com- 
 monwealth. Intellectual workers are often 
 of much value after the age of 70. 
 .NN& VNttsSW^-.-A Township is 36s* 
 tions,each imile squtre.and containing 640 
 acres. A quarter section is one half mile squire 
 and contains 160 acres. An eighth section is 
 half a mile long north and south,aquar.- 
 ttr milt wide, and contains GO acres. A 
 sixteenth section is a quarter mile square 
 and contains 40 acres. 
 
 The sections of a township are numbered 
 from I to 36, commencing at the northeast 
 corner, thus: 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 N.WN.E. 
 
 S.W.S.E. 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 n 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 The sections are all divided into quar- 
 ters, which are named by the cardinal 
 points, as in section I. The quarters are 
 divided in the same way. The description 
 of a forty-acre farm would read thus: The 
 south half of the west half of the southwe 
 quaitrr of section I, township 24,noTtli o 
 -range? west, or as the case -might be; and 
 owing to the meridians converging toward 
 the north, and diverging lowa-rd the south, 
 will sometimes fail short,and sometimes fl- 
 yer-run the number of acres it is supposed 
 to contain. 
 
 A lot with any of these drmensions= an acre: 
 WIDTH. LENC-TH.|WIDTH LENCTI 
 
 5 yards by 968ya-rds. I Guards bu4&3yards. 
 20 > 242 " 50 " 97 - 
 80 60i "4-7 * 103 
 16 ' ' 303 "30 ' ' 161 
 59 " 82 4.0 ' 121 
 70 ' ' 69 " 55 88 
 
 ; The side of a square- to contain 
 I acre=20oV7l ft, or ! Z.65 rods, or 64- pares. 
 4 =14-7.58 " 8.94 " 45 " 
 i - I20.M 7,30 " 37 " 
 i "-I04J6 " 6.32 " 32 " 
 4 "- 72.79 " 4.47 > 21i " 
 >& W SGMk<?^. W^-kSNi^t. 144 
 sq. itl I sq.ft. ; 9 sq.H.= I sq. yd. ; 30i sq.i|ds. 
 = lsqyn>d; 40sq.rds.= lrood; 4roods=licTe. 
 
 Also for Surveyors' -measure, 7.92 inch- 
 es= I link; 25 links=lrod; 4 rods ~ I chain; 
 I0squa.re chains, or 160 square rods-l acre; 
 64-0 acres=l square wile. 
 Cre.W VvtK\.-A pound of water at 
 212 -mixed with a potwid of water at 32; 
 gives two pounds at the mean temperature 
 of 122; but a pound of water at 211 -mix- 
 ed with a pound of ice at 32 gives two 
 pounds of water having a. temperature of 
 only 51. In this case the water has lost 
 161 , while the ice has gained only IS^so 
 that 14-2 have disappeared in changing 
 the ice to water. This 142, which is not 
 sensible to the thermometer, is called 
 \fcXuc\X, VetX. 
 
 The latent heat of water is of the jf**t- 
 est value in nature, and were it not for 
 this provision, the inhabitants ofnorlberfi 
 valleys would be exposed to terrific muTufctw 
 at every approach of spring. 
 
 Every solid has its own latent heit, 
 which is called the heat of fusion, or the 
 latent heat of liquids. In the subjoirwd ta- 
 ble the second column of figures shows the 
 number of pounds of water that would 
 beraised one degree bj)the solidifying of 
 one pound of the substance named. The 
 first column is the heat of fusion. 
 
 |nFhr. Water- 1. 
 Water. ........ 142.65 1.000 
 
 Zinc ...... --- 50.63 -355 
 
 Tin ......... 25.65 .179 
 
 Sulphur ....... 16-85 .118 
 
 Lead . . . ...... 9.65 
 
 Mercury ....... 5-M 
 
 . 
 
 .067 
 .035 
 
 C\.-A true level coincides with the 
 
 sphericity of the earth, while an apparent 
 level consists of a continuation of the level 
 pla-in drawn through the point at^which 
 the observation is made.(See also Distance 
 One can See). 
 
 Oisi. OIFF. OF DisT. DIFT.OF Disr. DIP 
 YDS. ,^it YDS. ,&. YDS. ,Al 
 
 100 0.026 900.... 2.081 1700.. ..7 .425 
 
 200 0.103 1000.... 2.570 I800....8.324 
 
 300. ...0.231 [I00....3.ll0*mile...0.500 
 400. ...0.411 1200... .3.701 * "...XOOO 
 500. ...0.643 1300.. ..4.344% "...4.500 
 600.... 0.925 1400.. ..5.038 I "...8.000 
 700...'. 1. 200 1500.. ..5.784 2 "..32.000 
 800.... 1.643 1600,. ..6. 58013 "..72.000 
 .HGrVA C^- ^KX K^ \VtfiW. (See aV 
 so Sunset a.nd Sunrise Table i-tidex).- 
 THe inequality of day and night increases 
 slowly in the tropical regions, but more 
 and more rapidly toward the po/ar eircla 
 Beyond these circles the Sun, in the- hemis- 
 phere in which it is verticaJ, -makes the 
 entire circuit of the heavens, without sink 
 ing below the horizon, for a period vary- 
 ing from twenty-four hours to sixnwi*h! 
 while in the opposite hemisphere there is 
 a corresponding period of continuous night. 
 The TABLE on the next page gives the length 
 of the longest dau and shortest t6t^t,rn differ- 
 ent latitudes, with the difference m length.
 
 LATITUOE. 
 
 Equator .. 
 
 10" 
 
 20 
 
 Tropics ... 
 30 
 
 3r> 
 
 f 
 
 -15-" 
 
 w 
 
 J5 
 
 60 
 
 PolarC rcles 
 67V 
 69V 
 73.3 
 
 84 
 
 p | es 
 
 ,.,.-- 
 ORCEST DAY.ISHOIHKI WMl DIFFERENCE. 
 
 12.0 hou 
 
 12.7 
 
 113 
 
 133 
 
 14.0 
 
 149 
 
 13.0 
 
 15.6 
 
 16.3 
 
 17.3 " 
 
 18.7 " 
 
 24.0 " 
 
 1 month. 
 
 2 months. 
 
 3 " 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 " 
 
 2.0 hours. 
 1.3 " 
 10.7 ' 
 10.5 " 
 10.0 
 9.5 
 9.0 
 8.4 
 7.7 
 6.1 
 
 M 
 
 00.0 hours. 
 
 1.4 " 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.0 " 
 
 4.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.0 " 
 
 7.2 " 
 
 8.6 " 
 
 10.6 
 
 13.4 
 
 24.0 " 
 
 .- The following table ex- 
 hibits the average length of life as ascertain 
 ed in the StaUofMassachuselts: 
 
 Yim.lTOUHTIOIl YtURHaimiCN. VTAHS. 
 
 ..,-, 68 Blacksmiths . 5 1 IBaters .... 43 
 
 J udo.es .... 65 Merchants . 5 1 Painlm ... 43 
 Farmers ... 64 Calico Mutes. 5 1 Shoemakers. 43 
 Bank Officers 64 Physicians. . 5 1 Mechanics.. 43 
 Coopers ... 58 Butchers . . 50 Editors ... 40 
 PublicOfficets 57 Carpenters . 49 Musicians. . 39 
 Cte^ymrn. . 56 Masons 48 Printers .. 38 
 Shipwrights. 55 Traders.... 46 Machinists. 36 
 Hatters .... 54 Tai lors. ... 44 Teachers . . 34 
 Lawyers ... 54 Jewelers. .. 44 Clerks. ... 34 
 Rope Makers. . 54 Manufacturers. 43 Operatives. 32 
 A*V*\VTV XVfCW. 0V.- According to a 
 F-rench statistician, takin9 the wean of many 
 accounts, a man of 50 years of a?e hat slept 
 6,000 days; worked 6,500 days; walked 900 
 days; was eating 1,500 days; and was sick 
 500 days. He has eaten 17,000 pounds of dread; 
 16,000 pounds of meat; 4,600 pounds of vea, 
 etables, e^s, and fish; and drunk, in all, wa- 
 ter, coffee, wirw.etc., 7,000 oallons of liquids 
 
 . ..-i.-At 16 fathoms a 
 
 ....... creature would have to sustain i 
 
 bout sixty pounds to the square inch; 
 at 60 fathoms, as much as 1 80 pounds per 
 square inch; at 100 fathoms,285 pounds: 
 at 700 fathoms, 1830 pounds; at 1 000 fath- 
 oms, the pressure per square inch consid- 
 erably exceeds a ton. 
 
 Whales are known to descend perpendic- 
 ularly 4,800 feet, and consequently a laro.1 
 whale would have to sustain the pressure 
 of about 212,000 tons or about 140 tons 
 on every square foot of its body. 
 
 The direct lijht of the. sun has been esti- 
 mated to be equal to that of 5,570 wax can- 
 dles of moderate size supposed to be placed 
 at the distance of one foot from the ob- 
 ject. Th lijht of the moon is only e- 
 qual to one candle at a distance of 12 
 feet. The sun's liaht is more than 
 300,000 times 9reatrr than that of I he 
 moon. The sun's lijht, in comparison 
 with that of all the stars taken collectively 
 is many million times greater, and that of Sr- 
 ius alone, tnrrity thousand millions greater. 
 
 _.-4gills-l pint;2rtits 
 = I quirt; 4 quarts-l gallon; 3 1 ^ Dillons - 
 I barrel; 2 barrels- I hogshead. The gallon 
 contains 231 cubic inches. 
 .\QWWi,tXVKV.\^\< W.-See Expansion** 
 Contraction. 
 
 Water.distilled.. 1 0.0 Ibs. Nitric Mid. ...UJlbs. 
 
 WaUr.salt 10.3 ' Muilitte Mid... 12.0 ii 
 
 Vine9ar 10.1 Linseed oil.... 9.4 
 
 Alcoholfcwmtrw). 8.2 ' Whak oil 9.2 
 
 AlcohoKwrfifirit) 9.2 " Oil of turpentine. 8.7 > 
 
 Naphtha 8.5 > Petroleum.... 8.8 ' 
 
 Sulphuric Mid .18.5 "Tar 1 0. 1 
 
 .-See Fluids. 
 
 is 122" 24' 53"; that of f New York is 74" 
 00' 03"; the difference In longitude betwa 
 the two places is 48* 34' 50", which.divid 
 ed by I5,9ives3houn,l3minutes,39 ! f seconds, 
 for NI& difference in time. 
 
 To determine, lonjitude, trorn time.mul 
 tiplu the time in hours, minutes.and sec- 
 onds, by 15; thus.lhr. 5lrnin.43sec.XI5 
 
 . =27" 56' 15". 
 
 \JWrt ~\\WL. 313 workin9 days in a ytti, 
 10 hours per day; 
 
 Sminules lost in each day=2-ds.6hrs. Sni. 
 10 ' ' . =5" 2" 10 
 
 20 ' =I3"0"20 
 
 *Jvi\o\x^Criiwu.-Corn af- 
 fords 40 pounds of spirits of the specific jjrav 
 itu of 0.9427, containin9 45 per cent, of abso- 
 lute alcohol for each 100 pounds of 9 rain. 
 Wheat, 40 to 45 per cent, of spirits; barley, 
 40; oats, 36; rue,36to42; buckwheat,40. 
 From the above fi9ures it is found that 
 each bushel of corn and rye yields l.96aallons 
 of proof spirits; wheat, 2.1 gallons; birieu,l.68 
 gallons; oats, I. II Gallons; buckwheat,l.8Zo,als. 
 .WiW5TWJVVOXNV?vOV.-A standard 
 locomotive, 324 tons weight, cylinders 16 
 inches diameter, 24-inch stroke, 60-inch dri- 
 vers, will haul over a level grade and straight 
 line, 1,000 tons, or about 50 loaded cars. 
 The same locomotive would work as follows: 
 
 20- foot grade 460 tons or 23 loaded can. 
 
 40-foot 9tade 290 ' 14 " 
 
 60-foot 9rade 205 " 10 
 
 80-foot grade 150 " 8 
 
 lOfrfoot arade 120 " 6 
 
 12 inches- 1 foot; 3feet-lyard; 54 yards, 
 or!6^ifeet=l rod_; 40rods= I fu.-rlon9; 
 
 Also,4inches=lha.nd; Sinches-lpihn 
 9inches= I span; 18 inches=l cubit;2l.8 
 inches=l sacned cubit; 36 inches, or 3 feet, 
 =1 pax;e; 28 inches, or 2^ feet= I military 
 pace; 33.38676 inches= I vara. 
 
 Also, 48 hair's breadths= I inch; I digit 
 =% inch; 4 barley-coms-breadthwajis=4of 
 a.n inch, or 3 barley-corns lenjthways= I 
 inch; 12 lines= I inch. (Set Cloth Measure). 
 
 HT. MIUSJUT. MIL[S.|LftT. MILtajUT. MIUS.IUT. MIIR 
 
 I" '59.99 19- 56.73 37-47.92 55'34.4I 73-l7.54 
 
 I =59.9620-56.3838-47.2856-33.55 74-16^4 
 
 3 =59.9221-56.0139-46.6357-32.6875-15.53 
 
 4 =59.8522=55.6340-45.9658-31.80 76-14^2 
 
 5 =59.77 23=55.23 41 =45.28 59=30.90 77-13.50 
 6=59.6724-54.8142=44.5960 1 .._ 
 
 7 -59.55 25=54.38 43 -43.88 61-09.09 79=11.45 
 
 8 '59.42 26-53.93 44-43.1662-28.17 80-10.42 
 
 9 '59.26 27=53-46 45-42.43 63-27.24 81- 9.39 
 10-59.0928=525846=41.6864-26.30 82- 8.35 
 
 I 1 =58.90 29-52.48 47 -40.92 65-25.36 83- 7.31 
 12-58.69 30-51.96 48.40.15 66-24.40 84- 6.27 
 13 =58.46 31-51.43 43 .33.36 67-23.44 85- 5.23 
 14= 58.22 32-50.88 50,38.57 68-22.48 86- 4.19 
 1 5 -57.96 33-- 50.32 5 1 -37.76 69-21 .50 87- 3. 14 
 16-57.68 34-49.74 5236.94 70-20.52 88- 2.09 
 17=57.3835-49.1553-36.11 71-19.5389- 1.05 
 18-57.06 36-48.54 54-35.27 72-18.54 90- 0.00 
 WVWVfot K\y& ^\Wt_.- To reduce longi- 
 tude to time, divide the de9rees, minutes, 
 and seconds by 15; thus, 111 14'53Vl5 
 8hrs. Smin. 39.5 sec. 
 
 To find the difference of time between 
 two places, divide the difference in lonjitui 
 by IS; thus, the longitude of San Francisco 
 
 60 
 
 39" I > 
 r Sw Lumber Meas- 
 
 wrement index. 
 
 If the air inspired in a lyin? position be 
 tikeri as one, .then is the air inspired in a 
 sitlin9 position 1.18; standin9, 1.33; walkina 
 I wile pel hour, 1.9; walkin9 3 milesanhout, 
 3.21; walkin9 6 miles per hour, 7.0; swi~ 
 minq, 4.33 ; ri dine), 4.05. ^(.'t.'bvcWcw. 
 (vWkVHwV U<t>&\WL.- 6 fet = l fathom; 120 
 fathoms* I cable-len9th; 7$ cable-tenths =1 mile. 
 
 I statute mile -5,280 feet; I nautical wile 
 = 6,085.889568 fett; I editorial dejreelSee 
 Lon9itude,Lenath of a de9Te,etc.),=60nauti 
 cal niiles. (See Nauticatl Me.suTe). 
 
 The term Vw>\ refers to a division of tde 
 (09 line which is used to ascertain a vessel! 
 motion. (See Knots and Statute Miles). 
 MMMV>^N^TC>NEXTO VWv .- 0-n 
 and one-eighth barrels of lime, and % yard 
 sand will lay 1,000 bricks. 
 
 pne man will lay from 1,800 to2,000 
 brick per day. 
 
 A barrels lime.and I yard of sand, wiu 
 lay 1 00 feet of stone. 
 
 One man can lau 1 50 feet of stone ptrdiy. 
 
 !! barrels cement, and% yard sand, wi ' ' 
 
 lay 1 00 feet rubble stone. 
 
 IBS. MATERIAL. LBS.IMAIERIHL. LH. 
 
 Alum ..107.1 LiMAfaA I7M Slate,Av. 175,0 
 Asbestos .1 92.8 limetaieA 109.3 Soil,ordiwt!il24.0 
 Beech ... 5 3 .2 Mertwv,solid 977.0 Steel ... 480.7 
 Bismuth. 6 13.9 Mud.Av. .. 102.0 Ti le ... 1144 
 BrassWire. 534.0 Nickel. . . ^87.9 Tin. . . . 455.7 
 Bronze. .513.4 Olive Oil... 57.2 TypeMelal 653. 1 
 Coil,Cannel 77.0 Peat 377 to 810 vinejar. 67.5 
 Cobalt . . 488.1 Platinum. 1218.8 Water.fioh '62.5 
 Firebrick. 137.7 Plumbaao..l3I.O Water,sei 64.3 
 &rindstonel33.9 Port Wine. 613 Vfet<r,Oa(lSa77.5 
 Gun Metal 543.7 Red Lead ..558.7 WhaleOil.. 51.7 
 .Litd. . ._._ 59.2*(*CipW . 170.9 Zinc . . .439.0 
 The subjoined table 
 of Mean Refractions, with the. argument 'a ^pa- 
 rent altitude' jives the correction to be applied 
 to observed altitudes in order to free them 
 from the effect of atmospheric refraction. Bodiesap 
 pejri-nj more ekvated above the horiun than they 
 are, the tabular quanlili are taken from observed allili* 
 
 S 5 '35 
 
 98 
 
 20=18 
 230-16 
 3 0-14 15 9 
 
 00-34l.. 
 
 010-32494 0=11 3911 
 
 020-30 52 4T 
 
 030-29 45 0=947i3' 
 
 040-2723530-9 2 14 
 
 050-15506 0*82315* 
 
 10 
 
 I 10-21 56 7 
 
 ^5W2? 
 -44923 
 
 020-30 52 4 30-10 43 1 2 =4 25 24 
 =4 525 
 3 47 26 
 33227 
 
 24 MS 30-7 50 1 6 O 1928 
 0=720I13 !29 ! 
 
 140=19527 30=65318 = 
 
 0*6 30 19 
 8 30-6 8 20 
 0--5492I 
 
 a4h.i 
 
 23734 
 '22936 
 
 2W 38^14 
 2 1540-1 9 
 2 945=058 
 2 350=048 
 I 5855 = 040 
 I 53 60-0 33 
 I 4865 = 027 
 I 44 70-0 21 
 I 40 75-0 16 
 13280=0 10 
 12585*0 5 
 I 19 90'
 
 UVTOXS <bXWt.VI\.- The metric system i 
 so called as being based on the measurerae 
 of the earth. The metre, its fundamertil neuu 
 is the ten-millionth part of i meridian I Iti 
 drawn from the pole to the equator, and i 
 39.3707? English inches. The 100th tfimet 
 is the Ccrifantiwu' The ^ro.-wo\t is a. cut' 
 centimetre of distilled water at the tempt 
 alure of tnaximum densitu(39.2FJ,bem 
 I5.43S En9lish grains, or. 0022054 Ib. a 
 pirdupois. All the multiples and subdiv" 
 ions of Wie. current coins, as well as of < 
 ery measure and weight, are decimal. Thi 
 system was first adopted by France in 17! 
 
 . . .- 
 
 For adults.give the- full dose; from W to 20 
 yirs of a.ae,3j of fu.ll dose; 7 to 14 years, H 
 
 do; 4 to 7 yeirs,^ dose; Syea.rs.'idose; 2 
 eaftf't do; I ye*r,-Hi doge; for babes, un 
 
 , .. 
 
 f' do; I ye*r,-Hi doge; for babes, un- 
 der I year, the dost should 90 down by noitte 
 U trie tin* rite M by yej.rs,for thote over 
 a peat. 
 
 Afsenic, Fowleis Solution of. 2 to 10 drops. 
 Aconite. Extract of. .......... fa to 'A grain. 
 
 AcQflte, Tincture of I to 5 drops 
 
 Aloes, Purified I to 5 grains. 
 
 Aloes, Pills of I to 4 pills. 
 
 Asafoetida, Mixture of Jito 2 tablespoonfuls. 
 Asaf oet Ida, Tincture of ..,'4 to 2 teaspoonfuls 
 
 Bel lidonna,Eirtraet of 'i to I grain 
 
 Belladonna, Fluid Extract of .... I to5 drops. 
 
 Belladonna, Tincture of 5 to 30 drops 
 
 Bromide of Ammonia.. 5to209rains. 
 
 Bromide of Potassium 5to20grairis. 
 
 Bromide of Sodium 5 to20^rains. 
 
 Calibar Bean, Extract of ^to I ptain 
 
 Calomel ^ to 10 qrains. 
 
 Camphor, Spirits of... 5 to 15 drops 
 
 Camphor Water , ,,\ to 4 teaspoonfuls 
 
 Capsicum,Tincture of .10 to 20 drops. 
 
 Castor Oil ., % to 2 tablespoonful 
 
 Chloral, Hydrate- of 5 to 30 grains 
 
 Cinchona, Sulphate, of 5 to 30 grains. 
 
 Cinchona, Compound Tincture of,l to4 teaspoonfuls. 
 
 Cod Liver Oil H to I tablespoonful 
 
 Copper, Sulphate of ^ to^ grain 
 
 Corrosive Sublimate %o to Xo grain 
 
 Cream of Tartar. 5 to 60 grains 
 
 Croton Oil.., \ to 2 drops 
 
 Digitalis,Extract of H to 2 grains 
 
 Digitalis, Tincture of 5 to 60 drops 
 
 Dover's Povyder 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 Epsom Salts ^ to 2 tablespoonfuls 
 
 Gentian, Extract of. I to 5 grains 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid, dilute I to 5 drops 
 
 Iodine, Compound Tincture of. .. 2 to 5 drops. 
 
 Iodide of Potassium 5 to 30 grains 
 
 Ipicacuanha, Fluid Extract of ..2 to 30 drops. 
 Ipicacuin ha, Syrup of. .1 to 4 teaspoonfuls. 
 
 Iron, Pyrophosphate of 2 to 5 grains. 
 
 Iron, Tincture of the Chloride of.2 to 30 drops. 
 
 Lactic Aci d 1 5 to 30 drops. 
 
 Laudan um 15 to 40 drops. 
 
 Lead, Sugar of ^ to 5 grains. 
 
 May Apple, Extract of 3-lo 8 grains. 
 
 Muriatic Acid, dilute 5 to 10 drops. 
 
 Morphine % to h grains. 
 
 Magnesia, Sulphate ofJ to 2 tablespoonfuls. 
 
 Mustard, Ground I to 2 teaspoonfuls. 
 
 Nitre, Sweet Spirits- o/ -^ to I teaspootiful. 
 
 Nux Vomica, Tincture of 10 .to 25 drops. 
 
 Opium, Extract of .,.%. to 2 grains. 
 
 Opium, Tincture of 15 to 40 drops. 
 
 Paregoric M to 2 tablespoonfuls. 
 
 Potassium, Bicarbonate of.. ..5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Potassium, Bromide of. 5 to20 grains- 
 
 Potassium^ Chlorate of. 5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Potassium, Iodide of.. .,,,..5 to30prains. 
 
 Pepsin 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 Quinine .....2 to 10 grains. 
 
 Senna, Fluid Extract of....l tablespoonful. 
 
 Soda, Bicarbonaie of 5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Squill,Symp of.. A to1 teaspoonfujr 
 
 Strychnia,Sulphate of. .. XohXi of a grain. 
 Turpentine, Spirits or Oil of. .,.5 to 10 drops. 
 Zinc, Oxide of. -i to 5 grains. 
 
 The rank In melody of s'mgnig birdi is a 
 follows: The nightingale, linnet, titlarl 
 
 skylark, and woodlark. The mockingbird*. 
 eels in Imitative power*, ind in variety of 
 tones, the robin and goldfinch. 
 NEK N&& K&XVM&^N&wn W .- The aver 
 age weight of 20,000 men and women, weigh 
 ed at Boston,Mass.,was-men,l4Kltoi;Wo 
 men, 1 14% I bs. 
 
 A crowd of people closely packed exerts a 
 pressure of about 85lbs. per square foot. 
 
 The average weight of a man is I40%lb& 
 
 The average weight of a strong cart horse 
 Is I4cwt., and of a cavalry horse, llcwt.; a 
 cow, 6^ toScwt.; an ox, i to9cwt.-, a pig 
 I to 2 cwt.; and a sheep, % to \% cwt. 
 (iK\NkS,K\XSN ( a W.-(See also Corn posi- 
 tions, Proportions of, and Coins,Finenessol 
 
 Bath Metal is composed of copper and tin. 
 
 Britannia Ware=tin,intimon5,',coppeT,binuth 
 
 Bronze-tin and copper. 
 
 Cannon Metaktin and copper. 
 Dutch &old= copper and zinc. 
 Mosaic &old=copper and zinc. 
 Old standard G-old=gold,copper, silver. 
 Rewter=tin and lead. 
 Sheet Melil=lead and a little arsenic. 
 
 Solder= tin and lead. 
 
 Standard G-pld=goJd and copper. 
 
 Standard Silver= silver and copper. 
 
 Type Metal= lead and antimony. 
 
 White Copper= copper and arsenic. 
 NV\K\S,VvtVV^\M^ VNV&Ws OT.-lf Bar 
 Iron be taken as 1 00, then Cast Iron is 95; 
 Steel,l02; Copper,ll6; Brass, 109; Lead,l48. 
 
 If Cast Iron be I00,then Bar Iron is 107; 
 Steel, 108; Brass,! 16; Copper, 131; Lead, 156. 
 ' If Brass be 1 00, then Bar Iron is 92; Cast 
 Iron 86; Steel, 93; Copper,l05; Learf, 135. 
 
 If Copper be 100, then Bar Iron is 87; Cast 
 Iron, 82; SteeJ,88; Brass,93; Lead.128. 
 
 If Lead be I00,then Bar Iron is 63; Cast I- 
 ron, 64; Steel, 69; Brass 74; Copper, 78. 
 
 Ovty.-lSee Heat Conductors). 
 Silver is the best conductor of electricity 
 then copper, goldmine, iron, tin, lead,itn 
 tbnony, a-nd bismuth, in the order ar 
 
 KV^KNS^^VK^XNi^. \NvNi^>.- While. 
 
 the value of any one metal cannot be re 
 garded as constant, it has an average val 
 ue; arid many of the more rare metals do 
 not exist in large quantities, yet, in order' 
 to compare the values,they are considered 
 as existiry-in at feast one poundCAvoirdu- 
 pois) quantities. Itt the Subjoined list the- 
 prices are, the average per pound. 
 
 METAL. PBICE.lMErftl. PRJCE.IMETAI. PBICE 
 
 GallimrH48,000.00 Niobi 
 Vanadinw.l 0,000.00 B 
 
 9,070.00 Pillidimnl,400.00 Sodi 
 
 2irconium. 7,200.00 O 
 Lithium.. 7,000.00 l 
 G-lucium . 5,400.00 U 
 Calcium.. 4,500.00 TTtani 
 Sfrontium.4,200.00 Chwrai 
 Terbium. 4,080.00 G 
 Vitrium . .4^)80.00 Hg^U 
 Erbium.. 
 Cerium.. 
 Didytni 
 Indium . . 
 
 Ruthenium2,400.00 Mag 
 Rhodiu 
 
 iobiiK*2,300.00 
 arium. 1,800.00 Cobalt. 
 
 smium 1,300.00 Ni 
 lridiiiin.1,090.00 Cad 
 ranium 900.00 Sl 
 ium 689.00 Bi 
 ium 500.00 M 
 old... 330.00 A 
 n223.00 T 
 
 3,400.00 Thallium 275.00 
 
 3,400.00 Platinum 1 50.00 A 
 
 imn3,200.00 Maiuinese 130.00 Zi 
 
 3,200.00 Tun^stehi 1 15.00 
 
 64.00 I 
 2,300.00 Potassium 64.00 
 
 |Silver*l6.00 
 16.00 
 8.00 
 
 ickel 5.00 
 4.00 
 
 lmmi3.00 
 ismuth 2.50 
 ercurs) .95 
 rsenic .50 
 n ... .25 
 opper. .2 
 ntimony .16 
 inc. . . .11 
 Lead. . . .08 
 Iron . . 
 
 Diamond.*50to*l50 
 Sapphire.. 100 150 
 Ruby,Orrentl,...IOO 
 
 Emerald..* 50 to #200 
 Opal.... 15 40 
 ChrusoberuflS " 50 
 
 LINEftR MEASURE. 
 
 Metre - 3.2808992fe. 
 
 Decamet-te-tIO metres)... = 3J.808992, fee 
 HectometredOOmeters) . = 328.08992 fee 
 KilometreU.OOOmtires) . =1093.633 yard 
 Muriametre(lO,OOOmetres) . 6.2138 miles 
 Dec!metre(.lmetre)....= ' 3.937079 inche 
 Centimetre(.0lmetre)....= 0.39371 inch 
 Millimelre(.00lmetre).= '0.03937 inch, 
 
 SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. 
 ArellOOsq.metres)..7.= 119.60113 sq. u 
 Hectaref 10, 000 sq. metres) = 2.471143 acres 
 Centiare(lsq.metre)...= 1.196033 sq.ij" 
 
 MEASURE OF CAPACITY. 
 Littel I cubic decimetre) = 1 .760773 pints 
 Oe'calitrellO litres).. .'...= 2.2009668 gals 
 Hectolitre|IOOIitres)...,= 22.009668 ^als 
 Kilolitre(l,000litres)...= 220.09668 oals 
 
 De'cilitrel.l litre) = ,- 0.17607 pint 
 
 Centilitrel.OI litre) " " 0.017607 pint 
 
 SOLID MEASURE. 
 Stere ( I cubic -metre) . . = 1.31 cubic yarc 
 DecasterellOstTes)=l3 cu.".uds.,ifeet, 21 inche 
 Oecisterel.l stere)= 3 cu.fW'&'.T cubic^irches 
 
 &ramme =t5.43Z349 grs.tro 
 
 Decagramel 10 grams) '= 5.6438 drrn. avoir 
 Hectogra-mmellOOgramines) 3.527 oz. avoir 
 Kilogramme(l,OQOgr.)= 2.204621 Ib. avoi 
 duintal metriqat(IOOkiliis.)-250.461l lb.avoir 
 Millier, w tonfleau(UOkilos.)=2204.62 1 I b. avpi 
 De'cigrarnmel.l gra-mme) = . . J.5432 grain 
 Centipramme(.0lgrammel= -0.15431 grain 
 Mill igrammel. 001 oramme)= O.OI5432_grain 
 
 . , _ ieas_u-Tes 
 
 To convert grammes into avoirdupois oun 
 ces, multiply by .0352; kilogrammes into 
 Avoirdupois IDS., multiply by 2.2046; litres 
 into gallons, multiply by .2202 ; litres into 
 pints, multiply by 1.762; millimetres in^s 
 inches, multiply by 25.4; metres inlo yards 
 multiply by 70 and divide by 64. 
 
 _ _ L o\.~ An English mile 
 
 = 5280feet: an admiralty : knot =6080 fut 
 a kilometer'=328l feet. An English mile is 
 t h ere f ore = 0.87 knot = l.609 kilometre. Or 
 I knoi = !J5mile= 1.85 kilemetre. Or I kilo 
 metre=0.54 knot =0.621 English mile. I me 
 tre = 39.37 inches; I square rnile=259 hec 
 tares; I square metre = l550 square inch- 
 es= 10.76 square feet ; 10 square fecUO.929 
 square metre; Icubic metre = l.308 cubic 
 uards=35.3 cubic feet; Icubic yard=765 
 litres; Icubic foot = 28.3 litres; I litre=6l 
 cubic inches; lOcubic inches = O.I639 li 
 tres; I Hectolitre = 2.84 bushels = 35.2 li 
 tnes; i tonneau--t\- millier--.984En9lish 
 t on (of 22.40 1 bs.); I English ton'=I.OI6 ton- 
 neau ox millier. 
 
 \.\V^.,tOWfKV>\Wi^ 0V .-English stitutrmili 
 is 1760 yards: Roman,l628; Tuscan, 1808; Ger- 
 man shott,6853-long,IOI26; iTish.-JMO 4 Oar 
 ish,8224;Swis3,9lS3;Swedish,ll,100. 
 
 75
 
 .'b 0V.- 
 
 Witer fat Caseine, Suwi 7 ljl 
 Woman 89.3 i5 34 48 100 
 Cow. . 86.0 4.0 7.2 2.8 100 
 Ass. ...90.9 l.i 1.9 6.1 100 
 Goal.. 86.8 3.3 5.9 100 
 Ewe ...85.6 4.7 45 5-1 100 
 \fc\VV., WtK^^MA^V^V^. T He 
 time required for thf iu.ll amounl pi 
 cream to rise lo the surface o' M* i" ;| k 
 at different temperatures may bf seen 
 from the following table. 
 10 to 13 hours with tempera^ oi" 77 r 
 
 24 " ' ' " 55' 
 36 50' 
 
 I gallon of rniik weighs iO Ibs. 4ois.-, 
 being heavier lhan water in the proper 
 tion ol 103 loiOO. The besl temperate 
 at which to churn w-Vw is from55to 
 60Fabr.; for w\v 65Pahr. Milk will 
 produce scarcely any cream, even in the 
 spare ol a monlH, if a 15 kept at 33lp38. 
 Milk tu f rvs sour by the fermentation of 
 the sugar, and ils translormalion !n)o lar- 
 iic arid, thus causing the milk to curdle; 
 vinegar or rennet will produce the same 
 effect. Good cream will produce aboul^ 
 of its weipht of bulter; cheese made from 
 good milk contains nearly 33 per cent, o' 
 water; that from sUinvm!lk60 pe'rent. 
 
 at close of this list. 
 
 See Hardness of Minerals. 
 
 FATHER. MOIHEH. 
 
 Whit* NC^TO Mulatto Mulatta 
 
 White Mulatta CuarteroTi Cuitterona. 
 
 White CuaTkTonaQuinte'o Qitintfr 
 
 White Qumtera White White 
 
 White Indian Mestizo Mestiza. 
 
 Ne9TO Indian Zambo Zambu. 
 
 WMik Chinese Chi-no-blanco 
 
 Nejro Chinese Zambo-ch'mo 
 
 Malatto CW-nesi Chi-no. 
 
 Asfnelli Tower, itaJy 31ift. 
 
 Babel, Tower o' 680 
 
 Balbec 500 
 
 Balus of Notre Dame, Paris 2l6 
 
 Barlholdi Statue, New York 329 
 
 Belfry Tower,Bmges,BelgiuTn....290 
 
 Bunker Hill Monurnenl 221 
 
 Capitol, Washington 287 
 
 Cathedral, St. Petersburg 363 
 
 Cathedral, Escurial 200 
 
 Cathedral, S.Patricl('s,New York .. 328 
 Cathedra I, Nor wich,En9imd. ... 3 1 5 
 
 Calhedra I, Florence -.384 
 
 Cathedra I, SaJisbry,England ...404 
 
 Cathedral, Cro-noma 392. 
 
 Cathedral, &remen,&er. 334 > 
 
 Cathedral, Stratburg 468 ' 
 
 Cathfdral,Arn)eri8,Ft.... 413 
 
 Cathedral, Cologne 5)1 ' 
 
 Cathedrl,Antwerp 476 
 
 Calh*d fa U Rouen ... ...482 
 
 Cathedral, Mi Ian 
 
 CilhedraJ,Me>ico 
 
 Chiciqo Board of Trad* 
 
 Chicago Walet Tower. 
 
 Chirnney,Muspral's, Liverpool. 
 
 City Han, Philadelphia,. 
 
 Cleopatra's Needle, NewYork. 
 
 Eiffel Tower, Paris 
 
 Ciralda Towe-t, Spain 
 
 Grace Church, New York 
 
 High B'id9e, New York 
 
 Hottl des invades, Par'n...,, 
 
 Hotel de Ville, Brussels 
 
 Lea ning Tower, Pisa 
 
 Lincoln Cathedral, England. .. 
 Masonic Temple, Philadelphia 
 
 Monument, London , 
 
 Notre Oamf Church, Antwerp. 
 
 Pantheon, Paris ....,,. 
 
 Pornpey's Pillar, gypl 
 
 Porcelain Tower, China .. . , , . . 
 Pyramid of Cheops, Egypt. ,.,.., v 
 Pyramid ol king Shafra ...... 
 
 Pyramid of.Sakkara ..,..... 
 
 St. John's, New York 
 
 St. Mark's, Venice ,. 
 
 St.MarHn's,landshul,&er. 
 
 St.Matu's, Lubec 
 
 St. Paul's, New York 
 
 St. Paul's, London 
 
 St.Petei's, Rome 
 
 Si. Steven's, Vienna 
 
 Torazzo Tower, Italy 
 
 Trinity Church, New York 
 
 Wat k in t Tower, London 
 
 Washington Monument .... 
 
 4381 eet 
 280 " 
 
 .303 " 
 175. > 
 
 . 435 
 
 . 406 " 
 535 
 
 . 68 " 
 984 " 
 350 ' 
 
 .216 " 
 116 " 
 344 i 
 
 .364 'i 
 
 .300 
 -230 
 .240 
 . 442 
 ,758 
 . 114 
 .200 
 .520 
 .447 
 .356 
 .210 
 .328 
 .463 
 .404 
 .200 
 .366 
 .457 
 .465 
 .396 
 .286 
 1134 
 .555 
 
 VV\e \ow%V \o \.V\t \\'\qY\eX,.- There rnusi 
 be at least 32 vibrations or waves in one 
 second of time, to produce a musical tone. 
 It is the lowest musical sound recognised, 
 and is denoted by the \ellei C; the length 
 o) the atmospheric wave of this letter ' 
 35 feet, and is Ihe length of an orpan pi. 
 prpducin9 this sound. Nine octaves above 
 this! highest sound on any musical mstru 
 ment) is accomplished through a pipe 
 U of an inch in Ien9th. 
 
 In the M or lowest octave, C vibrates32 
 times per second; 036, E 40, F 421,948, 
 A 52^,8 60. 
 
 2nd Octave.-C64 t D72.E80, F 85, G 
 96, A 105, B 110. 
 
 3rd Octavf.-C 128, D 144, E 160, F 
 
 4th Oclave.-C 156. 0188. 310, F 
 340,0 384, A 410, B480, 
 
 5th Octave. -C5I3. D 576, E 640, F 
 680,G 768,A 840, 6 960. 
 
 6th Oclave.- CI014, DII52,EI280, F 
 I.360,GI5?6,AI680,BI910. 
 
 71 H Oclave.- C2048, D 2304, E 2560, 
 F:mo, G30T2,A3360, 83840. 
 
 8th Octave.-C4096. D4608. E5I20 
 F 5440, G 6)44, A 6720, B 7680. 
 
 9th Octave.-C8l91. D 9216, EI0.24A 
 F 10,880, G 12,288, A 13,440, B 15,360. 
 
 To case and hanj one door, I Ib. 
 To case and hang one window, % Ib. 
 Base, 100 lineal feet, I Ib. 
 To put on raHrs,,ioists,etc.,3lb.to IDOJff. 
 To put up studding, 3 Ib. to 1000 feet. 
 To lay a o-inch pine floor, 15 Ib. tn!000ft. 
 
 NAILS. S!M. NiiptTibmCKS. 
 
 6penni),fftiot.2iTich.80 
 8 ' 2V- 50 
 10 " " 3." 34 
 
 fine I*' 
 14' 
 
 3 
 *' 
 
 4'' 
 4V 
 
 5 
 5V 
 
 6 ' 
 
 760 
 
 480 
 
 300 
 
 200 
 
 160 
 
 128 
 
 K 
 
 7-: 
 
 60 
 44 
 
 33 
 
 '24 
 18 
 14 
 \1 
 
 10 
 
 I oz. 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 The term ^erm^as applied to nail 
 is 9eneraliy supposed to have been de 
 rived from ^o\v\\&. It ori^inallij mean 
 so -many pounds to the thousand, i.e 
 6 penny rnea.nl six pounds of nails ti 
 the thousand. The thousand was ai 
 ways understood, and si* pound, eight 
 pound, etc., were gradually shortenfc 
 until the present term penny has en 
 tirely taken the place of pound. 
 
 >, VNWA 
 
 Cvnt.- Gravel, avera9e,40 
 Sand, dry, 3B wet, 23; Earfch,vfae 
 table, 28; Ea-Hh, compact, 50i Rubbl 
 45: Clay, <hied, 45 -wet, 10. 
 kWi - X\trX\-VKtVS>V>Vv't..-ao Iea9ues= I 
 decree ; 360= Earth's circuwfeTenn 
 51 feet = I knot for half-minute glasi 
 es; 45feet = l knot fo7 28-second glass- 
 es. (See also Mariners 1 , and Circular Meas 
 ure). 
 
 i.-Havana,27o 
 French, 6%; Virginia,T%; Brazil- 
 ian, upward of 77 . 
 
 Glowworm 74 
 
 Snail 76 
 
 Shark.... 77 
 Ouster... 82 
 
 Elephant. 99i Monkey.. 1 044 
 Porpose.lOO Sheep...l04i 
 Bal 
 Rat 
 
 ..100 Hoa 105 
 
 ..102 Jackdaw. 107 
 ..102 Sparrow. 108 
 ..102 Pigeon.. 109* 
 
 Serpent ..883 Cat 
 
 Man 98iOx 
 
 Horse... .99^ Elk 103 Chicken. Ill 
 
 V.\i < \VV\\\rc. \JKV\iS. 0^ V 00^.- Ac 
 cording to Frankland an average man 
 confining himself to one article of (ooa 
 would require, to barely maintain life 
 frorn day to day, 5.068 lbs.of polaJoes; 
 1.156 Ibs. of Cheshire cheese; 1.335 Ibs.of 
 pea-meal; 1.541 Ibs. of prourd rice; 2.345 
 Ibs. of bread; 3.532 Ibs. of lean btff;4.3 
 1bs. of lean veal-, 6369 Ibs. of whitroji-,8.75 
 Ibs. of white of egg; 9.865 IDS. of carrots; 
 12.02 Ibs. of cabbage; 6} bottles of stout. 
 
 It has been ascertained by eperi- 
 ment, that an ordinary diet should 
 contain one part of nitrogenous mat- 
 ter! proteids- composed of carbon, hyd 
 pen, oiry^en, and nitrogen), to about 4 
 part! of non-nilrojenous dift(fat,etc.). 
 
 (See Food,Ccnstitwnls,etc.,of.). 
 
 76
 
 .Bitter Almond.. ..55 
 
 Clover hiy 
 
 Hemp seed 19 
 
 Itidian com T 
 
 Linseed 17, 
 
 Meadow hay fi Wheat-straw. . . 
 
 Oat straw 4 " 
 
 Rapeseed ......... 55 
 
 Sweet Almond.... 41 
 
 Turnip seed... 
 White -mustard 
 Wheat bran. . . . 
 
 ..45 
 ..37 
 .. 4 
 
 _. ..3 
 
 Wheat flour 3 
 
 _, _ .>. As an average V pound 
 
 of paint should be allowed per square 
 yard for the first coat, and about % I b. 
 for each additional coat. One pound of 
 stopping should be allowed for every 10 
 square yards. 
 
 Priming consists of white lead and 
 linseed oil. Knotting consists of red lead 
 and size. Putty consists of Spanish whit- 
 ing and linseed oil. 
 'W%* t,0\iH-^S.-24 sheets = I quire; 
 I0-^quires = l token; lOquires = I -ream; 
 2 reams = I bundle; 5 bundles=l bale. 
 
 PRINTING PAPER. 
 
 Flat Letter 10x16 Extra Size Folio. .I973 
 
 Law Blank 13x16 Medium-VM-Pr..l9xl4 
 
 Small Cap 13x16 Royal-Printing. .1014 
 
 Flat Cap I4v|7 Medium -Print Hig.lOvlS 
 
 Crown I5<I9 Double Cap 11x18 
 
 Dewy I6xll Sup Royal-writ... 10*18 
 
 Folio Post UK 11 Card Board 11x18 
 
 Check Folio. ...H14 Sup.Royal-Print.. 11x18 
 Mediurn-Writino . 1 8x23 Imperial-Writ . . .21x30 
 Medium 1 8x 24 Imperial- Print. . .11x31 
 
 Of the different saes there are also sev- 
 eral different weights of each si^as Fo- 
 lio 16, 18, 24, etc., pounds per ream. 
 BOOK AND NEWSPAPER. 
 
 This can now be obtained in any sue 
 called for, as modern facilities for the 
 manufacture of paper enable the manu- 
 fac.'urer to fill almost any order on a 
 short notice. 
 
 <& >v^ t i'yz...-The TIKBLE: enables printers 
 to ascertain *He Number of Forms for a 
 Book o' any Size, and the Quantity of 
 Paper necessary to print a thousand cop- 
 ies in any _forni, from Octavo to 36mo, 
 haifsheet-wise. ^.%i-w^\e..-How many 
 reams _will be required fot a llmo Book 
 Containing 3l2pa9es? Find the number 
 of pages(.3ll) in the llmo column-. in. the 
 outer column on the left of the table the 
 number of forms is scen(26l, and hithe 
 outer column on the right, the quantity 
 of paper required is given(28rams llqrs.). 
 AMOUNT OF 
 
 8uo. 
 
 131 
 
 156 
 
 168 114 Q52 
 180 140 no 
 
 24mn.p2ino.p6mi. p * p t" F R 
 1000 COPIES. 
 
 116 
 
 110 
 
 140 
 
 168 214 
 191 
 
 116 
 
 288 324 
 320 360 
 198 164 351 396 
 
 188 384 432 
 
 134 3a 416 468 
 
 336 448 
 
 360 480 540 
 
 PACI. 
 36 
 77 
 108 
 144 
 180 
 116 
 151 
 156 188 
 
 504 
 
 REAMS. DBS. 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 16 10 
 
 8vo. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 256 188 
 204 271 306 
 
 116 188 
 118 304 
 
 PACt. 
 I IS 
 
 136 
 
 144 
 
 151 
 
 160 
 
 168 
 
 176 
 
 184 . 
 
 191288384432 
 
 200 
 
 740 
 
 Putt. 
 
 240 
 
 152 336 
 
 164 351 396 
 216 368 414 
 
 300 
 
 108 311 
 116 * 
 
 248 371 -496 
 
 256 384 
 
 . . 264 396 518 
 
 34 211 408 544 
 
 35 180 420 560 
 
 188 432 516 
 . 296 444 590 
 38 304 456 606 
 
 311468611 
 320 480 638 
 
 I8nio. 24m Hw>. 36tra. 
 
 310 
 
 ______ 
 
 114 336 448 504 
 131 348 464 
 
 360 480 
 
 511 
 
 314 431 
 341 456 
 360 480 
 
 378504 
 
 400 450 
 416 468 
 431486 
 
 408 544 
 
 AMOUNT OF 
 PAPER FOR 
 1000 COPIES 
 
 REAMS. 9 05 
 
 U 12 
 
 18 14 
 
 19 16 
 
 20 18 
 21 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 27 10 
 
 28 12 
 
 29 14 
 
 30 16 
 
 31 18 
 33 
 
 35 I 
 
 36 6 
 31 8 
 38. 10 
 
 39 U 
 
 40 14 
 
 41 16 
 41 18 
 44 
 
 Latitude 00 00, 00' 
 
 Latitude 45 00. 00^.... 39.1210 
 
 Washinoton38 53 13 39.0958 
 
 NewYork40 41' 40"..... 39.1011 
 
 London 51 31' 00, 39.1393 
 
 Stockholm 59 21' 30 39.1845 
 
 I i-ruthick. k itUhick. -"lm.Hi. 
 lisq.Sd. 2isq.iKl 
 
 4* 
 
 cover 
 
 I bu. cement andl^^ 
 
 I of sand will cover I 
 I bu. cement andl-ji 
 
 -. 
 
 2 of sand will cover 
 
 I bu. cement and Ui 
 
 3 of sand win covH 
 
 I cubic yanj of lime, I yards! 75sq.yd.on brick 
 of sand, and 3bu.of hiir I 70 " earth, 
 will cover )60 " laths. 
 
 aX \V\t, 
 
 IWIDTH Or FURBOW. UNO. 
 
 inches = 1.0 acre, 
 
 1.2 
 '* 1.4 
 = 1.6 
 = 1.8 
 = 2.0 
 = 2.2 
 
 ' ila 
 
 3.1 
 = 3.6 
 
 = 4.0 
 4.4 
 
 = 4.8acres. 
 = 6.0 " 
 = 1.2 > 
 
 - 8.4 " 
 
 9.6 
 =10.8 " 
 H2.0 
 -13.2 " 
 '14.4 " 
 -15.6 
 -16.8 
 = 18.0 > 
 =19.2 
 
 ..- The units of Vo^w. 
 M, are respectively I 
 pound, I loot, and I miriute. 
 
 VK-n 9ove 1 ' . - ne man's power = . 09 09 
 horse power= 3,000 units o' wqrk=3,000 
 pounds raised vertically I foot in i min- 
 ute, ot its equivalent. / 
 
 *(><<=, VO\NA.- One horse power = I] 
 wen's power = 33,000 units o' work 
 33,000 pounds raised vertically i foot in 
 I minute, or its equivalent. 
 
 i\H$,-A power of 150'<ms 
 
 ,, and \\ 
 
 3,000 tons over greased slides on arniri 
 railway; when in motion, 150 toris on I 
 is required. 
 
 Medi um. 
 
 .. 
 
 Iin.mercnru31 
 (foot .iT...3l 
 
 Pounds oti 
 ea.sq.in. 
 0.4335 
 ,, 0.4330 
 OJSt I4.TO3 
 
 0.49U 
 
 Pounds on 
 ea.. sq.ft. 
 
 62)355 
 
 2110. 
 10.73 
 0.0807 
 
 In aim 
 
 0.0293 
 
 0.0194 
 
 I. 
 
 0.0334 
 
 0.0000 
 
 I pound to the sq. in.=2.3 ft.wakr-lrn.rnet.0.0( 
 ^XHT^.VA' 1 ^.^A.-An, em is that DOT 
 tion of a line of print which willform 
 4 square; so named formerly when 
 was a. square type. It is used as a u.n 
 to measure printed matter, composition 
 being measured by t-he number of tho' 
 a.nd ems. 
 
 'ViNA^., VVfcGMtSWX 0V ^tKX'o.- 
 ADE. Bgateper mJTiu.teJAo.E. Beats ptrnind 
 At bitth I30tol40 4tolyears...85to95 
 One month. .120 "1 15 1 "14 ;::80"90 
 One year... 115 "120 14 "21 "...75 
 Two years. .100 "1 15 II "60 " ...70 "15 
 Three years. 95 > '1 00 Old age ....60 "65 
 
 While the above are the average^he 
 are many instances of very low pulse, 
 ranging from 25 beats per minute * 
 4-0 and 59. 
 
 In certain diseases, such as acuie dro 
 sy of the trrain, there may be rnrm ISC 
 to 200 beats per minute. 
 
 In women the pulse beats an 
 more rapid than in men. 
 9>N&\W\OH.-Larnpblack. has the highest 
 emissive or radiating power Known; the 
 surfaces of paper, and other similar loose 
 material are nt in order. Polished metals 
 are the poorest radiators. 
 vWXAONfc V^\Wb.-When it is not conve 
 nient to weijh the articles ?iven in the s 
 joined table, they are billed at the weights 
 given. 
 
 350lb.prrbbl 
 45 > bu. 
 Lime.. ..200 " bbL 
 bu,Malt.... 38 " bu- 
 Millet... 45 
 
 Ale,Beer. 
 
 " " . 170 
 
 " " .. 100 
 
 * ' QTfcn 5o 
 150 
 Barley ... 48 
 BeatiSjWhite 60 
 " castor 46 
 
 Beef 320 
 
 Bran .... 20 
 Brooms . . 40 
 Buckwheat 51 
 Cider.... 350 
 Charcoal.. 21 
 Clover seed 60 
 
 " in ear 10 
 " Meal. 48 
 " .210 
 Eggs.... 200 
 Fish ....300 
 Flax Seed 56 
 Flour.... 200 
 Hemp Seed. 44 
 
 bbl. 
 
 bu. 
 
 doz. Potatoes . 1 50 
 
 Nails 
 
 Oil 400 
 
 Onions.. 51 
 Peaches.dVd 33 
 Pork.... 310 
 
 60 
 
 sweet 55 
 Rye..... 56 
 - +,fir. 56 
 " .300 
 coarse 350 
 insults 200 ' tack. 
 Timothy Seed 45 bu, 
 Turnips. . 56 
 Vinegar.. 350 " bbL 
 Wheat... 60 " bu. 
 Whisky.. 350 " bbL 
 One Vo'ft weiaht islOMIbs. 
 
 . 
 
 Italian Hemp Rope is the stardard of compiiV 
 son and is taken is I. All ire hawser Hid e>- 
 cept hide ropes. 
 
 ROPES. STBENCTH|STIfFNCSS4OTI!KHrc|Sn!!T[Hllfe 
 
 Italian Hemp. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 Manilla 
 
 Flar. 
 
 Coir Hair... 
 Green Hides. 
 Iron Wire.. 
 Steel 
 
 I 
 
 0.7 to 03 as t 
 
 0.9 I 
 
 0.9 
 
 H2M03S 
 
 0.5 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 dO.9 
 0.75 
 
 low 
 
 high 
 high 
 
 0.88 
 
 0.43 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 4- 
 
 0.24 
 
 77
 
 
 
 h 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 NAMES OF FISH. < % 
 
 Mjjllli 
 
 2. 5 ^ S 
 
 WEIGHT S <iO\V\\V 
 MEASURES \VL^. fl 
 
 P 
 
 FEET. INCHES FEET. INCHES. 
 A Digit =-0 .9 12 A Fathom - 7 3.552 
 A Palm = 3.648 fate's te<l= 10 11.328 
 A Span = 10.944 iat>ian (We = M- 7.104 
 A Cubit - 1 9.888 Meas'* Lire =145 11.04 
 LONG SCRlPTURt MEASURES. 
 
 MIES. PACES. FEET. 
 ACubit =~T 1.824 
 A Stadium ox Furlong.. = 145 4.6 
 A Sabbath Day's Journey . - 729 3 
 An Eastern Mile = 1 403 1 
 A Parasang = 4 153 3 
 A Oay's Journey = 33 172 4 
 
 JEWISH \IONEY. 
 Dolars. Cents. 
 A Gmh . = 2.5 
 
 Char 
 Chub 
 Coil fish en Saittw. P P 
 
 P P P P 
 P 
 POO 
 
 p .. . 
 P P 
 
 .. p p p 
 
 -j -^*- 
 
 4' 
 
 Cod P P 
 
 P P .... 
 OPPPPP 
 P P P P 
 P P P P 
 P P 
 
 
 P P P 
 P P .. 
 ..000 
 
 
 0000 
 P P P 
 
 The following table si- 
 Cfcting powers ol pol 
 metaJs named, the an( 
 45. 
 Silver .0.97 
 Gold. 0.95 
 Brass. 0.93 
 Platinum .0.83 
 
 ttertMswMt^N&s. 
 
 The index of refractio 
 dia, thus, light passing 
 the inde* of refraction 
 g lass, about *i. The r 
 numbers will give t 
 tion when light pass* 
 reclionj thus, from w 
 and from glass into < 
 the indices of retracl'icr 
 from a vacuum into 
 named. The index of 
 substances may be fo 
 absolute inde* of on 
 Vacuum 1 .00000 
 Air 1.00029 
 
 W^ VWK.VS> <: 
 
 lows the relativ 
 shed surfaces of 
 ( of incidence b 
 
 Steel 
 Zinc 
 ron 
 Cast Iron 
 
 DV R\_vi\\.w 
 n varies with t 
 from air into 
 is $5; from air 
 eciprocals of I h 
 he indices of re 
 s in the oppisiti 
 lift into air it 
 ir 3 4. The table 
 n when light pa 
 any of the subs 
 refraction for ar 
 und by dividing 
 by that of the c 
 Crown glass . . .1 
 
 Oil of cassia ...1 
 Bisulphidi of carbon) 
 Flint glass 1 
 Diamond .' 
 Chromat* of tad. .2 
 VK,\\V XNWft. 
 
 PLACE. MEASURE. 
 
 ^.~ 
 
 re- 
 
 th 
 eing 
 
 0.82 
 0.81 
 0.77 
 0.74 
 SKBi 
 wmt- 
 vater, 
 into 
 ese 
 frac- 
 i di- 
 V*' 
 
 sses 
 
 tances 
 ytwo 
 the 
 *her. 
 .534 
 .548 
 .641 
 .768 
 .830 
 .439 
 .974 
 
 rAftOS. 
 
 
 Crab 
 
 Crayfish, sea ... ( 
 Dab P P 
 
 Dace P P 
 
 Eel P P 
 Flounder OP 
 Grayling C 
 
 P P P P 
 
 p p .... p p 
 
 P 
 
 P P 
 
 p p p p 
 
 P P P 
 
 p p p p 
 p p p p 
 p p p p 
 p p p p 
 P P P 
 p p p p 
 P P P 
 
 ' ' b' P' V 
 
 > P 
 P P .. 
 
 Gurnard, red . .. P P 
 CumaTd.grey ..OP 
 Haddock P P 
 
 
 p p 
 0.... 
 .. .. P P 
 
 A Bekah .... 25.09 
 
 A Snekel 50.187 
 
 Hake P . 
 
 A Maneh 01 Mina 25 9.35 
 A Talent . 1,505 62.5 
 
 Halibut P P 
 
 P 0.... 
 OPPPPP 
 
 Herring 
 
 A Solidus Aurein < Seitula 2 64.09 
 A SiclusAuieusmWt Shekel. 8 3. 
 A Talent ol told = 24^09 0. 
 JEW SH WEIGHTS. 
 Lfcj. Oz, Pjt. tr. 
 The terahli Shekel... * 1 
 Th* Bekahii Shekel!... = 0050 
 The Shekel * 010 
 
 Lampern P P 
 
 Lamprey 
 
 P P P . 
 p p 
 
 Ling P P 
 
 
 p p p p p p 
 
 P P P P 
 OPPPPP 
 .. .. P P 
 P P 
 P P 
 
 
 Mullet, red 
 
 Mullet, grey.... . 
 Mussel P P 
 
 P P 
 > p p p 
 
 p p p p 
 
 P P 
 
 The Maneh (60 Shekels) .= 7600 
 The Talent = 125 
 
 Oyster P P 
 Perch P .. 
 
 Carbonic acid. .1.00045 
 
 Ice 1.309 
 Water 1.336 
 Alcohol 1.374 
 Alum . . .I.43T 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE. 
 Sals. Pints. 
 A Caph . = (T 0.625 
 
 Periwinkle P P 
 Pike P P 
 
 ...00 
 
 P P P 
 P P 
 ) p p p 
 
 Pilchard 
 
 > p p 
 
 A Log . ... 0.833 
 
 
 P P 0.. 
 00 
 
 PLACE. MEASURE. VAIDSJ 
 
 ACab 3.333 
 A win 1 2 
 
 Pollack P P 
 
 Arabia Mile 2,148 
 Bohemia Mile 10,137 
 China Li 629 
 Denmark Mile 8,344 
 England Mik,stat. 1 ,760 
 > "jeoer. 2,025 
 Flgndeu " 6,869 
 France ltia-AOx.4,861 
 n " marn6,075 
 "pas* 4,264 
 KiKiMtit 1,090.6 
 G*m*jiy MikUm)) 1 1, 026 
 Mrmbwj " 8,244 
 Hanover " 11,559 
 %3,KWvWN\ Vfc-VA^ 
 of common tait in al 
 ted by Schafhauti at 3 
 icai miles. The sulphi 
 633,644.36 cubic mil 
 nesium is 441,811.8 c 
 sats 109,339.44 cubic 
 are -made on the Sup 
 depth is 975 fet. Lapl 
 depth at .3,150, whicr 
 mounts o Hie above 
 'truly great. 
 VftCM SViW.SS,, < :KNfc 
 Oim. in inches . . i , r 
 No. of thnads ...20 18 
 
 Holland Mile 6,395 
 Hungary 9,113 
 Ireland " 3,038 
 Persia Pantng 6, 086 
 Poland Mile ll<ni(|)8, 101 
 Portugal League 6,760 
 Prussia Mile 8,468 
 Rome " 2,025 
 Russia Verst 1,167 
 Scotland Mile 1 , 984 
 Spain League 7,4 16 
 Sweden Mile 11,700 
 SwitzerTd " 9,153 
 Turkey Berri 1,826 
 fcCAKH.- The amount 
 the oceans is estima- 
 051,342 cubic geog-raph 
 ite of soda, is equal to 
 3; the chloride of mjg- 
 ubic miles; lh lime 
 miles. These est mates 
 position that tM mean 
 cf estimates the mean 
 would make the a- 
 substancej correspond- 
 
 'I6'l4'l3'll'l0'9' 
 
 A Seah 2 4. 
 
 A Bath, Ephah, or Firkin 7 4.5 
 A Kor, Choros, w Homer .... 75 5. 25 
 DRY MEASURE. 
 Bu. Pk, ftij Pints. 
 
 Salmon bSaTrout .. P 
 Shad 
 
 . P P .. 
 
 
 Shrimp P 
 Skate P 
 
 P P .... 
 P P 
 
 P P P 
 
 ) p p p 
 P P 
 
 Smelt w Sparling P 
 
 A Cab .... - 1 0.833 
 
 Sprat P 
 
 
 ...OP 
 
 An Omer 01 &omer. .. - 2 I.I 
 A Seah . . 1 1. 
 
 
 P ....0 
 
 > p p p 
 
 ) p p p 
 
 ) p p p 
 I p p p 
 
 Tmch P 
 
 An Ephah - 3 I I. 
 
 Thomback 
 Torsk ot Tusk . . P P 
 Trout 
 
 
 
 
 P P P P 
 P P .. 
 
 A Le tech =4 0. 
 
 A Homer fit Kor .... * 8 
 S^.yW& ,\AWV VN& \fcW W . T H e 
 
 chemical principal of the sun's rays, rela- 
 tively, is more active to heat and l!gh{,diti= 
 ing the Spring than at any other period 
 of the year. As Summer advances, this pow- 
 er diminishes, and luminous force increas- 
 es; while with the Autumn both light and 
 actinism art subdued, but the calorific 
 radiations increased. Thus the conditions 
 of the light of the seasons vary to Suit 
 the necessities of vegetable l!f.->\\Kft\. 
 
 The Iciiowmg table shows the periods when 
 the different kinds of flsh.that are edible 
 and mostly in use, art "in season" antf 
 "out of season.". The letter'?' signifies that 
 the fish are then in their prime; the let- 
 lr '0' signifies that the fish may be ob- 
 tained, but are not at their best, 
 tones OF F ISH. < 2 3 S 11 ill 1 g 1 M 
 
 Whelk P P 
 Whitebait 
 Whiting P P 
 Wrasse 
 
 ' .... 
 
 * p p p 
 
 o J P . . P . 
 
 The following table shows the avei 
 per of seeds per pound,for the mo 
 plartts. For the number of pount 
 bushel, see Bushel. 
 
 Name. 
 
 age num 
 
 s in a 
 
 20^000 
 23,000 
 54000 
 25,000 
 155,000 
 230,000 
 133,000 
 128,000 
 110,000 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats 
 
 Rue 
 
 Diam. in inches . . 1 . li 
 No. of thr4s ... 8 ~l 
 
 '7*6*6' J': 
 
 I 
 
 Buckwheat 
 Turnip, flendles Swcd< 
 Turnip, Cornish Ho dfa 
 Turnip, Orange Jelly 
 Cabbage, Scotch Drum 
 Cabbage, Drumhead S 
 
 
 Diam. hi hiches. . 2 ,24 
 
 ,2i,2}, 3,3i,3 
 
 .(i 
 
 st 
 head! '.. '.'.'.'.'. 
 
 No. of threads . . .4t 4j 
 
 4 4 3i 3i 3 
 
 
 Diaw. in inches. .4,4l,4-i,4I,5,5i.5t,5j 
 No. of threads... 3 2J 24 2j2i 2i 2i 3J 
 
 ,* 
 
 Barbel P P P P 
 Bass P P P P P 
 
 Anale of threads-60*. Flat surface at 
 top and bottom- ^ of the pitch. 
 For rough bolts, the distance between tnt 
 parallel sides of bolt head and nuUli diam- 
 eter* of bolt i of an inch. 
 
 Bream P P P P P P 
 Bream, sea OPPPPP 
 Brill PPPO....OOPPPP 
 Carp PP OOPPP 
 Catfish OPPPPP 
 
 Clover, red 249,600 
 Clover, white 686,400 
 R ye -arss, perennial 314,000 
 Rye-arass, Italian 272,000 
 Sweet Vernal jrass 923,300 

 
 , . wx. vuvv. me following tabla 
 
 shows the time of sowing various seeds 
 ind the quantity of seed per acre. The le 
 *r's signifies the months when the seeds 
 
 - , 5i?T 
 may be sown: 
 
 SEED. 
 
 Red Clover 
 
 Timothy .... 
 
 Red- top 
 
 Ky. Blue Grass. 
 Hung. Grass... 
 
 Millet 
 
 9orghurti Seed. 
 
 Flax Seed 
 
 Com,hills.. 
 
 Rye 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Oats 
 
 Buckwheat... 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 S. Potatoes 
 
 Beets 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Turnips 
 
 Parsnips 
 
 Onions 
 
 White Beans.. 
 
 Peas 
 
 Pumpkins.... 
 
 Barley 
 
 Com, broadcast 
 Corn, drilled.. 
 Broom Corn... 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Tobacco...... 
 
 StolO Ibs 
 
 *%* 
 
 " 
 
 2 quarts. 
 Ito3bu.sh. 
 4to6quits 
 Ito2bush 
 I "2 
 
 & 
 
 0"I5 
 
 Transplanl 
 4lo 10 Ibs. 
 
 *:? :: 
 
 2-3 
 |4-6 
 il ku*h 
 
 I "3 os. 
 
 -5to2bush 
 4 i. 
 
 2-3 " 
 V-3 ' 
 
 2 l -3 l pi. 
 
 . .-Recent experiments 
 have shown that out of 338 species, repre 
 senting 74 natural orders, only 94 grow 
 after 3 years: only 57 after 4 to 8 years, 
 16, from 8 to 21 years; 5,_ from 25to27 
 years; and 3, to 43 years. In ordinary ca- 
 ses," says Asa Cray, "leguminous seeds 
 have longest retained their germinating 
 power; in some very well authenticated 
 instances up to 70, or perhaps I00,years. 
 Nearly uniform temperature, darkness, 
 and either dryness or burial beyond at 
 mospheric influence, most favor the pro- 
 longation of vitality." 
 
 ' o ^ 8UNTITY 
 = g o PER ACRE 
 
 ^ViVA.-The celebrated Hufeland,of Berlin, 
 observes that the number of males born, 
 to that of females, seems to be 21 to 20 
 over the whole earth, and before they 
 reach the age of puberty, the proportion 
 of the sexes is reduced to perfect equal- 
 ity, more boys than girls.dyinj, before 
 reaching the age of fourteen. 
 
 His conclusions are as follows: 1st. 
 There is an equal number of;rnales and 
 females born in the human race j 2nd. 
 The equality occurs every d. irt*pop- 
 uli-tion of \en millions} Jjd. It ofcuts 
 every week !n 100,000; 4th. U occurs 
 evety -month i-n 50.0fl5T 5h. Even* 
 yea,r in 10,000; 6th. Kt small societies 
 every km or fifteen yaars; 7th, It dors 
 -not occur i-n Individual families. 
 
 No. I, small size, is 4^ irtches, and ev 
 ery succeeding number increases ' 
 an inch to 12. 
 
 No. I. large si7e. is 8*3 Inches, ana ev 
 ery succeeding number increases^ o 
 an inch to 15. 
 
 Tin- one-fourth inch in afoot. 
 Zinc-five-sixteenths inch -in a foot. 
 Lead- five-sixteenths inch in a Toot. 
 Copper-three-sixteenths inch in a foot-, 
 Bismuth-five thirty-seconds inch in a foot. 
 Brass-two-fifteenths inch in a foot. 
 Locomotive cylinders-rs inch in a, foot. 
 Pipes-one-eighth inch iti a. foot. 
 Beams, girders.etc.-Vmch in 15, inches. 
 
 Edmonds, oi the Londori Congress, ar< 
 authority for the following statements 
 1st. The ratio of sickness, rises ari< 
 falls regularly with the death-rate in 
 all countries; 2nd. Of 1000 persons 
 aged 30, it is probable 10 will die in 
 a year, in wnich ca.se there will be 
 20 of that age sick throughout the year 
 and 10 invalids. 3rd. Of 1000 persons, 
 aged 75, it- is probable 100 will die hi 
 a year, in which case the sick and in- 
 valids will be 300 throughout the year 
 4th. For every 100 deaths let there 
 be hospit-al beds for 200 sick, and in 
 firmaries for 100 invalids. 
 >\Vi\N,M^VoW OV.-At various times it 
 has been ascertained that snow weighs 
 from 5% to I0?i Ibs. per cubic foal, it 
 a temperature of 32 (.FahT.J.THe weight 
 of snow seems to vary greatly 1 , in differ 
 ent latitudes-it being heavier as t-he 
 latitude increases. The above weights 
 were for Washington. In Canada it 
 weighed 14-4 Ibs. on falliVig; twenty- 
 four hours later, 21-S Ibs., and sevmtu- 
 two hours later. 28?i Ibs. 
 .WvOYAHfc^OSA QV .- The expense of 
 smoking three five-cent cigars a day, 
 principal and interest, for ten years 
 is*. 745.74; for 25 years,*3,no.74. 
 The expense of three ten-cent- cigars,at 
 the end of ten years, is 1,47 1.56; for 
 25 years, %6,9c)J.47; for 50 years, 
 *54,I62.I4. 
 
 the sun in passing through a prism 
 is decomposed into seven different col- 
 ors, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, 
 indigo, and violet, in the order as giv- 
 en, the red being refracted least, and 
 violet, most. 
 
 According to the Undulatory Theory, 
 the color of light depends on the sir* 
 of the minute waves that produce it, 
 The undulations that excite in the eye 
 the. sensation of red light in each 5^000 
 of in inch in breadth; those that pro- 
 duce violet ,-50-355-; while the interme- 
 diate colors ire produced by undulations 
 varying between these limits. 
 "*Wfo\G \\S.K\.-The quantity of heatttrm- 
 ed <^icsV\cYwi, required to raise the tem- 
 perature of a. pound of water one degree 
 is taken as u-nit. Substances requ-rrhij more 
 or less heal Mian wattr.are said to be of high 
 er err lower specific heat. Mercury qi 
 
 thirty ti-mes thef quantity, and its spec! 
 ic heat is one thirtieth. Hydrogen-itqitiie 
 three and a half times less heat, and it 
 specific heat is expressed by thre arid 
 
 . Sped 
 
 ic Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a 
 body (o that of an equal volume of sorm 
 other substance adopted as a staridar 
 of reference. For solids and liquids th 
 standard is distilUd water at 62 F.,the 
 barometer being at '30 inches. Aeroform 
 bodies are referred to the air, at 32 F 
 and under one atmospheric pressure. 
 A cubic foot of rain water weighs 
 1000 ouncesCAvoir.), and the following 
 are tables of the relative weigVits of the 
 principal su.bsta.nces. In all the tables,e> 
 cept that of Cases and Vapors; by rernov 
 ing the .decimal point three places to 
 ward the right, *hat is, multiplying b 
 1000, the result will indicate the tiiwn 
 ber of ouncestAvoir.) in a cubic foot of 
 the substance, named. To find the rum 
 ber of pounds in a cubic f oof, divide th 
 ounces by 16. 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 SPECIFIC Kl _ IEC 
 
 Name. GRAVITY. Name, e.^ 
 
 Acacia 
 
 Alder 
 
 Apple tree... 
 Ash.light.*... 
 Ash, heavy ., 
 Bamboo...., 
 Bay Tree 
 
 .800 
 .510 
 .79; 
 
 !fJ40 Locust '.'."! ~' '.7lo 
 
 .400 
 
 Beech,light... .691 
 eech,heavu.. .850 
 
 Birch 
 
 .800 Lemon 70; 
 
 Mahogany .... 1.06, 
 Mahojani,CubiTi .711 
 
 711 
 
 ......... 
 
 Blue gurrf.., .84-3 
 Box .......... 960 
 
 Brazil wood,red 1.031 
 Bui let tree... 1.046 
 
 Caba.cal 
 
 .900 
 
 Cane .401 
 
 Cedar of Lebanon .56( 
 Cedar, Amer. . . .490 
 Charcoal, birch. .54( 
 Charcoal, fir... .450 
 Charcoal, oak.. .330 
 Charcoal,pine. .290 
 
 Cherry .715 
 
 Chestnut...... .640 
 
 Cork 240 
 
 Cowrie 579 
 
 Cypress 598 
 
 Ebony,lndia.n 1. 1 00 
 Ebony, Amer. 1.280 
 
 Elder 670 
 
 Elm, light ... .550 
 
 Larch.lijht... .501 
 Larch, heavy... .,56 
 Lignum vitas, light .65 
 Lijnumvitae.hetvii 1.330 
 
 Logwood 901 
 
 Maple 
 
 755 
 
 Mora ...... .. .920 
 
 Oak,EnalishJ./. -.730 
 Oak, French J.l .900 
 Oak,A-m.,lijht . .720 
 Oak,Arfi.,heavy. .860 
 Oak,Baltic ..... 740 
 
 Oak,ltil.,lioht. .960 
 OaJ(,ltiU,heiyil-040 
 Orange ...... .705 
 
 Pear .......... 661 
 
 'ine, pitch... .6"60 
 
 'ine,red..... .64( 
 
 'ine, yellow.. .520 
 'lurri ....... .870 
 
 Poor), ........ 579 
 
 "oplar,white . .510 
 'opla.T,ltalian .420 
 'oplar, yellow .383 
 aul.. ...... ,960 
 
 Spru.ce ..... 
 
 ;ycarnore.. 
 
 Elm, heavy... .720 Teak,lndian. .78C 
 Fir.Dantaic... ' .580 Teak, African. .960 
 
 Fir,Riga ' .540 Tonka. .990 
 
 Hawthorn.... '.910 Wainscot, Riga .600 
 
 Hazel ".640 Warn ut.AineL .560 
 
 Holly 760 Wain ut.Span. .670 
 
 Hornbeam.. .770 Wtlnu.t,whit. .375 
 
 juniper. 556 Wal*rgi*ni. . . . 1.000 
 
 Kauri oiCowdie .530 Willow. 480 
 
 Laburnum 920 Yew 807 
 
 * The specific gravities of woods differ 
 according as they are from hills en plains, 
 dry ax green. Those given above are for^ 
 woods having dried in the air for ten 
 to twelve months, and lost from one- 
 third to one-fourth of their weight. 
 
 79
 
 WEIGHTS j 
 .MEASURE! 
 
 STWES, EARTHS, SOLI DS, ETC. 
 
 Kit 1 ?!? SPECIFIC ...... SPE 
 
 NAME. OR*lTY. "AME. OB 
 
 Alabaster.... I. 874 
 
 Alirni 1.734 
 
 Amber. 1.078 
 
 Amberpris... .780 
 Amethyst... .2.750 
 
 Asbestos 2.996 
 
 Asphalte,arit.. 2.500 
 
 Basalt 2.864 
 
 Bathston....l.970 
 BrrrnuiU ston2.610 
 toft 1.470 
 Ber^Oriental. 3.549 
 Bitumen ....1.000 
 Bone, ox ....1.054 
 Brick,conrmoTi2.000 
 Brick, fire.... 2.400 
 thick- wall ,...'1.800 
 
 Butter 942 
 
 Caen stone ..2.000 
 Ctwnt,PorUmd.l.200 
 Cenwnt.Rernaii. .900 
 Chadk.soW 18H. 800 
 Clay, potters'.. 1. 900 
 Clauwtthtn\Kl.2.000 
 Clau,ord'mairu . 1 .900 
 Coal,aiHlnacitl.602 
 Coal,bUKnmottsl.250 
 
 Coke 700 
 
 Concrete.... 1. 900 
 Concrete,lrme.l.800 
 
 Coral 2.680 
 
 Crystal, rock. 2. 653 
 Diamond.. ..3.536 
 Dolomite.. ..2.540 
 Eftrth, vegetable. 1 .400 
 Earth, loamy.. 1. 600 
 ETtn,srmiflnid.l.700 
 
 Emerald 2.678 
 
 Emery 4.000 
 
 Fat.of beef.... .924 
 
 Feldspar 2.600 
 
 Flint 2.594 
 
 Freestone 2.200 
 
 &lass,bot*le...2.733 
 Glass,9reen... 7.642 
 Olass.f lint... 2.760 
 Glass, platt... 2.940 
 Class, crown .2 .530 
 
 C-ranltt 2.625 
 
 Graphite 1.987 
 
 Ourn Arabic, .t J 
 Gun powder.. .900 
 Oypsurn. vv _.2.280 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Vapor of irromm 55400 
 Chloroform. .. 13000 
 Vapor erf titticntV ^918 
 Acetic ether.. 10400 
 Vapor of benzine 2J6943 
 
 Chlorine.... 2MOO 
 Sulphurous acid. 12470 
 Alcohol ..... 14130 
 Carbonic icid . 1.5290 
 
 Hrmetile<rK...4.507 
 Ivory ........ 1.917 
 
 Jar9on,Ceylon. 4.4 16 
 Kerrtishraa..2.660 
 Lard .......... 947 
 
 Limi,chalk ) jT'd. .830 
 
 Limestone, " .2.500 
 
 ' 'iiB-nesian2.300 
 
 Malachite.... 3. 700 
 
 1.900 
 
 GASES AND VAPORS. 
 NAME. 
 
 Marl 
 
 ,. 
 
 "ajhlar,Port'd2JOO 
 " " oranit*2.500 
 Mica ........ 2.750 
 
 Millstone.. ..2 .500 
 
 Mortar, old . . 1 .440 
 Mortar, new. 1 .700 
 Mud ........ 1.630 
 
 Nitre ........ 1.900 
 
 Opal ......... 2.114 
 
 Opium ..... . 1.337 
 
 Pearl ....... 2.510 
 
 Peat, hard. ... 1.300 
 
 Pitch ....... UOO 
 
 Plaster of Pris 1 .200 
 Porcelain, Chmese2.385 
 PorphiT)),freen.2.900 
 Pumice stone. .910 
 Purbeckstone.2.600 
 Pu22olana...2.700 
 Quartz ..... 2.640 
 
 Rosin ....... 1. 1 00 
 
 Rotten stone. 2.000 
 Salt.. ....... 2.130 
 
 Sand,river.. 1.900 
 Sandstone.. 2.300 
 Shale ........ 2.600 
 
 Shinale.... .1.500 
 
 Slate ........ 3.900 
 
 Slates,Corriish2..500 
 Spar. ........ 2.594 
 
 Stone,avera?e.2.500 
 Suoar ....... 1.600 
 
 Sulphur,fused.2.000 
 Tallow. ....... 941 
 
 Tar. ......... 1.015 
 
 Tiles, average. 1.800 
 Topaz, ....... 3.800 
 
 Trap ......... 2.700 
 
 Wax .......... 837 
 
 White lead.... 3. 1 60 
 
 .891 
 
 0*ugen 1.1058 
 
 Ai-r I.OOOT 
 
 Nitrooen.... 0.9736 
 Carbonic wide. 0.9674 
 Olef iant ?a* . . 0.8847 
 C-aseout steam 0.6270 
 Amoniacal 9as. 0.5894 
 Li^Mitf'd Mj)d 1 n0.5527 
 CoaJ9as.....0.439l 
 HMaroaen ... 0.0692 
 
 Mercury 13.596 M uriatic acid. . 1 .100 
 
 Arsenic acid.. 3.391 Vinegar. 1.010 
 
 Bromine-.... 2.966 T*r. l.OtO 
 
 Sulphuric acid. 1.840 Whale oil 920 
 
 Nitric acid... 1.271 
 
 Nitrousacid.. 1.550 Turpentine oil .870 
 Chloroform.. 1.330 Potato oil ... .820 
 
 Honey 1.456 
 
 Water.Deid Sea. 1.240 Naphtha .850 
 
 Wtkr.dittiM 1.000 Ethevnitric.. 1. 1 10 
 Water, sea... 1.026 sulphurous 1.080 
 Acetic acid ... 1.008 nitrous.. .890 
 
 Milk 1.032 acetic... .890 
 
 Wme,Bordeaux .994 hydrochloric 10 
 Wine, Burgundy .991 sulphuric .720 
 
 Linseed oil... .940 
 
 Castor oil 970 
 
 Poppy oil 930 
 
 Rape seed oil. .920 
 
 Olive oil 915 
 
 Petroleum . . . .880 
 
 Alcohol,pTOof spit. .920 
 " pure.. .790 
 Benzine ...... 850 
 
 Wood spirit.. .800 
 
 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. 
 
 TVS. UV 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Alumi-nium... 
 
 Barium 
 
 Cadmium 
 
 Caesium. 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Cerium 
 
 Chromium .... 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 Copper......... 
 
 Davyum 
 
 Didymium .... 
 Erbium ....... 
 
 Gallium 
 
 frlucinuw.... 
 
 told 
 
 Indium 
 
 Iridiu-m 
 
 Iron 
 
 Lanthanum .. 
 Lead 
 
 Lithium 
 
 Magnesium .. 
 Manganese,... 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Nickel..: 
 
 Osmium 
 
 Palladium 
 
 Platinum 
 
 Potass! urn 
 
 Rhodium. 
 
 Rubidium 
 
 Ruthenium.... 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Sodium 
 
 Strontium 
 
 Thallium 
 
 Thorium 
 
 Yttrium 
 
 Zinc 
 
 27.5 
 137. 
 112. 
 133. 
 
 40, 
 
 92. 
 
 52.4 
 
 39. 
 
 63.5 
 150.? 
 
 96. 
 112.6 
 
 69.9 
 9.4 
 197. 
 113.4 
 198. 
 
 56. 
 
 92.8 
 207. 
 7. 
 
 200. 
 59. 
 199.2 
 106.5 
 197.4 
 39.1 
 104.4 
 85.4 
 104.4 
 108. 
 23. 
 87.5 
 203.6 
 231. 
 61.7 
 65. 
 
 2,560 
 4.000 
 8.600 
 
 V.580 
 
 7.700 
 8.960 
 
 5.900 
 
 1100 
 12.000 
 
 7.400 
 21.150 
 
 7.790 
 
 I.Y.440 
 .590 
 
 1.750 
 
 6.850 
 13.560 
 
 8.600 
 21.400 
 1 1.600 
 21.500 
 .805 
 11.000 
 
 1.520 
 
 11.400 
 
 10.500 
 
 .972 
 
 2.540 
 II. 
 
 7.800 
 
 7.000 
 
 *The weight of the atom of an ele 
 merit as compared with the weight of 
 the atom of hydrogen, taken asastzn- 
 dard. 
 
 o\ a.-x\\> 
 As Vorvowxv. 
 RULE.- Multiply together the equivalent 
 arid the exponent of each element of the 
 compound; the product will be the 
 proportion by weight of that element in 
 the tu-btUnct. 
 
 *Th-\X,^.\)a-re pood conductors of 
 keai and of electricity, and xrt charac 
 terized by a peculiar metallic lusteT,ai 
 so are electro-positive. 
 
 The i(\<m-Tr*Va.\% art non-con doctors 
 of heat and of electricity, arid are elec- 
 tro-negative. 
 
 The <ewC\-'w.V.\ resemble th* metals 
 in their physical propertiejli.e.,have 
 the metallic luster), a-nd the non-met 
 als in their chemical pToprrtiesli.e.,tlieiT 
 oxides are most frequently acid anhydrides 
 
 * TfewKciiS. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Boron 
 
 Bromine 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Chlorine.... 
 Fluorine ... 
 
 Nitrojen.... 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Selenium 
 
 Silicon....:... 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Tellurium 
 
 NAME, 
 
 Antimony.... 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Bismuth....:. 
 
 Hydrooen 
 
 Molybdenum.. 
 Niobium...... 
 
 Tantalum 
 
 Tin 
 
 Titanium 
 
 Tungsten..... 
 
 U-ranium 
 
 Vanadium 
 
 Zirconium 
 
 80. 
 
 12. 
 
 35.5 
 
 19. 
 127. 
 
 14. 
 
 16. 
 
 31. 
 
 79.4 
 
 28. 
 
 32. 
 128. 
 
 ATOMIC 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 122. 
 
 75. 
 
 210. 
 
 I. 
 
 92. 
 
 94. 
 182. 
 118. 
 
 50. 
 184. 
 120. 
 
 51.3 
 
 89.6 
 
 1.4/0 
 5.540 
 3.500 
 1.330 
 1.320 
 4.940 
 .972 
 1.105 
 2.000 
 4.300 
 2.490 
 2.050 
 6.020 
 
 &RAV ITY. 
 
 6.700 
 3.700 
 9.700 
 .069 
 8.600 
 
 fo'.Yso 
 
 7.280 
 4.300 
 17.400 
 18.400 
 
 4.V50 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 |RAV'IT NAME. 
 
 Blood,hurnan. . 1 .054 hDTi, wrought. 7.698 
 
 Brass., about 8.000 
 Bronze. 8.218 
 
 Cider 
 
 Cobalt.cast... 
 Copper.cast . . 
 Copper coin . . 
 Filbert. 
 
 1.018 
 7.812 
 8.768 
 8.915 
 .600 
 
 Gold,h4TrrmeTed-l9.360 
 " coin 11.647 
 
 trinket.. .15.609 Steel 7.816 
 
 Gun metal... 8.784- Tin, cast.... 7.500 
 
 HMnMUtfcy .891 
 Ice 930 
 
 cast.... 7.207 
 meteoric 7.965 
 Iron ore.... 4.900 
 Lead ore.... 7.250 
 Live oak ... 1. 100 
 Mnewy.t0lUl3.600 
 
 Pewter. .7.471 
 
 Silver, cast ..10.474 
 coin. ..10.534 
 
 Land or Square Measure. 
 
 Type metal .10.400 
 Zinc,cat...7.l90 
 . See 
 
 6 inches.= Scinches 
 
 7 " 8, " 
 
 8 " -7* 
 
 9 " -7 ' 
 
 10 inches -o^iinches. 
 
 11 " -6 ' 
 
 12 ' 5* 
 
 13 " 5 > 
 
 Rice flour, 85; Indian Com -meil,78; Oat 
 weal.75; Wheat flour,29to77; Barleyflour, 
 69; Hyeflour,50to6l; Buckwheat. 52; 
 Peas and Beans, 42; Potatot,l3tol5. 
 
 80
 
 
 
 \wm.wK\ross ,AIS*> 
 
 Air Umace.... 330C 
 Alburnencoafiulates 145 
 Alcohol boils 173.1 
 "in vacuum 36. 
 does not freeze -120. 
 Animals hibernate 38. 
 Anise oi l freezes. . 50. 
 Antimony melts 960. 
 Bakinp tempera 
 Uteofuven3ZO-400. 
 Bat.naUem. .. 100. 
 Beel ullow melts 1 00. 
 Bismuth melts. 520. 
 Blood freezes ... 30. 
 Boat in upper Ejypt 138. 
 Brass melts 1900. 
 Brineisatu'ijfreeas -4. 
 Bromine melts, v 9.5 
 ' ' freezes. . -7.6 
 boi'ls., 145.4 
 ' Butter welts... 135. 
 Cadmium melts. 600. 
 Carbonic acid freezes-148. 
 " boils.. -IO&4 
 Cast iron melts . .3500. 
 Cat.nat.tem. .. IOZ 
 Chicken,nat.lem. 1 1 1. 
 Coffee and tea as 
 usually drank. 135. 
 Cold, lowest arWicial-1 87. 
 CoB-btaxW animals die 106. 
 Common firs.. 1000. 
 Copper melts. .2160. 
 995 in hatching 1 04. 
 Elephant.nat.tem. 99.5 
 Elk.nat.tem.. 103. 
 Ether boils.... . 94.8 
 ' " freezes . .'. 47. 
 Furnace of boilers 1 1 00. 
 Class melts... 2401 
 dow wottn/naUnn. 74. 
 Gold -melts.... 1983. 
 Gutta percha mes 150. 
 Hoj.-nat.tem. ..105. 
 Horse,nat.tem.. 99.5 
 Ice melts 32. 
 Iodine me Its... 224.6 
 boils... 347. 
 Iron.briahtred.. 752. 
 ' white hot.. 2900. 
 Jackdaw,-nat.tem. 107. 
 Latd melts.... 96. 
 Lead melts 620. 
 Linseed oil boils.. 600. 
 Mercury melts -37.9 
 Mercu.ru freezes -40. 
 boils.. 662. 
 " volatilizes 680. 
 Milk boils... 199. 
 \m.*KVWS^K 
 'Wfc.'w &\ fcVAt\v<\\ ^ 
 BoiliTipPoirt Barometer. 
 - F. inches. 
 
 184" TO76" 
 190 18.992 
 195 21.124 
 200 22*454 
 205 25.468 
 210 28.744 
 211 29.331 
 212 29.922 
 213 30.516 
 214 31.120 
 215 31.730 
 
 .. O^.-tFihrenheit) 
 Milk freezes. .. 29? 
 Monkey.na4.tem. 104.5 
 Mutton fallow meBsl 06. 
 Naphtha boils . 186. 
 Oil,tuT|ieiitine>ls305. 
 Olive oil freezes. 50. 
 0*,nat.tem. , 102. 
 Oysle-r,nal.leTn. 82. 
 Phosphorus merts 1 1 1.5 
 " inflames 120. 
 Pigeon, nat. tern. 109.5 
 Platinum melts3080. 
 PoTpoise,nal.tem. 100. 
 Potassium melts 1 36. 
 Proto<idc of ni- 
 ttojen boi'ls-157. 
 Putrefaction btoins 50. 
 rapid 93. 
 Rat, nat.tem. . . 1 02. 
 Rooms, best tm 
 pe7atutffor.65to68. 
 Rose oil freezes. 60. 
 Scalding heat. 1 50. 
 Serpent, nat.tem. 88.5 
 Shark, > 11. 
 Sheep, 104.5 
 Silkworm hatches 77. 
 Silver melts.. i850. 
 Snail, nat.tem. 76. 
 Sodium melts . 204. 
 SpdT7ov,nat.tem. 108. 
 Spermaceti 7tts 112. 
 Starc^comtTtediosuji.! 60. 
 Steamboat's en- 
 9ine room, W.I. 1 55. 
 Stearine melts, ill. 
 Steel melts. . 2462. 
 Sulphur melts. 226. 
 " ipnites. 560. 
 SuljitiuTic acid boils 17.6 
 Tepid bath begins 86. 
 ends. 95. 
 Tin melts... 45 1. 
 TUTpentinetetslsm! 1 5. 
 Vapor bath begins 99. 
 . ends. 130. 
 Finland 170. 
 Warm bath bep'ms 95. 
 ends 99. 
 Water.sea, boils 213.2 
 ' fresh " .,212. 
 " "freezes. > 32. 
 ' sea ' 27.4 
 " boils(m acium^ 72. 
 " Dead Sea. 223. 
 Wax welts.-. .. 135. 
 Wi-ne freezes.. 20. 
 Wrouaht'mni]Mlfc39l2. 
 Zinc melts... 680. 
 L.X'H^ VQN'Wb 0^ 
 <t^>^\xi. -\J\o-<\o-i^. 
 BoilitioPo'mt. Pressure i-n 
 r. atmosphetes. 
 212 1 
 249.5 2 
 273.3 3 
 291.2 4 
 306. 5 
 318.2 6 
 329.6 7 
 339.5 '8 
 348.4 9 
 356.6 (0 
 415.4 20 
 
 \mvtwtt\jNt ,^>\ 
 
 VNiVn i.\ tt\\\\v\\ 
 
 to ssa 
 
 DonkklHinalaua) (7337 
 Mont Blinc.. 15650 
 Gluito 9541 
 
 v.\Hr 90\HT O^ 
 VoC\Vs.^.,.-\J<aAo^ 
 Item Height, Temptratme. 
 Barorneter. 'F. 
 15.442 179.9 
 16 896 185.8 
 20.750 194.2 
 22.905 200.4 
 27.720 208. 
 29.922 212. 
 31.496 214.4 
 90VTOMMcMktKrai 
 it299ft.,48.8; it 
 39ft. ? ?7.8;ati290ft 
 )9.4" ;4 tl662ft.,6l.2? 
 
 \K?\.- The tempera- 
 during the night, 
 lona, is estimated 
 zero (Fam.), and du- 
 :h is also a month 
 ve zero. 
 S.^?\\.a^ TVi'c. 
 rease in temperature 
 very 45 feet of de- 
 \ the temperatwe at 
 s follows: 
 a depth of 2,430 yds. 
 pth of 8,400yds. 
 at a depth of Tmiles. 
 epth of 21 tniles. 
 at a depth of 74miles. 
 niles.-\i.K.VM.\V5. 
 
 ^w w smwa- 
 
 olumbiatiaCo.,N.V. 75 
 Co.,Va 98 
 
 ^WEt&HTSfcMEASURES^e 
 
 *& *-T(ft-"*- 
 
 STOJs*k,VKVW\ V^.N\ Or .-Take two 
 small vessels connected at the top by a 
 tube. Let one conta'n 1 ib. of water at 
 32 Fah-r., the other 5^ Ibs. at the same 
 f-empe-rature. Apply a spirit la-mp below 
 the vessel containing the I Ib. ofwater 
 until it is all boiled awaw,and its vapor 
 condensed by passing thr-ou-ph the lube 
 and min^linj with the 5^ Ibs.of water 
 in the other vesse|. At this point theheit 
 absorbed by the 5^i Ibs. of water will 
 raise the temperature to 2i2 Fah-i.,or 
 boilinp heal, and the combined we'i9hl 
 will be 6H Ibs. itistead of 5^ Ibs., as piac 
 ed in the vessel at fi-rst. The whole l this 
 heat has been transferred from the 1 Ib 
 ot walrr held over the spirit lamp, a.1- 
 thoiujh at no time has its heat exceed 
 ed 212. Inasmuch as this heat cannot 
 be measured by any known instrument, 
 it is called VaXtxvX v\<o\.(.See Latent Heat). 
 The 1 Ib. of water made the 5*4 Ibs. beil, 
 and from this experiment we know by 
 calculation that the combined sensible 
 and latent heat of steam is I200.->twi 
 VW.M>K,V7>.<y=>Wc. OS KS ^\*V WC.W 
 ^wjms o\ \Xs.*\ oV VV\*.*o\\A. 7 A< 212 
 of heat the water begins to boil, and 
 at 868 the iron becomes of a red heat. 
 2l2=a pressure of 15 pounds per sq. in. 
 251- 30 M 
 294- 60 ' ' 
 342- 120 " " 
 398= 240 ' > 
 464= " 480 " 
 868 " 7,680 " "^ s 
 S\X NNft ^N& VVKtt.',Vtt.\fcVK Ctf- 
 ^\ *<\A\.\>\> V>TWC\WCV ^u.0,4. v 
 
 Mt. Washington 6290 
 Madrid 1995 
 London 
 OeadSeilbelow)-l3l6 
 T^\^vtv l ^T\i*t,^\ 
 At 6 8 H.. 4 7.9 F : 
 621 ft., 50.7 ; at 9 
 58.3; at 14 14 ft., 
 at I900ft.,6i.4 
 ^tViSWKTViVS. ,V\i\ 
 tu.re on the Moon 
 which is a month 
 to be 300 below 
 rinj the day, whi 
 long, at 400 abo 
 ltMraKNML,YW 
 t*.-\\V\. The inc 
 is about 1 F. for e 
 scent. At this rat 
 various depths is a 
 Water will boil a 
 Lead melts at a de 
 There is red heat 
 Gold melts at a c 
 Cast iron melts 
 Soft iron at 97 i 
 
 ^WrcWTC\iV.,NN 
 
 Lebanon Sprin;is,C 
 Warm Springs, BaM 
 Sweet Springs, Monr 
 Warm Springs, Mer 
 Hot SprinjSjG-arlar 
 Palmyra. Springs, Je 
 Blankenships Springs, 
 St. Michael Springs,. 
 Hoi Springs, Icelan 
 TONrtMCWNL* 
 rc\vi.-BeTi9a.l and 
 Senegal and G-au 
 Persia, Calcutta, Cer 
 Afyanistan and AT 
 Cape of CoodHope, Utaf 
 Arabia, Montreal, Ne 
 Spain, India, China 
 France, Denmark, S 
 Buenos Ay-res, San 
 Great Britain, Siam 
 Siberia, Australia, 
 Moscow, 65: Pala9O 
 
 TeiKraMnVWL^^ 
 
 Boston, Mass. V -I3 
 Chicago,!!!. ,.-23 
 Denver, Col -29 
 Indianapolis, lnd.-25 
 Jakoutsk,Siberia-73 
 LaCrosse,Wis. .-43 
 \*?t*K\\fc,\^ 
 In the British exp 
 Nares, wivh the tw 
 ry and Alert, to tl 
 party advanced over 
 83 <> 20'26'''N., but 
 human Hie beyonc 
 weather the jninin 
 was more than7C 
 nor were the amori 
 quent occutre nee d 
 ness ol the aiciir mat 
 
 oeCo.,W.V. .. 79 
 wether Co.,G-a. 90 
 d Co., Ark.... 151 
 ffersonCo.,Wis. 72 
 Texas Co., Mo. . 75 
 notes Islands. 212 
 d ..261 
 
 'Wc.Ut.W SW*- 
 SaharaDseH,.l50 
 ialu-pe 130 
 
 DAU&t POUNDS. | POUNDS. CAUOE,| POUNDS. POUNDS. 
 
 1 10.993 12.38218 1.531 1.725 
 2 9.789 11.02719 1.363 1.536 
 3 8.718 9.8)920 1.214 1.367 
 4 7.763 8.74421 ,1.081- .1.218 
 5 6.913 7.78722 .963 1.084 
 6 6.156 6.93423 .857 .966 
 7 5.481 6.17524 .763 .860 
 8 4.882 5.49925 .680 .766 
 9 4.348 4.897 26 .605 .682 
 10 3.871 4.36027 .539 .607 
 !l 3448 3.88328 .480 .541 
 12 3.070 3.45829 427 .481 
 13 2.734 3.07930 .380 .429 
 14 2.435 2.74231 .329 382 
 15 2.168 2.44232 302 .340 
 16 1.931 2.17533 .269 .303 
 IT 1.719 1.93734 239 .269 
 SNiVN^XOVa' VSAS,\tf\5..- See Land or Square 
 Measure. 
 K^AVAHS NWftMR&/-Thf followirui shows 
 the weight necessaiy to tear asunder bus 
 one inch square of the foHowinp materials: 
 Oak, Salons; Fir, 5^ tons; Hickorud^ 
 tons; Ash, 4% tons; Sycamore,*^ tons ; 
 B!rch,4tons; Pine, 3** tons; Poplar,3% 
 tons; Cast- |ron,7^4lons; Wrought Hun, 
 10 tons; Wrought Copper, 15 tons; Eng- 
 lish Bar li-on,25 tons; American lron,37\ 
 tons; Blistered Steel, SS^tons. 
 
 tral America . .125 
 abian Desert.. ..1 10 
 
 wYork 103 
 
 
 t. Petersburg... 90 
 dwich Islands.. 90 
 Peru 85 
 
 Scotland 75 
 
 nia,55;lceland.. 45 
 \tWt W NN\HAV^.- 
 Moscow, Russia -48 
 New York City.- 6 
 Poplar River.Monfe- 63 
 Ptcott,Ariz... 18 
 St.ft>tersbuT^,R. 51 
 St.Vincent,Mirm.-54 
 VOVK^^V^\rj\.- 
 :dition under Capt. 
 o steamers Discove- 
 ie Polar 9ea,asledpe 
 the ice to latitude 
 found no traces of 
 lat.8l 52'. Instill 
 Turn temperature 
 below zero, 
 s brilliant or of f re 
 wrinj the intense daiie 
 
 1 Of 142 Jays. 
 
 
 81
 
 IOOB.-2I2B. 
 39 2lO 2 
 98 - 20B.4 
 97 - 206.6 
 96 204.8 
 95 203 
 94- 20i.2 
 93 ' 199.1 
 92 - 1916 
 91 195.8 
 90 > 194 
 89 > 192 2 
 88 190.4 
 87 - 188.6 
 86 ' 186.8 
 85 - 185 
 84 183.2 
 83 181.4 
 82" 179.6 
 81 m.8 
 80 176 
 79 ' IT4.2 
 78 172.4 
 T? 170.6 
 76 168.8 
 75- 161 
 74 - 165.2 
 73 163.4 
 72- I6l.6 
 71 159.8 
 70 158 
 69 - 156.2 
 68 - 154.4 
 67 152.6 
 66 150.8 
 65 149 
 64 - 147.2 
 63 145.4 
 62 - 143.6 
 61 - 141.8 
 60- 140 
 
 39 - 138.2 
 58 136.4 
 57 134.6 
 56 132.8 
 55- 131 
 54 129.2 
 53 127.4 
 52 125.6 
 51 123.8 
 50 122 
 49 120.2 
 48 118.4 
 47 116.6 
 46 M4 .8 
 45 il3 
 44 - III. 2 
 43 109.4 
 42 107.6 
 4| 105.8 
 
 40 - 104 
 39 102.2 
 38 100.4 
 37 98 6 
 36 96.8 
 
 33 - 95 
 
 34 93. 3 
 33 - 91.4 
 
 .32 -.89.6 
 
 CF.NT FAH*T: RMR. 
 
 808. 
 79.2 
 78.4 
 716 
 76.8 
 76 
 75.2 
 74.4 
 73.6 
 72.8 
 72 
 71.2 
 70.4 
 69.6 
 68.8 
 68 
 61.2 
 66.4 
 65.6 
 64.8 
 64 
 63.2 
 62.4 
 61.6 
 60.8 
 60 
 59.2 
 58.4 
 57.6 
 56.8 
 56 
 55.2 
 54.4 
 53.6 
 52.8 
 52 
 51.2 
 30.4 
 49.6 
 48.8 
 48 
 47.3 
 46.4 
 45.6 
 44.8 
 44 
 43.2 
 42.4 
 41.6 
 408 
 40 
 39.2 
 38.4 
 37.6 
 36.8 
 36 
 35.2 
 34.4 
 33.6 
 31.8 
 32 
 
 3i.2 
 30.4 
 2S.6 
 28.8 
 28 
 27.2 
 26 4 
 .25.6 
 A24.8 
 124 
 
 3l -A81. 
 
 30 -T86 
 29= 84.< K j. 
 28= 82.4 -422. 
 27 -MM 421. 
 26 -|78.8 420. 
 
 22.4 
 
 6 
 20.8 
 
 CF.NI nun 
 
 
 
 25-77 
 24 - 75.2 
 23 73.4 
 22- 71.6 
 2i - 69.8 
 20-68 
 19 66.2 
 18 64.4 
 17 62.6 
 16 60.8 
 15 59 
 14 - 31.2 
 i3 * 55.4 
 12 = 53.6 
 II =51.8 
 10 = 50 
 9 = 48.2 
 8 = 46.4 
 
 1 - 44.6 
 6 - 43.8 
 5-41 
 
 4 = 39.2 
 3 37.4 
 
 2 35.6 
 
 3.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 33.8 -f .8 
 i Tern 
 
 _ . 30.2 
 1 2 = 28.4 
 
 3 - 26.6 
 , 4-24.8 
 v 5 = 23 ' 
 
 6 = 21.2 
 
 7= 19.4 
 
 8 => 17.6 
 
 9 15.8 
 
 10 - 14 
 
 11 - 12.2- 
 
 12 = 10.4 
 
 13 86 
 
 14 >( 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 18 . 
 
 19 -f 2.2 
 20 
 
 5.8 
 7.6 
 
 23 - 9.3 
 
 24 - 1 1 2 
 
 25 13 
 
 14.8 
 16.6 
 
 28 - 18.4 
 
 29 20.2 
 
 23.8 
 25 6 
 27.4 
 
 34 29.2 
 
 35 3i 
 
 36 32.8 
 
 37 34.6 
 
 38 - 36.4 
 
 39 38.2 
 
 40 ' 40 
 
 41 = 41.8 
 
 47 - 43.6 
 
 43 45.4 
 
 44 - 47.2 
 
 45 49 
 
 46 - 50.8 
 41 M.6 
 
 48 - 54.4 
 
 49 - 56.5 
 
 RMR. 
 
 o 
 
 70. 
 19.2 
 18.4 
 17.6 
 
 16.3 
 16 
 
 15.3 
 14.4 
 13.6 
 12.8 
 12 
 
 11.2 
 10.4 
 9.6 
 8.8 
 8 
 7. 
 6.4 
 5.6 
 4.8 
 
 11.2 
 
 12 
 
 12.8 
 
 13.6 
 
 14.4 
 
 15.2 
 
 16 
 
 16.8 
 
 17.6 
 
 18.4 
 
 19.2 
 
 20 
 
 20.8 
 
 21.6 
 
 22.4 
 
 23.2 
 
 24 
 
 24.8 
 
 25.6 
 
 26.4 
 
 27.2 
 
 28 
 
 28.8 
 
 29.6 
 
 30.4 
 
 31.2 
 
 32 
 
 32.8 
 
 33. 6 
 
 34.4 
 
 35.2 
 
 36.8 
 37.6 
 38.4 
 39.2 
 
 * 
 
 ^WEIGHTS & 
 ..MEASURES 
 
 , ._ i.-Free? 
 
 point -32F.= 0C.- 0R.', Boil.ng polnl 
 2l2P. -iOOC.-80 fl. 
 
 To convert dc g-rees Centigrade o^Reaunm 
 Into degrees Fahrenheit, or \i\te. Ne.-^aL,as 
 one ol the following formulae. -Let F = 
 Number ol degrees Fahrenheit, C -Nuanbe 
 ol degrees Centigrade, arid. R' Number of 
 degrees Reaumur, hente- 
 
 -WocntX -The article bring con 
 pleted, is hardened by being Heated grad 
 ualiy to a bright red, and then plungec 
 into cold water- it is then tempered by 
 being warmed gradually and equably,ei 
 ther over a fire, or on a piece ol healed 
 metal, till Of the color corresponding to 
 the purpose for which it is required, as 
 pr> table below, when it is again plui 
 into water. 
 
 A very pale straw. 430 F 
 
 Straw 450 /Razors. 
 
 Darker straw .... 470 1 Penknives, Scissors*. 
 
 Yellow 490 I Wood Tools. 
 
 Brown yellow . . 500 ] Hatchels,Saws,Chip 
 Slijhtly trnpd purple 520 [ ping Chisels.and ai 
 Purple , , 530 J kinds of flrrcuisiw Tools. 
 
 ^*:::::88)'p^- 
 
 Da-rkblue 600 Soft for saw*. 
 
 - A wire, made ot v arious me* 
 ais, and 034 of a line in diameter, 
 sustain weights as follows. 
 Lead 28 IDs. Silver.,., ., 187 ibs 
 
 Tin..... 35' 
 
 Zinc 10 
 
 tola 150 
 
 Platinum ,..274 
 
 Copper 302 
 
 Iron 549 
 
 WATER Health, Wealth 
 
 MilkandWaier Sermili, ol Mind. 
 Small Beer. , ,. . Reputation, Happimss. 
 Cider and IVrt|i . Cheertulritss,Contnitinni 
 
 Wine- ^StrrH9th, Vi9or,Nourish- 
 
 Porttt Iment when taken at 
 
 Strong Berr . ., J meals, nd moderately 
 EE 
 
 60 seconds 
 60 minutes 
 24 hours 
 7 d a y s 
 29d.l2h.44m. 3S. 
 28,29. 30 or3ldays 
 30days 
 365da y s 
 
 RAH PEB CEN1. SIMPLE INT. COMPOUND INT 
 
 10 (Oyears. 7yearslOOday 
 
 9 II ' 404tyl8 16 
 
 8 17 " 180 9 2 
 
 7 14 " 104 " 10 " 89 
 
 6 16 "240 " II " 327 
 
 5 20 " ' 15 75 
 
 4> 22 " 81 " 15 273 
 
 4 25 " 17 ' 246 
 
 3* 28 "208 " 20 " 54 
 
 3 33 " 120 " 23 164 
 
 2* 40 28 " 26 
 
 2 . ...50 " 35 " I 
 
 I hour. 
 
 I day. 
 
 i week. 
 
 lluna-r month. 
 
 I calendar month. 
 
 I inteiesl month. 
 
 I common year. 
 
 I Julian yiear. 
 
 I Leap year. 
 
 I solar ox tropical year 
 
 I sidereal year. 
 
 I anomalistic year. 
 
 I revolution of Mercur 
 
 I " " Venu.5 
 
 I 't Earth. 
 
 j < "Mars. 
 
 I "Jupiter 
 
 I " Satimi 
 
 I "Uranus 
 
 I "Ncptum 
 
 I fortnight. 
 
 I scholastic month 
 
 I year, nearly. 
 
 i year. 
 
 I scholastic year. 
 
 I Mohammedan year 
 
 I olympiad. 
 
 I decade. 
 
 I Roman indiclion. 
 
 I Lunar cycle. 
 
 I Solar cyclelOld Style 
 
 I Century. 
 
 I Solar cyclclNewStyl. 
 
 I Dionysian periodlO.S 
 
 I Millennium. 
 
 I Oionysian period(N.5. 
 
 I Julian period. 
 
 366 days 
 
 365d.5h.48m. 49S. 
 
 365d.6h. 9m. 12s. 
 
 365d.6h.l3 m. 49s. 
 
 88 days < 
 
 224days < 
 
 363 days 
 
 687 days 
 
 4,332 days 
 
 I0,759days 
 
 30,686 days 
 
 60, 126 days 
 
 2 weeks ' 
 
 4 weeks ; 
 
 52 Weeks 
 
 12 months ' 
 
 13 months ' 
 1 2 lunar months ' 
 
 4 years 
 
 10 years 
 
 15 years 
 
 19 years ' 
 
 28 years ' 
 
 100 years < 
 
 400 years 
 
 532 yea-rs = 
 
 1000 years : 
 
 7600 years 
 
 7980 years = 
 
 the purpose of discipline, and to fairly di/ide 
 the watch,! he crew is mustered in two diviswn, 
 the Starboard.and the Port. The day commence 
 at noon, and is divided thus: - AfternoonWatch, 
 noon to 4 P.M.; First Ooj Watch, 4P.M. to 6 P.M 
 Second Doj Watch,6P.M.to8RM.; First Watch 
 8P.M. to midni^hl;MiddleWalch,l2A.M.to4 A.M.;Mon 
 in4Walch4A.M.to8A.M.;ForenoorWatch,8A.M.twi 
 
 Time is kept by "Bells:' 
 
 : 'vn\t K.V^. SBflls- 6.30 T\w>t.?.>A. I Bell - 6.30 
 I Bell - 12.30 6 - 7.00 I Bell - I2JO 2 Bete- 7.00 
 7.30 2 Bells- 1.00 3 " - 7JO 
 
 2 Bells- 1.00 
 3"- 1.308 
 4- 2.00 
 5"- 2.30 
 
 - 3.00 
 
 I Bell- 4.30 
 2Belb- 5.00 
 
 8.003 - 1.304 
 
 I Bell - 8\30 6 
 
 - 3.30 2 Bells- 9.00 7 
 
 - 4.003 "- 9.308 
 
 - 5.307 -ll.303 
 6.00 8 "--noon 4 
 
 4 " -10.00 \V 
 
 -10.30 i Ben- 430 5 M -H.30 
 -11.00 JBflls- 5.00 6 " -11.00 
 
 1-5.307 
 1 - 6JX) 8 
 
 8JO 
 
 - 3.00 I Bell - 830 
 3.302Bells- 9.00 
 -4.003 "- 9^0 
 -IO.OC
 
 Muscles 2.0 
 
 Bones 2.5 
 
 Cartilages 2.8 
 
 Milk 1.0 
 
 Saliva 1.5 
 
 Bile 3.5 
 
 Blood 4.5 
 
 Mucus ...0.6 
 
 Lead 
 
 Tin 
 
 Copper 
 
 Yellow Brass - 
 
 Gun Metal 5.0 
 
 . .- Castlron 9.0 
 
 . 1.4 Swedish Iron.. 9.5 
 .4.3 English Iron.. .10.1 
 ' " Blistered Steel... 16.6 
 
 - Shear Steel 17.0 
 
 Of "WOt O^LKH.-Exper- 
 
 imcnts made by Capt.Wilkes indicaUthat 
 light penetrates the ocean to the depth of 
 80fathomsl480ft.). The depth at which ob- 
 jects cease to be visible to the eye is much 
 less. A pot painted white was let down in- 
 to the water, and the point of invisibili- 
 ty marked; upon taking it out the point 
 of visibility was marked, and the two 
 were found to vary but a fathom or two. 
 In water at 36 F., the pot disappeared at 
 six fathoms; in water at76F.,at thirtij 
 fathoms; In the G-ulf Stream, at twenty- 
 seven fathoms; just outside of it, at twm 
 
 "VVOX Wv VMHA NN%\fcYTC.- 24grains=lpen 
 nyweight; 20 pennyweights- I ounce; 12 
 ounces= I pound. 
 
 CX?Va\Tt.S O^.-AII founders cast.their 
 type one uniform height and depth, but 
 the letters vary much in their breadth. 
 
 The following are the sizes mostly used 
 in books: 
 
 ^V\\\\vfOi( .- A column Scinches long, 
 and 2inches wide, if set in Brilliant,!!: 
 would contain 124 lines, and about 7,500 
 letters. 
 
 ^'\a.T<\o.rA is the next size; the column, as 
 above described, would contain 107 lines, 
 and about 6,000 letters 
 
 PtlTilitTjldhe ar of producmji i-rnpTtsttotit trow chancttf 
 
 Vea.-A, 95 lines, 4,370 letters. 
 Printing is tHe art of producing i-mpressiowl 
 
 Kiya-U, 87 lines, 3,740 letters. 
 Printing is the art of producing impressio 
 
 HcmvawV, 75 lines, 3,000 letters. 
 
 Printing is the a-rt of produciruj im 
 VKv\\\or\., 64 lines, 2,360 letters. 
 
 Printinc) is the art of producitip 
 Vce\i\, 58 lines, 1,970 letters. 
 
 Prmtiruj is the art of p-roduci 
 
 ^owKwo'ss, 53 lines, 1,590 letters. 
 
 is the art of prod 
 
 Kw\tK, 47 lines, 1,360 letters. 
 
 is the art of pt 
 
 ., 43 lines, 1,120 letters. 
 
 Prititin9 is the art of 
 
 ^\ta., 3T li-nes, 890 letters. 
 
 Printing is the ari 
 
 V\o,\ViV\, 34 lines, 680 letters. 
 
 Priniiri9 is the a 
 
 to\\vv<\\iviT\, 30 lines, 550 letters. 
 
 is the 
 
 ,27 lines, 430 letters. 
 
 isth 
 
 Wca., 22 lines, 280 letters 
 
 is't 
 
 W.- The rapid- 
 ity with which type can be set depends 
 upon the size of the type, and the char 
 acter of the composition. An expert can 
 set upward of 2000 ems, solid minion,23 
 ems to the line, one break to each stick- 
 ful, in an hour; or upward of SOOOems, 
 nonpareil, newspaper measure, in 3 hours. 
 
 NTOMCRMNb&TO. W.- The rapidity 
 of this depends upon the chaiacter of the 
 matter, and the familiarity of-the wri- 
 ter with it. An expert can write, on or- 
 dinary correspondence, 100 words in a 
 minute. Upward of 900_0 words from 
 dictation has been written in I hour 
 30 minutes. 
 
 ;XVWwmV\\Wa,VvKVi 0V.- This term 
 refers to the pen print as seen through 
 out this book. In order to fairly repre- 
 sent this method with the above two, 
 the'writer timed his best work, and 
 found, that in ordinary work, such as 
 this and the above two paragraphs, he 
 could print a page of this book in four 
 hours and ten minutes. The page contains 
 about 4000 ems. 
 
 k\v\t VKe/SAwie. .- 20 units= I score; 
 nits = I dozen ; 12 dozen = I 91-039; I2jross 
 = I great gross. 
 
 cent; I0cents = l dime; 10 dimes = I dol- 
 lar; 10 dollars = I eagle,. 
 IW\\V.K^\OH.- Each person requires at 
 least fTom3to4 cubic -feet of air per 
 minute. Sleeping apartments require 
 1000 cubic feet of space to each occupant 
 An ordinary gas flame requires as 
 much air as 9 persons. 
 
 Anise 3ti 
 
 Artichoke ... 5'' 
 
 Beans 2' 
 
 Beets 3' 
 
 Broccoli 5' 
 
 Cabbage....^*. 3' 
 Caraway.';.?: 2' 
 Cauliflower.'. 5' 
 
 Carrots 2' 
 
 Celery 2< 
 
 Corn (on cob) . 2' 
 
 Cress .3' 
 
 Cucumber-... 8* 
 
 Endive 5' 
 
 Egg Plant.... I' 
 
 Leek 2- 
 
 Lettuce 3' 
 
 Melon 8" 
 
 Asparagus . 
 
 Mustard 
 
 Okra 
 
 Onions 
 
 Peas 
 
 Pumpkin .. 
 
 Parsley 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 Pepper 
 
 Radish 
 
 Rhubarb .. 
 
 Sajc 
 
 Squash 
 
 Spinach 
 
 Sweet Corn 
 
 To-mato 
 
 Turnip 
 
 Wheat. ... 
 
 . a3 
 3"4 
 3"4 
 2"3 
 5"6 
 
 .8"IO 
 2"3 
 I "2 
 2"3 
 3"4 
 
 .3"4 
 2"3 
 t>"!0 
 3"4 
 
 . 2' '3 
 2"3 
 3"6 
 
 .2"3 
 
 . 
 
 The Standard of Comparison is thevol 
 ume of air at 32 Founder an atmosphp 
 ic pressure of 29.22 inches in the barometer 
 
 TEMP . WEIOHT TEMP- .... WEI6HT 
 IBS. ER 
 
 
 12 
 22 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 52 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 82 
 
 92 
 
 102 
 
 I 12 
 
 122 
 
 132 
 
 142 
 
 152 
 
 .335 
 .960 
 .980 
 1. 000 
 1. 020 
 I. 04! 
 I.OSl < 
 I. 082 ' 
 I.IOT' 
 I.I22 
 I . I43 
 I.I63 
 I.I84 
 1 .204 
 1. 224 
 1. 245 
 
 .0864 
 .0842 
 .0824 
 .0807 
 .079! 
 .0776 
 .C76I 
 .0747 
 .0733 
 .0720 
 .0707 
 .0694 
 .0682 
 .067 1 
 '.0659 
 ^.0649 
 
 UME. 
 
 1 62= 1. 265 
 172=1.285 
 182 = 1.306 
 192 = 1.326 
 202 - 1 .347 
 212-1.367 
 230 - 1 .404 . 
 250 = I .444 
 275-1.495 
 300 - 1 .546 
 325 - 1 .597 
 350 = 1.648 
 375-1.689 
 400 = 1.750 
 450 = 1.852 
 500 = I .954 
 
 .0638 
 '.0628 
 '.0618 
 .0609 
 .0600 
 .0591 
 .0575 
 .0559 
 -.0540 
 .0522 
 -.0506 
 =.0490 
 '.0477 
 -.0461 
 -0436 
 -.0413 
 
 FRESH. SALT. 
 
 Greatest density - 39.2 Fahr. = Freeiin^ Point. 
 I cu.f t. at 40. .-62.425 Ibs. = 64 I bs. 
 I cu. in.at40. .- .036126 Ibs. = .037037 Ibs 
 I cu.ft. at 40. .= 7.500 9als. = 7.4Sgail3. 
 Igallon weighs. = 8.33 Ibs-. = 8.61 Ibs. 
 
 I ton. .-35.943 cu.ffc= 35 cu.ft. 
 
 I ton =240ga.is. =233aals. 
 
 Freezes =32 Fahr. 27" Fahr. 
 
 Boils 2l2Fahr. =227 Fahr. 
 
 t cubic foot of ice weighs 53. 08 Ibs. 
 water evaporates at all temperatures. 
 In^reeiin9 it expands .076 of its bulk. 
 By weight 88.889 pirts-oxjipenjILlU-hiidrogen. 
 By measure I part = oxygen^ J=hydro9en. 
 In changing to the gaseous state, water in 
 
 creases in volume 1696 times. 
 About ^3 part of the weight ot sea wa- 
 ter is salt 
 
 NK\^.WK\X<a,V^.\W\ W.- FEET. 
 
 Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland. 2(400 
 
 Falls of Arva, Savoy 1 ,600 
 
 Lanterbaum,LakeTheen,Switzerl'd. 900 
 
 Natckikin Falls, Kamschatka 300 
 
 Falls of TcrnijTiear Rome 300 
 
 Mont Morency Falls,aucbcc,Canida 250 
 Fryer's.neaT Lochness,Scotland... 200" 
 Niagara Falls, North America .... 164 
 Lidford Cascade, Devonshire, England . 1 00 
 Sentinel, Yosemite Valley, Calif ornii. 3,270 
 Yosemite, " " " 2,634 
 
 Royal Arch, " " >' 
 
 Genesce Falls, Rochester, N.Y. ..... 
 
 Missouri Falls, Montana 
 
 Waterfall Mountain Cascade, S.Africa. 
 
 Passaic Falls, New Jersey 
 
 Mohawk Falls, N.Y ;:; ^ 8 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony, UpperMississippi 60 
 
 Nile Cataracts, Upper Egypt 40 
 
 Tivoli Cascade, near Rome 40 
 
 2,000 
 96 
 94 
 85 
 71 
 
 Teeth 
 
 Bones 
 
 Cartilage .'.... 
 
 Muscles 
 
 Ligaments..., 
 
 Brain 
 
 Blood 
 
 100 
 
 130 
 .550 
 
 760 Ly 
 .768 
 , 783 P< 
 , 795 
 
 Sile 880 
 
 Mi!k 887 
 
 Fincreiticjuice. 900 
 jmph ... .... 960 
 
 Castric Juice.. 975 
 'erspirition... 986 
 Saliva 995 
 
 Sea water is seldom below 40; springs 
 about 45; pools and small rivers are as the 
 atmosphere; fermentation, 57 to 77;dri 
 ingherbs,etc.,77 to. 1 22 .. - -
 
 i Falls has a capacity of more 
 than ten millions of cubic feet per mm 
 ute, equal to three million horse powe 
 nominator nine million real. 
 
 To calculate the power, in foot-pounds, 
 or hors power, of any water-fall, VAw.\V\ 
 V\\) VIM VIM. < Vf\ ctovi vx.V\crt\.'w W\ 
 \>v> \V\* N\OC\\\) Vx\ ' 
 
 c\0o\t XooV oS vv\t"C , 
 'sx) V\\t NfiVxeai \.\\ Xrv W\, 
 
 EXAMPLE. The flume of a -mill i!5 
 feet wide, the water is 4 feet deep, the vc 
 locity 30 feet per minute, and the fall 10 
 feet; what is the horse-power of thefall? 
 0cia.\'\(m.-l5 x4 x50x!0x62 ) 4-l,875,000. 
 Then, 1,875,000+33,000=56^- horse-power. 
 
 evX Vrtwmv-The temperature of boil- 
 ing water at atmospheric pressure, or ex- 
 posed to air, is 212 ; under 60 Ibs. press- 
 ure of steam as shown by steam guagc, 
 307"; usual heat of superheated steam, 
 380 to 400. 
 
 .- Assuming that each individ 
 ual drinks an average of one quart of 
 water each day, durin9 a lift of 70 liars, 
 he would dtinK 203 barrels. The total 
 population of the earth drink each year 
 IT7,863OC hogsheads, equivalent to a. lake 
 having an area of 100 square miles, and 
 Sfeet in depth. 
 
 .-The dy 
 
 Mamie force of waves is jjreatejl at thu 
 crest of the way* before it breaks, and 
 its powrt of raising itself is measured by 
 various facts. At Waskurg, Norway it has 
 risen 4-00 feet, and on the coast of Corn 
 wall, 300 feet. There are cases showing 
 that waves have sometimes raised col- 
 umns of water equivalent to a pmaurt 
 of from three to five tons pci (quart toot. 
 
 The e*trerm height of mid-ocean waves 
 is estimated to be f rum 20 to 22 ft., and 
 the average force 611 Ibs. per square foot 
 during the summer months, a-nd 2086 
 Ibs. during the winter months. 
 
 By observation it has been determined that 
 When waves had heights of 
 
 8ft., there were '35 per mile, and 8 per minufc. 
 15- 6 5 
 20" 3 "4 
 
 ,. > .- T. 
 
 Lindley estimates as alow average the 
 following number of seeds f-romeactiol 
 these four plants: 
 
 I plant uf Groundsel produces ____ 2,080 
 Dandelion ' ---- 2,740 
 Sow Thistle ....11,040 
 
 I Spur 9 t .... 540 
 
 The above estimates, the average of 
 which is 4,ioo, map also be applied to 
 pig-weed, burdock, fox-tail, chick- weed, and 
 purslane. 
 
 The eed from ihe fin, four plants will 
 cove? th-ree and a half acres of land 
 at three feet apart. 
 
 End of 1st year is the Cotton Wedding. 
 
 2nd " Paper 
 
 3rd ' Leather 
 
 5th " Wooden 
 
 7th Woolen 
 
 10th " " Tin' 
 
 12th If !?, 
 
 15th " Crystal 
 
 20h China 
 
 25th Silver 
 
 30th Pearl 
 
 40th " " Ruby 
 
 50th ,'i it G-olden 
 
 75th " " Diamond 
 
 Th earliest units of lineal measure wen 
 th finger.the thumb, th digit, the palm 
 the hand, the forearm (cubit), the falh 
 om (space from end of one ar-m to end 
 of other, both arms being extended), the 
 girdle, the foot, the span, the stride, th* 
 mile of 1000 paces, etc. Seeds were used 
 as units both of weight and of length 
 
 In 1266 it was enacted in England thai 
 "an English penny, called a sterlino,round 
 and without clipping, shall weigh 32wha 
 corns, from the midst of the ear, and 20 
 pence shall make an ounce, and 12 01. I 
 pound, and 8 pounds do make agallon 
 of wine, and 8 gallons of wine do make 
 a London bushel, which isthe-fe par) 
 of a quarte-r; and in 1324, that "3 bar 
 leycoms, round and dry, shall make an 
 inch"(meaning originally twelfth part 
 and 12 in. a foot." Other primitive stan 
 dards of weight were the weight of*. 
 man, the load of a man, of an ass, bu. 
 lock, mule, or camel. 
 
 Troy weight, supposed to be derived 
 from the fair of Troyes, was used in 
 England when, about the beginnings 
 the 14th century, its foreign cornmerc* 
 began to enlarge. 
 
 Avoirdupois weight, now used for all 
 merchandise sold by weight, except the 
 precious metals arid the precious stones, 
 has been in use in England for many 
 centuries. The word "avoirdupois" (to 
 have weight) occurs first in the English 
 Statutes In 1335. 
 
 In the United States, Congress adopted 
 the decimal system in the subdivision 
 of money. In 1836 a law was enacted 
 for regulating the Weights and Measures 
 of the Union, by which the Secretarji ol 
 the Treasury was directed to supply stn- 
 dards of weights, of length, and of ca- 
 pacity, according to the standards of 
 Oreat Britain, to the Governors of States, 
 ind Revenue Collectors. JohnQuincy Ad 
 ams reported in 1821 in favor of the Brit- 
 ish standards, because they mere in ger 
 eral use, and a change to the decimal iij- 
 kerntMetric System), would be attended 
 'with great embarrassment. 
 ' The Metric System wag legalized in thi 
 United States on July 28, 1866. 
 W*Kt,fc*KWb OT.- Weight,col0r, and 
 cleanliness are the principal considera- 
 tions in determining the grade, of wheat. 
 . The word t\\i\> 1$ used in America arid 
 
 Other countries to designate a. kind^ Or 
 species of wheat, but in Liverpool it is 
 used only to designate the beif quality 
 or the highest grade, and in that mark 
 et any kind or species of wheat ot the ijuil 
 itu of the grade is called Club Wheat. 
 In Liverpool the grades are tWo vivo. 
 
 fi^i, and butters are further guided by 
 subdivisions of these grades. 
 
 jlub 
 
 7 Aw.w 
 
 Ifc Name. Na Weight. 
 
 Choice. 
 
 2 Common! 
 
 Choice' 
 
 2 Common 
 
 2nd Division 
 
 63U>s ; 
 
 63 Ibs. 
 63 Ibs. 
 63 Ibs. 
 63 Ibs. 
 
 3 60 Ibs. 
 
 4 60 Ibs. 
 
 SO Ibs. 
 
 457V 
 
 Colot 
 
 Light. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Clean. 
 
 Clean. 
 Clean. 
 Clean. 
 Mixed. 
 Clean. 
 Clean. 
 
 Mixed. 
 Clean. 
 Clean. 
 
 . .- W heat 
 
 varies considerably is to the proportion 
 of starch, gluten, etc., which it contains 
 One hundred parts of the grain of wheal 
 contain on an average water, 14.83; 
 y-luten, 19.64; Albu.rnen,0.95; starch 
 45.995 gum, 1. 52; sugar, 1.50 j oil, 
 0.87.; vegetable fiber, 12.34; ash, 2.36 
 total, 100.00. 
 
 The ash is^rich in phosphoric acid, 
 magnesia, and potash. Its composition 
 is as follows: Potash, 29.97; soda,3.90, 
 magnesia, 12.30; lime, 3.40; phosphor 
 ic acid, 46.00; sulphuric acid,0.33; sil 
 ica,3.35j peroxide of iron, O.T9; ch!6- 
 ride of sodium, 0.09; total, 100.00. 
 
 Of flour, the best wheAt yields 76 to 
 80 per cent, someHrrtes even 86 per 
 cent, whereas, inferior kinds seldom 
 yield more than 68 per cent, and some 
 times only 54 to56 per cent. 
 
 Wheat-straw contains, on an average 
 nitrogenous, substances, 1.85 ; npn-ni- 
 troaenoiw substances, 67.56; minera 
 substances, 4.59 ; water, 26. 00 ; total , 
 100.00. The ash of straw is as follows 
 Potash, 12. 14 ; soda, 0.60; .maonesia,2J4 
 lime, 6.23; phosphoric acid, 5.43; sul- 
 phuric acid, 3.88; silicia,67.88j perox- 
 ide of iron, 0.74; chloride of sod:um,0.2J, 
 iota), 100.00. 
 
 -w\4e,*Y- A body of ail- in motion 
 is called wind. It travels at various 
 'rates and in many different directions. 
 By means of an instTu-mstik called 
 the aM\e\AOXr\.Ve,A(se.cul;) > U has been 
 ascertained thai the velocity of a. linht 
 wind is 5 Wiles in hour; of* "stiff 
 breeze, 25 miles J of a storm, 50; of a 
 hurricane, from 80 to IOO,oT even 150, 
 and Of a cyclone, ISO.
 
 |^=p-rr :: t " 
 
 3| WEIGHTS 
 
 ^tri'iiiii'iiini'iriiiii 
 
 ~ 
 
 rCv Me\oc'\V\es o\ VAe.Wmi.-The length 
 of 3rt 3.1-m (whip) is divided into 7 parts, 
 the sails extending over 6 parts. The 
 force of the wind at 10 miles an hour, 
 is half a pound per square foot-, atiAmilM 
 is a pound; at 20 -miles, 2 Ibs.; at25miles, 
 3 Ibs.; at 35 -miles, 6 Ibs.; at 4-5 -miles, 10 
 Ibs.; at 60 miles, 17^4; at lOOmita.near 
 lit 50 Ibs. . "~ m 
 
 The driving shaft of a wind-mill fs 
 to be set at an elevated angle with the 
 horizon when set in low localities, arid 
 at a depressed angle when set on eleva 
 tions. These angles may range from 3 
 to 35." To give the fullest effect to the 
 force of the wind, the sails a-re 'mclined 
 to the axis from 72 to75. The tips 
 of the sails often move 30 miles per 
 hour, or 44 feet per second. From tip 
 to tip is about 70 feet, and the breadth 
 f-rom 5 to 6 feet. The performance of 
 such a will is equivalent to the power 
 of 34 men. 
 
 = lpint; 2 pints = I quart; 4quiTts=l 
 gallon; 31/5 gal Ions = I barrel ; 42 gallons 
 = 1 tierce; 63 gal Ions = I hogshead ;2hogs- 
 heads= I pipe ox butt; 2 pipes=l ton. 
 The wine gallon contains 23lcu.in. 
 
 ^o-x V.T\C..S.- The table is based upon each 
 pound of wire measuring one rod('~" 
 feet). \vV<v. a\.\v*4. 1\.V 
 
 I square acre 50% I bs. 1 1^ I bs. 1 52 1 bs. 
 
 Isideof asq.acre.. 12% " 253" 38" 
 I square half-acre. 36 72 "108 
 (square mile... 1280 "2560 "3840 
 I side of sq. mile... 320 " 640 "960 
 1 00 rods in length 100 " 200 "300 
 100 feet 6% " 12% " 18; 
 
 vjoofc 'wovMxnCr wvKCA\\\.w,<;,m^ w.- 
 
 Circular saws for ripping soft wood, 9,000 
 ft. per minute atth periphery. Ripping hard 
 wood, 6, 800 ft. per minute at the periphe- 
 ry. Cross-cutting soft wood, I0,000ft.per 
 minute, and cross-cutting hard wood, 7,500 
 ft. per minute. 
 
 Mill or reciprocating saws, designed to 
 carry not more than one saw per I in. 
 width of saw or swing frame. To cut logs 
 up to 4ft. sq.,MO revs, per min.; 3ft. 6 in. 
 Sq., 1 20 revs, per min. ; 3 ft. sq., 125 revs, 
 per min.; 2ft. 6in.sq., 135 revs, per min. 
 2ft. sq., 155 revs, per min.-, I ft. 6 in. sq., 
 180 revs, per min. 
 
 Double Equilibrium Deal Sawing Frames 
 (balance swing frames). To cut two dells 
 up to 14 in. x5 in., 300 revs. per win.; 18 in. 
 x 6 in., 260 revs, per win.; 24 in. x7 in., 
 220 revs, per ruin. 
 
 Single Deal Sawing Frames.-To cut one 
 deal up to II in. x 3 in., 260 revs, per min.; 
 I4in.x4in.,250 revs. per min.; ISin.xfiin. 
 215 revs, per min. 
 
 Single-bladed Frames, 1, 500 feet per min. 
 
 Band Saws. -Blades running on wheels 
 up to 3ft. diameter. For sawing softwoods.- 
 Traverse of saw-blade per min. u-p to 4,500 
 ft.; oo. hard wood,3,500f t.; do. verg hard 
 wood, ivory, etc., 750ft.-, do. iron, 250ft. 
 
 Jigger Saws, to cut 12 in. deep, 800 tolOOO 
 revs, per min. 
 
 Planing Ma.chines.-The cutting edges of 
 planing and molding irons when two on- 
 ly are employed and arranged on cu-tter blqcte 
 varying in diameter from 4in.to9in. in 
 diameter-should be speeded to travel from 
 5,000 to 6,000 feet per minute. 77" * 
 
 (fc. Mortising Machines.! Reciprocatin^-Heav 
 u machines to mortise up to 3in. wide, 175 
 to 215 strokes per min. I in. wide, 200 to 
 300 strokes; I in. widelmovable table),275 
 to 400 strokes. 
 
 Rotary Mortising and Boring Machines.- 
 Soft wood, 2,000 -revs, per min.; hard wood, 
 1,200 per min. 
 
 Tenoning Machines. -Heavy machines, av- 
 erage 3,000ft. of cutting edge per minute. 
 Light machines,3,000 to 4,000ft. of cut- 
 ting edge per minute. 
 
 Emery wheels for saw-sharpening, etc., 
 4,500 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 i c."tscm^>. Shakspeare, who had the rich- 
 est vocabulary used by any Englishman, 
 employed only 16,000 words. (There are up 
 ward of 60,000 different words in the En- 
 glish Language). Milton used but 8,000, 
 and the average graduate from any of 
 the great universities, rarely has a vocab- 
 ulary of more than 3,000 or 4,000 words. 
 The ordinary person can get along ver- 
 y comfortably with 500 words, and in the 
 rural districts a knowledge of 200words 
 is sufficient to carry a man through his 
 life. This of course refers to the needs of 
 conversation. A man reading newspapers 
 and well-written books, needs upward of 
 2,000 words. The Old Testament contains 
 5,642 differert words. 
 
 The English Bible.. 93 
 The Prayer Book.. 87 
 
 Poetru 88 
 
 Prose Fiction 87 
 
 Essays 78 
 
 Oratory 76 
 
 History 72 
 
 Newspapers 72 
 
 Works on 
 
 Rhetoric. ..69 
 
 ination ot the dictionary, Dean Trench 
 comes to the following conclusion. Sup 
 pose the English language to be divided 
 into 100 parts; of these, to make a tough 
 distribution, 60 are Anglo-Saxon; 30 are 
 Latin; 5 are Greek; and the remaining 5 
 parts are to be divided among all the 
 other languages from which isolated WOBOS 
 
 The average difference between winter and 
 summer kemperature varies with the d'S 
 tance from the equator. At Singapore it 
 is but 2; at Bombay the difference is 6 
 at Calcutta, 14; at London, 23; at St. 
 Petersburg, 43 ; at Quebec, 54 ; New 
 Vork, 44 6 ; Bismarck, N.D., 63- San Di- 
 ego, Cal., 13; Indianapolis, 48 s ; Chica- 
 
 
 go, 48; Denver, 45 
 
 Apples,gTeen, bushl=50 lbs.;ba.rreU200lbs 
 
 Almonds, se-ron= I toicwt. ~*f 
 
 Ashes, pot or pearl, barrel=450 Ibs. 
 
 Beef, Pork, or Bacon, hogshead = 1,000 Ibs. 
 
 Butter, bbl.=224 )bs.;fbkin=56lb3.;tub-.84ii 
 
 Bark, cord= 2,000 Ibs. 
 
 Bee-r, hogshead- 54 gallons. 
 
 Brarrau, puncheon = ';;*jgals;hhd.= 5 6oi0a Is. 
 
 Bricks, common, each -5 Ibs. 
 Cement, barrel = 300 Ibs. 
 Charcoal, bu.shel-22 Ibs. 
 Claret, hogshead- 46 gallons. 
 Coffee, tiercels to 6cwt.; bag,Ripl61lb 
 < St.Domingo = l30lbs.; packet, Java>50 
 * Ibs.; bale,Mocha,= 2 to2^cwt.' 
 Coke, bushel =40 Ibs. 
 Cotton, bale = 300 to 400 Ibs. 
 Eggs, barrel = 200 Ibs. 
 Fathom-6 fee-t. 
 Figs, drum = 24 Ibs. 
 Fish, quintil=H2 Ibs.; barrel -200 Ibs. 
 Flax, Russian bale- 5 to 6 cwt. 
 Flour, barrel- !96 Ibs. 
 Fodder of Lead= I9'icwt. 
 Ginger, ground, box = 24 Ibs. 
 Hair's Breadth -Xa of an inch. 
 Hand = 4 inches. \ - 
 
 Hides, green, average each85 Ibs. ; dry,a 
 
 erage-33 Ibs. 
 Honey, gallon = 12 Ibs. 
 Hops, bag = about 2 ) icwt. 
 lce,bushel=80lbs. 
 Indian Meal, hogshead= 800 Ibs. 
 Lard, barrel = 333 Ibs. 
 Last =10 quarters of corn. 
 Lemons, box, Sicily,= about 300 Ibs. 
 Lime, barrel -225 Ibs. 
 Line-^fith of an inch. 
 Mace, case -about l-^cwt. 
 Madeira, pipe-92 gallons. 
 Man's Load -5 bushels. 
 Market Loid = 40 bushels. 
 Metre =3.2.8 feet. 
 Nail=2^ inches. ! 
 Nails, keg=IOO Ibs. 
 Oranges, bo, double 0,=300 to 35C I bs 
 " single 0,*n5 to 350 " 
 
 Oysters, bushel= lOOIbs. 
 Pace -3 feet. 
 Paim=3 inches. - 
 
 Pork,barreU200lbs.; hogshead = 1,000 'bs. 
 Port Wine, pipe = 1 15 gallons. 
 Resin, barrel = 300 Ibs. 
 Rum, puncheon = 100 to HO gallons. 
 Powder, keg-25 Ibs. 
 Raisins, cask* 100 Ibs. 
 Salma of Oil = 42.i6oallons. 
 Salmon, bor = i20 to 130 Ibs. 
 Salt, hogshead = 30 bushels; bar-teu3" 
 
 bushels; busheu 7Q ibs. 
 Sand, travel, etc., cubic foot -'50 Ibs. 
 Sherry, butl= 108 gallons. 
 Skippond,&ottenbarg, = 300 Ib3. 
 Soap, barreU256 Ibs.; bo75 Ibs. 
 Span =9 inches. 
 
 Stcrw, dressed, cubic foot = l80 Ibs. 
 Straw or Hay, load- 36 truss. 
 Sugar, barrel=200 to250 Ibs.j bo=400 
 
 500 I bs. ^ 
 
 Tallow, barrel = 333 Ibs. 
 Tar, barrel = 300 Ibs. 
 Tea, chest, Congou-, =75 Ibs.; Hyson.chest 
 
 = 60 to 84 Ibs. ( 
 
 Teneriffe, pipe*IOO gallons. 
 Ton of Wood 2 stones. 
 Truss of Hay = 56 to 60 Ibs. 
 
 " Straw = 40 Ibs. 
 Turpentine, barrel = 300 Ibs. 
 Vara, Spanish, = 8 feet. , 
 
 11 of 8a-racoa= 20(eet. 
 Whale Oil, barrel= 3l^ gallons. 
 Whiskeu, Scotch, puncheon 1 10 to 130 gals. 
 Wood, hickory, cord = 4,500 Ibs. 
 
 " oak " =3,500 Ibs. 
 Wool,pack^240 Ibs. 
 
 " sack=308 Ibs. 
 Ya.rd= 0.9143835 metre. 
 Yarn, skein-80 turns around a.54-in.wheel. 
 
 85
 
 AltOT, iclu.- AMR.EIUUIOR. 
 AIIOT,SM'l- AMtl.MSKU'T- 
 UMTljACOl- AMII. AI3THO R- 
 AMOTLj-U.- AR. AUTHOR- 
 
 AIO-'IL lAKR-ARAI IHitf- 
 AMW-AZIZ-TURK.WITAN-- 
 
 EMC, J-tn-SER-JUdST- 
 
 AlEN,l-.-A WRITER- 
 
 AlElAtt. WRIf-FR.PHILOS.- 
 
 JOHN APAMSJ 
 
 - PMVAN CMPCHOA- o on 
 
 I it! 
 1757 
 
 uunuKc.rra-mu.ifAIESMAN-1 1(0 
 UkrWUtfcN-ENt-HKTOllAN- 
 (OlPHUS.FMn-uWOFWtOfN-.niO 
 OKPHUSOf KASSAIKdt.EMPEkOII- 1 2 r 
 AIRIAN [.-ROMAN PONTIFF- -DIED, I 
 
 SHAKE!. IIEO,( 
 
 AMIANllL- *IIM 
 
 AMUMEVL . O'EUJi 
 
 HiANYJ. " '.! 14' 
 
 -- issTAfscuruis 
 
 of EHPT- 
 
 ENElAL- 
 
 l(lAl(0, 
 A|CKIIIlM. 
 
 i -tRiT UNCIAL- 
 
 OCCUPATION 
 
 M OCCUPMIOM ~8W 
 
 AHASTASIUS t.-ROMAN PONTIFF -0.402 
 ANASTASIUS IL- -0. 498 
 ANASTA5IU5UL- i. -0. 90J 
 
 -MIS* 
 
 PHILOS.-B.C. 500 
 ANA.I1MANDER- .1 II -1.0. 6 10 
 
 ANCElOT.JAt.-FR. POET 1194- 
 
 ANCILLON.JOHANN-HR.H15Tm7 66 
 ANORSON,IIANVtAN. WRITER - 1 8 OS 
 -I8S9 
 
 PHILIP AUGUSTUS. 
 
 MAll'ONliFF O..IJ6 
 
 MfT 
 
 AltXANKHTO: 
 AUIANOEHVUL 
 
 .. . 
 
 ASjCOUl.HMt.-5AX.llIAU*61-U90 
 
 . 
 ASUEMliu,tmi-ri JOUST 
 
 ASUStiNA-SPAlilslifK!1-!l[>, I 8 57 
 
 AIKIN,IUC1-EN.AU1MOE55- - 1 18 
 AINMULLEI.MAI.-Ull ARTIST 180 
 
 AlTZEMA.LlEO* 
 AUtAR-SUlANOFlnt MMULS -P54 
 
 FlAlLA.X- AJFJL,ATPt CE.N.-1 823 
 
 'Eat-' 
 
 ANOCRI1. ii >8l8 
 
 ALANDEII.VVM.-AUEIt.UKMN..| 1 26 
 ALE>IS.MHA.-CZAI OF RUSSIA- 1630 
 
 Eiu.vinoRio- 
 ALfONSO I.-KINC. OF PORTUGAL- i 034 
 ALFONSO IL- 
 
 ALFONSO Ul.- ii 
 
 ILFONSO IK- > i ii 
 
 .LfONSO V- II 
 
 ILFONSO VI." i i 
 
 ALFONSO XII. KIN60F SfAIN 
 
 LFR!tlHF6AT-lN60FEN6. _ 
 
 t&A[>',AL[$N-|0-ill.SCUUP'-l60CJ 
 
 iLiBERT,jAN-FR.PHSlClAN -17 16 
 ILlSON.SIARtK.-ENS.HBIORIAN-l792 
 ILLAN, BAYIJ- SCOT. PAINTEI 1144 
 
 lUMLjOwr-WNUtl IWM i74i 
 
 ALLENjCHAS.-AMfR.CH'F JUSTICE ITS 
 
 LORD 8ACON. 
 
 AUF.N.HENHV W.-AMCA.&fNtRAL-- 
 
 ALIEN, JOHN-AVER. w.omcER 
 LitN.jos.w.EN6. PAINTER 
 LLN,PAUL-AMBIL, WRITER 
 
 LLEN,WM.-ENfr.CHEMlST - 
 
 LlHON!,S.A.-AMS.AuTnOB 
 LUSON,W.Rr AMBl 5TATESMAI- 
 , LLORl,LfSANt)RO-llAL. PAINTER- 
 ,LlSTON,WASM>N-AMER.PAINTfR- 
 ,LMA-T[i,l.-BL6<AllPAINTR-l 
 
 iMARts-wwer fWN-- 
 
 AMALlE MAKlC -tEK. DRAMATIST- 
 IROSf.Sl.-FATHEROFLAT.CH.- 
 ES,Fl<l(f-AlilE. ORATOI 
 
 CHESTER A. ARTHUR 
 
 AIM" [lAM-P>INCf If HOLES I S< 
 
 ieiNuS,B.S.-frER.AHA70M'ST i697 
 ALlONI,MARlETlA.rTu.t1N(E 1824 
 
 . >;:,_'-.,!- ">:' M.'i' ' ,'t 
 
 flOn.n A AMfR AulKOR 1791 
 
 AMiCum*NNi-<TAuASTIOMEI- 
 
 AMPi*E,A[[-FR.Pl,iLO)PllER- 
 
 lKt^A' 
 
 9/l Ii4tU>l-%OIMAX-U I 
 VI I JMAfNllFF |iEl,i 
 sill II .. .. OlEI.10 
 
 JAMES 6. BLAINE. 
 
 S.SlliOIgW-COUl1.60v'R-l 6 51 
 
 u rimPHHTAi.pAiintn-1 600 
 
 ARNK8 Of HE SClA-lTH. Ill 0!- 0. n 55 
 
 A8l0.flMIN-C^.POET 1832 
 
 AlLELIilrTH.!W-El*. AUTHOR- I82J 
 >MLt,rn.-Exe.HISTORlAN IT9S 
 
 1 RNOlO.WIIUllltl-SWtSS PMHI07-D.1 31 
 
 VU:i,l>, :.-. *<H .'EKiH-EiSILW: 
 
 iRTUEUESQ.- "ULMl 
 
 AI7UHUE&DL- UJ3I 
 
 ARTEMKIA-FL.-480 1.L-UEDIIFIMIUIUSI 
 AITUISI*- EL iSO 3.C.- COKMI 9t HtUSOUfi, 
 ARTmiR,CHEST!RV?ST PHES.U.S.- -1831 
 
 WILLIAM CuatN BRYANT. 
 
 ANfrtLlCO,FR-lTAL. PAINTER-US 
 
 AN6E IL,J05.R.- At.lf GA1 WHIT. 1 7 9. 
 
 IE OF AUS1RIA-QUEEI Of FRiNt-1 6 
 
 ANME-fiuEENOF CN6LAND- 1 6M 
 
 ,NNE OFC1EVES-4THWIEHEN.HIL-I5I! 
 
 NN BOLETN-2ND "-ISO 
 
 LNSON.GEO.-EI4t.ADMlP.AL --I69 
 
 .NTHON.CMAVAMilL SCHOLAR IT9 
 
 ANlOll?,KEXB.-U.S.SENATOR--l8l5 
 
 IEKMIK-OCK.OFALEX.THE H.-iUt2 
 
 ANTIPAIER-MACEDON WNERAL-B.C. 390 
 ANTI PHON -GRECIAN ORATOR - R.C. 480 
 INTlSTHEflES-frREClAN PHILOS.-B.C.43* 
 ,NTOllltTTE,MAIllE-fll.auEN -lib; 
 
 .PPIE IA'RI H. p,on-UAtEiifeirt-i e i 
 
 ,PPLnONJOHIl-AME.SlATE5MAN-l8 15 
 lPPL( t ON,JHCW.-AMf.DIPLOM'ST-lT92 
 APULJUS,UUUS-P1ATONIC PHIIJJS. 
 
 A5CHAM,ROR-N6. SCHOLAR iSlS 
 ASMBWrTON,ALEI.EL-;*.OIPL(WH.- 
 ASPASIA-MiSlHESSOF ?EICl.Ei- 0,U 
 ASTOR.JOH* JACOI- AIHiHliUCBANM 163 
 ATHANASlUS-E'H.fATHER 01 CHURCH- 29$ 
 
 A1HELSIAN-KIN6 OF EN6LANO 895 
 
 AF Ii HBulr.f NCiS-!W. PRELATE 1 662 
 ATTlLLA-lilNCOf THE MUNS- -DIED- 4S3 
 AUBER.OAlfE F..-FR.MUS.COMPOS.-I184 
 AU Bu BCIWNO.L-AMf H.OHNdHOtOdin-i 1 80 
 ITHO--i8l2 
 
 JAKAES BUCHANAN. 
 
 ABBU1 01,JOHI1-.C01. P 
 
 WnmO,ui90-lTAUinYEl 
 
 HMTLLtdt-ttkiTATESl 
 
 ARisiiors-msEnsTAiEsn 
 
 PAINTEI -1 8P 
 
 AMSTItN^WM fc-TlHV|innTM-iei( 
 Ali..uO,WNl-IHKSI LEAMI- 164 
 
 Mt.l 
 
 HMLIT ItNEbK 
 
 JULIUS CAESAR. 
 
 CHASLE MACVNE. 
 
 iI.-MN60F POLAND- - - I 
 
 AURCLIANUS-ROM.fMPEROR--'- 
 AUELmiMARCuS-ROM.EMPEROR- 
 
 USONIUS- LATIN POET 
 
 AUSTEN,JAK[-SNHSK AUTHOR.- I 
 AYTOu(l,WM.E.-SCOniSH Pen I 
 8AKM.-FOUII.IWKFMP.III WDIA-I' 
 BACCIOIEUAPOIIA-ITAL PAIBTiH i, 
 MBUHMVfU.MUMIMft-11 
 
 MCME,ALE.D.-AMER.PHILOSOPSIHi 
 . NAV*At-l 
 8AC.FAIlS(LR-EI*. PHI LOS.- 
 (ACOl(,llAlH*N.-lWmiA PAIM01 - 
 
 BACON.ROMR-ENa.PHlLOSOPHEK-1 
 BAFFIN,WM.-ENIi.NAUI(AIOI(- I 
 
 BAIlLlE',JOANi.-S(.01.POntSS- I 
 BAILLl,MATT.-SCOT.PHTSlClA "I 
 BAIU.r,JEANS.-FR.ASlllONOMrR -I 
 ' Y,fDW.H.-FN.. SCULPTOR -I 
 
 8A.R|oAi-SC01.i;tNRAL ! 
 BAlR.O,5F-tNtt-AMiR.AlURLlSl-> 
 BAJAZFT-SULIONOFO'IOMANS- I 
 BAKER. SAM'L W.-EN(.AF.EIPLOL.- 1 
 8ALBOA,VA5CO-SPAII.[ltSCOVERn- 1. 
 BAUWIN I.->IN> OF jiRuSALiM-l 
 BAlFE.MICHAfL y.-lISH MUPOSiil-' 
 BALFOUR,A.J.-fN6.51AIfiMAN- I 
 BAllOU,HOSfA-AKll.lHEOU)t'N-- I 
 
 M
 
 WHO -refers to the yia-Mie of -the i-ndividaal; as, Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 WHAT refers to that (vt which he is chiefly rettie-mbereil; as,Blaiiiewas askafes'n 
 WHERE refers to the country iti which he lived;as,Bell lived in Scotland. 
 WHEN refers to the date of his birth; as, Bismarck was born in 1815. 
 
 tlP,ME. OCCUPATION. BORN. NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN 
 
 6mS,NATHAN.P.-AM!R.HNRAL-l8l6 
 BANK?,SIR JOS.-EN6.mvEL.ER- 1 143 
 BANKS.THOS.-EN6. SCULPTOR --I1 35 
 .NEKtR,BENJ.-AWE.Nt6.MTH.-| 1 31 
 BAR60UR.J6HN- SCOTTISH POET- -1320 
 BARaAY.RORVSCOT.QllAK.APHOR--l648 
 BARNHAtVl,RICHARt H.-ENt.MIRIST-n 88 
 BAAEIONE,PAISEIX>0-EN6.FANTIC-0.,I680 
 
 8ARLOWJOEI-AMER. PATRIOT 1155 
 
 BAR N ES, ALBEAT-AMER. THtOlMlAN-l T98 
 
 BARNUM P.1.-AMF.R. SHOWMAN -- 1810 
 BARRAS.PAUL-FR. STATESMAN 
 BARET,1AWENCE-AMER, ACTOR- 
 BARRY.JAMES-IRISH PAINTER 
 1ARR/CORNWAL1.-EN&.POFT 1190 
 
 ATOLim,LOtNZO-rtAl.SCIIlJ 
 
 SALMON P. CHASL 
 
 BABTOIOMMEO, FRACTAL. PAINTER-1 469 
 BARTON,6ERNRAD-N6.QUAH.POET-n84 
 BATHAM,JOHN-ftMER.80TAUI5T-l 
 BARTSCH.JOHANN-E-ER.EN&RAVEK-nS' 
 
 BAYIE P1EBRE-FP,.PHILOSOPHR---I641 
 BAZWNE,FRANCOIS-FR.5ENERAL.--I8II 
 BEACON5FIELD,BENJ.-ETO.NOVELIST->804 
 
 MARCH AIS.P.-FR. DRAM ATIST-I 
 BEAUMONT. FRANCIS-ES6.0RAMH-L. 
 8AuRE&Atl,P.G.-AMER.CON.6EN.-l8l8 
 BFCKET THOS.A.-ENS.ARCHBISHOP-I i n 
 8F.DE.THfVFNERABLF-riK.MONK-" 67! 
 BECHER.H.W-AMER.DIVINE--- 181: 
 BEECHlf,U'MAN-AMER.OIHNE --111! 
 BETHOVENLUDWI&-{M.MU5.COMHISrl'7< 
 'EHRIN5,VITUS-DANISHNAVISATOR-I68I 
 BELISSARIUS-BY2ANTINEKNERAL- 50! 
 8ELL,SIRCHAS.-SCOT.!'HYSIOLOG-iSTHi7< 
 
 HENRY CLAY. 
 
 BELLiNi,vlNCEN70-iTALC(!MPOSIR-l802 
 BEI/!DE>1E,ANDR!-ITALPMNTER-I646 
 
 NAME. OCCUPATION. BORN. 
 
 .-. 
 
 B.SIMOK-S.AM. PATRIOT 1783 
 
 BONAPATE,CS.-FR. EMPEROR ---1808 
 MNJVMTUEMM-MHFIRMUHiM 
 
 BONAPAm.JOS.-KIWOFSPAIN 1768 
 
 IOATtSiS-W H8LIHNO- -1118 
 HMMnuWflHMKffCMUlV-l'nJ 
 80NAPARTE,NON-FR.EMI > [ROR---n69 
 BONHEIJR.ROSHLIE-FR.F-AINTER - -182 
 SWIIFAtLsi-Amillflf HIKWf" 68 
 BONIFACE L-ROMAN PONTIFF- -Dl ED, 422 
 0NIFACE11: " ' "532 
 
 BONIFACE IV.- ' 
 : ACEV.- 
 BONIFACE VL- . . 
 
 iNIFACEVIL- 
 
 NIFACEV1IL-. 
 
 INNEUILLE,BEIU.-AM.TRAVELER 
 BOONE,BANIEL-AM. PIONEER- - 
 eOOTH,BARTON-ENt.TRACED!Alt- 
 OOTH,EDW.-P,MEF..TRASEDIAfi- 
 
 BENTlf Y RICHARD-ENS. FWUISOWEI-1 662 
 iEN10N,THOS.K.-AME.SlAIESMAN-ll82 
 BERANHR,PIERl-FR.LrIC POET-- 1180 
 BEIIOT, CHAS.A.-BEICIAN VIOLINIST- 1 902 
 BERkELEY,CEO.-:RlSH PHUIISOPKEP.- 168* 
 8ERLI02,IOUIS H.- FR. COMPOSER - 
 BERNABDjST.-FR. ECCLESIASTIC 
 BEPiNARtSIMON-Fa.CENERAL - 
 BERNHAR&T.SARA-FR.TRA6EOIAN--I850 
 5ERT.PAUL-FR.PH\fSICIAN ..... 1833 
 BERTHOUfT,CLAUO(-Kl.CHEMIS'-n48 
 BERWICK.JAS.-FR.MARSHAI- --I660 
 "55EL,FRIEtRICH-PFIUS.ASlRON'-nEW 
 5S!WE,HENBt-ENC.ENtlE--l8l3 
 DiUSI.FRlEORICH-CER.SlAliSMAN-1809 
 BlDOLE.JOHN-EN&.WOtO&IAN- --I6I5 
 BIERSTADT.AUEin-AMER. PAINTER-IBM 
 BINNEY,AMOS-AM[.NA1URAUSM803 BOOTH.JUNIUS B.-EN6.THAKB1AN-M9S 
 BIRO. P.OBT.M.-AMER.AU1HOR-- 1803 "" r 
 BISMARtK, PRINCE VON-.STATS'N-I8I5 
 BLACK HArfK-AMER.INOIAN CHIEF-US! 
 
 BROUMM,HENRr)Mt-Ba AUTHOR 
 . ucj BROWN.CHAS.-AM. NOVELIST-- -i i i 
 > i 896BROWN.JOHN-AM.AIOLITIONIST-I800 
 ' 985 Bt>WN,THOS.-SCOtM!TAFTSICIAIHne 
 . . 1303 BROWNE,CHAS.F.-AM.HUHftl(ISl- 1835 
 IR(WNE,SIRlllOS.-ENt.'nvsiClAN--i60S 
 BflOWNIIiC,EllI.B.-ENt. PonESS-1809 
 
 fn P FRN 
 UU K L H IN , 
 
 BOR&lA.CESARE-lTAL.CAROINAL-ltSl 
 BORROMEO.CARLO-ITALCARDINAL-1538 
 
 BORROW, &EO.-ENS.AUTHOR 1803 
 
 BO$CAWEN.EDW.-EN6.AOMlRAL--nil 
 BOSSOEl,JAtQUES-FR.PRELATE- - 1627 
 BOSWELL,JA5.-5COT. LAWYER- --I74- 
 BOTHWRL, JAS.H.-SO7.CONSPIRATW - 1 52 U 
 BOTTA,CAft.O-ITAL.HIS10RlAN - - 1766 
 nCHER.,JOHANN-HR.INVENTOR-l682 
 UeiCAUq BION-IIISH DRAMATIST 
 BOUOINOT.ELIAS-AM.PHIIANTHROPIST- 
 60LICUER,nI-FR..PHYSICIST-- 
 BOUILLON, 600FRY-Lf AOEII 1ST CBU5AK - 1060 
 BOI)i!Or.MAn..ENS.lMVENTOR- --H28 
 
 BOUHBAIII,CHAS.- FR. G-ENERAL 1816 
 
 BOURSON.CHAS.-FR.fENERAl 14-90 
 
 BOimDON, SE ' AsllN-FII ' PAINT E.R,"" | 6l6 
 IOURNE,BUfK-E6.FI)llllEURIM.MnHD13M-l772 
 BOWOITtH,NATHANIEL-AM.MATEMATICIAN-l77J 
 80WDOIN,J>$.-AM.STATESMAK 1727 
 
 BFNEDIC1,ST.-FCUNO.MONACHISM - 
 BENEDICT I.-ROMAN PONTlFF-DliD, 518 
 BENEDICT II. .. > " 
 BENEDICT III: " " 
 
 tENEDICT IV- 
 
 965 
 . > .. 914 
 
 INEOICT XII: ii ' 
 BENEDICT XIII." 'i 
 BENEDICT XIV.- > n i. 
 BINfDICT,SIRJULIUS-tER.MUSICIAN-IB04 
 lENJAMIN.PARK-AMEFUOaRNHISHBOS 
 BENNETT, JAS.60RO.-AMtR.JOURNW'Sl-n35 
 BENTHAM,JiRlM1-ENtJllRIS1- 11*9 
 
 flLAKE^.ROBT.- BRUTISH ABM ..... 
 
 BlANt,JlAN-FR.jOURNALIST-- 
 
 BLANCHARO,1H05.-AM.INVENTOR-H88 
 
 BLrSSlNG10N.MR6.-miSHCOUNTESSH189 
 
 BlOOMnB&MIV EN6.POE1 1166 
 
 PLUCHER.EEBHARt-PHIB.F'UlMAS.-IKU 
 
 BLUMENTHAL.LEOIIARB-PRUS.liEBl.-l8l'' 
 
 BOCCACCIO, tlOVANNI-ITAL.NOVELIST-13 1 
 
 BODE.JOHANN- CER. ASTRONOMER - 114 
 
 BOERHAW(,KfRMA-OUTCH PHILOS.-J66: 
 
 BOETHIUS,ANICIUS-ROM.PHIlOi.- 
 
 BOtARDU5,JAS.- AM. INVENTOR- 
 
 BOHN.M.f.-ENt.PUB 
 
 BOLEYN,ANNE-2NOW 
 
 f VTI1.-I5 
 
 NAME. OCCUPATION.. BOK NAME. OCCUPATION. 60BN 
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 BR06LIE,CHAS.-fd.rTATE5MAN-l8a 
 
 eRONTE,CHARLOTTE-EN6.OVEUST-IHH 
 
 BROWNIN{,ROBT.-EN'6.POE 
 BRUCE, JA5.-SCOT. TRAVELER - 
 BRUCE.ROBT.-KIN& OF SCOTLAND- 
 BRUT US.LUCI US-ROM. PATRIOT- FL.I4.500 
 IRUTUS,MARCUS-ROM.6F.NERAL-B.t 80 
 
 8RYANT,WM.CUL.-AM.POE1 1194 
 
 BUCHANAN, 5EO.-SCOT. MISTORI AN-I SO? 
 BUCHANAN.,JAS.-I5TU PRES. U.S.- 1791 
 BUCKINGHAM, DUKE OF-EN6.STS'N-1 592 
 SUCKLE.HENRY T.-ENE.WRITER 1822 
 BUDDHA.fAUTAMA-WNtM KEFOIMEI1-U.6M 
 BUFFALO IILL(j.ailt)0l(.mUIiT5lll-l845 
 BUFFON,fEO.L.-FR.NATI)ALIST - 1 101 
 BULWER-LYTTON.LORHN6.NOVELI51-I805 
 8ULWER-LYT10,rO.W.-ENe.POET 183 1 
 8ULWER.HENRY-ENS.AUTHOR--- 1804 
 BUNSEN,CHl$.K.J.-CER.DIPlOMATIST-n9 
 WNrAN,JOHN-EN6.ALIlHOR - - - I62L 
 BURCKHARBl,JOKANN-SWIS!TRAV>L-n84 
 
 THOMAS OE QUINCY. 
 
 BURSOrNE,JOHN-eNG.F>EHEML-n30 
 BUBKF\DMUND-fN6 STATESMAIM730 
 8URLE(6H,WW.(.-FN6.STATF5MAN-l520 
 BURNET,6lLBERT-BRn.HISTORIAN-l643 
 BURNS,ROBT.-SCOT. LYRIC. POET--I759 
 3URN5[OE.AMBR05-AM.KNEAL-ie24. 
 lUBR.AARON-AM.STATESMAM - - I1S6 
 IURRin,ELIHU-AM. JOURN.AllSl-1 8 1 
 IURTON,RICHA0-IRISH THAVELER-l 82 1 
 BURTON, R08T.-EN6.AUTHOR--- 1 575 
 BUTLEH,BENJ.F.-AM.IA1VYE(1--I8I8 
 BUTLER.SAM'l-ENC.POET - 1613 
 BYRON, LORD-EMU. POET- - - - 
 CABOT,JOHN-EN6.NAVIfATOR-0. 
 CABOT.SEBASTlAN-ENt.NAVIfATOI-1477 
 CilOMON- ANGLO-SAXON POET-D. 680 
 CAESAR.JUHUS-ROM.&ENERAL-B.C. 100 
 CAGLIAI,PAOLO-ITAL. PAINTER- -1530 
 CAILLE,NICWOlAS-FR.ASTR01tOMER-n 1 3 
 ALDERON,BAtO-SPAN.I)RAMATIST-l600 
 ALHOUN,JOHNC,-AM.STATE5MAI<-n83 
 
 RfiVIt BBR1 IBKU PUII AUTUDAPin (Klfil '",1/Li.iv -ui ' iivt nn ivn vr mvfu.lo'v 
 
 8027ARl$MARCO-aEU PATRlOl ' 1190 |CALVBT.EEO.-roilKKOFMAItlfmllO-iS8l 
 BBAppOtl!,EDVI.-BRlT,&ENERAl_ Hl5 CALERf,LEONAM-ISTGOV<l!OFMB.-l606 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COlllMBUS. 
 
 BOOM,EDV.-BR . 
 
 ODON.MAKTE.-ENf. NOVELIST 
 BRAOFOR!,WM.-tOV.PlYMOUTH COL 
 BBADLEY,JAS.- EN6.ASTRONOMEI1 1692 
 
 BRAOV.jAS.- AM.-LAWYER 1815 
 
 8RA56.BRAX10N-CONFB.i;!NERAl - ~ 
 BRAHEjTYCHO- DANISH ASTROKOME 
 BRAI NARB,DAVID-AM. MISSIONARY 
 BSANBE,WM.T.- ENS. CHEM 1ST - 1188 
 BRCKENRIDM,J.C,-CDNFED.E[R1-I82 
 IREMER,FR[BRIA- SWF 1. NOVELIST --I80; 
 BENTANO,CLrMENS-6ER.POEl I7T 
 BENtHEL,JAN.-FLEIHISH PAINTER-1 569 
 BREWSTEI, DAIYIB-ENO.PMYSICIS* " 
 BRIAN,BORU-KINS OF IRELAND- 
 
 CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 CAtVIN.JOKN-FR.THF.OlOI 
 CAMIACEllSjJtAII-fl 
 
 CAMERONiSIMON-AM-POLIllClAK - 1 1 99 
 
 GMDUIIMMHMMMMU 164 
 
 CAMOtNSjUIIS-POITOWtS! WIT---IS> 1 
 CAMPiEU.,ALE>.-mCIWS REFORMR- 1188 
 
 CAWP8ELl',lHOV SCOT. POET I 
 
 CANBY,EDWARB-AM.GENERAl I 
 
 CANISIOS,PE1RUS-DUTCH TKIH06IAN- -I 
 CANNIN,GEO.-ENH STATESMAN- 1 1 10 
 CANOVA.ANTONIO-nAL.SCULfTOR II 57 
 CANROIER1,FRANCOIS-FR.MASHAL-I809 
 CANUTE I1.-I1IN6 OF BENMARK - 990 
 
 CAAEt HENRY C.-AM. POUT. ECONOMIST-ITS 3 
 CARIETON,.-IRISH NOVELIST - - 1198 
 CAILISLE.JHO.S.-AW. STATESMAN -i 
 
 CARLYLE,TOS.-SCOT.AUTHOi 
 
 'JOHN DRYDEN. 
 
 CARTlER JA8UES-FR.NAVI6A10R- - 
 CARTIVRIfrHT. EDMUND- EN6.INVENTM-I143 
 CARY.ALICE-AM.POETSSS- - - 1820 
 CARY,PHOEBE-AM.POETESS---- |82* 
 CASIMIR L-<IN6 OF POLNO-0'f 0,1058 
 CASS,LEWIS-AM.STATSMAN- - - 
 CATERINE,ST.- ITA1.IAN NUN---- 
 CATHEBlNE L-EMPI1ESS OF RUSSIA-1682 
 CATKERIN! OtUABIt-WIFtoFE.VTn- I486 
 
 CATBEHINE DtMtnioa.Hail.oFFii.- 1510 
 
 CATHERINE OF HlOIS-0.tlt.V. OF E6i-I40 I 
 CTIUM, LUCIUS i-BOM.COSPIRm*-B.C. 108 
 CATOjDIOSYSIIB- LATIN POET-FL.3dtENTMr 
 CTO,MAtUSP.-ROH.STAT!SMAN-8.C. 234 
 CAruILUS,CAIUSV.-LATINPOET-6.C. 71 
 CAVAIfNAC,LOUIS-FR.SENERAL --I802 
 CAVENOISH.HENRY-NO.PHIlOSOPH(ll-n 3 1 
 CAVOUR.CAMIU.O-ITAL.STATESMAN-I8 1 8 
 CAXTON,WM.-EN6. PRINTER - 14.12 
 CECILIA.ST.-ROM. PATRONESS OF IIUSt-FIJll C. 
 CELIINI.BEWENUTO-ITAL.ABTIST-I500 
 CENCl,8EATICE-FAMOll5WllLlAlir- -1583 
 CESVANTES,SASVEDIIA-SPAN.NIlVEUST-i54l 
 CHALMERSJHOS.-SCOT. DIVINE 1180 
 CHAMIERLAIN.JOS.-EN6.STATESMAN-I836 
 CHAMBERS,vVM.-SCOT.PUBllSHEIi- 1800 
 
 CHAMPLAIN,SAM'L-ni.NAVl6ATO 
 
 ELIZABETH. 
 
 CHAN6ARNIER.N.A.T. FR.6ENERAL H93 
 CHANMNt.Wto.l.-AM. DIVINE- --I180 
 CHANTRE<SlRFHANCIS-EM.SCIILfHl82 
 CHAPIN,EDW.H.-AM.OIVINE 
 CHASLEMASnE-MR.EWPEHOR 
 CHARLES H. 
 
 CHARLES III.-. .. 
 
 CHARitsry.- t. 
 
 CHARlfSV. ,. .. 
 
 CHARLES W .. ., - 
 
 CHAR IPS VI!.- t. , , . 
 
 CHARLES D-- WIW FRANCE. 
 
 CHARLES IV.- it .1 . 
 
 CHARLES V.- i> , . . 
 
 S VU.- 
 
 CHABLES IX." 
 CHARLES X.- 
 CHARLES 1.- 
 CHARLES II.- 
 
 832 
 i 3 18 
 1500 
 1685 
 1697 
 823 
 -1294 
 133 
 1361 
 
 ... 
 
 ENSLAMHSOO 
 
 ii 1630 
 CHABLE5I.- KINfrOFPAIN-ISO( 
 
 HALESII.- .. ,,
 
 AME OCCUPATION ecN 
 
 AMI OCCUPATION HHN 
 
 HAME OCCUPATION 80BN 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION 
 
 .EMENTVTfl.-MANimFF---l539 
 
 UNCUT XI.- ii i 16*9 
 EMINTXTV.- it --ITOi 
 UMENTUmjIKHTALJlANIST-- 1 1 52 
 
 ttHIRAL-D.,li 422 
 
 irmn-TOi 69 
 
 amiAM,snR-ms.us.- i err 
 JI n-Ai.swEUAii" n 69 
 
 MCHKHHIM. 1138 
 
 - - nis 
 
 OAYlUfW 
 
 MlLLARD FILMORE. 
 
 T.EEKL.-AM.ACTOV--I8I6 
 it OFISRAU B.C. 1090 
 
 OAVlB.JACQUtS L.-FR, PAINTER 1148 
 WWIGJIBRK J.-f . SCULPTOR IV 
 UTICMATICIAN-I798 
 DAHESSJ.I05.H.-AM. STATESMAN IIEfT 
 
 
 OA\fOT,LOUS H.-FR.MARSHAL 1110 
 
 ARIES M.-UII* of SPAIN - 
 
 lARlESIV.- it ii - 
 
 mas ;\.-n' of SWEOEN- 
 
 OBfiii,wn.-tiitmn.wiinn- n 62 
 
 OBIEN.RIOIAI-E.SIA!iSMA1- 1 804 
 ULSIl EOB.-ENS. JURIST --- 1 552 
 WlJtAl.-nLSlAI!SMAN--|6l9 
 l(URNAAME)HIIUKnEIHTm- 119 
 
 t.1HOS.-M.PIN1iH 
 
 ,... 
 CWOTMUmjrf-ELflM!SIUII - 11 08 
 
 CMTTEtnLTNs.-E>i&n)n ..... 
 
 lttMWf MI-ENS. POT - - - 1 31 8 
 EEVE*,&0..-AV.:'HNE ---- 1801 
 EMEMMM HrFlPOfT ...... I1S2 
 
 oawm.iiMu-ruuoMmui-11 so 
 
 i H -.-. : .:- -FV -!3- 1634 
 HUU,liKll-H.PM.i1.EWH 806 
 
 ... 115 
 CECATlH,STMEN-M.HVI6ATOIl--m9 
 
 KfOt.MKiEL-ENt.NWEllST 1661 
 
 OE All,JOW4-ll.6EI<EMU. 1132 
 
 IKLAClil,FXE.-F. PAINT E R - 1199 
 tflMKHE.MUl-FRJ'AINTtll - - - 1191 
 
 OEUwV.iMt-M.oF K.-DIED, 1 6 is 
 
 SATO.ANIEA-F.PMHTH 14. 88 
 miVMUflLMllMMH 3*5 
 nitius.ni.-wciHn'ii CEN.- B.C. 335 
 MMiTn-MiBi pnMSomm.c.460 
 
 DEMOSTHINES-ATHEHIM OUTOR- IC.365 
 OC QU1NCET.TH05.-EN6.AUTHOK 1195 
 
 ALEX/VNDtRHWvULTON 
 
 ROBERT FULTON. 
 
 COK.S.S.-AM. STATESMAN- 1824 
 
 :0:2EIS,FRECT-AM.POET 1 8 18 
 
 i 
 :RAB8E,MO.-N6.POET 1154 
 
 illASSUS.MAKtS-MK.TWl'IVH-l.t.l 08 
 CEASlf,S !.-ENtmSTDRIA)l -IB 12 
 
 CKlCHTDlLSCOT.PRODItY 1560 
 
 ISPIH.ST.- CWUSliAH MAR1VR-D.581 
 
 >ETTjilMHIU.IAtlWRSM*N-IT66 
 CROESUS-BN6 OF LYOIA-- -8.C.590 
 
 cnoi 
 
 m oi cEMUM-1423 
 
 IOTIAU.- II I > -1481 
 
 itsiiA*m.-n t -ISM 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 :75r 
 
 1621 
 
 nwuam-nis 
 
 ISWANT--I143 
 CONFUCIUS -CNMSE PMUSOPHEHIS5I 
 :ONHErt,WM.-EN6.DRAMAllSM610 
 
 CHRISTIAN CL- > 11 -Igll 
 
 CHllSTlNA-QUEEN OF SWEDEN-' 62i 
 i_.-.., :;.;-;.:/_-; ; :. JJJXJt 
 
 EHMW,flEU.-AM.ARTIST 1826 
 
 CHUCmu,CHAS.-ENS.POT -113 
 CHUP.CHU^AIIDOlPH-EHt.SIS'xn 84 
 CHR,COlUY-ENt.MAMATlST-l 61 
 
 W1IWS.- 
 CONMOBL- 
 ;ONAIIIV.- 
 
 ai<wuE.cmMi-nu.PAiimi 
 
 CmCVMCTBS.UMS OHMWMH1.S2 
 OWJ.MABS.HSWO-F.NOeLE-l62 
 ftMf OWLltl.ll.-E.nVMN ! 608 
 
 ._- CUR1liHO.W.-AM-AU1HO---l824 
 I1SO CVSHIN&.CALES-AM.IAWYER-I800 
 CUSMMAItCHAHUmt-AIHACIKESS-l 8 16 
 CUSTE,?IXX-AM.ENEIIAI-- - 1 8 39 
 CUVIE,Ha-FIU>ATIIALIST II 69 
 
 ULYSSESS.&RANT. 
 
 IUNDONALB,TOS.-BRlT.AIlMiRM-m5 
 DUN6LISON,*Oe.-AM-PHrSlCIAIl-n98 
 
 DONaiS,JEN-FR. HEBO 1401 
 
 DUNSTAN,ST.-ENS. PRELATE- 925 
 OuauESNE,A8RA'm-FH.AlCOM.-l6IO 
 BURER,AieRCin-SE-R.ARTIST- 141 1 
 IWI6HT.TIMOTHY-AM.DIVINE--I152 
 :ARLY.J.A.-CONFEB.6NERAL--I8I8 
 :ASTLALE,Slil CHAS.-EN6.PAlHTEH-n 93 
 EATON.AMOS-AM.NATURALIST- 11 16 
 
 :DES,8EM.-AM.PA1RIOT 1132 
 
 EDG?WORTH.MARIA-EW.NOUST-n61 
 EDISON.THOS.A.-AM.INVENTOR-I841 
 EOMUKIDL-ANeLO-SAXONKIM--- 922 
 
 EDMUND II; " ii ---985 
 
 -'aio 
 
 960 
 1004- 
 1239 
 UM 
 
 ma 
 
 -1*41 
 -1470 
 1537 
 
 330 
 
 004 
 
 OWARDV1.- II - 
 
 DWARD,PRlNCE OF WALES' 
 PWAIKOMFiiSOIIViMi.M^ 
 
 DE WlTl.JOHn-OUTCH STATESMAN 1 625 
 OIAI.PORFIRIO-PIIE5.M MEXlCC - 1 830 
 DIBDII<.0<VEIC.DftAMAmT - I14S 
 )IOI,1BIR.-SCCT.WTHOR - - 1112 
 
 DICRENi,CHS.-fNG.NOVEllST" I8'< 
 DICKINSOfl. ANNA-AM. L!C T U E I S*' 
 OlOfdOI, DNIS-FR.PHIlOSOPHtl(- II 1 3 
 DIUE.SIRCH/&-EN&.STATESMAN-I&43 
 DIKLhlAJ-ROM.EMPEROR--- 245 
 DI06ENE5-M.CYNiCPmL05.-e.C. 41 
 
 OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
 >i BX.39I 
 Dl5RAfU.8fNJ.-ENt. AUTHOR - 1805 
 DIXON,WM.H.-EN6.HISTORIAN- 182 
 K6f,MAY /1-AM.MITHORE5M 838 
 OOEUlSE-ER.JWH-f ER. HIS10RIAN-I199 
 
 'ESMAKHII 
 
 cu MEIISSAM<I L-ULWMWIP- i e 3 
 
 aEME*fL-OM. PONTIFF 
 
 JAMES A. &AR FIELD. 
 
 CONSTANT** TcaaMMUMrm-272 
 
 --I228 CYPIAK.ST.-LATlNFATHn(---- 200 
 1 2 2 1 CrR US THE 6RAT-iN( OF PEHSlA-t^MB 
 
 IAL-1625 
 
 6ALMAN.'FIEJ1-E.Eli.HKTO\AH- 1 1 85 
 DAlU$,Al.EU.-AM.SlATESMAN-l 1 59 
 )AilAS.eEOJll.- AM.SIA1ESMAN-1 192 
 DALTON.JOKN-ENS.CHEMiST--- 1166 
 OANA,CHAS.A.- AM.JOURNALIST- 1 8 1 9 
 DANA,FRANClS-AM. lAWrEK 1143 
 OANA,RlC.HEM.-AM.POT--- 1787 
 DANA1HICH.HEN.-AM.LAWYER-I8I5 
 DANE,NATHAN-AM.LAWYER--I152 
 OANIfl-HtEIREW OPHET-FU6T>ia,l.t 
 DANIELIJOH1 F.-ENC. SCIENTIST- 1 1 90 
 DANTE.ALUSHIEIU-EJItAT IIAI.POCH26S 
 DANTON,6EO.J.-rR. RtvOUIHOIIIST-ll 59 
 irARBlAY.MME-EN6.NOVELIST"n52 
 
 CONSTA)lTlKL-lll.EMrEMK.--250 DAJ(ltr.fEllX-AM.AIIIIST---l822 
 
 1264 CONTLFRANMS-ftHMRAL- -1664 MUMUUa-fNMOOlW"lilS 
 
 COOK,EllJA-N*.POnESS 1811 
 
 XEl-1485 
 COTTON. JMI-PMITAI Mien El - 1 585 
 COUS1,lCTO-FJIltSOfER --I192 
 COWlT,AIMHA-EI*.POT - |EI8 
 COtftlT,W1lUAM-CNI?.POtT- 1131 
 
 OARNLEiHEN.S.-HS.K Kll>SaTS-l 54 1 
 
 rOOK.JAMES-EN4.NWIE.ATOR- 1128 BARHl,6lAS.R.-N6.ltATuMUS1--l809 00E,PAl/Lf.-FR. ARTIST ..... (83: 
 
 " 
 
 68 DAKEN*Nt,SIWW.-EM.!lllAMTISM605 
 
 &EOR&E 111. 
 
 BENJAMIN HARRISON. 
 
 ONU] 
 
 El6lN,jAS.8.-BRIt5TATESMAN--l8ll 
 EL6IN,TH05.8.-DmT.OlPLOMA1iST-im 
 EUOT,jOHN-EN&.CLERerMAN-l604 
 ELIOLSIHJOHN-EH6.0RATOR IS90 
 ELIZA BETH. QU. OF EN6LANO--I533 
 EUZAEIETH k TOVNA-RtlS.!PES$-n I 
 EILERT.WM.- AM. PATRIOT ..... 112' 
 ELLlOT,fEIENEZtR-ENSJ > OET---l 18. 
 EllSV.uSTH^UVE-AM.JlJRlST 1745 
 EMERSOh.ML.WAL-AM.ESSAYIST-l 80- 
 EMMANUAL-KIIK OF PORTUCAL-1469 
 EMMET, BOBT.-lRlS" PATRIOT---IT80 
 FNOCUOlMM-ttttttlMMH19l 
 CNBlCOTT JOMl-C9UII.CiOV.OF MASS.1589 
 
 B*w-B0fiitwsiu-Uini 
 
 EMMINONOAS-1HEWN OBATOK-BX.4I2 
 EflCTElUS-tR.STOICPILOS.--- 60 
 EPICURuS-frR.K PHiLOSOPHEII-WJ* 
 
 DONATl,(IOVANNI-rTALAS1IUM>t-l826 EIASMUS,0iDEKJS-Dl!TCHSMl>S-i45 
 EIATOSTnNES-M.ASTROnoIE-!X3T6 
 
 HORACE 
 
 U " 
 
 OF PERSIA-DIED B.c.485 EWMINILST.-SPAN. PREACHER- -i n 
 
 DOMlTIAA-FtOM.EMPEROR-- 
 
 OOKI2ETTI.6AETAIIO-ITAL.COMWSER-I19 
 
 OOI)6LA5,JAS.-SCOT. PATRlOT-0.133' 
 
 DRAXE.JOS.R.-AM.POET ...... 1195 
 
 MAPE1U>imW.-AM.SClEN1lS1-l8l 
 OKHYTOkmCHAtl-ENt.POET --I56 
 RgSS.ClAUD.N.-ROM.MN.-.C. 38 
 OWEMIHN-EN&.POE1 -163 
 OUCANtE.CHS.-FR.HISTORJAN -1 6 lu 
 WBfVANT, MME.-FR.NOVELJST- 1 804 
 OuFFERm,FI0.-EI(t;.STAItS'N-l82 
 tUMAS.AUI.-FR.NOVEI.lS1-- ISO 
 DUMOUIE7,CHAS.-FR.eENERAl -113! 
 IUHCANl.-SCOT.KlNt>-"D!ll,l04t 
 
 WILLIAM H.HARRISON.
 
 BORN [NAME 
 
 B0 
 
 GROT E,G.EO.-EN6. HISTORIAN -1194 
 GROTIUS,HU6t-DUTtt JURIST --1 583 
 SHOUCKY.fMMNIVFR.MNEMI.-n 66 
 HOVE.WM.R.-ENE.SCIENTIS't-IBf I 
 WIOIN,JEAN-FR.PAlNTfR.-- 1802 
 
 ;UIDO,RENI-ITALPWNTER IS15 
 GUISCARD,ROBT.-NOPIMAKSttDIE-IOl5 
 SUISE.DIAS.-CAR[)'L Of LORRAINE-I 525 
 SulSE.UAUOE-FR.GENERAt.-- -1496 
 &UrZOT.FRANCOIS-FR.HKTORIAN-n87 
 &UNTER,EOM.-NG.NATHEMAT'N-| 58 1 
 
 rURNfY.JOS. ENG.WlLANTHR'ST-nsa 
 GOSTAVfcI.-t:iN5 OF SWEDEN --I496 
 GUSTAVUSn.- " " -159* 
 GUSTAVUSin.-'-. >' -1146 
 
 RICSSONJON-SW.INVEIflOR.--l803 
 S*mE,TOS^SCOT.lAWYtl---l150 
 TELHRH.-ANStfr$AXOtlllN5--- 968 
 Udll OF HUnMM-Cl MATH.-FL. IX. 3 00 
 USENE.PIHIICE-AIIS1IIIAN K NEHAL-- 166 3 
 UGfNIt.MMtlE-FR.EWRESS 1826 
 U6ENIIBI.-ROMAN PONTIFF-0. 651 
 IKEftlUSn.- >i >i -0. 821 
 UMNIUSin. : i 11 -0.1153 
 U6ENIUS IV.-' >' -0. 1441 
 IUUIONAU-9M! MMHEMATIt-nOI 
 URIP1DES-EREEK THKIC POH-!.t 480 
 USEBUBPAMPWll-CAtSABEAN HOT- SS6 
 VANS.AU6USTA-AM.NOV [ L IS1 -I 836 
 VAN5,MAUAIKNt.NOVELKl - 1820 
 VARTS.WM.M.-AM.LAWYER - - 1 8 1 6 
 VF.IYN. JOHN- ENC. AUTHOR-- I 620 
 VERETT.EOW.-AM. SCHOLAR ---1794 
 VVING,THI!S.-AM.STATfSMAN -- 1189 
 XMOUlH,EDW.-ENC.ADMIRAl-n5 
 ZiKILl-HrttWPOPHET-FL. B.C. 59' 
 ZA-EREW LAW-MAHEHI.B.C. 536 
 ABIUS MAXIMUS-ROM.CONSUL-B.C. 203 
 AHRENH!lT,S.t.-R.PNILOSOPHfR-l686 
 
 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 
 
 AIRFAX,THOS.-ENG.S!HERAL 16 l 
 
 ALCONER,WM.-5COT. POET 113 
 
 ALIERl.M'ARinO-MCE Of VENICE-1218 
 ANEUIT..PETER-AM.MEP.CHANT-I100 
 ARAOAY,taAEL-ENE.CMMIST~l 1 9 1 
 ARQUHAR.SEO.-IRISH DRAMATIST-! 618 
 AKBA6-UT.LIAVID-AM.ADMIRAI ! 801 
 AUST.DR.JOHAHN-EER.NECWMAII.-Fl.lSOO 
 Ai! t T..'0"V,'i-6ER. INVENT. PRINT.-D. 146" 
 AWJEWV-EN6.CONSP1RATOR-CU606 
 
 EARNE.CHAS.-EN&.JURIST 1149 
 
 ECHTER,CHAS.A.-EN5.ACTOR--I824 
 'ENELON,FRANCOIS-FR.AUTHOR-I651 
 FERDINAND I.-&ER.EMPEROR--I 503 
 FERDINAND II- " " -I51t 
 FERDINAND III.-" -1608 
 : ERDINAND 1Y.-KINE OF NAPLES-IT 5 1 
 ERDINANOI.-KINEOF CASTILE-IOOO 
 'ERDINANDDI;" M -II9< 
 FERDINAND IV.-" t -1285 
 FERDINAND V.-KINGOF SPAIN - 1452 
 
 FERDINAND VL- " >< -1713 
 
 'ERDINANSVll.-') <i 1784 
 
 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 
 
 ERWSON,ACAM-SWt.PWlOS 1 R--n2 
 FE5USON,JAS.-5COT.ASTRONMB-n I 
 rERNANDEZ,DlNI2.-POW5 NAVlGAl-FL 
 FESSENOEN,W.P.-AM.STA1ESNAN-|806 
 FICHTE.JOIfANN-6ER.PHILOSOP|lER-n62 
 FIELD,CYUSft-AM.MEIiCHANT-.|819 
 
 riELD.BAVIP 0.-AM.JURIST 180 
 
 FIELDlNS,HtNY-EN6.NOVEUST--nO 
 F1ESOLEEIOVANNHTAL.PAINTER-I38 
 FILLMOBE.MIUARD-BTHPIiE5.U.5.-l80l 
 FISH.HAntoN-AM.STANSMAN"l80l_ 
 
 FITCN,JOHN-AM.INVEN10R 1141 
 
 FIAMSTE f DJOHN-ENG. AST RON.- 1 64 6 
 HA!(MAN,JOHN-EN6.SCULP10R-n 55 
 LETCHER.JOHN-EN5.0HAMATI51- 151' 
 LEURY.ANDRE R.-FR.STA1ESMANH653 
 ONTENElLt,BERNRI)-FR.AUTH8ll-l65" 
 FWTE.ANDREW H.-AN1.ADMIRAL-I80 
 FOOTE,SAM'L-EN5.COMEOIAN-n2 
 FMin.EHb-EIKklMTUItMJST-181! 
 FORREST, EIW.-AM.THAtEBIAN- -180 
 FOR5TEItJOHII-ENt.iilOERAPHr.lH8 1 2 
 
 &AtlATm,ALEIIT-AM.STA1ESMAN-n6l 
 6AaAUDET,T.H.-AM.CLEWMAN-n81 
 6ALUENUS.PUB1IU5-ROM.EMP.- 233 
 GAIT,JOHN- SCOT. NOVELIST- 1119 
 WMWiAIMMnLM'MUWH'ITI 
 GAMA,VA5W OA-PORT.NA\/IMTOR-I450 
 &AMBE1TA,IEON-F.QRATOR--I838 
 GARDINER.STEWEN-EN6.PREIATE -1483 
 ARFIELO.JA5.A.-20TH PRE5.U.5.-I83I 
 .ARIBALOI,W)I5EPPE-ITAI.PATRIOT-I801 
 ARRISK,DAVIO-ENS.ATOR-- 1116 
 
 r'ORSYTH. JOHS-AM. SIATES'H- -II 80 
 FOSCARLFRANCESCD-MfEOE VENItE-13 1 3 
 FOSTER.JOBN-EN6. ESSAYIST- --I110 
 OUQUET,NICOLAS-FR.STATESMAIH6 1 S 
 OUR!ER,FRANK)IS-fR.SOCIALIST-m2 
 OX,CHASJ.-ENS.STATESMAN-1 149 
 
 ASKELL.ELI2ABETHC.-EN6.NOVEUSTH8IO 
 ASSENDI,PIEH-FS.SAVANT-- 1592 
 MTE5,HORATIO-AM.&ENERAl--n28 
 frATUN6,RlCH'DJ.-AM.INVEN10R-l8l8 
 
 frAUSS.KARLF.-HR.MAIfll'.HICIAN-nT! 
 
 ^AUTIERjTHEOPHILE-FR. POET - 18 
 
 rAY,JOHN-EN&.POET 16 
 
 WY-lUSSAC,JOS.-FR.CHEMIST-nT 
 
 MNEHEVE,ST.-FII.8EIIGIO>IIST - 422 
 
 'OV.6EO.-EN6.FOUN.OFS.OfFIII!N!l5-l6? 
 
 FOY.MAXIMILIANTFR.6ENERAL - 1115 
 
 FRANCIA,JOSE-OICTATOR OF PWUEtlAY-1157 
 
 FRANCKL-KIN& OF FRANCE ---1494 
 
 FRANCIS [U- t, i 
 
 FRANCIS I.- 6 ER. EMPEROR 
 
 FRANCISH.- " l --I168 
 
 FRANCIS JOSEPH-AUSTRIAN EMP.-I830 
 
 FRANCIS.ST.-FOUNO.FRANCISCANS-II82 
 
 FRANCIS XAVIER.ST.-FR. JESUIT-I 506 
 
 FRANKUN,BENJ.-AM.Pll.OSOPHER-n06 
 
 FRANRllN.SIRJON-EN6.EXPlOER-n~' 
 
 FREDERICK V1.-KIN6 Of KUMARK-ll 
 
 FREDERICK V1L- ij . . -1806 
 
 FREDERICK I.-G-ER. EMPEROR --IIJI 
 
 FREDERICK II: " " -1194 GENSHIS KHAN-MOfULCONOUEMHI 
 
 FREDERICK III; 
 
 -1415 
 
 THOMAS HOOD. 
 
 FREDERICK 1.-KIN6 OF PRUSSIA -165 
 
 . 
 FIEIIRWUWIL- 
 
 ffltnn 'i - nt 
 
 FUEDR'K " IV.- 
 
 F8E[MAN,EOW.A.-EN6. HIS10RIAN-I823 
 FRELINWUY5EN,TH(B.-AM.STSM'MH18 
 FREUNE-HUYSEN.F.T.- - > 181' 
 FREMONT.JOKN C.-AM. EXPlO R.ER-1 8 1 : 
 FROEBELjFRED'K-EER.EDUCATOR - II 8: 
 F80IS5AliT,JEAN-FR.HlSTORIAN- -133' 
 FROUOE,JAS.A.-EN6.HISTORIAN 18 II 
 FUtLER.SARAH M.-AM.AUTHORESS-I8 H 
 FUITON.ROBT.-AM.INVENTOR-- 116 
 WDSOEN.CHRIS.-AM.STATESMAN-n 2' 
 MDSOEN,JAS.- '! i -1181 
 CAIN560ROU6H.THOS.-ENE.PAlN7lR-n2 
 
 CALEN-E-REEK PHYtlAN 13 
 
 MLERIUSjCAiUS-ROM.GlNERAl.- 29 
 
 .AU,FRAN2 JOS.-&ER.PHYSICIAN-nS 
 
 DAVID HUME. 
 
 JEANNE D/Wi(JOAN OF ARC). 
 
 GUSTAWJS IV.-" 
 
 -me 
 
 WASHINGTON IRVING. 
 
 &OU6H,JOHN B.-AM. TEM.LECT.- 1817 
 688| &OULD,AUMSruS A.-AM.NAT'SM805 
 8 60ULD,JAY-AM.RAIl;Y MANAGER- 1836 
 fOUNOD,CHAS.F.-FR. COMPOSER -1 818 
 &OWER,JOHN-fNE.POE. ..... 1320 
 
 GRACCHUS, CAI US -ROM. STATS'N-Bi.159 
 eRAHAM.JOHN.-SCOT.&ENEaAL-| 650 
 MANT.JAS.-5COT.NOVELIST- -1822 
 &RANT,U.S.-I8TH BRES.U.5.- 1822 
 GRANVIUE.JOHN C.-ENf.STATS'N-l 690 
 GRATTAN.HENRY-IRISH ORATOR-1 146 
 &RAY, ASA-AM. BOTAN 1ST - -1 8 1 
 &RAY,THOS.-ENG.POET ..... 1116 
 
 SREELrY,HORACE-AM.JCLlRN'ST-l8 I ' 
 6REEN,JOHNR.-ENE.HISTOR|'H831 
 &R EENE,NATHAN'L-AM.CENERAL-' 142 
 SREENLEAF.BENJ.-AM.AUTHOR- 1196 
 
 GUTENBERE,J.-6ER.I)IV.OF P8WEH400 
 
 CUYNNE.ELEA.-EH6.ACTBESS 1650 
 
 HADRIAN-ROMAN CMPTROR-- 76 
 
 AFIZ-PtRSIAN POET 1300 
 
 &ENSERIC-KIN& OF THE VANDALS- 
 
 GEO6E,HENRY-AM.POimci WHITER- 1839 
 SEORK1.-IIII5 OF ENUAND 1660 
 GEOR&tll.-" " 1683 
 
 EORG-ECl.-" " -H38 
 
 EORUEIV.-" 11 --1162 
 
 IjEOiiUE.ST.-BISHOP OF AIEXAMDRIA-B.36 
 'rRICAUlT,JEAN-FR. PAINTER ---nB 
 EROME.JEAL I.- FR.PAINHR - 1824 
 irERRY,ElBRID6E-AM.STATESMAI-n44 
 
 SESNE,CONRAD-SS NATURALIST-IS 1 6 
 6 ES5LER-AUS.BAILI FF KIllEO BY TELL-D.I3 07 
 &WBER1I,LORENZO-ITA1.5CULPTOH378 
 WBBON,EDW^RD-ENG.HISTORIAIH131 
 ClBSON, JOHN-ENE.SCULPTOR -1190 
 CHFFORD,WM.-ENG. WRITER -1151 
 
 flLBERT,SI mWPHRT-EN(;.NAV'R-l539 
 
 6REEORY l.-ROMAH PONTIFF-- D.,604 
 63 GREtOKYn.- i > --D.,13 
 OS GREGORY lit " )' -11,74 
 
 OR. SAMUEL JOHNSON. 
 
 1688 CILES.WM.8.-AM.STATISMAN - 1162 
 
 GREGORY IV.-ROMAN PON1IFF-D.,844 
 
 _I8EMRY V.- 
 6RE60RYV1.- i 
 GREGORY VII; i 
 GREGORY Vlir.- 1 
 GREGORY IX.- i 
 GREGORY X.- > 
 GREGORY XL- > 
 GREGORY XII.- 1 
 
 GREGORY x;n.-> 
 
 GREGORY Xli'.-i 
 GREGORY- XV. i 
 RtGORr-XVL- 
 
 ANOREW JACKSON. 
 
 GIUOITJOS.-ENG.PENMANUFAtK-IBOO 
 &mARD.STtPHEN-AM.MEHfHANT-nSO 
 
 GALILlO-lTAL.AS1RONOMER--IS64!G!RAROIN.EMI!.E-FR.JOURNALIST~ie06 
 
 C-IULIO,ROMANO-nAL.PAINTER--l4'.12 
 
 GLADSTONE,WM.E.-ENG.STAIiSMAN-l809 
 
 GLAUBER,JOHANN 
 
 GLENDOWER.OWtN-VrElSHCHIEFlAIN-1350 
 
 GLUCK,CHRISTOPH-EER. COMPOSFR-ll 14 
 
 GOOWIN,WM.-EN6.NOVELIST---I156 
 
 METHEJOHANNVI.-GCR.POET---n-l9 
 
 GOLDSMITH,OLIVER-IRISH POH- 1128 
 
 GOME?,SEBASTIANO-SPAN.PAIN1ER-I616 
 
 GONSALVO Df EOVA-5PAIt.tEN>l--l43 
 
 &OODRICH,SAM'l G.-AM. AUTHOR -1193 
 
 GOODYEAR.CHAS.-AM.INVEN10R-I800 
 
 GORDON,E,EO..imi-Elt6.A6ITA10R-n50 
 
 frORE,CATHARINEE.-EltB.NOVELISM199 
 
 GOTT5CHALK,LOUIS M.-AM.P1AI1IST-I8?9 
 
 THOMAS JEfFERSON. 
 
 -0.,99' 
 -D-I04 
 D,I08 
 
 lAHNEMANN.S.C.F.-HR.PHYS'N-i 155 
 HAKLUYT.RICH'D-ENG.HISTi)lllAN- 1553 
 HAL[,EDW.EV1-AM.ClEIIErMAN-l822 
 HALE.SIR MAITHEW-ENG. JURIST- -1 609 
 HALEVY.JACQUES-FB.MMPOS!R-n99 
 HALJtURTOHjTHK.- HBVA SC1I1AH JMI5T-I1 9 6 
 HALIFAX,CHAS.M.-ENE.STATESMAN-lE6l 
 
 HALL.JAS.-AM.6EOL06IST IB 1 1 
 
 HAlLAM,HENRY-ENt> HISTORIAN- 1177 
 KALIECK.FITZ-EREEKE-AM. POET-- 1190 
 HALLEY.EOM.-ENG. ASTRONOMER- 1 6 56 
 HAMILCAt-CWTHUMUUI Rtft-tUJe 
 HAMIITON.ALEX.-AM. STATESMAN- iftl 
 HAMlLTON,SIRWM.-SIX)l.METAWrS.-n88 
 KAMILTON',SIRM..-IRISHAST80II.-I60J 
 HAMLIN,HANNI6Al-AM.SiATESMAN-l 809 
 HAMPOEN,JOHN-ENfeSTAT!SMAN-l594 
 HAMPTON,WAOi-AM.CONF[3.EEN.-l 8 18 
 
 -D.,1181 
 -D.,124 
 --EL.I216 
 -D.,13 18 
 -D.-M-H 
 -D..I58S 
 D..I59I 
 -0.,I623 
 --D..I846 
 
 GRESORr.ST.-GR.FATH.OFTH!WI)R.- 332 
 GREVY.FftANCOIS-PRES. OF FRANCE - 18 1 3 
 EREY.CHAS.-EN6.STA1E5MAN - - - - II 64 
 GfEY,LADYJANE-(IFIEOEN6.LADY--lS31 
 GILLMORE,Q.A.-AIV\.6ENERAI-I825 GiVM,F8IEORICM.-EER. AUTHOR- 1123 
 
 ANDREW JOHNSON. 
 
 JOHN PAUL JONES. 
 
 HANCOCK,JOHN-AM.STATESMAH-n 3 1 
 HANCOU.WINFIElOS.-AM.GEN.1- 1824 
 
 GRlMM,JACOBL.-f[R.PILOlOEIST-.n85 HANOEL,GEO.F.-&ER.COMPOSER- 1684 
 
 GfilSm-'UHA-ITAl.SINGER 1 8 12 HANNIBAL-CARTHAGINIAN 6EN.-BX.247 
 
 GRISWOLURUFUSVY.-AM.AUTHOR-I8I5 HANS SACHS-GER. POET 1494 
 
 HARDICANUTE-KING OF EN&. --IOI8 
 HAROINEE.HfNRt-EN6.GENERAL-n85 
 HARDY, IHOS.-tNfr.NOVELISt- 184 
 HABI Rl, ABU WOHAM.-ARA8.POET- 1 54 
 HARLEY.ROBVENC.STATESMAN -1 6 6 
 HAROLD I.-KIN6 OF ENGLANO-D.I04I 
 HAROLD U; it -D.I066 
 
 HAHOOM-AtRASCHIO-ULIPIlOFIAEJAB- 166 
 HAHRISON.BENJ.-23 PRES.OFU5.-I833 
 HARR1SON.JOHN-EN6.INVENTOR - 1 693 
 HARI(ISON,WM.H.-9THF1iS.U.S.-m3 
 HARTE-FRANCISBET-AM.HUMOR'H839 
 
 HARVFXWM.-ENO. PHYSICIAN-- - 1578 
 MMM-fMK GENERA1-DL,BX.20
 
 KJJXt OCCUPATION EOBN 
 
 KAME OCCUPATIOH ORN 
 
 JOHN Ylll.- ROM. PONTIFF-3.. 973 
 0., 984 
 -0., 996 
 -D.,998 
 -D.,1003 
 -D.,1009 
 -O.J033 
 -O..I277 
 -D.,I334 
 -D..I4I9 
 
 JOHN THE BUniST-fflOPHEt-M. 5 
 JOHN.ST.-APOSTIE ..... 0., IOO 
 JOHNSON,ANOR.EW-7TH PRES.US.-W8 
 N.SAM'L-ENG.LUMR- II 09 
 N.A.^HNFEIl.iEN.-- I803 
 NJ.*.- " i -1807 
 ---1529 JONAH-HEBREW-PROPHET-FLU. 900 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BOON 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 HOMfS.TWlS.-EI1S.Pllll>SOPKR- 1 586 
 MOUA2ARE-FR.GENERAL 1768 
 HOE,On M.-AM.INVF.N70R-I8I2 
 HOFTMAN.OiAS.F.-AMJUnHOR- 1 M6 
 -1697 
 
 HOGt.JAS.-SCOT.POET 1172 
 
 HW.BtlN,HANS-GR. PAINTER.-I497 
 HOLLAND. J.G.- AM. AUTHOR -" 1 8 19 
 HOLMES,6UV M.-AM.WHOR -1 809 
 
 KONORIUS.FLAVIUS-ROM.EMP'R- 384 
 HOOO.TrtOS.-EN6. POET 
 
 JOHNYIVr 
 JOHN XV.- 
 JOHN XVI.- 
 JOHN XHI.- 
 JOHN XVIU.- 
 JOHN XIX.- 
 JOHN XXI.- 
 JOHNXXU.- 
 JOHNXXHU-M 
 
 LOUIS XIII. 
 
 MKUaJMEKKtWNEML 
 
 MHUmm-MJingi 9W 
 
 KAY*, JOS.-H8.CWIPOSER-"- 1732 
 
 .ISAA'.-AaLAKTlC CXWIR.-I83.J 
 HAYES,R.I.-I9TH PHES.O C U.S.-I822 
 MrNLOr..-A.STAT ISMAN- 17 9 
 HEKL,GfOR6 X.-HR.PHIlOSfiH710 
 
 (,HEINR1CH- 6R.POET- -1799 
 J(EtlilOlT7,H.-DR.fWSiCL'ST-l8JJ 
 
 OriM(-l732lH(E-LATINPOET---BX. _. 
 
 l795|HOSMERJiAllWET-AM.SCULnORH836 IVAN IV.- 
 HOUSTON,SAM-AM^ENERAL--I793 JACKSON.A! 
 
 1798 ISOCRATES-6REEK ORATOR-B.C.436 JOHNSO 
 
 V^USTIN-MFUMPR-IT * 
 65IVANDI.-RUS.EMPEROR--I'' 
 
 JOHN STUART MILL. 
 
 LAELAtlCH[,tulti-ITAL SINGER 1794 
 
 HfHH :.:. 
 HEIr L-KINf OF FRANCE- 1005 
 HENRY H.- M -1519 
 
 HERTDl.->> M -1551 
 
 HfNRTlY.-> > --I553 
 
 HFNRT 1.-KH.EMPEROR-- 876 
 HENRY n.- ; 972 
 NEHRTDI.--' > -1017 
 HENAYIV.-M M -1050 
 HENRY V.- 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 HOWE.EL1AS-AM.INVENTOR-I8 19 
 
 HOWE.SAMI MunuifTKr-i so i 
 
 HUOSON.HENRT-ENC.MVIMTCR-D.1 6 1 1 
 HUCHES.THOS.-ENE.AUTHOR- 
 HUtO.veTOR-FR.POET ...... 1 802 
 
 HUM(JOLDT,F.K.)L-HRJCIENI!Sl-n69 
 HUME.DAVIO-SCOIHISTORIAN-1 7 II 
 UKft-tlWOn -- -178* 
 HUNTER.JOHN-SMLSUKtON-n2.8 
 HUSiJOHN-BOKKIAN HEIOW1ER- 1 3 7 3 
 HIHiryiS.H.-ENkSCIENTI$T"l825 
 
 JACOBI.FRIEDRICH-tER.PHIlOS.-n43 
 4ACO.UARD,JCS.M.-FR.INVENTOR-n52 
 JAMES 1.-KINS OF SCOTLAND-1394 
 JAMESL- 11 > -1430 
 
 JAMES IU.- 5 -1453 
 
 JAMES W.-i -1473 
 
 JAMESV.-J. -1512 
 
 JAMES I.-Nf OrEN6.*SCOVI566 
 JAMESD.- )) -1633 
 JAMESON. ANNA-Hm.AimR-n97 
 MNSaunKlK-MPIWK-1585 
 JANUARIUS.ST.-PM.ST.OFNAPIES- 272 
 Vk-BAVEAM.SOtWEIh7bO 
 JAY,JOH'N-AM.STATESMAN--n45 
 JEFTERSON.THOS.-3RD PRES.aS.-1743 
 JEFFREY.FRANCI5-5CDT.JLIOM- - 1773 
 JEFFRtYS.KO.-BRIT. JUDGE - - 1 648 
 JENNER,EjW.-EN6.PHYSIOAN---n4 l __ 
 I823|JEROM,5T.-LAT.FATH.OFCHUR.-?4Q JOSEPHINE 
 
 JONE5,5IR WM.-!Jt6.llHGUIST - 1746 LA FONT 
 
 LORD MACAULAY. 
 
 LA FAYETTE. 
 
 HENHY VL-6ER. EMPEROR n 55 
 
 HEWrVl-)t ). --I262 
 HEXRY I.- WHS Of NGIAHD-|068 
 
 HrDER-All-HINOOO PflMCE -.---17 18 
 
 s 
 
 1.I 07 
 
 1 830 
 
 - 1 833 
 1781 
 
 IWMIUS LOTOLA-SPAH. JESUIT 
 MBMUENHNUMKIBT- 
 
 JONSON,BEJt-ENt. DRAMATIC WET- 1 574 
 JOSEPH l.-G-ER. EMPEROR- 1678 
 9 JOSEPHI1.-11 --'1741 
 -FR.EMPRESS--I763 
 JOSEPHUS.FIAV.-JEWISH KISIORIW- 37 
 JOSHUA-HEBREW LEADER- B.C. 1537 
 JUAREL8.P.-PRES.OF MEXICO- 1806 
 
 AlliE,jEAN-FR.POET - 1 62 1 
 LA 6RANGE,JOS.-Fli.MATHEMATN-n36 
 LAMARTINF.-AlPHOIISE-FR.POET - 1 790 
 LAMB.CHAS.-ENS.ESSA1IST----n7.5: 
 LAMBERT.JOHN-[NeiEltliAl - - 16 19 
 LANDOR.WAIT.S.- EN6. AOTHOR - - 1775 
 LANDSEEH.SIR EOW.-EH6.PAINTEI1- 1302 
 LANGW.MK.L.-AM. ACTRESS - 1 8 52 
 LANNES.JEAN-FR.MARSHAL- -1769 
 LAN5DOWItE.W)il-N6.SIA!ES'll- 1737 
 LAPLACE.P.S>FR.ASTRONOIilER-n4S l 
 U ROCHEFOUCA9lD,F.-FI.AUTHOR-l6 
 LA SAUE.ROBtC.-FR.EXPLORER-i643 
 LAS CASES,EMAN'l-fll.MKUi-n66 
 LATIMER.MUGH-EN(.REF(l(klER-i490 
 LATOUK D'AlWEJiME-Fli.OFFICER-n43 
 
 IAUD.WM.-ENG. PRELATE 1 573 
 
 LAURENS,HEN8Y-AHLSTAIES'N--n24 
 t AVATR,JOHN C.-SWISS rHTSMPTH 14 1 
 
 LORDLYTTON. 
 
 -1133 
 -1207 
 -1366 
 -1388 
 
 1421 
 1456 
 -1491 
 - 1736 
 MEIAani)S-GEEK FWLK.- B^. 535 
 
 1593 
 
 KM . 
 
 HENRY HL- ) 
 HEN> IV.- 
 HENRY V.- 
 HENRY VL- 
 MM1 I . 
 --.- . . 
 
 JEROME OF PMSUE-HHtM.WVINE-1378 
 
 73 
 
 HEUIMTUS-KEIKTMAN- - 6.U64 
 HERltiLRfln.-Nt.W7 - 1591 
 
 -.-..: \ 
 HtSCHtt.SWM.-'> ! -1738 
 
 Hisiot-trnPOET FLJ.C. sso 
 
 HE7F11AH-KIKMJUOEA-- Bi 750 
 
 mmmgion-AK.iiisioRiAH-4807 
 
 JEHBOLD,D01LAS-E6.AinHOR-l803 KEARNEY,PHILlP-AM.GN'L-l8i: 
 
 JOAN OF ARC-fR.HEROINE ---1412 
 
 JOEL-HEBREW PROPHET-FL.B.C. 7 75 
 
 JOHN I.-KIN6 OF FRANCE-I3I6 
 
 JOHN D.- 11 M 1319 
 
 JOHN-KING OF ENGLAND 1 166 
 
 JOHN LHIIN& OF PORTUGAl-1357 
 
 JOHND.-KINGOFPOLANO---I609 
 
 JOHNffl.-ii >? ---1624 
 
 JOHN I- ROM. PONTIFF- tX, 526 
 
 HENRY W.LONtFELLOvY. 
 
 ROBERT LLEE. 
 
 INNOCENT L-ROM.PONTIFF-0. 417 
 INNOCENT II.- 
 INNOCENT m.- 
 INNOCENTIV.- 
 INNOCENT V.- 
 INNOCENTW.- 
 INNOCENTV1I.- 
 INNOCENT V1I1.- 
 INNOCENT IX- 
 INNOCtNl X.- 
 INNOCTN1 XI.- 
 INNOCCNT XII.- 
 INNOCENTXITU- 
 IHEN/IUS.S1.-BISHOP 01 LYONS- 140 
 |RE-T7ANIINE EMPRESS--- 752 
 IRVIN&,EDW.-SC07. DIVINE 1792: 
 GjWWW-AM. AUTHOR - 1 78J 
 ISABf LIA L-QU.OF CASTILE - - 1451 
 
 ISAIELLAn.-OU.OF SPAIN 1830 
 
 ISAIAH-HEBREK PROPHET-FLBX.740 
 
 JOHN I!.- 
 JOHN 111.- 
 JOHN IV.- 
 JOHN V.- 
 JOHN VI.- 
 JOHNViL- 
 
 -D.II43 JOHN VIII.- 
 
 -D.I2I6 JOHN IX.- 
 0.1254 JOHN X.- 
 
 0. 1276 JOHN XI.- 
 
 -8.1382 JOHN XII.- 
 
 -B.I406 
 
 -0.1492 
 
 -D.I59I 
 
 -D.I6S5 
 
 -0.1689 
 
 -0.1700 
 
 -0.1724 
 
 D., 535 
 0., 573 
 D., 642 
 D., 686 
 
 D., 705 MATS,JOHN-ENG.POET----n95 
 
 D.,- 707 
 
 D., 900 
 
 D.. 936 
 D., 964 
 
 JAMES MADISON. 
 
 JULIAN THE APOSIAU-OM.EMP'R 
 JULIANt-ROM.PONTIFF-l, 352 
 JULIAN IL- )i ) > D.J5I3 
 JULIANIH.-ji 5) B..I555 
 
 JUSTIN.SVCH.FAIH.IN PALESTINE 103 
 JUSTINIAN U-BYZANIINEEMP'R- 483 
 JUVENAL.DECIMUS-LAT.POET 
 KALAKAUA.OtVID-KINB (F HAWAII-1 836 
 
 KAlB,JOHrf-AM.GNERAl 1721 
 
 ANE,EUSHA K.-AM.ARC.EKPIOR;I820 
 
 KEAN.EDM-ENf.TRAGEOIAN-1787 
 
 JOHN MILTON. 
 
 CARDINAL MAZARIN. 
 
 K[ll[RMA((N,FX.-FR.6CNERAl- 17 35 
 KEMBLE.JOHN P.-EN6.TRAHDIAIH7S7 
 KEMP5.THOS.VGER.MONK'-I380 
 
 D., 928 KENT.JAS.-AM.JURIS7 1763 
 
 KE PLER.jOHANN-GER.AStRON.-l 57 1 
 XEY.FRANCISS.-AM.POET- ---1779 
 KINt,RUFUS-AM.STATESMAN-l 7 55 
 UNC-,WM.R.- 11 >i -1786 
 KIN&5inr,CHAS.-EN6.0WINE--l8l9 
 KlTTO.JOHN-ENt.BIB\ SCHOIAR-1 804 
 KLE8ER.JEAN B.-FR.GENERAL-1 7 5 
 KlOPSTOCK.F.fr.-tER.POn- -1724 
 KNISHT,CHAS.-ENO. AUTHOR- -|79l 
 KNOWL[S,JAS.S.-ENG. AHOR- -1 784 
 KNOX.HENRr-AM.SrATE5MAN- 1 750 
 UNOX. JOHN-SCOT. OIVTNE - -1505 
 kOSCIUSi,THA8l)fl-WllSH!imH746 
 KOSSUTHjLOWS-flfflHIWI PHI1IOT-I802 
 WrnBU.AUf(BT-6ER.OMMATlST-l76l 
 BITUSOE F,MHW-IIU$.&tNE8AL- 1 745 
 
 LAVOISIER.A.L.-FR.CHEMIST - -- 1743 
 LAWJOHN-SCOT. FINANCIER 1 67 1 
 LAWRENCE.A.-AM.PHIlAJITHR.O r I-n86 
 LAWRENCE.JA1-AM.IIAWL HEHO-I78I 
 LAWRENCE,7HK.-ENt.PAINTER -1769 
 LESRUN,CHS.-.PA1NTER 1 6 19 
 LEOYARO. JOHN- AM. TRAVELER- 1751 
 LEE.ARTHDR-AM.STATESMAI1 -1740 
 
 LELEHASr AM. GENERAL 1775 
 
 LEE.FRANCIS L.-AM. PATRIOT ---1734 
 
 LELHENRY-AM.GENERAL 1756 
 
 LEE.RICH'D H.-AM. ORATOR" -1732 
 LEf.ROBT.E.-CONFEO.GENERM.- 1 806 
 LEECHJOHN-ENG.CARICATURIST- 1817 
 LEfEBRVRANCmS-FlMMSIlAi |755 
 LEEARLHLiai S.-AM.STT[SWAN -i 797 
 LEIBNIT?.MTTFIU!D-t!S.PllE1l-i 646 
 LEIffSTn.ROB.D.-ENt.EARL- 1532 
 LEOL- R.OM. PONTIFF- 0, 461 
 LEO IL- > i -0-684 
 LEOIIL- > . 0. 816 
 LEOIV.- .1 > , -0., 855 
 
 JAMES MONROE.
 
 NAMC OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN WAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 tQ V.-ROM. PONTIFF-D., 903 
 
 JO VI.- 
 
 LEO VII.- v 
 
 LEO VIIL- > 
 
 LEO IX.- ? 
 
 LEO X.- f 
 
 LEO XI.- > 
 
 JG Xll.- 5 
 
 LEO XIU.- 
 
 0., 929 
 0., 939 
 -D., 965 
 -O..I054. 
 -O..I52I 
 O..I605 
 1760 
 -1910 
 
 UONIDA.S-KINS OFSPMTA-gi.-0.480 
 LEOPOID I.-6ER. EMPEROR - 1640, 
 LEOPOLD L- ' > - - - 1141 
 LEOPOLD l.-KING OF BUCIUM--I190 
 LEOPOID L- it -1 8351 
 LE SASE,ALAIN 8.-FR.SOVEUST-- 1 668! 
 LESUE,CHS.R.-ENS.PAiNTU--n94| 
 L[SSEPS,FERD.-FR.ENEIN[m 
 
 1129 
 
 PROF. S.F.8. MORSE. 
 
 LEVER,CHAS,J.-lltlSN NOVELIST -1806 
 LEVEBRIER,UJJ.-FR.STONOII1ER- 1311 
 LEWES.GEO.H.-ENG. AUTHOR ---1311 
 LEWlS,MERIWETHEI!-AM.EmOR!IH 114 
 LEYDEN.LUCAS-DUTCH PAINHR-14-9* 
 LI EKR,FRANCIS-AM. PUBLICIST- -( 8 00 
 LIEBlG,JUSTUS-GER.CttM!ST--|803 
 UNCOLN.ABRAHAM-I6TH PRES.kS.-l 809 
 LINCOIN,BEN,).-AM. GENERAL-- - II 3 3 
 UNO,JENNr-SWEO.VOCAL!ST---l82l 
 LINNAU)S,CHAS.-SWEtl.80UNIST-- 1 107 
 tlPPLFILIPPO-ITAL. PAINTER 14-12 
 LIS2TJFRANZ-HUN&. PIANIST- --IQI I 
 LITTLETON.THOS.-ENUURIST--I420 
 LIVERPOOL.ROB.-ENI,.$TATESMAH |110 
 LIVINGSTON,EDVr.-AM.JURIST - - - 11 64 
 LIVINDSTONE-DAVIt-SCOUKPLMIEfl 1 8 1 3 
 im,Tl'US-ROM.H1S10RIAIt -B.C. 59 
 LOCKE,JOHN-ENt.PMUS(!PH8-- 1 6 32 
 LOt-AN.JOHN .- HM.SW[?MA - - 1 82 6 
 
 LON6,F(OI?ER-ENG.ASTM)lfOMU|-l680 
 
 N A POLE: OK. 
 
 LUnil^tLUJ"jN.vii.rut I - 
 
 LONGSTREET,JAS.-COND.6EN.- 
 ORRAINE,OUKEOF-E*ER.WN'L- 
 OSSIN6, BENSON J.-MIHS10IUM 
 OUIS.1.-KIN& OF FRANCS -- 
 OUIS 11.- I) 
 
 OUIS 1)].- ) 
 OUISIY.- ) 
 OUISV.- > 
 
 OKI? vu- 
 
 OUIS VIL-i 
 OWS V)lt 
 OUIS K.- I 
 OUIS X.- ! 
 
 ouis jn.- 
 
 LOUIS XIt 
 OUIS XIII.-) 
 OUIS XTV.-i 
 
 ouis xv.- 
 
 LOUIS XVb i 
 
 1607 
 
 1821 
 
 1604 
 
 1813 
 
 778 
 
 846 
 
 353 
 
 921 
 
 961 
 
 1078 
 
 -I I 
 
 I 197 
 
 1215 
 1289 
 1423 
 
 1462 
 1601 
 1638 
 1110 
 1154 
 
 WILLIAM PENH 
 
 mKUMUBI.-fMUMKMtt-M.70 
 
 MAHMOUD L-SUTM OF IURKEY - 1 6 96 
 
 MAHMOJD L- M -17 
 
 MMTEmmnoHumA-i 6 35 
 
 MAU8(IAH,MAI1IA F.-FH.VOCAIIST - -1 8 08 
 MAIPIGHLMAICEUI1-ITAL.SURKON--I628 
 MlTHUS,IHOS.Ii.-rNt.PtllI.WIT[R- 17 66 
 MMKHULSUHHCniHIB- 1300 
 MkMUGU,-fJ(tHMHUl---l808 
 
 MANN,H6ACE-AM.[DUCAIOR 1796 
 
 MMSROUaUlrlBUntSI--- 1705 
 MANUni)S.A.-VENfTIAN PBNTEI----I4.49 
 MARAT,Jf.ANP.-FUEVOtUT!ONIST- 1 744 
 MAHC[UI)S.KARC.-ROM.CONSUL-8.C. 268 
 MMHEIIFMJMUBUI.ab--M.29 
 MAI6ABEI-QILOEN. NOK. 5WED.- -1 3 53 
 MAREARFT-QU.OFNAVARRF.---- 1492 MElBOURNE.WM.-ENE.STAItS.-l 
 
 SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 
 
 LOUIS XVII.-KIN& OF FRANCE - 17 85, 
 lOUISXVUl.- M 11 -1155 
 LOUIS PHiaiPPt-n > -IT73 
 LOUIS EV.-GER. EMPEROR-- I28S 
 IOUV01S,TRANCOIS-FR.STATE5'N-I 641 
 LOVER,SAM'L-IRISH NOVELIST- 1 1 97 
 LOWE II, JAS.RUS VAM. POET - 1 8 19 
 lOYOLA.ltNfflU5-5WNJF.SUIT-l4.9l 
 LUCAN,MARCUS-ROM.POET--- 39 
 
 LUCIAN- GREEK SATIRIST 120 
 
 LUCRETIUS-LATIN POET -B.C. 95 
 LUCULLUS,LUCIUS-ROM.GEN.-8.C. I I 
 LUTHER.MARTW-KR.REFORMER-1463 
 LU*EMBOURS,F.H.-FR.MAIISHAL- 1 628 
 LYCUREUS-SPARTAN LAIMVEI-FL.BJL850 
 LYElt,SIR GEO.-SC01.CEOLOG1ST- 1197 
 lYNDHl)R5T,J.Si-ENE.CHNCEU(lll-l 172 
 
 COMMODORE PERRY. 
 
 LVON,NATHANIEl-AM.6ENERAl - 1 6 1 9 
 LYSANDER-SPARTAN SWlFJHMA. 3 95 
 
 LVSIMAtHUSHWItOF THRACE B.C.355 
 
 LYSIPWS-SREEK SMlPTOR-a.,B.C. 3 3 
 MACAUlAY.TOSJ.-Ellt.[SSAVIST-.| 800 
 MC CAtlP'J JSTH-I8ISH KRITEII ---1830 
 MACOIIVELU,N.-IIAL.SWTFSMAN"I469 
 
 MAC uuuuEUrMuaaui-i e 2 & 
 
 me COSH,JAS:-SCOT. THEOLOSIAII - - 1 e 1 1 
 
 MACDONALD.niENNE-FR.MMSmi-1 7 65 
 MACDONAld.KO.-5COT.POFT- - - I 824 
 MACDONALO.JNO.Vl:AN.STATES'N-l 8 14 
 VACKINTBSHjSlRJAS.-SCOT.STATES'N-l 7 6S 
 MC aOSKEUNO.-IST AM CARBINAl-l 8 I 
 MCMWELL,IRVIN-AM.CENtRAl -I 818 
 MCKINLE,WM.-AM.STA1SMAN I 844 
 MAC IUtHbN,M.[.-PRE$.OF FR.--I 808 
 
 MACSEAOT,WM.C.-!NC.ACTOR 17 93 
 MADISON,JAMES-4TK PRES.aS.-l 1 5 1 
 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
 MAKAHFT-QU. OF FRANCE-- 
 MARIA D.-QU.CF PORTUGAL- 
 
 1553 
 
 MELVILlf,AN'DREW-SK)T.REFORMER-l 545 MMUWI 
 
 JAMES K. POLK. 
 
 MENDELSSOHN-BART. -HI.CjMPOS.-l 8 09 MUR 
 MESMER.FRIED'K-GER.PHYSICIAN-I 
 METTERNICH.C.W.-AUST.SIATES'N-1 773 
 MEYMEBJMflLCMIPOSEIl-nM 
 MICHAEL-ANtELO-ITAL. ARTIST 1474 
 MIFFLIN,THOS.-AM.PATRIOT-- 1744 
 MILLJAS.-5C07. HISTORIAN - 1113 
 MILI.JOHNSTUART-ENG.PHILOS.-- 1 806 
 MILLERjHUHI-SCOT.GEOLOGIST- 1802 
 
 MILLER,C.H.-AM.POET 1 841 
 
 MILIS.CLARK-AM.SCULPTO R 1 8 1 5 
 MILTIADES-ATHEN.STATES.-EL.B.C.500; 
 
 MILTON.JOHN-ENG.POET 1608 
 
 MIRABEAU.G.H.-FR. ORATOR - - 1 749, 
 MlTCHEL.O.M.-AM.ASTRON'R-l 810 
 MITCHELL.D.6.-AM.AUTHOR--C822 
 MITHRIDATES-klNfllFPONTUS-B.C.132 
 
 MORE,HAnAH-ENf.AUTHORESS 11*5 
 MORE.SU TIW$r{RUWBMM*-l4tt 
 
 MOREAUJtAII-FR.CKERAL 1163 
 
 WORCAN,JHO.K.-COIIFEDX{NEKAL- 1 825 
 MORLEVIOHN-EHtSTATESWAN --I838 
 M088IS.6EO.P.-AM.JOURNALIST--I802 
 MORRIS.R08T.- AN.nNANClER - 17 34 
 MORSEF.B.-AI*.INVENTWl V TEISW 191 
 
 MaHIMgASA-SaitREKKT IS30 
 
 MORTO.OmEH-AI*.$TATKMAN--- 1823 
 MOSEHEm UW-dVER-B.C. 1570 
 
 MOTinjOttNtAM-HISTORIAN 1814 
 
 MOltVALENTINE-AfiLSUHHOH- 1185 
 
 MOUITRIE.WM.-AM.&ENERAL 1731 
 
 MOZARLJCKANN-KUMIPOSER 1 756 
 MUUEH.MAX.-ENt.FmOLOHST - - -| 823 
 719 MUNCHHAKHJAJON-EltSOUllR-nSO 
 !M-FR.MARSHAL 1771 
 
 .-snuLnMTa IBIS 
 
 733 MLIRRAY,JAS.V5WT.REffNT---|533 
 
 JOHN RUSKIN. 
 
 MARIA DE'MEOlCi-Qg.OF FRANCE-1 573 MOHAMMED-FOUNOEROF ISLAM- 570 
 MARIA LOU1SA-FR.EMPRESS ---1191 
 MARIA THERESA-ftU. HUK.+BOH.--I 7 II 
 
 MARIE ANTOINEITE-WF. LOUIS XVL-I 755 
 MARIO,GtUSEPPE-ITAL.SINGE8 - - 1 8 1 
 MARION.FRANCIS-AkUENERAL- II 32 
 MARIOTTE.ETM-FR.PHYCISIST-D. I 684 
 
 MARIUS,CAIUS-ROM.fMERAl-B.C. 157 
 MARIBOROKH,J.C.-EN6.GENERAL-1 650 
 MARLOWE,CHRIS.-ENG.ORAMATISH 564 
 MARMONT,AU)STE-FR.MARSflAl-l 774 
 MAR8UETTE,JAC9UFS-FR.EmORER-l 631 
 MARRYAT.FRED'K-ENe.NOVELIST-l 1 92 
 MARSH,GEO.P.-AM.PHILOLOCIST- -ISO 
 MARTIAL.MARCUSV.-IATINPOET- 43 
 MATINEAU,HAI!RIET-ENC.WRITER-I802 
 MARYI.-QUE-EN OF ENGLAND"! 5 16 
 
 RICHELIEU. 
 
 Ml)RRAY,UNDLEY-ENt.ERAMMUIAN-iU5 
 
 MUSSETT.L.U.-FR. POET 1810 
 
 NADIR SHAH-KINfOF PERSIA 1 688 
 
 NAPIER,SlflCHftJ.-ENS.GENERAL-- 1782 
 NAPI E R. JOHN-5COT.MATHEMATICIAN - 1 5 5 
 NAPOLE&N BONAfARTE-FR. EMPEROR 1169 
 NEANOERJ.A.W.-KR.THEOIOGIAN- P 789 
 NEIUCIIADNE2ZAR-KIIICOFBAEYLM-D.,BX^6> 
 NECKERJACQUES-FR.STATESMAN - - 1732 
 NEIISON,ADEIAIDE-AM.ACTRESS--I853 
 NEISON.HCRATIO-ENC.ADMIRAL 1758 
 
 NERO-ROMAN EMPEROR. J7 
 
 NESSCLRODE.CHAS.R.-RU5.STATES1< 1780 
 NEWMAN,CARDINAL-[NG.OIVINE-I80I 
 NEW70N.3'R ISAAC-ENWILOSOf KEIH 642 
 
 1662 
 MARY STUART-QUEEN OF SCOTS- 1542 
 
 MACPHfRSONljAS.-SCOT.POET--n 38 MA$ON,LOWEU-AM.MUS.COMPOS.-n92 
 
 MOHAMMED!.- TURKISH SULTAN- -1430 
 MOHAMMEDDU- >i u --I566 
 MOHAMMED IV i) n --1642 
 MOIIERE.JEAN-FR, DRAMATIST-! 622 
 MOlTKE,COUNTVOIKER.KNEIiAL-l 800 
 MONK,GEO.-EN6.GENERAL-- - 1 608 
 MONMOUTH.JAS^.-ENC.OUKE - I 649 
 MONROEJAS.-5TH PRE5. U.S.- 17 58 
 MONTA&UE.LAOH-ENG.AUTHORESS-I 690 
 MONTAIGNE.MICKEL-FR.PHILOS'R- 1533 
 MONTALEMBERT,CF.-FR.ORATOR-1 8 1 
 MONTCALM,L.J.-FR. GENERAL-- 17 12 
 MONTESQUIEU.CHAS.-FR.MJTHOR-I 6 89 
 MONTE2UMA fl.-MEX.AITEC EMP.- 1 480 
 MONTfORD,SIMON-NOR.riSADER-l 150 
 MONTGOLFlE(U.E.FR.INVENTOH145 
 MOKTGOMERY,JAS.-SCOT.POET- -1771 
 MASON,JAS.IK.-AM.STATE!iMAN-l 197 MONTMORENCr,ANNE-F.MARSHAL-|493 
 
 ALEXANDER POPE. 
 
 MASSEN A.ANORE-FR.M ARSHAL-1 158 
 
 MASSEY^ERALO-ENC.POET-- 1828 MOTROSE,J.S.-SCOT.SENERSL- 
 
 MATHER,COTTON-AM.OIVINE--I663 
 MATHEW,THEOBALD-IRISHPRI!ST-I 7 90 
 MAURICE OF NASSAU- EEUENERAl I S 6 7 
 MAURV.MAT.F.-AM.HYDROCRAPHEIH 806 
 MAXIMILIAN 1.-GER.EMPEROR-I459 
 MA)IIMIUAN.F.J.-MEX.iMPEROR-ie32 
 MAIUHLCMMMl-flLSUtEM-IBOI 
 M AZ EPPA.IVAN-POL .NOBLEMAl I 644 
 MEAOE,G-E0.6.-AM. GENERAL - : 1 
 MtDICI,C.-DIIEF nMUTIM REWS.-1 3 89 
 MEDICI,C.-tR.OIIKE Of TUSCANY - I 5 1 9 
 MEOICI.L.-PRINCEOF FLORENCE-I 
 MEHEMET ALI-VICEROY OF EEYPT I 769 
 MtlSSONIER.JEAN-FR.PAINTER-l 8 1 1 
 MEUNCHTHIiN,P.-KR.REFOMiR-U97 
 
 SIR WALTER SCOn 
 
 MONTMORENrr,ENIO-!! 
 MONTMORENCY.MAT.-i 
 
 1534 
 
 WOODY.O.L.-AM. EVANGELIST - - 1 8 31 
 MOORF;,SIR JOHN-BBIT.GENERAL- 1161 
 
 MOORE.TNOS.-IRISH POET 1179 
 
 MORALES,1.UIS-SP*.PAINTER-I509 O'B 
 
 ROBESPIERRE, 
 
 NEV.MlCHEL-Ffl.MARSHAL- \ 
 NICHOLAS L- BUS. EMPEROR - - - H96 
 NICHOLAS,ST.--BI9)aPOF MYRIA-O, 340 
 NIGHTINGALE. F10R.-ENt.fHILAIlTH'ST : l8?0 
 NILSSON.CHRfsH-SW[D.VOCALISM843 
 NORTH,FREB'K-EN6.STATESIKANH 732 
 NOTTINEKAM.HJ.-ENfcJIiRIST - - - 1 621 
 NOYES,GEO.R.-AM. THEOLOGIAN -1198 
 0'BRIEN.VYM.S.- IRISH PATRIOT-1803 
 a'CONNELL-OANVIRISH ORATOW115 
 OOOACER-IN60FITL1(----D., 493 
 O'OONNElL.LEOP'0-SPAII.STATES.-l 809 
 OEIUISQUMLUr DANlSHton -1179 
 0!RSTEO,HAKS L-OAK.NAT.PHILOS.-1 771 
 OFFENBACH. JACO.-6ER.COMPOSER-1 8 19 
 OftfTHOIlPt.JiS.-ENG.KNRAL I 698 
 OLOCASTLE.SIRJNO.-EKC.RFFORN'IH 3 60 
 OLLNOORFF,HEHRI-Kli.EDUCATOR-l803 
 OLMSTEAD,OOIISO-AM.ASTRON'W 791 
 OMAR PASHA-TURKISH SOlDIEti- 1806 
 
 91
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 HAME. OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION 
 
 MTUKUM SUfEK*9KHe43 
 
 PWL.ST- APOSTLE ..... t, 65 
 PAUll- ROMAN PONT1FF-54 767 
 MULE.- > ' -11,14.71 
 PAULS.- J -D.,1549 
 PAULtr.- l 5J -D.,1559 
 PAULV.- ?> > -D.,1621 
 PAUL I.- RUSSIANCMPEROR--I754. 
 PAULOWP,JA5.ll.-AII.*UTHOR-m 9 
 PAUSANIAS-SfARTAH 6EN.-a.fMS8 
 
 i rroy ijibBUMra so? 
 
 PAYNE JW.H.-AM.IAT1ST-1 7 92 
 
 KM :-.-;. .-..-. sv-- . f96 
 
 TOBIAS SMOLLETT. 
 
 WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE. 
 
 <n*AM,B.E.-IRISH WEM-ITM 
 
 - - 
 
 1.- EMPEUR Of BRHIL- - 1 7 9 
 PEDROD.- > ' -182 
 
 PEL,SIR ROBVENf .STATK'H 7 88 
 
 . 
 
 ORlE.N-SREEIlTU>flAN---l86 
 l 8 1 
 
 OTHOL-eCtOIPEROR ..... 312 
 OTHOIL- 11 J> 
 OTHOtr > 
 OTHOW.- 
 
 55 
 $80 
 I 7+ 
 
 OTIS, JAMES-AM. LAWYER- - 1725 
 OVID-ROMAN POET ---- 8.C. 43 
 
 -- 
 
 1 
 
 OXEIISTIEII.Am-SWtSTB.-l 583 
 1*90 
 
 ^ ..,;:.: muMUMSf 7W 
 
 MME,Roni.-AM.UWYER---n73 
 PMNE.THOS.-AU.FItF.E-ffilKER-l 737 
 ANS^aiin-f IUNVEJITORH 783 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 GfN-P.H.SHERIDAN. 
 
 PELUCO.SILVW-IIAL.PHIIIOT 1789 
 PEMIES10ILJ.C.-CWFE J.HN'L-1 8 U 
 PtNN.WM.-IN6.9UAKER- - -1 6M 
 PEPIN(IHSTKR.KINfr- 714 
 PtFYS,SWL-ENE..AUTHOR 1632 
 
 PFCIl.,JAU^A.POET 1795 
 
 PEJCVHOS.-EN&. AUTHOR 1728 
 PEMUSI,D.B.-!TAUCOMPOS[M 7 1 
 Pf V CLES-ATHENIAN STA1E$1HJ.C. 4-95 
 PEir.OllVER H.-AM.COMMOOOBE-1 7 85 
 PERSIllS-ROMAN SATIRIST 34 
 PCJTALBZUjmM-SMSEMCOM-nAS 
 
 ffinUSVAPOSTLE 0~ 66 
 
 rntlUMttUTKZAR Of RIBSIA-1 672 
 PETEIlIBWlt)-FR.MONK-a 1115 
 
 dSISTRTUS-TYMKT CFITIEIG-IU.6 1 2 
 miWLBMHIMMMi IIHMS'13 
 Pin.WM.-EN6. STATESMAN 1759 
 PIUSI.-ROMAN PONTIFF--!, 157 
 PIUS!!.- 5 > --D,U64 
 PIUS in.- > J> -O..I503 
 PIDStV.- -O..I565 
 PIUSV.- > -O.J57J 
 PIUSVI.-> 3t -D.,1799 
 PIUSVn.- -U.,1823 
 PIUSVn.- -[UI830 
 PIUS IX.- > -D.,1878 
 PIZARRO^AeiStO-CWf Pf BU- 1475 
 PlATO-tREtK PHILOSOPHER-B.C. 428 
 PllNYiEUERl-RCM.NATURAUSI- 23 
 PlllirhwEIHOM.MJTHOR-~ 61 
 PIUTARCH-frREEK BIOGRAPHER- 50 
 POE,E!IMIUUAti-AM. AUTHOR-- I 809 
 POLK.JAS.K.-IITH PRE5.U.S.--I795 
 
 POlLOKjROBV SCOT. POET 1798 
 
 WlO,MARCO-V[ETIAK IRAVEUH 2 54 
 POMPADOUR, JEAHrMISllESSLtUSnU 7 2 I 
 POMPEY-ROMAN MNERAL-8.C. I 06 
 PONCE KUk-MMMUFflMM4M 
 
 IST---| 495 
 
 RACHEl,EU2AI.F.-Fl. ACTRESS-- 1 820 
 RACINE.JWII-FR.ORAMMIST" I 639 
 RADCUfTE.MtN-ENG.NOWLIST-- 176* 
 RA&UN,JSJI.-EN6.NIKM.--| 788 
 RALEIGH,SIRWALIEII-E!t6.NA\ll6.-l 552 
 RAMAU,JEAN P.-FR.COMPOSER-I 6B3 
 RAMSAY,ALLAII-SCOT.POE7 -- 1 685 
 RAMSAV.DAVID-AM.HISIORIAN 174 
 RANMIPUJ01IM-AM. ORATOR -- 1 77 
 RAPHAEL-1TALPAINTER ..... I 48 
 MntMJLL-AILJMMAUSr.-l 82 
 REAn,TKOS.BUC.-AM.POEl ..... I 85 
 HEAK.CHASrElie. NOW LIST ---- 181 
 RrAUMU,R.AJ.-F.PHYSICIST--l 68 
 RECAMIERJE AHNF.-FR.BEHUTY -- 177 
 REEVES.S1MS-EK8.SIN6ER ---- 1 82 
 KEHUUIMUriMUCM>Ui 25 
 REIO,MYNMm$H-AM.NOVEUST-l 81 
 RIO,THOS.-SCUT.META!HYSICIAIH 7 I 
 REMIMNDT.PAUL-DUTCH PUHKI-I 60 
 565 RENAN,JtS.E.-FR.PHIlOlOGIST-l 82 
 
 ALFRED TENNXSON. 
 
 JEREMY TAfLOR. 
 
 RUSSELl,WM.-ENt.PATRlOT--l 639 
 RUtLEBDE,JONN-AM.-STATE5'N- 1 7 39 
 WnER,WCAEl-UtCHAOMIIIAL-l07 
 SACKVIlU,litO.-ENf.yATESMAN-| 7 I 6 
 SAINT UAIR.ARTHUI!-AM.6Eli'L-n34 
 SA1NTE-SEUVE,U.-FR.POET ----I 804 
 SAINT MRE,JACQ.-FR.MITHOR-1 737 
 SAIKT SIMON.G.H.-FR.!WOS'R-1 7 60 
 SALAOIN-SULTAN OF EGYPT - - I I 37 
 SAIIS6URY,ROBT.A.T.-EI16.5!AIE.-| 830 
 SAILUST-ROM.HISTORIAN-6.C. 86 
 SAIVINI.SIENOR-ITAL.ACTOR--I830 
 SAMUEL-ISRAELITE JUDtE-B.C.1 170 
 SANTA ANNA-MEX.MNERAL--I798 
 SAPPHO-GREEK POETESS-FL.B.C.600 
 SAUL-FIRST KINGOFISRAEL-D..B.C.I055 
 SAVONAROIA.6.-ITAL.REFORMH-I4.52 
 SAXE,HERANN M.-FR.MARSHAH696 
 
 SAXI.JOHNfr.-AM. POET 1816 
 
 SCALIER. JULIUS C.-ITAL.tRUlC-l 484 
 SCHEllWt,F.W.J.-6II.PHIlOS'R-l 775 
 
 "ROBERTSOUTHEY. 
 
 , iffc-AM-WSTORIAM 1796 
 fefWAO-nU>OnR--l5IO 
 A-ENtSWES-N-ne* 
 OBMNWHIM 
 PAPlli,DDIIS-FR.PHYSICIAN--l647 
 ;LSDS-BS ALCHEMIST- 1493 
 WROOE.JUUA-ENtAOTHORESS-1 806 
 PAHSOOUISA/.-FR. PRINCE -1 838 
 PAR(CMO(-'SCOT.TRAVELER-n7 1 
 F>AER,THEIME-W.TKNUIH8IO 
 LDIANCK-AM.HISTOIIAHe23 
 InASi-IRiSH A6ITATWH843 
 HMl-fltL HENRY Vlftl 509 
 PA*UROnP.-AM.INVENTWI804 
 WMrFJ*.EmOREil-n90 
 
 SYDNEY 5MITH. 
 
 POPE,ALE)(ANOER-ENG.POET-I 688 
 PORTER,OAVH-AM.COMMOOOM 780 
 PORTER.FITZ JOHN-AM.KNERAL-1 82 3 
 PORTEK,JANE-EMe.NOVtLIST-- 1776 
 POUSSIN,NI(;HOlS-Fll.PAmTEII-IS94 
 POWEU.MAJ. J.W.-AM.ETHNOUWSH 8 3 
 (WERS.HIRAM-AM.SCULPTOR--I 90S 
 PRAXITELES-GREEK SCULP10I ILJUJ5I 
 PRENTICE.C-EO.O.-AM.JOURNAUST- 1 802 
 PRESCOTLWM.H.-AM.HISIORIAII-1 796 
 PRICHAROJAS.C.-E6.5CJETIST-|-786 
 PR!E5TLEY,JOS.-ENG.PHILOSOfWR-n33 
 PRICR,M!THEW-ENG:POET---I664 
 PROCTOR.BRYAN W.-ENG.POET-I790 
 PROUT,FATHER-IRISHWRITER-1 805 
 PTOLEMY L-KINS OF E5YPT-BJ. 367 
 
 RET2.JEAN F.-FR.CAROINAL -I 614 
 REVERE,PAUL-AM.PATRIOT---I735 
 ItTWUUUMIMBJHBH 723 
 RICHARD L-KINCIIf ENGLAND--I I 57 
 RICHARD TL.- 1366 
 RICHARD m.- 5 "-I452 
 RICHARD50N.SAMVFNMOVEUST-I 689 
 RICHELIEU,A,J.-FR.STATESMAN-| 585 
 RICHTER,J.P.F.-GER.AUTHOR 1763 
 RIEN2I.NICOLA6.-ROM. ORATOR -I 3 I 3 
 mSTMLAKlME-lttUACTIBS-l 82 1 
 l)irTENHOUSe,D.-AM.A$TI!MW!ll-l 7 32 
 ROBERT L-NEM NORMANDY- D-l 035 
 ROBERT 1.-KIN& OF SCOTLAN5 -1 274 
 ROIERTL-M 1316 
 R08ERT.LOUISL.-FR.PAINTER -1794 
 ROIESPtRE,IH--FR.IlV(IUniIISI-l 758 
 ROCHAMBEAU,J.B.O.-Fli.MASHAL-l 72S SCHIILER,JOHHN 
 
 WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKEWV. 
 
 -tEH.POET-l 
 
 SCHLEGEl',AUWSTW.-l>R.POET-l 
 SCHLEGEL.RAL W.-EER.SCHOIAR.-I 
 SCHIOSSES,FRIED'K-HR.HISIOIAIH 
 SCHOEFFEK-PDER-EEIUPIilNTER-l 
 SCHOFI!LO,J3HN M.-AM.SENEML- I 
 
 ;H,F.P.-ITAL.POET- 
 
 FMLFS,ELlZABETHS.-Al.AiraBSS-l8l 
 PHIIMS-MEEKSCULPTOR-B.C. 490 PY, 
 
 PWSOMS.THECPH.-M <> -179 
 PXIITOd. JAS.- AM. AUTHOR -- - 1 82 
 
 PASCAL,KAISE-FR.PHIICSOPIM62- _ _ 
 
 PAT8lciLSVAPKUEOFIRILAM-372 PHILIPn.-KINt OF SPAIN--- 
 
 _ ..... _________ __ 
 
 ISE-FR.PHILKOPHH-1 623 PHILIP 0.-UNCOF MACEDOHIA-B.C. 
 
 PHILIP BL- 
 
 PHIUPW.-n 1605 
 
 PHILIPV.-" M 1683 
 
 PHILIP L-KINS OF FRANCE 1165 
 PHILIP BL- >> --I245 
 
 PHILIP W.- 11 ---1266 
 
 PHIUPVL- M M ---1293 
 
 PHI IUK,WEMEH-AM.OATOR - - 1 8 1 1 
 -TKMM STATESMMHXr*(Q 
 nCUUW,TiPY-AM.STATESMAI- 1 745 
 PIHO/IAMLM-I4TH KIES.ULS.- I8<V 
 
 1304 PULASHI,COUNT-POLISHPATIllin 
 " PUTNAIVSRAiL-AM-tENERAl-n I 
 PYRRHO-CRiiK PHILOSOPHEK-B.0.36 
 PYTHACORAS-!) > FL-M.S50 
 flUINCY,JOSIAH-AM. ORATOR - I 74* 
 i 578|QUINTIllAN-ROM.MnORICIAN- 4 " 
 
 2 A CHARY TAYLOR. 
 
 t- 
 
 WILLIAM I SHERMAN. 
 
 JHKET,WM.-AM.ORATOR 1 764 
 
 EDMUND SPENSER." 
 
 .ODMEY,MO.B.-ENG.ADMIRAI-I7 I 8 
 HOEBLIW.JOHHA.-AM.ENGINEER-I 806 
 
 ROCER5.SAMVENS.POET 1 763 
 
 ROIANO,MAIE-FR. GIRONDIST--! 754 
 2 ROILIN.CHAS.-FR.HISTORIAN-I66I 
 ROMULUS-FOUNDER OF ROH1E-FL.U.7SC 
 ROSA,SA1VATOR-ITAL.PAINTEII-I 6IS 
 ROSC(US,a.-ROM.ACTOR-O..U. 62 
 HOSECRANS.VirM.S.-AM.GEN'l-l 817 
 ROSS,SIRJOHN-BRIT.ARC.EXPLOIL-I777 
 ROSSINI.G.- ITAL.COMPOSER - I 7 92 
 ROTHSCHILO,M.A.-jrw.BANUII-l 743 
 ROUS$EAU.JEUIJ.-FR.AUTHOI(- I 7 1 2 
 RUENS,PETER P.-nEM.PAINlf-l 577 
 RUDOIPH I.-GER. EMPEROR - - I 2 1 8 
 RUDOIPH1L-51 > ---1552 
 RUMFOM.UNJ.T.-AM.PmOS'R- 1 7S3 
 RUSH,ENJ.-AM. PHYSICIST ---1745 
 RUSKI,JOHN-ENt.AT WHITER-! 819 
 RUSSELL.JOHK-ENG.STATESMAI792 
 
 SCKOBiRI.FRANZ-Gfli.COIIPOaR-l 
 SCHUR2,CAIll-6Elt.-AM. STATES'N-I 829 
 SCHUYlER,TOllP-AKI.CENERAL -- 17 3 j 
 SCHWANIHAtSR,UM.-H.StlJlP'li-l 802 
 SCHWARTZ.eEWH'L-CE.MOIK-FL.I 340 
 6CHWflNfUm.6Jl.-GER.TRAVEL!R-l 836 
 SCIPIO.PUILHI5C.-ROM.GENV8.C. 234 
 SCOTT.5IRWALTEIi-SCOT.!(OV(llST-l77 1 
 SCOTT.WINFIELO-AM.GENERAL--I786 
 SE8A?flAN,OOM.-!i; OF PORTUGAL- 1 554 
 SEOWICK.CATHARIKi M.-AM.AinHM-| 7 89 
 
 SENECA,IUCIUSA.-ROM.PHILOS'R-0.,65 
 SENNACKEHII-ASSYRIAN KIHC-FUB.U 
 SEBGIUSI.-ROM.PONTIFF--OT 701 
 
 SEBGIUSL- i j ---D^ EU7 
 
 JAMES THOMSON. 
 
 9J
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 NAME OCCUPATION BORN NAME OCCUPATIOH BORN NAME OCCUPATION BORN 
 
 SERCraSIU.-ROM.PONTIFF-D.. 912 
 SER6IUSIV.- > 5> O..IOI2 
 SVISNE,MARIE,-FR.AtlTHORESS--l 626 
 SEWARB.WM.H.-AM.STATESMAN- 1 801 
 SEYMOim.HOMTII)- J 1811 
 
 SHAFTES8URY-ENG. M 1621 
 SHAKSPEAREJVM.-EN5.DRAMAT1ST-I 564 
 SHAW,HENRm-AM.HUMORIST I 818 
 SHEIUIICH'D l.-IRISH ORATOR-I79I 
 
 SHELLEY. PERCY 8.-ENG. POET 1 192 
 
 SHERIOAN,P.H.-/\M.G-NERAL-- I 83 I 
 
 SMaiWLuan B.-IRISH ORAJOR-I 151 
 
 SHERMAN,JOHN-AM.S1ATESMAN-I 823 
 SHERMAN, ROSER-M >i 1. 72 
 
 SHHMAN,WM.T.-AM.GENERAL-- I 820 
 $IBMNS,SARAHNUCTRE$S-- - 1 1 55 
 SIONEYjiLGERNOII-ENG.STATES'N- 1622 
 SIWEY.SIRPHIUP-EN&.AIITHOR--I 554 
 SIGISMUNO-GERMAN EMPEROR- 1 368 
 SIGISMUNB I.-KING OF POLAND--I466 
 
 JOHN TYLER. 
 
 THOMAS A. EDISON. 
 
 SIGOURNEY,MRS.-AM.POETESS 1191 
 SIUIMAN, 8ENJ.-AM.NATURAI.Gl-n 7 9 
 SIMMS,VYM.G.-AM.NOVE1IST I 806 
 SIMON.JULES-FR. STATESMAN-] 8 1 4 
 SIXTHS I.-ROM.PONTIFF-D., 128 
 SIXTUSL- ?) ? C 258 
 SIXTUSBI.-5* ) -D., 440 
 SIJTTUS TV.- u )) -D..I484 
 SIXTUSV.- ii n -B.,1590 
 SLOWACKUULIUS-POLISHPOET- I 809 
 SMITH.AOAM-SOir. POllUCON'ST-n 2 3 
 SMITH,GERR1T-AM.PHILANTH'ST- 1791 
 SMiTH,JOHN,CAPIAI!HN6.EmOI!:l519 
 SMITH,JOS.-FOUND.!MO!IISM-I80S 
 SMITH.SE8A-AM.AUTHOR- H92 
 SMITH,SYONEY-ENG.AUTHOR-m I 
 SMOUh,TOBIAS G.-SCOT NOVELIST-17 2 1 
 SOCRATES-GREEK PHILOSOPHER-8.C.470 
 SOLIMANIL-SULTAN OFTURKEY-1490 
 SOLOMON-RING OF ISRAEL-R.C.I 033 
 SOLON-ATHENIAN LAW-f IVER-8.C. 
 
 STEPHEN VII.-ROM.PONTIFF-D., 897 
 STEPHEN WL- 1> 0., 931 
 STEPHEN JX.- 0., 942 
 STEPHEN X.- >5 jj D.,1058 
 STEPHENS.ALEX.H.-AM.STATES'11-I 8 1 2 
 STEPHENSW.MO.-EN&.ENEINEER- 1781 
 :RLIUOBII-ENr..ES5AYISr-"l 806 
 STERNE,LAllR[Ntt-ENLHUMORIST-l 7 13 
 STEUBEN,BAON-6Elt.-AM.GEN'L-l730 
 STEVENS,TAO.-AM.ABOUTIOH- 17 93 
 STEWART!u.-AM.MEBCHANt-l 802 
 DMUCmilrMLnET-l 825 
 
 STORY, JOS.-AM. JURIST 1779 
 
 STORY.1VM.W.-AM.5CULPTOR- -| 8 19 
 STOWE.HA8RIETB.-AM.NOVELIST-I 8 1 2 
 STRABO-MEEK GEOGRAPHER --B.C. 54 
 STAFFORD.THOS.W.-ENtSIATES'N-l593 
 STUART,WLBT C.-AM. PAINTER - - 1 7 5 6 
 STUYVESANT,PEIER-G.NEWNEtH.-| 6 2 
 
 SUE.EUGENE-FR. NOVELIST 1804 
 
 Su'LlA-ROM.GENERAL- -B.C. 138 
 SUMNER.CHAS.-AM. STATESMAN-IS! I 
 SUR8EY.HENRY H.- ENG.POET -- 1516 
 SWEO!liBSRG.EIiAN'l-SWEl.PHILOS:l68fl 
 SWIFT,JONATHAN-IRISH DIVINE-- 1 667 
 
 TETZEL.JOHANN-GER.MONK- - 1 460 
 THAGKERAY.WM.M.-EN9.NOVEUST-I 8 1 I 
 THAIBERG-SIGISNTD-SMSSPIANIST-I 81 2 
 THALES-frREEKPHILOSOPHER-B.C.635 
 THEMISTOCIES-ATHENIAN 6EN.-B.C. 514 
 THEOCRITUS-GR.PASTORALPOET-Fl. 27 b 
 THEOOORIC-RINtOF OSTROGOTHS 455 
 THEODOSIUS.FUV.-ROM.ENIPER'R-346 
 THEOPHRASTUS-GREEH PHILOS'R- 37 2 
 TH IERRY. JACO,.N.A.-FR.mSTORIAN-| 795 
 THIERS,LOI)IS A.-FR. HISTORIAN - 1 797 
 THOMAS.GEO.H.-AM. GENERAL- 1 81 6 
 THOMSON, JAS.-SCOT. POET -I 700 
 THORWALDSEN,A.B.-ANISHSCIILP.-I770 
 THOCmiDES-MEfK HISlORIAN-B-t. 47 I 
 TIBERIUS-ROM.EMPEROR-6.C. 42 
 TIIOEN,SAMTJ.-AM.STATESMAN-I8 14 VANCOUVE 
 TINTOREnO-ITAl.PAINTER 1512 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 &UEEN VICTORIA. 
 
 ...... 
 
 VANOERB!LT,CORNL-Alit.CAmAUST-n94 
 VANDIEMEN.ANWY-DinCIIIAVIGAT.-l533 
 WNBYE,ANTIK)I(Y-FLEM.PAINT[R-I599 
 VANE.SIR HEMY-ENt.SrATESMAIt-l 6 1 2 
 VAN RENSSEIAER.S.-AM. > 1764 
 VASSAR.MATT.-Ftat.VASSAR COLL.- 1 7 92 
 VAlASaUEZ,DIEM-SPAN.PAINTER--l599 
 VERBI.C-IUSE'PPE-ITAL.tOMPOSER" 1814 
 VESPASIAN.T.F.-ROM.EMPEROR- 9 
 VESPUCP.AtaGO-Wl.NAVIGATOR-l4SI 
 VICTORL-ROM.PONTIFF---D., 202 
 VICTOR 1- ) ---D.,1057 
 VICTOR HI.- ---D.,1081 
 VICroK EMMANUEL MWII SARB1M-1 759 
 VICTORIA-QUEEN OF EN6HND--18I9 
 VINCENT HE PAI)L,St-FR.REFORMER" 1576 
 VINCENT. JOHN d.-AM.aERGYMAN-l832 
 
 VIR6IL- IAT. EPIC POET B.C. 70 
 
 VOLTA.ALESSANORI)-ITAL.KAT.PHIU)&|745 
 VOLTArRE.F.M.A.-FR.PUIlOSOPHER-l 694 
 fOORHEE5.DAN'LW.-AM.STATES.-l827 
 'ON MOLTKE,H.ICB.-GEI1.MARSHAI--I800 
 
 WEaEY,JOHN-[NG.OIVINE , ... 
 WEST.6ENJ.-AM. PAINTER 1138 
 WHEEUR.WM.A.-AM. STATESMAN- 1 819 
 WHEWEILWM.-EN,&.PHILOS'R-.1 794 
 WHITE.AIlOREW D.-AM.SCHOLA-]83 
 WHITE.R1CH'B6.-AM-AUTHOR- I 82 
 WHITEFIELB,G0.-ENG.OIVINE 1 1 14 
 
 WHITMAN.V/ALT-AM.POET (819 
 
 WHITNEY.ELI-AM.INVENTOR 1765 
 
 wmiTIER.JOHNG.-AM.POET 180" 
 
 WIELANB,CHH5.M.-GER. POET -J 733 
 WILBEFORCE,WM.-EN6.STATES'l-n59 
 W1LUAKI I.-KIN50F ENGLANB--I 02 
 
 WILLIAM I.-GER.EMPEROR 1197 
 
 WILUAMS,ROGER-FOUND.IHMEI51AM-I599 
 WILLIS, NATH.P.-AM. JOURNALIST 1806 
 58 WILMOT.DAVID-AM.STATESMAH 181 
 
 niunui.uHiiu Hiii.amicoifm i oi*+ 
 WILSON.HENRY-AM.POIITICIANI---I8I2 
 
 WIRT.WM-AM. AUTHOR 1172 
 
 WOLCOTT.JOHN-ENG.5ATIRIST 1738 
 
 WOLFE.CHAS.-1RISH POET 1191 
 
 WOLFE, JAS.-EN6.C.ENF-RAL----I126 
 
 JOHN WYCLIFFE. 
 
 WILLIAM TYNDALE. 
 
 TURGOT. 
 
 SONTAG,HENR1ETTE-GER.VOGHLIST-| 806 
 SOPHOCLES-GREEK 1RAG.POET-R.C. 495 
 SOUTHEY.ROBT.-ENG.POET---- 1 774 
 SOUTHWORTH,EMMA-AM.!fflia'T-l 8 1 8 
 SPARKS.JARED-AM.HISTORIAN-1789 
 SPEKE.JOBNH.-ENG.EXPLORER--I 827 
 SPENCER,HERBE8T-EN6-.PH110S.-|820 
 SPENSER,EnMUNB-ENG.POET-- 1 553 
 SPINOZA.BENEBICT-BUTCH PH1LOS.-I 632 
 SPURGEON,CHAS,H.-ENf.OIVINE- 1 834 
 SPUR2HEIM.J.C.-GER.PHRENOL.- 1776 
 STAEL-HOLSrtlN,A.l.-FR.AUTOR[SS-n66 
 STANHOPE, P.H.-ENE-.HISTOR1AN-I805 
 STANLEY.HENRYM.-AM.-AF.EXPLOL-I840 
 STANTON,EOW.M.-AM.STATES.-I 8 14 
 STEDMAN,EDM.C.-AM.POET--I833 
 STEELE.SIR RICH'D-ENS.!SSAYIST-1 67 1 
 STEPHEN I.- ROM. PONTIFF-D, 257 
 STEPHEN n.- >) 5) 0.. 752 
 STEPHEN UL- 5 D., 757 
 STEPHEN IV.- 5 > 5> 0.. 772 
 STEWENV.-?} )5 0., 817 
 STEPHEN VI.- i; < P., 691 
 
 SWINBURNEJ.ALGERC.-EKG.POET-1 837 
 SYLVESTER I.-ROM.PONTIFF-D., 335 
 SYLVESTER H.- D.,1003 
 TACITUS.CAIUSC.-ROM.HISTORIAN- 55 
 TAINE.H1PRA.-FR.AUTHOR---I 828 
 TALBOT.WM.H.F.-ENG.AUTHOR- 1800 
 TALIEYT1ANO-PEIIMR1-FR.STATES.-1 754 
 TALMAGE,THOS.B.-AM.DIVINE--I832 
 TAMERLANE-ASIATIC CONOltEROR-l 336 
 TANY,ROMR B.-AM.JURIST --1177 
 TARQUINIUS.L.-KINS OF BOMHLJLUS5 
 TASMAN,ABELJ.-DUTCHNAVIGAT.-|600 
 TASSO.TORQUATO-ITAL.POET -I 544 
 TAYIOOAYARO-AM.AUTHOR - - I 8 2 5 
 TAROR,JEREMY-ENG.AUTHOR-| 6 I 3 
 TAYLOR.THOS.-ENG-.SCHOLAR-I758 
 TAYLO R.ZACHARY-I2TH PRES.U.S.-I1 84 
 TELL.WILHELM-SWISS HERO -D.,13 54 
 TEMPLE,SIRWM.-ENG.STATES'N-I 628 
 TENIERS,OAVID-aEM.PAINTER-l 6 I 
 TENNYSON.ALFRfO-ENf.POET-- 1 809 
 TERENCE- ROM.COMICPOET-B.C. 195 
 TERRY,ALFREDH.-AM.GENtRAL-l 827 
 TERTUUIAN-LAT.CH.FATHER- 150 
 
 TITIAN-FTAL.PAINTER 1477 
 
 TITUS-ROMAN EMPEROR-- 40 
 TOBINJOHN-EN&.DRAMATIST- 1770 
 TOCaUEVI LLE.A.C.-FR.STATES.-1 805 
 TOOKEJOHN H.-ENG.PHlLOLOflST-l 7 3 6 
 TORRICELU.EVANG.-ITAL.PfllLOS;l608 
 TRAJAN-ROM.EMPEROR - 52 
 TROLLOPE,ANTONY-ENG.NOWU$T-I8 1 5 
 TRUMBUll,JOHN-AM.PAINTER-n56 
 TRUMBULL,JONATAN-AM.STATES.-n40 
 TUPPER.MARTIN F.-EN6. AUTHOR- 1 8 1 
 TURRENNE.HENRI-FR.GENERAL-I6I I 
 TURMT,AJ.J.-FR.STATES'N-| 727 
 TURNER,JOS.W. M.-EN6-.PAINTER-1 775 
 
 CARDINALWOL5EY. 
 
 &EORK WASHINGTON. 
 
 MARTIN VANBUREN. 
 
 TWEED,WM.M.-AM.POUT1CIAN-I823 
 TYLER.JOHN-IOTH PRES.U.S. 1790 
 TYNDAL[.WM.-ENE.BI!lETRANStHOR-l485 
 TYNDALL,JOHN-IRISHSCIENTIST-I820 
 URBAN I.- ROM. PONTIFF-D-230 
 URBAN fl.- ? >v -D.,1099 
 UR8ANBI.- s > -D.,1187 
 UflSANIV.-j) a -D.,1264 
 
 URBAN V.- ) Jj -D.,1370 
 URBAN VU-> 5J -D.,1389 
 
 URBAN VIL-JJ ) -D.,1590 
 
 URBAN VTIl.-> -D.,1644 
 
 USHER JAS.-1RISH THEOLOGIAN- 1580 
 UTRECHT,ADRIAN-DUTCH PAINTER- 1 599 
 VALENS,aAVIUS-ROM.EMPEROR- 328 
 VALENTfNE-ROM.PONTIfF-0., 827 
 
 VALERIAN-ROM. EMPEROR-O.. 260 
 VAM BUREN.NARTIN-8TH PRES.I).S.-n82 
 
 WADOIGTON,WM.H.-FR.STATESr 1 826 
 WAGNER.RICK'B-GER.COMPOSER-I8I 3 
 WAITE.MORRISON R.-AM. JURIST 181 6 
 WAlKER.JOHN-ENG.lEJICOCWHER-n 3 2 
 WAUKLSW WM.-SCOT. PATRI OT-1 2 1 
 WALLACE.WM.V.-IRISH COMPOSER-1 8 1 5 
 WALLENSTEIN,A.W.E.-rfllSn(.6EN.-l 583 
 WALPOLE,HORAtE-ENG.AUTHOR 1717 
 WALTON, GAAK-EN&.WRITER I 593 
 WARB,ARTEMAS-AM.MNERAL-1 72 7 
 WARNER.CHAS.D.-AM.HUMORIST-- 1 829 
 
 WARREN, JOS.-AM. PATRIOT 1 74 1 
 
 WARWICK, RICH'B N.-ENG.WARRIOR-1 42 
 WASHINGTON.GEO.-IST PRES. U.S.-1 732 
 WATT, JAMES-SCOT. INVENTOR- 1136 
 WATfs.lSAAC-ENG.SACREBPOEH 674 
 WAYNE,ANTHONY-AM.aENEML--n4S 
 WEBER/KARL M.-GER.COMPOSER-1 786 
 WEBSTER, DANIEL-AM. STATESMAW782 
 WEBSTER, NOAH-AM.LfXICBWiAPHEii-n 58 
 WEED.THURLOW-ANI.JOURNALIST-1797 
 WElUNGTON,AliTH.W.-ENt.MN. 1769 
 WELLS.SAIVI'L R.-AM. PHRENOLT-1 820 
 WESLEY/HAS.-ENg-.DIVINE -1708 
 
 WOLSELEY,SIRt.H.-BRIT. GEN.-I833 
 WOLSEY.THOS.-EN&.CARDINAL- 147 1 
 WOODW(TRTH,SAM?L-AM.POET---| 785 
 WORCESTERjEDff.S.-ENG.INYENTOI-l 60 1 
 WORCESTER. JOSJ.-AM.LEXICOGR'R-n 84 
 WORDSWORTB.WM.-ENG.POET- - II 7 
 WREN,SIRCHnsTOPH.-ENG.ACHinO-|632 
 WRIGHT.SIUS-AM.STATESMAN- 1795 
 WYCLIFFE.JOHH-ENG.REFORMER-1324 
 XAVIER,FRAI*CIS ST.-FR.JESUIT-I506 
 XENOPHOIt-tSEEK HI5TORIAN-B.C. 444 
 XERXES-Klffi OF PERSIA --D-B.C. 465 
 XIMINES.FWNCISCO-SPAN.PRELHI-1436 
 YALE.ELIHU-fOUNO.YALE COLL-I 648 
 YANCEY.WM.L-AM. POLITICIAN 1 8 14 
 YONttCHA8LOTTEM.-EN6.WRITER-l823 
 YORKE,CHAS.-ENe.STATESMAN-l722 
 taBRI GHAM-PBE5.MR.CH.- 1 80 1 
 
 BRI&HAM YOUNGv 
 
 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 YOUN&.CHAS.A.-AM. SCIENTIST-1 834 
 YOUN&.EOWARD-EN&. POET-- -1684 
 YOUNe,THOS,-ENC-.PHILOS'R"l193 
 :HARIAH-HEBRE1VPI!OPHET-FL.B.U2 
 ZaOTFI,8AniSTA-ITAL.PAINTER- 1 532 
 ZENO-FOUND.SCH.PFSTOICS-B.C. 355 
 ZENO-tREEKPHILOSOPHER-- 495 
 ZENO-EMPEROR OF THE EAST--B-49I 
 ZENOBIA-QUEEN OF PALMYRA- 0^275 
 ZfPHANIAH-HEB.PROPHET-a.B.C.630 
 ZEUXIS-&REEK PAINTER - 450 
 ZHUKOVSKY-RUSSIAN POET 1783 
 ZIMMERMAN.J.6.-SWISS PHILOS:I728 
 ZINZENOORF,N.L-GER.DIVINE-I700 
 ZISKAJOHN-BOHEMIAN GEN.-I360 
 ZOLA-FR.APOSTLE OF REALISM-1 840 
 ZOLLICOFFER.F.K.-AM. G-EN'L- 1812 
 ZOROASTES-PER.PHIIOS.-FL..B.C.I500 
 ZUCCARO.FERD.-ITAL.PAINTER-I543 
 ZWINGLEjULRICH-SWISS REFORM.-I484
 
 he tea or 
 
 atttr-noon reception, is a very popular en 
 tcrtainment for ladies exclusively. The 
 hcu-rs are from 4 to 6 P.M. The -re- 
 freshments are light, and all ostenta- 
 tious display is avoided. The invitation 
 is printed on lar^e-saed vJsiting cards. 
 
 'Aoifo. 
 
 ..- Invitations to tX^-B*^ 
 should be elegant iti dtsijn.suid read 
 at follows: 
 
 - Balls bem? of a public 
 petirrally held under the auspices of a. 
 club or society, the invitation should 
 read as follows: 
 
 / 
 
 .,. 1-nvitatioTis by 
 a -regiment to a ball to be given by th* 
 officers, are worded as follows: 
 
 OX "i O^l 
 
 > ccnXxwM) VMu, 
 
 REPLIES TO ABOVE. 
 
 Mr. Gerard accepts 
 with pleasure the po that the recent death 
 
 lite invitation for 
 
 11 KSt., June 7,19. 
 
 of a TICIT relative will 
 
 Thursday the IMh inst. prevent his accepting 
 
 any invitations for 
 the present season, 
 n K St., June 1,19 
 
 (, \UNI\AK\\OH TO . 
 A grand celebration is usually jiven in 
 honor of a son's attainment o his tut 
 jority. The form of invitation, on en 
 araved card, is as follows: 
 
 >,\HNI\TK\\OH=> TO In- 
 vitations to breakfasts and suppers shouM 
 be informal and written on correspond- 
 ence cards, with crest or monogram on 
 top left corner. The following is the form: 
 
 AFTERNOON RECEPTION. 
 
 BETROTHAL CARD. 
 
 It is customary amonj the Hebrews to 
 announce betrothals, and either cards 
 or notes may be used. The follow/in? is 
 a good form: 
 
 DECORATOR ANB PAPER HUNGER. 
 
 EVENING- RECEPTION. 
 
 INVITATIONS. 
 
 The proper the of invitation cards is a 
 bout 3 by 4 inches 
 
 'J4
 
 INVITATION, CONTINUED 
 
 ^\as\vxe o\ . 
 
 MnX& m^m oi^is- 
 
 MEMORIAL CARD. 
 
 Memorial cards are sent to the friends of 
 the deceased about a week after the funeral. 
 
 IN MEMORY OF 
 
 MERCHANT TAYLOR. 
 
 HARRISON.CUBERT &COOY, 
 
 No - 133 Po l> laT Street. 
 
 MOURNING- CARD. 
 
 PRESENTATION. 
 
 PROFES5IONALCARD. 
 
 PUBLISHER'S CARD. 
 
 RECEPTIOU. 
 
 RECEPTION.INFORMAL. 
 
 TEACHER'S CARD. 
 
 VISITING- CARDS. 
 The chief u-ses of visiting cards are: 
 
 . To announce a visitor's Tiame. 
 
 2. To announce a ret u.rn home. 
 
 3. To announce a departure from home. 
 
 4. To accompany a letter of Introduction. 
 
 5. To represent the OWTOT in makinj calls. 
 
 6. To make known one's name to a stranjMt 
 1, To announce a juest's name at a reception. 
 
 8. To express congratu-lation and condolence. 
 
 9. To serve as a credential OT certificate of authority 
 
 10. As asubstitu-teforanote of non-acceptanca 
 
 fcvSvcni) OJWAWJO.
 
 WVOE&t. MWWrtSWWX. CojlC9e arid 
 Society AntlivmtTM* arc subjects upon 
 which enslavers have almost exhausted 
 their invention in making new forms. 
 The invitations should be printed on a 
 sheet of heavy, fine note-paper, bearinj 
 the TnonojraTn of the collect at the top. 
 
 m- 
 
 The Honor of Your Company is requested 
 
 19 _ . 
 
 Atlanta, C- a., 
 t. t Jarre /%/9-, */ tiyMo'ciocA. 
 
 (\MTOJ 
 
 O/A/OI no 
 
 D^oY-UVVO/ r\M>vu IAAAM) 
 
 C\>/TUW nnMui \XM\M, 
 
 *-0\*AJU DOOQAIMuOO'V&k 
 
 Cards with a fine glass finish are used 
 for invitations. 
 
 1900. 
 r. jtnd (vj^s. Pen^'amin I 
 
 ak Street. 
 
 Memphis,Tenn. 
 
 The paper used for invitations should 
 have a smooth, dead-white surface, re- 
 semblinj the surface of China-ware. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1920. 
 
 .*fn.J.ftf"*i 
 
 r. k N^-rs. IV^onroe 
 
 DANCINO. 
 
 o\ H. 
 
 Mr. Teel presents his 
 kind regards to Mr. 
 Hunt, and acceftt,with b 
 pleasun, his polite in- 
 vitation /or Monday 
 evenin?. 
 
 in MSt..Mev8,i9- 
 
 Mr.Tetl -reorets that 
 a previously arranped 
 
 will prevent his accept 
 'nj Mr. Hunt's kind 
 invitation for Mon- 
 day evening. 
 Ill MKjMyf.lt-. 
 
 There are but few persons who enjoy 
 the happiness of celebratinj the seventy- 
 fifth anniversary of their marriay^, bu-t 
 when such is possible, it should be observ- 
 ed with all the imprejsiveness the occa- 
 sion demands. The invitations shook) be 
 printed in clear letters on the heaviest 
 and finest paper, with envelopes to match. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1975. 
 
 MR. fc MRS. ABSALOM COA.N. 
 
 o lmM(\DL 
 
 VWVMI ^iVao VxmxnVc 
 
 VXMVM \NM Ol iW Vfl !> 
 
 \X>* ojXKf\/\<rtrW. Q\ A 
 
 VM-yJ) AAl) Of*J& VuO-UN UO-VOJ AAAjSo 
 
 y 
 
 Miss Miller's compli 
 
 \s. 
 
 ments to Mr. Osborru; 
 sh accepts with pleas- 
 ure hit kind invitation 
 for this afternoon. 
 
 )f convenient, call at 
 three o'clock. 
 
 79 M St., June 15. 
 
 Miller reorcts to 
 
 state that an import 
 ant enoapement will 
 prevent her iccepiiricj 
 Mr.Osborne'sliind in 
 vitation'for this after 
 
 79 M St., June 15. 
 
 ijj \>AxXK 
 
 Misses Cora and En> 
 ma Foster's compli 
 menti to Mrs.Walton; 
 they accept with pleas- 
 ure her kind invitation 
 for Wednesday evenind He brothe 
 H6 R St., Oct. 13,19. 
 
 Misses Cora and Em- 
 ma Foster present their 
 kindrejardttoMTS.Wil- 
 ton. they regret that 
 the illness of their lit 
 :r will prevent 
 their accepting any 
 invitations for he pn 
 
 46 B St., Oct. 13, 19^. 
 
 Friend Henru: 
 \ ' " '
 
 ENTRANCE TICKET, 5OCTS. 
 
 At 8 o'clock. 
 
 . When funer 
 al invitations are issued, they may be ei 
 ther _writteTi or printed on note paper edj- 
 ed with black, or plain while paper -may 
 be used. Envelopes shou-ld correspond. 
 
 u \AWvMJ\W OW) 
 
 \a 01 A)UXM?\M\>( KUV\OJ cMuOAvo \oOi5j\x X 
 
 MXMV. XXTAX3\WOU!(\>I, CJVXJOJ NKTC 
 
 A/3-WA) 
 
 \\j>o 
 
 iCTVV CTlOuOJOJW IWNVvNNOulJ US. 
 
 ' 
 
 \-\A\ON. 
 
 cxjv<wJjovNM/v\SJi) iojv\A) WJ?SD NOAWAXto \ss 
 
 MOAhA) HVVM&J iSjLMM) VlX YJ>\> \AjXAjj\SJ 
 
 This should be printed on a sheet of gold 
 paper. 
 
 1900 
 
 1950. 
 
 Ettr_,taj 
 
 COMPLIMENTS. 
 
 CK/JU!/ Aictww WuixAj |AXi/vwLu <iJt IJui 
 
 197 Pins Street. 
 
 Wi Hie, AmbTos,an<l CoraCUmewl's 
 
 673 Peach Avenue. 
 
 tAND 
 
 CENTRAL 
 
 HO TF 
 
 Yourself and Ladies xn Cordially hiited. 
 
 tO^Nv\T^VL 0^ VW.MV'iWkVS^V. 
 
 A.C.Cox,W.R.Bitrton,A.T.Sttwa-rt,L.C.MimioTu 
 
 for-m rriay be varied to su.it circumstnices. 
 Separate invitations shouW be sent to sons 
 and ' 
 
 R.S.V.P. 
 
 cow* 
 AJaM 
 
 \fS 
 
 JyVXJJM J)WM". 
 
 ro VOAWW 
 1 
 
 o Wwu 'X'.'W \wawn. 
 
 W(\JNV\J,S flJW), 
 Oiuwi 
 
 Wednesday Eveninj, March 23,1903. 
 
 1614 WALNUT STREET. 
 
 97
 
 \JS XWJWOOHOVl 
 
 . A -mar- 
 tiaj announcement is sometimes made by 
 note err card after a wtddinp has tiken place. 
 With the followinj form -may be enclosed 
 a Reception Card: 
 
 .. Thtwordbia 
 
 of this depertds upon ciTCumstlncts-The 
 following is the most common forw, and 
 may Iw modified to suit ditietent tastes: 
 
 ,\>\ VV\. V> 
 ' 
 
 , \\V\X\N\\0\\ "*0 
 invitation to a. musical party should en 
 close a programme of the concert, U one- 
 is printed, and should read thus: 
 
 1900. 
 
 at 
 
 
 616 
 
 913 PINE STREET. 
 
 )^uojO) MrOJo w 
 
 Miss Me Comb's c 
 pliments to MT.Oikson, 
 and accepts with pleas- 
 ure his kind iriviUtion 
 for this afternoon. 
 
 77 Strawberry Hi It 
 
 Miss McCowb re puts 
 that a-n important er 
 pavement will prevent 
 her acceptinp Mr. (rib- 
 son's kind invitation 
 for this afternoon. 
 
 F^ENOS
 
 >. The invitations are to 
 be printed on silk, and Hiejifts, silk 
 
 YiYX. 
 
 WEDDINQQ' 
 
 >\\Mt;tV NNVQWV? Print invitation 
 
 on silver piper, and mike silver presents 
 
 1900. 
 
 1915. 
 
 No. T63 WEBER ST. 
 
 .- Print on tin-foil. 
 
 1614 Orote Place. 
 
 S WWOifM) WAS) VjUKXWJJ\M IWJ ro/A>)\ 
 
 olio V 
 
 ftMAw 
 wni 
 
 ^ 
 
 WyDe.arMr.Ooldsmith,- 
 VVhan you call atlhrefc 
 o'clock you- will find 
 we booted and capped 
 for OUT long walk. Re- 
 member you are to be 
 tired freest. 
 
 Ella Maxwell. 
 640St.,June4,l9-. 
 
 , 9 AxrJJo wxfiu 
 
 My Dear MT.Ooldsmith, 
 I am very sorry that 
 a promised visit from 
 my friend,Miss Osbo' 
 will keep me at horn 
 this afternoon. Had ' 
 known of youT leisu- 
 time, I should have in 
 'ited her for tomorrow 
 'ut hope now t ha.) 
 you will abandon th 
 proposed walk, and joii 
 us at tea. 
 Wo UTS, etc. 
 
 , 19 , 
 
 . The subjoin 
 ed form is most suitable for written in 
 vitations. Besides the card of the bride. 
 and proom, a third card is sent to thos< 
 who a-re desired to be present at the cer- 
 emony, containing the words "Ceremony 
 
 at o'clock."Those who do not receive 
 
 this card, of course attend only therecep 
 tion. 
 
 T-tt cow^oMw <oVwa> wn^AWoi 
 
 VVMAw\iUvW WWWVXOA\)J<>S) \ VjtrfW 
 VWvA XWvJoX \WOUAW C' 
 
 MM CITJ VfiWM\si uroSu irt) o 
 o, iOjv\Aj 
 
 O )A) KiMAN\JtyVV\ NvTOJO \W (So^)V 
 <V 
 
 -oi tiaW cr'/clocw. 
 No. 618 Presley Avenue. 
 
 298 MotiToeStreet. 
 
 99
 
 . 1, 1900. 
 
 DEA NEW CENTURY, \w o \X-VMWV. 
 
 We have (0119 looked for 
 Illy wive to break upon the shore, and 
 CM thy shadow -move over the dUlplutt 
 of trme. A general welcome- from the -multi- 
 millions of this qreat nation salutes Ihee, 
 and bids thy predecessor a last farewell. 
 
 Yours most sincerely, 
 
 UNITtD STATES. 
 
 To TWENTIETH CENTURY, 
 
 MMMki 
 
 _ ETEDNITY. 
 
 :-To the Secretly o( 
 State, War, Navy, etc. To the Postmaster-General, 
 To the Attorney-Central. (Personal), To the 
 
 Honorable , Secretary of State, Na 
 
 vy, etc. Postmaster-tennal. Attorney-General. 
 
 (Wives of Secretaries, etc.) Mrs. Secretary ; 
 
 Mrs. Postmaster-General ; Mrs. Atlornei 
 
 General . 
 
 CWK.V toWR..-To the Chief Justice.lfcrsonal) 
 
 ,.- To His Excellency the Rt. Hon- 
 orable ,or His Excellency the Ambas- 
 sador for . My Lord. 
 
 jm\XKW*. "\Vt\AV- Set Abbrivialions. 
 
 '(W.W&vxw.-The Most Rev. His Grace the Lord 
 
 Archbishop of . My Lord Archbishop. 
 
 Your Grace. 
 
 WK.xw(*.-The Ven. Archdeacon 
 
 Revd. Sir. 
 
 TI* w ^w.A^.VKSNWK^t.-To the As- 
 sistant Secretary, Commissioner, etc. ftisonal 
 communications should be addressed to lh 
 simple namt, followed by the official title. 
 
 >ASOC,\K\Y VjVMCV-Mr.Justice . 
 
 ~ *>*.- See Viscount. 
 MkOV\ 0*>fc*\&VX- To SIT (and the first 
 Christian name). Sh(and Christian nai),Th 
 wife takes the title of "Lady," and is personal- 
 ly addressed as "Your Lidythipf 
 
 \%*6?.-To the R. Rev. .The Most 
 
 Rev.tht Lord Bishop of My Lord. 
 
 Diocesan, sufftaon, and missionary bishops are 
 addTew4"Th Right Revd." 
 
 r- Messrs. 
 Sirs, Dear Sirs, Gentlemen. 
 
 Mr. Chief Justice. 
 
 VV5jX.-The Revd.( with Christian name and 
 
 surname). Sir. 
 
 vvtw. VNWWH.- Prof. , O.O., 
 
 LL.O., B.A., etc. Sir, Dear Sir. 
 NWSSVWiwtoii*. See Honorable. 
 
 ery Reverend the Dean of 
 Sir. 
 
 .- Dr. , O.O.S., or D.M.O. Sir. 
 
 Sir or Madam, and close the leHer with 
 Your obedient servant." 
 
 .- To the Honorable Mr. Justice 
 
 On the betich^a, judqe is by courtesy address- 
 ed as"Mu Lord." Judges of U.S. Courts, Hon 
 
 , Judqe of the U.S n 
 
 rtWr o-v Qoo%v\\.-To His lor Her) Most Gu- 
 cious Majesty. May it please your Majesty. 
 \<iw.- See Baronet, (see UNMARRIED L*DY) 
 
 VK^X.-lMarried), Mr? Madam, 
 
 Dear Madam. (Unmarried), Miss , 
 
 Madame. Dear Madame. (Two young la- 
 dies are addressed as"The Misses * 
 
 Mesdarncs, or "The two Miss 
 
 M.O. SJT. 
 
 UCj*iW.-To Her Grace the Duchess of- 
 Your Grace. (A duke's daughter is addressed 
 
 "Lady " and if married to a common 
 
 retains her title. The duke's eldest son takes 
 his father's second title, and is addressed as 
 a marquis or earl. His ij Danger sons are 
 styled "LordTand the wife takes the title 
 of "LadyD 
 
 NVL.-TO HisGrace the Duke of 
 
 My Lord Duke. 
 
 >&\. on taN*T.- To the Right Hon. the Earl 
 of (or Count). My Lord. (The eldest 
 
 ton of an earl takes his fat fur's second II- 
 4ie, and is addressed as it he were a Baron 
 or Viscount.) 
 
 His Ecellency,lhe . Your Ex- 
 cel lencu. 
 
 LHTXXMKH.- , Esq. Sir. Dear 
 
 Sir. My Dear Sir. (Two gentlemen are ai 
 dressed the same as a Business Firm). 
 IM^AWO*.- To the Governor. (In some of 
 the Slates), His Ecellency the Governor, or 
 
 HisEncellencu the Governor of 
 
 >HOK^,W- This term is confined to heads 
 of the great Executive Departments, Judges 
 of the united Stales Courts, Senators and fy 
 KMnUtiyet^G-overnors of States, and May 
 ors of cities. It is improperly used when ad 
 dressed to chiefs ol bureaut,or other subor 
 dinale officials. In such cases use the offi- 
 cial designation, 
 
 \ni\NiMM.- If the intimacy be close, me "M 
 Dear Sir, or Madam; if slight, use "Dear 
 Sir, or Madarn.and close the letter with 
 "Yours faithfully}' if an entire stranger, 
 
 ,Esq. 
 
 .-To the Right Hem. 
 the Lord Chief Justice. My Lord. 
 WTO VtfNOVu-.To the flight Hon. the Lord 
 
 Mayor of . My Lord Mayor. (His 
 
 wife is styled "Lady Mayoress," arid is per- 
 sonally addressed as "Your Ladyship." Tht 
 chief Magistrates of London, York, and Dub- 
 lin are alone entitled to be addressed. a< 
 "Lord Mayor." 
 
 K. TO the Mayor.Hon. Mayor of 
 . The Right Worshipful the Mayor 
 of . Sir. 
 
 Dear Sir, My DearSir. 
 
 ta\X\MCX vn&HKMK\..-Sc the various ti- 
 tles of this class in the list of abbreviations 
 on another page, as, Capt.,Col., Brig.Grn., 
 G-en.,etc. See also"Military" under Mis- 
 cellaneous Letters. 
 
 kK7,W\WV*.-lo the Most Honorable lltt Mar- 
 chioness ot . Madam.orMij Lady. 
 
 (The eldest son ot a. marquis taktt his fatk 
 er's second title, and is addressed as if ht 
 were an earl or count.) 
 V\KV,a.\3\s.-To the Most Honorable IheMnguk 
 of . My Lord Marquis. 
 
 \\H\V\Wi OT VV>\\S\.-W Vrw, ^Cl,i 
 
 To the Rev. Sir, etc. 
 
 iVNX.-See Military. 
 
 W^VOKH vivfc&WWN.- Peers have [heir eld- 
 est sons, and their sons' eldest sons in perpet- 
 ual succession, addressed as "To James Par- 
 ton, Esq." The sons ol Baronets, Esquires 
 of the Kniahls of the Bath, Lords of Manors, 
 Chiefs ol Clans, and other tenants of I he 
 crown, \x\tvj\\i, are similarly addressed. For 
 others see the separate articles in this list. 
 
 iV*\K*s.s.-All officers of the U.S.Civil Service 
 not referral to in separate articles In this I ist,AI- 
 dermen, Magistrates and other officers, are ad- 
 dressed a "To r-j Es< l' S ' IT . fc- 
 
 Prince of Wales. Your Royal Highness. 
 
 100
 
 <t>\ywiVm.-See Doctor. 
 FM.1KKVn.-TO the President. Mr. President. 
 (in addressing a letter to the President the. 
 following form should be obstrved:"To the. 
 President, Executive ManSi on, Washington, D.C.) 
 WVSV-Same a Minister.- ' 
 vOT^s&ov.-This title should be use in id- 
 dressing the members of the faculty in nu 
 educational institution, organized with full 
 departments; also scholars and scientists who 
 have become noted as specialists in my de 
 pa-rtmenl of knowledge. (It is abusively ued 
 ,when apirtftd IndiscriTtutely to the Imwerimb 
 of instructors and others.) 
 King* 
 
 as Minister. 
 me as Minister. 
 OXIk\_^\y. (n^\KNKS&.-To Hii(orHer) Roi- 
 al Highness the Duke or Duchess of 
 Your Royal Highness. 
 
 .-To His (or Her) Royal Highness 
 Prinet (or Princess). May it please your Roy- 
 al Highnessi (Set Prince of Wiles). 
 KWW_ Hon. - ; - .Senator of the 
 United Stateslor U.S. Senate). (Informal}, Sena- 
 tor. 
 
 To the Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
 
 ( Personal), Hon. , Speaker of the 
 
 House of Representatives. Mr. SpeakeT. 
 
 resentative from (orHouse of Represen 
 
 tatives. (Informal), Hon. , M.C. 
 
 (.-To Miss- 
 Miss. Dear Miss. (See LADY). 
 
 .-To the Vice-President.(As the 
 chief officer of the Senate), To the President of 
 the Senate. (Personal), Vice-Presi dent of the 
 United States, without prefix of title. 
 \,0\>o; <n ^*<tt<.- To the Right Hon.Lord 
 Viscount My LoTd. (Sons of avis- 
 count or baron are styled "The Honorable!' 
 The daughters are styled "Honorable? arid if 
 married to a commoner, are still addressed as 
 
 the "Hon. Mrs. Tor if t 
 
 knight,"Tht Hon. Lady 
 
 Dollar, OT Dollars; as, *5 ; *IOOO. 
 Cent, trc cents; as, 1 5^; 75 1. 
 
 t Pound, <n Pounds (sterling); as,i2; 10. 
 
 tto Pound, ont Poundstin weight); as,6ft. 
 
 9 At,<nto; as, silk O*2 PT yd. 
 
 f Per, as, shetpfl #4 Jf> head. 
 
 1, Per cent; as, discount 6%-*l7.63. 
 
 % Account; as, John Doe in *h withRichnd Roe. 
 ' Shilling, 0-5 Shillings; as, )i = Is. 2d.;H-2s.3d. 
 
 A I The designation of afirst-cUss vessel, In Lloyd* 
 Register of the British and Foreign Shippirw; {he 
 letter denoting that the hull is well built and 
 sea-worthy, and the figure. -the. efficient state, 
 of her rigging, anchors, cables, etc. First Clan. 
 
 XX Double strength,fineness,etc., as, XXale, 
 
 XXX Triple strength, etc., as, XXX ale. 
 
 % In care of; is, Send % Thos. Jennings. 
 
 t m No. Number; as, * 10 Market St. 
 ( Utter of credit. See udder Miscellaneous Li 
 r Month and day; as,Fel>.Stfi; H-May 9th. 
 
 ^ The small figure -i; 2'= JJ; 2'-21. 
 
 S Shipment marks; as, Ji- Shipped Mirth 4th. 
 
 v Check mark; showing that an entry is made. 
 
 ; Courma. 
 ; Semicolon. 
 : Colon. 
 
 - Period. 
 
 - Dash. 
 
 ? Interrogation 
 ! Exclamation. 
 () Parenthesis. 
 C] Brackets ox Orotdiett. 
 ' Apostroph*. 
 
 - Hyphen. 
 
 ' Acute Accent. 
 v &rave Accent. 
 " CrtumiflexAatiitwBnMLd 
 ~w~ Tilde, CKCircumllej;. 
 II Parallels. 
 - Underscore. 
 
 Macron on Long accent 
 " The Short o\ Breve. 
 " Oiasresis. 
 c Cedilla. 
 A JCiret. 
 
 "" Quotation Marks. 
 J Brace. 
 Ellipsis. 
 
 Leaders,tee Ellipsis. 
 Ellipsis. 
 
 Asterisk 
 
 t Digger,<j\ Obelisk. 
 
 * Double Dagger. 
 } Section. 
 
 f Paragraph. 
 
 * Index. 
 
 V x A Asterism. 
 
 r-Mn all nidrestes, as Dear Madam, 
 Dear Sir, My Dear Sir, etc., with a capital. 
 
 WRVItfc*- Begin all adjectives formed frimi 
 the riames of places, people, points of the 
 compass, etc., with a. capital; as, English, 
 Romish, Northern. 
 
 WJL.- A capital is always used for the. tens 
 ordinarily employed to designate the Bible, 
 or any particular part or book of the Bi- 
 ble; as, The Holy Bible, the Sacred Writings, 
 the. Old Testament, the G-ospel ofMitthew. 
 OOV&.-Bcgin all titles of books, and usu- 
 ally each important word in the title., 
 with a capital; as, Hume's History of 
 England, Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. 
 vKOWX.- Clauses, when separately number- 
 ed, should begin with a capital; as, This 
 writer asserts, I. That Nature is unlimited; 
 2. That her treasures are inexhaustible; 3. 
 That etc. . ; '- - 
 
 NXS.-The days of the week should begin 
 with capitals) as, Sunday, Monday, etc. 
 e\Vvy. All -names and titles of the Deity 
 should begin with a capital; as, &od, Jeho- 
 vah, Father, Creator, Almighty, etc. - 
 
 ftNKVcrets-Wr derived from Proper 
 Names should begin with a capital; as, 
 Mohammedan. Christian, to ChTistiaize,etc. 
 \^^C^\OH%.- Begin the words North,East, 
 etc., and their compoundc and abbrevia- 
 tions, with a capital; is, North, North-east^ 
 S.W., etc. ".-,._ 
 
 KV^MAV- Words requirmg special em- 
 phasis are frequently printed in small 
 capitals or capitals,; as."l brand him as 
 a iroo,VkX, a. THIKP, a COWARD." 
 .NltHTS.-BeqiTi the name of any hi 
 ical event with a capital; as, the M 
 Revolution. * .>>-' 
 XKVNPV^..- The first word of a sentence 
 or clause given as an example should be- 
 gin with a capital; asj'Temperance pro- 
 motes health." *-. *. - 
 ^\iV>,^.- Numbers are. sometimes, repre- 
 sented by capital letters; as, I.V.X.C, 
 
 . - --^ 
 
 ..- Titles of honor or distinction 
 should begin with capitals; as, ^.vi\ 
 Russell, the t\ter spoke, George the*\\fa&. 
 !\VkMCXveNU>Th< interjection is 
 always a capital; as,"Sleep, gentle Sleep. 
 
 V\*0^\KTCWN VNWfc.-The f int word 
 after an introductory woTd or clause -w 
 should begin, with -a capital; ajJV>e,v>\\j- Sxx 
 e&, That one hundred dollars be appropriated Sr 
 tfj\\\VsS.-The first letter of each month Sv 
 should be a capital; as, January, Feb., etc. vl ~ 
 
 gin every paragraph with a 
 capital letter. 
 
 'KVC\wj\.WvS.-Each item in a list of partic- 
 ulars, arranged in paragraphs, should begin 
 with a capital; as, The expenditures vt is to- 
 low: 
 
 In Austria, thirty-three percent; 
 
 In England, thirty-eight per cent; 
 
 In Uermany, thirty- four percent. 
 '^.?>\0^.- The first word after a period, except 
 when used for an abbreviation, should begin 
 with a capital 
 
 ^.VAOHtkWs.- Names of important person- 
 ages are frequently printed in small capi- 
 tals. 
 
 ^.vaoxvwxwva^.-ln strongly marked prrsro 
 if ications, the noun personified should begin 
 with a capital; as, " V^ for a season bade the 
 world farewell, And ^TetAoro shrieked asKosci- 
 usko fell." ; > 
 
 M&Vb.- Begin ths names of place* with a 
 capital; as, Boston, London, etc. 
 >OVyw<.-Begm every line of poetry with a 
 capital letter. 
 
 ^onoW.-The pronoun V should always 
 be a capital. 
 
 'V\D9^.^HK\*K.%. All proper names should 
 begin with a capital; as, James, Katie, At 
 lanticf Mediterranean, etc. 
 &V5X\OXV:>.-The first word of a direct ques- 
 tion should begin with a capital; as, His MI* 
 are, "Why do you not study the. lesson? 
 kW\K\\o\V=>.-AII quotations should begin with 
 a capital; as, Plutarch says/'Lying is the vice 
 of slaves." v. ;r~- 
 WKTOm.-TtM first word of every sentence is, 
 when followed by a full stop, as a period, re- 
 quired to begin with a capital. 
 W^s>\v\Aw80VRMNW.<- WoTds of special^ im- 
 portance should begin with capitals; as^The 
 TariHrPrepare for the G-reat Day^The Sheriff 
 
 of Tipton County." : r -. ._. 
 
 AAWfXWL'i vx\& VS>ft\Wo&.- Title-pages and 
 the headings of chapters should bt entirely 
 in capitals. ^_> r * -' - 
 
 ;\^\x.v-Begin all titles with a capital; as,lkii- 
 eral, Doctor, Captain, Mr., etc. 
 NOVWi vi\{i7v.x<:,.- Words and phrases us- 
 ed as the names of particular objects or pla- 
 ces, should begin with capitals; as, The Falls, 
 .the City of Brotherly Lovt.the Cape of food Hope. 
 
 iench MR 
 
 VWNE.N\ROSfti.- Avoid as much at possible. 
 ^K\m.-ExceUnce is true, beauty. 
 
 ^W>K\\OH.-Cpnsidr well before writing a letir 
 .-Always retain copies of important letters. 
 .-Every letter should be carefully dated. 
 ?\S>.- Same color and size as the paper. 
 .-Do not use f iquies when Una words will it. 
 ' l vs.^=..-Mo\^,Avoio,AVOID. 
 .-Treat with silent contempt 
 \\W..-Best quality, and black. 
 
 .-Legibility is a first requisite. 
 
 se white LETTER or COMMERCIAL NOTE. 
 
 VV,\\..-Use only when pen is unobtainable, 
 
 .-Using this indicates negligent. 
 
 ;x.- This is the politeness of kings. 
 
 .- Be strictly your own author. 
 
 i.-Mwayi register important lettm. 
 . . svsvThis returns imalled-for letter*. 
 .-Secumly fold and fasten before mail ing. 
 ' -You can spell your own lone-others rag a* 
 Thil Is a gran that should not be des[id 
 .-Enclose for replij when letter concerns ^ourseft 
 -BE NATURAL-BE NATURAL, 
 scrupulously to truthful stalemate 
 
 101
 
 include 
 
 _ of the household, r-e- 
 Jationship, -nii friendship. 
 They cliim i wide range of 
 lought, i nice discernment in 
 .... choice ot words, and a finish- 
 ed and ornamental style ot epression. 
 The style is regulated by the degree of 
 respect the person addressed claims of 
 
 US, by TeaBOn Of age, relationship, OT 
 
 she strength of OUT esteem and the 
 wrrmtti of OUT attachment. These let- 
 ters being the promptirngs of t ht 
 heart, admit of all the details of every occu- 
 pation, seme and interest, for to one who 
 loves us nothing that concerns us is trivial 
 or uninteresting. 
 
 Amupol is, June 4,1770, to keep 
 SIR: 
 
 I have been trying, ever since you went t- 
 way, to learn to write you a letter. I shall make 
 POOT work of It; but, SI'T. manrnu says you will 
 accept my endeavors in d that my dutg to you 
 iriaH be epnj*d in poor writing as well as 
 good. I hope I grow a better boy and that you, 
 will haw no occasion to be ashamed of rne when 
 you return. Mr. Maxwell says I learn my books 
 well. He is a very good master. I -read my book: 
 to mamma. We all loru to see you. 
 I am, sir, your dutiful son, 
 
 JOHN ClumcY ADAMS. 
 
 Lincoln,Neb.,Feb.l,l9 . 
 *i**\\'.-You will see by the date 
 of this thit I am creeping slowly homeward, 
 and I trust that another week will end mt) 
 business engagements here. and leave me free 
 to hasten to you again. Nothing could have 
 made this long absence endurable but the. 
 fart that I was accomplishing so much in a 
 pecuniary point of view, and thereby 'mrwashij 
 Mie. comfort of my dear little wife and ba- 
 bies. You. know, my deftest, what a tutu) strug- 
 gle it has been for the last two years to pro- 
 vide even the necessaries of life, and I know 
 you will feel molt reconciled to mij long ab- 
 sence when you are assured that it will re- 
 sult in engagements that, while they largely 
 increase my Income, will diminish my labors. 
 
 I am longing unutterably to clasp you in 
 my arms, and her your sweet voice again. 
 
 Hoping that In my neit I shall bt abk to 
 nme * definite time foT my return, 
 I am, as ever, 
 
 Your loving husbard, 
 
 A. P. Parker. 
 Mrv Jennie Parker. 
 
 Raleigh,N.C., Aug. 13,19 . 
 DEWIEST LOVE: 
 
 I am at last safety under uncled 
 roof, having arrived here list even ing, baby and 
 myself both well, but nally very tired. We had 
 no delay, except about one hour at Louisville. 
 Uncle rnet me at the depot with his carriage, 
 nd in twenty -minutes from the time of mi 
 arrival, I was cosily seated inrny room 
 which was all in TMdine'ss forme. 
 
 Uncle and aunt seem greatly pleased with 
 my coming, and both are loud in their praise 
 of the baby. Tlizy very much regret that 
 you. could not hive come with me, and say 
 they intend to prevail on you to make them 
 a visit wlien 'I am ready to return home. 
 
 Baby looks into my eyes, once in a while 
 and says,9olemnli),''Papa, papa!" I do actually 
 believe he is thinking about home, and wants 
 to keep up a talk about yow.. Everybody thinks 
 he looks like his papa. By day after to-momi* 
 I will write a. long letter. I want you to get 
 this by the first mail, so I make itshort. 
 With dearest love I am 
 
 Your Wife, 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 OUT hearts greater happiness than to know of 
 your enjoyment and firm purpose to do light. 
 Now that you are removed from all parental 
 restriint, it is of the most vital Importance 
 that you implicitly rely upon the religious pre- 
 cepts which hive been instilled into i/oitr mind. 
 We are greatly pleased that you are well sit- 
 uated with Mr. and MTS. Connelly, in wfurn for 
 their kindness you must be honest, industrious, 
 iy kind and obliging; doing yourdutij always 
 faithfully, which will be a ml satisfaction to 
 yourself as well as to your employers. 
 
 We shall constantly pray for your contin 
 uJ protection and prosperity. Louie and Wal- 
 ter unite with your father and myself in 
 sending you love I remain, dear Katie, 
 ' Your affectionate Mother, 
 
 Melissi'Arm strong. 
 
 Little Rock, ATk.,J line 3, 19 -. 
 MY OWN DEAR MOTHER: 
 
 We are looking forwiTd most impatiently 
 to your return. Home will be sweet home once 
 more when we have you amongst us again 
 for vw all miss you sadly these long evening! 
 The little ones are wild with delight. TheiT 
 heads art full of projects for little surprises to 
 give dear mamma. The choicest flowers that 
 each can claim as her own are witched with 
 arurious care, and aw destined to be sweet offer- 
 ings of love to you. 
 
 I hope, dear mother, you will be pleased 
 with my household management during your 
 absence. Papa considers me quite clever, and 
 a credit to your able teaching. I have not neg- 
 lected my music ind singing. In the latter, 
 papa says, you will find a marked improvement 
 
 Hoping that nothing will delay your long- 
 wished-ror return, with best love, in which 
 all unite, . .. 
 
 Believe me, your own fondly 
 
 Attached and loving child, 
 
 EDNA FOWLER. 
 
 Helena, M ont., June 2,19 . 
 DEAR Katie: 
 
 YOUT letter which has been leceiv- 
 ed, affords great pleasure and satisfaction to 
 your father and myself. Nothing could give 
 
 Knoxvi I k.Tenn.,Feb.2,l9-. 
 c. I cnnut Ml you my proud 
 pleasure in hearing such a favorable report 
 from your Principal. Prof. Gibson, of your 
 progress during the list term. You know how 
 gTut my anxiety has eveT been that you. 
 should enjoy all the advantages of education. 
 yet my most lavish expenditure and great 
 care would have been 'in vain if you had not 
 yourself been willing to give your attention 
 to your studies. 
 
 It is therefore with great gratification that 
 I receive such encouraging reports as the last 
 one sent me. > 
 
 It was one of the greatest Hals of my life to 
 
 rt with you during your school terms, and 
 nothing but the certainty of your ripid improve 
 ment can reconcile me to your absence. 
 
 With warmest affection,! am, mu dear boy, 
 YOUT proud and happy father, 
 
 HENRY MACMURBAY. 
 
 , 
 .gs. part 
 
 Providence, R.I., Feb. 4,19-. 
 MY DEAR RATHER:- Many thanks for your 
 kind present and valuable advice. I sincerely 
 hope that your good opinion of me will long 
 remain unchanged, ana that I may be able to 
 do justice to the strenuous exertions and 
 Kindly attention of my excellent preceptor. 
 I am, at present, working very hard, and 
 hope to gain one step higher in the school be- 
 fore the end of the term. My schoolfellows ME, 
 generally speaking, very agreeable and well-dis- 
 posed boys, and we are so well tm.-ed that I 
 feel alrr.oit as happy as if I were at home. Yet, 
 I often think of the coming vacation wUh not 
 t little eagerness, and long to meet you. and my 
 deaT mother. I remain, my dtar father, 
 Your affectionate and grateful son, 
 
 WUBEHF.WARD. 
 
 102
 
 Deserted Oolet.Wijo., Apr. 7, 19. 
 
 , cannot find words to express the pleas- 
 ure I felt on receiving your letter, after 
 the long, long months of silence on your 
 part. You, who live in civilized communities, 
 cannot realize the intense pleasure we home- 
 less vagabonds feel in reading a letter from 
 our loved ones far -away. A letter from you, 
 always brings the bright sunshine to my 
 heart, ma_king me happy for days and weeks. 
 
 Dear sister, if you could realize how bit- 
 ter is my disappointment on the arrival of 
 each mail, when I enquire for a letter and 
 the answer is,' r Nothing for you,sir" I aw 
 sure you. would not continue putting off 
 writing till tomorrow. 
 
 There aiE thousands of rough fellows in 
 this countti/, whose long isolation from wo- 
 man's society and influence has made them 
 uncouth -in their matmers, but whose hearts 
 are as warm and true. as in early youth,and 
 who love and treasure the memory of those 
 far away with an intensity undreamed of 
 by those who pass their lives surrounded by 
 loving friends and relatives. 
 
 May all blessings be yours, and remember 
 there is no mail from the East in which I do 
 not expect, to find a letter from my sister. 
 Your loving brother, 
 
 JAMES Osaooo. 
 
 : DOMESTIC LETTERS.^.' 
 
 Smithf ield,0.,Nov. 10,19 . 
 ^evx \-mVc os*.-. Mother has just informed me 
 of the delightful fact that we are to have a 
 visit from you during the Christmas holidays 
 and that you. will bring for our loving embra- 
 ces what I have always longed to possess 
 i sister. It seems that I can hardly wait the 
 weeks that must intervene before embracing i;oui 
 Edna, and assuring her of my sisterly affection. 
 
 You may imagine that we were very much 
 astonished, but 1 assure you that we have all of- 
 ten speculated on the perfections of the fairMiss 
 Edna, who occupied so much of your time, 
 thought, and space in your letters.. 
 
 Will you give my warm love to your Edna. 
 and tell her, that although personly a strain, 
 I am imost loving sister to any one who claims 
 the heart of my dear brother Ambrose. 
 
 Your choice must be a worthy one, and 
 believe me, I am all anxiety to welcome your 
 bride. 
 
 Ever your loving sister, 
 
 EMERALD. 
 
 Columbia,S.C., July 13,19- 
 wwc\\-. I am quite at- a. loss to con- 
 jecture the cause of your silence, as I am IOT 
 willing to believe you have entirely forgotten 
 me, or that there is any decline in your af- 
 fection or regard. It is now more than three. 
 months since I received a letter from you, and 
 in the meanwhile I have formed many theories 
 in order to account for your long epistolary 
 silence. .Have you. been sick, or what ha bn 
 the matter? Do let me hear trum you as soon 
 
 as you. can. I am anxious to know how you. 
 progress, and trust I shall soon have the pleas- 
 ure of hearing from you. I remain,deaT Emma, 
 YOUT sincere friend, 
 
 JULIA PHESSLER. 
 
 Cinnabar, Mont., June 10,19- 
 i Wva^\c'.-Accept a hasty line for your 
 entertaining letter. I have been so consUntlij 
 in motion, or in company, or indisposed,thit 
 I hive not written one letter but of absolute 
 necessity or business since I met you that 
 last morning. You. have not th less lived 
 in my affectionate remembrance, l-nstead 
 of the stipulated fortnight, Mr. Chase prom- 
 ises, us a month in the charming and grand 
 Yellowstone Park, accompanying its on our 
 excursions. When this enchanting Park was 
 set aside to be forever the grand tourist re- 
 sort of the people, and their common prop- 
 erty, few had an idea of the endless variety 
 and stupendous .grandeur of the features em 
 braced in this .tract of country. Will give de- 
 tails in -my next letter. We hope toTetum fl- 
 yer the Union Pacific. 
 
 May continued prosperity and happiness 
 yours, my dear friend. 
 
 Youis affectionately, 
 
 FRANCES MURPHY, 
 
 be ^ 
 
 Newtonville,Mass., Feb. 1,19. 
 MY DEA-R SON: 
 
 Your last letter gave us pleasure not un- 
 mixed with pain; pleasure to hear that you. 
 were well, and held in esteem by your supe 
 riors, and on friendly terms with those of 
 your own standing; and pain from the te 
 quest which it contained. Your mother, like 
 myself, feels grieved that you. shoud ask 
 for an additional allowance. You should 
 consider that you havS brothers and sis- 
 ters for whom I have also to make a provis- 
 ion, and that if the allowance I now give to 
 you (which is considered large) be increased 
 it in itst deprive us all of some of our nec- 
 essary cumforts. When you reflect on this, 
 dear boy, I feel assured you will not urge 
 your request. 
 
 All your pets are well, and we guard them 
 jealously for your sake. Trusting that we 
 may constantly hear from you, 
 Believe we, with our united love, 
 Your affectionate fathei; 
 
 JAMCSWALFORD. 
 
 ", "aviv. 
 
 Sante Fe.New Mex.,Apr. 1,19-. 
 
 Imagine my amazement, on comm 
 to nuke* nil) usual yearly visit at grandma's, 
 to find you married and gone! By some straw 
 mischance your cards. di-d not reach me, an d 
 on the supposition of each of the aunts and cous 
 ins that some one of the others had written me 
 all about it', I have been left in entire ignorance 
 of the momentous event. 
 
 Can you wonder that I hive never sent a 
 line of congratulation, or the' tiniest token of 
 my love? And it was Walter! I always thought 
 it would be Walter who would carry off rnij 
 dear little cousin, though she was so shy about 
 it, With best wishes and much love., I am 
 Your affectionate cousin, 
 
 Clan. 
 
 Sa.lem, Ore., Jan. 1 0,19. 
 DEAR CHLOE: 
 
 Your letter describing the christen- 
 ing of the wee treasure has just reached me. 
 I cannot lell you how deeply gratified and 
 touched I was that you have named the dar- 
 ling for me, and my only regret is that I 
 could not be present to stand as her godmolh- 
 
 It was very kind in Julia to be willing 
 for her first child to be named after your 
 sister, and I will write to her to-day. 
 
 Thank you tor your wish to have me with 
 you. As soon as vacation frets me for a time 
 from my teaching duties I shall certainly 
 pay you a visit. 
 
 Kiss my dear little namesake forme. I send 
 by to-day's express a silver cup that I hope 
 you will accept for her. 
 
 Lovingly ^ver, 
 
 CYNTHIA. 
 
 Lmmie,Wyo., April 29,19. 
 NN*.^'. It grieves me very much that 
 you again have so far forgotten your home 
 lessons, your mother's teachings, and uourfath 
 er's pride in you, as to have habitually fre- 
 quented the bar-room and gambling saloon- 
 not once nor twice, our informant says, but 
 every evening for weeks. 
 
 Edward, my dear, dear boy, pause while 
 there is yet time, and think o.f the utter de- 
 scnmtton of body and soul to which you. are 
 hastening. You must be aware of the fearful 
 risk you are running, and I implore you to 
 Stop where you are.. 
 
 I have been weeping all day, and your fath- 
 er looks as if ten years had been added to his 
 life since that dreadful letter came this -mrni'ny 
 If your love for us is so far gone that our tens 
 and prayers will not arrest you, then remem- 
 ber that there is a Higher Power, a God of infi- 
 nite love to a repentent sinner, but a God of 
 vengeance to those who willfully abuse his 
 goodness. 
 
 May G-od bless and strengthen you.,mg 
 
 dear son, and that he may lead you back into 
 
 virtue's path is the earnest.praijeT of 
 
 Your loving mother, 
 
 MELROSE BALDWIN. 
 
 DEAR MOTHER: 
 
 f 
 
 so regularly since George was 
 
 Pierre,S.D.,Feb.3,l9-. 
 
 As t have been writing to you 
 taken ill, it can 
 
 ire uucii IIUv till UK rit Ib in imnwoiatt ua nyt I. ! n 
 
 deed the nature of his disease warrants him 
 in saying he will probably have a very long 
 illness, whether he gets well or not. 
 
 Under such circumstances I think it may 
 be a comfort to you to come here for as lone 
 a time as may be convenient to yourself, and 
 be with him. Vrry often since his appetite has 
 failed, he has said to me/'lf I could have on 
 of mother's biscuits' or some other n ic. 
 dish "I could eat It? t have told hhn.oftitij 
 letter, and If you will write- that you. wiii,as 
 crl( as convenient, come, I will tell George. 
 Your affectionate daughter, 
 
 FLORA 
 
 103
 
 "" "^" ^ 
 
 ill the blessedness, all the utility, ef- 
 ficacy, and happiness ot the married 
 I state, depend upon its truthfulness, 
 I or the wisdom of tht union. Letters 
 of this character which are written 
 insincerity arid good faith, need but few 
 suggestions as to their composition. The 
 form should accord with the general form 
 on friendship, and their preparation should 
 be more careful than any other, as no oth- 
 ers ire so thoroughly read and re-read, ind 
 
 ;eem. Your own maidenly dignity has kept your 
 leart so securely hidden from me that I scarce 
 y venture to hope I have a place there, but I 
 eel I cannot endure suspension any longer,s 
 write to win or lose all. 
 
 If you will be my wife, it will be the pride 
 if my life to try to shield you from all sorrow, 
 ind to give you all the happiness that a ten- 
 der, loving husband can bestow upon his first 
 and only love. 
 
 Hoping to hear from you soon, 
 
 I am with respect and devotion 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 G-eore H. Lowe, 
 
 ry in their composition. 
 
 The following forms are given a models, 
 and may be of service to the writer: 
 
 Atlanta, Indian. 10,19- 
 tfa>x:- The burning love which 
 consumes my heart must find expression 
 in writini) to you. I cannot pour out the 
 ardent devotion which consumes me, while, 
 in your presence, as then I am dumb. I feu 
 that oftentimes you. have thought me stupid 
 and dull, while I was only Intoxicated with 
 your lovinaness, and listening with eager de- 
 light to the music of your matchless voice. 
 I think you must ere now hive seep that 
 I love you. with all the ardor and devotion of 
 a first true love, yet I pine for a smile to bid 
 me hope, a word of encouragement to save 
 me from despair. 
 
 Will you grant that trrrili? Will ijouspeak 
 that word? I anxiously await your answer. 
 Yours devotedly, 
 
 William Bishop. 
 
 No.lOPineSt.,St.l,ou.is, Mo. 
 
 Oct. 29. 19. 
 
 MytftirWa f//fHvrt/i:- It is now more 
 than two years since I had the great and high 
 ly appreciated pleasure of being received a t 
 your house. During all this time I will frankly 
 contest that one attraction, and liter, onettron; 
 hope, hive been drawing me ever to your ret 
 idenct, and I need scarcely add that your own 
 dear self was the attraction, the desire of win- 
 ning your favorable regard my hope. 
 
 Rave I been successful? Has the deep, faith- 
 ful love that I feel lor you any response in 
 your heart? Upon your answer hangs all my 
 hope of happiness in the future, for mine is 
 not the f feeling fancy of an hour, but the true 
 abiding love that is founded upon respect and es 
 
 rant Ave., St. Louis, 
 Nov. 1, 19. 
 
 '.--Your kind and manly 
 
 letter opens my eyes to tht fact that what 
 I believed to be only a warm friendship Is a 
 stronger feeling. I see that It would be a pain 
 to me to lose your visits and presence, and 
 that such love as you promise your wife would 
 nake me very happy. You. see that I answer you 
 ranklu, deeming it wrong to trifle with such 
 affection as you offer me. 
 
 I have shown your letter to TTILJ parents 
 who desire me to say that they will be pleas- 
 ed to have uou call this evening to see the 
 With kindest regards,! am 
 Ever yours truly. 
 
 Minnie Ellsworth. 
 
 V#,<?VK\\\\\\S> 
 
 Chicaqo,III.,Oa.l,l3- 
 My Dearest fmi/y: 
 
 How grieved I am that you should think 
 me capable of wavering in mij affection toward 
 you, or of wilfully inflicting a slight upon 
 one in whom my whole hope of eartnjy happi- 
 ness is centred. Believe me, my attentions to 
 vliss Elliot were never intended for anything 
 more than common courtesy. My long and inti- 
 mate acquaintance with her brother and my 
 inowledge of her amiable character, as well as 
 ;he circumstance of her beinq a comparative 
 stranger to the Granger's, were my sole rea- 
 sons tor my paying more attention to her than 
 would otherwise have done. 
 Rest confident in the belief that rm^ affection 
 or you is as unchanged as my regret, is great- 
 hit I should ever have given uou cause to doubt 
 't, and believe me, dearest Emily, 
 
 Yours, ever sincerely and devotedly, 
 
 Alexander Oibson. 
 
 No.79 &TantAve.,St.Loua, 
 
 Nov. I, 19 
 Mr. &eorqe H. Lowe, 
 
 0e*r frX'-Your letter has occasioned im 
 the deepest pain, for I feel that I have, uncon 
 sclously, led you to a hope which I can never 
 make a reality. I trust that you will believe 
 lhat it was in no spirit of coquetry that I 
 encouraged UOUT frequent visits, but be- 
 cause I valued your friendship very highly, 
 and believed that I was to you. only afrien* 
 Your Kind and manlu letter, which I shall 
 ever regard as a sacred confidence, hhowi> 
 me my error) but while I cannot return the 
 sentiments which It. contains, I deeply ap 
 predate the honor which you do me. 
 
 I trust that your love is not so deep, thai 
 your real happiness is injured by my rejec 
 tion, but that you will find some other heart 
 that will beat responsive to your own. 
 Hoping that I miij still rctlin you friendship, I am 
 f m your friend, 
 
 Minnie Ellsworth, 
 
 Atlanta, Ga.,Dec.l,l9- 
 JE/MI Miss DaniELs: 
 
 Delicacy and modesty cause me to adopt this 
 mode of approach to ontfor whom I cherish 
 sentiments of the warmest esteem and admira 
 :ion. Do not be startled at this abrupt MWtUU 
 t is not the expression of mere pissing emotio 
 nor the evanescent intensity of "love at firs 
 '' 
 
 nui vnr cmicvccn initnsitu \j\ iw i- iiia* 
 
 si9ht'.' Two summers ago I first had the pleisur 
 of seeing you, and last winter ot meeting aru 
 conversing with you. My impressions of the. 
 oraces of your person and character being thus 
 Formed from personal observation, and particu 
 larly as I am nfft altogether unknown to you 
 you may naturally think it would be more 
 manly and straightforward to divulge my nam 
 at once but ah! pardon me, o unworthy am 
 sensitive of slight do I feel, that I could not d : 
 vulge the whole secret of attachment in the fir 
 instance. Should you" not despise worthy am 
 honorable motives, you would conferi grsar hni 
 or upon one who loves you with a heartfelt 
 affection, by acknowledging this to, 
 Yours, very devotedly, 
 
 NICHOLAS 
 
 Miss DANIEL'S hat received, 
 i conrmunicat ion f rom "Nidi- receipt of 
 olas, No. 7 B 3tjat^And,for 
 reisoni which the reserves 
 to herself, declines to enter 
 into further correspondence. 
 
 UhpllMlMMII 
 
 MMTUtmM** 
 
 int., ind to sjij lhit.il "NICHOLAS 
 giwshis Till tint, MiitDamcl! wil 
 it m art ot politeness t 
 frankly stife her sentiments. 
 
 104
 
 331 Jessie St., May 4,19- 
 
 Having greatly enjoyed our 
 brief meeting al the residence of Mr.Waltpn, 
 on last Monday evening, I venture to write 
 to request permission to call on you. it your 
 own residence. Though -myself almost a stran- 
 ger in the city, Mr. Williams of Lansing,Mich. 
 who is my cousin, has frequently met your 
 father. Trusting that you will pardon this 
 libeTty, and place me on your list of gentle- 
 men acquaintances, I am. 
 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 HeTman Lincoln. 
 
 44-St,Je.l,l9- 
 
 ERMON LlNCOlN, 
 
 0ejrS>'r; 
 
 It will give me 
 much pleasure to see you. at 
 our residence nert TteCTtiu) 
 evening. My. father desires me 
 to stale that he is very favor 
 ably impressed with your cots 
 
 44-St,Je.l,B- 
 M issE (la Owiiu mak- 
 ing it a rule to re- 
 ceive no gentlemen 
 visitors upon such 
 brief acquaintance, 
 begs to decline the 
 
 of Mr. Lin- 
 
 coln's visits. 
 
 in ( in consequence of which ht 
 will be pleased to continue 
 IJOUT acquaintance. 
 Years truly, 
 
 ELLA OWENS. 
 
 \WC\KA\W V Wv r\ W\\S_. 
 Mr. Munson presents his regards to MissUhl, 
 and solicits the pleasure of her company to join 
 a small party intending to piss the day at Lin- 
 den Park, on Thursday nejrt(l7th). Carriages 
 will be in waiting at 8 o'clock, A.M..Thu.Tsdag, 
 May nth 
 
 MissUhl accepts with 
 pleasure Mr. MU.TISOTI'S ver- 
 ij kilid invitation for 
 a drive to Linden Park 
 on Thursday nent. 
 
 MissUhl ngretstha . 
 owinq to a previous en 
 gagement, she is unable 
 to accept Mr. Munson's 
 kind invitation for a 
 drive to Linden Park on 
 Thursday next. 
 
 Thursday, June 4-, IS-. 
 
 DEAR SIR:- I trust you will not consider 
 Tny conduct rash OT presumptuous, or wintiw 
 in respect to yourself or family, when I explain 
 my objett in addressing you al this time, and, 
 a? the matter is one which very nearly' con- 
 cerns my happiness, let me request your kind 
 attention and forbearance. 
 
 Having had the pleasure of frequently meet 
 TV) your daughter, Miss Clara, 1 have been 
 so impressed with her amiability of dispocl- 
 :ion,her lady-like manners and accomplishments 
 ;hat Tny feelings of friendship have Tipened 
 (Tito sinceTe and honorable attachment. I 
 presume that my character and position !n 
 society are so well known to Miss Clara that 
 may be spaTed the disagreeable egofcis'n of 
 referring to them more minutely. 
 
 As regards my worldly circumstances, my 
 income nom an established and prosperous 
 
 business is, I believe, amply sufficient for 
 the purpose of meeting the expenses of house 
 keeping and a family in a comfortable style. 
 
 In conclusion I have the highest satisfaction 
 in assurinq you. that my affection for your 
 dauqhtcT ia reciprocated; and, should your- 
 self and Mrs. Lewis sanction Tny proposals, 
 I shall eve.r esteem it a privilege, as well as 
 a duty, to promote LJOU.T daughter's happi- 
 ness, thereby doubtless securing my own. 
 
 An early reply will qreatlu oblige, 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 ELI G. CROWE. 
 
 June 6, 19- 
 MY DEAR Mt CROWE: 
 
 I very 
 
 ighly appTeciatethemaTi- 
 
 I and honorable way in 
 .jhich you have addressed 
 me in reference to raj daujh 
 ter 0m. 
 
 Believing you. to be hon- 
 est, industrious,imb'tios 
 to do well, and possessed 
 of excel lent moral charac- 
 ter, I unite with Mrs. 
 Lewis in the belief that 
 OUT darling child img vn-- 
 y safely trust her happi- 
 ness to your protecting 
 care. 
 
 If agreeable and conven- 
 ient to you., we shall be 
 happy .to have you dine 
 with us tomoTTow. 
 Very s'mceitli) yours, 
 
 L.J.LEWIS. 
 
 Jane 6, 19- 
 DEARSIR: 
 
 Highly appitcia- 
 .ing the straightforward 
 ind aentlemanly manner 
 in which you have writ- 
 ;en me concerning a sui 
 ject that every parent has 
 in interest in, I am com- 
 piled to inform 4 o u. 
 -hat, though my daughter 
 las treated you. with much 
 riendliness as she is ac- 
 customed to with all her 
 Tiends, for reasons we 
 reserve to urstlves,Mrs. 
 Lewis and myself regret 
 to state that we feel .it 
 our duty to withhold oui 
 sanction to your propos 
 als. 
 
 Fully sensible of your 
 most excellent qualities, 
 we unite in the wish 
 that you. may rnett with 
 a companion in every 
 Way calculated to ensure 
 your happiness. 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 L.J. Lewis. 
 
 t, I ha ; 
 
 1 CollegeAye., Mau 10,13- 
 s/in^ht very kind letter which 
 
 iv just received from LJOUT father, the ten 
 OT of which I presume is riot unknown to you, 
 inspires me with the hope that the thrice, hap 
 py day, to whose advent I have long looked 
 forward, cannot now be far distant. Y o u- 
 will Tecollect that our delightful meeting Sat 
 uTday evening, I said so far as my plans are 
 concerned, there is nothing to prevent our nup- 
 tial ceremony being performed onThu.rsday,May 
 25th; but, of course, this is contingent on 
 the day suiting your own and your rela- 
 tives' convenience. Remember, my dear Bessie, I 
 will regard each day as of J weett duration ti II 
 I tan call you my own; do not, then, I pTay 
 you, lose an hour, but accelerate every arrange- 
 ment for that eyem which will permVt me to 
 sign myself your affectionate husband till death 
 though meantime, believe me, my deaT Bessie, 
 Your attached and faithful, 
 
 (reorge. 
 
 N/lrs.M.A.LoTingeT 
 
 /feyuest Me />/essure of your company 
 <itt/re mjrriayeoft/ref'n/ttytter; 
 
 EMMA to HENRY ARNOLD, 
 
 AT THEIR HOME.COLUMBUS.O. 
 
 LICENSE. 
 
 -Coanti) of- 
 
 SUte of Jc I 
 
 County. )' i 
 
 t\VMX\\A ot\XVt 
 ,Vb ,\ \QVXM& \T\V\ 
 
 SEAL 
 
 X\W. 
 
 >N\\\ 
 
 "Will youhai/e this 
 woman to be your 
 wedded wife,to live 
 together afteT O-od's 
 ordinance, in the ho 
 ly estate ofMatrirnct 
 ny.to love her, com 
 fort her, honor and 
 keep her, in sickness 
 and in health, and forsaking all others,keep 
 thee only to her, so long as you. both shall live 
 
 t^frw ^^\>,X Va NNO-WVX*, 
 Will you have this man to be UOUT wedded hus 
 band, to live together after God's ordinance, in th 
 holy estate- of Matrimony, to love, KonoT,and kee, 
 him, in sickness and in health, and forsaking al 
 others keep thee only to him so long as O9upotl 
 shall live?* 
 
 "By the act of joining hands you cake up,on yam 
 selves the relation of husband and wife, and solemn- 
 ly promise and engage, in the presence of the s 
 witnesses, to loe, honor, comfort and cherish eac 
 other as such, so long as you. both shall live.tlintfni, 
 in accordance with the laws of the Stale of. ......... 
 
 I do hereby pronounce you. husband and wife." 
 
 s/rou/d 'oAfa/'n from /fie o/tfcM/f 
 a Adrnye Cert/fictte, is fm/lftm 
 /'rr rise of nrcrrsitt/ nrfen mvr/nf/f Jz 
 
 106
 
 (or a vacant position 
 observe the follow) sugqfsliore: 
 I. Your letter will be used is 
 a criterion by which to judge, 
 of your fittwn to /ill the po- 
 sition. 
 
 2. Write with e*lra eare, 
 good plain note or letter paper 
 with envelopes to match, and be as 
 brief at is consistent with perfect 
 clearness. 
 
 1 State whit advances you have 
 enjotjed.and express your intention of 
 honestly endeavoring to perform the 
 duties required, but make no mention of 
 your character or qualifications, as these 
 will be learned from your testimenials and ref- 
 erences. 
 
 4.. Write immediately alter hearing of 
 the vacant position, or reading the adver- 
 tisement. 
 
 5. If answering an advertisement, .give the 
 name, of the paper In which the advertisement 
 appeared, and neatly paste the advertisement at 
 the head of the sheet upon which you write. 
 
 6. Enclose a tv\^ of any testimoniih i)<m 
 mau have. 
 
 7. Enclose a postal card or stamp for the 
 reply, not statin) that the stamp is for the 
 reply. 
 
 8. In applying fora-position as teacher, do 
 not sign yout name with a degree attached, 
 but if a graduate, mention the institution. Do 
 not ask for a reply. The letter should be full 
 and explicit, but all boasting avoided. 
 
 Annapol!s,Md.,Feb.l,l9-. 
 MESSRS. B.<C., 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 VVITIM-W.- In reference to the above ad- 
 vertisement, which appeared in torday^ EX- 
 AMINER, I respectfully offer my services. At 
 present I am assistant book-keeper in t he 
 employ of Messrs. Boyd< Co., of this city, 
 but desire advancement. I am perfectly fa- 
 miliar with the duties of the position ap- 
 plied for, and am at liberty to refer you to 
 my present employers, who will, I think, 
 satisfactorily answer any questions, as to 
 my character and- qualifications. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 OLIVER RHODES. 
 
 San FTncisco,Maij 1, 19 . 
 C.C. 
 
 Box 793 P.O. 
 
 S'\y. I would respectfully apply for t he 
 position advertised in to-day's Chronicle. I am 
 fourteen years old, reside with my parents at 
 1417 Oak Street, and -refer yon to the H.S.Man- 
 ninq Co., from whom I received the enclos- 
 ed testimonial. 
 
 Very truly, 
 * 
 
 WALTER 
 
 Indianapolis, March 17, 19. 
 *v. 
 
 I take, the earliest opportunity of re 
 plying to the enclosed advertisement. 
 
 I have bten for the last three years in the em 
 ploy of Poke <C., Dry Goods Deakr,91 Ash street, 
 until the dilution of their firm. I bt< to relei 
 uou to Mr. A.C.CU*, of the firm of CM 4 Co., 13 19 
 Noe St., for tfstimoi>iah,shold you entnU'-n n* tff 
 
 Richmond, Va.,Feb- 1,19 
 .H.L.Gisho, 
 
 e.<b^.cMc Vv.c.vm% In reply to the above 
 advertisement, I beg to state that I am oblig- 
 ed to leave my present situation, as Mrs. Ad- 
 ams, my present mistress, is about to break 
 up housekeeping, and I should like to apply 
 or the situation you offer. I have been it 
 he house of Mrs.Adams for six years,and 
 she will answer any questions relative to 
 my industry and trustworthiness. 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 Rose McCarthy. 
 
 Reading, Pa., July 27, 19. 
 S.C.a,Call Office. 
 
 VvtA^ecVtfc Vvitevtv. In answer to I he 
 above advertisement which appeared in to- 
 day's Call, I beg to offer my services for 
 the situation. I have been in my present 
 place, at Mrs. Boiell's, No. 16 Bush St., for 
 two years, and am leaving on account of 
 the removal ol Mrs.Bozell to New York. Mrs. 
 Bozell permits me to refer to her for recom- 
 mendation. 
 
 I have a great fondness for children, and 
 have had the care of them for seven years. 
 Should you engage- me, I shall spare no ef- 
 forts to please you. 
 
 Yours very respectfuJly, 
 
 Anna Dunn. 
 
 Topeka, Kan.,Nov. 13,19-. 
 COMPETENT, 
 
 Box I74-, Journal Office. 
 Seeing your advertisement in to-day's Jour- 
 nal, I respectfully apply for the situation. I 
 am a single man twenty-eight years of age. 
 and have had ten years experience in the 
 care and driving of horses. 
 
 I am permitted to refer to A.R.Bentleyf 
 Co^l74l East St.; C.aShortridge<Co., 2.17 
 Hiyes Ave.; Mrs. H.C. Merrill, 612 Olive St. 
 YOUT very obedient servant, 
 MALCOMB COLLIER, 
 No. 17 Chtrry-St. 
 
 Milwaukee,Wi.,Dec.iq,l9- 
 MRS. A.C.WALTON, 
 
 Vvts\*cVtc>AArfi\-.-FTom to-day's Times 
 I take the above advertisement, and respect 
 fullu apply for the situation. 
 
 I have been with my present mtttrro,Mn. J 
 M. Whijfci, for two yean, but she is going to re 
 mow to Chicago. I shall remain with Mrs. 
 VVhider a few days longer, and you may refer 
 to her as to my capactty. 
 
 Wheel ma.W.Va., Aug. 5, 19 - 
 H.H.,Smithfield,0. 
 
 Seeing the above advertisement In the En- 
 terprise CN.Y.), I should like to secure. the sit 
 uation for myself and wife, if the location 
 is a healthful one, and the salary is sat'ufac 
 ;ory. I understand farming and the care of 
 stock, .nd my wife is a good housekeeper 
 and laundress. We enclose copy of testimo- 
 nials received from- last employer. Should you 
 engage US, we shall try to do our duties in 
 all respects. 
 
 Yours -respectfully, 
 594 Pine St. JOSEPH HUNTINCER. 
 
 Chic4qo,III.,Oct.4,l9- 
 MESSRS.BLOUNT< PICKEN, 
 
 t*vX\tTP*vs%-Without wishing totmpan 
 upon your valuable time, permit me to ask 
 jour consideration of a subject which to me 
 s of urgent necessity, namely, the question 
 of an increase in talary. I have now been with 
 you two years, in which time you have 
 doubtless determined upon my disposition 
 and ability to do the work required of me, 
 and, in calling your attention to this sub 
 ject, I do so under the belief that it has es- 
 caped your notice in the more pressing 
 demands upon your ti-me. In the perform 
 ance of my duties, I have ever tried to be 
 prompt and accurate. I trust -my efforts have 
 met with your approval, and, therefore,thal 
 LJOU will regard this -matter a> liberally u ponitk 
 
 t Very -respectfully, 
 
 G-EOROE JONSON. 
 
 Rocht5ttT,N.Y.,Aiiq. 1,19 
 REV. J.R.JAHUEZ, 
 
 ^V*T "aYf.- Desiring to apply for a posi 
 tjon as teacher in Snell Seminary in this 
 city,1 would be greatly obliged if you would kin 
 ly favor me with a testimonial as to mg chti 
 acter, ability, and con<ud IVn 803*0* Normal Schoo 
 Should you consider me fitted for the position, 14: 
 ill confer a great favcr by rnieieji'mf yourself in 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 106
 
 *tMJHfcfc + *.<;<M+t +*** 
 
 "** > APPLilC AT lpS&"5ir "' 
 ^ 
 
 Vicksburg,Miss.,Feb. 3, 19 . 
 Ms.T. J.HANCOCK, 
 
 ^e-vi \to.&vw. From to-day's Times I 
 take the above advertisement, and wou-ld 
 state that I am anxious to obtain such a. 
 position as you offer. For the last seveti 
 years I have been teaching in the Peabody 
 Seminary, and the cjosinq of that institution 
 list December -necessitates -me to seek anoth- 
 er position. 
 
 Mr. C. H. Henry, P-r'mcipil of the. seminary, per- 
 mits.-! to refer to him. While in the semi- 
 nary I taught the higher branches of English 
 studies, French, and Latfn. 
 Hoping that I may heir from you. soon, 
 I am, -madam, 
 
 Very -respectfully, 
 
 MAMIE C.FHANK. 
 
 VN\i<b\S> "^VVAVtk. 
 
 Xenia.,l-nd.,Sept.l,l9 . 
 Juo&EC.B. LITTLE, 
 
 ,V( V\f. I hive to-day lea-rned that you 
 wished to secure the services of a competent 
 music teacher, and write to offer myself as 
 a candidate for the situation. 
 
 I am a graduate of the Chicago Conservato- 
 ry of Music, and have devoted my time espec- 
 ially to the study of the piano, guitar, and 
 vocal music. The enclosed testimonial is a 
 copy from the cn^inil given by Prof.More, 
 my teacher in the Conservatory. 
 I am, Sit, 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 (Miss)&ERTIE&RIFFIN. 
 
 Bowling Green, Ky., June 1,19-. 
 Mn. A.B.LAMBERT, 
 
 "iVr. I shouJd like to secure a position 
 in the schools of your city. My present 
 term of teaching in the schools of this 
 place will close June 23rd, after which time 
 would be ready to enter upon work in 
 new field- 
 
 I have, for several years, taught the' 
 Intermediate Department here, where I can 
 -remain should I so desire. I enclose a letter 
 from the Board of Directors here, and re- 
 fer you also to Prof. A.F. Armstrong, Prin- 
 cipal of our schools. 
 
 I would prefer an intermediate room, 
 but would not object to any temporary ap- 
 pointment, trusting to my work and the 
 :hanges that naturally occur to make my 
 position satisfactory- 
 Hoping that I may hear from you. at 
 a-n early date, I remain, 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 {Miss) MINNIE COBS. 
 
 Springfield, Mo., Aaj. 1, 19-. 
 
 To THE HONORABLE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 iT\\/\v<r\'. I have just learned from 
 a friend in your city that the position of 
 superintendent of your schools is vacan 
 and if the position has not been filled, I 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, Jan. 1,19- 
 
 desire to make application for the same. I 
 am a graduate of the Indiana State Nor- 
 -mal School, and subsequently graduated 
 at the Missouri State University. I have 
 had six years experience in teaching, and 
 am now principal of the High School in 
 this city, but desire a more advanced po- 
 sition. 
 
 Yours nzspectful 1 1], 
 
 J.Q..MONTCAUN 
 
 HON. 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury, 
 
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 
 SIR: 
 
 I beg to submit herewith my application 
 for a position as clerk in the Department of 
 the Treasury of the United States, and as k 
 your favorable consideration of it. 
 
 I am proficient in the branches of an or 
 dinary English education, and am an ex- 
 pert accountant. This letter will show ijou 
 thft character of my handwriting. 
 
 I enclose a number of references from 
 gentlemen well known to you. 
 
 Should you. be pleased to give me_ a po- 
 sion in your Department, I will strive by 
 diligent and faithful application to deserve 
 your approval, and to discharge to the best 
 of my ability the duties of the position to 
 which I may be assigned. 
 
 Hoping to receive a favorable answer, I 
 have the honor to be, 
 
 Vour obedient servant, 
 
 RICHARD HOWARD. 
 
 The bearer,MT.B.F.Smith, being 
 desirous of obtaining employment as a clerk 
 or salesman in your house, I take great pleas- 
 ure in commending him to your fullest con- 
 fidence both as to ability and energy. 
 
 He has been known to me for many years, 
 and has uniformly been a man of correct hab- 
 its, irreproachable character, and decided business 
 ability. He is a good accountant, and punct- 
 ual and faithful in his attention to business 
 
 With perfect confidence in him, I shall at 
 any time cheerfully respond to any application 
 regarding his character and abilities. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 J.T.ATKINSONTOL. 
 
 from t/re /oTtyo/Tro mode/s, any ortff/rf- 
 Tt'/y /7jte///'yen{ person f/rou/doe ena- 
 6/ed, At/ sutfa6/i/ morfffyfny the p/trast- 
 o/oyy, to ivrrte .47? 4/>/>//cat/orr for ant/ 
 position wMeven 
 
 Minneapolis,Minn.,Feb.l, 19 . 
 
 The bearer, Mr. James F. Daily, is person- 
 ally known to me as a young man of ster- 
 ling worth. As a member of society, h,being 
 of good family, is highly esteemed. He is a 
 graduate of the Polytechnic Institute, and as 
 a student distinguished himself for his dil- 
 igence, accuracy, integrity, and conscientious 
 discharge of every duty. His moral character 
 is unimpeachable; a thorough student, a-n 
 indefatigable worker, and a man of exten- 
 sive reading. Feeling confident he will &pare 
 no efforts to work out success in whatever 
 he undertakes, I can cheerfully recommend 
 him to any position to which he aspires. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 &EORGEC.SMOLLETT. 
 
 COL.P,O.Ross. 
 
 P-resident Board of Trustees. 
 
 >\v. I take, pleasure in recommending 
 to your favorable consideration the application 
 
 of Miss Maggie Hunter for the position of 
 teacher at Buena Vista. 
 
 Miss Hunter is a graduate of the State Nor- 
 mil School, and for the past two years h as 
 taught a school in this place. My children 
 have been among her pupils, and their prog- 
 ress has been entirely satisfactory to me. 
 
 Miss Hunter is a strict disciplinarian, an 
 excellent teacher, and is thoroughply compe- 
 tent to conduct the sx^iool for which she ap- 
 plies. Trusting that you may see fit to be- 
 stow upon her the appointment she seeks, I 
 
 STn > Very respectfully yours, 
 
 HENRY C.BISHOP. 
 
 Seattle, Wash.,May I4,I9 . 
 MESSRS. Dodd, MEAD < Co., 
 
 Peoria,III.,Nov.29.,l9 . 
 MESSRS. WINCHESTER Co., 
 
 Chicago, I II. 
 
 tv\\e,vt\.ex\-. The bearer, Mr. Frank C.Wt, 
 who is now leaving our employ, hrt been 
 in our counting-room for the past si years, 
 during which time he has been faithful in 
 attending to his duties, industrious in a 
 high degree, and thoroughly reliable. 
 
 He is a good penman, correct and ex- 
 peditious accountant, fair stenoguphrr,md 
 an excellent correspondent. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 THE HENRY LEECHE Co. 
 
 Sumitville,Pa.,Feb. JO I9-. 
 The bearer, Mr. Chas. Morton, has lived with 
 me the past year as a gardener. This testi- 
 monial of his. capabilities is to certify to 
 his being thoroughly competent in the care 
 of hot and cold graperies and green houses,al- 
 so understanding floriculture and vegetable gar- 
 dening. During his stay with me, he ha \t 
 y satisfactorily performed his duties, and is 
 good-natured and trustworthy. 
 
 C HARLES G-e0RCE. 
 
 J amestown, N. 0.,Dec.l, 19. 
 
 MESSRS. HOWARD^ Co., 
 
 Far<jo,N.D. 
 
 re,T\\.\w(\-. The beaTer, MT.AIva Baker, 
 
 has been employed by us for the past two 
 
 years, and has faithfully performed all the 
 
 duties devolving upon him. He understands 
 
 the receiving and shipping of goods, is a vet 
 
 y fair penman, and a good market. 
 
 We art, yours truly, 
 
 HARE^PERKINSS. 
 
 107
 
 Bozeman, Monk. Feb. I, 19. 
 
 w. Yourkind note,comarmnq 
 i list ot the dates and statistics you. promis- 
 ed me, hu just reached -me, saving tnt many 
 10119 noun of troublesome research. Thank 
 you -most earnestly for the trouble you. 
 nave tikcn, and the immense assistance you 
 hive been to me. 
 
 Truly your friend, 
 
 MINNIE DAMKIRK. 
 
 Oakland, CI.,M. 4 10,19 . 
 x IWw. Judging by the: tone 
 of your letter of the 4-th lnst..you are 
 becoming very intimits with Ed.Nesbitt, 
 and it grieves me to note it. 
 
 My aear boy, I am an old Tnin,and in 
 i long life of observation, I hive never teen 
 i young person made happier or better by 
 association with men whose charicter would 
 not bear investigation. Such a man is Ed.Net 
 bit. 
 
 He has no profession or hide, refuses to jive 
 any mount of his previous life, and cirne to 
 your city from nobody knows where. His 
 money is spent with profusion; he rides fast 
 horses, md went flasny jewelry, with showy 
 clothing; and his linguae betrays low origin 
 and m .imperfect education. 
 
 Thrtt is sound warning in the old prrowrb/'A 
 man is known by the company he keeps" and 
 I would not have you. judged for being the 
 companion of Ed. Nesbilt. 
 
 I believe this to be a matter of vital impor- 
 tance to you, and bcq that you give H ctnsid- 
 eration, believing it to be kindly meant. 
 Ever your sincere friend, 
 
 John Coflcn. 
 
 Chautiugua,N.Y.,Oct. 3.9,19. 
 VNu ^MT Vw. OXonwc. 
 
 I write to apologize for 
 
 my failure to keep my appointment; with you. 
 yesterday. I was dressed and just tyinq my 
 jonnet strings, when Emma scalded Herself 
 so badly that I was obliged to attend to her 
 needs, and by the time I had her comforta- 
 bly in bed with the bums properly dres- ' 
 't was tar too late to hope to meet ..you 
 
 I regret extremely having broken my engage 
 rnent, but trust you will under the circum- 
 stances pardon me. 
 
 Most truly yours, 
 
 Ella MeComben. 
 
 Bush &TOve,lTKl,Sep.3, 19. 
 
 It Is my painful task to make 
 the announcement to you. of the death _ of 
 your sister Henrietta this morning at eight 
 o'clock. The news, deeply as it will grieve you, 
 cannot come at a surprise, as your sister has 
 been failing so steadily and rapidly since she 
 came here, and it should comfort you. to know 
 that the was fuUy conscious of the fatal char 
 acter of her illness, and prepared with Chris- 
 tian fortitude to pus the portals that -must 
 open for us all. Aunt Mary will write hill partic- 
 ulars in a daij or two. 
 
 I am, with deepest sympathy. 
 Your sincere friend, 
 
 MATTIE BoiTON 
 
 Stockvile.Miy 3,19. 
 VIR.R.H.HII.TON, 
 
 MY DEAR FRIEND: 
 
 It ws with most sin- 
 
 ere pleasure that I heard of fhe large sate and 
 reat popularity of your last book, and that your 
 uccess is an author seems assured. I have ei- 
 aected this would be so ever since I sat up a! 
 ly dressedj night to read the copy you so kindly sent 
 it.uou. me, for I thought it contained all the elements 
 necessary to mike a useful and successful book, 
 ml it is very pleasant to find an app'eciitiv 
 lublic of the same opinion. 
 
 Wlshina you. still further advancement 
 .pon the road you. have chosen, believe me, 
 Most sincerely yours, 
 
 AOiEWyly. 
 
 Mns.C.0. ABBEY, 
 
 Peach OTchaTd,Mich.,Feb.l,l9- 
 
 . 
 
 I trust you will not consider 
 me Intrusive if I make complaint to you. a- 
 bout your servant, but I have spoken quietl y 
 to her and received such an insolent reply 
 :hat I am compelled to apply to you, 
 
 The girl is in the habit of throwing over the 
 connecting fentfjinto my yard, every kind ol 
 dirt, fruit skins and stones, rags, papers, and 
 :he sweepings, which she deliberately brashes 
 TOTO the dust pan from your back windows 
 am very Teluctznt to make any complaint, bu 
 my own girl very naturally is indignant thai 
 all her efforts to keep the yard tidy are wasted 
 and my effort to settle the matter without am 
 trouble to you was met only by impertinence. 
 Will you kindly exert your authority to pre 
 vent a'..y further trouble, and pardon rue for 
 any annoyance I may cause you? 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 NELLY SUMMER 
 
 Trenton, N.J.,Nov.lO, 19- 
 VuerA-. 
 
 It Is with deepest sorrow 
 have just heard, of your sudden bereave 
 merit, and I write at once that you. may 
 know my heartfelt sympathy is yours. I 
 know how great your loss is, and in yoi 
 bereavement it will at first be hard to see , 
 ny comfort In such i dispensation, but yoi 
 may later be thankful that the lost one wa 
 (pared all suffering, all tue truing illnes 
 that makes the parting still more painfuJ. 
 I will not now intrude upon your privacy 
 but trust that if I can be of any service, yoi. 
 will accird me the privilege of an old flier**, 
 and command me fwi* youTJ ^ ||nenf| , fc 
 
 AlBEIUCu 
 
 R7ading,Pa-,Jan.3,l9- 
 MESSRS. Oodd, MBAOE Co., 
 
 New York. 
 
 Srt\V\evt\.\v. Please allow Mr.C.H.6ibsoi 
 i credit for such selections as he may mate, 
 .0 an amount not exceeding one thousand 
 dollars(*l,000), for ninety days. We will b 
 come responsible to you for the payment o 
 the same should Mr. Gibson neglect to do si 
 at the proper time- 
 
 Be kind enough to inform us of the a 
 mount for which you give him credit, wit 
 date it becomes <tue; also,in default of pay 
 ment, forward notice immediately. 
 
 We remain, yours very truly, 
 Mr.Cibson's signature. CHURCHUiXCo 
 
 C.H.GiBSON. 
 
 Chica.go,IH., April 30,13- 
 x ^vctxfcv. 
 
 Having visited ail our re 
 atives here, I seat myself to convey to uo 
 some idea of this wonderful city,m man 
 respects one of the most remarkable on t 1 
 face of the earth, having a population o 
 upward of 2,000,000. You have heard * 
 much of the city that I must give you a 
 brief sketch of its history. 
 
 The first white man ever known to hw 
 set foot on the spot where Chicago now lies 
 was a French missionary from Canada, 
 ed Pierre Jacgues Mirguette, who, with tw 
 others, having been on a missionary tour 
 the southern part of Illinois, when horrniw 
 bound was detained at tnis puce in the fa 
 of 1673, in consequence of the severe cokf.e 
 
 Your atlectionate 
 
 106
 
 o\\i\\\\wj\. 
 
 Springfield,! [I, Nov. 15,19 
 MR.ALEXANOERKEIES, 
 
 ^m %'w. 
 
 I haye_been if/pomtec 
 
 one of l committee to solicit conations to 
 ward paying the debt upon GraceChuTCh. Know 
 ing the interest you. have always felt in the 
 chinch, and your liberality in so many of its 
 emergencies, I write to ask you. to contribute 
 to the present fund; hoping to meet afavora 
 ble Tesponse. 
 
 1 enclose the printed form, which can be re 
 enclosed to my address, and the treasurer 
 will be at the church at an appointed time 
 to receive the contributions. 
 Hoping to heat from you, I ant, 
 Very- truly yours, 
 
 A.H. LAWSHEE. 
 
 Springfield, 1 1 1., Nov.11,19-. 
 
 hi answer to your note 
 of Vhe I5th rust, it gives me much pleasure 
 to enclose my check for one hundred dollars 
 ($100) toward the payment of the chinch debt. 
 Wishing you every success, 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 ALEXANDER KEYES. 
 
 ATcadia, Ind^Nov. 1,19 
 Miss PATTERSON: 
 
 You. will please excuse 6-er- 
 tmde for non-attendance it school yesterday af- 
 ternoon, she being detained in consequence ol 
 a severe headache. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 RESEKKAWlLSON. 
 
 Big Eye, Minn., Sept. 1, 19. 
 MR.M.A.SHEIL, 
 
 toot fen 
 
 It is with much reluctance 
 I write to ask a favor of you. My last quarter- 
 |ly payments of rent have been delayed, on one 
 pretense or another, and I find myself needing 
 the immediate use of fiftg dollars {50) and 
 unable to collect it. Can you lend it to me. 
 for a few days? On the first of October I haw 
 a large pigment promised me, and wittthen 
 return the money. 
 
 Trusting my request will be refused if it 
 
 inconveniences you.,1 venture to take the liberty 
 
 of an old friend in asking it. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 EDWARD HUGHES. 
 
 Shelbyville, 0.,Nov. 17, 19-. 
 MY DEAR MRS. JENKINS: 
 
 . Your note askirw for the 
 
 loan of Lhicle Tom's Cabin" has just reached 
 me, and it gives me pleasure to send the book 
 by your messenger. 
 
 Hoping you may enjoy it as much as I 
 did, I am, 
 
 Ever yours, 
 C.F.MORG-ANN. 
 
 174 Pine St., Nov. 1 0,19=-. 
 MR. WILLIAM G-OOD, 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your letter requesting an 
 introduction to Mrs.Philips has just reached 
 me. I regret to be obliged to refuse you, but 
 my own acquaintance with Mrs.Ptiilips is 
 too slight to warrant -me in .introducing a 
 stranger to her. 
 
 Vry truly yours, 
 
 ANNE BOWLIN&. 
 
 l-ndianapolis. lnd.,0ct. 10, 19 
 
 . 
 
 The undersigned, 
 
 deeply regretting IJOUT departure from among 
 us, desire your acceptance of the accompanying 
 memorial, in testimony of our respect and af- 
 fection for you as a gentleman and , 
 
 and as a faint expression of our appreciation 
 of your kindly efforts to Tender our connec- 
 tion with ,not only pleasant 
 and agreeable to ourselves, but profitable to 
 
 Deeply regretting that our connection must 
 x severed, we shall gratefully remember our 
 association in the past, and hope always to be 
 leld in pleasurable remembrance by you.. 
 (SIGNATURES). 
 
 Bellevue, Mo.,Mayl, 19- 
 MR.PHILIP BROOKS, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 ^evc Vw.~ It gives me great pleasure, to 
 ntroduce. to you the beareT, MT.O.H.Roads. 
 who visits "your city for the purpose of soli- 
 ng employment as a book-ke_eper. Heisayom 
 man of good character, strict integrity, and 
 superior ability, and is entirely worthy of 
 your confidence. Believe me, I shall esteem it 
 l personal favor if you. will use your influ- 
 ence in his be half. I remain, 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 CEDAR ALLEN. 
 
 ijounj p 
 
 19 W. Olive SfcJan. 1 0,19-. 
 MR. E.G. Walton, 
 
 XlWJt'bV'c-. The pleasure of your compa- 
 ny is regufsted to join a theater party of 
 eight to see Salvini next Thursday evening 
 In King Lear. The party will meet at my 
 house at 7:30, and return after th perfor- 
 mance to supper. 
 
 Hoping that your engagements will per- 
 mit you to join us, I am, 
 
 Sincerely you-r friend, 
 
 ANNA AUSTIN. 
 
 MY DEAR Miss AUSTIN: 
 
 Your 
 
 <ind note enclosing tick- 
 ts for Thursday ewning 
 las just reached me. It 
 ives me great pleasure 
 o accept your invitation, that 
 which adds the pleasure 
 jf your society to that 
 of the performance. 
 With many thinks, 
 Trull) your friend, 
 E.C. WALTON. 
 
 MY DEARMISS AUSTIN: 
 
 Your 
 
 kind invitation for mete 
 make one of your 
 party has just reached, 
 me. IregTet extremely 
 that a previous engage- 
 ment I cannot break com- 
 pels .me to decl ine. 
 
 With many thanks for 
 your kind remembrance. 
 
 Truly your friend, 
 
 E.C. WALTON. 
 
 W\\VVT N.VX 
 
 H6ADOUARTERS,ManARY DIVISION OF THEMlSSBIW. 
 IN THE Fl ELD, MANCHESTER,Vj.,Mllj 9,1865. 
 
 v.7.Kv. - . I have joined my army at Mas- 
 Chester, opposite Richmond, and await uouroideis 
 G-enerat Wilson telegraphs, through General Scho- 
 field, for hay and forage for 20,000 animals, 
 to be sent up the Savannah River to Augusta. 
 Under Secretary StantonVnewspaper orders, tak- 
 ing Wilson substantially from my command, 
 I wish you would give the orders necessary 
 for the case. 
 
 W.T.SHERMAN, 
 
 LIEUT.-&ENERAL U.S.&RANT, 
 
 ClOWKrt.T\tex-V[\-C>\\\\, 
 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Editors and printers woaJd regard it at 
 a great favor if you would observe the fol- 
 lowing TU-les: 
 
 I. Use black ink, white paper, wide ruled. 
 
 2.. Make the pages small- i size of foobcip sheet 
 
 3. Write on one side of the sheet only. 
 
 4. Leave ample margin jXX vio\x\\i. 
 
 5. Number the sheets in successive order. 
 
 6. Write in plain, bold hand, disregarding beauty 
 
 7. Use no abbreviations not to appear in print. 
 
 8. Punctuate as it should appear in print. 
 
 9. Underscore once for /Ai//a,-lw\a, small CAPITALS, 
 three times, large CAPITALS. 
 
 lO.AIways use caret when interlining 
 1 1. Use special care in writing proper names. 
 l2.Review every word to see if legible. 
 13.0-ive directions to printer at top of first page. 
 14. Use separate sheet for private tetter to editor, 
 
 HaTTisburg, Pm,Feb. 1, 19 
 
 : riend Howard: 
 
 I reqtet to hear of your sud- 
 den and unexpected heavy loss, and hasten 
 to offer you, not only my earnest syrnpa 
 thy, but aid in whatever way I can assist 
 you. I know your energy and hopefu.l_spir- 
 it too well to believe you will allow this -to 
 depress- or discourage you. from fu-rlher ef- 
 fort. 
 
 The child learns to walk after many falls 
 arid many of our richest and most prosper 
 ous men have attained their eminence and 
 wealth only by the experience resulting fn 
 failure. 
 
 I predict that you. will build on your ru. 
 ins a. brilliant future. Let me know how 
 I may serve you, for by so doing, I shall 
 understand that you have not ceased to 
 value my friendship. 
 
 Sincerely your friend, 
 
 Sylvester Jones. 
 
 Chicag 6,111., Sept. 1,19. 
 MRS. CLARA Wi LHAMS, 
 1163 MirkttSt.,SanFTancisco,Cal 
 
 Arrived, safe. Like city. School full;minijf>im 
 theater coast. Letter to-morrow. 
 
 LESTER KRIN&. 
 
 MR.C.B. ARNO 
 
 \RNOLD, 33 G lt Ave.,Feb,3,l9-. 
 , Svr.- 1 return herewith the copy _ of 
 Tennyson you so kindly loaned me, thanking 
 you heartily for (he pleasure it has given me. 
 Sincerely your friend, ^ c
 
 chiel itquisiUs of > kutmess 
 IMn are clearness, conciseness 
 and epMcitness. There should 
 othrnq defictJve.suprrflu- 
 ? u -*- OT arnbiquous. In reply- 
 ' tr> 3 to * I'tter tike up the 
 different items and answer 
 
 hern iTi w* MTI * T< fer " lhe \i 
 
 Rr^ 1T * contained therein. The corre- 
 * spondenl should be familiar with the 
 wants o* hli customer and the details of 
 the business he -represents. It is i point of ver- 
 L) great importance that til orders given be 
 clear and explicit. Every letter should speak, 
 as it were, tor itself, and give all the necessa- 
 ry particulars of the transaction to which it 
 rears. 
 
 Peru, Ind., Nov. 1,19- 
 
 MtaftvCoNWAY.loqan < Co., 
 
 671 Market St., Chicago. 
 ^nV\cn\ew.- Please forward to my address, 
 by express, the following: 
 
 I copy Spurqeon's Srmon 1fc2.00 
 
 I Webster's Academic Dictionary .. 2.50 
 
 I Pilqrim's Prooress 1. 25 
 
 I The Golden Dawn 3.50 
 
 I SouJ'sSynonumes 2.00 
 
 For which I enclose inoncij order. 
 Verij respectful 1 4, 
 
 ille,*;^ VIM 1,19- 
 MESSRS. BHOWH* HOWARD, 
 
 NewYork. 
 
 Vc<^\tTMX\-.-Pleise send rrw.by eJfprs,the 
 following: 
 
 2UwKr%MMttM ...... *7.00 
 
 3 doz. Napkins ............ 9.00 
 
 l2uds.Cai;co,wh;tew;thpinl<ot(25c) 3.00% 
 12 " Wue 3.00 
 
 I fine UdM's htm-stltched HindkerchM. 1 .00 
 
 4 piirsUnlij's Cotton HosetSOc). . . . 2.00 
 
 1k 25.00 
 Colkct on delivery. 
 
 VOUTS truly. 
 
 j.K. AflMSTRONO. 
 
 3. StNWk-TO Kt\-Wrtt*. 
 
 ept.9,19-. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Please send me by eipress,C.O.D., 
 
 one all wool suit, for boy ten gem of a^e, to cost 
 about Ten or Twelve Dollars, also an overtoil t he. 
 cost of which is about Nine Dollars. Please en- 
 close rules for self-measurement with pool and 
 oblioe. 
 
 Yours, ek., 
 
 Jay M. Montic horKs. 
 
 Kokomo, l-nd.,Miy 10,19 
 
 &O.H. Taylor, Esq. 
 
 Indianapolis, hid. 
 
 ^W Sv\-.- Pleas* deliver to lh bearer, with 
 bill of cost, the following: 
 30 Ibs. Granulated Sugar, 
 10 Ibs-Enqlish Breakfast Tea, 
 3 I bs. Java Coffee, roasted, not ground, 
 2 boxes Ivory Soap, 
 6 gals. Maple Sirup, 
 I bbl. Flour, "Drifted Snow." 
 Chirqe in acct.,and oblige, 
 Yours, etc. 
 
 S.T.WlNFIELDER. 
 
 Fruilville,0.,0ct.l3,l9 . 
 
 Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 _ -mctv.-Yoin favor of the 8th inst. 
 
 received. I hav todau shipped to your con- 
 siqrrment Three Hundred Barrels of Apples, 
 (Rhode Island Greens), by the C.C.CX I. R.H., due 
 in your city, at Uie'rr depot, on the 15th inst. 
 Please take them in charge and sejl to the 
 best advantage, holding proceeds subject to 
 my order. 
 
 Advise me upon receipt of fruit. 
 I am yours, etc. 
 
 Charles Teele. 
 
 Chico,Cil.,Nov.l,l9 . 
 
 San Frincisco.Cal. 
 
 c>\v.- By retum wail, please send 
 the following pieces of music; money order, 
 covering cost, is herewith enclosed. 
 Falling Leaves, by E.C.BHW. . . . .*0.40 
 Eirly violets, ten short pieces, by 
 Goodrich, published by John. D. 
 Smith, eachlSc., 2.50 
 
 Bugle Sonq, by Humtn Lloud . . . .50 th 
 
 Your earliest attention will greatly obliqe, 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Stephen Burnley. 
 
 A.R.BENTON,Esa. 
 
 Chicago, III. 
 
 ^tw^AT-.- I have a large quantitu of fin* 
 apples that- 1 would like to place hi the hands 
 of a good Cornmission Merchant in your c'lly. 
 Would you be kind enough to give my ad- 
 
 dress to SOTTM qood party, directing them 
 to report preterit staU of the market, and 
 idvice what expense attends the hauJnui of 
 the fruit after arrival? 
 
 I am. etc., 
 
 Martin C-Cheaneal. 
 
 Rome, G-i,Ja.n. 10,19 : 
 MESSRS. Wilton < Whisler, 
 
 Atlanta, G-a. 
 
 x, vftX\rwx\-.- I have recently leased store 
 in this place, which I am at presenr fitting 
 u.f and stocking with a fine selection of" 
 Fancy Groceries. Please oblige me with your 
 price list and best terms. 
 
 I am respectfully yours, 
 
 JOSEPH ARNOLD. 
 
 JOSEPH ARNOLD, Esa., 
 
 Rome.Ga. 
 
 ^t,Svx'.- Yours of the lOtK inst. rectiyed. 
 We enclose price list with terms mnked agahst 
 the several lines. We believe you can make 
 a satisjactori) selection frorn oirr stock, and 
 would like for you to examine it if you can 
 find it convenient to do so. If not, we shall 
 endeavor to fill any order with which you. 
 may favor us, agreeable with instructions. 
 We shall require Bank Draft on N.Y.,.foT the. a- 
 mount of the order, or good reference. 
 We are respectfully, 
 
 WaltoniWhisler. 
 
 OesMoine$,la.,Ja.n.l,i-. 
 MR.GEO.R.HOUSER, 
 
 Clinton, la. 
 
 ^tvx "art-.- You will oblige rne by slating 
 that if Mr. Hemy Roads, of -the firm of. W. 
 C.Krrng4Co., of your city, is known to 
 you, aru) deserving of credit. 
 VOUTS very truly, 
 Seym our Bros. 
 
 110
 
 E^BUSINESSLEnERS 00 ^" 
 
 <-e-*seS5i<*i>-- f> ;** 
 
 xv - Grand Forla,N.O,Ftl>. 1,19-. 
 
 MESSRS.MERRILL, SMITH i Co., 
 
 St. Piul, Minn. 
 
 ^rtrt\X\i"v<ri[V.- Having established a business 
 here which is rapidly increasing, we re desir- 
 ous of opening an account with MOUT house- 
 We should be hippy to receive from you. a. 
 list of your goods, with IJOUT terms to the 
 trade, and enclose our own terms for set- 
 lie-merit. 
 
 Should you feel willing to make an arrange- 
 went with us,.Mr. C has. M linger, of your' 
 city, will qive you. any hiformiiiwi desired 
 with regard to the condition of our affairs. 
 Hoping to hear from you soon, we are, 
 Respectfully, 
 
 JONES ^Cirleton. 
 VX. ^R\a "W \OTOfcO\\Vfc. 
 
 St.Paul,Minn.,Feb.4,l9-. 
 MESSRS. JONES* Carleton, 
 
 Grand Forks, N.D. 
 
 iVwrw\w.-i Your favor of the 1st inst. re- 
 ceived. We should be pleased to open an ac- 
 count with you. upon your usual terms of 
 settlement, and enclose you. the desired list 
 with terms for the trade. 
 
 Any order with which you may favor us 
 will be promptly filled, arid, we feel quite con 
 fideTit,to your satisfaction. 
 - We are, gentlemen, 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 MERRILL, SMITH 4 Co 
 
 To OUR PATRONS AND FRIENDS: 
 
 We cordially xnd specially invite the "atten- 
 tion of our patrons and friends to our new dis- 
 play of(Yw s\X,.\Vf!\v< s^t\ft\\u).Wt hive 
 met with such liberal encouragement during the 
 past season, and oitr efforts to meet the public 
 demand have received such generous support, 
 we W doubly assured OUT present stock will 
 prove equally inviting, and fully as desirable 
 an exhibit as. any vie. have heretofore made. 
 
 Augusta,Me.,Dec.l5,l3- 
 BENJAMIN SMITH,ESL. 
 Concord, N.H. 
 
 tVnv~Wf have, for several days past,been 
 looking for a remittance from you, covering 
 LJOUT May account, and as the necessity of meet- 
 ing our own engagements punctually is ever 
 before us, we are obliged to remind you that 
 prompt payments are requisite and indispen- 
 sible to the credit system. 
 
 We are yours,etc., 
 
 ALDEN* MORTON. 
 
 Concord, N.H,Oec2f,l9-. 
 
 MESSRS. ALDEN t Morton, 
 Augusta, Me. 
 
 WETOir. Wfe regret extremely -OUT delay in 
 meeting promptly the payment o( Maij bills, and 
 can only excuse ourselves on the ground of bu- 
 siness depression and subsequent difficulty in 
 making. col lections. I herewith enclose, in part 
 payment of account named, bank draft on N.Y. 
 
 for Two Hundred Ool 
 place to OU.T credit. Th b 
 by the 3 1st inst. 
 
 We remain yours, etc., 
 
 ltiTs*200), which pltase 
 bilatjc/^shall try to ronit 
 
 was adopted for use in our Public Schools. 
 
 "Eclectic History of the U.S.',' adopted i yew 
 
 UQ, is giving the best of satisfaction. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 Byron Sinclair, 
 
 Sa-n Francisco,Cil.,ApTil 6,19 . 
 MESSRS. PERKINS, JONES* Co, 
 Tacoma, Wash. 
 
 w.- According to your onjer of the 
 3rd inst.wehive shipped you. this day, perStenn 
 er State of Oregon, 
 
 200 bbls.Flour(DTiftedSnow). 
 15 bbls. Sweet Potatoes, 
 12 bbls. Apples, (All marked P.J.4C.) 
 Trusting that these wUI prove as satisfactory 
 as those heretofore sent, and bring as good a 
 price, we are, 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 &REENE,TOBIN 4 Co. 
 
 rt. 
 
 St.Louis,Mo^ June 19, 19 . 
 
 S.RS.MlLLER<eVANBuSKIRK, 
 
 Springfield.III. 
 
 \\iww.- We take pleasure in enclosing 
 you today's market quotations. You will notice 
 the sharp advance in provisions and other 
 lines. The -prospects are thlt pork will touch 
 $22 before 2.6th inst.j other pork products are 
 advancing in same, proportion, dried fruits and 
 canned goods are also rapidly advancing, and 
 we look for very material advances betore long; 
 sugars, suraps, coffees, and teas are a shade lower; 
 We would advise you. to order provisions, 
 dried fruits, and canned goods now, if gou want 
 any, as we think it a very favorable time to 
 urchase. Our Mr. Newkirk will call on you. 
 he latter part of 'this week, and we will be 
 pleased to have you favor him with 471 order. 
 We remain, 
 
 YouTstTuly, 
 
 LiTTLE-eWebb. 
 
 x\. 
 
 Jef fersonvi I le, bid., Oct.Z5J9" 
 M ESSRS. MarsH, WELSH 4 ft).. 
 New York.' 
 
 fcx\\\r\c><\-.- Yours of the I5lh inst.wih Ac- 
 count si\es 100 bbls. apples receievEd.The'siies 
 were satisfactory, and I am glad were so prompt 
 ly rendered, as It enables me to prepare another 
 shipment, and, I trust, secure the favorable TMT- 
 ket you report. I shall try to hive them in read- 
 iness for shipment next Wednesday, 30th hist. 
 I will make drafts against proceeds, but will 
 notify you hereafter. 
 
 I am, gentlemen, yours, jelc., 
 
 CHAS.FOX. 
 
 G-alveston,Tex.,July7,l9 
 MESSRS. FmNEY,Co8uRN<Co., 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 SVtv. Upon examining the bill accom- 
 panying your last lot of goods, I find I am charg- 
 ed with six dozen pairs of cotton hose which 
 I neither ordered nor received. I enclose the 
 bill and a copy of the invoice of goods, that 
 the error may be corrected. I am, gentlemen, 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 IRA DUNN. 
 
 Montgomery, All., A 05. 4,19 . 
 MR.S.T.FER&USON, 
 \>iw<i\v. 
 
 I hive waited patiently 
 for your convenience in the paument of rent 
 for the house you are at present occupying. 
 As, however, you have been my tenant for 
 thrzc months without meeting any of the 
 payments, which were to be made monthly, I 
 feel obliged to remind you of the fact thlt. 
 there are 75 due me. 
 
 Trusting that you will give the matter im- 
 mediate atteritipn, I am, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 AMBROSE Coohe. 
 
 A.B.CuOE,Esq., &Te e ley,Col.,Nov.lO,l9-. 
 
 Agent American 8ookCo,N.Y. 
 ^tj.T "ivx-.- At the last meeting of the Board of Ed- 
 ucation of this city, "Harvey's English GramnurV 
 
 NewYork,Oct.l5,l9 . 
 
 ,ARSH*WELSH<KCo.,XCPt K^COVCVX-. 
 
 'CHAS.FOX, Jefferso7ivi)le,|-nd. 
 
 
 IOObblsApples,@*2.75.... 
 PAID 
 
 Freight NYCRR 
 
 ^5.00 
 I8.0C 
 13.75 
 
 *27S.OO 
 106.75 
 
 
 Cormnission,5 per cent.... 
 Net pocads to your credit 
 
 *l 68.25 
 
 ^ Atlanta, (nd., Miy 14, 1 9 
 
 R.S.WEBSTER, 
 
 Boise-City, Idaho. 
 
 ^Mx^jvr. E-nte-rtlini-ng MI idea. ofiTrnnt- 
 grating to Idaho City, and there conducting i 
 business similar to your own, I talte the JID- 
 erty of an old friend in asking your .opinion 
 on that location for the trade, and shall grate- 
 fully acknowledge any infomiition you. CITI 
 give me as to the business being done hi thit 
 section at the present time. - 
 
 Will you. also- obi ige me with your views 
 as to the expediency ot a, further considera- 
 tion of this subject. 
 
 I am sincerely yours, 
 
 Clinton Porter-. 
 
 ' Phoenix, Ariz.,Nov.29 3 19 . 
 
 MR. SHELLY TICHENOR, 
 
 4-96 Broad way, N.Y. 
 
 ^Mx"3w. Please find enclosed money order 
 for One Dollar(*I.OO) for which send to mi) ad- 
 dress The New Era for 19. 
 Yours, etc., 
 
 CONflAOSCHOFISLO. 
 
 Jacksonville,Fla.,May 10^9. 
 MESSRS. FAiRCHiLD,G-ooD<SCo n 
 
 Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 ^rc<^\iT<\\'.-lt is with some feeling of regret 
 thit we announce to our friends the relin- 
 quishment of our interest .in. this business with 
 the expiration of next month; Oar stock mil pern 
 i ses wi II at that time (June 27th) be transfer! toMesse 
 Pope <Cp., whom we cheerfully present to ipurnotice, 
 arid feel it our duty to recommend them for a con- 
 tinuance of your confidence. The members 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Ill
 
 BUsi KESS LETTERS. ] 
 
 OFFERING GOODS. -We take the lib- 
 erty of enclosing a few samples of 
 White Taffetas, which we have Just 
 rtcttved per Steamer Hamburg. They 
 arc in patterns of about 16 yards, fu.ll 
 
 widh 24 inches, at * 1.75 per yard 
 Should you need any of them, now 
 or at a future time, we shall be hap 
 Py to receive your order. 
 
 GOODS SHIPPED ojf JOINT Ace 
 
 In accord with our agreement, we 
 have forwarded to you. *hii day, per 
 Merchants' Dispatch, Three. Hundred 
 Barrels Drifted Snow Flour, Invoice 
 and B. of L. inclosed, to be sold for 
 our Joint account. One-half the in- 
 voice hu been charged to your account 
 
 Hoping that this adventure will 
 prove so profitable as to lead to others, 
 
 favor of lOth inst. .covering state 
 
 ment of account, is at hand, and up- 
 
 on examination we find it correct. 
 
 Enclosed find our check on Third 
 
 .jNatio-nal Bank of this city for Fif- 
 
 rtttm Hundred and Seventy Dollars, 
 
 : n payment of Bills of 
 
 May 10 ....... *550.00 
 
 t, IT ....... 400.00 
 
 ,. 33 ....... 620.QQ 
 
 *I370.00 
 Please acknowledge receipt ,ndoWi 
 
 e have the pleasure to acknowl- 
 edge the receipt of your esteemed fa- 
 vor 15th inst., containing your 
 check on Third. National Bank of 
 your city for Fifteen Hundred an< 
 ,,-Seventy Dollars (**I570.00), which 
 mm have placed to your credit in set 
 tlement of your account. 
 
 Please accept our thanks, and, re 
 questing the favor of your future 
 orders, we nmiain, 
 
 ANOTH.EH FoKM..- 
 
 Rtceived from Messrs. L.O.Morse 
 k Co., Seven Hundred and Ten f^ 
 Dollars on account. 
 
 7IO&. M.A.RUPE VCo. 
 
 Above please find receipt for your 
 remittance of the 11th inst., for 
 which we are obliged. Requesting 
 UOUT future patronage, we remain, 
 
 FFERING ^ SPECIAL LOT. -Having 
 
 a taroe quantity of machinery, cut 
 lriy, hardware, and other material 
 left after our fire on the 29th ult., 
 we desire to close them out to a reli- 
 able firm, and therefore give you the 
 privilege of a first bid on them. A % 
 w cannot engage to hold them fot 
 you after the 20 inst., if it could 
 pjbe arranged, it would be advisable for 
 you to either come in person, or to 
 send some one to era-mine and make 
 an offer for the goods before the a- 
 bove date, * we desire to commence 
 rebuilding at an early date. 
 
 OF GOODS.- it has 
 
 been rny invariable course to act 
 with integrity and honor, since 
 I first ante/red into business trans- 
 actions with you-. Mai; I -not ex 
 pect the same conduct in return 
 Until lately, indeed, I had no reas 
 on /or complaining; but the goads 
 I received on the 17th inst., a 1*9 
 those just delivered, are so infer! 
 or in quality that I hesitate to of 
 mfer them to any of my customers 
 Since lean have much better val- 
 ue elsewhere, and I do not sell job 
 foods on any account, I am reluct 
 antly obliged to advise you that. 
 
 unless you can send -me others 
 in their stead. I must withdraw 
 my correspondence altogether. Hi 
 the meantime, both lots arc laid 
 aside awaiting your orders.. An 
 immediate answer will oblige 
 
 ADVlSlK OFSH.IPM.ElfT.- En 
 closed please find B. of L. and In 
 voice of Glassware, amounting 
 to *n5iH, forwarded per B. 61.0. 
 R.Y. , as per your order of the 2d 
 inst. The goods are shipped in 
 good condition, and we havetak- 
 
 nen care to select the most attract 
 ivc styles of the class you mention 
 Should anything prove unsatis- 
 factory, we will be obliged if you 
 will notify us promptly. 
 
 ENCLOSING DHA.FTFOHACCEP 
 
 TA.NCE.-We enclose our draft 
 ;on you for your acceptance, af- 
 >ter which, please let us have byre 
 turn mail, and oblige 
 k> M. PLAIN 1 1/6 OP DELAY- On 
 the 10th of November I sen*, 
 you an urgent letter, ordering in 
 haste the inclosed list of articles, 
 which Have not as yet been receiv- 
 ed; nor have I been advised as to 
 the cause of the delay. I have been 
 greatly annoyed because of the ne 
 cesiity of purchasing in the mar- 
 |ket from time to time of such ar 
 'tides in the list as I needed, at ad 
 vanced figures, which were sold 
 at cost rather. than disappoint. my 
 customers. This treatment be-in ^ 
 unusual from you, I desire an ex 
 planation. If the goods are not re 
 ceived by -the 30th inst., you will 
 please consider the order cancelled. 
 REPLY TO AB OV E . - We are hi re 
 ceipt of your favor of the 20th inst: 
 and beg to reply that this is the 
 first intimation we have received 
 touching your order of Nov. 10th. 
 Your letter of that date has nev- 
 er reached us, and has doubtless 
 miscarried. We are indeed sorry 
 that you have been put to so much 
 trouble and expense. Our custom 
 *>isto/ill all orders immediately 
 upon receipt thereof, as you. know 
 from experience. We have therefre 
 to-day shipped the order in fall at 
 the very lowest prices, as per in- 
 closed invoice, and hope that the 
 goods will reach you before the 
 30th inst., and prove satisfactory. 
 With much respect, we are, 
 lECOMMEI^Dirto A. SUCCESS- 
 OR. -The firm of Henry, Scott 
 
 !t.Co. having retired from bus 
 ness, and transferred their stock 
 and premises to A.S.BIocke ic Co. 
 these gentlemen will hereafter r* 
 ceive your correspondence. Haying 
 entire confidence in J>he strict 
 business capacity and integrity 
 of the new firm, we are induce! 
 _-tu believe that all transactions 
 "with them will con tribute great 
 ly to your advantage. Asking for 
 them the same generous treat 
 ment accorded to ourselves from 
 your house, we remain, 
 GOODS COKSIGI^ED TO BE SOLD 
 OKCOM.MJSSIOK. Vour favor 
 of the 5th inst. is at hand. As per 
 agreement, we enclose you B.ofL 
 and Invoice of 10 bbls. Mess Pork, 
 2 bbls. Lard, and 4-0 firkins of 
 Butter, shipped this day per L.E. 
 fc. W. R.Y.,to be sold for our ac- 
 
 count. Ou.r request is that you 
 do not sell for less than Invoice 
 price, and if you dispose of this 
 '"'lot satisfactorily^ you may rest 
 assured of receiving further con 
 signments from us. We have 
 drawn on you at 15 days'sight, 
 through Marion National Bank 
 for Eight Hundred Dollars. Await 
 ing your advices, and hoping soon 
 to hear from you, we are 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGING RECEIPT OF 
 
 CoKsiGfTrw|Et4T.-We have your 
 favor of the 10th inst. giving 
 notice of -the shipment of 150 
 bbls. Apples per N.P. R.R.We are 
 pleased to state that the fruit 
 ^arrived in good order, and is now 
 "in store. Several barrels which luv 
 been opened prove the quality and 
 packing satisfactory. We will for- 
 ward account of sales as soon as 
 closed out. We remain, 
 
 A Fif)*) TO TH.EIH SALESMAN- 
 
 We are in receipt of yours of 
 the 24th inst. It is not our de- 
 sire to be harsh with Thompson 
 but you can press him, and hint 
 at legal proceedings, as no depen- 
 dence can be placed upon his prem- 
 ises. Your success so far is very 
 j gratify ing to'us.Clemmons tt 
 * Walker have intimated that they 
 desire to reopen accounts with 
 us, but we have not yet replied; 
 find out their standing and re- 
 sponsibility and report. Inform 
 us by telegram of your arrival 
 in St. Louis. 
 
 REMINDING OF IKOE;BTEDN<SS. 
 
 We herewith take liberty to re- 
 mind you of your indebtedness 
 to us. As the account has been 
 standing since Sept. 12, 19..., we 
 .think that we have been'eirceed- 
 ^ingly lenient, and would be pleas- 
 ed if a check could be sent for the 
 amount (*77.25), and thus en- 
 able us to close our books. Please 
 let us hear from you. 
 IECLlKlK&TO SHIP Otf CREDIT. 
 We would like very much to ship 
 .you goods, but under the circum- 
 i stances must decline to do so, as 
 *we cannot afford to advance mon- 
 ey to purchase cash goods. The mon 
 
 112
 
 ey market here is very tight, and we 
 are unable to get the accommodation 
 from oitr banks sufficient for our re- 
 quirements. In future all cash goods 
 must be paid for as soon as shipped, as 
 we cannot give time on them, t he 
 margin being so small. 
 SVlSpEffSIOff 7 OF PARENTS.- Ow- 
 ing to causes beyond our control, we 
 are compelled to in/orm you- -t hat 
 we are obliged to suspend payments. 
 A thorough examination convin- 
 ces us of the impossibility of sirnnount 
 ing pur difficulties. We are now bal- 
 ^ancing our books, and will send you 
 *a statement of our affairs when they 
 have been completed. Until this is 
 done we ask a suspension oi judgment, 
 again assuring you that our embar- 
 rassments arise solely in consequence 
 of occurrences over which we had no 
 
 itfc ACCOUNT SALES.- we 
 
 nave the pleasure of sending you en- 
 closed Account Sales of Butter and 
 Pork shipped us on the 3d ins*. The 
 Net Proceeds, *I3I6. 75, due per av- 
 eraoti September 17th, we Have 
 Jpiaced to the credi-t of your accou-nt; 
 the result, we hope, will be satisfactory. 
 We shall be pleased to receive further 
 consign merits from you, and will en- 
 deavor to dispose of -them on the most 
 advantageous terms. 
 
 I rifau i HY FOH BA.OGA.GE.- on the 
 
 lOth inst. I left Indianapolis on the 
 9 A.M. train, V\. L.E.&.W. R.R.,and 
 arrived in this city at 9.30 P.M. yes- 
 terday. As customary, I gave -my bao- 
 gage check, No. 196, to the Express 
 Agent on the train, taking his re- 
 ceipt therefor. He has just returned 
 n th check tome, saying that -my bag- 
 .4-9 age had not arrived. The trunk is 
 a large sole-leather one, canvas cov- 
 ered, and having the initials"M.S., 
 Chicago," on both ends. Please dis- 
 patch a "tracer" without delay, 
 and when heard /row, notify me 
 at the above address. 
 
 . 
 
 It is with undisguised vexation that 
 I am compelled to acknowledge the de- 
 lay in payment of your account, but 
 I assure you it is unavoidable, as well 
 as quite impossible for me to settle 
 at present, by any means at toy com- 
 mand, nor can I do so before the ex- 
 p i rate on of 60 days, at least, from 
 .jjdate. As your letter is pressing, may 
 a\ suggest a negotiable promissory note 
 from -me ' or that time. Humiliating 
 as this proposition is to me, rest as- 
 sured that it has been forced upon 
 me through circumstances beyond 
 my foresight or control, and is now 
 made with a due sense of my respon- 
 
 PURCHASES-- Allow ime to trespas 
 upon you.r kindness by request ing 
 you to make a few purchases /or 
 mc. Please find enclosed Forty Pol- 
 
 lari, and a memorandum of what 
 I want. MM urgent duties, combin- 
 ed with leaving an invalid -mother 
 in the care of servants, which re- 
 quire my personal attention, is 
 my excuse for troubling you. 
 
 Yours of recent date, inquiring 
 for market_prices of poultry, is at 
 hand. We give you the following 
 figures, which we trust will be 
 satisfactory : Live chickens, IX to 
 I3c. for choice hens; roosters, 8 
 to 9; spring chickens * 1/15 to*3.00 
 per doz., for small to good si.ze; 
 large chickens, 464 to $65. Live 
 
 ^turkeys, 19 to 20c. per Ib.- out- 
 side /or fine hen turkeys. Live 
 ducks, *3 to #3.50 per doz.,with 
 choice large at *4; by the Jb. 10 
 to I2c. Live geese very dull at* 6 
 per doz., for full feathered, and 
 *64 /or plucked. The market is 
 likely to advance, and these pri- 
 ces are subject to change. 
 LHHOf\ l(* INVOICE. -We call 
 your attention to an error in 
 the extension of items in your 
 last invoice, by which we are chang- 
 ed *79.I5 more than the cor- 
 rect amount. Please correct the 
 same, and oblige, 
 IEPLY TO ABOVE.-Uponexa-m 
 ination we /ind the amoitnt charg- 
 ed in your a.cco\*A\V correct, and be- 
 lieve the error must have occur- 
 red in copying items from the Itt- 
 
 o voice Book. We enclose a correct 
 invoice, and beg yourjndulgence 
 for any seeming negligence. 
 
 AjBVisi(sr& FIECE.IPT OF INVOICE. 
 
 We have your/avo-r of 13th in- 
 stant, inclosing Invoice and Bill 
 of Lading. The goods are all that 
 we desired ; and for your prompt- 
 ness and care in filling our order, 
 .accept our thanks. Enclosed find 
 j;!n payment Draft on New York, 
 at sight, for 4kl575%o. Please ac- 
 knowledge receipt per return mail, 
 
 SOLICITING CoftfsiGff iviEKts. - 
 
 We have your favor of 29th ult. 
 in which you ask the mkt. rep't 
 on potatoes, also expenses attend- 
 ing them, to which we reply 
 Bur banks and Early Rose are 
 offered at from 45 to 60_ cts. per 
 bushel. Our commission is five 
 per cent, on sales; the usual charg- 
 es for Carting from boat to store, 
 J^and Labor hire in store, amount- 
 ing to two cents per bushel, are 
 additional. We should be pleased to 
 hear fro-m you further, and will 
 try to make satisfactory sales 
 should you entrust us with your 
 shipments. 
 
 IK^Ulfft AjSTOSTAJNDI(lfG.-Up 
 
 on application of Mr.T.A. Rush, 
 of Worden, Hicks SuCo., of Fort 
 Wayne, to enter into business 
 relations with us, he suggests 
 that we apply to you for in/pr- 
 ,;mation concerning the standing 
 nand responsibility of his firm. A-ny 
 knowledge you may possess regard- 
 ing them commercially, will be 
 thankfully received; at the same 
 
 timo we beg to assure you that what 
 ever communication you ma.y be 
 pleased to transmit will be used 
 in confidence. We are, gentlemen, 
 
 your request of June 2.4th, we for- 
 ward you to-day by sample post, a 
 full line of samples of Torchon and 
 Valenciennes lace at various pri- 
 ces. Should you- conclude to order 
 any of these goods, please return 
 us the samples of the styles you 
 *wish, and, if possible, select at least 
 ">two samples of each style, so that 
 we may send one should the other 
 be out of stock. Our styles of par- 
 ticular patterns of laces are some- 
 times exhausted, in which case we 
 are careful to substitute other pat- 
 terns for the ones selected. 
 
 We are in receipt of your favor 
 of the 29th u-lt. We are under 
 the necessity of declining to /ill 
 your order upon the terms pro- 
 
 ^posed by you. Upon receipt of 
 9500, we will ship the goods, with 
 the understanding that the bal- 
 ance will be paid within 60 days 
 from the. date of shipment. Hoping 
 that these terms will be satis/ac- 
 tor y, we are 
 
 JHA.NGE; OP FIRM-- Having de- 
 cided upon and formulated term* 
 of agreement, permit us to com- 
 municate to you an alteration 
 which we propose making in DIM- 
 CO partnership on the 1st of June 
 ensuing. At that date\our Mr. 
 P.M. Wo I ford will retire, and 
 the business of the establishment 
 thence/orward will be carried on 
 
 ,-by the remaining partners, under 
 
 mthe/irm of Wilson, Hinklei.Co.Re 
 questing the continuance of your 
 favor and support, and assuring you 
 that there will -neither be a dimi- 
 nution of our means, nor a re- 
 reJaration of our endeavors to con- 
 duct the extensive affairs of the 
 firm on the usual scale, we subscribe 
 ourselves, 
 
 HEAL ESTATE; iKeftJIFtY- ** vari- 
 ous times I have heard much said 
 in praise of your beautiful city,es- 
 pecially concerning railroad facili- 
 ties, and church and school advan- 
 tages, and have concluded to -make 
 your town my permanent place 
 of abode; provided I can locate my- 
 self suitably, inasmuch as I have 
 
 -a family to educate, and the vari- 
 
 "ous lines of railway radiating from 
 your city will afford me the desir- 
 ed accommodations in my travel- 
 ing agency. I write at present to 
 learn your best terms for a resi- 
 dence containing not less than 
 eight rooms, with about one acre 
 of land attached, and situated -not 
 more than one mile, from the post 
 office. An early answer will oblige, 
 
 SOLICITING fcMPLOXNlEJfT.- HaV 
 ing learnei* through the kindness 
 of a friend that you were in want 
 .of an assistant in your store, l-'re- 
 
 rjspectfully offer my services, believ- 
 ing myself fully competent to per- 
 form the duties required. My type-
 
 
 V T~*tiKfr--. * 
 
 his drafts at five days sight m our- 
 selves. All drafts so negotiated should 
 be indorted on this credit, which will 
 continue in force until May 1,19... 
 Requesting for Mr. King your best 
 attention, we have the honor to 
 
 your company on the 31st inst. 
 for transniission to Mr. A.S.Cole, 
 of Wheeling, W.Va., have failed 
 
 ~*$TB\JSIt/ESS L^TTE^S. llH" 
 
 f iiJMftLi" -y* 
 
 case the same does no* reach him 
 by the 30 Ih inst., we shall for- 
 
 siderable, and can five satisfactory and 
 unquestionable references. Should you 
 be favorably impressed with my appli- 
 cation, 1 shall be happy to call upon you 
 tt any time you may please to appoint. 
 An early answer will tnuch oblige. 
 A,DVlSlpG OFSEClR.ITX.-WeaTein 
 receipt of your draft, accepted by the 
 J. Dewing Co., for SSI550.00, made 
 payable on July 10th, next, to be held 
 by as as collateral security for the 
 
 /VNOTrtEr\FORJVl.-Be kMNMft 
 
 to credit Mr. C.N.Wilson for such 
 selections as he may make, to an a 
 mount not exceeding Five Hundred 
 Dollars (*500),for three months. 
 Should Mr. Wilson neglect to set- 
 tle at the proper time, 1 will become 
 ^responsible for the payment of the 
 <osame. Please inform me of t_he 
 amount for which you give h rrn 
 credit, with the date when it be 
 
 2 responsible for cost of articles 
 and all damage resulting from 
 delay. Hoping that your inqui- 
 ries may lead to a discovery of 
 their whereabouts before the 
 above mentioned date, 1 am, 
 ORDERING- GOODS. -Please for- 
 ward to me?, on -receipt of this, 
 per American Express, C. 0.0. , or 
 draw on me, as you way prefer, 
 
 by Henry Vineyard, dated May 21st, 
 last, on Merrill, Ford L Co., of West- 
 field, which now lies under protest 
 for non-acceptance, in the hands of 
 KKendrick Bros., of WestfieM.and we 
 hereby engage to return said draft 
 or its value in cash, upon receiving 
 advice of the payment of the above bill 
 of exchange for 91320.00, or if not 
 paid, such part of the said sum of the 
 * 1550. 00 as may exceed the amount 
 of the said bill with re-exchange and 
 charges thereon. 
 
 fcKJtfe IKFOr\r*\/vnoK--Wiii uou 
 
 have the kindness to five -me some in- 
 formation in regard to ladies' suitings, 
 flannels and sackings. 1 wish to add 
 an assortment of these goods to my 
 stock, and want to learn more about 
 them. 1 have but recently opened 
 da store in this place, and must confess 
 *that 1 have had but little experience 
 in the dry goods business, and there- 
 fore, aniy information you can give 
 me will be considered a favor, and 
 may result in an order. 
 EMBARRASSMENT OF A Fl Hh\.- 
 We are under the painful neces- 
 sity of informing you, that, after 
 balancing our books, we find so con- 
 siderable a deficiency, owing to a se- 
 ries of misfortunes during the past 
 /our months, that we are induced 
 to submit our a/fairs to the inspec- 
 tion of our principal creditors. After 
 a full investigation, these gentle-men 
 have consented to appoint assignees 
 for the liquidation of our outstanding 
 debts, the sile of our property, and the 
 -due distribution of the proceeds a- 
 mon<jst our creditors, in proportion 
 
 mediate notice, in default of pay- 
 
 RjTqJLJ^STlKG- TEfWS.-Believ- 
 ing 1 can sell your gcods to ad- 
 vantage, and Having but recent- 
 ly started busineis in this place, 
 1 will be obliged if you will send 
 me your price list and best terms. 
 It is my purpose to buy chiefly 
 tofor cash , but may want to. buy 
 on time occasionally. 1 have had 
 considerable dealings with Mesm. 
 Maxwell &. Co., of your city, and 
 you. may call upon -them for ref- 
 
 L^TTlfri OF Gb/VIAptY.-'* 
 
 will be handed you by Marion B. 
 Reynolds, who visits your city 
 to purchase his fall and winter 
 ^stock of dry goods. We hereby 
 coguarantsc payment of any cred- 
 it that he: may ask. Notify u. 
 promptly, in the event of any 
 
 REpt-Y TO DE^ND fOf( RftHEtfr. 
 It is with undisguised vexation 
 that 1 find circumstances such as 
 to prevent my complying with 
 your request for a remittance. 
 Tightness in the money market 
 and stagnation in business have 
 alone prevented me from being 
 as prornpt as usual. However, as 
 ptrade has improved lately, and 
 as there is even prospect of a busy 
 Season, 1 must ask your indulgence 
 for a short time, when 1 wijl sure 
 ly close my account. Convinced 
 of your reliance upon my probity 
 and honor, 1 am, 
 
 TR;;\NSIV\ITTIC<& ^ccoltftCtaiHEtfr 
 We are in receipt of your va.1 
 ued favor of the 27th u.lt., ac- 
 companied by my account current. 
 
 3 doi Napkins 9.00 
 
 < 4 pairs Lady'sSilk Hose./.. JMO. 
 * 27.00 
 1 hope you. will send those of 
 best quality, and should the goods 
 be satisfactory, 1 expect to g i ve 
 you additional orders soon. 
 
 F\EeOJE-STiHo HEtfVwA!LoF.NoT<.- 
 
 Mu promissory note will be due 
 on he 14th inst., but 1 regret to 
 say that, owing to circumstances 
 beyond my control, 1 fear that 
 1 shall not be able to meet it. May 
 1 therefore request that you will 
 ogrant me the indulgence of ashort 
 -renewal of (three, months), when 
 1 doubt not of my means to take 
 it up. Vour compliance with this 
 wish will confer an obligation 
 
 DE&lj frffe TO LeKo r^off E\.- 
 
 Therols no_ one whom 1 would 
 be more willing to oblige in any 
 way than yourself; hut, unhappi- 
 ly, 1 am at present so driven for 
 funds that I am compelled to bor- 
 j row in order to meet my own ob- 
 rligations. Under *he circumstan- 
 ces 1 know you will take the will 
 for the deed, and, hoping you -may 
 meet with help elsewhere, 1 am, 
 SoLlClTirfG 4 t.O/\N.- Owing 
 to a disappointment in the re- 
 ceipt of some money due me, 1 
 am exposed to a. terrfporary emtr 
 rassment. The sum which^ould 
 extricate me from this painful 
 difficulty is not large, as O 
 would be amply sufficient. Hav- 
 ing an aversion to professional 
 .lenders, 1 prefer soliciting the aid 
 ?of a friend. Can you grant me, 
 then, the accommodation of the 
 above sum, without in any way 
 intrenching on your own conven 
 ience? If you cart, you may de- 
 pend upon it being reimbursed 
 with strict punctuality by the 
 1st of June, next. A speedy reply 
 to this request will greatly oblige, 
 
 iffcLosijfo W IKsT/vlJLMENT. 
 
 1 herewith enclose the first half 
 of a twenty dollar note, as an in- 
 
 t ate. We indulge a hop* that you. Mill 
 not object to this arrangement, but 
 
 ees, Messrs. A. B. Lambert and Oeorge 
 Kring, with ar abstract of your ac- 
 count current, for the purpose of hav 
 ing it compared with our books in 
 order that the correct balance may 
 be ascertained. 
 L^TT^F\ OF CREDIT We be per- 
 
 ult., which having been examin- 
 ed and found to be correct, the 
 balance in your favor,*m5.50 
 rjhas been passed to a new account 
 loin conformity. Inclosed please 
 find your account current, with 
 
 mission to introduce to you Mr. A. 
 
 ance in my_ favor, ti5 15. 10, which 
 
 pened a credit for two thousand dol- 
 .laro(*2000) . We h a ve to request you 
 gthat you will furnish him with what 
 ever funds he may require to iha a- 
 vailabk extent of this credit against 
 *>Mi*ri'. t, >_, -<-.,. 
 
 rect, you will please pass to my 
 .credit under date of 1st inst. 
 
 Loss OF GOODS B\ EXPRESS. - 
 
 * \ beg to inform you that two 
 packages of value, delivered to 
 
 much regret that 1 am unable 
 m'to send the remainder, but hope 
 '"that 1 shall be able to do so at an 
 early date, as 1 am expecting to 
 receive some money in a few days. 
 
 
 114
 
 Account, ireply to last 12 
 
 Account, requesting settlement of. 14 
 
 Account, reply to las* IS 
 
 Account Sales 21 
 
 Account Sales, reply to last. ....,22 
 Account Sales, enclosing... ......44 
 
 Advising o-f Shipments, 33 
 
 Agency, soliciting..... 84 
 
 Baggage, lost-' 45 
 
 Business Location. .....23 
 
 Change o/Fi-rtti.... ............. 56 
 
 Character, inquiry as -to. ......82 
 
 Character, -replies to last.. .....83 
 
 Clerkship, seeding 81 
 
 Complain* of Error iti Bill 18 
 
 Co-mpjaining of G-oods 33 
 
 Consignment of Goods 38 
 
 Consignment, receipt of.. .... .39 
 
 Consignments, sol icitmg 52 
 
 Cred if, letters of... 62,63 
 
 Death o/Par#er 85 
 
 Declining to Ship on Credit. ...42 
 
 Delay, complaining o(. 35 
 
 Del ay, reply to last 36 
 
 Demand for Payment, reply 66 
 
 Draff, /or acceptance 34 
 
 Em barrassmen t of F irm 61 
 
 Employment, soliciting 58 
 
 Extension of Time 46 
 
 Forwarding &oods 16 
 
 G-uaraw t y , letter of. 65 
 
 Information, asking for 60 
 
 In stall -went, enclosing 73 
 
 Inquiry concerning Shipment ..6 
 
 Invoice, error in 49 
 
 In voice, -reply to last SO 
 
 In voice, receipt of.. , 51 
 
 Lending Money 71,72 
 
 Loss of froods by Express .-.68 
 
 Notes for Collection 78 
 
 Offer -to Buu,decli-Ming......55 
 
 Offering froods 26 
 
 Official Letter. 20 
 
 Opening Announcement. .'...13 
 
 Order for Books I 
 
 Orders for Dry Goods 2,69 
 
 Order to a. Clothier. 3 
 
 Order to a G-rocer 4 
 
 Order to a. Music Dealer. 5 
 
 Payment of Ren* 19 
 
 Pay-meti*, pressing -request ....75 
 Payment, remind ing_ of. . . .'. . . . .41 
 Poultry, -market price of ......48 
 
 P-rlce List, -requesting..,. C 
 
 Price List, reply to last S 
 
 Provisions and Groceries....... H 
 
 Publishing Houre .74- 
 
 Real Estate Inquiry .- 57 
 
 Recommending Successor. .25,37 
 
 Remittance, enclosing 28 
 
 Remittance, receipt of..,. 29,30 
 
 Renewal of Note 7(1 
 
 Requesting to. make Purchase . ..47 
 
 Responsi bi I ity , inquiry as to 10 
 
 Responsibility, favorable reply ...71 
 Responsibility, unfavorable reply .76 
 
 Sales-man, 'firm to... .40 
 
 Samples, forwarding 54 
 
 Security, advising of .55 
 
 Ship-Hietit of Apples 1 
 
 Shipment, joint account'...... 2T1 
 
 Situation, soliciting.. 8C 
 
 Special Lot, offer of ...31 
 
 Standing, inquiry as to 52 
 
 Subscription to Periodical 24 
 
 Suspension of Payment .43 
 
 Terms, requesting W 
 
 Terms, enclosing .........TS 
 
 To OPN AN AccoUKTV/irH A. P\JB 
 
 LISTING- HobSE.-ln as mucft as our 
 business is rapidly on the increase, vye 
 are desirous of opening an account with 
 your house, and would be obliged by your 
 _ transmitting us a trade list of your pub- 
 ^lications, as well as some of your gen- 
 r eral catalogues. Our usual terms of 
 settlement with other houses are as 
 follows:\xaVe VWwV If these terms 
 are agreeable to your house, the favor 
 of an immediate attention to our re- 
 quest will oblige, 
 
 p HESS i tic- HE^UI^ST MR, PA\HEKT.- 
 
 Being greatly disappointed in the re- 
 ceipt o_f sums due on account, we 
 herewith enclose statement of ac- 
 count to date, showing a balance of 
 Five Hundred and Fifteen Dollars 
 ($>5I5.00) in our favor, which you. 
 will see averages between 30 and 90 
 ndays. As we have large payments to 
 f-meet by the 30th inst., we are under 
 
 ly to have. If, therefore, you should 
 hear of any situation or employ-men!: 
 which you consider likely to suit -me, 
 either in niy own business, that 
 
 o ( a. , or In an y other in which 
 
 lean make myself useful, your rec- 
 ontmendatioTi would greatly oblige-, 
 and be of material service to, 
 S E- E K.I KG A, CLEKKSHI p -~ Perceiv- 
 ing by_ your advertisement, acopy 
 of which is shown above, that you- 
 are in want of a clerk, I beg to en- 
 close testimonials , and venture to 
 hope that from my previous expe- 
 rience in the line of business which 
 Jyou. pursue, I should be ofsotneu.se 
 om your establishment. My habits 
 of life are such as to assure regular- 
 ity in the discharge of my duties, 
 and I can only assure you- that, 
 should you honor me with yo_ur 
 confidence, I shall spare no pains 
 to acquit myself to your satisfac 
 tion. I remain, gentlemen, 
 1 K^V I KY A? TO fcH^fl^CTER. - 
 _ Will you. pardon our requestfor 
 information concern I-ny the char- 
 acter' and commercial standing of 
 ,;Lewis J. Bozell, of your place? Is 
 tohe personally known to you. as 
 wo-rthy of credit ? As he propos- 
 es to make large purchases, an 
 immediate reply will greatly oblige, 
 REPLIES TO ABOVE 
 
 necessity of urging greater prompt- 
 ness on your part in waking -retni-Watice, 
 and we trust^ you- can favor us with a 
 
 settlement In fulf, or the greaterpart 
 
 , of the acct. by the above date. We have yours of 
 UNFAVORABLE REPLY ASTOFESPO* the 19th itist. I tire- 
 Si BILITY. We are- in -receipt of your ply we can sag that 
 favor of the 30 ult. It is with regret from several years' 
 that we cannot give you any satisfac- acquaintance and 
 Story information relative to the par- business dealing 
 ties about whom you inquire. Our "with Mr. Bozell,that 
 ^opinion of them is unfavorable. - ""he is one whom we 
 -A.VOFIABLE HEPL\. Replying to highly esteem, and 
 Uo.ur favor of the 3rd !nst.,wehave isworthy of any 
 t.o say that the firm of Walton &. - credit he way at 
 Wh.isler, is in fi>st rate standing, any ti-me ask of 
 .and in our opinion will assume no _you 
 'Indebtedness for which they -are -not 
 amply responsible. We have fu.ll con- 
 fidence in bot.h their solvency and 
 
 $cto'sir/G KOTE!S FOR. Coll<cTioK. 
 
 Enclosed find for collection. 
 
 Note of F.Meek.du* Feb. 6/9, $710.00 
 
 * . 4 S. Lod i , .1 1 ,, ' 7/10, 550.00 
 If paid, please remit draft for proceeds. 
 
 reply to yours of thellth inst., we 
 enclose price lists and our customary 
 discounts.^ The market at present is 
 quite active, and. prices have an up- 
 ward tendency. Any order with which 
 you may favor Us we will take p_ai-ns 
 "to fill at the lowest market prices. 
 We have called upon your references, 
 and will send you anything which 
 you may wish to order on credit. on 
 our regular terms. 
 QLtCltlN* A.SlTl)A.T!OK.-When 
 leaving here on the 7th of May, you 
 were kind enough to promise t hat, 
 should it be in your power to forward 
 my interests in any manner, you 
 swould feel a pleasure in doing so. My 
 *former employer having Sold his 
 business, I am left without a situa- 
 tion; as his successor has sufficient 
 assistance for all the work he is like- 
 
 In reply to yours 
 of the 19th itist., I 
 can only say that, 
 frotii the slight _ac- 
 quaintance with 
 the party to whom 
 you refer, receiv- 
 ed from general 
 reports, I should 
 hesitate to extend 
 him c-redit with- 
 out some other 
 name as security 
 
 G A.N AGENCY- -Having 
 established myself here as a deal- 
 er In goods similar to yours, and 
 having superior facilities forha-nd- 
 ling your goods, I am induced to 
 apply for an agency in this city, 
 .believing that my abilities can be 
 'exerted to the advantage of your 
 'company. I am prepared toftmish 
 satisfactory references and security 
 of undoubted character. Requesting 
 the favor of an early reply, I atn, 
 
 DEATH OF /^ PiwrctEH.-!* ;| 
 
 with deep sorrow and regret that 
 we are c.alled upon to announce the 
 sudden death of our respected priti 
 cipal, Mr. Charles Reed. The event 
 occasions a change in the firm, 
 but will cause no decrease of cap- 
 ital. The business will becond^uct- 
 ed on the same general principles 
 as heretofore, and we trust to the 
 usual satisfaction of our correspon 
 dents. We beg to solicit a continu 
 ance of your esteemed correspondence 
 assuring you .our undivided attention. 
 
 IHDEXTO BUSINESS UTT^HS. 
 
 Account Current, transmitting . . 67 
 Account, proposing to open ..... II 
 
 115
 
 onfan is bold- woman Is beautiful. Man Is 
 Wt courageous woman is timid. Man labors 
 *= rn tht field-woman,at home. Man talks 
 persuade woman, to please. Man has a dar- 
 
 ._j heart woman, a tender and loving one. 
 
 4an has power woman, taiU< Man hat justice 
 -woman, mercy. Man ha strength- woman, 
 
 I 1.64. 
 12.60 
 3.04 
 
 3.44 
 4.00 
 4.36 
 4.72 
 5.07 
 
 90 ' 
 
 5.29 
 
 7.06 
 25.01 
 ?l.38 
 
 38.80 
 49.95 
 59.77 
 75.81 
 
 9&40 
 
 . 
 
 5.36116.56 
 5.44 127.59 
 5.49 132.46 
 
 5.52 
 
 5.3;' '.-6.C- 
 5.?2 131.27 
 5.29 127. 
 
 140.42 
 
 127.54 
 
 1.62 
 2.56 
 3.00 
 3.38 
 
 a.oj 
 
 4.26 
 4..60 
 4,92 
 
 5 i ^ 
 5.13 
 
 5rl6 
 
 3.18 
 
 FACTS AffOf/T T//- 000K 
 
 ?he average chest measurement of adult male 
 Is 36 inches; drawing strength between the 
 hands, 75 Ibs. 
 The skeleton is one inch (hotter than 
 the measurement of the living pcrson.and has 
 a weight of about 14 Ibs., there being 240 bones, is 
 ,lovt The body contains about 28 Ibs. of blood,ibout ig 
 2 Ibs. of which pass through the heartateach 
 beat. The blood passes through the lungs and 
 is revivified by the OLJ<JTI of the air as bright 
 red blood, after which it goes by the subdivis- 
 ions of the arteries to every minute portion ol 
 the body, and returns, laden with impurities as 
 6.42 dark venus blood, through the veins to the start 
 
 28^67 
 35.29 
 47.10 
 56.57 
 72.65 
 89.04 
 104.34- 
 112.55 
 115.30 
 119.82 t 
 
 jTrtm birth to complete development i man hv 
 if entases 20 limes hi weight. An infant hv- 
 V i a weight of Tibs, at birth, increases 
 to a wiight of 'about 21 Its. at it* end of the 
 f rrst i/m Afterward the growth proceeds hi a 
 geometrical ratio up to the age of 12, when the 
 weight has somewhat mort than doubled. Contin- 
 uing from 12 to 18 theratio of (ncreise remains 
 about constant, after which the growth proceed* 
 men- stowlif. At an egual age man is heavierthan 
 woman. Man attaint his maximum weight at a- 
 bout the age of 40; woman at the age of 50, 
 MarTj average weight is 140 Ibs.j womanVI24i 
 At 60 a man begins to lose his weight, and at 80 
 he hat lost about 13 Ibj., hit statute Wing dimin- 
 ished nearly 3 indwt. The average weight of both 
 mes in old age is what ft was at the age of 19. 
 On tn average about two yeart of ickness is ex- 
 prrienced by every person before attaining the 
 age of 70, mikina an airrage of 10 days per 
 annum for the sicrnm of human life. At about 
 the age of 36 a lean man usually becomes f altrr. 
 and a fat man leaiwr. From the a of 43 toSO, 
 the appetite weaken*, the complenion fadu, the 
 muscles become flabby, sleep is more or less Im- 
 perfect, and the spirit Is drooping. After the age 
 of SO there is a renewed vigor until about the 
 , when a timiln change takes place 
 
 ing point the heart. 
 The 
 
 heait is i little larger than the fist, con 
 sists of four cavities two auricles and two ven 
 tn'cles-and weighs about 10 ounces. 
 
 The lungs consist of about 174 million sacsor 
 cells at the end of minute tubes that unite toform 
 larger tubes, and these form the two bronchiil tuba 
 which unite in the windpipe, opening into the 
 mouth and nose. .About one gallon of ait Is taken 
 into the lungs at each breath, the purpose being 
 _._ to oxygenate the blood. 
 
 5.18 121.81 The stomach lies beneath the lungs, near KM cm 
 5.04 123.86 ler of the body, and is a sac of a capacity of about 
 4.97 1 19.76 a pint (may bedfetended so as to contain a quart or 
 4.97 113.60 motel, in which the food is changed by the digest- 
 4-.94 108.80 ive juices and ferments. 
 4.94108.80 The liver lies to the right and beneath the stom 
 ach. Its weight Is from 4 to 5 Ibs., and its office 
 is to change the starch of the food into sugjr,secitte 
 bile, and otherwise aid in digestion. 
 
 The spleen lies to the left of the stoitiach,is about 
 the size of the fit, weighs from 5 to7oi.,and is 
 supposed to exert an Important effect upoti the 
 blood. 
 
 Tht mttsUflti-the large about 8ft. in length, 
 and the small abuut 25 ft.- aid in the digestion 
 of the food, and absorb its nutrient gualities into 
 the lacteals and the blood. 
 
 The two kidneijt weigh about 4ioz.; about 
 1000 01. of blood passes through them in an houn 
 and txj them the waste fluid portions of the 
 blood are strained out. 
 
 The skin also carries off the waste fluids of 
 the body. The area of the surface of the bodu is a- 
 bout 2300 fq.in., and contains about 7million 
 pores, each about i of an inch long, making a 
 total length of nearly 28 miles of pores. 
 
 The Mncrat Is an elongated and narrow oron 
 situated crosswise In tht abdr ' 
 
 lomlnal cavity, just 
 
 bchrnd the lower border of the stomach. It !erreta old 
 a fluid that aids in digestion. 
 
 The miMhs an attached to the different farts 
 of the skeleton hi siuh a way js to control lljnove- 
 tnmtj. Theij ire competed of great numbers of mi- 
 croscopic fibres, running parallel, and united into 
 bundles of from 100 to 200 etch, which are again 
 and again united into larger bund lev There m u.p 
 waid of 500 distinct muscles in the human body. 
 
 Of 
 
 he delicacy as to men I: ion ing the age o 
 
 women is not a. modem sensitiveness. 
 
 Although great numbers of women are. 
 
 mentioned in the Old Testament, there is 
 but one Sarah, AbTahirrt's wife whose age 
 recorded. An amusing way of iscettaining the 
 _e of any person is found in the subjoined tible 
 Request the person whose age- is d$iTed,totell 
 in which column or columns her age is contam 
 ed, and add together the figures at the top of the 
 columns in which her age is found, arid the se 
 cret is discovered. Thus, suppose her ige to be 17, 
 you. will find that number i-n the first and 
 fifth columns} add the first figures of these two 
 columns. 
 
 ES^ BM carefully noting the order of thenuM 
 ben in the above table, you will see how to en 
 tend it so as to ascertain the ages of persons 
 .pward of 63 years. 
 
 Among women who have attained extreme 
 old ages miy t* mentioned Mrs.Keithe, ofNwntian, 
 ing., who reached the age of 133 years, and left 
 three daughters whose ages were respectively I II, 
 110, and f09; Eleanor Spicer, of Accomac.Va.,121; 
 vlis.&anier, 5cottsvill.N.Y.. I04j Mrs.Thonas, 
 Vorristown, Pa., 102: Jane Scrimshaw, of England, 
 27: Mrs. Carter, Walthjm, fng., 1 01: Countess of 
 Esmond, 140; Miss Hatkdl, W.Gtoueatei;Mas,89l 
 More women live to be old than men.
 
 MAff/PMGf AGf W ff/ffffff/W 
 
 tn Austria, 14 years fo' both sexes. &erman 
 thr man at 18, the woman at 14. Belgium, 1 .!* 
 man at 18, the woman at 15. Spain, the. man 
 it 14, the woman at 12. France, the man al 
 18, the woman at 15. Greece, the man at I4,the 
 woman at 12. Hungary Catholics, the man at 
 4-, tht woman at 12: Prolestanls,the man i 
 .8, thf woman at 15. Portugal,fhe man at 14 
 the woman at 12. Ru.ssia,th,e man al I8,the 
 woman at 16. Saxony, the man at 18, the wo- 
 man it 16. Switzerland, the man at 14, the wo- 
 mav at 12. Turkey, al puberty. 
 
 ; f 
 
 a>ubject the body of a person weighing 154 
 SlLpounds, to the process.chemical analysis, 
 BaBa-nd then set down the results in the 
 *"^usual way. It would read as follows: 
 \\js. ox. 
 
 Oxygen Ill 
 
 Hydrogen J4 
 
 Cirbon 21 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Sulphur ,. 
 
 Fluorine 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Sodi urn 
 
 Iron 
 
 Potassium 
 
 Magnesium. ........ 
 
 Silicon 
 
 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 
 219 
 
 
 47 
 
 116 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 Cf/V T/VA ft/A XV S. 
 S.DW women live lo W old lhan men, but 
 IB more men live to be extremely old than 
 SJ women, Minled persons live longerlhan 
 -"- single. Dr. Rush stalesthal he never met 
 bul one person over 80 years of age who had 
 never been married. 
 
 Mailer, who has collected the largest number 
 of instances respecting the age of man, found 
 the ^dative duration of life lo be in the fol- 
 lowing proportion: Of men who lived from 
 100 to 110 years, the instances have bn 1000; 
 from 110 to 120, there have been 60; from 
 .. 120 to 130, there have been 29: from 130 to 
 it 140, there have been 15; from 140 to 150, there 
 1 have been 6; and as high al69, there has 
 been I instance. ( Patriarchs excepted from above). 
 The following proportion, including both 
 sexes, is from Hufeland: From TOO tollO,the 
 instances have been 1310; from 1 10 to f20,the 
 instances have been277; from, I20to 130, the 
 instances hav been 84-; <rom I30to I40,the 
 in stances tiaye been 26; from I40to I50,the 
 instances have been 7; from I50tol60,the 
 instances nave been 3; from I60lol70,the 
 instances have been 2;fTorn notol ^"" 
 instances have been 3. 
 
 Ea-ston in his Humtn longevity, mentions 
 the following old' men- St. Patrick, 122; At 
 til la, 124: Lywarch Herv, 150; St. Coemgene,OO; 
 Pi.astus, 120;' Lewis Co-nato, 1 04; St. Anthony, 
 105; Alex. Stephens, 108; Donald Cameron, 130: 
 Dr.BTOughridge, 1 12; Peter McDonald, 109-h's 
 father, 116, and his grandmother. 1 07, Thom- 
 as Winslow, 146: Mr. Oobson, 133; Andrew Vi- 
 dal, 124; John Weeks, 1 14. 
 
 Perhaps the most authenticated instann 
 of long life is that of Thomas Parr, vho was 
 born in Shropshire, Eng., in 14-83 and died at 
 London in 1635, at the age of 152 year*. 
 
 Total 154 
 
 A/ASS A/V> 
 
 
 0/~ 
 
 'he human brain is larger and heavier than the 
 ^ brain of any other animal, except the larger 
 wnales and the elephant. Considerable variations 
 iist in the size and weight of the human brain 
 in the different races of mankind, also in individ- 
 uals of the same race and in the two sewj-Th e 
 heaviest brains occur in the white races, the av 
 erage weight of the adult male brain being from 
 49 to 50 oz., and of the adult female 44 to45 
 oz.; so that the brain of a man is on an average 
 per cent, heavier than that of a woman, the 
 difference being a fundamental sejual distinc- 
 tion. The average weight of th_e brain in the new 
 y born mak infant is 11.67 oz.; in the female on- 
 y 10 oz. The brain continues lo increase in weight 
 UTiti I the IMS from 25 to 40. 
 
 The brains of many distinguished men have 
 >een weighed: the brain of Cuvier weighed 64ioL 
 of Dr. Abercrombie, 63 oz.; of Prof. &oodsrr.57ioi.; 
 of Spurzhelm, 55o;.; of Sir J.Y. Simpson,54oi^of 
 
 or opuTzneirn, o jcu., or SIT j. i. oimpson, j**-oz^of 
 Agassiz, 53.4oi.; and of Dr. Chalmers, 53oz. 
 
 The chemical composition of the brain is as 
 ollows: Water, 75i per cent.; Albuminous mat- 
 
 a iiiyri i/iam wcitjnv arm yrtii I ncciiect-u-ai ca- 
 
 >acit are not necessarily correlated with ucholhrt 
 t seems certain, however, that if the brain weight 
 alls below 30oz.,it is invariably associated wilh 
 diocy or imbecility. The idiot tore's brain was 
 only I0oz.and Sgrs. in weight, an that of the 
 diot Marshall weighed only 8ioz. 
 
 85,the 6f 
 
 OS; 10 j 
 
 Vomen married at 25, live, on an average, 
 four years longer than unmarried ones. 7r 
 married women live to 45, for 52 unmarriei 
 Among married men, 41 attain 45,forl8u.r> 
 married. At 60, there are 48 married men to 
 II unmarried. At 80. the numbers are 9 mar 
 ried for 3 unmarried. 
 
 APPfAWMCf Of THf TffTM 
 
 fhe TEMPORARY SET appear as follows: 
 Seventh month, the middle front. 
 Seventh to tenth month, the side front. 
 Twelfth to fourteenth month, the front grinders. 
 Fourleenth to twentieth month, the canine. 
 Eighteenth to thirty-sixth month, tne back grinders, 
 
 ? The PERMANENT SET: 
 
 Six and a half years, the first grinders. 
 Seventh year, the middle front. 
 Eighth year, the two side front. 
 Ninth year, the first false grinders. 
 Tenth year, the back false qrinders. 
 Eleventh to twelfth year, the cinint teeth. 
 Twelfth to thirteenth year, the second grinders. 
 Seventeenth to twenty-first year, the wisdom teeth. 
 
 HVMA/V STfl~/VG-TH. 
 
 lit n average man can lift with both hand: 
 /%236 Ibs.; he can support on his shoulders did th 
 " 330 Ibs.; his strength is the greatest in 
 raising a weight when his weight is to that a 
 his load as 4 is to 3. 
 
 t hat been proved by experiment that av- 
 erage wen with 5ft. stature and 12,6 IDS. in 
 welaht, can lift vertically 156 Ibs. 8 inches: 217 
 Ibs. 1.2 inches. Others with 6.1 ft. stature and 
 183 Ibs. in weight, can lift ISSIbs. 13 inches, 
 and 217 Ibs. 6mches. By varied experiments the 
 mean human strength is determined at 30 Its., 
 with a velocity of 2.3ft. per second. 
 
 f women between SO and 56 yeirs or aa, 
 statistics show that less thn 3 in a thous 
 and have a chance to marry; between 4-5 and 
 50, less thin 4- in every thousand; between 
 4J) and 45 years of age, about 25 in every 
 thousand; between 35 and 4-0 years of age, 
 ess than 38 in every thousand: between 30 
 and 35 years of age, about 155 n entry thous- 
 and; between 25 and 30 years of aqe, ISO in 
 every thousand; between 20 and 25 years of 
 age, 520 in every thousand; and between 
 15 and 20 years of age, M-5 in ewnj thousand. 
 
 'S yOUff MAMfP 
 
 i H use of the subjoined table, uou. mil 
 ascertain the. na.mt of any ptTson,o,T of 
 any place, provided the Tules below the. 
 table are strictly observed. 
 
 A B D H P fl4rT 
 
 C C 1 ft I5o 
 
 E F F J R 16 p 
 
 & G G K S Hq 
 
 1 J L L T IBr 
 
 K K MM U 19s 
 
 M N N N V lOt 
 
 W 21 a 
 
 Q R T X X 22 v 
 
 S S U Y Y 23 
 
 U V V Z Z 24 
 
 W W W .- - 25 y 
 
 Y Z fell] 
 
 Have the person whose name you. wish t 
 Know, inform you. in which ol the upright col 
 umnsof capitals the tirst litter of the rrame oc- 
 curs. If il is found in but one column, it is the lop 
 iftter; if it occurs in mow than one column, it is 
 found by adding Ihe alphabetical numbers of the to 
 letters of the columns in which it is to In found, tit 
 sum bring the number of the letter sought. Thus 
 by taking one letter at a time, the whole name may 
 be spelled out. Take the \nattjammut example 
 
 is found in two columns beginning with B and H. 
 
 <hich are the second and eighth letters of the al- 
 phabet; their sum is ten, and the tenth letter is J, 
 the letter sought. The nert letter is in but onenhumi, 
 :he tirst, standing at the head. N is in the columns 
 headed by B, D and H, which are the second, hurlli and 
 eighth letters of the alphabet; added, they give the 
 fourteenth, or N, and so on. 
 
 The UK of this table will ociU no little curios 
 among those unacquainted with the explanation. 
 
 MfWAT TH/ff ffST. 
 
 Prom an analysis of the lives o( a thousand, rep 
 resentative men in all the great branches o 
 the human family, the discovery is mult that 
 \<nt gotten (trade is between the ago of 40 and 50 
 \\n6Hzen between 20 and 30; and Ihe iroir be 
 ivveen 50 and 60. The superiority of youth am 
 middle ate over old age in original work appear; a! 
 the greater when we consider the fact that aJI pos 
 tionj of honor and prestige are in the hands of 
 the old. Reputation ii mainly confined to the ok 
 Men are not widely known until long after they 
 dave done their work that gives them their fame. 
 Portraits of great men are delusions; statuts are 
 lies! They are laken when men have btcotnt tnwwa 
 which, on the average, is at least 25 years tiler thei 
 did the work which gave them their farm. Orijina 
 work requires enthusiasm. If all the original work 
 done by men under45 were annihilated, ttm 
 would be reduced to barbarism. Men are at thei 
 best at that time when enthusiarm and e*per 
 ence ar almost eVenlu balanced. This perioc 
 of course varies according to the circumstances 
 and acquirements of the individual, but is, on 
 an average, from the thirty-eighth to the fort 
 eth y*ir. After this period has passed, the Ian 
 is that experience increases with each addition* 
 year, but enthusiasm correspondingly demises. 
 
 117
 
 A 
 
 . DICTIONARY 
 L _ OF DATES. 
 
 ABACUS.-Arithtncticalfrainewith 
 Sliding balls. Firstused.by aticient 
 C-reeUs, Romans, and Chinese. Ab- 
 bey. Monastery (of men or women 
 First bounded in Fra-ncc tti 360; iti 
 Er^land, 560. Aberration of Liqht.- 
 Discovered by James Bradley in 1727. 
 Abraham, Era. of.-Conrmenced 
 Oct.l,20j6 B.C. Used by Fuse bi us. 
 Abyssinian E;ra.- Commenced 
 Aug. 29,5493 B.C.(O.S ; ). Acade- 
 mies. -From >toaefew/a,a shaded 
 9rove without; the walls of Ath- 
 ens, where Plato first taupht phi- 
 losophy, 378 B.C.Acccnts.-First 
 introduced in the Greek language, 
 264 B.C., by Aristophanes. Accor- 
 dion. -Invented at Vienna by Da- 
 mian, about 1 829. Acids. -Nitric 
 and sulphuric acids were known 
 by G-eber in the 8th century. 
 
 ACOUSTICS. -Science of sound. This 
 science was explained by Pythago- 
 ras about 500_ B.Ci Acrostic. -'A 
 kind of poem, invented by OptaJ- 
 ianu.3 in *he 4^h century. Acti- 
 -noitictr.-A heat-mcasuref o/ 
 the solar rays, invented by Her- 
 schel about l825.Ac*rees. -Un- 
 known to the ancients. First per- 
 formed in England abouf 1656. 
 Acts, in dramatic poetry.-First 
 employed by the Romans. Adam 
 and Eve. Era of. -Same as Mun- 
 dane (Usher) ETa.commericiTio 
 4004 B.C. Admiral .-A title first 
 adopted in England about 1300. 
 Adulteration, of Food.-Fir* 
 prohibited in England in 1267. 
 Adultery. -Punished with death by 
 the law of Moces, 1490 B.C. 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS in Newspapers. 
 These -first appeared aboutl&47, 
 and became 9eneral in England 
 in the ISt'h centu.ry.Etii9ttia.-Sam- 
 son's riddle, about 1141 B.C., is the 
 first on record. ALo I ia-M Harp. -Its 
 invention is ascribed to Kircfier,in 
 1650. /Colitia. -Reed wind-instru- 
 -metit,in vented by Wheatstone in 
 1829. feop's Fables.- Written 
 about 600 B.C. A9ricn.l*M.i'e.- 
 Cain, who was born 4003 B.C.. 
 was the f irst "tiller of the yYoivni:' 
 Agricultural Societies. -Institut- 
 ed in 1723. Air or Atmosphere. - 
 Plsodonius calculated its heiqhi: 
 to be 800 stadia (-4854 feet) 73 B.C. 
 Galileo discovered its pressure to 
 be about 15 pound* per sqare inch 
 in 1564. Priestly ascertained its 
 composition to be about 77 parts 
 nitrogen, 21 oxuqen, and 1 parts 
 other -matter, in 1774. 
 
 AIR-BALLOONS. -Invented by a 
 Jesuit, named G-usmac t in 1729. 
 Air-Brakes, for railway cars.-ln 
 vented by Westing house, 1871. Air- 
 Guns. -In vented by G-uhr, of Nu- 
 retnbur9, 165$. Air-Pipe. -Invent- 
 ed by Mr.Sutton, of London, 1756. 
 Air-Pump. -Invented byGnericke 
 of Magdeburg, ISSO.Air-Telejraph 
 A speakinq tube, invented by Ou- 
 a*tari, - l870. Alcohol. -Pure spir- 
 it of wine or hydrated .alcohol, js 
 said to have been obtained by dis- 
 tillation, biy A bucasis, in the 12th 
 century. Ala. -First known as 
 a beverage, 404 B.C. Aloratider, 
 Era o/.-Dated from the death of Al- 
 exander the G-reat, Nov. 12,323 B.C. 
 
 ALEXANDRIAN ERA .-Commenced 
 
 Au0. 29,5502. B.C. Algebra.- Dio- 
 phantus,said to be the i-nvcntor 
 wrote upon it probably between th 
 3d and the 5th centuries. It was in 
 general use in 1590. Alkaline Met 
 als.- Discovered by Davy, 1807. Al- 
 manacs.-The Egyptians cowput 
 ed time by instruments, and the 
 Alexandrians had log calendars.The 
 first calendar written in Englan/ 
 was John Spmer's in 1380. Alms 
 houses. -First one founded in Eno 
 land, by Van Dun, 1577. Al phabe* 
 Athotes,son of Menes.is said to 
 have been the author of hieroglyph 
 ics, 2122 B.C. Cadmus is said to 
 have brought the Phoenician let 
 tersl 15 in number) into Greece,a 
 bout 1493 B.C. Alww.-Asalt.firs 
 discovered at Roccha,in Syria, abou. 
 1300. 
 
 ALUMINIUM. -A metal ditcovere 
 by Maragraff, 1754.. In !827,W6hle 
 proved it to be a distinct rnetal.Atn 
 ber.-A carbonaceous mineral, of 
 great repute many centuries be 
 fore the Christian era.. Ammonia 
 Volatile alkali, discovered by Priest 
 ley, 1174. A-mphitheatres.-Fi'rst 
 constructed by Curio, 76 B.C., am 
 by Julius Caesar, 46 B.C. Awiylcne 
 Colorless, mobile liquid, -first pro- 
 cured by Balard,of Paris, 1 844. An 
 aesthcsia.-Loss of -feeling by in 
 haling a vapor, discovered !n!84> 
 Anafowiy.-Erasistratus and He 
 rophilus first di'ssected thehurman 
 body, about 300 B.C. Anchors.- In 
 vented by the Tuscans. Second fluke 
 added by Anacharsis, 592 B.C. 
 
 118
 
 ANEMOMETER. -Measurer o( the 
 velocity of the wind. Invented bw 
 Wolfius, 1709. Anilinc,~0i ly alka- 
 line body. Discovered by Unverdorbeti, 
 1826. Animal Ma9nc*isMi. -Intro- 
 duced by fatherHehl,a Jesuit,atVi- 
 enna,abou.tl774.A-mm.i*:ies or 
 Pensions. -Introduced in England 
 abom; 1512, Anthe-ms. -Introduc- 
 ed into church service, 386. Anti- 
 mony. -White, brittle -metal, used 
 to blackeri t^te eyes and .face, 8S4 
 B.C. A-H-tioch .Era o/.-Cornmenc- 
 ed Sept. I, 5492 B.C. Used by ear- 
 ly Christian writers. Antipodes.- 
 Plato was the. first: to think o f 
 the existence of such, 388 B.C. 
 A-Hvil.-First saw-maker's was 
 brought to America, 1819. 
 
 APPLES. -Cu-ltivated by the Rowans, 
 and, probably, introduced by thetn 
 into England. From England into 
 America by the early colonists. The 
 crab is indigenous to Atnerica.ApTi- 
 cof.-Native of Asia. First planted 
 in England about !540.Aqueduct.- 
 First Roman constructed by Appi- 
 us Claudius, 3 12 B.C. Arch. -Ap- 
 peared in early Egyptian and As- 
 syrian architecture. A-fchcry.- 
 Practiced by ancient Thracians, 
 Cretans, Parthians, and Numid- 
 iarrs. Archimedes Screw .-Spiral 
 pump. Invented by ArcHimedes, 
 267 B.C.Areottieter.-lnstru.Tne-nt 
 to measure density and specif ic prav- 
 itu of fluids. Described bM Baim?,l768. 
 
 ARGAND LAMPS. -Wick or gas 
 burners giving circular flame. In- 
 vented by Ar9and,ofG-eneva,l782. 
 Arithn-ietic.-Said to have been 
 introduced from Egypt into Greece 
 by Thales,about 600 B.C. Oldest; 
 treatise, by Euclid, 300 B.C. Arme- 
 nian Era .-Used by Armenians. 
 Commenced Jujy 9,552. Arms. - 
 Clubs were the first weapons; then 
 followed the mace, battle-axe, pike, 
 spear, javelin, sword and dagger, 
 bows and arrows. See atit/ partic- 
 ular weapon in its prope r order. 
 Ar-my.-Ninus and Se-miram is 
 had armies anioM-ri-ting to near- 
 ly two millions of fighting -men, 
 0.017 B.C. 
 
 ARQUEBUS. -Introduced about 
 H520; supplanted by matchlock in 
 1567. Flint lock and musket in- 
 vented, 1630. Arsenic. -Steel-pray 
 brittle mineral, known to ancients. 
 Chemical nature investigated by 
 Brandt, 1733. Arson. -Punished by 
 death by Sa*cms. Artesian Wells.- 
 Known to ancients, and to Chi- 
 nese at very early date. Artillery. 
 Heavy missiles, as cannon. First 
 contrived by Schwartz, !330.Awn 
 deli an Marbles. -At Oxford, con- 
 taining chronology from 1582. 
 to 355 B.C. Sculptured, 264 B.C. 
 Asbestos. -Fossil stone, u-n consum- 
 able, by fire, -wade into cloth, 74- B.C., 
 by the Egyptians. 
 
 I A. D.CHRISTIAN ERA BEGINS. 
 
 CEN.YR. CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1900 
 
 1800 
 
 1700 
 
 1600 ^% \5e4X\\ od OVwev 
 
 1500 
 
 1400 
 
 1300 "\5^ 
 
 1200 Vat 
 
 1100 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 
 1300 
 
 ,200 
 
 <IOO 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 ,200 
 
 300 
 
 4-00 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 1100 
 
 1200 
 
 1300 
 
 1400 
 
 1500 
 
 1600 
 
 1700 
 
 1800 
 
 1900 
 
 2000 
 
 2100 
 
 aaoo 
 
 S300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 MOO 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 \ \eW\\x, i\\ 
 
 "VI ^>w\'\4\ce,%\ / y 
 
 YV ^ 
 10. V;\a 
 
 4 THE CREATION. 
 
 ASCENSION, Era of.-Conimenced 
 Nov. 12, 295. Asphalt. -Bituw in- 
 ous substance. Used for building 
 purposes in ancient Babylon. As- 
 say of C-old and Silver.-Originat- 
 ed with the bishop of Salisbu.ru, 
 about 1 125. Astrotiomy. -Earl- 
 iest observations made at Babylon, 
 2234 B.C.Asylu-ms.-Cadnius is 
 said to have built one at Thebes, 
 1490 B.C. Jews bull); them, 145 I 
 B.C. AtlatiticCable. -First plan 
 -made in June, 1845. First attempt 
 to lay it, Aug. 5, 1857. Successfully 
 laid in 1858, with message Au?.5. 
 Ceased to work, Sept. 4. Again suc- 
 cessfully laid, 1866. Atmosphere. 
 See Air. AtottiS.-Democritus^was 
 the first to write on their e x f s t - 
 ence, about 400 B.C. Atwood's 
 Machine. -For provin9 the laws 
 of accelerated motion by fallin9 
 weights. Invented byG-eo.Atwood, 
 1784: 
 
 AUCTION. -This kind of sale was 
 known to the Romans, 400 B.C. 
 Augustan Era. -Began Feb. 14,27 
 B.C. Automatic Circuit Break- 
 er. -Used in telegraphy. Invented 
 by Cray, 1 876. Automatic Valve 
 G-ear. -For steam engine. Invent- 
 ed by Patten, 1713. Axe, Wedge, 
 Lever, and various tools in cow 
 mon use. -Said to have been in- 
 vented by Daedalus, of Athens, 
 about 1240 B.C. 
 
 BABEL, Tower of.-Built by No- 
 ah's posterity, 2247 B.C. Baccha- 
 nalian G-an-ies. -Arose in Egypt. 
 Brought into Greece, 1415 B.C.Bach- 
 clors.- Taxed by Romans, and 
 obliged to marry .Taved in Eng- 
 land, 1695 tonoe.Backoattirnon.- 
 Invented by Palamedes,l2J4B.C. 
 Bagpipe. -Known to a/ncient Ro- 
 mans and G-rceks. Bail. -Allowed 
 in England prior to lOSff.Baize.- 
 Coarse woolen cloth. Introduced 
 into England from Holland, 1660. 
 Ballads. -Said to have been intro- 
 duced into England by Adhelme, 
 about 700. Balloons. -Principle 
 of construction formed by Albert 
 of Savony in the 14th century.The 
 first ascent in a fire(heated air) 
 balloon was made by J. and S. Mont- 
 golf ier, June 5, 1783. First ascent 
 in hydrogen balloon, Au?. 27,1783. 
 
 BALLOT. -Secret voting by ballot 
 was practiced by the ancient Ro- 
 mans, and &reeks. Banishment.- 
 A punishment common in ancient 
 times. Ba-Mks.-Firstestablishcd 
 in Italy by the Lombards, 808 B.C.; 
 Bank of Venice, 1171: Bank of 
 Englatid, 1694; Bank of North 
 America., 1781. Banners. -Com- 
 mon to all nations. Jews had 
 them, 149 1 B.C. Barbers. -Lived 
 in ancient&reece and R on-i e. 
 BariM/ni. --First reeoonized as an 
 earth distinct from hmebyScheele, 
 1774; as a metal, by Davy, 1808. 
 
 119
 
 -! --&CDICTIONARV OF GATES. 
 
 BAROMETERS.-Torricelli -made 
 the first batxjmeter.about 1643. 
 Whasl barometers invented, 1 668; 
 phosphoric, 1675; pendant, 1695; 
 ma-r*ne, 1700. Barracks. -Became 
 numerous in England, about 1789. 
 Barristers (lawyers). -Said to have 
 been first appointed by Edward I. 
 about 1291. Bassoon. -wooden doub- 
 le-raed wind instrument, said to 
 have been invented by Afranio, 
 about 1520. Bastile. -French cas- 
 tle,built by Charles V., 1369. Pulled 
 down by rnob, 1789. Bathometer.- 
 For measuring depth of water. I n - 
 vented by Siemens, 186 1. Batten'*? 
 Rant. -Invented by Artemon.a lac- 
 edaemonian, about 450 B.C. 
 
 BATTLE- AXE. -Weapon used by the 
 Celts. Used at the battle of Bannock- 
 burn, 1314. Bayonet. -Invented at 
 Bayonne.in France, about 1670. Ba- 
 zaars. -Were known in the East 
 as early as the 8th century. Beads. - 
 St. Augustine mentions them, 366. 
 Beam and Scales. -Used iri England, 
 1309. Beatis, Black and While.-Us- 
 ed by ancient Greeks and_ Romans 
 for voting. Beards. -Egyptians did 
 not wear them; the Assyrians did. 
 Jews forbidden to mar their beards, 
 1490 B.C. Bed.- Ancients first slept 
 on skins, afterwards on loose rush- 
 es, heather, or straw. Romans were 
 first to use feathers. Air-cushion 
 used, 218, and air-beds, 1550. 
 
 BEES. -The economy of bees was ad- 
 mired in the earliest aaes.Eumelus, 
 of Corinth, wrote a poem on bees, 
 741 B.C. Beheading. -Introduced 
 into England, 1066, by William the 
 Conqueror. Bellows. -Said to have 
 been invented by An ach arsis, about 
 569 B.C. Belly. -Used by the ancient 
 Jews, Greeks, and Romans. First 
 known in France, 550. Used in 
 churches by order of pope John IX., 
 about 900, as a defence a9ainstthun- 
 der and lightning. Benefice. -Cler- 
 ical benefices originated in the 
 12th century. Benevolences. -Forc- 
 ed loans. Claimed by the Anglo-Sax- 
 on sovereigns in the 6th ccntur M. 
 
 BESSEMER STEEL'.-lnvened,l856, 
 by H. Bessemer, by passing cold air 
 through liquid iron. Btble.,-The Old 
 Testamenf.written by various in- 
 spired writers, is said to have been 
 collected and arranged by Ezra be- 
 tween 4S8 and 450 B.C.Bible Dic- 
 tionaries. -Calmet's, published in 
 1723, is one of the most remarkable, 
 Bible "Societies.- The Society for pro 
 moting Christian Knowledge, or^an 
 ized, 1698 ; Society for Propagating 
 the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701 
 American Bible Society, 1817. Bicy- 
 cle. -See Velocipedes. Bigamy. -The 
 Romans branded the infamous pai* 
 y with amark; punished by death 
 in England, about 1250. Billiards. - 
 Said to have been invented by Hen- 
 rigu* Devigne, about 1571. 
 
 arkable 3000 
 
 CEN . YR .CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1 900 "\ft TSfoX 1 * KwKvirovu) VW.IK .V 
 
 1 800 Vl%i&NMafc'\MM& MWfkttUi 
 
 1700 < &\V\%V\3\\>\\\<mVoVe o\0t. 
 
 1600 A%V*xY>w-^w*V\<iV\Vtt\>eq\w 
 
 1500 W C.\\\\Vt\\my%ou,Xvv^if*Y\c6,. 
 
 1400 *^l> 
 
 1300 
 
 1200 %\ ^ 
 
 1100 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 O 4 B.C. BIRTH OF CHRIST. 
 
 1 00 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. -Invented 
 
 by the Jews, II SO ; used in E inland, 
 |307.Bi-narv Ari*h-mel;ic.-Cou.nt- 
 ing by twos, for evpeditiously ascer- 
 taining the proper*y of numbers, 
 and constructing tables. Invent- 
 ed by Leibnitz, about 1703. Bino- 
 mial Root. -l^i Al9bra, aterni 
 first used by Recorda, about 1550. 
 8ir*hs.-The births of chi Idren 
 were taxed in England, 1695, 
 and again, l783.Bis-HiiUh.-Rec- 
 ooniied by Aoricola as adintinct 
 metal, 1529. Black Death. -Raped 
 in Italy, 1340. Black Friday, -In 
 England, May 1 1. 186S. Black Let- 
 ters (Gothic). -Etnployed in the 
 first printed books, about 1450. 
 
 BLACK MONDAY.-Easter Mon- 
 day, April 13, 1360. Blank Verse.- 
 See Verse. Blankets. -Said to have 
 been first made in Eoland byThos. 
 Blanket, 1340. Blasphemy. -Pun- 
 ished with death, 1491 B.C.Bleach- 
 1119. -Known in ancjent Egypt, 
 Syria, and India. Blind Asylum. 
 Firs* established by Valentine 
 Hati.u,at Paris, 1784. Blisters. - 
 Made from ca-ntharides, u-sed 
 by Hippocrates, 460 B.C. Block- 
 ade. -First introduced by -the 
 Dutch, about 1584. Blocks. -In 
 ship Tigging, witch improved 
 by Waiver Taylor, abou.* 1781. 
 
 BLOOD. -Circulation throuohthe 
 Jungs, known to Serve tus,aSDan 
 ish physician, 1553. Positive dis- 
 covery made by Harvey, I f> 1 9 . 
 Blowiti9 Machines. -In iron 
 works, erected by Mr. Smeaton, 
 in England, 1760. Blow-pipe. - 
 Supposed to Have been invented 
 by the Egyptians, about 1200 B.C. 
 Oxy hydro gen blow-pipe invent 
 edby Mr. Ha^re, l802.BlM.e,Pru-s- 
 siati. -First wade in Berlin, 1704, 
 Boats, Flat-bottomed. -First us- 
 ed in England, abou< 1070. Boil- 
 ers, Tubular. -First tnade in 
 'Black ley, 1764. Boil 1*19. D r. 
 Hoohe, about I683,ascertained 
 that liquids were not increased 
 in hea-c- after beginning to boi I. 
 
 BOMBS. -Said to have been invent 
 ed at Venlo, 1495. Bones. -Art of 
 softening, discovered, about 1688, 
 and used in cutlery nianu/acto- 
 rjes;'ust afterward. Bone-eef - 
 tino. -First scientifically prac- 
 ticed, 1620. Books. -Origi-n ally 
 made of boards, or the iriner 
 bark of trees; then of skins or 
 parchment. Papyrus adopted in 
 Egypt. Books with leaves of ve I- 
 I u m were invented by Attains 
 king of Pergamus, about I9_8 B.C., 
 at which time books were in vol- 
 umes or rolls. The first printed 
 . boo ks ( se Printing) were print- 
 ed on- one side only, the leaves 
 being pasted back to back. The 
 first bound book is said to have 
 been made about 650. 
 
 120
 
 BOOK-BINDING-.-Oaken boards were 
 used from 650 to about 1100; vel 
 vet, about: 1350; vel I urn int-rodur 
 cd about IS 10: leather introduce) 
 about 1520; cloth binding came 
 into use about 1830. Book-Keep- 
 ing. -John G-owghe's. published 
 1543, is the earliest. Book-sellers. 
 A* first -migratory like hawkers 
 afterwards had booths or stalls 
 at the corners of streets or i -M 
 markets. First book-seller's cata- 
 logue, 1595. Boots. -Invented in 
 907 B.C. Boot Blacks. -C awe Into 
 vogue, 1750. Boot-sole Sewitip Ma 
 cHine. -Invented, 1858, by Blake 
 Borax. -Known to ancients. Its 
 chemical nature discovered, 1732 
 by G-eoffrew. 
 BOTANY.- Aristotle is considered 
 the founder of the science, about 
 347 B.C. Bottles. -Anciently they 
 were -made of leather. Made o f 
 9 lass by Romans, 79 A.D.Boxiti? 
 or Prize-Fighting. First practiced 
 by the ancient Romans. Brace- 
 lets. -Worn by ancients; those 
 of pearls and gold, by Rowan ladies. 
 Brandy .-First manufactured in 
 France, about 1350. Brass.- Know> 
 to ancients, and frequently men- 
 tioned in Bible. Bread. -Said to 
 have been first-made from wheat 
 1998 B.C., by the Chinese; first wade 
 with uea=t by the English, about 
 1650. 
 
 BREAST-PLATE.-Worn by Jewish 
 high priests, 1491 B.C.Goliath was 
 armed with a coat of tnail, 1063 B.C. 
 Breeches. -Among ancient: Greeks, 
 worn only by slaves; worn by Da- 
 cians and Part hians; -worn in It- 
 aly, 50 B.C.BreecMoaders.-Many 
 tried and abandoned since about 
 1590. Successfully manufactured 
 since 1850. Brewers. -Traced to E- 
 oyp^t; known to Anglo-Savons.CSO. 
 Bribery. -Samuel's sons guilty of 
 it, 1112 B.C. Bricks.-Known and 
 used i-n Babylon, Egypt, Greece,and 
 Ro-me. Made in England by Rowans, 
 44 A.D. Brick machine invented 
 by.Cooke and Cunningham, 1839. 
 Bridges. -Af first made of" wood. In 
 China, ancient stone bridges exist. 
 Xerxes' bridge of boats across the. 
 Hellespont, 480 B.C. First largeiron 
 bridge in England, 1777. Chain sus- 
 pension bridge, 1 825. Tubular sus 
 pension bridge, I84S. 
 ROCADE. -Variegated silken fab- 
 ric,- originally made bu the Chinese; 
 made in France, 1757. Bromine. - 
 Poisonous volatile liquid elerrtent.diV 
 covered by M.Ballard, 1826. Bronze. 
 Known to ancients. Bucklers. - 
 Used in single com bat, said to have 
 been invented by Proetus and Acri- 
 cius of Argos, about 1370 B.C. Buck- 
 les. -Worn instead of shoe-strings, 
 I630;became fashionable and ev- 
 pensive soon afterward. 
 
 CEN.YR.CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1900 " 
 
 1800 
 
 1700 
 
 1600 
 
 ISOO 
 
 1400 \\ 
 
 1300 
 
 1100 fi "tevVvw ,fe(rtviv*v\) , 
 1000 '- -- 
 
 300 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 '500 
 400 
 300 
 
 IOO 
 
 o 
 
 = 100 
 200 
 |200 
 400 
 1500 
 '600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 1300 
 1400 
 3500 
 3600 
 1700 
 800 
 900 
 000 
 
 33 A. D-CRUCI Fl XION OP CHRIST. 
 
 10 \V<ea. 
 
 \>W5 \-H\V\C\\V). 
 
 W XV 
 
 BULUETS.-Madaof stone, 1514; of 
 iron, 1550; of Jead.aOer 1600. Bull 
 ioti, Assaying of .-Introduced, 1354. 
 Burials. -Abraham buried Sarah 
 at Machpelah, I860 B.C.; the ^irt 
 Christian burial place said to have 
 been instituted, 596"; vaults first 
 erected in England, !075.Bu.rtiiti9 
 Alive.-Practiced by ancient Ro- 
 mans, Jews, and other nations, 
 and countenanced by bulls of the 
 pope. Burning the Dead. -Practic- 
 ed by the Greeks and Romans; if 
 was general, (225 B.C.Burniti9 
 Glasses. -Archimedes, by their 
 aid, is said fo have burned a fleet 
 in the harbor of Syracuse, 2. 14 B.C. 
 
 BURYING- ALIVE. -In Boeotta,Cre 
 on ordered Anfcipone to be buried 
 alive, 1225 B.C. Romans practiced 
 it for certain offenses. Bushel. - 
 Ordered to contain eight gallons 
 of wheat, 1520 ; Winchester bush- 
 el adopted, l697.Busts.-Lu/slstra- 
 tus was the invcnterof moulds, 
 from which he cast wax figures, 
 328 B.C. First made of plaster of 
 paris from the face by Verroch i , 
 about 1466*. Butter. -Used by Ro- 
 mans and&reeks asamedicine 
 only; used,about 300 A. D., in the 
 place of oil for lamps. Oleomar- 
 gerine was invented by Moririe's, 
 in Paris, 1869. Buttons. -First 
 manufactured in EnplanJ, about 1500. 
 
 CABLES. -Machine (or maki^them, 
 invented, 1792. Cable Railway, Un- 
 derground. -Invented byHallidie, 
 of San Francisco, 1871. Cabs. -Intro- 
 duced into London, 1823. Cadtni- 
 um. -Metal, discovered by Strome- 
 ut-r and Hermann, 1818. Caesars, 
 Era of (Spanish Era). -Reckoned 
 from Jan. I, 38 B.C. Caesium.- A 
 rare metal, discovered by Bunsen, 
 1 861. CftleiinM.- Metallic base of 
 linie.^discow.red by Davy, 1808. Cal- 
 culatiti9 Machines. -To avoid mak- 
 ing errors in computations. Pas- 
 cal invented one about 1(550. Cal- 
 endar. -Roman calendar, divid- 
 ing the i^ear into ten months, 
 comprising 304 days, introduced 
 by Romulus, 738 B.C.; NumaPom- 
 pilius added two months,7l3 B.C.; 
 Julius Caesar fixed the solar yea r 
 at 365x4 days, every fourth year 
 being leap-year, 45 B.C.*, PopeC-rcg 
 on; ordained, 1582, t^at every 
 fourth year,evcept centesimal years 
 not exactly divisible by400,6hould 
 be a leap-year. 
 
 JALICO. -Cotton cloth, -named from 
 Calicut, India, 'and first brought from 
 the East, 1631. Calico-printing and 
 
 the Dutch loom engine first used 
 in England, 1676. Caliper Compass. 
 To measure bore of cannon , s ni a 1 1 
 arms, etc., invented at Nuremberg, 
 1540. Cal! Yupa. -Hindoo era oUhe 
 Deluge, which commenced with 
 3101 B.C. 
 
 121
 
 pe 
 lo 
 
 CALOMEL. -First prepared byBejuJti 
 l608.Calotipe Process. -By which 
 neoaiivc phonographs are produce< 
 on paper, invented by H.F.Talbot, a 
 bout l&40.Cattibric.-First made 
 at Cambrav ; worn in England as 
 a luvuru. 1580. Camera Lucid a. - 
 Invented bu Dr. Hooke, about 1674 
 Camera Obscura.- In vented by 
 Baptista Porta, 1515. Camp. -The 
 first camp was that of the Hebrews 
 1490 B.C. Ca-wals.-First English 
 navigable canal finished, 1134; irn 
 e-rial canal in China, 2000 -m i les 
 ong, commenced about 1250. Can 
 dies.- C t tallow, took the, place of 
 fatted splinters about 1300. 
 CANDLESTICKS. -Bezaleel -made one 
 of void for the tabernacle, 1491 B.C..; 
 first used in England,959. Canni- 
 baJs .-Mentioned by Homer and He 
 rodotus; Columbus found them in 
 * he West Indies, l493.Catiwott.-ln 
 vented, 1330; first cast in England, 
 l543.Ca-ntharide6.-Venomous bee 
 tlee, employed to raise blisters as 
 early as 50 B.C.Caoutchoucflndia 
 Rubber).-0bserved in Hayti,l493, 
 by Columbus; introduced intoEu 
 rope from America, about 1735 
 Capillary Attraction. -Rising of 
 fluids in very small tubes, as the sap 
 in plants, said to. have been (Irs 
 observed by Aggiunti of Pisa.abou 
 1120. 
 
 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT.-Ordaiti- 
 ed (or murder, 2348 B.C. Caps 
 and Hats. -Came into 901 era I 
 use, about I450. Capstan .-To wot k 
 ship*' anchors, said to have been 
 rn vented, about I690, by Saw 14. el 
 Morland. Car. -Invention ascrib 
 edto Erich thoni us of Athens, I486 
 B.C.; covered cars used by Romans 
 Carbolic Acid.- Obtained by the dis- 
 tillation of pit-coal, by Lau,rent 
 1846-7. Carbon. -Shown to be dis- 
 tinct element bu Lavoisier, 1788 
 Carbonic Acid &as. -Liquefied by 
 atmospheric, pressure, 1823, by Far 
 aday.Cardit*9. -English patent 
 1748. Cards, Playing. -Origin of 
 oame uncertain; brought to Vi- 
 terbo, Italy, 1379; illuminated for 
 Charles VI. of France,l392. 
 ARPETS.-Used in East in ancient 
 
 times; introduced into France about -jsnn 
 l600.Carriaoe$.iErichthonius of 
 Athens is said to Have produced the 
 first chariot about I486 B.C.; intro- 
 duced into England, 1555. Carrots - 
 Brought from Holland to England, 
 about 1510. Cast -iron Mill-work. - 
 Introduced into England 1752. Cast 
 Steel.- Krupp's patent, 1851. C at. 
 Domestic cat supposed to be deriv- 
 ed from the European wild ca*i 
 sold for hiah prices during the mid- 
 dle ages. Catacombs. -Early depos- 
 itories of the dead; built in Eoypt 
 before 1200 B.C.; early Christians 
 met at Rome in the catacomb* for 
 worship. 
 
 . CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 "VJ V%- 
 
 87 B.C . OCTAVIUS EMPEROR OF ROME. 
 
 200 
 
 -i Cro\vjAV\ 
 L\>o\\%V\ -vo 
 
 1400 
 
 "W VM 
 
 2400 
 
 XV\. 
 
 2700 
 2800 
 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 
 300 
 ?4M 
 '500 
 600 
 
 CATAPULTAi.- Mi I itary engines fo 
 throwing stones, darts and arrow 
 invented by Oionysius, 399 B.C.Cat 
 echisms.-Said to have been firs) 
 compiled about 800. Caucus. -Pr 
 vate political meeting, first men 
 tioned by John Adams, 1763. Caul 
 i/lower.-Brought from Cyprus to 
 England, about 1 603. Caustic, i_n 
 Painting. -Burning colors into iv 
 ry or wood, invented bu&ausias 
 of Sicyon, about 335 B.C.Caval 
 ry.-l/sed by Canaa-rtites in war 
 1450 B.C.; Persians Had 10,000 horse 
 at Marathon, 490 B.C. Cavendish 
 Experiment. -Described by Henry 
 Cavendish, 1798, for determin ing 
 the mean density of the earth. 
 CELERY.-lntroduced into England 
 1704. Celibacy. -Preached by St. An 
 thoriy in Egypt about 305; reject 
 ed in the council of Nice, 325. Cel 
 Theory. -Propounded by ScHwann 
 1 839. Cement ( Roman). -Parker's 
 patent, 1796. Census. -Israelites 
 numbered by Moses, 1490 B.C.; by 
 David, 1017 B.C.', Phalereus took a 
 census of Attica, 317 B.C.; law en- 
 acted by Tulliws, 566 B.C. Century 
 Computing time by centuries com 
 menced from the incarnation of 
 Christ, and first adopted in chro- 
 nology in France. 
 CEREMONIES, Master of.-Off ice 
 instituted i-n England, 1603. Ceres.- 
 Planet, discovered by Piaizi, Jan. I, 
 1 80 1. Cerium.- Rare metal, discover- 
 ed by Klaproth, 1803. Chain Bridg- 
 es. -Oldest in world in China; first 
 in England built 1818-25. ChainCa 
 blcs.-Used by theVeneti, 57 B.C.; 
 came into use in English navy, 1812 
 Chain Pumps. -First used in 1787 
 on the British frigate /7<?ra.Chaiti 
 Sho^.-lnvented by the Dutch admi 
 ral,DeWitt, 1666. Ch an ting the 
 Psalms. -Adopted by Ambrose from 
 the pagan ceremonies of the Romans, 
 about 350. Charcoal Air-Filters. - 
 Devised by Dr. Ste-nhouse,F.R.S.,l853. 
 Chariots. -First made by Erich- 
 thonius, about I486 B.C.; chariot 
 -racing was a favorite Greek evercise 
 OHARTERS.-First granted to cor- 
 oorate towns by Henry I. in 1 132. 
 Charts atidMaps.-Anavimander 
 of Miletus is said to have been the 
 inventor of geographical and ce- 
 lestial charts, about 570 B.C.Chas- 
 sepo-t Ri/le. -Modified needle gun, 
 and breech-loader, invented by Al- 
 phonse Chassepot, !863.Checkers.- 
 See Draughts. Cheese.- Mentioned 
 by Aristotle, about 350 B.C.;English 
 said to have learned' cheese-waking 
 from the Romans about I A.D. 
 Chemistry .-As an art it is very 
 ancient; as a science it originat- 
 ed about 1600; introduced by the 
 Moors into Spain, about 1150. Cher- 
 ry. -Brought -from Pontus to Rome, 
 about 70 B.C. ; first planted in Brit- 
 ain, about 100 A.D, 
 
 122
 
 CHESS. -A game attributed to Pala- 
 tnedes,680 B.C. Chilled Shot. -Capt. 
 Palliser, by experiment, 1864, show- 
 ed -that iron shot cast in cold iron 
 -mould? instead o( hot sand, equals 
 steel. Chimes on Bel Is. -In vented 
 at Alvest.1487. Chimneys. -First 
 introduced into England, about 
 12.00, previous to which chafing- 
 dishes (portable grates) were used. 
 China Ware. -Made at Dnesden,Sajr- 
 ony, 1706; in England, !752.Chiv- 
 alry .-Arose out of the feudal s y s - 
 tew,about 775. Chloral Hydrate.- 
 Compound of chlorine and alcohol, 
 producing deep sleep. Discovered by 
 Liebi9,)83 Urepprted to the French 
 Academy o'f Sciences by Liebreich, 
 Aug. 16,1869. 
 
 CHLORINE. -&as first obtained by 
 Scheele,l774; Davy proved it to be 
 an element, 1810. Chloro-for-fti.- 
 Discovered by Souberan, 1831; first 
 applied as an anaesthetic by Doc- 
 tor Simpson, 1847. Chlorozotie.- 
 Disinfectant, introduced,l873.Choc- 
 olate.-lntroduced into Europe 
 from Menrico and Brazil, about 
 1520. Choir. -First introduced in 
 to the churches of England, 677. 
 Chorus-Sin9i'n9. -Practiced at Ath- 
 ens, 508 B.C. Christian Era. -Com- 
 menced Jan. I, I _A.D. Invented by v 
 amonk, Dionysius Exi^uus orDe- 
 nys le Petit, abou* 53X. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY.-Thename.&hristian 
 was first given to the disciples of 
 Christ at Antioch,in Syria, 43. 
 Christmas-Day. -Said to have been 
 first kept, 98 ; ordered to be held 
 as a solemn feast, by p_opeTelespho- 
 ms, about 137. Chrottiiti-m.- Rare 
 metal, discovered by Vauquelin,l797. 
 Ch-rotno-LI-thography .-See Print- 
 ing in Colors. Chronicles. -Earliest 
 are those of the Jews, Chinese, and 
 Hindoos. Chronology .-ArratigeTtieiit 
 and exhibition of the events of his- 
 tory in the order of their success- 
 ion.(.See central cojumns). Blair's 
 Chronology, compiled in 1753, is 
 one of the earliest.Chrottotneter.- 
 See Clocks a.ndMar-rifOTtls-r/me/'iece. 
 
 CHRONOSCOPE.-ForitieasM.rifl9 small 
 intervals of titne. Invented by Wheat- 
 stone, I840. Cider.-Called wine when 
 firsi; made in England, about I284.C!- 
 gar Ship. -Steam yacht, designed by 
 Mr.Wman, I866. Cinchona.-Bark 
 from the cinchona tree,having the 
 property of curing fevers. (Called al- 
 so Jesuit's Bark). Said to have been 
 discovered by a Jesuit, about I535. 
 Cinmattion. -Species of laurel, mer 
 tioned among the perfumes of the 
 sanctuary, 1491 B.C. Found in Amer- 
 ican forests by don III loa, 1736 . C i- 
 pher.-Secret manner of writing, 
 said to have been first used by Jul- 
 ius Caesar, about 60 B.C. Circle, 
 Ratio of Diameter to Circumference. 
 -Archimedes, 221 B.C., pave it asTto 
 22; La$my, 1719, 1 to 3 and 122 deci-mals. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1300 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 ,600 
 500 
 400 
 300 
 5200 
 <IOO 
 O 
 100 
 "200 
 300 
 '400 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 
 iaoo 
 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 ,.3100 
 ? 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 ..CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 ) .co\.\i5>. 
 
 CIRCULATING LlBRARIES.-Common 
 
 ir. the tniddle aaes. Circulation of 
 Bl ood. - See Blood. Circumcision . - 
 Instituted 1897 B.C.Circuninavija 
 tors. -Magellan was the first in 
 1519. See list elsewhere in this book. 
 Circus. -Eight or ten at Rome,a- 
 bout 600 B.C. Clarendon Press. 
 A* Ovford, erected by sir John Van- 
 brugh, 1711-13. Clarion.- At first 
 a trumpet, said to have been invent 
 ed by the' Moors in Spain, about 800. 
 Clario-H8t:-Reed wind instrument, 
 said to have been invented bi/ Den- 
 rier of Nurew burg, about ISSO.CIav- 
 ichord.-Keyed'Stringed instriiment, 
 jn use first about 1520. Clear- 
 ing House. -First in Londoti,l775. 
 "LEPSYORA. -Water clock, introd.uc 
 cd at Rome, about 158 B.C.,byScip- 
 ' 
 
 67 A.D. PETER AND PAUL PUT TO DEATH, 
 
 Yi Xs.^ 
 "VI Kix 
 
 0.1 0\\^YM( 
 ^^ A\\, V 
 
 ^fe \\0\V 
 
 TA VvV>< 
 
 Y\ Vv,\i,x 
 Vb \\oa.V\ 
 Vi \Vt>'a.V\ 
 
 ai XV\a 
 
 XV VrocV 
 
 V\\% VS\x\\ \)aa\ . 
 
 o\A. 
 
 "V5 Ciixnx %aV 
 X \-fti\\X\i-\\o\v o 
 
 periods in a man's H-fe (multiples 
 of 7 or 9), in which it is affirmed 
 notable alterations in the health 
 and constitution of a person hap- 
 pen, and ex-pose him to imminent 
 dangers. The grand climacteric is 
 63, 7 and 9 -ranking next. Refer- 
 red to by Htppocrates,383 B.C.CIock 
 -See Clepsydra.. Clocks said to have 
 been found by Caesar on invading 
 Britain, 55 B.C. Earliest complete 
 clock said to have been made by 
 aSaracen mechanic, about 1368; 
 pendulum clock invented by Huy- 
 ghens, 1657. 
 
 CLOTH. -See Ca.l!co and WootenCloih. 
 Clouds. -Classified as at present by 
 Mr-.tuke Howard, 1803. Clubs. - 
 At first consisted of a small num- 
 ber of persons of kindred tastes 
 and pursuits. One o-f the earliest 
 was that established by Shakspeare, 
 Raleigh, and others, about- I 6 00. 
 Coaches. -First used in England 
 about l553.Coal.-Firstdn.9 for 
 fuel in England, l234.Cpbalf.-A 
 rare mineral, first distinguished 
 as a metal by Brandt, 1733. Cock- 
 Fighting. -Practiced by the Greeks 
 introduced into Eng-land by the 
 Romans, about 60 A.D. Codes.-AI 
 frenus Varus first collected theRo 
 man laws about 66 B.C.S&e ^atvs. 
 
 COD-LIVER OIL. -First recofnmend 
 ed as a remedy for ctironic rheum 
 atism by Dr. Percival, 1782. Coffee. 
 Introduced) from Mocha, Arabia, 
 into Holland, about 1616, and the 
 tree was taken to the West Indies 
 1726. Co// i-ns.-Cedar coffins were 
 used for the Athenian heroes ; of 
 marble and stone,by the Romans 
 Alexander is said to have been bu.r!e< 
 in one of gold; glass coffins have 
 been found in England; air-tight 
 metallic coffins first made, 186 1. 
 Coin. -Homer speaks of brass imm 
 ey, 1184 B.C. The invention of coin 
 is ascribed to the Lydians, whose 
 money was of gold and silver. Both 
 were coined by Pheidon, 86X B.C. 
 fold first corned in England, 1087. 
 
 123
 
 JOINING. -At first the motal was 
 placed between two steel dies, and 
 struck- by a hammer; first coin- 
 ing-mill invented, 1553, by AntVme 
 Brucher. Collar. -Very ancictit or- 
 nament ; Gauls wore torques(col- 
 lars) 361 B.C.Oolleae*. -University 
 education preceded the erectjoh 
 of colleges, which wre rnunifi- 
 cent foundations to relieve Hie 
 students frorn the expense of liv- 
 ing in lodging-houses or at inns; 
 academic or collegiate degrees 
 said to have been /irsfc conferred 
 at the university o( Paris, I 14-0. 
 Colon .-(:) The colon and period 
 were adopted by Thrasymachus a- 
 bout 373 B.C.; the colon and semi- 
 colon first used in English litera- 
 ture inthe 16th century. 
 
 COLONIES. -Those of the Phoeni- 
 cians zjjid Greeks arc the first re- 
 corded .X/oloi'.-Hu'yghenSj about 
 1618) showed tfiat, according to 
 the undulatory theory, color is 
 to light what pitch is to sound. 
 Cowib*. -Found in Pompeii sev- 
 eraj centuries B. C. Comedy .-Tha- 
 lia is the muse o( lyric poetry and 
 comedy. Susarion and Oolon per- 
 formJd the first comedy at Athens, 
 
 '56a B.C.Coniftts.-The -firs* dis- 
 covered and accurately described 
 was by Nieephoru-s,l337; two laroe 
 comets were seen at the birth of 
 Mithridates, 135 B.C., visible for 
 seventy-two days. 
 
 COMMERCE. -Flourished a-monoHie 
 ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, and 
 Arabians; Tyre a center o( com- 
 merc,588 B. C. Common Schools. - 
 Ancient Sparta and Athens were 
 the .first to establish and maintain 
 public free schools; established in 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 fvorn 1642. to 1643. Communion.- 
 Ordinance of the Lord's supper, es- 
 tablished by theSavior,33A.D.; in- 
 troduced in the west, under pope 
 Urban II., 1 096. Compass. Mariner' 
 -Known to Chinese, 1115 B.C.; in- 
 troduced into Europe by Marco 
 Polo. 1260. Competitive Exan.i- 
 nations. -Introduced fiTst,l810 
 
 COMPOSING MACHINES.-For set- 
 ting type. First invented by James 
 Young, and used on the London"Fam 
 ily Herald," Dec. H, 184-2. Concerti- 
 na. -Musical instrument, i-n vent- 
 ed by Wheatstone, about !825.Con 
 orts. -First held in London, 1672. 
 Conchology .-Science of shells. Men 
 tioned by Aristotle and Pliny; re- 
 duced to a system by Major, I 615. 
 Concordance of Bible. -First one 
 published by St.Caro,l2'W;Crude's 
 first published in London, 1737. Con- 
 duits. -First built in London, 1285. 
 Con ferences, Ecclesiastica I .- One 
 held at instance of kina James I., 
 Jan. 14-16, 1604. Congelation, Arti- 
 ficial. -Produced by use of chemic- 
 alt by Walker. 1183. 
 
 300 
 200 
 <IOO 
 O 
 
 '100 
 
 '200 
 
 :00 
 '400 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 300 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 
 noo 
 
 1800 
 
 A^ COPPER. 
 
 V 1900 
 
 CONGRESS. -First European con 
 gress was that of Miinster, 1643-8; 
 /irst American congress assembled 
 Sept. 5, 1174. Conic Sec*ios.-Prob 
 ably known to. Oreeks,about400 B.C.; 
 earliest treatise written by Aristae 
 us, about 330 B.C. Conquest, Era 
 of .-In Enoland, commenced Oct. 
 14, 1066. Constantinople, Era of.- 
 eemitrieiicedSept.1,5508 B.C.Con 
 stellations.- First mentioned, a- 
 bout 1530 B.C. Cotivewts.-Said to 
 have been first founded,270.Cook- 
 ery. -Connected only with civilized 
 I ife. Animals first granted as food 
 to Noah, 2348 B.C. ; Abraham cook 
 ed a calf, 1 898 B.C. Cooperage.- An 
 art practiced by Romans 100 B.C. 
 OPPER.-One of the six primitive 
 metals, said to have been/irstdis- 
 covered in Cyprus. Mentioned by 
 Ezra, 451 B.C. Copper CenU.-First 
 coined .in New Haven, 1687-Copper- 
 as. -Mineral, said to have been 
 first produced in England bu deVos, 
 1587. Copyinp Machines. -For let- 
 ters, etc., invented by Jarnes Watt, 
 1778; Wedgwood's "manifold wri- 
 ter," patented, 1 806. Copyright. - 
 First mentioned in England, 1556"; 
 first law passed by U.S. Congress, 173 1. 
 Cork Tree. -Known to ancient Egup 
 tians; introduced into England,l690. 
 Corn .-Said to have been cultivated 
 by Ceres, 2409 B.C.; Indian corn 
 found in America by Columbus, 1492. 
 
 CORRELLATION of Forces,Theo- 
 ry of .-Announced by W.R.G-rove, 
 1842. Cotton. -Cotton cloth is 
 mentioned by Herodotus, 450 B.C.; 
 used in Arabia, 627. Cotton Gin. - 
 Invented by Eli Whitney, 1193. Cou- 
 riers. -Xenophon attributes the 
 first to Cyrus, about 550 B.C.; co-m- 
 -mon among the Persians, 5 10 B.C. 
 Courts of Justice .-Instituted at 
 Athens, 1 507 B.C.; by Moses,l4SI B.C. 
 Cra.-nes.-The engines of Archime- 
 des were the first, invented about 
 22.0 B.C.Craneolo9yrSee /%>/- 
 ogy. Cra-Mk.-Pickard's patent, 1780 
 Crape. -Said to have been made by 
 Ste. Badour.^ueen of France, 680. 
 Crayons. -Colored pencils, 4<nown 
 in France about I4O2. 
 
 CREASOTE.- Discovered by Reichen- 
 bach,abo.ut 1833. Creatine. -Chem- 
 ical principle of flesh, discovered by 
 Chevreul, !835.Creatio-M of the. 
 VVorld.- Date given by the English 
 Bible, and by. Usher, Blair, and sev- 
 eral others, is 4004 B.C. Cremation. 
 See Bur-nmy the Dead. Creosote. 
 -Bethell's patent, !838.Cricket.- 
 Ancient English game of the 14th 
 century. Crinoline .- H oop-skirt 
 for a lady's dress, invented about 
 I5SO. Croquet. -A game common 
 since about 1850. Cross. -Signing 
 with the cross was first practiced 
 about 110. Crosses introduced in- 
 to churches, about 431; set up on 
 Steeples, about 568. 
 
 124
 
 CROWN. -Worn by Saul,.l056 B.C.;. 
 Tarquin the Elder was thefirst Ro- - - 
 wan to wear a crown, 615 B.C.Cru- 
 cifixion.-Mode of exceiufo-n 37710119 
 Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians,Ca-r- 
 thagitiiatis, Greeks, and RojnaTis.Ari- 
 arathes was crucified, 322 B.C., and 
 Jesus Christ, April 3,33 A.D.Cryo- 
 Jite.-GrecnIand mineral, employed 
 in procuring alu-rniniuiTi,l855.Crjip- 
 topraph.-For writing in cipher, in- 
 vented by Wheatstone, l868.Cn.bi*. 
 -Measure u-sed by Noah in measur- 
 ing the ark, -2.448 B. C. Cucumber s.- 
 Mentioned by Virgil, 40 B.C.; in- 
 troduced into England,. 1538. 
 
 3ULVERIN.-A kind of cannon,in- 
 troduced into England, !534.Citne- 
 ifortti Inscriptions. -Wedge-shaped 
 characters, in use (or writing.SO.OO 
 B.C. Cupping. -Mode of blnod-leUiny, 
 described by Hippocrates, 4 1 3 B.C. 
 Curfew Bell. -Revived or introduc- 
 ed Into England by William I., 1068. 
 Cutnbal.- Musical instru.;me-nt,said 
 by Xenophon to have been invented 
 by CMbele_,and used in her feasts, 1580 
 B.C. Cynics. -Sect o( philosopheT$,fou.nd- 
 ed by Antisthenes, about- 396 B.C. 
 Da9u-erreotypes. -Invented by Da- 
 guerre, 1838. Dal ton! stn. -Color- 
 blindness. About 60 person's out 
 o( 1000 are color-blind. Spectacles 
 to remedy the defect, invented by 
 d.C. Maxwell, 1859. 
 
 JAMASK Linens and Silks.-First 
 madeat Damascus; introduced 
 mto England, 1571. Dattcl9.-Ea- 
 sebius ascribes its invention to the 
 Cu.retes t l534 B.C. Daric.- Persian 
 gold coin, issued by Darius about 
 538 B.C.Darwitiisttt.-Theory re 
 lating to the development of spe- 
 cies, published by C.Darwin, 1859. 
 Davy Lamp. -Mining safety latnp, 
 invented by Davy, l8l5.Davyu.tti.- 
 Metal discovered by Sergfu-sKern, 
 1877. Deacons. -Began with the 
 
 Apostles, about 5 3. Deal and Dumb. 'BOO 
 - Pedro de Pome made the first at- 
 tempt to systematically instruct the 
 deaf and dunYb, about !570.Death.- 
 Ordained as the punishment for 
 tnurder,2348 B.C. 
 DEDICATION .-Of the Jewish taber 
 nacle, 1490 B.C.; of the tetnpleJ004 
 B.C.; of the second temple, 515 B.C. 
 Deeds. -In land conveyances, used 
 in Eric/land, 933. Degrees, -Eratos- 
 thenes attempted to detertn ine 
 the length of a geographical degree 
 about250 B.C. For collegiate de- 
 grees sat' Col/eyes. Delft.- Earthen- 
 ware, invented in Holland about 
 1310. Delude. -Said to have occur- 
 red 2348 B.C.Detiariws.-A silver 
 coin amon^ *he Romans, first 
 coined about 269 B.C. Derricks. 
 Structures for lifting heavy loads, 
 invented by A.D. Bishop,abou.t 1855. 
 Dcw.-Theory 'respecting its for- 
 mation was published in a book 
 by Dr. Wells, 18 14. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 '500 
 ..400 
 
 :300 
 
 ,200 
 <IOO 
 
 O 36 A.D. CONVERSION OF ST.PAUL. 
 
 '100 
 
 '200 
 
 T400 
 ,500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 
 10, "\vyx 
 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 \w\wa\ oi XVn^VV^oi XVe, 
 
 )IADEM. Buid or fillet worn in- 
 stead of a crown. Aurelian was the 
 first Rowan emperot to wear a 
 diadem, 272. Dials. -The sun-dial 
 of Ahaz is mentioned 7 13 B.C. Anax- 
 amander i nvented one 550 B.C. Di- 
 alysis. -Method of chemical anal- 
 isis, discovered by Thos.Gfahani.1861. 
 Dia : Ma9netism. -Magnetic prop- 
 erties of various bodies behaving 
 differently from iron. Law discov- 
 ered by Faraday, 1845. Diamonds. 
 -Known and used, 1491 B.C.; first 
 Cutand polished by a_ticient C h i- 
 nese; and practiced in Europe,W89. 
 Diattiotid Drills. -Invented by Les 
 chof, 1864. 
 
 DICE. -Invention ascribed toPala 
 medes, 1244 B.C.Dichrooscope.- 
 Optical apparatus, invented by Do 
 vc of Be-rlin,l860. Dictiotia.ry.- 
 A Chinese dictiotiaty containing ! 
 about 40,000 characters w_as pub-l 
 lished 1100 B.C.; oldest Latin die- j 
 tionary published about SO B.C.;; 
 Samuel Johnson's orcat English j 
 dictionary, H55. Didift*iiu.tti.- A 
 j-are nietal,d!scovered by Mosandcr, 
 1841. Digest. -Collection of laws, 
 first prepared bw Alfrenus Varus, 
 66 B.C. Dibits. -The figures 1,2,3, 
 etc., known to the Arabiansabou.li 
 900. Diocletian Era.-Commenc- i 
 ed Au.q.29,284. 
 
 DIOPTRIC SYSTEM. -Arrangement 
 of lenses for condensing light in. 
 lighthouses, devised by Frsnel,l8l9.i 
 Diphtheria.- So named by Breton- 
 neau of Tours, 1820. Dipping Nee-' 
 die. -Invented by Norman, I 580. | 
 Dispensaries. -To supply t he poo > ! 
 with medical advice atid medicine,! 
 first established in London, 1770. 
 Dissolving Views. -Invented t>v 
 H.L.Childe,who d.ied in I874 4 a9ed 
 92. Dis*af/. Spinning wheel, was 
 used 1015 B.C.Distillatioti.-Flm i 
 introduced into Europe by he Moors 
 about IISO.Diwi-Hj Bell. -First 
 mentioned by Aristotle , a bou t 
 325 B.C.; used in Europe about 
 1509. 
 
 DIVINING ROD. -Believed to have 
 the piopeity of indicating the po 
 sitioti o( minerals and springsof 
 water, prominently brought to 
 notice by Dt. H. Mayo, ISSI.Divoree. 
 -Permitted by the law o( Moses, 
 1451 B.C.; forbidden bi.< Chnst, ex- 
 cept for unchastity.DoflS.-Mefi- 
 tioned by Moses, 1431 B.C. Dollar. 
 Spanish dollars were first com- 
 ed,!797; Arnerioan silverdolla>s 
 were first coined at Philadelphia, 
 1794. Dominoes. -C-a>ne invent- 
 ed in France, about l790.Doowt's- 
 Dau Book. -Containing surveys of 
 English lands ,1086. Dower. -Gifts 
 of a husband to a Wife, ment iontd 
 in time of Jacob, 1732 B.C. Drafts 
 or Checks. -Came into general 
 use in England and the United 
 States, about 1855. 
 
 125
 
 DRAINAGE. -Of lands, practiced in 
 England prior to 1621; drain pipes, 
 or tiles, were first introduced.1843. 
 Drama. ;Both tragedy and comedy 
 baan with the Greeks, about 562 
 B.C. Draughts, or Checkers.-Play- 
 ed in Egypt prior *o 2100 B.C.; in- 
 troduced into Europe a bout 1550. 
 Drea-ms. -Mentioned in the Bible, 
 1715 B.C. Dredging. -Practiced ex 
 tentively since 1868, in ascertain- 
 ing th depth of the ocean. Drill- 
 ing Machines. -In agriculture, for 
 sowing grain, known *inc about 
 1700. Drinking Fountains. -Enet 
 ed in various cities since about 
 1850. 
 
 DROWN I NO, s a Putiishrne.-\fe 
 practiced by the Britons prior to 
 4-50 B.C. Dru-m. -Used by the an- 
 cient Romans and p Egyptians; in- 
 troduced into Spain by theMoors, 
 HI3. Drunirnond, or Lime Light. 
 -Invented by Thos. Druwmond in 
 1826. Produced by (he combustion 
 o / oxygen and hydrogen, orcar- 
 buretted hydrogen on a l!rnesu.r- 
 >.\cc. Dualin. -A powerful explo- 
 sive, invented by Carl Dittnar, a 
 Pruss ian, abo u.t 1 870. DuckitipStool, 
 or Cucking Stool.- First used about 
 1745. Duelling .- Originated among 
 the ancient Celts; first formal du- 
 el in England occurred in 1096. 
 
 DUPLEX TELEG-RAPHY. -Transmis- 
 sion of two messages a* the same 
 tittie in opposite directions over 
 a single wire, first accomplished 
 by Dr.Gintl, an Austrian, l853.Dye 
 1*19. -Said to have originated with 
 the Turians, about 1 500 B.C. DV- 
 namite.-An explosive invented by 
 A. Nobel, about 1868. Ear-rings.- 
 Worn by Jacob's family, 1732 B.C. 
 Earth-closet System. -Invented by 
 Moule, l867.Earthenware.-See/W- 
 ten/. Earthquakes. -Anaxagoras, 
 435 B.C., supposed they were produc- 
 ed by subterranean clouds burst- 
 ing into lightning, which shook 
 thewaults that confined them; 
 
 , first one recorded, 1605 B.C.Easter. 
 -Instituted about 68 A,.D. 
 
 EBONITE .-Vulcanized india rubber, 
 patented by C.G-oodyear,l839. Eclips- 
 es. -Thefirst one recorded happen- 
 ed March 19,721 B.C.; i* was lunar, 
 and was accurately observed at 
 Baby Ion. Egyptian Era. -Commenc- 
 ed Feb. 28, 747 B.C. Same as era of 
 Nebonassar.E!<Jo9raph.-Same as 
 Pan t agraph . ClectricBaJloon.- Ex- 
 perimental trips made, 1 883. Elec- 
 tric C*ndk. -In vented by Jabloch- 
 koff, 1876. Electric Car.- Electric 
 railway opened near Berlin, I88L 
 Electric Light. -First practical ap- 
 plication of electricity to the pro- 
 duction of good artificial light 
 was made by Faraday, I83l,thou?h 
 Davy produced electric light with 
 carbon points, 1807; oreat bnprove- 
 ments made since 1876. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 IS ^.ir% 
 \% ^o\vt 
 70 A. D.TITUS DESTROYS JERUSALEM. 
 
 W "O^VNO XV\e.\\^V\ 
 
 "56 ^4 
 
 ^ AVt OOXS^VkV.O-A OX XOYV^MkiS . 
 
 \t oi t^a>. 
 
 Tft VVXXV OX CiWtMWV ,SW\ 0* Vl\0 . 
 
 ELECTRIC LOOM.-lnvented by.M. 
 Bonelli.of Tur'm, 1854. Electric 
 Clock. -Invented bu Wheat stone, 
 184-0. Electric Machms.-Many 
 dif/erent ones have been invent- 
 ed by G-u-ericke, Newton. Boyle, 
 and others, since 1647. Electric 
 Pett.-ln vented by Edison in 1877. 
 Electric Safety Lamp. -Invented 
 by Dumas and Benoi V, 1862.. Elec- 
 tric Telegraph. -Transmission of 
 electricity by an insulated wire 
 shown by Watson an4 others? 
 174-7, since when numerous tel- 
 egraphic arrangements have been 
 made; first telegraphic line in 
 the United States, 1844. 
 
 ELECTROCUTION .-Infliction of 
 death as a punishment, legalized 
 and practiced in the State of New 
 York, 1890. Electroline. -Discov- 
 ered by Marx, 1 889. Electro-Mag- 
 netisiti.- Discovered by Oersted, 
 1820. Electrometer and Electro- 
 scope. -The former invented bu 
 Lane, 1767, and the latter by Boh- 
 nenberger, 18X0. Electro-Titi*,- 
 An engraving process, invent- 
 ed by Palmer, 1841. Electrotype. 
 -Fjrst successful experiments in 
 this art were made by^penser 
 of England, and Jacob! of Russia, 
 1837. Embalrnitig. -Practiced 
 by the^gyptians in the mostan- 
 cient times; Israel was embalm- 
 ed, 1689 B.C. 
 
 EMISSION OF LIGHT, Theory of.- 
 Supposes that individual particles 
 pass from the luminous body to 
 the eue, advocated by Newton,about 
 l6T2.Ernpaleimcrit.-Mode of exe- 
 cuting critninals, -first practiced 
 by the ancient Romans. Einperor. 
 -Augustus Caesar was the f irst.Ro- 
 man emperor, 27 B.C. Enameling 
 -Practiced by the ancient Egyp- 
 tians, Chinese, and Bomeotherna 
 tions; practiced in England in the 
 time of the Saxons. Eficaustic. -A 
 kind of painting, or enartielitig 
 bu -fire, known to Praxi-tclcs, 
 about 360 B.C. 
 
 ENCYCLOP/e.DIA.-A name first 
 given toa work by Abulpharagi- 
 us in the 13th century.Etidosmo 
 sis.- Passage of gases or vapors 
 through animal membranes, dis- 
 covered by Dutroohet,about 1826. 
 Etigme.-First Cornish, 1812. En- 
 ginccritig, Civi I. -Became irn- 
 portant, about 1750. Engravinp, 
 -On signett, is mentioned 1491 
 B.C.; on metal, invented 1423; on 
 copper, 1511; on wood, about 1400: 
 on glass, 1199; on steel, about 1815. 
 Emtottiology . -Science of in- 
 sects. Ray's was the first work 
 on this subject, 1105. Envelopes. 
 For letters are mentioned in 1726 
 by Swift; came into general use, 
 about 1840. Epic Poems. -The 
 tl lliad"and"0dyssey,"'by Homer, 
 about 900 8.C.,arc the first. 
 
 126
 
 EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY.- 
 
 that^he greatest pood consists in peace 
 of mind sprinoin9 from virtue, f frst 
 taught by Epicurus, near Athens.a 
 bout 300 B.C. E pig-raws. -Derive their 
 origin from inscriptions placed on an 
 cient tombs. Epiphany .- Instituted 
 about 813. Epistles, or Letters. -The 
 earliest known letter is that sent 
 to Joab by David by the hands of" Uri- 
 ah, about 1035 B.C. Epitaphs. -Were 
 inscribed on tombs by the ancient 
 EpyPtians, Jews, C-reeks, and Romans. 
 ERAS.-See the following m their a! 
 phabetic order 
 
 Abraham, Era of 
 Alexandrian Era. 
 Antioch, Era of 
 Armenian Era 
 Ascension, Era. of- 
 Augusta* Era 
 Caesars, Era of 
 Christian Era 
 
 Conquest, Era of r w . 
 
 CotistaTttmople,Era.of Persian Era 
 
 Diocletian, Era of 
 G-recian Mundane Eta 
 Grecitt,srSyfD-Maced'Ti 
 Independence, DecU'ti 
 
 Jewish Era 
 Juljan Period 
 Julian Year 
 
 Maccabees, Era of 
 Metonic Cycle 
 Mohammedan Era 
 Mundane Era 
 Nabonassar, Era of 
 Olympiads, Era of 
 
 Rowan Era 
 Seleucidae.Eraof 
 Sidonian Era 
 Spanish Era 
 
 Jerusalem, Era of Tyre, Era of 
 Erbium. -Metal discovered byM 
 der,l843. Ericsson's Caloric En- 
 gine,. -Of which heat is the motive 
 power, invented, 1853. 
 ETCHING. -On copper with aquafor- 
 tis was introduced in 1512. Ether, - 
 Known to earliest chemists ; nitric 
 ether was discovered by Kitnkel,l68l; 
 first used in surgical operations,)844. 
 Ethriolopy. -Relations of the differ- 
 ent divisions of mankind to each oth 
 er.The study of this subject in a sci- 
 entific -man-ner began a bo ut 1825. 
 Etkyl.-A colorless oas,first obtain- 
 ed iri a -free state by Frankland,l849. 
 Euoiettieter.- To ascertain the puri- 
 ty of atmospheric air, invented b y 
 Priestly, 17 72 . E unuchs .- First -men 
 tioned by the Egyptians and Assyr- 
 ians, about 3<0( B.C.Evcn I'-MQ 
 Schools. -For adults, first Intro- 
 duced about 1811, in Fnp land. Ev- 
 olution Theory. -Has been -much 
 discussed since 1877. 
 
 EXAM I NATIONS.- In ci ..._, 
 
 required since about 1855; in teach- 
 ing, since about 1838. Exchange. - 
 Formerly called Bourse, existed at 
 Ronie, 4-93 B.C. Exciso. -System of 
 duties, established in En9land, 164-3. 
 Exhibitions. -The first industri- 
 al exhibition was held in France, 
 at the suggestion of Marquis d'Avize, 
 1798; first international exhibi- 
 tion, or world's fair, was held a* Lon- 
 don, 1851, at the suggestion of Prince 
 Al bert. Exodus. -Departure of the Is- 
 raelites from Egypt, 1491 B.C.Explo- 
 Sives.- See Dyrtatn/'te, ffua/irre, 0-lu- 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 WOO 
 MOO 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 1600 
 ! 500 
 UflO 
 1300 
 *200 
 <IOO 
 O 
 100 
 '200 
 300 
 400 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 I70Q 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 
 jyjl service, 2300 
 0400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 280 
 2900 
 3000 
 ^'3100 
 WOO 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3500 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 
 Express. -rirst American was ope. 
 attd between New York *nd Boston, 1831. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 OXfcY X\\& V\\QVTv ViOY\i . 
 
 40 A . D. CHRISTIANS FIRST SO CALLED 
 
 1^ \)5,Ti\o%\V*Tv8,i VsrCxsW i Si i cm 
 
 va^t ot \v>os, 
 
 \\ i vtva-n . 
 
 FABLES.- Jothajri's -noted fable of the 
 trees, about (209 B.C., is the oldest ex- 
 tant. Fairs and Wakes. -Of A9lo- 
 Sanron origin; instituted in Italy.a- 
 bout 500, and in E no I and, a bout 886. 
 Falconry, or Hawkin9. -In Enoland, 
 is traced to the rei9n of king Ethel- 
 bert.the Saxon mo-March, 858. Fall- 
 ing Stars. -Se Meteors. False Hair.- 
 Firs* introduced into En^landfrofn 
 France, !572.Fatnitis. -The firs* 
 recorded is that of seven years in 
 F.gi/pt, beginning 1708 B.C. Fa-MS.- 
 Were first devised by the harlots in 
 Italy.priorto 166 B.C. 
 
 PARCE. -Short comic drama, first 
 written about 1667. Farthin9.-An 
 En9lish coin, firs* made by kin^ 
 John, about J200. Fasts. -Observed 
 by most nations ^rom the remot- 
 est antiquity; Moses lasted 40 days 
 and ni9hts, 1491 B.C. Feasts and 
 Festivals. -Those of the Passove-r, 
 Pentecss*, Trumpets, and Taberna- 
 cles, were instituted 1490 B.C.Feno- 
 ing.-Was introduced into England 
 ^rom France prior *o l285.Fewala 
 Suffrage. -First be^an to bea9itated 
 _about 1 867. Fermentation .-Stud- 
 ied analytically in 1810 by Ga.y-Lu.s- 
 sac, who termed it one of the most 
 mysterious processes in nature. 
 Fictions. -See Romances. Fictions 
 in law were invented by the law- 
 yers, about IOOS. 
 
 FUTURES .-See Digits. Files .-Were in 
 use about 1093 B.C.; manufactured 
 from machinery since about 1855. 
 Filters.-First recorded patent for' 
 a filter is dated 1675. Fire-Anmhi- 
 later.- First chemical en9ine made 
 about l849.Fire-Attis.-FiTstiian 
 u/actured in Italy, 1364. See Artille- 
 ry, Cannon, Cfiassepot, Hawitier.lxn 
 caster, Needle G-U.U, and f/stok.firt- 
 Dattip Indicator. -Invented by O-.F. 
 An sell, 1865. Fire-Detector and A- 
 larm. -Invented by Prof.&reehi in 
 1873. Fire-Etijhtes.-Safd to h ave 
 been first invented byCtcsibiuS, 
 250 B.C. Fire-Escapes. -First pat- 
 ents were granted to David Marie, 
 1768, and Joachim Sttiith, 1773. 
 
 FIREMAN'S RESPIRATOR.-One 
 invented by Or. Tyndal 1, 1 870. Fire- 
 Ships. -Used by the RhodiansJ 90 
 B.C. Fire -Works.- Said to have been 
 made by the Chinese in remote aes; 
 manufactured in Italy, about 1360. 
 Flap. -Was first made in its present 
 form in Spain, about 550; ftrstAwer 
 ic&n f lag was unfurled over the camp 
 at Cambridpe, Jan. 1, 1776. Flaoeoletr 
 Patented by W-m.Bainbridaa,t8()3.FIi 
 twI.-See Woolvn. Flax. -Man ufactur- 
 ed in E?y pt in remote a$w, and car- 
 ried thence to Tyre about 588 B.C. 
 Flis.-Pla9ueof flies in Eoypf, 1491 
 B.C. Floating Oooks.-Firtt tntro- 
 duced,l7!6.FI099iti9. -Practiced as 
 a punis(tren#,limited to 40 stripes, 
 1451 B.C. Flood, Noah 'S.-2348B.C 
 lasted for forty days. 
 
 127
 
 LCRIN.-A 9<>td coin first -made at 
 Florence, about 1250. Fluorescence 
 -The absorption ot tlu~ c(i,-inic,lsolit 
 rays by certain substances, and emit 
 ting them after dark, discovered by 
 Pro?. Stokes, l852.Fluotitie.-&as 
 fious element, first obtained by Priest 
 ley, a bo u.-t 1777. Flute. -Known be 
 fore 580 BC.FIitxiojis.- Branch o 
 higher mathematics, invented by 
 Newton, 1665. Ply 1119 Machines. 
 Archytas it said to have made a fly 
 ing dove, about 400 B.C.;jn 1843 
 Mr. HensoTi invented a flying ma 
 chine, but it did not serve a practi 
 cal purpose. 
 
 FOCIMETER. -Invented by Claude* 
 1849. Fo9 Signals. -Much attention 
 MMftwm to them in I862.fforoerv 
 of Deeds. -Was severely pw-n ished 
 1562. Forks. -Used in Europe firit 
 about l250:iritToduced into Eng- 
 land, 1608. Formic Acid.- Ac id of 
 ants, produced artificially bl) Pe- 
 louze, 1831. Fortifications. -First 
 used in the protection of cities by 
 the ancient Phoenicians; thepres 
 en-tniode introduced about 1 5 00 
 Fortune Tel I ing. -Is traced to the. 
 early astrologers, prior to 1000 B.C. 
 Foundling Hospitals.-Established 
 atMilan,ltaly,787; in London, 1739; 
 in New York. 1868. Fouti*aitis.-The 
 fountain of Hero of Alexandria is 
 the first recorded, and was invent 
 ed about ISO B.C. 
 
 POU.riERISM.-A social system de- 
 vised by Charles Fourier, who died 
 in_l831. Frame. -A French coin,first 
 coined, 1195. FreettiasotirM. -Traced 
 by sortie to the building of Solomon's 
 temple, a bout 1000 B.C.; introduced 
 at Boston, 1733. Free TVade.-Advocat 
 ed by Adam Smith in his"Wealth of 
 Nations, "1776; adopted in England, 
 1846. French Herri.- In vented a- 
 bout 1800. Fresco Paint 1*19. An 
 art known to ancient Egyptians; 
 first practiced in Italy atPisa,!390. 
 Frozen Carcasses.-By Harrison's 
 method, first sent to England from 
 Australia, 1 873. Fuchsia. -An Amer- 
 ican plant named after the G-erman 
 botanist Leonard Fuchs, about 1542. 
 FUMIGATION.-Acron, a physician 
 o< Agnqentum, is said to have first 
 caused aromatics to be thrown in- 
 to great fires to purify the air,and 
 stop a plague at Athcns,about473 
 B.C.Futterals.-David lamented o- 
 ver Saul and Jonathan, 1056 B.C.; 
 Solon is said to have been the first 
 to pronounce a funeral oration in 
 &reece,580 B.C. FM,rs. -Worn by 
 Henry I. of England, about 1 125. 
 Galleys. -With three rows of oars, 
 triremci , were invented by the Co- 
 rinthians, 786 B.C. Gallium. -Very 
 rare metal, discovered by Boisbau- 
 dran.by weans of the spectroscope, 
 about 1 875, and reported to the 
 French academy of sciences. Galvanic 
 Motor.-invented by Sturgeon, 1833. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 
 1600 
 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 
 .400 
 1300 
 ;200 
 t|<IOO 
 O 
 '100 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 S,{j\ew xVt.V\ \_o\\4ow. 
 
 300 
 '400 
 ,500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 5t 3000 
 3100 
 3500 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 63 B.C. CATILINE'S CONSPIRACY AT ROME 
 
 OS> %R 
 01 ?*\ 
 CO. ^s,' 
 
 Yi 
 
 %\ V\\ xW \^x% 
 
 GALVANIC BATTERY.-First manu- 
 factured by Volta, 1800. Galvan ism- 
 Investigations first made , and results 
 announced by Galvani,n9l. Gam- 
 boga. -Medicine and pigment, first 
 brought from India bu the Dutch, 
 about 1600. C-attiu^. -Scale of -mu- 
 sical intervals, mentioned by&uido 
 Aretino t Tuscan monk, about 1025. 
 G-ardenmo.-The first garden was 
 that of Eden, 4004 B.C., from which 
 time gardemn? has been carried 
 on. Gar-fotte. -Spanish i-nstrintient 
 foe strangling criminals, used prior 
 to472.G-asi First evolved -fro-in 
 coal by Clayton, 1739; See Natu- 
 ral Gas. 
 
 GAS LI&HTS.-First used bg Mr. Mur- 
 doch in Cornwall, Eng., 1792; first 
 introduced into the United States 
 at Boston, 1 822. Gas Me*er.-lnvent- 
 edby Mr. Cleoji, 1815. Ga*es.- First 
 mentioned by Abraham, 1892 B.C. 
 Catling Gun. -Revolving battery 
 gun, invented by Richard J.O-atl ing, 
 ISffl.G-aitjes,!)! railways. -Much 
 discussion relative to the^rojc/and 
 the narrow gau^e, about 1833 .62119- 
 Ittg. -The measurement of casks,ves 
 sets, etc., regulated by English law, 
 1352. Gauntlet. -Iron glove, intro- 
 duced about l225.0-auie.-A kind 
 of fabric, introduced from Italy, 
 about I698.&ems.-Rubies % sapphires, 
 etc., were worn by the ancietits pri- 
 or to 1520 B.C. 
 
 IrENERALS.-Montmorcncy was 
 the first general of the French ar- 
 mies, 1203; U.S.G-rant was the 
 first general of the armies of the 
 United States, 1 866. (Previously call- 
 ed CoTnTnattder-/rt-Cti!ef).Q-e,r\& D'- 
 Armes. -The king's horse-guards, 
 and subsequently also his pardes- 
 du-corps, known in l226.Geti*le- 
 mati.-A term first given to the 
 well-descended, about 1430. Geog- 
 raphy. -The first geographical 
 records are in the Pentateuch; the 
 earth was represented. as surroun- 
 ded by the sea, about 1000 B.C. Hi p- 
 parchus attempted to reduce .geog- 
 raphy to a mathematical basis, 135 
 B.C. See Maps and Charts. 
 
 (rEOLOGY.-Said to have been s*ud ; 
 ied systematically by the Chinese pri- 
 or to the Christian era, and also 
 occupied the attention of some of 
 the ancient Roman and Arabic writ- 
 prs. Geometry. r l nvention ascrib 
 ed to the Egyptians; Thales intro- 
 duced it into frreece, about 00 B.C.; 
 conic sections introduced,390 B.C., 
 by Plato.; Euclid's elements corn- 
 pi led, a bout 300 B.C. Germ Theory 
 of Diseases. -Was held in the middle 
 apes, but contagious organises were 
 not discovered till 1875-8, by Profs. 
 Lister, Tyndall, and others. Giants. - 
 First mentioned about 2468 B.C. 
 Sec Giants under Weights and MeiS- 
 u res. The battle of Mariatiano, 15(5, ij 
 termed the**battle .of the Giants." 
 
 128
 
 GlLDING.-On wood formed par* of 
 the decoration of the Jewish tabem* 
 cle, 1490 B.C.; practiced at Rome, 145 
 B.C.; with gold leaf, first introduced 
 by Margaritone^ 1273. Gin. -Ardent 
 spirit, -duty laid upon it,l735.G.fr- 
 ger.-Cultivatedin East Indies arid 
 China from ti-me- iimttemori&l; In- 
 troduced into the. West Indies since 
 the discovery of America,. Gladiators.- 
 First exhibited a* the funerals of 
 *he Rowans,2.63.B.C.&lass.-Noth- 
 in9 is known with certainty asto 
 (He invention of glass; the oldest 
 Egyptian specimens are traced to 
 about 1500 B.C.; plate-glass -first 
 made, 1673; window glass first 
 wade in England, 1557. 
 
 GLOBE. -The globular form of the 
 earth, and the -five zones as -now 
 known, were, taught bw Thales of 
 Miletus, about 640 B. C. Globes, Ar- 
 tif ieial.-Reprfcsenting the natural 
 and political divisions of tKe earth's 
 surface, are said to have bean invent- 
 ed by Anaximander,about 580 B.C.; 
 celestial globes were, made by the 
 Arabs, 122 5. G-lovcs.-LeatherjIoves 
 are of ancient celebrity; in the-mid- 
 dle ages the giving ofaglove^as us- 
 ed in land conveyances. GlM.cmu.in.- 
 Thc oxide ofthisme^al was discov- 
 ered by Vanquelin, i798.Glu.*en.- 
 An ingrediento-f grain, discovered 
 by Beccaria., about 1775. 
 
 GLYCERINE. -Discovered by Scheele, 
 about 1779. Glyoxyline. -Explosive, 
 invented by F.A.Abel,l867.Godfath- 
 crs and G-odmothers,orSponsors.-The 
 Jews are said to have had them at cir- 
 cumcision, which was instituted 
 1898 B.C. Gold. -First -mentioned, 
 4004 B.C.; first coine_d in Europe, 
 1320 ; discovered in California, I 847; 
 in Australia, 1851. Golden Number. - 
 Cycle of 19 years, 9aid to have been in 
 vented by Meton of Athens, 432 B.C. 
 Good Templars. -First supreme lodoe 
 organised at Syracuse, N.V., I852.GO- 
 ril la. -Powerful ape^aid^o have been 
 first described by the navigator Hanno, 
 about 400 B.C. 
 
 GOTHIC ARCHlTECTURE.-Pointed 
 arch and style, began about 800,and 
 spread over Europe. Grace at Meat.- 
 Before partaking of meat, the ancient 
 G-reeks offered a choice part of it to 
 their gods. The short prayer before 
 a meal is in conformity to Christ's 
 example. Grammarians. -A society of 
 gra-mmarians was formed at Rome, 
 
 grammar, 1795. Grammar Schools.- 
 
 One was established at Glasgow prior 
 to 1500; first in the United States, 
 about 1 54 1-3. Granaries. -Found by 
 Joseph in Egypt, 1715 B.C. Grand Ju- 
 ries. -Outgrowth of common trials 
 by jury, which are claimed to have 
 been first established by Alfred, 88ff. 
 GrapBS.-lntrodu.ced into England, 1176. 
 
 CEN. 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 t 600 
 '500 
 .400 
 1300 
 .200 
 ilOO 
 
 o 
 
 "100 
 200 
 ;300 
 '400 
 ,500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 "2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 ^5 Va\\ oil 
 
 16 ^vu% l ;va.\'\>ia.^a^ ^o^ We, Vk\vws. 
 
 50 A.D. LONDON FOUNDED BY ROMANS. 
 
 V \vc\t\. 
 
 ^!\6 XQ 
 
 o4 <b,xV\ axe. - 
 
 GRAPHITE. -Mineral carbon called 
 4/ac/f /end, used in making lead pen- 
 cils, which are first -mentioned by 
 Gesner, 1565. G-raphophone. -Inven- 
 ted by &. and C. Bell, and C.S. Tainter, 
 !888.Graphoscope.-Optical instru- 
 ment, invented by C.J. Rowsell, 1871. 
 Graphotype.- Process for obtaining 
 blocks for surface-printing, invented 
 by Hitchcock, l860.Grafes.-ln use 
 before the introduction of chimneys, 
 about 1300. Gravitation . -Was no- 
 ticed bu the ancient G-reeks, and 
 also by Seneca, who spoke of the 
 moon attracting the water,zibout 
 38; the universal-law of gravita- 
 tion discovered by Newton, 1670. 
 
 GRECIAN MUNDANEEaA.-Com- 
 menced Sept. I, 5538 B.C. Grecian, 
 orSyro-Macedonian Era. -Commenc- 
 ed Sep*. 1, 312 B.C.G-reek Pire.-An 
 evp_losive and combustible compo- 
 sition, known about GTO.Grecn- 
 backs. -United States government 
 notes, first issued, 1862. G-regori- 
 ati Calendar.- Adopted Cct.15,1582. 
 Gre*ttaGrwtt.-As applied to run- 
 away-marriages, dates from 1760. 
 Grist Mills.-First cotistructed in 
 Ireland, 2.I4-. Groa*.-E-nglish sil- 
 ver coin prior to 1351. Grocers. - 
 Known in England before I 3 6*3. 
 Grog. -Mixture of rum andwater, 
 known since 1745. 
 
 GUANO.-Excrement of sea-birds 
 used for manure, mentioned by 
 Herrera, 1601. Guards. -The c us - 
 torn of having guards to protect 
 one's person is said to have bee'ti 
 introduced by Saitl, l093B.C.Guer- 
 n'lla. Warfare. -Originated in the 
 Peninsular war, l808-l4-.Gu.ide- 
 Books.-For travelers, first appear- 
 ed in England, I.T76. Gailds.-Mittu- 
 al benefit associations, originated 
 vyith the Savons, about 700. Guillo- 
 tine. -Ins! ru-tnent for executing 
 the death sentence, supposed to 
 have been invented bit Dr.J.I.Cuil- 
 lotin, about 1789. Gu-itieas. -Eng- 
 lish gold coins, first made, 1 663. 
 
 GUITAR. -A similarly constructed 
 instrument was used by the Egyp- 
 tians about 1500 8. C.Gu.tts. -Inven- 
 ted about 1330; used by MOOTS, 1344; 
 in the battle of Crecy,l346; first 
 brass guns, 1635. Gutt Cotton. -A 
 highly explosive substance, inven- 
 ted by Prof.Schonbein of Basel, 
 1 846. Gunpowder.- Invention 
 attributed to Schwarti, although 
 there is ground for believing i t 
 was known by tKe Chinese ajwut 
 30 A. D. Gutter's Chain. -Invented 
 by Edmund G-unter, 1606. G-u-tta 
 Pcrcha. -Introduced into England 
 by Montoowery and Almeida, 1843; 
 discoveries by.G-oodi^earjISBff.Girtn- 
 nasiu.-m.-0riginated with ancient 
 Greeks. Gypsies. -First appeared 
 in Europe about 1 400. Gyroscope. - 
 Rotating wheel, invented DM Fes 
 sel of Cologne, 1852. 
 
 129
 
 HABEAS CORPUS.-DatMitstnwf.un 
 d&tioti iti the G-rest C harter ( Ma9tia 
 Charts), 1^15. Hackney Coaches . - 
 Firs* used in London, 1 625. Hair .-It 
 was the custom o( the Jews to wear 
 long hair and to not shave, but the 
 Romans shaved; the, Savons and 
 Danes wore long hair, and.did not 
 shave. Hair Powder. -Came into use, 
 1590. Halls. -Were principaj apart- 
 ments in mediaeval -mansions. Hal- 
 lelujah and A-men.- Expressions in- 
 troduced by Hagai,the prophet,520 
 B.C.Haridkerchie/s.-First used 
 in England, about 1558, as pres- 
 ents from younjj ladies to gentle- 
 men, to be worn in their hats. 
 
 HANDS, IMPOSITION OF. -First per- 
 formed by Moses in setting apart 
 his successor Joshua, 1452 B.C.Hang- 
 i-H9.-Said to have been first inflicted 
 upon 'WTn.Marise,a < p'rrate,l24l. Har- 
 monium. -Keyed instruments im- 
 i lar to the accordion, invented, 1810, 
 bu M.C-renifc. Harness. -For horses, 
 probably invented bw Erichthoni- 
 us of Athens, a bout 1487 B.C. Harp. - 
 Invented bu Jubil, 3815 B.C. Harp- 
 sichord. -Bach and Ha-wd&J com- 
 posed for this instrument, about 
 1700. H*rris*ti's Titm-pieee. An 
 eight-day clock, striking the hours, 
 and indicating the day ofthewotith, 
 was made by Harrison at London iti 
 1715, and it was still running, 1871. 
 
 HARROWS. -Among the earliest im 
 plements of agriculture, is repre- 
 sented on many ancient sculptures. 
 Hats.- First made by a Swiss at Pa- 
 ris, 1404; high-crowned hats were 
 first worn about 1550; silk hats be- 
 gan to supersede beaver about 1820. 
 Hawkers and Peddlers.-Were first 
 licensed, 1698. Heat.- Its phenome- 
 na began to be carefully studied a- 
 kout 1757. H9ira,Era of. -Same as 
 Mohammedan era.Heltometer. - 
 For measuring the diameters of the 
 heavenly bodies, invented by Savary, 
 1743. Helioscope. -Solar telescope,in- 
 vented by Scheiner, l625.Hel!ostat. 
 -Jnstrumew* to make a sunbeam sta- 
 tionary, invented by s'&ravesande, 
 about 1719. 
 
 HELMETS. -Protective armor for 
 the head, used by the ancients pri- 
 or to 810 B.C. Hemp and Flax.- 
 First cultivated in England about 
 1532. Heraldry. -As an art, is ascrib- 
 ed first to Charlemagne, about 800; 
 and next to Frederick Barbarossa, a- 
 bout IIS2.Hermi9-Pishery.-Was 
 largely engaged in by the English and 
 Scotch asearli^as 800. Hera-miter. 
 "The most ancient form of Oreek verse, 
 used by Homer, about 900 B.C.Hiero- 
 glyphics.- Picture-writing, said to 
 have been invented by Athotes,21 12 
 B.C. High-pressure Engine. -Invent 
 ed by Leupold,l727.Highwaus.-Se& 
 ftoads. H itidoo Era. -Commenced 
 3101 B.C. Hippodrome. -Creek race- 
 track, know about 1000 B.C. 
 
 CEN. 
 1900 
 
 1800 
 
 noo 
 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 500 
 400 
 300 
 200 
 jlOO 
 
 [300 
 
 '400 
 ,500 
 600 
 700 
 SCO 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1500 
 1700 
 1300 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 3800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 \\\ \VsN\i tYv^. 
 
 X6 A .0. JOHN THE BAPTIST BEGINS HIS MINISTRY. 
 
 .\>ycX Xo ^svj'ua.. 
 
 \1 
 
 M Vixa.'vxvt'b a.ifV\Mfc%\'v\ 
 cYMJtanX 
 
 VV ^.\)M,'8jy!,4^,\ 
 
 <i.^ xox xooi. 
 aWq XVa, %\V. 
 
 HOLY WATER. -Said to have been 
 used in churches as early as I20A.D. 
 Home Missionary Society. First 
 founded, 1819. Homicide. -Was tried 
 at Athens by the Areopagites,l507 
 B.C. Homoeopathy. -A hypothesis 
 promulgated by Dr. Hahnemann, 
 1796; introduced into the United 
 States, 1815. Honey-Moon. -Arose 
 from drinking diluted honey for 
 30 days (a moon's age) -after -war- 
 riage,ampn9 the Teu-tons, who 
 are mentioned as early as 320 B. C. 
 Hoops. -See Crinoline. Hops .-Used 
 in England, 1425; were cultivated 
 by ancient Romans. Horti. -Musi- 
 cal instrument, the date of whose 
 invention is lost in ant iquitg,but 
 ic thought to be,ne>rt+o the reed, 
 the earliest wind instrument. 
 
 HORSE. -Probably first domesticat- 
 ed by ancient Egyptians; Solomon 
 had 40,000 stalls of horses for his 
 chariots, and 12,000 horsemen, 1014 
 B.C. Horse-Racitip. -First practic- 
 ed by ancient G-recks, prior to 1000 
 B.C. Horseshoes. -Of the kind now 
 ktiown,vs/ere not in general u-se 
 t! 1 1 about 800. Horticulture.-^? e 
 Gan/en/?;^. Hospitals. -One bui It 
 at Jerusalem, II 12, capable of- re- 
 ceiving 2.000 guests. Ho* Blast. - 
 Neilson obtained a p_atentfor,l8!l8. 
 Hour.-The day is said to have been 
 first divided jnto hours,293 B.C., 
 when Papirius Cursor erected a 
 sun-dial in the temple of ftumnus 
 at Rome. 
 
 HOUR CLASSES. -Invented in Alex- 
 andria, 240. Howitzer. -G-erman 
 piece of ordnance, came into use 
 about 172.5. Humane Society. ;Cne 
 formed in London, H74. Multeity. 
 -Nimrod was a mighty hu-nter, 
 2218 B.C. Hydraulic Press.-ln.Ven- 
 ted by Pascal, 1649. Hydraulic Ram.- 
 Invented by Montoolfier, about 
 1800. Hydrochloric Acid .-Com- 
 pound of chlorine and hydrogen, 
 discovered by Dr. Priestly, 1712. Hy- 
 drogen. -First obtained asa gas 
 by Paracelsus, about !500;Caven- 
 dish proved itto be an elementary 
 body, 1766. 
 
 H YDROGRAPHY.-Oescription of the 
 surface waters of the earth. First 
 sea chart said to have been made by 
 Henry the Navigator, about 1550. 
 Hydrpttieter.-For -mfasurittg the 
 specific gravity of liquids, first -men- 
 tioned about 400. Hydropathy. -Cold- 
 water treatment or diseases, prac- 
 ticed by Hippocrates, about430 B.C. 
 Hydrostatics. -Pressure of liquids, 
 probably first studied in the Alex- 
 andrian school, about 300 B.C. Hy- 
 9romctcr.-For measuring the 
 moist u-re in the atmosphere, in- 
 vented by Saussitre., about 1790. 
 Hymns. -The song of Moses, 1491 
 B.C., is the most ancient; the 
 Psalms date from about 1066 
 B.C. to about 444 B.C. 
 
 130
 
 HYPNOTISM. -Term given buMr.Braid 
 1 843, to a sleep-like condition, produc 
 ed in a person btj steadily firing h is 
 mind on one object.Hypsometer. - 
 Therrnome-trical barometer for meas- 
 uring altitudes, invented by Wol las- 
 ton, 1817. Iambic Verse. -First writ- 
 ten about 700 B.C., by Archilochus. 
 Ice. -Discovered to be lighter than 
 water, 1597, byC-alileo; first pro- 
 duced artificially, 1783, by Mr.Walker; 
 first ice machine patented byMr.Har 
 rison,l857. Iconoclasts. -Image- 
 breakers, controversy introduced 
 into the churches, about 300; much 
 loss of life, about 72.6. Idols.-ldola- 
 trous worship introduced by Ninus 
 king of Assyria, 2059 B.C. 
 
 ILLUMINATED BOOKS. -The u^, 
 
 of ornaments, drawings, portraits, 
 etc., to enrich books and mam scripts 
 is of great antiquity . Varro wrote the 
 lives of 700 Romans, using 70 por- 
 traits, about.70 B.C.IImenium.- 
 An alleged metal, discovered by Herr 
 mann, about 1 847. Impeachment. - 
 First one recorded in England, 1388. 
 Impressment of Seamen .-A practice 
 known in ancient times. Incendi- 
 aries. -Punished with death by the 
 Saxons and G-oths^. Incest. -Cohab- 
 itation and marriage between near 
 relatives, forbidden by the Jewish law, 
 1490 B.C. , 
 
 INCH. -39. 13959 of the length of the 
 seconds pendulum in the latitude of 
 London, vibrating in vacuo at -the 
 sea level, at the temperature of 62." 
 Fahr., was defined ty act of parlia 
 ment, 1824. Income Tax. -First lev- 
 ied in England, 1512. Independence 
 Era of Declaration. -Commenced Ju 
 ly 4, 1776. India Rubber. -See Caou- 
 tchouc. Indiction, Era of. -Com- 
 menced Jan.), 3 13. Indigo.- Sup- 
 posed to have been known about 
 50 A.D.; -first mentioned iri English 
 statutes, 1581. Indium. -Metal dis- 
 covered by Reich and Ritcher,in Sax- 
 ony, 1863. Induction of Electric Cur- 
 rents. -Discovered by Faraday, about 
 1831. Indulgences. -Moderation of 
 ecclesiastical punishme-nt,coimnenc- 
 ed by Leo III. .about 800. 
 NOUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS.-See 
 Exhibitions. Infallibility .-The dog- 
 ma of papal infallibility was promul- 
 gated, 1 870. Infanticide. -In ancient 
 times, was very prevalent in barbarous 
 countries. Infirmaries. -For the 
 sick and indigent, first founded by 
 the emperor Jul ian , about 362. In - 
 fluenza( la grippe). -Appears to 
 have been known about I550. In- 
 
 , . 
 
 fwsoria lAnimalcules).-Leeuweri- 
 hoek's remarkable microscopical dis- 
 coveries were made at Leyden, 1 696. 
 Ink.- The ancients had inks of va- 
 rious colors besides black, as red, 
 gold, silver, and purple; invisible , 
 or sympathetic ink, was known 
 before 1653. Ittns.-Known in an- 
 cient Rome, and regulated by law. 
 
 C6NVR . CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 I900 
 
 I800 
 I700 
 1 600 
 1 500 
 I400 
 I300 
 I200 
 IIOO 
 IOOO 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 
 500 
 400 
 |300 
 '200 
 
 iioo 
 
 O 55 B.C. JULIUS C/ESARCONAIIEBSBRITAIN 
 olOO 
 
 v.N)\) Ov\\o 
 
 $300 
 400 
 500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2500 
 2200 
 MOO 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 1\ ^tmvX 
 
 \\ ^v^X \e\n>\X%\ < i'\X 
 
 ^ "VM8,"\cw^\, oil tam 
 
 V\ ^>a.\ 
 
 "\\ ^ 
 
 W 
 
 Va ^ 
 
 INOCULATION. -For small pox, in- 
 troduced from Turkey into Englatid 
 by Lady Montagu, ITIS^accwe in- 
 tjcculation discovered by OrJennar, 
 1796. Inquests.- Held Jn England 
 as early as 325. Irtqu-isitio-M.-For 
 punishing heresy and spiritual of- 
 fenses, established buTheodosiits, 
 382. Insolvency. -First insolvency 
 act passed by Parlianient,l649.lii- 
 surance.- On ships and merchan- 
 dise, said to have been first c o-n- 
 trived by Claudius,43 A. D.;in gen- 
 eral use in Itajy, 1/94; first fire- 
 insurance office in America was 
 at Boston, I72^4; first life hisu.r- 
 ance at London, 1772; first in Amer- 
 ica at Philadelphia, 1812 ; firs* -ma- 
 rine insurance in England, 1538} 
 first fn A-merica,l71l. 
 
 INTEREST. -For use of money, was 
 first legalized in England, 1623. Io- 
 dine. -Discovered by DeCourtois of 
 Paris, 1812.. Iridiu-m.-Rare metal, 
 discovered bu Tennant, 1804. Iron .- 
 Found on Mt. Ida by the Dactyles, 
 1432 B.C.; wrou-ght by Tubal-Cain, 
 3875 B.C.; Bessemer's/irst patent, 
 1856^ first patent for iron smeltinj, 
 1620. Ironclads. -War-ships whose 
 sides are protected by armor-plates, 
 were first made by the French, 1854. 
 Irrigation .-Was practiced in Asia 
 and in Egypt from the most remote 
 ages of the world. 
 
 ISTHMIAN GAMES.-1nstjtiitedat 
 the isthmus of Corinth by Sisyphus, 
 about 1406 B.C. Ivory. -Brought to 
 Solomon (torn Tarshish, about 992 
 B.C. Jacobus. -G-o Id coin made in 
 England, 1603-2.5. Jacqaard Loom. 
 -For figu-red fabrics, invented by J. 
 M.JacquarJ of Lyons, 1801. Janis- 
 sarles.-lnfantryjnthe. Tu-rkish. 
 army j first organized by Orcan,a- 
 boiit 1330. Jeru.sale.ni, Era of. De - 
 struction.-CommencesSept. 1, 69 
 A. D. Jewelry. -Received by Rebek- 
 ah as amarriage gift, 1357 B.C. Jew- 
 ish Era..-Commcnced Oct.1,3761 
 B.C. Jockey Clubs. -Instituted in 
 England, about 1740. John Doe and 
 Richard Roe. -Names as ^standing 
 pjedges for the prosecution of suits, 
 first used about 12.85. 
 
 JOINT STOCK COMPANlES.-Have 
 been organized extensively since 
 1825. Jubilees. -The Jews were 
 comrrianded,l49l B.C., to celebrate 
 a jubilee every fifty years. Judges. 
 -Ruled over Israelites from 1402. 
 B.C. to 1 095 B.C. Julian Period. - 
 Invented bu Joseph Scaljger^about 
 1583, to avoid ambiguities inchro- 
 nological dates, commences Jan, 
 1,4713 B.C. Julian Year,Era of.- 
 Commenced Jan. 1,45 B.C.Juno.- 
 Planet discovered by M. Harding, 
 of Bremen, Sept. 1, 1 804. Jupiter. - 
 Said to have been known as a plan- 
 et to the Chaldeans, 3,000 B.C. Ju-ries, 
 Trial by. -Most authorities ascribe 
 their institution to A U red, about 836. 
 
 131
 
 JUSTICES o the Peace. -First nomi- 
 nated by William I. ,1076. Ju.tt.-Ex 
 tensive ly cultivated since 1830, for 
 making gutitiyclot !i,etc. Kaleido- 
 scope. -Optical instmment.invent 
 ed by David Brewster,l8l6. Kainp 
 tulicon. -Substance used for f loor 
 1119, patented by Galloway, l943.Ker- 
 ostie. -First used /or illurrn'natirig 
 purposes, I826. Keys. -The invention 
 is ascribed to Theodore of Samos,a- 
 bout 730 B.C. Kjtider-Cartcn. -Sys- 
 tem of education devised by p-roe 
 bel, I837. Kitip.-Nimrod is said to 
 have been thef irstfounderofaking- 
 doni^AS B.C. Kitio'iEvil.-Scrofu- 
 la, supposed, about 1058, to be cur- 
 ed biy the king's touch. 
 
 KISSING. -Was a -mode of salutation, 
 1760 B.C.; was common among the 
 ancient G-reeks. Kncelin9. -Order- 
 ed by Paul, at the narne of Jesus, 64 
 A.O. K flights. -The institution of 
 Roman kniahts is ascribed to Rom- 
 ulus, about 750 B.C.; knighthood was 
 first conferred in England about 800. 
 Knights of Pythias. -Firs* organiz- 
 ed in Washin9ton, D.C., Feb.!9,ia64. 
 K-ni*titi9.-Said to have been invent 
 e tin Spain, about l550.Kn:ttin9 
 Maehi-we, or Frame. -Invented by 
 
 First made and used in England, f 
 about 1 5 60. Koch's Tuberculosis 
 Cure. -Firs* announced, 1890. 
 
 KORAN. -The Mohammedan Bible, 
 written about 610, by Mohammed. 
 Kntpp's Cast Steel Factory.-At Es- 
 sen, Rhenish Prussia, established 
 1810. Labyrinths. The first said 
 to have been constructed in t he 
 island of Crete, by Daedalus, about 
 1210 B.C. Lace. -Very delicate teytu/re, 
 made in France, 1330; produced by 
 -machinery, 1768$ a lace frame pat- 
 ented by Heathcote,l809.LacteaJs. 
 Absorbtnt vessels connected with 
 digestion, discovered by Asellius of 
 Cremona, 1622. La-Hips. -The earth- 
 en Lamp of Ep!ctetus,about50A.D., 
 is the first -mentioned; lamps with 
 horn sides invented by Alfred, about 
 875; London strcctsfirst lighted 
 with oil-lamp^-1681, and with gas- 
 lamps, 1 814. 
 
 LAMPS,SAFETY.-Foruseiiitnines, 
 invented by Davy, 1 815. Language. 
 -Many are of opinion that, origi- 
 nally, language was revealed from 
 heaven, while others claim it was 
 th invention of man. (Query. -If a. 
 number of children are kept entire- 
 ly isolated from all others from birth, 
 so far as hearing any spoken language 3200 
 is concerned, bu-t are allowed to asso- 3300 
 ciat with one another, and use the 3400 
 
 common utensils of ordinary life, 3500 
 will they develop an articulate Ian- 3600 
 guaga ?); There wac but one language 3700 
 in the world until after 2247 B.C. 3800 
 
 Lanterns. -Said to have been invent- 3900 
 ed by AUred the Great, about 890. |40M 
 
 CEN. ^CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1900 
 
 1800 
 
 1700 
 
 1600 
 
 1500 
 
 1400 
 
 1300 13 &\ 
 
 1200 6\ %rv 
 
 1100 ^ Vo 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 ;300 
 
 ; O SSA.D.PONTHJSPlUTEeOV'RJUMA 
 ,100 
 
 ,200 
 
 :300 
 
 400 
 
 '900 
 
 600 ^A ^W,V.tovi!,VLa.x 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 
 1100 
 
 1200 
 
 1300 
 
 1400 Vbta 
 
 1500 W 'ttOwi^j.oiXJMW.Vxo*" 
 
 1600 
 
 1700 
 
 1800 
 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2200 
 2900 
 30CO 
 3100 
 
 LANTHANIUM.-Rare metal, discov- 
 ered by Mosander, 1839. Lari^-Hqo- 
 scope. -Instrument for view-irig 
 the larynx, first said to have been 
 constructed by Dr. Avery of Lon- 
 don, 1846. Lathe. -Said to have 
 been invented by Talus, about 1240 
 B.C. Latitude. -First determined by 
 Hipparchus of Nice, about 162 B.C. 
 Laudanum. -Preparation of opi- 
 um, first employed about 1630. 
 Law. -The Jewish law was given 
 by God, and promulgated by Moses, 
 14-9) B.C.; the laws of Phoroneus, 
 1807 B.C., were the first Attic laws; 
 Spartan laws by LycuT9us,844 
 B.C.; Solon's Athenian laws, 594- 
 B.C.; Roman laws of Serviusful- 
 lius,566 B.C. 
 
 LEAD.-A rnetal known prior to 
 1491 B.C.: discovered in England 
 at the Clydesdale -mine, 1513; lead- 
 en pipes for conveying water Mere 
 first used about l236.Seeera/>/r/fe. 
 Leagues. -The first -mentioned is 
 that of the four kings against the 
 five, 1913 B.C.(ew..W.).Leap-Year.- 
 Originated with the astronomers 
 of Julius Caesar, 4-5 B.C. Learning 
 and the Arts. -Flourished among the 
 Greeks, under Pisistratus, 537 B.C., 
 and under Pcricles,444B.C.Leas.- 
 A form of conveyance, invented by 
 Serjeant Moore, about !535:Leath- 
 er. -Was used by the ancients be- 
 fore 1487 B.C.; a leather cloth was 
 invented by theCrocketts of New- 
 ark, N.J., 1849. 
 
 LEG-ION. -Corps of soldiers in the Ro- 
 man armies, first formed by Rornu- 
 I us, about 720 B.C. Letts. -Used to 
 modify vision, invented by Jansen, 
 in Holland, for his microscope, 1530. 
 Leti*.- Forty daws fas_t be/ore Eas- 
 ter, said to have been instituted by 
 pope Teles phorus, 1 30. Leprosy.- A 
 skin disease, first described, 1490 
 B.C. Letters. Said to have been in- 
 vented by Memnon of EgMpt,aku4 
 1822 B.C. See Alphabet and Epistles. 
 Sealed letters issued by the kings 
 of France since about 1670. Let- 
 tuce. -Introduced into Enyland 
 from Flanders about 1520. 
 
 LEXICON. -See ff/ctipnary.ltyfo-n 
 Jar.-For accuinulating electrici- 
 ty, invented by Kleist of Leyden, 
 1745. Li bel .-Was a capital offense 
 buthe Roman laws,449 B.C. Libra- 
 ries. -First public library known to 
 have existed was founded at Athens 
 bu Pisistratus, about 540 B.C.; the 
 first private library was Aristotle's, 
 334 B.C.: Alexandrian library of 
 400,000~47~B.C.; oldest American 
 library is that of Harvard College, 
 1638. Licences. -For levying mon 
 ey, first introduced by Richard I. 
 about 1 190. Li-fe Boat. -First pat- 
 ented by Lukin, 1785; life-preser- 
 vers made by Capt. Manby, and 
 brought into use, 1808. 
 
 133
 
 LIGHT. -The law o* re fraction discov- 
 ered by Snellius, about 1624; Us ve- 
 locity discovered to be about 200,000 
 mile; per second, by Reaumur, about 
 1667. Lighthouse. -First one erect- 
 ed at Pharos, near Alexandria, 550 
 fee* high, about 2-85 B.C.Lijhttiiflji 
 Rods.-First set up for the protection 
 of buildinas, by Benjamin Franklin, 
 about 1752. Lily. -Native of Persia, 
 Syria, and Italy, introduced i-ntoEttg- 
 land bet-ore 1460. Lime-Light. -See 
 Drummond Li'oht. Li-tieti. -Pharaoh 
 arraued Joseph in vestures of fitie lin- 
 en, 1716 B.C. ; co-wpany of linen weav- 
 ers established i-n London, !3<>8.Lil1- 
 iiaea-H System of Botany. -Array- 
 ed bu Linnaeus, aSwede, 1725-30. 
 
 LITANIES. -Saul to have been first 
 used in processions, about 400. Lith- 
 ium.- Lightest of tne wetals, dis- 
 covered by Arfwedso-p,aSwede, 1817. 
 Litho-fracteu-r.-An explosive mate- 
 rial, invented by Engels.of Cploone, 
 about' 1 869. Lithographic Printing 
 -Sajd to have been invented by Sen- 
 ne-felder, about 1796. Lithotomy. - 
 Surgical operation of cutting for 
 the stone, said to have been first 
 performed by Ammoniu-s, abou-t 
 140 B.C. Liturgies. -The Creek atid 
 Rowan liturgies are the oldest, hav- 
 ing been committed to writjttg du-r- 
 ing the 4th and 5th cent-u-ries.Load 
 stone. -See Maymtis-rn. Locks.- Us- 
 ed by the ancient Egyptians, Ro- 
 
 . wans, and Greeks. 
 
 LOCOMOTIVES.- Fi rst suggested by 
 Oliver Evans, an American, 1781; 
 Cartwright's patent, 1185; first 
 built in America, 1830. Locusts. - 
 One af MM plagues of Egypt,l49IB.C. 
 Lojarithws. -Invented bu Napier 
 of Merchjston , abou-t 1 6 14. Log ic.- 
 First eminent work on this sub 
 jeot is. by Aristotle, about 330 B.C. 
 1.09- Line. -First used in navi9ation, 
 about 1510. Lo9ooraph. -Instrument 
 to represent the vibratory -motions 
 of the air-waves of speech, inven-ted 
 by W.H. Bar low, about l874.Lpnp.ev- 
 ity. -Methuselah wlio attained 
 the greatest age, died at the age 
 of 369, 3349 B.C. Long itude.-Firsi 
 determined by Hipparchus,atNice, 
 who fixed the first degree in the Ca- 
 naries, 162 B.C. 
 
 LOOM,. -The, art of weaving is coe 
 val with civilization, yet the great- 
 est improvement in the loom was 
 wade by Cartwrigh*, 1787. Lord's 
 Dav.-Su.nday, or tJie first day of 
 the week, in contradistinction to 
 the Jewish Sabbath, or the seventh 
 day of the week, was -first observed 
 about 60 A.D.Lo*s. : The casting 
 of lots was employed in the divis- 
 ion of the land of Canaan, about- 
 1444 B.C. Lotteries. -Said to have 
 originated in Florence, about 1539. 
 Love Feasts, or Agapae. -Institu- 
 ted in memory of the last time that 
 Christ dte with his disciples. Lucifer 
 Matches. -First used about 1834; fric- 
 tion -matches invented by Walker, 1829. 
 
 CEN . YR 
 
 1900 
 
 1800 
 
 1700 
 
 1600 
 
 1500 %*J> ^a. 
 
 1400 '^"l l o\ 
 
 1300 
 
 1200 
 
 1100 
 
 1000 
 900 \\ Vii' 
 800 W V\ 
 700 
 
 .600 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 400 ft^ V\W\*VAvnftV\XOtiwii\a 
 300 
 ,200 
 
 o<i xVs. 
 
 03 A. D.JESUS DISPUTES WITH DOCTORS. 
 
 |300 
 
 T400 
 
 w500 
 
 [600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 1 1 00 
 
 I200 
 
 I300 
 
 1400 
 
 1 500 
 1600 
 1700 
 
 1800 
 
 1900 
 2000 
 
 aioo 
 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 ^ ^wi\iormN*Y\Vvw)\YV vvsa. 
 
 ^\ "\\\,VCvv\&oo en's. C.OKWVB\\C*O. 
 
 LYCEUM. -The first was in Attica., 
 where Aristotle taught, 342 B.C. 
 Lymphatics.- A bsor ben t vessels con- 
 nected with digestion,^ iscovered a- 
 bou-t I650, by Rudbek jti Sweden. 
 Lynch Law. -Infliction of puiiish- 
 went withoitt the sanction of law, 
 so called from a farmg-r inVir9itjia, 
 about 1700. Lyre. -In its pri-mitive 
 form, is said to have been invented 
 by thef irst Egyptian Hermes,, and 
 four strings were ad<ied,niakftn)sev- 
 en, by Terpander, 673 B.C. Macadam- 
 ized Roads. -Invented by John Macad- 
 am, l8l9.Maccabees,Era of.-Gom- 
 wmced Nov. 24, 166. Mace.-Vteap- 
 on used by cavalry of most ancient 
 -nations. Machines. -See Mechanics. 
 
 M AGAIINES.-Atf irst a miscel- 
 laneous periodical, were first pub- 
 lished about l73l.Ma9i.-At first 
 fire worshippers, afterwards all 
 learned men. Zoroaster, king of 
 Bactria,re/ormed the sect about 
 550 B.C. Magic Laiiterti.-l*s inven- 
 tion is ascribed to Roger Bacon, a- 
 bout 126*0, also to Kircher, about 
 1665. MaonaCharta. -Signed by 
 Kino John, June IS.iaiS.Mapnesi 
 u/m. -Metal first obtained by Davy, 
 l808.Ma9ttetisiM.-The attractive 
 power of loadstone or magnet was 
 Known by the C-reeks before 1000 B.C. 
 Dip of the needle diseovered,J57S, 
 by Norman of London. Artificial 
 mayrtets made by Knight, I74ff. 
 Variation of the. compass observed 
 DM Bond, 1668. 
 
 MAGNIFYING- GLASSES. Pi rst 
 
 made in England, by Roger Bacon, 
 1260. Map-nolia. -Introduced in- 
 to England from N. America,j688 
 Mail-Coaches.- Introd uced t into 
 England, 1184; introduced into 
 the United States, about 1770, by 
 B. Franklin. Mal*.-Barley prepar 
 ed for brewing, a duty laid upon 
 it, 1667. Matipanese.-lts distinct- 
 ive character was proved by Pott, 
 1 740. Ma-nonteter.-For measuring 
 the rarity of gases, said to have been 
 made by G-u-ericke, about 1660. Maps 
 -Invented by Anavimander, aboul 
 600 B.C.; introduced into England 
 about 1489. 
 
 MARBLE. -First sculptured and pol 
 ished bw Dincepus and ScMllis of Crete 
 about 568 B.C. Marble Paper was 
 invented bu a.frerman of the 17th 
 century. Mariner's Co-Hipass.-See 
 Compass. Mark.-SiJver coin of va 
 rious northern nations; was use< 
 as atnoney of account before 1 1 84 
 M arriage Otfts.- First conferrec 
 at the marriage of Rebekah, in 
 the form of jewelry, 1857 B.C. 
 Mars. -A planet known to the an 
 cients; spots on its surf ace firs* 
 observed by Fontana,l636. Mar 
 -tyrs. -Stephen was the first Chris 
 tian martyr,37 A.D.Masks.-Saic 
 to have been invented by Poppaea 
 wife of Nero,_abou,t 60 A. D. Mas 
 querades.-F ; rst became fash ion 
 able,about 1340. 
 
 133
 
 
 ____ 
 
 1 5 72, uoo 
 
 MASS.-bi the Roman Catholic church, 
 tint celebrated in Latin, about 394. 
 Matches.-Sec Lucifer. Materialism. 
 -Doctrine that the soul is.-theresu.il 
 of a particular organization o( mat- 
 ter ii the body, and is loosely applied 
 to the system of Epicurus, about 3 10 
 B.C. Mathematics. -Sec /fr/'Mw^/e 
 arid Algebra.. Matins. -Morning ser- 
 vice or prayers in the Roman Cat ho- 
 lie church, were Held A 14.9. 2.4-, 1 5 72, 
 Mausoleum. -At Halicarnassus,oiie 
 of the seven wonders of the ancient 
 world, erected 350 B.C. Mauve. - 
 A dye produced by Dr. S ten house 
 from lichens, 1848. Mea*.-Flesh 
 of animals ordained as -food, 2.348 
 B.C. ; extract of meat was made- by 
 Lie big, 1 847. 
 
 MECHANICS. -The invention of 
 the simple -mechanical powers has 
 been -ascribed to heathen deities; 
 Aristotle writes on mechanics, a- 
 bout 320 B.C.; Archimedes, whodled 
 2.12. B.C., laid the foundation of -rna- 
 ny of those inventions which have 
 been the boast of subsequent ages. 
 See any particular invention in its 
 proper order. Medals. -Were issued 
 from the -mint of ancient Rome, 
 also by the Lydians, about 800 B.C.; 
 modern medals began about 1453 
 in Germany. Medicinal Siniples.- 
 First introduced into Europe, from 
 the East, 1200. Medicine. -Pythag- 
 oras endeavored to explain the phi- 
 losophy of disease and the action of 
 medicine, about 529 B.C.: Hippo- 
 crates, the father of medicine. was 
 born about 460 B.C. Sec Physic. 
 
 M ED I U M . -See Sorntuathm, Mclo- 
 dcoti.-Musicial instrument,inven- 
 ted by Carhart, of Duchess county, 
 N. Y. . 1 836. Melodrawa.-Originat- 
 ed with Thos.Holc.rofi:, 1793. Mem- 
 ory. -See Mnemonics.MetisuTatioii. 
 -The chief advancement in men- 
 suration, as the properties of con- 
 ic sections, the ratio of spheres,sph 
 roids,etc., was made and discover- 
 ed bw Archimedes, who was born 
 187 B.C.Mercator'sCharts.-Said 
 to have been constructed by Gerard 
 Mercator, about 1 556. Mercury. - 
 The planet nearest the sun, was 
 known to the ancients. See Quicksilver. 
 
 MESMERISM.- Induction ofanab- 
 normal state of the nervous sys 
 tern, the doctrine of which was pu 
 lished by F.A.Mesmer,aG-ernian 
 physician, 1766. Metals.-Tubal-Cain 
 is mentioned as an instructor of ev- 
 ery artificer in brass and iron, 
 3875 B.C.; Moses speaks of the sev- 
 en metals, about 1500 B.C.; Virjil 
 speaks of the melting of Steel a- 
 bout 30 B.C. Metaphysics. The 
 science of abstract reason ing, orig- 
 inated with Aristotle, about 300 
 B.C. ; -modern metaphysics arose in 
 the 15th century. Metempsychosis. 
 -Transmigration of souls, the doc- 
 trine of which originated with Py- 
 thagoras, about 528 B.C. It is also 
 ascribed to the Egyptians. 
 
 as pub- 26 
 5700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 -3300 
 2400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 ot 
 
 CEN. YK. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 
 fe\-x% ^tax oi XVi^xov 
 1 1 00 'iV^'i C>Vi\\VN'o.-Y Vv\ V 
 1000 
 900 
 
 soa 
 
 700 
 
 600 tfi >H*x N>tVNe..\0?CLX<.A3. 
 
 |500 
 ,400 
 300 
 .200 
 100 
 
 O 66 A.D.WAR OF THE JEWS BEGINS 
 100 
 
 :300 
 
 ' : 400 
 | '500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1 000 
 
 I 1 00 
 
 1200 
 
 1300 
 
 1400 
 1500 
 
 1600 
 
 1700 
 1800 
 
 I900 
 2000 
 2IOO 
 2200 
 2300 
 
 9400 
 2500 
 
 OS NNax 
 
 %0 "\V\ft. V^Vftw cona^x 
 
 oil ttt 
 
 METEOROGRAPH.-Apparatus for 
 registering the various atmospheric 
 changes, invented by Seocbiof Rome, 
 about 1867. Meteorology. -Science 
 treating of atmospheric phenom- 
 ena., has been written on exten- 
 sively since aboutJSOO; sto-.-rn- 
 tvarninps were first issued in 
 Holland, I860; </*//{/ weathercharts 
 were first issued, 1 872.. Meteors. 
 -Shooting stars, fire-balls, aero- 
 lites, etc., were described oy Hal- 
 ley, Wallis, and others, about 1630; 
 the periodicity of star showers_a- 
 bout the 10th of August, was dis- 
 covered by %uetelet, !836.Metoti- 
 ic Cycle. -Period of 19 years, atthe 
 end of which the changes of the 
 moon fall on the same days, cor- 
 rected bn Calippus. about 330 B.C. 
 
 METRIC SYSTEM. -Of weights and 
 measures in France, was complet- 
 ed in 1799, and legalized in 1801; le- 
 galized in the United States in 186?. 
 Metrottottic.-To regulate time in 
 the performance of -music, invented 
 hy Maelzel, 1812.. Metiotinto. -Kind 
 of engraving on copper, discovered 
 by Von Siegen, l643.Michaettnas.- 
 Feas)f of St. Michael, said ^ to have 
 been instituted in 487. Micrometer. 
 -Astronomical instrument used to 
 measure any small distances, was 
 invented - by Wm.G-ascoigne,about 
 1640. Microphone. -for rendering 
 weak sounds audible, invented by 
 Wheatstone, 1827. 
 
 MlCROSCOPES.-Said to have been 
 invented bu Jansen,in Holland, a- 
 bout 1590. Micro-Tasi-meter. To 
 measure infinitesimal pressure, in 
 vented by T. A. Edisori, 1878. Midwife 
 ry.-A mong the ancient Egyptians 
 and Jews, women were the only 
 practitioners ; Hippocrates .is styl- 
 ed thefather of -Miidwifery,inG-reece 
 460 B.C. Milk, Condensed. -A pro- 
 cess vor producing, invented by 
 Mr. Borden,near New York, 1849 
 Milky Way. -In the heavens, was 
 taught by Democritus to consist of 
 stars, about 42.8 B.C. Mills. -Moses 
 forbade millstones to be taken in 
 pledge, 1471 B.C.; hand-mills were 
 - used by the Britons before 55 B.C. 
 
 v\M)A. MlNING-.-Has been practiced from 
 the .remotest times; gold, si!ver,an< 
 iron are mentioned as being mine< 
 as early as 1520 B.C.; tin is said to 
 have been mined in Britain before 
 1100 B.C.Minif Rifle.- Invented in 
 France by M.Minie, about I833,and 
 Surpassed all preceding it. Min{.- 
 Mints for coinmg -money existed 
 among the ancient Lydians , before 
 861 B.C.^ mints were established in 
 England in Anglo-Savon times: firs 
 in the United States at Philadelphia 
 I79a_. Minus. -See /Viis-Mirrors.- 
 Of silver, were introduced by Praxi 
 teles,328 B.C.; mirrors or. looking 
 glasses first made at Venice about 
 1300; in England, !673.Mi*rc.-The 
 cleft cap or mitre was worn by the 
 Jewish high-priest, 1491 B.C. 
 
 134
 
 MNEMONICS. -Artificial memory, 
 was introduced bySimonides the 
 younger, 477 B.C.', various systems 
 have been published since 1600. Mod- 
 els. -The firs* were figures of I i v- 
 ing.persons, and Oibutades., t he 
 Corinthian, is the reputed invent- 
 or of those in clay. Mohammedan 
 Era.. - Commenced July 16, 622. 
 Molybdenum. -Whitish, brittle, 
 almost infusible metal, discovered 
 by Scheele, 1118. Mon as-Very .-See 
 Abbey. Mottey. -Mentioned as a 
 tnediu.ru of commerce, I860 B.C. 
 Sec Coin. Money-order Of f ice.- 
 Established in England, 1792. Mon- 
 itorial System.- 1 ti education, in 
 which pupils are employed as teach- 
 ers, used by Dr. Bell at Madras in 
 I795, and about the same time i t 
 was adopted in London. 
 
 MONOPOLIES.- Were so numer- 
 ous in En9land about; I60l-Z,that 
 many were abolished by Uw.Mottt 
 Blanc. -In Switzerland, the summit 
 was first reached by Saussu.ro, Auo. 
 2,1787. Moon. -Its opacity, and 
 the true causes of eclipses were 
 taught by Thales, 640 B.C.; maps 
 of it were made by Hevelius,l647. 
 Moral Philosophy. -The science of 
 ethics. Socrates^about 430 B.C., 
 is re9arded as the father of ancient, 
 and Grotius,abouH623, the fath- 
 er of modern moral philosophy. 
 Mor-monistn. -Founded by Joseph 
 Srnith,about 1823. 
 
 MORPHIA .-Alkaloid, discovered 
 in opium by Sertiirner, 1803. Mor- 
 tality Tables.- The Northampton 
 tables were compiled by Dr. Price, 
 (or 1735-80; and the Carlisle ta- 
 bles, by Dr. Hatlsham^or 1180-87. 
 Mortars.- Short ouns for throw- 
 ing bombs, used at Naples, 1435, 
 and in England, 1543. Mosaic 
 Work. -Of Asiatic origin, and 
 is probably -referred to in Esther? 
 ch. i. 6, about 519 B.C.; attained 
 great excellence in G-reece, 300 
 B.C. Mowers and Reapers. -First 
 made in the. Un ited States, I845.-50. 
 Mi*le. Spinning machine, in- 
 vented by Samuel Cro/mpton, 1779. 
 Murder. -Capital punishment or- 
 dained for, 2348 B.C. 
 
 MURIATIC ACID. -Consisting of 
 chlorine and hydrogen, obtained 
 from conimon salt, a -process f 01- 
 condensing it patented by Ww.G-os- 
 5396, 1836. Museum. -Originally a 
 flu-arter of the palace of Alexandria, 
 its foundation being attributed to 
 Ptolemy Philadelphia, who placed 
 his library here about 280 B.C. MU/ 
 sic. -Jubads mentioned as the fath- 
 er of all such as handle the -ha-r p 
 and the. organ, 3875 B.C.; voca.1 
 choruses of njen first mentioned, 
 556 B.C.; musica.1 notes as at pres- 
 ent used were perfected in l338.(See 
 Ga.mu.t}. The musical 'pitch was set- 
 tled in France, 1859. The Tonic sol- 
 fa. Bystern, using the letters d,r, tn, 
 etc., for tto, ra., w/,etc., were invente 
 by Miss Plover of Norwich, about 1847. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 -'i. 
 
 , \V\\e , 
 
 M\\\e.s, ^\x\\J) OTV . 
 
 ,K\vc)\x.%X "a. 
 
 o 
 
 IOfl 
 
 ,200 
 
 ^300 
 400 
 '500 
 600 
 TOO 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1300 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 WOO 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 MOO 
 7300 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 
 09 A.D. BATTLE OF TEUTOBURG. 
 
 "V^ \>axv\e, Vxi 
 
 x"<\ *.vv^ VwwfctVv. 
 
 \4USKET.-A fire-arm succeeding the 
 arquebus, about, IS2l.Muslin.-Cot- 
 ton cloth, of oriental origin, -first 
 made in England, abou*!670.Myp- 
 graphioti. -Apparatus for determin- 
 ing: the. velocity of the nervous cur- 
 rent, invented by Hc!mholtz,l850 
 Mytholopy .-Tradi l ions respecting 
 the gods of any people, supposed 
 to have been introduced among the 
 Egyptians, about 1521 B.C.Naboms- 
 sar. Era of.-Commenced Feb.26, 
 747 B.C. Naphtha. -A clear, com- 
 bustible rock oil, known to the 
 ancient Greeks. Napier's Bones. - 
 Method of computing by means of 
 marked pieces of ivory, discovered 
 about 1616. 
 
 NATURAL GAS .-Has been known and 
 used to some evtent in China for 
 centuries; known in the Uti ited 
 States for many ye_ars previous to 
 1884, since which time it has been 
 extensively explored. Natural His- 
 tory. -Was studied by Solomon, 1014 
 B.C.Jby Aristotle, 384 B.C. Natural 
 Philosophy. -Studied byThalcs,a- 
 bout 600 B.C.; by Pythagoras, 590 
 B.C. Natitraliiation. -Making a 
 foreigner a citiicn of any country, 
 first law passed in England, 1437. 
 Nature Pritttiti9. -Impressing ob- 
 jects, such as plants, mosses,feath 
 ers, etc., into plates of metal, arid 
 afterwards taking casts or copies 
 for printing from, introduced bu 
 Kniphoff of Erfurt, about 1140. 
 
 NAVIGATION. -Began with the 
 Egyptians and Phoenicians; first, 
 navigation laws enacted by the Rho- 
 dians,9!6 B.C.; first in England, a 
 bout 1 194. Nebular Hypothesis. - 
 Supposing the universe to have 
 been formed out of shapeless mass- 
 es of nebulae, was put forth bu Sir 
 Wm.Herschel, ISII.Needles.-Mod- 
 ern needles were first made, 1545. 
 Needle-fruit. -Invented bij J.N. Drei; 
 se of Soernmerda, about 1827. Neme- 
 an Games. -Celebrated atNetneain 
 Achaia, before 1226 B.C.Nephoscope. 
 For measuring the velocity of clouds, 
 invented by Karl Braun^aboutlSSS. 
 Neptune. -A primary planet,first 
 discovered by Or.&alle atBerlin,Sep 
 23,1846. 
 
 NEPTUNIUM. -New metal, dis- 
 covered in tannalitc, buR.Herrtnatin, 
 1 877JMews papers.- The Honiati Ac- 
 ta. Dlur-na. were issued, it is said, 
 691; B.C.; theGazetta was publish- 
 ed in Venice, about 1536; first 
 real newspaper jn England was 
 the Public /wte///0wcer,esi:ablish- 
 ed by. Roger V Estrange, 1663; first 
 continuously published in Amer 
 ica was the Boston News Letter* 
 1702. New Style. -Reckoning time 
 according to trie present calendar, 
 the old stule calendar having 1 been 
 rectified bu Pope&regory XIII, 1582 
 by calling the 5th of Oct. the 15th; 
 it was adopted in England, 1752., by 
 calling the 3rd of Sept. the 14th. 
 Newtonian Philosophy. -Respecting 
 gravitation,etc., bt<6ir Isaac Newton,l687 
 
 135
 
 NEW YEAR'S DAY.- Jan. I, 713 B.C 
 was -made the firs* day of the year, 
 but fufisfquftitly various other dates 
 were used. Late in the 16th century 
 Jan. I was universally adopted as 
 N.Y. D. Nickal.-White metal, dis 
 covered by Comtadr, !75I.Nihilists.- 
 Ultra.-reformcrs, became known 
 in Russia, 1872. Niobium. -A rare 
 metal, discovered by Hatehett, 1801. 
 Nitre. -See Sn/tpeten Nitric Acid, 
 (Aqua. Fortis).-Compound of nitro- 
 en and oxygen, firtt obtained by 
 Raymond Lullu, about 1287. Nitro 
 Qti.- Elementary as, discovered by 
 Rutherford, abou* ml. 
 N ITRO-OLYCeRINE. -Intensely ex- 
 plosive amber-like fluid, discovered by 
 5obre.ro, 1847. Nobi I i*y, Titles of.- 
 Origirtated with thcaticictitfroths, 
 who first bejan to attract attention 
 about 350 B.C. Normal Schools. - 
 For the instruction of teacher,first 
 established at Paris, Oct. 3 , 17 94. 
 Notaries. Public. -Said to have been 
 first appointed by the primitive fath- 
 er* of the Christian church in <^ve 
 1st century. Novels. -First writ- 
 ten about 400 A. 0. Numismatics. 
 -Science of coins and .medals, first 
 wotk in England published on this 
 subject, by Evelyn, 1697. Nunnery.' 
 The first founded is said *o have 
 been that to which the sister of 
 St. Anthony retired at the close 
 of the 3rd century. 
 DATHS.- Were taken by Abraham, 
 I892.B..C.; authorized, 149 I B .C.; 
 administered in judicial proceed- 
 ings by Savons in England, about 
 600;. administered to judges, 1344. 
 Obelisk. -The first mentioned in 
 history is that of Raineses,kin9 of 
 Egupt, about I485 B.C. Observato- 
 ries.- The first is said to have been 
 erected on -the top of the temple of 
 Balus at Babylon. abou-t 2134 B.C.; 
 one was erectet by Ptolemy Soter 
 at Alexandria,, about 300 B.C.; Im- 
 perial at Paris, 1667 ', Royal atGreen 
 wich,!67S; National at Washington, 
 1845. Odd Fellows.-Fir'.i lodge iri 
 the United States established at 
 Baltimore, Apr! 1 26, 1819. Ode*.-Are 
 very ancient. Anachreon's were 
 composed about 532. B.C., and Pin- 
 dar's from 498 to 44 6 B.C. 
 ODONTOLOOY.-Science of the teeth, 
 may be said to have really begun with 
 the researches of Richard Owen, a- 
 bout 1839. 091^96*. Delude of.-Said 
 *o have occurred 1164 B.C. Ohm's 
 Law.-For determining the quan- 
 tity of th electro-motive force of 
 the Voltaic battery, was publish- 
 ed in 1827. Oil. -Used forburnino 
 in lamps, about 1921 B.C. Old Tes- 
 ta-men*. -Finished about430 B.C.; 
 translated mtoG-reek by Aqu-fla, 
 128. Olef iant &*s.-Comb'itiation of 
 hydroorn and carbon, formed arti- 
 ficially by Berthelot, 1867. Oleo- 
 maryArmc. -Invented (869. Olives. 
 -Their cultivation wastauoht bu 
 Cecrops at Athens, 1556. B.C. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 O 49 B.C. CA1SAR PROCLAIMED DICTATOR 
 100 
 
 1(200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 OLYMPIADS. -Era of the frreeUs, 
 commenced Julg 1,776 B.C.OIyrn- 
 picG-atnes.-Said to have been in- 
 stituted in hoiior of Jupiter by 
 the Idae! Dactyl!, 1453 B.C. Omens. 
 -Amphictyon was the first who 
 is recorded as having drawn pro9- 
 tio9tic 4 ations from ornens, 1497 B.C 
 Otnni buses. -The original idea 
 of such conveyances is ascribed 
 to Pascal, about 1662; first made 
 in Paris, 1828; in London, 1829; 
 in New, York, 1830. Otmiritietcr.- 
 Surveym? apparatus, invented 
 by EcUhold of &er-many, about 
 1869. Operas. -Said to have been 
 first corn posed by Adam de la Hale, 
 aTrouvere, who was born, 1 240,. 
 
 OPHTHALMOSCOPE. -Apparatus 
 for inspecting the interior of t he 
 eye, invented by Helm holtz, about 
 I8SI. Opju/m..-Known to the a-n- 
 cients, it bein9 mentiorted'bM Ho- 
 mer, about 900 B.C. Optics. -A sci- 
 ence studied by the G-reeks before 
 400 B.C. Optic Nerves.- Said to have 
 been discovered by Varole of 60)09- 
 na, about IS38.Optimisrri.-Doc- 
 trine^hat everything which hap- 
 pens Is for the best, its germ be- 
 ing found in Plato, 428 B.C. Ora- 
 cles. -Revelations -made by ftod to 
 man, mentioned, Exod. XXV. 18- 
 22,1491 B.C. Oranges. -The sweet, 
 or China orange, was first Intro- 
 duced into Europe from China by 
 the Portu9uese, 1547. Oratorio. - 
 Kind > of sacred musical drama, its 
 origin being ascribed to St. Philip 
 Neri, about 1550. 
 
 ORDINATION. -Of ministers in- 
 to the Christian chuTcKbegan with 
 Christ and his apostles. Organs .- 
 Their invention is attributed to Ar- 
 chimedes, about 220 B.C.; used 
 in thechu.rch.es of theG-reek Em- 
 pire, 65 A. 0.; in England , about 
 951 ; played at a distance by e lee- 
 trie connection, 1868. Ortiithol- 
 ooy .-Science treating of birds. Lin- 
 naeus divided birds into si* orders, 
 1735. Orphan Houses.-First erect- 
 ed by the emperor Trajan, about 
 75 A. 0. Orrery. -Planetary appara 
 tus to i 1 1 ustrate the motions o f 
 the heavenly bodies, supposed to have 
 
 .been invented about458B.C. 
 
 OSCILLATING ENGINE. -in vented 
 
 by Witty, 1813. Osmium. -Metal, 
 discovered by Ten-nan t, 1803. Os- 
 trich. -Native of A/Tiea,weri- 
 tioned in Job XXXIX. 14, 1520 B.C. 
 Ounce. -Sixteenth part of t He 
 pound avoirdupois, and twelfth 
 part of the pound troy, its precise 
 weight having been fixed by Hen- 
 ry III., 1233. OvsTseert.- For the 
 poor, were appointed in England, 
 1 69 1..D xal ic Acid .- Process for o b- 
 taming it was patented byDr.Dale, 
 1862. Oxygen.- Discovered in 1774 
 by Priestly, OysferS.- In Britain, 
 are mentioned by Juvenal, 1 00 A.O. 
 Ozone. -Was discovered by Schb'n- 
 bei-n of Basel, 1840.
 
 PACIFIC CABLE.- From San Fran- 
 cisco *o Hawaiian Islands, propos- 
 ed 1891. Padlocks. -Said to have been 
 invented by BeecHer at Nuremberg, 
 1540, but are mentioned as early 
 as l39l.Pa9ans.-The heath<m,first 
 so called, about 33 1. Painting.- Os 
 yman.dyas of Egypt caused his 
 exploits to be represented in paint- 
 ing, 2100 B.C. Palaeontology. A 
 branch of oeology, a science found- 
 ed in the 19th century, by Cuvier, 
 Mantell, Agassii, Owen, Forbes,and 
 Blainvtlle. Palladium. -Rare met- 
 al, discovered by Dr.Wallaston,l803. 
 Pallas. -Planet, discovered by 01- 
 bers at Bremen, 1802. Paint Sun- 
 day. -Observed since 33 A. D. 
 
 PAMPHLETS. -First made- *heir 
 appearance about J525. Panora- 
 mas. -Birds' e.ye views painted round 
 the wall of acircular building, in- 
 vented by Robert Barker, about 
 1788. Pantapraph. -Instrument 
 for copying, reducing, or enlarg- 
 ino plans, etc., invented bw Chris- 
 topher Schemer, about 1603-Patita- 
 leon.- Musical instrument, invent- 
 ed by Pantalepn Hebenstreit,about 
 1735. Pantheism. -Doctrine of "ev- 
 erything is C-od,and God is one,"was 
 especially taught by Xenophanes,who 
 died 500 B.C. Pantomimes. -Rep- 
 resentations by gestures and atti- 
 tudes, were introduced on the Ro- 
 man stage bu Py lades and 8ai-hi.il- 
 lus, 22 B.C. 
 
 PAPAL INFALLIBILITY.- A dogma 
 promulgated at the general council 
 at Rome., July 18, 1810. Paper.- In- 
 vented in China, HO B.C.; made 
 of cotton, 1000; of linen raps, 13 19; 
 introduced into England, 1588; the 
 first white paper, !690.PaperHano- 
 ings.-Stamped paper. for this pur- 
 pose was first made in Spain and 
 Holland about 1555. Paper Mill.- 
 Invented by Whatman, 1770. Pa- 
 per Moneu.- First used in Amer- 
 ica, 1740. Parachu-tes.- First con- 
 structed and used by Blanchard,ll85. 
 Para/fin..- A. substance resembling 
 spermaceti, first produced by distil- 
 lation of coal, by Reichenbach,[830 
 Parasols. -Were used by the ancient 
 Egyptians; came into general use 
 about 1820. 
 
 PARCHMENT.- Invented for writ- 
 ing books by Attalus of Pergamus, 
 about 887 B.C. Pardons. -Were first 
 proclaimed at cororiations.by Ed- 
 ward III., 1327. Parishes. -Their boiin 
 darie.s first fired in England by Ho- 
 norius,S36. Parkesine. -Substance 3000 
 composed of gun-cotton, obtained 3100 
 from various vegetable bodies, and 3200 
 oil, invented by Ale*. Parks of Bir- 3300 
 mingham, about !862.Parks.-Werc 3400 
 attached to villas by. ancient Romans. 3500 
 Parricide. -Such acrime not being 3600 
 thought.possible, there was no law 3700 
 against it at either ancient Athens 3800 
 or Rome. The first mentioned is 3900 
 that of L.Ostius, who killed his dnnn 
 father.about 172 B.C. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 TOO 
 600 
 ^500 
 400 
 300 
 200 
 
 IOO 
 ,200 
 1300 
 '400 
 500 
 600 
 TOO 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 MOO 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 W 'ba.xowi "ivxyrnvvV Xot\vart\e/w\<y<\e, . 
 
 ^ \>v, KVWVG. 
 i &o\i\ < w\ V\. 
 con\-n\ei(\oe%. 
 42 A. D. PETER IMPRISONED BYACRIPPA 
 
 ot if 
 
 v&XC! towe'\t\XoVxX\c.. 
 
 'ARTHEON.-Temple at Athens.ded- 
 icated to Mine-cva, erected about 
 44ZB.C. Passion Week. -The week 
 preceding Easter, so called since 
 the Reformation. Passover. -Most 
 solemn festival of the Jews, insti- 
 tuted 1491 B.C. Patatifcs.- First 
 granted in England, 1344; first 
 in America, 1790. Pavcttieti*s.- 
 The CaTthaqinians(Carthage 
 founded 1233 B.C.) are said to have 
 been the first to pave their sheets 
 
 with stones: London was first 
 paved about 1533: Paris, 1 1 86. 
 Paw-n broking.- Practiced by Ro- 
 man emperors in lending money 
 upon land; borrowing money on 
 deposited pledges is traced to Peru- 
 gia, Italy, about 1462. 
 
 PEACHES. -Said to have been ititro 
 duced into England from Persia, a 
 bout 1562. Pearls. -Mentioned in 
 Job xxviii. 18, 1520 B.C.Pedlars. 
 First licensed in England,l698. Pe- 
 dometer and Odometer". For 
 measuring the distancetravers- 
 ed by a walker or carriage, the lat 
 ter was used in the 15th century, 
 and the former first patented, 1783 
 PendM.lM.rnS.- Origin traced to 
 Galileo's observation of_thevibra 
 tions of a hanging lampinachurch 
 at Pisa; the isochronous property 
 applied to clocks by &alileo,about 
 1639. PctiTiy. -The first silver 
 coin made in England, and was 
 current amon<> the Anglo-Saxons 
 Penny Posfcase.- First introduced 
 in Enoland, 1839. 
 ENS.-G^M.ills In use previous to 
 1803; steel pens first wade by Mr. 
 Wise of England, 1803, and great- 
 ly improved by Mr.&illott of Bir- 
 mingham, 182.2. Pctisiotis.-ftra^t 
 ed in England before 1700; first in 
 America, 1776. Pentameter Verse. 
 First used about the 7th cen. B.C. 
 Pe-nta*euch.-First five books of the 
 Bible, probably written about 1452 
 B.C.Pcntecost.-Solemn festival of 
 the Jews, instituted 
 
 per.-Was used as a medicine by the 
 G-reeks, 500 B.C.Pepsiti. -Organic sub 
 stance, found by Schwamm i ;i gas 
 trie juice, and evperimented on by 
 M.BIondlot, 1843. Percussion Caps 
 First used between 1820 and 1830 
 
 PERFUMERY.-Used !490B.C;itbe 
 came fashionable in England aboul 
 1 550. Perjury. -The ancient Greeks 
 punished it by marks of infamy 
 and the_ Romans by throwing from 
 a precipjce. Perpetual Motion.- Oe 
 clared impossible by Sir Isaac New 
 ton, and affirmed by the academy 
 of sciences at Paris, 1775. Persian 
 
 . Era of Yezdegird.- Commenced 
 June 16, 632. Perspective. -In draw 
 ing, was known to the a-mients, 
 but seems to have been a lost art 
 until revived by Durer, Del Borgo, 
 and Bramantino, about 1440. Pcr- 
 i*ke or Wig. -The ancients used 
 false hair, but the present wig was 
 first worn in Italy about 1620. 
 
 137
 
 PERUVIAN 
 
 uits' Bark, from the cinchona . ._ 
 used in the manufacture of cincho 
 n& and quinine, discpvered.inPeru 
 about 1535 by a Jesuiv.Pessitnistn. 
 The doctrine that everything which 
 happens is for the worst, has been 
 brought out as a philosophical sys- 
 tem since 1819, but was taught in 
 many ancient writings. Pestalox 
 n'an System of Education. -Oevis 
 ed by John Henry^Pestaloizi, who 
 was born in Switzerland, 174$, 
 and died, 1817. Petard. -I nstru 
 nint used for blowing up gates, 
 barriers, tc., invented by the Hu 
 auenots, about 1579. 
 PETITIONS. -Of the time of Edward 
 I., 1239, are cxrtant. Petroleum. - 
 Discovered in the bituminous coal 
 regions of N.W. Pennsylvania, 1859. 
 Pews. -Were used in churches in 
 London, 1453. Phalanx. -Consist 
 <d of 8000 men in a square battal 
 ion, that of Philip of Macedon be 
 ing formed about 360 B.C.Pharttia 
 cy. -Knowledge of the chemical and 
 medicinal properties of drugs; a so- 
 ciety was formed in England !ri 
 1841. Pharos. -Of Ptolemy Philadel 
 phus of Alexandria^ one of the eev 
 en wonders of the world, complet 
 ed about 283 B.C.Phctiophthalrno 
 scope. -For investigating the move 
 me-nts of the eye-ball, invented by 
 Ponders of Utrecht, about 1870. 
 PHILIPPICS.-Orationsof Demosthe 
 nes against Philip II. of Macedon, 
 352-341 B.C.Philology.-Scierice at 
 language, much studied during the 
 19th century. Philosophical Lamp 
 -Constructed by Johann Wolfgano 
 Dobereiner about 1823. Philoso- 
 phy. -Pythagoras first adopted 
 the name of philosopher about 
 528 B.C. Phoneidoscope.-For ob 
 serving the color-figures of liquid 
 films under the action of sonorous 
 vibrations, invented by Sdky Tay- 
 lor, 1877. Phonograph. -For imi- 
 tating vocal sounds of speech, pro 
 jectad by Mr. Creed, 1747; patent 
 ed by Mr. Fenby, 1863; new one 
 by Mr. Edison,l877. Phonography 
 Suggested by Franklin,l768; in- 
 vented bu Isaac Pitman, 1837. 
 PHONOSCOPE. -For testin 9 *he 
 quality of musical strings, invent 
 ed by M. Koenig, about 1862. Phos- 
 phorus. -Discovered by Brandt of 
 Hamburg, 1667, who procured it 
 from urine. Phosphor-Bronze. - 
 Alloy of copper, tin, and phospho- 
 rus, invented bit Montefiore-levi 
 and Kunzel.of Belgium, !867.Pho- 
 to-Enyraviti9.-The principle dis- 
 covered by Niepce in the early pau 
 of the 19th century; some methods 
 for half-tone engravings were pat- 
 ented by Fo* Talbot, 1852 and 1858 
 Photography. ; Theactionof light 
 on chloride of silver was known as 
 early as the 16th century; studied 
 by Scheele, 1771 ; by Wcdgetvood, 1805; 
 Dag*erre,f824; Talbot, 1839. 
 
 CEN . YR CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1900 
 
 1800 
 
 1700 "W VV^OMY*'* iv^Keyvbav , Oc.X .W . 
 
 1600 
 
 1\ ^\ 
 
 WOO 
 
 1300 
 
 I200 
 
 IIOO 
 
 1 000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 
 '500 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 .200 
 
 ^100 .. 
 
 * O 61 A. D.ST.PAUL IMPRISONED AT ROME 
 
 1 00 W V\\XV\ o\ i\v\'\\n.* G,,*\ , VvVj VX. 
 
 ; 200 W ^OYftUftt &e4-aXe^ j.X\V'<as\'r\ft\\e 
 
 400 
 w500 
 1600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 IIOO 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 
 X(yA o* Oq^e)e, l =.\)e.o,'\\\'b. 
 
 W ^\ywas.X\) 
 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 
 PHOTOMETER. -Light measurer, 
 invented by Dr. Ritchie, 1825. Phre- 
 nology. -Study of the evternal form 
 of the Human scull, as indicative of 
 -mental powers and -moral qualities, 
 first propounded by Dr.Oall, a C-e r- 
 man physician, bor-n_!n 1758. Phys- 
 ic. -Theory or practice ^n>af- 
 ci-ue, appears to have been first 
 practiced by the Eo.yptian priests 
 See Medicine. Physics. -Natural 
 philosophy, among the first who 
 gave especial attention to the sub- 
 ject, are Thales, about 600 B.C., Py- 
 thagoras, 590, and Aristotle and 
 Plato, 350 6. C. Physiognomy .- 
 Study of the dispositions frorn 
 the features of the face, the ori- 
 gin of the science is attributed to 
 Aristotle, about 350 B.C. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY.-Science whjch treats 
 of the organs of living bodies and 
 their functions. The work of Miil- 
 ler(born 1801) is one of the earliest 
 on the s_ub;ect. Piano-forte. The 
 invention is attributed to Cristo- 
 falli,ati Italian, J.C.Schrb ter,a&er- 
 rnan, and Marius,aFrenchman,ear- 
 ly in the 18th century. Pigeons. - 
 Employed as carriers by the ancients. 
 Hirtiu-s and Brutus corresponded 
 by means of pigeons at the siege of 
 Modena, about 40 B.C.Pilarittia- 
 
 Ses. -Began with that of the empress 
 elena to Jerusalem, 326. Pillo- 
 ry.- Frame used for the i}-if fic- 
 tion of punishrnenfc,usedasear- 
 ly as I25ff. 
 
 PlNS.-Mentioned first jn an Eng- 
 lish statute, 1483, and first wade, 
 1543; first made by machinery in 
 America, 1832. Pipes. -Of lead.for 
 conveying water, first made in 
 1544. See Tobacco Pipes. Piracyv 
 Was severely suppfessed^y, the 
 Romans before 67 B.C. Piscicul- 
 ture. -First laws enacted for the 
 protection of fisheries were enact- 
 ed in England, 1284. Pistols.- The 
 smallest fire-arms, said to have 
 been invented at Pistoia in Italy; 
 first used by English cavalry, 1544. 
 Pitch and Tar. -First made from 
 pit coal at Bristol, 1779. Plagues.- 
 Those of Egypt were 149) B.C.; the 
 first recorded general plague in 
 all parts of the world occurred 
 767 B.C. 
 
 PLANETS.- Jupiter, IVlars,etc.,s 
 eachn'n its alphabetic order. Plan- 
 etarium. -See Orrery. Platonic 
 Philosophy. -That founded by Pla- 
 to, and noted for comprehensive- 
 ness, 409 to 347 B.C.PIatiiwteter.- 
 For measuring the area of any 
 figure by the passage of a tracer 
 round about its perjmeter, i n- 
 vented bMAmslerin England 
 about 1872. Planing Machine. - 
 One for wood was invented by 
 Bra-mah, about 1802, and one for 
 iron, by Clement, 1825. Plaster of 
 f art*. -Fjrst found near Paris. Cast- 
 ing with it from the face was first 
 discovered by Verrochio, about I486. 
 
 138
 
 PLATING-.- Art of covering baser met- 
 als with a thin coatof silver, tiickel, 
 etc., said to have, been invented by 
 a Birmingham spur-maker; elec- 
 tro-depositing was first success- 
 fully done by Mr. Spencer in Eng- 
 land, and Pro/. Jacob! in Russia, 
 1831-8. Platinum. -Heaviest of.all 
 the metals. (See Specific Grav/'tt/ 
 underweights and Measures). It 
 was -found in South America by 
 the Spaniards, and was unknown 
 in Europe be-fore 1741. Plays. 
 First acted at Rome, 240 B.C. Plead- 
 I-H9S. -Originated with Clpthaire,a- 
 bout 616. Plows. -Mentioned in 
 De.ut, x-xii. 10, 1451 B.C. 
 
 PLUMS. -The finer varieties Intro- 
 duced into Er^land from Italy and 
 Flanders abou* l522.Plu-nibaoo.- 
 See Graphite. Plus (+) .an d M i- 
 iiifs( ). -Their invention is at- 
 tributed to eitter Christopher Ru- 
 dolph, about 1522., or to Michael 
 Stifelius, about 1 5 44. Pneumatic 
 Despatch. -For conveying letters 
 and parcels through tubes by means 
 of atmospheric pressure and a vac- 
 uum, -first used in London, 1861. 
 Pneumatic Loom. -In.which corn- 
 pressed air is the motive power, in- 
 vented by Mr. Harrison about- 
 1864. Pneumatics. -Science tieat- 
 ing of the mechanical properties 
 of air and gases. See Air. Poc*- 
 Laureate . - C h au-cer assumed this 
 title about 1389. 
 
 rOETRY.-The song of Moses onthe 
 delivery of the .Israelites, 1491 B.C., 
 is the most ancient poetry extant. 
 Poisoning. -A conspiracy was fortn 
 ed by a number of Roman ladies 
 who poisoned their husbartds,33l 
 B.C., and 170 of them were executed 
 Polar Clock. 7 By which time is meas- 
 u.red by polarized light, invented, 
 by Wheatstone, about 1849. Polari- 
 zation of Light. -Discovered b y 
 Huyghens, abqutl692.Pole Star.- 
 jn the constellation Ursa Minor-., 
 its discovery is ascribed bytheChi- 
 nese to their empe-ror, Hong-t!,who 
 flourished about 1970 B.C. Pol ice.- 
 The London police grew out of the 
 London watch, instituted about 
 1253. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY.-A science, 
 
 dating, in England from the publi- 
 cation of Adam Smith's "Wealth 
 of Nations, H76.Politician-.-The 
 term was first used in France about 
 l569.Poll-Tax.-EYisted awptig the 
 ancient- Romans; first levied in 
 England, 1380. Polo. -Came of ball 
 termed hockey played on horseback, 
 became popular ab,out 1872. Polyg- 
 amy. -Practiced by Lamech,3874 
 B.C.; was permitted among most 
 of the early nations. Polytechnic 
 Institutions. -First was opened 
 at Paris, 1794. Pompey's Pillar. - 
 Famous column standing in the 
 neighborhood of Alexandria, said 
 to have been erected by Publius, pre- 
 fect of'Egypt, about 296 A.D. 
 
 CEN . VR . CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 '500 
 
 400 
 
 :300 
 
 '100 
 JO I9B.C.ROMEATITSGREATESTGLORY. 
 
 olOO 
 
 |300 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 Yi *-v 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 1 000 
 IIOO 
 I200 
 I300 
 1400 
 
 1500 1\U' 
 1600 %% >>a 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 'I<,3IOO 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 *ONTIFFS. -Highest Roman sacer- 
 dotal order, established by IMuma 
 Pornpilius, about 690 B.C.Popc.- 
 The title was first adopted by Hy- 
 pinus, l33.Popliri.-Elegant si IK 
 and worsted fabric, made iti Franc* 
 before I693. Porcelaitt.- Formed 
 of earth kaolin, was made in Chi- 
 na in the 2nd century after Christ. 
 Por#er.-A beverage first so called 
 in London abou-t I730. Positive 
 Philosophy. -Set forth byAu9uste 
 Comte,an eminent mathemati- 
 cian, born about I79S. Pps*s.- 
 Said to have originated with Cyrus, 
 who erected post-houses throu9h 
 out Persia, about 550 B.C. 
 
 POST-OFFICES. -First establish- 
 ed between Vienna and Brussels, 
 I5l6;evisted in England, I635; 
 first in America, 1 7^0 ; postage- 
 stamps introduced in England, 
 I840; in America, I847. Potas- 
 sium. -A metal discovered by 
 Davu,l807.Po*ato8S.-Native of 
 Chili and Peru, first introduced 
 into England, (565. PoMcry .- 
 The manufacture of earthenware 
 e*iste'd among the Jews asan hon 
 orable occupation before I300 B.C. 
 Pou.nd.-A weight,/>on</us,which 
 existed among the ancient Rowans 
 Praetorian Guards. -instituted by 
 the emperor Augustus, 13 B.C. 
 
 PFWE.TORS. -Roman, magistrates 
 One was appointed in 365 B.C.; a 
 second, 252 B.C. Prayers.- K TWeri 
 began men to call upon trie-name 
 of the Lord " (Gen. iv. 26), 387 5 
 B.C. Precedence. -Established in 
 very early ages, and was amongs 
 the laws of Justinian, 527-9 A.D. 
 Pries*. -In G-en. xiv. IS, Welch rz.- 
 adek,king of Salem, is called" priest 
 of the most high God, " I9I3 B.C. 
 Printer. -A book socalleo^frorn 
 the Romish book of devotions, for- 
 merly set forth as the first book 
 children should /read in schools; 
 primers were printed in I 535. 
 Prini09eti*u.re, Right of. -A su 
 periority that the f irst-Borti has 
 over his brethren, a usa?e brought 
 down from the earliest patriarch 
 al ages. 
 
 PRINTING. -Block printing invent; 
 ed by the Chinese, about 533 A.D. 
 movable type said to have been in 
 vented in the 10th century, also 
 by Faust afM.enti, 1440 ; -f irst 
 book printed in America at Me* 
 ico, 1535; first p/ress in the United 
 States at Cambridge, 1639; acylin 
 der press patented by Nicholson, 
 1790; Adam's press, 1830 ; Hoe 
 press, 1847} printing in colors 
 was begttn in 1455. Prisoners- 
 of War.- Enslaved by ancient na 
 tions; f irst.exchanged in the 13th 
 century. Privateers. -Licensed pri 
 vate ships in time of war, the prai 
 tice being said to have originatec 
 with Edward I., about 1295. Pri- 
 vy Council. -The first is said to 
 have been instituted by Alfred, 895 
 
 139
 
 PROBABILITY, THEORY op.-orig 
 
 inaud by Pascal, and taken up by 
 Fertnat, in theircorrespondence, 
 1654. Proba* Court.- Establish- 
 ed in Etidland, 1857. Profiles. - 
 The first recorded profile taken 
 was that of Antigonus,who,hav- 
 itio but one cue, his likeness was 
 so taken, 330 B.C. Promissory 
 Notes. -Regulated and allowed to 
 be assignable, 1705. Propelling 
 Wheels. -Invented by Volturius, 
 l-i"; . Prophets.- An order insti- 
 tuted, or at least reformed, buSaw- 
 uel,who was born about 1137 
 B.C., though Abraham is spoken 
 of as a prophet, 1396 B.C. 
 
 PROTEIN. -The basis of albumen, 
 fibrin, and casei-n, the term being 
 first used bu Mulder, about 1844. 
 Protestants. -First so called at 
 the diet of Spires in C-er-many, 
 April 19, 1529. Proverbs.-Those 
 of Solomon are dated about 1000 
 B.C. Proxies, Voting ,by.-Ati ancient 
 practice in the English par I la- 
 ment, was regulated by law,a 
 bout 1630. Prussic Acid. -Discov- 
 ered by Oiesbach,l709.Psalms.- 
 Those of David were collected by 
 Solomon, about 1000 B.C. Pseudo- 
 scope. -A reversed stereoscope, in- 
 vented by Wheatstone,|8S2.Psy- 
 cltrottie*r.-For;measuring the 
 amount of elastic vapors in the 
 atmosphere, invented bii&uy 
 Lussac,who died, 1850. 
 
 PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM.-By Clau- 
 dius Ptolemy of Egypt, about 140 
 A.D., supposes the earth to be fix- 
 ed in the centre of the universe, 
 and that the sun, -moon, and 
 stars move -Pound once in twen 
 ty-four hours. The Pythagorian 
 System (500 B.C.), fixing the sun 
 as the centre, was revived i n 
 1530 by Copernicus, and subse- 
 quently demonstrated by Kepler 
 (I6l9),and Newton (1687). Public 
 Schools. -See Common Schoob.ful- 
 ley.-Said to have been invented 
 byArchytas of Tarentutn, about 
 400 B.C. 
 
 PULMAN CARS. -The palace cars 
 were patented in 1864, and the 
 vestibuled, 1887. Pumps. -The in- 
 vention is ascribed to Danaus,at 
 Lindus, 1485 B.C., and subsequent 
 ly toCtesibius of Alexandria, about 
 224 B.C. Punctuation. -The peri- 
 od (.) is the most ancient; the 
 colon ('.) was introduced about 
 1485.; the comma (,), 152.1; the 
 semicolon (;), 1570; the interro- 
 gation!?) , asterisk (), and paren 
 theses (), l387.Puppe**.-Of which 
 the eyes, arms, etc., were moved 
 bu strings, were used by the an- 
 cjents before 444,6.0. Purga- 
 tive*.- For evacuating the intes- 
 tines, are ascribed to Actuarius, 
 a Greek physician, 1245. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 '500 
 .400 
 :300 
 200 
 
 IIM 
 o 
 
 Pi oo 
 
 200 
 |300 
 '400 
 ,500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 MOO 
 2500 
 2600 
 0700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 "VX tV 
 
 XT. 
 
 94 A.D.8T. JOHN BANISHED TO FATMOS. 
 
 YX 
 
 o4 VCxrvioo tx 
 
 URGATORY.-Ooctrineof the Ro- 
 man Catholics tha.t there is a. 
 middle place between heaveti and 
 hell, known since about 250 A. D. 
 Pitri/ication.- After child birth, 
 ordained by the Jewish law i n 
 1430 B.C. Purple. -Mixed tin9e 
 of blue and scarlet, discovered 
 at Tyre before 1490 B.C. Pyra- 
 mids of Egypt. -They are sup- 
 posed to have been commenced 
 about 1500 B.C. The o txatest is 
 said to have been erected bw Che- 
 ops, 1082. B.C.Pyrolo*er.-Fire- 
 extinguisher for use in ships , 
 invented by Dr. Paton, about 
 1 875. Pyroitie.*cr. -Thermometer 
 for measuring the heat offurna- 
 ces, described by Muschenbroek. 
 I73I. 
 
 PYROPHONE.-A singing-flamed 
 musical instrument, invented by 
 Frederic Kastner of Paris, abou-t 
 1 873. Pythagorean Philosophy. 
 -By Pythagoras, about 555 B.C. 
 He taught the doctrine of the 
 transmigration of souls, forbid 
 the eating of f lech, and, beans.in 
 vented the multiplication table, 
 improved geometry , and tau-pht 
 the present system of astronomy. 
 Pythian Oan-ies. -Instituted in 
 honor of A polio, near the tem- 
 ple of Delphi, about 12.63 B.C. 
 G(.u.ackcry .-Quack medicines 
 were taxed in 1,783. flU*adrarit. 
 -Mathematical instrument, in- 
 troduced about 2.30 B.C. 
 
 QUADRIULE.-A dance, wade pop- 
 ular about 1810, Q^uadruplex 
 Telegraphy. -Four messa9cs a- 
 long one wire, perfected in 1876 
 by Prescott, Smith.and Edison. 
 l.uakers.-A sect founded about 
 1646, in England, by G-eorge Fox. 
 Quarantine. -First observed at 
 Venice about I I27.^uatei-tiion. 
 -Important mathematical tneth 
 od or calculus, invented by Sir 
 Ww. Hamilton.about [84-3. H is 
 "Lectures on Quaternions" was 
 published in 1853. C^ucen. -The 
 first woman invested with sov- 
 ereign authority was Sewiratnis, 
 queen of Assyria, 2017 B.C. 
 
 QUICKSILVER. -in its liquid 
 
 State, mercury. Theophrastu-s, 
 aboutSOO B.C., mentions it as 
 a derivative of cinnabar. Its use 
 jn refining silver was discovered 
 in 1540. G^uills. -Said to have 
 been first used for pens, about 
 553. Quince. -Introduced, from 
 Austria before 1573. Quinine. 
 -An alkaloid much used in med 
 icine, discovered in 1 820, by Pel- 
 letier and Caventou.,C(ui-MqM.a- 
 gesittia Sunday.-Said to have 
 been first appointed buG-regory 
 the Oreat, about 600. C^u-oitS.- 
 A game said to have originated with 
 the G-reeks, about 1453 B.C. 
 
 140
 
 RACES. -Horse-races were atnong 
 the favorite aamcs of ancient C-reece. 
 Known in England before 1130. 
 Rack.-Engine of torture, -for ex- 
 tracting a con Session from crim- 
 inals, used in south Europe in 
 the 1st and 2nd centurt'es. Radi- 
 ation of Heal. -First began to re- 
 ceive attention by Sir John Leslie 
 and Count Rumford, about 1802. 
 Radiometer.- Instrument which 
 -rapidly revolves in a vacuum, un- 
 der the influence o( light, invent- 
 ed by Wm.Crookes, 1 873. Ragged 
 Schools. -Free schools (or outcast 
 destitute ragged children. One was 
 opened by John Pounds of Ports- 
 mouth, Eng., about 1838. 
 
 RAILWAYS. 7 Shoyt roads were 
 constructed in Newcastle, E-ng., 
 by Mr. Beaumont, 1602; an iron 
 railway near^Sheffield, Eng., 1776; 
 firs* in America was the Baltimore, 
 and Ohio, 1828. Railway Break. - 
 Invented by Achard, 1868. Rain- 
 bow. -Mentioned as the token 
 of the_ covenant with Noah,2348 
 B.C.; its theory developed by Kep- 
 ler,! 611. Ransowe's Artificial 
 Stone. -Invented by Fred.Ransoiw 
 184-8. Rape. -Punished with death 
 by the ancient Jews, froths, an d 
 Rowans. Rationalism. -Doctrine 
 that- there is no divine revelation, 
 and that there is no othernieans 
 of acquiring knowledge but b_y CY- 
 perience and reason. One of its 
 leading advocates was_ Reirna.ru. s 
 of Ham burg, who died in 1768. 
 
 REAPING MACHINES. -One was 
 invented by Rev. Patrick Bell irt 
 England, 1 826. See Mowers. Rec- 
 iprocity Treaties. -One was made 
 between Oreat Britain and the 
 United States, I8S4. Recitative. 
 Species of singing used in operas, 
 said to have been first employed 
 at Rome, about" 1600. Reforma- 
 tion, The. -Bt^an in France about 
 1177; in England, 1360; in Bohe- 
 mia, I40S; in Italy, 149 8; in Ger- 
 many, 1511 ; in Switzerland, 1519; 
 jn Denmark, 1521; in Prussia,/527: 
 in Sweden, 1 530; in Ireland, 1535. 
 
 REFORMATORY SCHOOLS.- For 
 juvenile offenders, first establish- 
 ed at Mettray, France, 1839. Re- 
 fraction of Light. -Its law dis- 
 covered by Snellius, abottt 1624. 
 Regan's Motor. -Automatic car 
 motor, invented by Daniel S.Re- 
 gan of San Francisco, 1893. Renais- 
 sance. -Tertti applied to the revi- 
 val of the clastic style of art in 
 the 15th and 16th centuries, un- 
 der the patronage of the Medici 
 and other s. Rents. -Said to have 
 been first made payable in tnott 
 ey, instead of in kind, about I OS. 
 Repeating Firearms. -Invented 
 by Barlow, 1670. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1 500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 500 
 400 
 300 
 200 
 ?IOO 
 
 IOO 
 
 . CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 \% \\ft\a.\v^ 
 
 "VI Va 
 
 75 A.D. COLISEUM AT ROME FOUNDED. 
 
 saw 
 
 400 
 .500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 380 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 oViCA . 
 
 "V4 io 
 
 15 \%\as,V\ 
 
 \xa\\) ' 
 
 a\ -wa.x V 
 
 o i , t\-a.T\ . 
 
 REPUBLICS. -Those of ancient (rreece, 
 the first being established about 1044 
 B.C., were the first. Resonator. - 
 For facilitating the analysis o f 
 compound words, invented b y 
 A.B.Bach, l879.Respirator.-See 
 Fireman. Reverend. -Title giv- 
 en to the clergy since about 1650. 
 Reviews.- The Journal desSc&vans, 
 by Denis deSalo, first published Jan. 
 5, 1665, is considered the parent of 
 critical journals. Revivals, Relig- 
 ious. Arose in the United States 
 in 1657. Revolvers. -Firearms 
 with revolving cylinders, first 
 appeared in England about 1600. 
 Rhetoric. First taught in Latin 
 at Rome, by Phocius 0-allu.s, a- 
 bout 87 B.C. 
 
 RHODIUM .-Rare metal, d iscov- 
 ered in platinum ore, by Dr.Wal- 
 laston, 1804. Rhubarb. -A plant 
 first cultivated for its stalks to be 
 used as food, by Mr. Myall in Eng- 
 land, a.bout 1 820. Ribbon Looms. - 
 Their invention is claimed by both 
 the Swiss and theO-ermans, in 
 the 16th century. Rice. First 
 introduced into the United States, 
 in South Carolina, about 1690. Ri- 
 fU.-Firstu.sed in European ar- 
 mies during the 17th centu-ry. 
 Rinos.-Used by Egyptians before 
 1715 B.C. Rinks for Roller Skates. 
 -First opened in Enaland,about 
 1865. 
 
 ROAD STEAMERS.-The question 
 of steam traction on common roads 
 is considered to have been solved in 
 1868, by R.W.Tho.tnpson.of Edin- 
 bitrg, adding india-rubber to the 
 tires of the wheels of locomotives. 
 Roasting Alive. -An early case 
 is that of Bocchoris,kbio.of Eoyj>t, 
 by order of Sabacon of Ethiopia, 
 737 B.C. Rocket*. -Implements of 
 war, invented by Wm. Congreve, 
 about 1603. Rogation Wek.-The 
 week in which Holy Thursday or 
 Ascension Day occurs, observed 
 since the 3rd century. Roll ing- 
 Mills. -In metal manu-factories, 
 were in use in England in the 
 17th centurw. 
 
 ROLLER SKATES. -Patented bu 
 
 Mr. Plimpton, an American, 1865. 
 Roman Era {A.U.CO. -Commenc- 
 ed April 24,753 B.C., Romances.- 
 The first work of this species of 
 writing was written by Hcliodorus, 
 a bishop of Tricca.in Thessalij, a-, 
 bout 398 A.D. Rope-making Ma- 
 chine. -One was patented by Rich- 
 ard March, 1784. Rosary. -A series 
 of IS large and ISO small beads, 
 invented by Dominic de&uiman. 
 about laoa.RosettaStone.-Con- 
 taining inscriptions of three an- 
 cient languages, serving as a k c y 
 to the translation of hieroglyphics, 
 discovered at RoseUa, Egypt, 1199. 
 
 141
 
 RUBIDIUM. -Alkaline we*al, discov- 
 ers d *>y Bunsen, about 1 86 1. Rudder. - 
 Patented by Luwiley, l862.Ruffles.- 
 Becfftna fashionable about 1510. Rul- 
 ing Machines. -For ruling paper, 
 invented by an ingenious Dutchman, 
 resident in London, 1782. Rutheni- 
 um. -Rare metal, discovered by M. 
 Claus, 1845. Sabbath. -Ordained 
 by Cod, 4004 B.C.See Lord's Pay. 
 Sabbath Schools. -The first "Sab 
 bath School " was founded bu Lud- 
 wiji Hacker between 1740 and 1147, 
 at Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pa.; 
 the schools were broken up bn the 
 battle of the Brandy wine in Mil. 
 Sunday Schools were instituted 
 in England bu Robert Raikes in 
 or about 1782. 
 
 SABBATICAL YEAR. -instituted 
 
 by the Jews, 1491 B.C.Sacchariw- 
 *r.-For determining the amount 
 of sugar in solutions, used bySoleil, 
 1847, in Paris. Sacri/ice. -Offer- 
 ed to C-od by Abel, 3875 B.C. Sacri- 
 fices to the aods were introduced 
 into&reece bu Phoroneus,king 
 of Ar 9 os, 1773 B.C.Saddles.-Not 
 used by the ancients; appear to 
 have been first used about 385 
 A. D.; side-saddles -first used by 
 wornen, about 1380, previous to 
 which they rode astride. Saddu- 
 ces. -Jewish sect, said *o have been 
 founded buSadoc, about 100 B.C. 
 
 SAFETY LAMP.-Foruseinnimes, 
 invented bu Sir Humphry Davy, 
 1 8 15. Sailcloth. -First made in En- 
 gland, l590.Sal*.-One of thcearl- 
 test salt mines worked is -tKat 
 of Wielitzka, Poland, opened about 
 1200; wade from sea-water in the 
 U.S. durin9 the colonial period.Salt- 
 petre.- Compound of nitric acid 
 and potash, its analysis detnonstra 
 ted by Boyle about 162.5. Sandals. - 
 See Shoes. Sand-Blast.- For cuttitio 
 Stone or hard metal by a jetof^uarti 
 sand impelled by compressed air or 
 steam, in vented by B.C.Tilghman 
 of Philadelphia, about ISTI.Satihe- 
 drrni.- Ancient Jewish council of 
 the highest jurisdiction, said to 
 have been established by Moses, 
 1430 B.C. 
 
 SANSKRIT.-Lanouage of the Brah- 
 mins of India, spoken about 1000 
 B.C. Sapphire. -Precious stone of 
 .n azure color, and transparent, 
 known to the ancients before 1*31 
 B.C. Satire. -Made its appearance 
 at Rome about 116 B.C. Saturn. 
 One of Hie planets,was known 
 to the ancients; belts discovered 
 by Huygheni, 1659. Savings' 
 Banks. -First instituted at Ham- 
 bur9, 1778; first in the U.S.atPhil- 
 adelphi&,IBI6. Saw. -Said to have 
 been invented by Daedalus dur 1-119 
 the mythological period of Greece. 
 Saw Mills.- First erected in Madei- 
 ra, H-20; in England, 1663. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 I SCO 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 '500 
 400 
 300 
 200 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 43 B.C. ASSASSINATION OF CICERO 
 
 olOO 
 ,200 
 
 400 
 
 (500 03. <&w 
 
 GOO 
 
 700 
 
 SCO 
 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 ISOO 
 1700 "ilVv 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 JUOO 
 2300 
 2200 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 
 VYv ol Vb 
 
 ot ^- 
 
 ecf. 3900 
 4600 
 
 SCALES. -Invented by Phidon, 889 
 B.C. Scarlet. -A dye or color known 
 in the East in the earliest a^es. 
 Sceptics. -Sect of philosophers fait- 
 ded by Pyrrho, about 334 B.C. Scep- 
 tre.- An emblem of royalty, first 
 assumed byTarquin the elder at 
 Rome, about 468 B.C. Schoolmen, 
 or Scholastic Philosophy. -Began 
 in the schools founded by Charle- 
 ma9ne,800-l4. Screw.-Knowrj 
 to the ancient C-reeks.See/lrcA/- 
 medesScrvw. Screw-Propeller. - 
 For moving a vessel t-hrou9hthe 
 water; the principle was shown 
 by Hookc.,1681. 
 
 SCULPTURE. -Said tohavebepun 
 with the 0-reeks, and more proba- 
 bly with the Egyptians. The tab- 
 ernacle built in the wilderness, 
 1491 B.C., is an early instance. 
 Scythe. -Used for mowi^; used 
 by ancient; Romans- Seals or Sig- 
 nets. -Engraved gems were used 
 as such by the ancient^gyptians, 
 Jews, G- reeks, and Assyrians, before 
 900 B.C. Sedan Chairs. -Were first; 
 used in England, 1581. Seismom- 
 eter. -For measuring the violence 
 of earthquake shocks; one is de- 
 scribed by Robert Mallet, 1858. 
 Selenium. -Orayish-white elemen- 
 tary substance, discovered by Bcr- 
 zelius, 1817. Selcucides, Era of the. 
 -Said to begin Sept. I, 312 B.C. 
 EPTUA&INT.-A translation of the 
 Old Testament from Hebrew into 
 Greek, made 277 B.C.Sevwa9C.-A 
 test -made for, b'y-Heisch, 1810. Sew- 
 ers. -The chief of the celebrated sew- 
 ers at Rome, Cloaca. Maxima, is said 
 to have been constructed about 
 588 B.C.Sewinp Machines.- It 
 is said that Thos. Saint patented 
 one for boots atid shoes, in Eng> 
 land, 1790. The first really pracH 
 cal sewing machine was the in- 
 vention of Ellas Howe of Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., about 1841. Sex- 
 tant.- An instrument used like 
 a quadrant, invented by Tyoho 
 Brahe, at Augsbur9, 15SO. 
 
 SHAWLS.-Of oriental ori9*in, in- 
 troduced into Paris, 1801; first 
 manufactured at Norwich, 17 84. 
 Sheep. -Abel, the brother of Cain 
 who was born 4003 B.C., was a 
 keeper of sheep; exported from 
 England into Spain, !467.Shil- 
 (1119. -A coin, when wade in An- 
 glo-Sa*on times was valued at a- 
 bout fivepence; reduced to four- 
 pence about 960. Ship-building.- 
 The first ship was brought from 
 Egypt t/> 0-reece, by Oanaus, 1485 
 B.C.; first double-decked ship 
 was built bu the Tyrians,786 B.C. 
 Shirts. -Said to have been first 
 generally worn in the west of 
 Europe, about 725; woplenshirts 
 were commonly worn in England 
 until about 1253. 
 
 142
 
 SHOES.-Coveringsfor the feet, 
 whether sandals or shoes, were 
 used by the -most ancient nations; 
 shoemaking was a distinct trade 
 at Thebes, 1495 S.C.Shorthand.- 
 This art is said to have beeti prac- 
 ticed by the Romans, 100 B.C. The 
 introduction of Isaac Pit-man's 
 system, 1 837, -marks a. new era- 
 in the art. Shot. -Various missiles, 
 as stone, bolts, etc., were u.sed, 
 1483; chain, grape, and canis- 
 ter shot were invented soon af- 
 terward. Sickles .-For cutting 
 grain, used .by ancient Chinese, 
 Jews, Egyptians, etc. 
 
 SlOONIAN ERA. -Commenced 
 Oct. 1, 110 B.C. Signboards. -Us- 
 ed by ancient Greeks and Rowans. 
 Silicon. -Non-metalliceletnent, 
 the mode of procuring it.be in 4 
 discovered by Berzelius in 1823. 
 Silk. -Said to have -been known 
 to the Chinese, 2600 B.C.Silver. 
 -A metal known before 2000 B.C. 
 Skates, Roller. -Said to have 
 been first used in Paris, 1849. 
 Slavery. -First introduced into 
 the United States, 1620; abolish- 
 ed, 1863. Sleeping Cars.- First in- 
 troduced into En gland, 1 873; into 
 the U.S., 1858. Sling. -A weapon 
 used before 1406 B.C. 
 
 SMELTING-. -A process patented 
 by Botfield, 1 828. Soap. -Said to 
 have been invented by the Gauls 
 before 100 B.C.Sodiit-ni.-Metal, 
 first obtained by Davy,l807.Solar 
 System. -As now accepted, taught 
 by Pythagoras, about 523 B.C.Span- 
 ish Era .-Commenced Jan.), 98. 
 Speaking Trumpets. -One is said 
 to have been used by Alexander, 
 335 B.C. Spectacles. -Supposed to 
 have been invented by Alexander 
 deSpina of Florence, about 1285. 
 Spectrum, Solar. -First explain- 
 ed by Newton, 1704. Spelling- 
 Bees. -To test the proficiency .in 
 correct spelling, originated in 
 the U.S. during the colonial 
 times subsequent to 1650. 
 
 SPHERES. -The celestial and ter- 
 restn.al spheres are said .to have 
 been invented by Ana>fimander, 
 552 B.C.; armillary sphere by 
 Eratpsth.enes, about 225 B.C.; 
 planitariurn bu Archimedes be- 
 fore 2 12 B.C. Spinet. -A keyed 
 instrument, used in the 17th 
 century. Spinning. -Areas, king 
 of Arcadia, taught his subjects 
 theart, about 1500 B.C.Spimiina 
 Wheel. -l.nvented.at Brunswick, 
 1530; spinning jenny invented 
 by Hargreayes,l767. Spiri-tu-al- 
 istn.-Manifestations,rappings, 
 etc., said to have begun in Amer- 
 jca about 1848, and introduced 
 into England, 1 851. Stage Coach- 
 es. -Were used in Europe before 
 1785. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1300 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 500 
 400 
 
 IOO 
 
 
 IOO 
 200 
 
 :300 
 
 400 
 
 i 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 1100 
 
 1200 
 
 1300 
 
 1400 
 
 1500 
 
 1600 
 
 1700 
 
 1800 
 
 1900 
 
 2000 
 
 aioo 
 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2100 
 5600 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3SCO 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 "\1 \V\\\t\V ^CKWCvOtXOYVotCi 
 
 % Vv^M6 Vvx* \*(JVY\ -s!oo\v 
 
 84 A. D. GREAT FIRE IN ROME-ED'S. 
 
 KvwtaX* ca\\e^ 
 
 , ca.\\ 
 
 STARS. -Supposed to Have been 
 classed into constellations about 
 J200 B.C. Stationers. -Dealers 
 in books and papers; a company 
 was formed in London lojii) .be- 
 fore the fnvention of printing. 
 Statues. -Phidias, whose statue of 
 Jupiter passed for one of the won- 
 ders of the world, was the great- 
 est statue among the an c ients, 
 440 B.C. Steam-Carriage. -For 
 ordinary roads, invented by the 
 earl of Caithness, about l860.Ste.atn- 
 Engine. -Hero of Alexandria is 
 said to have invented the AEolo- 
 pile.whichpossesses the proper- 
 ties of the steam-engine, about 
 250 B.C.; the steam-engine boi.l- 
 er was invented by the Marquis 
 of Worcester, 1663; the inven- 
 tion perfected bu Jas. Watt, 1773. 
 STEAM-BOAT.-De Jouffroij made 
 a trial with his steam-boat in 1776; 
 Fulton's steam-boat on theSeine, 
 1803; on the Hudson, !807.Steam- 
 Hammer.- Patented by Nasmuth, 
 1842. Steam-Mill. -First built, 
 1785. Steam-Plow. -Patented by 
 G-.Callaway and R.A.Purkes,l849. 
 Steam -Ram. -For naval warfare, 
 invented by Nasmyth, I836.5team- 
 Ship.-First iron one, 1 830. Steam- 
 Titg.-First built by Hull.in 1736. 
 Steamer. -First to cross the At- 
 lantic, 1819. 
 
 STEARINE.-Thatpart of fats 
 and oils which is solid atconrmon 
 temperature, its nature first 
 made known by Chcvreul, 1823. 
 Steel. -Compound of iron and 
 carbon, has been fabricated from 
 the earliest times; first Bessemer 
 steel, 1856. Steel Pens. -"Iron pens" 
 are mentioned buChamberlayne in 
 1685; steel pens began to come in 
 to general use about 1820, b u,t 
 were made long before. S-teel- 
 yard. -Weighing instrument, us- 
 ed by the Romans before 3IS B.C. 
 Stenography .-Stv Short-hand. 
 Stereochromy .-Mode of paintiii9 
 
 invented by Von Fuchs, about 1850. 
 
 .VvbWtyjSTEREOMETER.-For gauging 
 vessels, invented about 1350. Ste- 
 reoscope. -Optical instrument, in- 
 vented by Wtieatstpne, about 1833. 
 Stereotype. -For printing, said to 
 have been invented by Wm.G-ed of 
 Ed in burgh,a.bout 1730. Stethoscope. 
 -For ascertaining the action of 
 the heart, invented by Laennec of 
 Paris,about l8l6.S*irmps.-First 
 used in the 5th century. Stock- 
 ings. -Silk stockings were first 
 made about 1547, and cotton, 
 about 1589., when the stocking 
 frame was invented; cottonstock- 
 ings were first made by hand in 
 1730. Stocks. -For punishing offend 
 ers,used in England before 1350; in 
 commerce, originated at Venice, 
 about 1173. 
 
 143
 
 TOICS. -Disciples of the philosopher 
 Zeno, about 290 B.C. Storm Wat ti- 
 ittos.-First issued in Holland, I860. 
 Stove*. -Those of the ancients con- 
 cealed, the fire ; tubes were also 
 used in the middle of the room, 
 with a hole in the roof for the 
 smoke to escape. Street Railways. 
 -First opened in New York a-nd 
 London, about I860. Strikes.* 
 First one among the tailors of 
 London, 183.4. Strontium. -Met- 
 al, first obtained by Davy in 1808. 
 Strychnia. -Poisonous vegetable 
 alkaloid, discovered by Pellet ler and 
 Caventou, 1818. Stucco Work. - 
 Was known to the ancients, par- 
 ticularly by the Romans, who ex- 
 celled in it. 
 
 SUEZ CANAL. -The caliph Omar, 
 about 640, opposed cutting the 
 isthmus. The canal was commen- 
 ced in 1858, and completed 1869. 
 Sugar. -Madein East lndies,325 
 B.C. Sugar Cane.- First cultivat- 
 ed in the U.S. ,1151; first sugar 
 mill, 1158. Suicides. -The first in- 
 stances recorded are those of Sam- 
 son, about 1120 B.C., and Saul, a- 
 bout 1055 B.C. Sulphur.- Known 
 from the earliest times. Sunday. 
 -Appointed to be observed in 32.1. 
 Sunday Schools. -'x.v.SttbathSc/iat/s 
 Sun Dials. -See 0/a/s. Surgery. 
 First made a separate study in 
 the aoeof Htppocrates,about4IOB.C. 
 
 SURNAMES. -Introduced into En- 
 gland by *he Normans, and adopt- 
 ed, by the.nobility,aboutllOO. Sur- 
 plices. -First worn by the Jewish 
 priests, and said to have been first 
 used in churches inthc 4th century, 
 Suspension Bridges. -Very ancient 
 in China; first one opened in En- 
 gland, 1845; one at Niagara Falls, 
 1 852-5. Swords. -Were formed of 
 iron taken from a mountain by 
 the Chinese, 1819 B.C.Tabernacla. 
 'Constructed by Divine direction, 
 1491 B.C. Talking Machities. - 
 One was exhibited at London, a- 
 bout 1815, that pronounced sever 
 al sentences with tolerable distinct- 
 ness; one invented by Prof. Faber 
 of Vienna, 1870. 
 
 TALMUD. -The ancient Jewish un- 
 written or oral law, its origin be- 
 ing coeval with the return from 
 the Babylonish captivity, 5368. C. 
 Tatrtiiti9.-0f leather from batk. 
 Its invention reaches beyond the 
 dawn of history. Tant alum . - A 
 rare metal, discovered by Hatchett 
 1 80 1.. Tapestry .-An art of weaving 
 having originated amonotheSar 
 acem about 800. Tar. -First made 
 from pit-coal, about l78I.Tari/f.- 
 A protective tariff was adopted in 
 the U.S., 1828. Tartaric Acid. -Said 
 to have been discovered by Scheele, 
 about 1110; a new discovery was 
 made by Licbig, 1859. 
 
 1900 
 800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1100 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 '500 
 .400 
 [300 
 
 "aoo 
 (IN 
 ( o 
 'tot 
 
 1300 
 400 
 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 MOD 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 MOO 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2000 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 2900 
 4*00 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 \^ 
 Vo 
 "Jft ^xsi 
 
 W <sXocV.Yso\viv, < :>\NttaaY>,XOU-\f\tt.eo. 
 %%\ 
 "V^ $ 
 16 ^> 
 \6\ 
 
 * 
 
 oX (favftcvty o^eroVw 
 
 ^^ 
 
 *H 
 IS V 
 W^>\ 
 %6 ^o 
 81 B.C. CICERO BEGINSTO PLEAD 
 
 'iX V\\o,V\x 
 
 \x\4.\\\vXw.Xwre, ox Wx 
 
 'ASIMETER.-See Micro-ttsiimm 
 Tavertis.-Are traced to the 13th 
 century. Taxes /-Were levied by So- 
 lon, the first Athetiian legislator, 
 540B.C.Tee*o*aler.-An abstain- 
 er from fermented liquors, orip- 
 inated with Richard Turner of 
 
 Preston, about .,. .-.,., .- r ...- 
 -First operated in England i n 
 1835; first in America, between 
 Washington and Baltimore, 1844; 
 first submarine between Dover 
 and Calais, l85I.Telcttie*eoro- 
 oraphs. -First exhibited at Pa- 
 ris, ISSl.Telcphotie.-Sounds 
 have been conyeyed.overdistend- 
 ed wires at various times since 
 1667; a short-distance telephone 
 inventad by Wheatstone,l82l;an 
 articujating telephone by Bell, 
 1876. 
 
 TELESCOPES. -Their principle 
 was described by Roger Bacon, a- 
 bout 1250; invented by Lippe-r- 
 hey arid Jansen, about 1608. 
 Tellurium. -Rare metal, discov- 
 ered by Muller of Reic hen stein, 
 l782.Telodyttatnic Transmitter 
 -An arrangement of water-wheels 
 invented by M. Hi-pi, about I860 
 Temperance Societies. -The first 
 was organized in Saritoga cou-n 
 ty,N.Y M l808.Tettiples.-Firsf 
 erected by the Egyptians to their 
 gods; temple of Jerusalem built 
 by Solomon, 1012 B.C. 
 TENNIS. -A game fashionable in 
 . France before 1660. Terbium .-A 
 ' metal sometimes found with yt- 
 rium, which see.Tcstatmtit.-The 
 revised edition of the New Testa- 
 ment was published in ISSl.Thal 
 liutn. -Metal, discovered .by Win 
 C rookes, 1861. Thanksgivings . - 
 A special national one was offer 
 ed in England for the defeat of 
 *he Spanish Armada,Sept. 8,1588 
 first observed in America, 1621 
 and on special occasions unti I 
 under Pres. Lincoln in 1863, th. 
 regular observance of a nationa 
 thanksgiving began. 
 THEATRES.- That of Bacchus 
 at Athens, 420 B.C., is said to 
 be the first. Theocracy .-Govern 
 ment by God, existed among the 
 Jews or Israelites till Saul was 
 rnade king, about 1095 B.C.Thcr 
 tnottieter. -In vented by Galileo 
 before 1597; Fahrenheit's inven 
 ted about n26.Thermophone.-A 
 instrument for the production 
 of sonorous vibrations, itivenJ 
 ed by Wiesendanger, about I87( 
 Thimbles. -Said to Have been 
 u.sed by several ancient nations 
 and to be found in the ruins of 
 Herculaneum. Thoracic Duct. 
 First discovered by, Eustachius 
 about 1563. Thorium. -A very 
 rare metal, d iscovered by Berz 
 lius, 1818. 
 
 144
 
 THREAD. -Firs* -made a* Paisley, 
 naa^Thrcshmg Machities.-The 
 flail is the only instrument for- 
 merly used, except the tribulum 
 used by the Romans; the firs* 
 machine attempted in modern 
 times was invented by Menzies 
 of Edinburgh, about !732.Thatnb- 
 Screw.-lnstrument used iti the 
 first stages of torture iti -the Span- 
 ish Inquisition, which wasestab 
 I ishe-d, 382. Tides. -Homer speiks 
 of them, about 875 B.C.; Posido- 
 niits accounts for them from 
 the -motion of the moon, about 
 79 B.C. Tiles. -Said to have been 
 first wade in England, 1X46. 
 
 TlN.-A -metal mined jn Eti9latid 
 before 1 100 B.C. Titanium. -Rare 
 metal, discovered by &re9or,p9l. 
 Tithas. -Commanded to begiven 
 to the tribe of Levi, 1490 B.C.; giv- 
 en by Abraham to Melchisedek, 
 1913 B.C. Tobacco. -Native of A- 
 -merica, introduced into Europe, 
 about 156.5. Tobacco pipes are 
 said to have been used in Europe 
 for smoking herbs long before 
 the introduction of tobacco; first 
 made of clay, about 1575. Tolls. - 
 First paid by vessels passing the 
 Stade on the Elbe, IIOS.TonoMi- 
 eter.-For tuning instru.tnetits.Jti 
 vented by Scheibler o* Crefeld, 
 about 1834. 
 
 TORPEDOES. -Explosive shells 
 for placing ^rider ships, said to 
 have been invented 014 0. Bush- 
 nell,an American, 1777. To wers.- 
 That of Babel is the first record- 
 ed, built in the plains of Shinar. 
 2247 B.C.', Tower of the Winds 
 atAthens, 550 B.C. Traction En- 
 pittas. -Sec ffoa.dSteamers.Jrzg- 
 edy. -First acted at Athens by 
 Thespis, about 535 B.C.Trajan's 
 Column. -In Rome, erected bit 
 the Roman senate, and people in 
 114. Train Cars. -Run in Glasgow, 
 1 87 7. Translation to Heaven. - 
 Enoch atthe age of 365,3017 B.C.; 
 the prophet El.ijahjSSe. B.C.Tread- 
 Mill.-For prison discipline, in- 
 vented by Sir Wtn.Cu.bit, who was 
 born, 1785, died, 1861. 
 rRIALS. -Alfred the &reat is said 
 to have begun trial by jury, about 
 890, but there is good evidence of 
 such trials before his time.Trioo- 
 HOttietru. -Invented by theGreek 
 astronomers of Alexandria. Triti- 
 ity Sunday .-The Sunday follow- 
 ing Whitsunday, or the 8th Sunday 
 after Eastar, observed since 828. 
 Triremes. -Galleys with three 
 banks of oars, said to have been 
 invented by the Corinthiatis,784 
 B.C. Troy Weight. First adopted 
 at Troycs, France, about 1095. 
 Tm-Hipe*.- Its invention is a- 
 scribed to both the Egyptians and 
 Tyt-rhc-nians, before 1000 B.C. 
 
 CEN. 
 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 MOD 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 
 ^500 
 400 
 
 |300 
 : 200 
 
 ^100 
 
 o 
 
 100 
 v200 
 
 ;3oo 
 
 '400 
 W500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 12.00 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 4000 
 
 YR .CHRONOLO&Y. 
 
 \i >8fo VWlV^fctO?* WXVlMy OW 
 
 1A AVve, eywoXrfcV(fr'v\v C>V\\ 
 
 \'o4 \va\\) Noec^-wb. 
 
 8 B.C. AUGUSTUS CORRECTS THE CALENDAR 
 
 ,\% \i\C\\V 
 
 \<b Vi 
 
 TRUSS. -A transverse spring truss 
 for ru.ptu.res was patented bw Rob- 
 ert Brand, 177 1. Tubular Bridges. - 
 The Britannia Tubular Bridge was 
 constructed iti 1 846-50. TUileries.- 
 The imperial palace of France, com- 
 menoed, 1564. Tungsten.- Brit He 
 metal, first obtained by Luuart, 
 l78(j.TM.Tinagc and Poundage. - 
 Were the origin of "customs" in 
 England, first levied about 1346. 
 Tu.titicls.-For drainage are an- 
 cient; a rail way tunnel was con- 
 structed at Liverpool, 1829. TM. r- 
 keys and G-w-inea Fowls. -First in- 
 troduced into Europe, about I5_'23. 
 Turkeys are native of America, 
 and guineas of Africa. 
 
 TURNPIKES. -First constructed 
 in England, !663.Type-Cornpos- 
 itij Machines. -See ComposinyMa.- 
 chi-nes. Ty pe-Fou-nditig . -6-u.ten- 
 berg invented cu-t metal type, a- 
 bout 1452; first typecast in Eng- 
 land, !720.Type-Wri*ers.- 0;ne 
 constructed for the blind iti 
 1855, by M.Fou-cault of France; 
 several were invented by Wheat- 
 stone, who died in 1875; the Rem- 
 ington was invented about 1873. 
 Tyre. Era of. -Commenced Oct. 
 19, 125 B.C. Uttibrcllas.-First us- 
 ed in England, about 1778. Utidu- 
 latoty Theory of Light. -Sup pos- 
 es a progressive wave-like motion 
 between the eye and the lumitious 
 body, said to have been firsts ug- 
 gested by F.&ritnaldi, about 1665. 
 
 UNIFORMS. -Military uniforms 
 were first itsed in France "in a 
 regular manner, '/a bout 1668. 
 Union Jack. -Original flag of En- 
 gland, was incorporated with^the 
 banner of Scotland, 1606. United 
 Kingdom. -The British realm was 
 so called Jan. I, 1801. United States 
 o/Awerica. -First so called by the 
 colonial congress, Monday, Scp.9. 
 1776. Otiiwcrsal Suffrage .-Was 
 adopted by the French in their 
 constitution of 1791. Universi- 
 ties. -The most ancient in Eu- 
 rope are: Cambridge, 635; Paris, 
 792; Oxford, 879; Bologna, 1116. 
 The oldest in America are: H ar- 
 vard, 1638; William and Mary, 
 1693; Yale, 1701. 
 
 UNIVERSITY BOAT RACES.-Began 
 with Oxford and Cambridge, 1829. 
 Uranium. -Brittle grey metal,dis- 
 coyered by Klaproth, 1789, in the 
 mineral pitch-blende. Uranus 
 -A planet with eight satellites, 
 discovered by William Herschel, 
 March 13, 1781. Usury. -W as 
 permitted from a stranger to 
 the Jews, but forbidden from their 
 brethren, 1491 B.C. Utilitarian- 
 ism. -Philosophy which proposes 
 the attainment of the greatest 
 happiness to the greatest number, 
 ascribed to Priestley, died 1804. 
 
 145
 
 VACCINATION. -D iscovered b Dr. L CIy VQ 
 Ed ward Jenner.about 1798. Vac- \yfc 
 
 uum. -.Patented by 6entham,l79S. 
 Valentine's Day.- Feb. 14, estab- 
 lished in honor of Valentine, who 
 is said to have been a bishop, and 
 suffered martyrdom about 2,7 1. 
 Vanadium. -Metal, discovered 
 by Sefstrom, 1830. Vandals. -A 
 G-cr manic race, attacked the Ro- 
 man empire in the 3rd century. 
 Variable Stars.-Said to have been 
 first observed in a small star of 
 Cetus, by Daniel Fabricius, Aug. 
 13, 1536. Vatican. -At Rome, be- 
 came the residence of the pope 
 
 . in 1377. 
 
 VEDAS. -Sacred bgoks of the Hin- 
 doos, probably written about 1000 
 B.C. Velocipedes. -One was invent- 
 ed by Blanchard of France, alwut 
 1779; under various names, as 
 bicycles, tricycles, etc., these m a- 
 chines have been made, and came 
 into general use among wheelmen 
 about 1861. Velvet. -Mentioned by 
 Joinvi He, 1272; previous to 1685 
 its -manufacture was confined to 
 Italian cities. Ventilator s.-ln ven- 
 ted, by Dr. Hales, about 1741. Ven- 
 triloquism. -Speaking so that the 
 voice appears to come from adif- 
 ferent place from that of utterance, 
 was first described about 712 B.C. 
 Venus. -A planet known to the 
 ancients. 
 
 VESPERS, Sicilian. -A term giv- 
 en to the massacre of the French, 
 in Sicily, March 30, 1282. Ves*a.- 
 A planet, discovered by Dr. Others 
 of Bremen, March 29, 1807. Vs- 
 *als.-Virgin priestesses, said to 
 have been first appointed by Nu- 
 ma,7IO B.C. Vesuvius. -By its e- 
 ruption,the cities of Herculane- 
 urn and Pompeii, including more 
 than 200.000 inhabitants, were 
 destroyed, Aug.24,79 A.D.Vice.- 
 An instrument said to have been 
 invented by Archytas of Tarcntum, 
 about 420 .B.C. Vikings. -Scandi- 
 navian chiefs, Swedes, Norsemen, 
 and Danes, of the 4th century. 
 
 VINE. -Was planted byNoah,2347 
 B.C.; a colony of vine- dressers set- 
 tled in the southern part of France, 
 about 600 B.C. Vinegar.- Boaz, a 
 rich citizen of Bethlehem, provi- 
 ded vinegar as a beverage for his 
 reapers, I3I3D.C.; the ancients 
 had several kinds, which they us- 
 ed for drink. Viol and Violin. -The 
 viol.of the middle ages became the 
 violin, which is mentioned as 
 early as 1200. Violet Blue. -Was 
 obtained from aniline, 1863. Vir- 
 ginals. -A keyed instrument, us- 
 ed first in the. 16th century. Vis- 
 count. -The first viscount in Eng- 
 land created by patent, was John, 
 lord Beaumont, created by Henry 
 VI., Feb. 10, 1440. 
 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 \\ t 
 1400 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 67 A.D.PETER AND PAUL EXECUTED. 
 
 600 
 TOO 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 
 2500 \%Vt! 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 8900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 3400 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3900 
 40M 
 
 oa\\ 
 
 VOLTAIC PILE or BATTERY.-WIS 
 
 constructed bw Galvarii, 1791, 
 but the principle was discovered 
 by Volta of ComojWho was born, 
 1145. Vo*in9. 7 The Australian 
 system of voting was introduc- 
 ed into the United States, 1888. 
 Voyages.- By order of Pharaoh- 
 Necho of Egypt, some Phoenician 
 pilots sailed around the Cape of 
 Good Hope, 604 B.C.; first voy*9e 
 around the world by Magellan, 
 1 5 1 9. Vulcanized .Rubber. 'Form- 
 ed by combining India rub her 
 with sulphur, patented bu.C. 
 froodgear, 1839. 
 
 VULG-ATE.-A term applied to the 
 Latin version of the Bible, author- 
 ized by the council of Trent, 1546, 
 and attributed to St. Jerome, a- 
 bout 384. Wagons. -Were, rare 
 until about 1800. Wa9"Hfer- 
 ism .7" Music of the fu-tu-re," a 
 combination of music and poet- 
 ry, introduced by R.Wagner in 
 London, about 1873. Waits. -The 
 night -minstrels who perfor-m a 
 short time before Christmas, or- 
 ganized in England, about 1400. 
 Wakes. -_Enqlish equivalents of 
 the ecclesiastical Vigils , known be 
 fore 1.2.8 5. Waldenses .- A sect in- 
 habiting Cottian Alps, founded 
 about 1170. 
 
 WALL-PAPER. -First used in Hol- 
 land and Spajn, at>ou.t 1555. 
 Walls. -The stupendous wall in 
 China was completed, about 298 
 B.C.; one was erected in Britain 
 by the Romans, 79 to 85 A.D. Wal- 
 nut-Tree.- The largest walnut 
 tree on record stood near Wel- 
 wyn, England, which was fell- 
 ed in 1627, it covering a space, 
 when standing, of 2299 square 
 yards. .Black walnut was intro- 
 duced into Europe from North 
 America before l629.WaUx.- 
 Introduced into England from 
 Germany, about ISO. War. - 
 The first one on record is that 
 of Osymandya.s of Egypt, who 
 passed into Asia and conquered 
 Bactria, aiOO B.C. 
 
 WAR,&AME OF.- In vented by 
 a civilian in Germany, about 1815. 
 War-Ships. -Important improve- 
 ments introduced by Seppings, 
 1814; first of anew class o> screw, 
 gun vessels used in the Russian 
 war, 1854; first battle between 
 iron ships was -Wiat of -The Mon- 
 itor and lYIerrimac in the Amer- 
 ican Civil War, 1861-5. Washing 
 Machines. -Several different ones 
 invented in the U.S., before 1862. 
 Watches. -Said to have been 
 first invented at Nu-remberg, 
 1477. Water-Clock. -Invented bu 
 Nasica at Rome, 159 B.C. Water- 
 Mills. -For grinding corn, invent- 
 ed at Roma, about 555. 
 
 146
 
 ^M\X.-Used for candles before the 
 12 rh century. Weather Charts, Dai- 
 ly. -First issued in 1872. Weather- 
 Cocks. -First mentioned at Athens 
 50 B.C. Weaving. -Said to be the 
 most ancient of arts. Wedding - 
 Rings. -Wett used by the ancients 
 Week. -Space of seven days, suppos- 
 ed to have been first used a mo no 
 t-he ancient Jews. Weights atid Meas 
 ures. -These atid the stamping of 
 9old and sijver money, are attrib- 
 uted to Pheidon, tyrant of Argos, 
 895 B.C. Welding. -Of iron, is an- 
 cient; by electricity, suggested by 
 Joule of Manchester, En9 M 1856: 
 of copper, discovered at Verona, 
 Pa., by James Burns, 1886. 
 WELLS. -Were dug by Abraham, 
 1892 B. C. West tnitistcr Abbey. - 
 Said to Have been founded by Seber-t, 
 king o( Essex, 6 1 1. Whale-Fishery 
 -Said to have been first carried 
 on by the Norwegians in the 9th 
 century. Wheat. -The Chinese 
 claim to have cultivated it before 
 2000 B.C. Whisky. -First made 
 about the 12th century. Whis*.- 
 Game at cards, became general 
 about 1600. Widows.- The Jew- 
 ish law required a man's brother 
 to marry his widow, 14-90 B.C. 
 Wig. -See Peruke. 
 WILD-FIRE.- Invented bya&reek 
 in 663. Wills and Testaments. - 
 Of high antiou'ity, Jacob having 
 made a will, 1689 B.C.; Solon in- 
 troduced them at Athens, 578 
 B.C. Witidmills.-Said to have 
 been invented either by the an- 
 cient Romans, or Saracens; first 
 known in Spain, France, and G-er- 
 many, !299;-wind saw-mills were 
 invented by a Dutch-man in I 633. 
 Witidpws.- There were 9lass win- 
 dows in Pompeii, 79 A. D.; glaied 
 windows were made fashioria- 
 ble in some European countries,a- 
 bout 650; 9 lass windows first us- 
 ed m England, 1177. Wmc.- Noah 
 planted a vineyard, and made 
 wine, 2347 B.C.; said to have 
 been made from rice by the Chi- 
 nese, 1998 B.C. 
 
 VIRE.-The invention of drawing 
 wire is ascribed to Rodolph o( Nu- 
 remberg, about !4IO.Wi*ehcraft. 
 -Known among the Jews before 
 1491 B.C.Witttesses.-Twoormore 
 witnesses werercqu-ircd by the 
 laws of Moses, 1451 B.C. Wood- 
 cuts. -Are ancient i-n China; in- 
 troduced into Europe, about 1400. 
 Wood-Paper.-lnvented by Des- 
 grand, 1838. Woolen Cloth .- 
 Made by the ancients before 1451 
 B.C. Working Men's Organisa- 
 tions. -Have been numerous siticc 
 the great Exhibition of ISSI.Wor- 
 ship.-Thc. first worship mention- 
 ed is that of Abel, 3872 B.C., re- 
 cordcd in the fourth chap, of 0-en. 
 
 CEIM. 
 1900 
 1800 
 1700 
 1600 
 1500 
 1400 
 1300 
 1200 
 1100 
 1000 
 900 
 800 
 700 
 600 
 500 
 .400 
 300 
 200 
 100 
 
 100 
 ,200 
 :300 
 400 
 <500 
 600 
 700 
 800 
 900 
 1000 
 1100 
 1200 
 1300 
 1400 
 1500 
 1600 
 1700 
 1800 
 1900 
 2000 
 2100 
 2200 
 2300 
 2400 
 2500 
 2600 
 2700 
 2800 
 2900 
 3000 
 3100 
 3200 
 3300 
 
 3500 
 3600 
 3700 
 3800 
 3300 
 4000 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 \ e. \ \\ V o v 
 
 1\ 
 
 \\ x Ne,^Vwi\\\%XMWo v oe\) 
 
 1^ C>'\N\\ SN'S.'V'b \>\ V\ 
 
 IV "\e 
 W iv 
 33 A.D.CHRIST IS CRUCIFIED 
 
 ^ "\\\, V\ 
 
 ok \\0 . 
 
 WORSTED.-Spun wool, invent- 
 ed at ^orsted.Eng., before 1340. 
 Writing. -Pictures are consider- 
 ed to be the first essay towards 
 writing; Athotes is said to have 
 thus written a history of Egypt, 
 2112 B.C. ; writing is said *o 
 have been tau-ghi; to the Latins 
 bit Europa, daughter of Agenor, a 
 king of Phoenicia, 1494 B.C.; Cad- 
 mus, the founder of Cadmea, is 
 said to have introduced the Phoe- 
 nician letters into Greece, 14-93 B.C. 
 Xy lotechno9raphica.-A process 
 for staining wood various colors, 
 invented b^ A. F. Brophy, about 1875. 
 
 YACHTS.-Light vessels for pleasure 
 or for racing, club formed in Lon- 
 don, 1838. Yard. -Measure of 3 
 feet, declared by Henry I. of Eng- 
 land to be the length of his arm, 
 about II I 5. Yeast. -A substance 
 causing fermentation, discovered 
 to be a vegetable eel I or fungus, by 
 Schwann., 1836'. Yellow Pcvcr. - 
 An American pesti lance, first wade 
 its appearance at Phi Iadelphia,l699. 
 Yellow-Stone National Park. -Or- 
 ganized by Congress, 1 872. Yoke. - 
 Asa tMpe of servitude, and mak- 
 ing prisoners pass under it, was 
 practiced by the San-mites towards 
 the Romans, 321 B.C. This dis9race 
 was afterwards inflicted by the 
 Romans' upon their vanquished. 
 
 YTTRIUM. -A rare metal, the 
 eart(n Vttn*, being discovered 
 by Prof. Oadolin of Sweden, 1794, 
 and the metal by Wb'hler, 1828. 
 It is of a dark grey color, and 
 bri-tt.le.Za.-Hzaleetts.-A sect- 
 denying the efficacy of. water 
 baptism, and claiming the neces- 
 sity of being.baptized with fire, 
 and the application of a red-hot 
 iron. The sect rose in Syria in 535. 
 Zend-Avesta. -Ancient sacred 
 books of the Parsees..The age of 
 the. books is much disputed, some 
 claiming that they date from be- 
 fore iaOO B.C.Zitic.-The ore of 
 zinc, calamine and spelter, was 
 known to the ancient Greeks and 
 Chinese. 
 
 ZIRCONIUM. -Metal, obtained by 
 Berzelius, 1 824. Zodiac. -Its twelve 
 signs were named and located by 
 Anaximander, about 560 B.C. The 
 G-reeks and Arabians borrowed 
 the zodiac from the Hindoos.The 
 zodiacal light was so named by 
 Cassini, l683.Zollvareiti.-The 
 name. given.to the Gcr-man com- 
 mercial union, projected by Prus- 
 sia, 1818. Zoology. -A science treat- 
 ing of animal life, founded by Ar- 
 istotle, 322-284 B.C. Linnaeus, in 
 J74I, divided the animal kingdom 
 into six clas.ses: -Mammalia, those 
 suckling their young; fives, birds; 
 ^OT//r/*/a,fro9s,etc.; Pisces, fishes; 
 /Ttsecta.. insects; Vermes. worms. 
 
 147
 
 AS OBSERVED IN CONGRESS AND PUBLIC BODIES. 
 
 Gesture No. I. 
 
 Gesture No. 2, 
 
 OF PARLIAMENTARY 
 
 E / mbfacm9 about th-ree hu-ndred points of o-rder. Follow each motion oivcn in the 
 alphabetic list at the Ic/t to its respective references ^iven at the f 19 ht 
 
 Adjourn, motion to ...._ 
 
 Adj ourn, motion to fix time to which to . . . 
 
 Amend, -motion *o 
 
 Amendment, rnotioti to amend an 
 
 Amend rules, motion to 
 
 Appeal, relating to i-ndecoru.ni, etc 
 
 Appeal, from speaker's decision generally.. 
 
 Call *o order .. 
 
 Close debate, motion to 
 
 Commit, -motion to 
 
 Coin m i t tpe, -motion that they do now rise . 
 Consideration of question, objections to... 
 
 Debate, wot ion to close 
 
 Debate, motio-n to extend limit? on 
 
 Of bate, -motion to limit 
 
 Fix time to which *o adjourn , -motion to ... 
 
 l-ndecorum.appeal -relating to 
 
 Indecoru-m, leave to continue speakina after .. 
 
 Lie on the table, -motion that do ... 
 
 Limit debate, motion to 
 
 Motion, motion to withdraw a 
 
 Objection to consideration o( a question... 
 
 Order, call to 
 
 Orders o/ths day, -motion /or 
 
 Postpone to a certain time, -motion to .... 
 
 Postpone indefinitely, -motion to 
 
 Previous question, motion (of 
 
 Priority of business, questions toufhina .... 
 Privilege, questions o( 
 
 Question, debatable, -motion to reconsider... 
 
 Question, objection to consideration of 
 
 Question, to take up out of its proper order . 
 Question, u-n debatable, -motion to reconsider. 
 Question whether sub/ect shall be discussed... 
 Questions, for-ms in which they may be put ... 
 Questions of precedence of questions ..... 
 
 Reading papers 
 
 Reconsider a debatable question-motion to. 
 Reconsider an undebatable question, motion to . 
 
 ***** a question, motion to 
 
 Rite, motion that committee do now . ... 
 
 Rules, motion to suspend 
 
 Special order, -motion to make subject a 
 
 Substitute, in the nature of amendment . . . 
 
 Suspend rules, mot ion to 
 
 Table, motion to take fro-m 
 
 Withdraw a motion, motion to 
 
 1 7 II 
 
 2 7 12 
 
 3 7 12 
 3711 
 3712 
 I 7 II 
 3711 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 12 
 
 3 8 12 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 12 
 
 7 12 
 
 7 12 
 
 2772 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 12 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 47 12 
 
 3811 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 12 
 
 3 7 12 
 
 3811 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 ii 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 610 14 
 
 5 9 13 
 
 7 II 
 
 3811 
 
 7 II 
 
 3 8 12 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 3 7 12 
 
 3 7 12 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 16 20 24 28 
 15 20 24 28 
 15 20 24 28 
 15 20 2428 
 15 21 2428 
 15 20 2429 
 IS 20 2429 
 1520 2529 
 15 21 2428 
 
 15 20 2428 
 
 16 20 24 28 
 15 21 2529 
 15 21 5428 
 15 20 24 28 
 15 21 2428 
 15 20 24 28 
 1520 2429 
 IS 20 2428 
 
 17 20 2428 
 15 21 24 28 
 15 20 2428 
 15 21 25 29 
 15 20 25 29 
 IS 20 2529 
 IS 20 24 28 
 15 20 24 28 
 IS 21 2428 
 
 1520 2428 
 
 15 20 24 28 
 
 16 20 24 30 
 15 21 25 29 
 15 21 2428 
 
 15 20 24 30 
 
 1521 2529 
 19 23 27 32 
 
 18 22 26 31 
 15202428 
 
 16 20 24 30 
 16 20 2430 
 
 15 20 24 28 
 
 16 20 24 28 
 16 21 24 28 
 15 21 24 28 
 
 15 20 2428 
 
 16 21 14 28 
 
 17 20 24 28 
 IS 20 24 28 
 
 Xvi VV\\ 
 
 & 
 
 The question is undebatable, but sometimes re- 
 marks are tacitly allowed. 
 
 . The question is undebatable when anothet ques 
 tion is before the assembly. 
 
 . The question is debatable. 
 
 . Li-mited debate is allowed on the question on 
 ly on the propriety of postponement. 
 
 . Fixing the time to which an adjournment may 
 be -made, ranks /rrs* 
 
 . A motion to amend, ranks eighth. 
 
 . The question does not allow referertce to the 
 main question. 
 
 . The question opens the main question to debate 
 
 . To adjourn, when unqualified, ranks second. 
 
 . A -motion to postpone indefinitely, ranks ninth. 
 
 . The question cannot be amended. 
 
 , The question -may be amended. 
 
 . A -motion /or the ord_ers of the day, ranks third 
 
 . On motion to strike out words:" Shall the 
 words stand part o( the motion," unless a 
 majority sustain the words, they are struck out 
 
 . The question can be -reconsidered. 
 
 . The questio-n cannot be reconsidered. [ed 
 
 . An affirmative vote on this question cannot b reconsider- 
 
 . A motion to lie on the t?.ble, ranks fourth. 
 
 . On motion (or the previous question.^'Shall the 
 main question be now put?" This, if carried, 
 ends debate. 
 
 . A -majority su/f/ces to deter-mme the question. 
 
 . Two-thirds vote, unless special rules are enacted. 
 
 . A -motion for the previous question, ranks fifth. 
 
 . Appealing -from the Chair's decision -."Shall the de- 
 cision be sustained as the ruling of the house?' 1 
 The chair is generally sustained. 
 The -motion must be seconded. 
 
 . The motion does not require to be seconded. 
 
 . A -motion to postpone definitely, ranks si nth. 
 A motion for Orders.of the Day, if carried, 
 supersedes intervening motions. 
 The question is not in order when another has thefloer 
 The question is in orde-r at any time. 
 The question may be -moved and recorded when an 
 other has the floor; not, however, putting aside the 
 business before the assembly. The motion must be 
 made by one who voted on the prevailing side, and 
 on the same day as the original vote was taken. 
 A motion to commit, ranks seven*h . 
 A-n objection to the question: "Shall the ques- 
 tion be considered ?" may be made by any mem- 
 ber before debate Vias com-menced, but not after 
 
 148
 
 Gesture No. 3. 
 
 . To put-off from one day 
 
 i to another. A -motion to adjourti,ex- 
 cept "to fix the tittic to which to ad- 
 journ, " takes precedence of all oth- 
 
 i ers. I* is -neither debatable, a-tnend- 
 able, recottsiderable, nor has it any 
 
 3 subsidiary motion applied to if. Qual- 
 ification in any way changes its priv- 
 ileged character to that of any other 
 principal motion. When there has 
 been any intervening business, a 
 ruction t*o adjourn may be repeat- 
 
 5 ed.When a committee is ready to 
 wake its report^ instead of adjourri- 
 
 e ing, a -motion. is made "to rise." If 
 it does not close the session, any bus 
 iness interrupted by an adjournment 
 is the first in order a* the next -meet 
 ing. I/ it close the session, there be- 
 ing -wore than one regular session 
 each year, any unfinished business is 
 taken up first in order at the. next 
 session; provided that in a body elect 
 ed for a definite time, the term of 
 office of none of its members ex- 
 pires during the period of adjourn- 
 
 8 wen*. If it close the session, there 
 Being no* more than one regular 
 sessjon each year, and the term, of 
 office of arty of the off icers expires 
 be/ore the next regular session, all 
 unfinished business is ended .When 
 it is desired to close a meeting in 
 order to prevent. an assembly from 
 being kept in session an unreasona- 
 bly long t.ime, there should be a 
 rule I fruiting the. time that the. 
 floor can be occupied by a-ny one 
 member at one time, after the ex- 
 piration of which, any -member who 
 gets thefloor should -move"to ad- 
 journ." After second ing, the Chair 
 man instantly puts the. question, 
 and if decided affirmatively, he says, 
 "The motion is carried; this assem- 
 bly stands adjourned iVwe. kXe., 1 ' or 
 as the case -H-iay b4 A*t* Vv* viwvtV 
 MEpJOrvlEffT.-Any alteration 
 which is made or proposed to be wade 
 itt -a motion, bill, by-laws, etc., by add- 
 ing, changing, substituting oromiwinj. 
 
 i A motion to amend takes precedence 
 of nothing except the question it is 
 proposed to amend. It tan be amend 
 ed itself, but an amerfdme-nt to an 
 amendment cannot be amended. 
 It yields to any subsidiary, incident 
 
 3 a.1, or privileged question. For an a- 
 rnendment to be inconsistent with 
 another, or to conflict witKtheor^- 
 
 t inal -motion, it must have adirect 
 bearing upon it. Ati amend/ment 
 
 motion is indivisible, and if lost, an 
 other may be made; (ft) "*o a.i& or 
 vv\.<<>" certain words or paragraphs; 
 (3)"*o vx\>fcVt\IAce" an other -motion 
 on the same subject for the one pen- 
 ding: (A) "*o ^tVvVe ow*" certain 
 words or paragraphs. If this -motion 
 fail, it does not preclude art amend 
 ment, or a motion "*o <iXV\V.e. ou.< 
 
 V\otO' into two or -more questions 
 so as to secure a separate vote on 
 
 5 each point. When a paragraph it 
 once inserted, it cannot be struck 
 out or amended except by adding 
 to it; also when words are insert- 
 ed in a resolution, they cannot be 
 struck out, except by a motion 
 to strike out the paragraph, or 
 such part as shali make the ques- 
 tion an entirely different one 
 from that of inserting the partic- 
 ular words. It can be brought up 
 again only by moving a reconsid- 
 
 G eration. The following motions 
 cannot be amended: (I) to recon- 
 sider; (2) to lie on the table; (3) 
 for the previous question: (4) to 
 adjourn (if unqualified) ; (5) for 
 the orders of the day; (6) to. post- 
 pone indefinitely;(7) all incidental 
 questions;(8) an amendment of 
 an amendment. A-M amendment 
 to a constitution, by-laws, or 
 rules of order, requires a previ- 
 ous notice, a->id a two-thirds 
 vote for its adoption.V=e.- V\wAes 
 
 fCltfc THE VOTE.- See 
 
 Voting. 
 
 ^PPEJ/V 1 -- To ca " upon another, 
 or to the house, to decide a ques- 
 tion controverted, to vindicate 
 one's rights, or to corroborate a 
 statement. If a mem her, object 
 to the decision of the presiding of- 
 ficer relative to questions of order, 
 he says, "I. appeal from the decision 
 of the Chair," when, if seconded, 
 the Chairman says, <{ Shall the de- 
 cision of the Chair stand asthejiulp- 
 ment of the. assembly ? " I f there 
 be a majority or a.tie vote, the 
 decision of the Chair is sustained. 
 A.-M appeal .cannot be amended,and 
 yields to privileged questions; when 
 relating to indecorum, violation 
 of. the rules of speaking, to the pri- 
 ority of business, or if made dur- 
 ing the pending of the previous 
 question, it cannot be .debated . 
 2 If debatable the presiding officer 
 -may state the reasons for. his d.e- 
 cis.ion,not leaving the chair while 
 doing so. Members are allowed to 
 speak but once on the question. A 
 vote on an appeal may be recon- 
 sidered, but is not in order while 
 another appeal is pending. \. "=,. 
 
 AjPl.\. To put. or adjust onetliinj 
 to another; as, in case a motion 
 can have.no subsidiary motion 1^- 
 ^\\e& to it, the fact is so stated; for 
 ex-ample, a particular motion, as 
 
 a -motion to adjourn, cannot be. laid 
 on the table, postponed, committed 
 or amended. 
 
 VSS^MBI>t< A number of persons 
 collected together, usually for some 
 common purpose, as for delibera- 
 tion,. legislation, religious worship, 
 or social entertainment. When us- 
 ed iti the forms of motions, it should 
 be replaced by the special term used 
 to designate the particular assembly, 
 as society, convention, board, etc. 
 
 A\W^AjioVo^S.-Ayes are affir- 
 mative votes, and noes, negative; 
 also the same as yeas and nays. 
 
 V^>e. 
 B/vU. 
 
 LLOT. A printed ov written tick- 
 et usedin voting. It W*s original- 
 ly a ball used for fecret voting. 
 L/yNK.S> E-wptii spaces to ,befi II- 
 ed in with some special writing.Itt 
 filling blanks the longest time or 
 the largest sum proposed must be 
 
 i first put to the question. Resolu- 
 tions are sometitnes conveniently 
 amended by creating blanks by 
 moving .to strike out certainnum 
 bers or times. Any n umber of mem 
 bers may propose numbers to fill 
 a blank without the formality of 
 
 3 a -motion. I-M ballotting blank votes 
 are not to be counted. 
 
 BOA.HD. A number of persons elect- 
 ed or appointed, to si* in council for 
 the -management or direction of 
 some public or private business or 
 
 i trust. For the order of the reports 
 of boards of trustees, managers, 
 etc., see Order of Business, and 
 Quorum. 
 
 BUSINESS. -Anything that demands 
 attention T or matter under con- 
 sideration. 1*1 introducing busi- 
 ness, it is either brought before 
 the assembly _by a motion, or .by 
 the presentation of .a communica- 
 tion; except in receiving the re- 
 ports of committees, or in the 1^9- 
 
 a ular routine of business. When 
 a motion for the introductiori 
 of business has been seconded, it 
 is then stated by the presiding of- 
 ficer, after which it may be debat- 
 ed; if the motion be in writing, it 
 is handed to the Chairman , and 
 read before it is debated. Sugges- 
 tions or alterations may, howev- 
 er, be made before the que-stion is 
 stated by the Chairman, the-re-b.y 
 savind much time, but debate is 
 
 3 not allowed. U-Htil a motion has 
 been stated by the Chair, its.orig- 
 inator may either modify it, or 
 withdraw it entirely; but not' 
 a-fter, without the consent of the 
 assembly. The one who seconded 
 the motion may withdraw his 
 second After the mover modifies 
 his motion. Having been stated 
 by the presiding off icer, a question 
 is in the possession of the assembly 
 for debate; the mover .not being 
 al lowpd to either -modify or with- 
 draw if , except by consent of the 
 assembly, or by moving an amend 
 -- 
 
 ir\i\Y\\s\.>vi,7r\ei5 
 -. Local or restricted laws 
 made for application to particular 
 
 149
 
 Gesture No. 4. 
 
 circumstances. In general, by-laws 
 cctitain all standing rules of a soci- 
 ety, of such importance that they 
 sfiould not be placed within t.He 
 power of one meeting to modify. 
 
 C A.L1L O FrHE^HqlisE . - iVp ar ll a* 
 mentary practice, a special order 
 by the Speaker for each member to 
 attend in his place. The object is 
 to compel the attendance of absent 
 members, tt being allowable only in 
 assemblies having the power to cow 
 
 a pel the attendance of absentees. I-M 
 the absence of a quorum, a small 
 
 to the Chairman's desk, followed. by 
 the arrested members, then making 
 his return; (6) the presiding officer 
 arraigns each arrested member sep- 
 arately, asking what excuse he has 
 to offer for being absent from the 
 sittings of the assembly without its 
 leave; (7) the -member states his 
 excuse, when a motion is made for 
 his discharge from custody and read 
 mitted to his seat either without 
 the pay-went of a fine, or after the 
 fine has been paid; until which the 
 member can neither vote nor be 
 recognized by the Chair. 
 CALL TO OF\D^R.- The presiding 
 officer should enforce the orders 
 and rules of the assembly, without 
 delay or debate. Also each -member 
 noticing a violation of a rule, is 
 expected, to insist upon its enforce 
 ment. Rising front his seat and 
 addressing the.presiding officer.he 
 saus, "Mr. Chairman, I rise to a 
 point o-f order." l-mmediately 
 taking his seat, he is requested 
 by the Chairman to state his point 
 of order, which he does, after which 
 
 2 he aoai-n resumes his seat. Upon de- 
 cision of the point by the Chair, if" 
 no appeal be taken, the first mem- 
 
 3 ber resumes his speech, tf his re- 
 marks are decided to be improper, 
 and any one objects, he cannot con 
 tinue speaking without a vote of 
 the assembly. I/ it is a case of im- 
 proper language used in debate, a 
 member may say, " I call the gen- 
 tleman .to order; *' after which 
 the Chairman decides as before. 
 
 number (one-fifth of the -members 5 I/. the Chair be unable to decide a 
 
 elct in Congress) can order a call 
 3 of the house. U-ntil a quorum is 
 obtained, the members ordering 
 the. call should not be permitted to 
 adjourn, or to dispense with fur- 
 ther proceedings in the call. A rule 
 should be adopted providing for this. 
 li the absence of a quorum, a call 
 of the house takes precedence ofev 
 erything. except the motion to ad- 
 journ ; if a quorum is present, a 
 motion for .a call -ranks withques 
 tionsof privilege, a majority vote 
 5 being required for its adoption. A/- 
 ter a call is ordered, no motion is 
 'n order, except one relating te the 
 
 call itself, or a motion to adjourn, 
 e no recess being allowed. Al I proceed- 
 ings in a call are ended by adjourn 
 - 
 
 may be ordered to present their 
 excuses at an adjourned meeting. 
 7 The proceedings in a call are:|l)the 
 clerk calls the roll of members in 
 alphabetic order, noting the absent 
 ees;(9) he calls over again the 
 name* of the absentees, when ex 
 cuses majy be made; (3) the doors 
 are locked, that no one may leave, 
 and an order adopted "That the 
 Sergeant-at-Arms take into custo- 
 dy, and bring to the bar of the House, 
 such of its members a* are absent 
 without the leave of- the House;" 
 (4-I a warrant is signed by the pre 
 siding officer, attested by the clerk 
 with a list of absentees attached, 
 and given to the Sergeant-at Arms, 
 
 the absentees; (SI appearing with 
 the arrested member*, he proceed* 
 
 point of order, he may ask the a.d- 
 vice o.f members, who respond. with 
 out rising, or he may submit it to 
 
 the assembly. 
 
 sides 
 
 -The person that pre- 
 a public or private assew 
 
 bly. For his duties, see Presiding 
 
 .Officer. 
 
 ;H/\NG^ OF VOTE. -For the priv- 
 ilege of changing one's vote before 
 the result is announced, see Voting 
 
 See Motions. See also Privileged, 
 Principal, Subsidiary, and Inciden- 
 tal Motions. 
 
 , An officer employed to 
 write orders, letters, dispatches,put> 
 lie and private papers, records, and 
 transact other business ASM, fac- 
 
 ing, except in cae a quorum is pres 
 
 ent, the members already arrested COtv\tv\IT. To refer a subjec-t to 
 
 a committee, l-n order to secure 
 a more deliberate consideration 
 of a matter, to gain further in- 
 formation upon it, or to improve 
 the form in which it is presented, 
 a motion is usually made to refer 
 the subject to a committee. The 
 committee's report may also be 
 
 a recommitted. A motion to com- 
 mit takes precedence of the mo- 
 tions to amend or to indefinitely 
 postpone.; it also yields to incident' 
 al or privileged questions, to a tno 
 tion to lie on the table, to post- 
 pone, to a certain day., or for the 
 
 3 previous question. I* is debatable, 
 and may be amended by altering 
 the committee, .or giving it. in- 
 structions. This committee is to 
 be the regular one whose duties 
 embrace 'the subject, if there- be 
 
 such; otherwise the motion should 
 be to refer to a special con-imi t-tec, 
 whose character should be named in 
 the motion; or. the nivmber and 
 kind of committee need not be 
 decided till after it has beenvo-te-d 
 to refer the subjeft to a committee. 
 
 5 A part of the subject may be refer 
 red to a committee, or different 
 parts to different.committees. If 
 the committee be instructed as to 
 the duties assigned, such instruc- 
 tions must be strictly followed. In 
 the absence of instructions, the 
 committee has full power to report 
 in any manner consistent with the 
 received forms of parliamentary 
 
 s proceedjngs. I/ the motion does 
 -not designate the method of ap- 
 pointing a. committee, and there 
 is no sta.nding -rule on the subject, 
 the Chairman inquires how the 
 committee shall be appointed, and 
 this is usually decided, informally. 
 
 7 Sometimes the Chair "appoints," 
 or the committee is"nominated" 
 either by the Chair or by members 
 of the assembly (no mem ber nom- 
 inating more than one),whenthey 
 are voted upon togett-ier. \J5ce tow- 
 
 Coiv\IVllTT^E. One or more per- 
 sons either appointed or elected, 
 to whom any matter or business 
 
 i is referred . For- the method of 
 appointing a.conimi.ttee,see last 
 part .of preceding article, also Res- 
 olutions. When a committee is 
 properly selected, its action usual- 
 
 3 ly decides that of the assembly. If 
 a committee be intended for fc.cV\o-v\ 
 it should.be small, and composed 
 of those in /avof of the pro.pos- 
 ed action; if for investigation or 
 deliberation, itshouldbe. larger, 
 representing all parties in the as- 
 sembly, that its opinion may car- 
 
 4- ry as great weight as possible. The 
 chairman o/a committe i? the 
 first member -named, and it is his 
 duty to call the committee togeth- 
 er and preside at their meetings. 
 If for any reason he /ails to call to- 
 gether the committee, it is their 
 duty to assemble At the call of any 
 
 5 two of their members. A quorum 
 is necessary for the committee to 
 
 6 act. Papers referred to a comn-i it- 
 tee must not be defaced, their amend- 
 ments being written on a separate 
 sheet. Amendments to a paper o- 
 rio.iriated by the committee, must 
 be incorporated therein. In making 
 amendments each paragraph is 
 considered separately, and when* 
 the entire, paper has been thm con- 
 sidered, it is open to amendments, 
 by striking out clauses or paragraphs, 
 inserting ne.w ones, or by substitu- 
 
 7 ting an entirely new paper. The 
 report being adopted, it is written 
 ou.t, commencing thus: " The com- 
 mittee to which was referredV.***** 
 wvaXXeV^beg leave to submit the fol- 
 lowing report; " or "Your commit 
 tee appointed to\^va\e vrv&vxeA\wou.k! 
 respectfully report " etc. The report 
 closes thus:" All of which is respect 
 fully submitted," followed by allthe 
 members' signatures who concurred 
 in the report, or sometimes only 
 that of the chairman, who usually 
 
 8 presents it to the assembly. If the 
 
 160
 
 jkiiyk, jk. 
 
 ber may speak as often and as long 
 e as he may get the floor. The com- 
 niittee can neither refer the ques- 
 tion to another committee, nor al- 
 ter the text of any resolution refer- 
 red to it; b.ut incase the resolution 
 originates in the committee, all 
 amendments arc incorporated in 
 T it. When the subject has been du- 
 ly considered, or an adjournment 
 is desired, a .motion is made that 
 "the committee rise and report," 
 etc. The motion being adopted, 
 the presiding officer takes the chair, 
 and the chairman of.the commit- 
 tee, having resumed his place in 
 the assembly, rises and inforrtis 
 the Chairman that "the comm it- 
 tee have gone through the bust- 
 
 where it becomes -necessary to know 
 who are properly members of Irha as- 
 sembly and entitled to vote, before 
 the permanent organization i* ef- 
 fected, a temporary organization is 
 made by the election of a chairman 
 and.secretary v Ve-'m.; when the 
 chairman announces, "The next 
 business in order is the appoint- 
 ment of a committee on creden- 
 tials, which is done by some one 
 moving "That a committee (usu- 
 ally of three) be appointed on the 
 a credentials of members, l-n vot- 
 ing to accept the report of the 
 committee, only those reported 
 by the committee as having prop- 
 3 er credentials can vote. The com- 
 mittee should also report doubtful 
 
 
 |:| 
 
 Gesture IM o. 5. 
 
 he is ready to make the report_when 
 the assembly is ready to recei ve 
 ait." The clerk makes a memo- 
 randu-m of the proceedings for 
 the use of the committee, but not 
 recording them on the minutes. 
 9 Should the committee .become, 
 too disorderly, the presiding offi- 
 cer may take the chair, and de- 
 10 Clare the committee dissolved. A 
 quorum, is the same as that for 
 the assembly, and without which, 
 it can only rise and report the 
 fact to the assembly, which would 
 then have to adjourn. 
 
 ommendations, which the assem 
 bly may cither postpone, adopt, or 
 reject. \^ae, 0'VO>a-v\'vz.AV\o-*\V 
 DEBATE . Argument for and 
 against; as, the debates in Parlia- 
 i mento-rin Congress. Before a 
 subject is open fo-r debate, it -must 
 be brought before the house by 
 a motion and statement by the 
 a Chair. V^>e,e^vL.s\ / v\e < i^. Before a. 
 member speaks in debate, he must 
 rise .and respectfully address the 
 Chair; as, "Mr. Chairman, "(or 
 President or Moderator, as the case 
 may be), after which the Chair- 
 
 minority submit a report, it should 
 commence thus: "The undersigned, 
 a -minority of the committee appoint 
 <d, " etc. It is usual .to allow the mi- 
 nority to present their -report after 
 that of the majority has been read, 
 though it cannot be acted upon nn ess 
 there be a motion made to substi- 
 tute it for the report of the commit 
 9 tee. A motion to recommit, when 
 adopted, revives a committee,afte-r 
 it has been discharged following the 
 reading of their report. They atedis- 
 10 charged without a motion. A com- 
 mittee (ereept a committee of the 
 whole) -may appoint a sub-commit 
 ii tee. When ready, to make their re- 
 port, a motion is made for the com 
 
 and carc.ful thought; the result 
 of deliberation, .or of attention 
 
 Coi^STJTbTJOpiL The fundamen- 
 tal, organic law or principl.es 
 of government of an organized 
 
 courtesy, the member upon whose 
 motion a subject is brought before 
 the assembly, is first entitled to 
 the floor. If it be t-he report of a. 
 committee, the member who pre- 
 sents the report; he is also enti- 
 4 tied to close the debate, l/amem 
 
 motion to adjourn), and that the 
 chairman (or some member more 
 familiar with the report) make 
 nits report to the assem bly. l-ti case 
 Of disorderly conduct, a committee 
 has no power to punish its members, 
 but must report the facts to the 
 assembly. \Se* S*a. j v\6.'\wo,CiOY\Yv\'\v- 
 
 necessarily, embodied in written 
 documents; also the documents 
 i themselves. When forming a con- 
 stitution and by-laws for an or- 
 ganization of any kind, it would 
 be well to procure copies of those 
 adopted by similar organizations 
 and make one of these the basis. 
 
 mittee, he is invariably entitled 
 5 to close the debate. With this ex- 
 ception, no -mem-ber can speak 
 -irw>re.tlian twice on the same 
 question (once on questions of 
 order); nor longer than ten min- 
 utes at a time, without leave of 
 s the assembly. U-ntil every mem- 
 
 cpmmittee consisting of the en- 
 i tire assembly. The object of such 
 
 V otuns \\\ vVus VAawvaX W\\\ *e,Y>4e 
 a tA t. qa^ex-aA mo4e\V Utter the 
 committee having charge of the 
 preparation of the constitution 
 and by-laws have finished their 
 
 110 member may speak a second 
 7 time. All remarks -must be con- 
 fined to the question before the 
 assembly, and all personalities or 
 reflections upon any one's mo 
 
 ject which is not desired to refer 
 to a committee, as when a s n.b- 
 ject matter Has not been proper- 
 ly considered and formu ated for 
 
 the^ committee rise, and that the 
 chairman report the constitution 
 and by-laws to the assembly." If 
 this be adopted, the. constitution 
 
 is wanted in debate, the question 
 may be considered informally, or 
 if the assembly be large, 90 into 
 3 committee of the whole. I/ it be 
 
 ed to consider a question at once, 
 a motion is made, " That the assem 
 bly do now resolve itself into a com 
 mittee of the whole, bo take un- 
 der consideration, " ate. (See Com- 
 mit, for its order of precedence). 
 3 The motion adopted, *4ie Chairman 
 calls another member *o the chair, 
 taking his place as a member of the 
 * committee. As the committee can- 
 not adjourn, the only motions in 
 order are to amend and adopt, and 
 that the committee "rise and re- 
 port; " ne ther can it order the 
 5 "yeas and nays." To close or lim- 
 it debate, the assembly must vote 
 that the debate in committee shall 
 cease at a certain time. If there 
 be no prescribed limit, any mem- 
 
 a brief -report is made, by the com 
 3 mittee. The constitution should 
 be made very difficult to amend, 
 a previous notice being required, 
 and a two-thirds or a three-fourths 
 vote for its adoption. V^e-c- ^\)-Va.<*, 
 
 Co^lVet^TloV-- A meeting or 
 assembly of persons, as of repre- 
 sentatives or delegates, to. accom- 
 plish some specif ic. o bject. V^s-e- ^%- 
 
 Cl\EDECfTIAjLS. -Testimonials to 
 show that a person is entitled. to 
 credit, or has a right to exercise 
 official power; as, a certificate that 
 one has been elected a delegate. In 
 the organization of a convention 
 
 to close it, it may be done by a 
 rotwo-thirds vote. There is a dis- 
 tinction between debate and mak- 
 ing suggestions or asking questions, 
 and it should always be kept in view. 
 i For the suppression of debate on 
 a subject, see Previous.Question. 
 12 Al 1 debate on a question may be 
 closed by any of. the follow! ng 
 motions, which are undebatable, 
 and, except to lie on the table, re- 
 quires a two-thirds vote for their 
 adoption: (1) Ao\\e ov\ VV\e"\-a,\>\c, 
 which, when adopted, puts the 
 question to he table, from which 
 it can only be removed by amaior- 
 ity vote. (S) AV\c. V-yeM\ow,, CXxvas- 
 X\o*v\, whir. h, when adopted, cuts 
 off debate by bringing the assem- 
 
 361
 
 Gesture No. 6. 
 
 bly to vote cm the pending question 
 only. If the pending -motion is an 
 amendment, or a motion to com- 
 mit, it also applies to the question to 
 be amended or committed, or to an 
 amendment of an amendment. 
 ( 3) K v\ Oy>acV\OK\ Xo XVe, Ci\A\ta.x&V\oY\ 
 k Ok\vX\oY\ ( on I y when. the ques- 
 tion is first introduced), which, if 
 adopted, throws the subject out of 
 *he assembly for that session. (4-) 
 "To ako^V -a\\ o\o,et \\Yn\X\\\o, &- 
 >oavc upon a special subject, or vo 
 cAote irtaVe upon the subject at a 
 Stated time, when all pending ques- 
 tions are put to vote without fur- 
 ther debate. These two measures 
 apply to a pend!tt9 amendment, or 
 an. amendment to an amendment. 
 This beina voted upon, the original 
 question is left open to debate and 
 amendment.. _ 
 
 Dl^COr\Ul 1(4 DEBATE. -In debate 
 a member must -not reflect upon 
 any act of the assembly, and con- 
 fine .his remarks to the. qu-estion 
 pending. He should avoid personal- 
 ities, and when referring to anoth 
 cr -member, if possible, avoid usin? 
 his name; instead referring to 
 hitn as "the member who spoke 
 last," or as the case may be; -nev- 
 er in any way arraigning the rno- 
 
 3 tives of a member. The character 
 or consequences of a measure may 
 be co-ndemned in strong terms, 
 keepin9 in mind that it is the meas- 
 ure and not the man, that is the 
 
 3 subject of debate. Always refer to 
 the officers of the assembly b y 
 their official titles, and whe-n the 
 Chairman rises to speak, the -mem- 
 ber speaking must resume his seat 
 till the Chairman has been heard. 
 I-H object i tig to improper words, 
 either the -member otyectirio or 
 the clerk sKould write them ou-t, 
 *hat they may be read to the me-m 
 ber who ic accused; in case of 
 denial, the assembly decides by a 
 vote whether or -no* they are, 
 hif words. If he can-not justify 
 the ute of the words, or refusal 
 to properly apologize, it :* the duty 
 of the assembly to ac*. I/ a -mem 
 ber be called to order, he mutt 
 
 sit until the question of order is 
 decided. If his remarks are decided. 
 to be improper, he cannot contin- 
 ue speaking, if any one objec*,w!tH- 
 out (he consent of the assembly er- 
 pressed by a vote. Before the a 
 si'mbly proceeds to. deliberate up 
 on a case, if the disorderly words 
 ba of a personal nature, both par- 
 ties to the personality should re- 
 tire, it being a general rule that 
 when any subject relating to one\ 
 self is under debate, he should be 
 absent. Unless the person object- 
 ing to the words is involved ill 
 the case. He need not -retire. 
 ^LE;G/\TE.- One who is e-nt 
 and empowered to act for anoth- 
 er. Fo.r the organization of a 
 meeting of delegates, see Conven- 
 tion and Organization. 
 ^ClSlOp.- The act of settling 
 or determining. As a rule, it-i 
 most qu-estio-ns and elections, 
 the -majority of votes of those 
 who a-re presen* constitutes 
 the will of the body. A special pro- 
 vision: is necessary in case a -ma- 
 jority of the whole -membership 
 is.req uired. V^ 8 - 8 ^ oVwvoA. 
 
 DELIBERATIVE. ASS^NlBLY.-An 
 assembly having the -right or 
 power' to deliberate upon or to 
 discuss questions brought before 
 it. For the rights. of such an as- 
 sembly to punish its membe-rs, 
 see Legal Rights of Assemblies. 
 
 DIVISION.- In an assembly the 
 separation of the -members into 
 t wo parties for the purpose of vot- 
 ing on opposite sides of a question. 
 
 . 
 
 separation of a question into two 
 or more questions, as the mover 
 may. specify, for the purpose of 
 getting a separate .vote on any par 
 
 i ticular point or points. So-meti-mes 
 the enemies of a measure seek to 
 amend i* in such away as to di- 
 vide its friends, and thus defeat 
 
 lit. To divide a question is really 
 to amend it, and subject to the 
 
 3 same rules. After a question is 
 divided, each separate question 
 is a proper one for the assembly 
 to act upon, even if none, o-f.the 
 
 4 others were adopted. A -motion 
 to "strike out certain words arid 
 insert others," is indivisible,it 
 being strictly one proposition; 
 a -motion "to. corn-mi* with in- 
 structions, " is also indivisible.be 
 cause if the motion to cornmit 
 should -fail, the motion to instruct 
 would be improper, since t here 
 would be -no committee. \.^>.e. fc- 
 
 Wfc Y\fc'W\,'*\W 
 
 DUTIES OF OFFICERS. -See un- 
 der the title of each officer in its 
 Broper order. 
 
 .. 
 
 Religious courts or /oru-ms f of 
 t-hc -administrat-io-n of just iqe 
 among religious bodies or their 
 members. These bodies are gov- 
 erned in their deliberations by 
 the same rules of order that are 
 used in other deliberative bodies. 
 a The presiding officer is designat- 
 3 ed "Moderator." li case of di- 
 vision or other trouble among 
 the -members of a local charch, the 
 
 Supreme Court of the United States 
 has laid down the broad principle 
 that, when a local church is but a 
 part of a larger and more general 
 organization or denomination, the 
 court will accept the decision of the 
 highest ecclesiastical tribunal to which 
 the case has been carried within that 
 general church organization as f i- 
 rial,and will not inquire into the 
 justice or injustice of its decrees 
 as between the parties before it. The 
 courts will recognize the highest 
 judiciary recognized by any denom- 
 ination. 
 
 j ^CTfyiEfrfT. - It is a right of ev- 
 ery deliberative assembly to deter- 
 mine who may be present during 
 its session, and after deciding, by a 
 vote or by a rule, that any person 
 shall not remain in t.he room, it 
 is the duty of the Chairman to. en- 
 force *he rule or order, employing 
 force if necessary. Members may 
 be detailed to remove the person, 
 but in using harsher treatment 
 than is necessary, the members 
 make, themselves liable to action. 
 XPULSlOpf. Summarily remov- 
 ing frgm membership. For the 
 expulsion of -mem hers, see Trial 
 of Members. 
 
 L^CTlOfl. The act of choosing 
 a person to fill an office, or to 
 membership in a society. The us- 
 ual methods are by ballot, uplift- 
 ed hands, or M\va. N oca.. For the 
 election of off icers, see Organiza- 
 
 ADJOURN.- This motion takes 
 precedence of all others . 1 1 is un- 
 debatable when another question 
 is before the assembly, and is in 
 order even after the vote h.as 
 been taken to adjourn, provided 
 the result of the vote has not yet 
 
 i been a.nnou-nced. When no other 
 .question is before the assembly, 
 it is debatable, standing as any oth- 
 er principal motion, and can be 
 amended by altering the time. 
 
 1 l*s form is, "When this assembly 
 adjourns, it adjourns to meet at 
 
 3 such a time. " When it is desir- 
 ed to have an adjourned meeting 
 of. the assembly, it is best to make 
 this motion sometime before the 
 close, specifying the time. 
 
 FLOOR.. To obtain the floor in 
 order to add-re.ss the assembly on 
 any question, it is necessary that 
 the me.mber rise and address the 
 presiding.off icer by his title; as, 
 "Mr. Chair-man," or as the case 
 may be, who will then announce 
 
 i the member's name. When two 
 or more persons rise to speak at 
 the same time, the Chairman de- 
 cides who is first by calling the 
 name or otherwise indicatin? the 
 person. If readiness of discern- 
 ment and promptness of decis- 
 ion on the part^of the Chair-man 
 do not enable him to justly decide 
 between the two claimants, an ap- 
 peal to the assembly may ba had. 
 Having once obtained the floor, a 
 member cannot be interrupted 
 by calls for the. question , or by a 
 motion to adjourn, or for any 
 purpose, with the following ex- 
 ceptions: (I) by an objection to 
 
 152
 
 Gesture No. 7. 
 
 the consideration of the question;(2) 
 by a call to order; (3) by a call for 
 the orders of the day; (4-) to have 
 entered on the minutes a motion, 
 to reconsider; (5) by a. question of 
 privilege that requires im-medi- 
 ate action. \,S.. WVxo&NvcVNo-vv oi 
 
 FOI\lv\S. For forms of motions, 
 questions, reports, etc., see the par- 
 ticular subject in its proper order. 
 
 ber holding a title or place. without 
 rendering s.ervice or receiving .re- 
 ward. Distinguished past presid- 
 ing officers, veteran members of 
 the meeting, persons who have 
 won honorable distinction in the 
 cause that the meeting assembles 
 to consider, and other notabili- 
 ties whose presence will lend dig- 
 nity to the rostrum, the Chair-man 
 may appropriately call to the stand, 
 to occupy a seat beside him, all of 
 which tends to give respectability, 
 dign.ity, and influence to the pro 
 ceedings of the meeting. 
 HOUSED An audience or assembly 
 of hearers, as at a lecture,theate% 
 societu, etc. V:>a.C>'X\ oixVve, \\o\v%e/V 
 
 words or expressions u-nsuitcd,u-ti 
 becoming, or un fitted to ths c-tV- 
 cumstances. \* ^aco*\vwv Vw *" - 
 VaWV 
 
 arising out of other questions. In 
 consequence of their origin, they 
 take precedence of those from which 
 they arise, and are to be decided be- 
 fore them. They cannot be amend- 
 ed, and yield to privileged questions. 
 They cannot be debated, except an 
 appeal. They are: (I) Suspension of 
 *he rules; (S) Objection to the con- 
 sideration of a question; (3) Q^ues- 
 tiori of order, or appeal; (4) The-read 
 ing of papers; (5) Leave to with- 
 draw amotio 
 
 A postponement without setting a 
 day for further co-nsideration. I/ 
 this question be decided in the af- 
 firmative, the motion cannot be 
 renewed; if in the negative, it has 
 no effect, the question being still' 
 in the possession of the assembly. U 
 
 takes precedence of nothing except 
 the p-rincipal question, and yields to 
 incidental, privileged, or subsidiary 
 motions, except to amend. When the 
 previous question is.ordered while 
 this motion is pending, it applies on 
 IM to it without affecting the main 
 question..!* opens to debate the en 
 tire question it is proposed to post- 
 pone; it cannot be amended, and 
 entirely removes the question from 
 before the assembly for that ses- 
 
 ,--.-, ,--, ,-,-- . .-Con- 
 sideration without regard, to offi- 
 cial, conventional, prescribed, or 
 customary forms or.ru les;as,act- 
 ing as if in the committee of the 
 whole. I-M stead of going into com 
 mittee of the whole, especially in 
 small assemblies, the question nay 
 at first be considered "informally," 
 and afterwards, "formally." l*i 
 informal actions, a member is 
 at liberty to speak as often and 
 as long each time as oermitted by 
 the assembly. Acting informally 
 upon resolutions, the assembly 
 can only amend and adopt them; 
 the Chairman announcing, with- 
 out a -motion, that "the assem- 
 bly, acting informally, has had 
 the subject under consideration, 
 and has made certain amendments, 
 which he will report." The Chair- 
 man's report to the assembly of 
 the informal action should been- 
 te-red on the minutes, but the 
 memorandum of the proceed- 
 ings kept by the clerk should not 
 be entered. It not being necessa 
 ry *o move that the committee 
 rise at the close of an informal 
 action, the Chairman -retains 
 his seat; but the adoption of such 
 motions as to commit, to adjourn, 
 the previous quest! on, or any mo- 
 tion except to amend or adopt, 
 puts an end to the informal con- 
 sideration. 
 
 tJTflODlJCTIOK O ,.--, 
 
 When other than routine busi- 
 ness, or order? of the day, isto.be 
 brought before the assembly, it 
 is introduced by amotion, which; 
 after bejng seconded, is stated by 
 the Chairman. When, a member 
 wishes to bring a subject before 
 the assembly, unless very simple, 
 he should, write it out in the form 
 of a motion, introducing the res 
 olutien with the word "Resolved." 
 Rising and addressing the Chair 
 man, he says," I move the adop- 
 tion of the following resolution,' 
 which he reads and then hands 
 to the Chairman. After seconding, 
 the Chairman says, "It has been 
 moved and seconded that the fol- 
 lowing resolution be adopted," he 
 then reading the resolution; af- 
 ter which the merits of the. res- 
 olution are open to discussion. 
 At the close of the discussion the 
 Chairman asks, "Are you ready 
 for the question?" If no one ris- 
 es to speak, he says, "The question 
 is on the adoption of the resolution 
 which you have heard read; as 
 ma,ny as are in favor of its adop- 
 tion will say aye." After -theayes 
 have voted, he says," As many as 
 
 are opposed to its adoption will say 
 noi" After the vote has been tak 
 en, the Chairman announces the 
 result by stating hat tha tno.tion 
 is carried, or lost, as the case may 
 
 |OURNA]L^-The record of daily pro- 
 ceedings, kept by the clerk. In legis- 
 lative bodies this record is called as 
 above, but in most other assem- 
 blies it is called the vx.mw%e%, which 
 
 L^GAX RlGHTS.-Those rights of 
 deliberative assemblies, created by, 
 permitted by, or in conformity with, 
 the laws of the country.The courts 
 recognize deliberative bodies as hav- 
 ing the inherent right to n-iaUe 
 and enforce their own laws, and 
 punish their members for offens- 
 es, the extreme penalty be.m? ex- 
 pulsion. A permanent society, for 
 self-protection, has a right to give 
 public notice that a person hasceas 
 ed to be a member of that society. 
 Publishing the charges against the 
 expelled member gives him ground 
 for recovering damages from the 
 society in a suit for libel, notwith 
 standing the truth of the charges. 
 
 .1^ OK TflE TA.BLE. To postpone 
 a subject in such a way that it can 
 be taken up again at any time, 
 or to suppress a question.when a 
 majority vote can not be obtain- 
 ed to take it from the table dur- 
 
 i ing any session. This motion is 
 not debatable, cannot be amended, 
 can have no subsidiary motion ap- 
 plied to it, nor can an affirmative 
 vote on it be reconsidered. Ittakes 
 precedence of all.other subs/diarx 
 questions, and yield.sto privflege* 
 or incidental questions. It rewows 
 the subject, and everything that 
 adheres to it, from consideration 
 till the assembly vote to take.it 
 from the table, a/motion bei-ng 
 necessary to call it before the as- 
 sembly. The following areejtcep- 
 tions: (I) An amendment to the 
 minutes being laid on the table, 
 the minutes are not carried with 
 it; (Jl) If a motion to reconsider 
 a question be laid on the table, the 
 original question is left where it 
 was before the reconsideration wa 
 moved; (3) If an appeal belaid on 
 the table, the decision of the Chair 
 is sustained, but the original sub 
 
 3 ject is not tabled. Whenever there 
 is no possibility of obtaining a ma 
 jority vote for taking up a questiot 
 during the remainder of the session 
 the quickest way to suppress Vt is 
 to move. K that the question lie on 
 the table; " which, being undebat 
 able, the majority may instantly 
 place on the table, from which it 
 can not- be taken without their con- 
 sent. 
 
 MAlff G(UE.STtpl4. A Main or 
 Principal Question or Motion, isa 
 motion to bring before the assew 
 bly,for its consideration, any p.ar 
 
 i ticular subject. 14! yields to all in 
 cidental, privileged, and subsidiary 
 questions, takes precedence of nor 
 ing, and cannot be -made when 
 
 any other question Is -before the 
 assembly. V> 
 
 153
 
 VlAJOHltV-- The number by which 
 one aggregate exceeds all other ag- 
 gregates with which it is contrasted; 
 as, the number by which the votes 
 for a successful candidate exceed 
 those for all other candidates. ^e-e. 
 
 Gesture No. 8. 
 
 .-An assemblitia togeth- 
 er of the members of a deliberative 
 body (or any length of time, an d 
 during which there is -no separa- 
 tion of the -members by an adjourn 
 ment. I/ a recess be taken (or on- 
 ly a few -minutes, this does tiot ter- 
 minate the "meeting." I'M ordina- 
 ry practice a meeting is closed by 
 moving simply "to adjourn. V^>- > 
 J>e**\o\\\. For method o( conduct 
 ing a meeting, see Assembly, Con- 
 vention, Business, Introduction of 
 Business, and Order of Business. 
 Efv\8EI\. One of the persons 
 composing a. society, association 
 tc. Before taking his seat as a 
 member of a permanent society, 
 it is usually required that the per- 
 son be Yvi\t\a.Xe& by the payment 
 of a certain fee, and making an 
 affirmation similar to the fol- 
 lowing: "I do hereby solemnly prom 
 ise, that I will observe and strictly 
 obey all the laws, rules and regula- 
 tions set down, in the Constitu- 
 tion of this Society; and do furthei 
 declare that I entertain no ill-will 
 toward any member, and will en 
 deavor to promote the welfare of 
 
 3 this Society." A member is not 
 supposed to be preseit during a 
 debate about himself, nor is he to 
 vote on questions pers.onal to him 
 self. During the -meetings of an 
 assembly, the members are suppos 
 ed to stand upon a plane of enact 
 equality. If possessed of a high de- 
 gree of intellectual culture, or gift- 
 ed with fluency of speech and read- 
 iness i-n, debate the fact is clearly 
 fhown in the proceed ings of the 
 assembly; wealth and eminence 
 in position being lost sight of for 
 
 * the time being. All standing onthe 
 same level, it becomes each member 
 to exhibit such deportment, as will. 
 
 in the highest degree, promote the 
 harmony and efficacy of the mee,t- 
 '" 
 
 S^lfJO^ITV. The smaller number, 
 as opposed to the majority.or larg- 
 er,number. For the report of the 
 minoritu.see Committee. 
 
 >v\INUT^S.-An outline of the pro- 
 ceedings of a meeting or society. 
 \See. iovnr\\a.V\. The minutes should 
 contain, ll> A statement of the 
 kind of meeting, whether "regu- 
 lar, " "special." "adjourned regu- 
 lar, " or "adjourned special;"!*) 
 Name of the assembly.; (3) Date 
 and place of the meeting, unless 
 the place is always the same; (4) 
 A statement of the fact of the pres- 
 ence of the regular chair-man and 
 clerk, or in their absence the names 
 of their substitutes; (5) A state- 
 ment as to whether the -minutes 
 of the previous meeting were approv 
 ed;(6) A record of the proceedings 
 of the meeting. The following form 
 illustrates the introductory part: 
 "At a regular meeting of the Hi- 
 bernian Literary Society, held on 
 the 23rd d,ay of November, 19..., 
 at the Society Auditorium, the 
 President iri the chair, the min- 
 utes were read by the clerk and ap 
 
 3 proved." Iti the absence of the 
 clerk, insert after the words "in 
 the chair" the follow?ng:"The 
 
 clerk being absent, was 
 
 appointed clerk v ** The min- 
 utes were then read and approved." 
 In the absence of the reading of 
 the minutes, say," The reading of 
 the minutes was dispensed with." 
 
 4 The minutes should be signed by 
 the clerk who acts for that meet- 
 ing, and when, they are to be pub- 
 lished, the presiding officer should 
 
 * also sign them. The clerk should 
 not under any circumstances 
 criticise in the minutes, either 
 favorably or.otherwise,,anything 
 said or done in the meeting. I -n 
 ordinary society meetings, the du- 
 ty of the clerk is mainly to record 
 what was done by the assembly; 
 but if the minutes are to be pub- 
 lished, it is often of far -more in- 
 terest to know what was said by 
 the leading speakers than to know 
 what routine business was done. 
 In such cases the secretary should 
 
 T have afc least: one assistant. Every 
 principal motion, whether adopt- 
 ed or -rejected; the results of vot- 
 ing; and wheri voting by yeas 
 and nays, a list of the names of 
 those voting on each side, should 
 all be entered in fhe minutes;al 
 so brief summaries of reports 
 that have been agreed to, except 
 where it contains resolutions, in 
 which case the resolutions should 
 be entered in full as adopted by 
 
 the assembly.. The proceedings 
 of the committee of the whole, or 
 while acting informally , should 
 no* be entered on the minutes. 
 
 9 When the next meeting will not 
 occur for a long period, the min- 
 utes should be read and approved 
 
 to before adjournment. The, clerk 
 should have in his possession a 
 list of all standing committees , al- 
 
 so such select committees as are 
 in existence at the time. Previous 
 to each meeting, the clerk should 
 make out an order of business 
 for the M-se of the Chairman, and 
 when a committee has been ap- 
 pointed, he should hand the names 
 of the committee, and all papers 
 referred t'o it, to the chairman 
 of *he committee. V%e$c*tx.tHY 
 v\OD^\ATOa.-An officer who 
 presides over an assembly, to pre- 
 serve order, propose quest ions, reg- 
 ulate the proceed ings, and .declare 
 the votes. The term is p,articular- 
 ly applicable to the chairman of 
 ecclesiastical assembl ies. VJaftt'**-- 
 
 MOD|FICATIOt | f Any particular 
 form or manner, or any slight 
 change in form. After a ques- 
 tion or motion is- m ,*h posses- 
 sion of the assembly, its mover 
 cannot modify or withdraw it, 
 if any one object, ercept by obtain- 
 ing leave from the assembly, or 
 by moving tn amendment.^ to 
 
 - - .- I. A proposal or sugges- 
 tion ma.de at a meeting or assem- 
 bly, looking to action or progress. 
 If a proposition be made in such 
 form that -the assembly. is ready 
 to act upon it, the question may 
 be put at once, and. the result de- 
 termined ; but as it is often de- 
 sirable to dispose of itln some, oth- 
 er way, for this purpose various 
 motions have come into u.9e,wliich 
 can be made while a question is 
 being considered, and for the time 
 supersede it. V^o-v VYve. oY&e.-r oi 
 
 WVH.YV) oi Va.\\-a-w\e.ir\X'a.rx) V.-roc-ei 
 
 2. Sec*V For the, details of each mo- 
 3 t ion, see it in its proper order.The 
 following is a list of mptio-ns,clas- 
 sified according to their object: 
 I. ?i\v\e.* a.rvk 0-\ro.c,Y*. (i) Orders 
 of the Day. (a) Appeal, (a) Questions 
 of Order. (+) Suspension oftheRuJes. 
 (5) Special Orders. H..To ^.tt-wress 
 \}aV>aVe. (i) Order Limiting or 
 Closing Debate. (a) The Previous 
 Question. XliAo .^u.^v Ye ^* * Vve - 
 CL\*.et*\o-v\. (l) To Lie on the Table. 
 fa) To Postpone Indefinitely. (3) 
 To Object to the Consideration of 
 the Question. IV. "^o ^,tev ^cV^OY^; 
 (l) To Lie on the Table, (a) To Post- 
 pone to a Certain Time. IV. T o. 
 f\vnev\4 O-T NVo4\4x). (l) To Commit, 
 la) To Amend. VI. to CAote.Wie.X 
 vnq.. (l) To Fix the Time to which 
 to Adjourn, (a) To Adjourn. VU. 
 ToCo-vwi&e/r a dvt.s*'\0'V\ .%eco-v\& 
 Vxrvxe. To Reconsider. VIHA*\v 
 G.\\a-ve.o\i^. (i) Questions of Priv- 
 ilege, (a) Reading of Papers. (3) With 
 drawal of a Motion..The .follow- 
 ing is a general classification of 
 motions: I . W\Y\c\va,\ or XAa'vv\ 
 
 ,-MTo 
 
 , 
 . TL. < 
 
 Lie on the Table, (a) To A mend. (3) 
 To Postpone Indef initely.(4)To Post 
 pone to a Certain Day. (5) To Com- 
 mit. (6) The Previous 6lu.estion.Hi:. 
 
 (i) Suspension of the Rules. (a) To 
 Appeal, or Questions of Order. (3) To 
 
 15J
 
 G-esture No. 9. 
 
 Object to the Consideration of any 
 Question. (4-) The Reading of Pa- 
 pers. (5) Leave to_ Withdraw a 
 Motion. IV. W\M\\eo / e\Ooix*&\oK\s 
 h) To Call for the Orders of the 
 Day.Ja) To Fix the Time to which 
 to Adjourn, (aj To Adjoum ; (4) 
 Questions relating -to the Rights 
 atid Priyilea.es of the Assembly or of 
 
 i any of its Members. When -required 
 by the presiditi9 officer, all principal mo- 
 tions, amendments, and instructions 
 to committees, should be in writi-r^. 
 
 For a list of motions that cannot be 
 amended, see Amendment and for 
 those which cannot be debated, see 
 Undebatable Questions, and Debate. 
 The following -motions open to discus 
 sioti the entire merits of the main 
 question: (I) To Reconsider a debat 
 able question. (3) To Postpone Itidef 
 
 e initely.(3) To Commit. The fol- 
 lowinq motions require a two-thirds 
 vote for their adoption , while all oth 
 ers require but a majority. Every 
 motion in this list has the effect to 
 suspend or change some rule or cus 
 torn of deliberative bodies :(l)To Sus 
 pend the Rules. (2) To MakeaSpecia 
 Order. (3) To Amend the Rules (re 
 quires also a previous notice). (4-) 
 To Close or Limit Debate. (5) The 
 Previous Question. (6) To Take up 
 a Question out of its Proper Order 
 (7) To Object to the Consideration 
 of a Question. \5>t ^w*Wna\Y 
 
 NEW BUSINESS. -Any business 
 usually coming in under the head 
 of communications or petitions. 
 When a member makes a statement 
 relating to some matter, or presents 
 a communication or petition in 
 writing from som_e person or persons 
 such communication should be 
 signed by the petitioner or petition 
 
 a ers. The member who presents a pe 
 tititm should be so informed of the 
 character of his petition, as to be a 
 ble to make a plain statement of th< 
 nature of it? contents, and whether 
 
 it is worthy of consideration or not. 
 Either the person presenting the peti- 
 tion, or some other member, shou-ld 
 move that the communication be re- 
 ceived, and referred to the commit- 
 tee having charge of that class of bu- 
 siness, at the same time giving the 
 paper to the secretary. I/ imme- 
 diate action on the communication 
 be desirable, the person presenting 
 it should offer a motion to that ef- 
 fect. 
 
 NOiyilN*\.TIOl*.-Theact of pro- 
 posing by name, or_ offering the 
 name of, as a candidate for an o/- 
 fice or place. Ay number of -nom- 
 inations may be made (unless a 
 motion is adopted to the contrary), 
 the Chairman announcing each 
 name as he hears it, and the Sec- 
 retary -making a memorandum 
 of the same. It is usual to vote up- 
 on the names in the order hi which 
 they Have been announced, until 
 one receives a vote sufficient for 
 an election. \S>ee. NoVvwq -a^o, Of- 
 ' 
 
 or private duty. Before entering 
 upon the duties of office, each of- 
 ficer is usually installed or inaug- 
 urated by making an affirma- 
 tion, similar in form to the fol- 
 lowing: "I do hereby solemnly 
 promise that I will faithfully dis- 
 charge the duties of tny office to 
 the best of tny knowledge and abil- 
 i ity." Por the duties of officers, 
 see the following in their prop- 
 er order: President, Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Chairman, Moderator. Pre- 
 siding Officer, Sergeant-at-Arms, 
 Secretary, Clerk, Minutes, ana 
 Treasurer. 
 
 f\DE^F\. Conformity with law 
 or decorum ; the customary mode 
 of procedure, or established sys- 
 tem; as, in the conduct of debate 
 or the transaction of business. 
 
 . To give or apply a 
 number or_nuTnbers to; as, to as- 
 sign a place in a series by order of 
 number. When the assembly !s 
 large and the session to contin- 
 ue but for a short time, it is of- 
 ten found to be -more convenient 
 to designate the -members by num 
 ber than by_ name. When insert- 
 ing or striking out paragraphs, 
 the marginal numbers prefixed 
 to them, should be corrected, if 
 necessary, by the cJerk, without 
 anu motion to arnend. 
 OBJECTlOf4 The act of present 
 ing something in opposition; as, 
 an adverse reason or argument. 
 When any principal motion has 
 been first introduced, and_ before 
 it has been debated, an objection 
 can be made to the consideration 
 of it. It does not ^require a second, 
 may be made while another mem- 
 ber has the floor, and the_ C hajr- 
 man may put the question, if 
 he deems it necessary, upon his 
 own responsibility. The purpose 
 of this motion, "to object to the 
 consideration of a question," is 
 to enable the assembly to avoid all 
 questions which are thought to 
 be contentious, unprofitable, ot- 
 irrelevant. The question can -nei- 
 ther be amended, debated, or have 
 any other subsidiary motion ap- 
 plied to it; and when decided in 
 the negative by a tvyo-thirds < vote. 
 the whole matter is dismissed 
 for that session. 
 BTAINING THE Fl.OOH.-For 
 the method of obtain i-ng, the floor 
 before speaking, and the rig ht 
 to hold it, see Floor. 
 FFICER. A person lawfully 
 invested with an of /ice, and au- 
 thorized to pea-form some public 
 
 OBLDE^OF l\iit<Ess.- The 
 
 method or customary modeof 
 procedure in deliberative assem- 
 blies. In order to expedite the 
 proceedings, and insure due con- 
 sideration to all measures , a def- 
 inite order of business should be 
 adopted. The following is a con- 
 venient order for most assem- 
 blies: (I) Call to order. (9) Calling 
 of the roll, if there be any. (3) 
 Chaplain's exercise, if there be 
 any. (4-) Reading the^minutes 
 of the previous meeting, and 
 their approval. (5) Reports of 
 standing committees. (6) Re- 
 ports of select committees.(T) 
 Unfinished business, left over 
 from last meeting. (8) New bit 
 
 i siness. If a sabject has been 
 made a "special order "for the 
 day, it is taken up immediately 
 after the reading of the min- 
 utes. The "orders of the day" 
 come in with unfinished busi- 
 
 3 ness. When it is desired to trans- 
 act business out of order, it is 
 necessary to suspend the rules, 
 to do which a two-thirds vote is 
 
 i required. I -ft considering a re- 
 port or proposition containing 
 several paragraphs or sections, 
 the proper method is to begin 
 with the first and take them in 
 order. This, however, may be va- 
 ried, if the assembly be of such a 
 size asto make it practicable; and 
 in general, in a series of resolu- 
 tions with^a preamble, consider 
 the resolutions first, and then 
 recur to the preamble. The clerk 
 first reads the entire serfes_ of 
 resolutions, or other proposition 
 of distinct parts; after which the 
 presiding officer reads the parts 
 separately, when the amendments 
 should be made. Finally, the ques- 
 tion is put on the adoption of the 
 whole, amended or not, as the 
 
 5 case may be. When a report has 
 
 155
 
 wnfrm 
 
 v 
 
 Gesture No. 10. 
 
 come back from a committee, wheth 
 er amended or not, the reading is 
 made by the_clerk, followed by the 
 second reading by the presidin9 of 
 ficer, amendments to amendments 
 of the committee only being admit- 
 ted at this stage. Other amendments 
 ate then -made, if desired, followed 
 
 c by the final vote ori adoption. If 
 is a common practice to_ ve-ts-'we 
 the report o/ the committee when 
 presented, or after it has been anew 
 ed, and the proposition becomes one 
 of the assembly upon the vote for 
 adoption, and not a report o/ a 
 
 7 committee. Itl case the committee 
 report back a new draft, it may be 
 accepted as a substitute for theorig 
 inal, and so considered; or it -may 
 be treated as an amendment, ana 
 then amended when necessary, the 
 vote on the report be!n9 as on an 
 amendment, followed by a vote oti 
 
 g the main question as amended. By 
 "suspending the -rules," or by gen 
 eral consent, a report can be at 
 once adopted without following a- 
 ny of the ordinary-routine. 
 HOF\SOFTHE D/ft.- Matters 
 that have been assigned to a cer- 
 tain day or hour /or considera- 
 
 i tion. A motion /or the orders of 
 the day, takes precedence over all 
 other questions or motions pend- 
 ing, or which may arise, except 
 those to adiourn, to -reconsider, 
 
 3 and of privileges.!* is not debata- 
 ble, cannot be amended, requires 
 *io second, and is i-w older when 
 
 i another has the floor. The orders 
 of the day are either "special "or 
 "general, " the former taking pre 
 cedence of the latter. G-eneral or- 
 ders cannot interfere with the 
 established rules of the assembly 
 but special orders suspend all the 
 rules of the assembly that inter 
 fere with their consideration at 
 the time specified, it requiring a 
 
 two-thirds vote to make any _qes 
 tion a special order. One special or- 
 der cannot be made- to interfere 
 with another special order, bu* mail 
 with a general order. When one 
 or -more subjects have been assign- 
 ed to a particular day or hoiw,they 
 cannot be considered before that 
 time, except by a two-thirds vote. 
 \f not taken up at the time spec- 
 if ied,the order falls to the ground, 
 unless it be assigned, by a major- 
 ity vote, to some other time. Ati 
 affirmative vote on a call for the 
 orders of the day removes the pen- 
 ding question from before the as- 
 sembly, but a negative vote dis- 
 penses with the orders only so 
 far as they interfere with^the 
 question then u-nder considera- 
 tion. The form of this questjon 
 is, "Will the assembly now pro- 
 ceed to the .orders of the day? " 
 or, "Shall the orders of the day 
 
 be taken up? " A formal \iote,ex- 
 ce.pt by unanimous tonsent, is nec- 
 essary to proceed originally to the 
 orders of the day. 
 
 Of\DE^ OF DEjUIBEft/VTIOtf. 
 The order in whujfi the distinct 
 parts of a. proposition or series 
 of resolutions are taken up and 
 considered. The proper order is 
 to begin with the first and take 
 them in regular succession. unless 
 otherwise provided. \Jbee, OY&, oi 
 
 OHDEFV OF PI\ECDE>ICE> See 
 
 Precedence. 
 
 RGANIZATION. -The act of 
 arranging in a systematic 
 way so as to enable the different 
 parts, as the off icers,to co-op- 
 
 i erate together. To organize an 
 occasional or mass nieetina., 
 some member of the assembly 
 steps/orward and says: "The 
 meeting will please come to or- 
 der; I -wove that Mr. . 
 
 act as Chairman of this meetina;" 
 after the motion is seconded, he 
 says: "It has been moved and sec 
 
 onded that Mr. act as 
 
 Chairman of this meeting; those 
 in favor of the motion will say 
 aye; " K those opposed will say 
 no. " If the aff irmative wm.he 
 says, "The motion is carried; M-r. 
 
 will take the chair. If 
 
 themotjon be lost, another nom- 
 ination uiMc*M.ru,wHm*lKpn> 
 
 a cedure is as before. With theChair- 
 man elected, the selection of a^ 
 retary is next in order. Nomina- 
 tions are made, and the voting 
 proceeds as in the election of the 
 Chairman. When there are sever- 
 al names proposed, they are voted 
 upon in -the order of nomination 
 untH one receives a majority. Af 
 ter his election, the Secretary is 
 to take his seat; near -the Chair- 
 man, and proceed to make a. 
 
 record as described under Minutes. 
 If more officers are required than 
 a chairman and secretaryjor if it 
 be desired to select them with more 
 deliberation, it is customary to con- 
 sider the above- described organiza- 
 tion temporary, and refer the mat 
 ter of permanetit organization to 
 a committee, usually with power 
 to make nomi-Hations for the of- 
 fices, upon whose report the meet- 
 ing organizes, either in pnform- 
 ity there to ,.or with modifications, 
 which may amount to an entire 
 rejection of the report. When the 
 members of the assembly are rep- 
 resentatives ofothers.it is neces- 
 sary to determine who_are duly 
 chosen members. This is done by 
 the appointment of a committee 
 on credentials. \9>eC*eA&'v\X>Y&.\%V 
 
 5 The organization thus far com- 
 pleted, the Chairman asks,"W>iat 
 is the further pleasure of the meet- 
 ing?" If the -meeting be called to- 
 gether to consider a special object, 
 it is customary at this stage of 
 the proceedings for some one to 
 offer a series of resolutions pre- 
 viously prepared, or else to move 
 the appointment of a committee 
 to prepare resolutions upon *he 
 
 e subject. I/ a committee be ap- 
 pointed to draft resolutions, the 
 number being decided upon, the 
 Chair may appoint, or the as- 
 sembly may nominate them, 
 and then vote u-pon their appoint- 
 ment. A/tcr the committee are 
 appointed, they should retire at 
 once and agree u-pon a -report, 
 which should be in writing, as 
 
 described under Cio-wvwu**e.e.. Our 
 ing the committee's absence, oth- 
 er business may be attended to, 
 or the time may be occupied iti 
 
 9 hearing addresses. When the 
 committee return, the chairman 
 of the committee says: "The com- 
 mittee appointed to draft reso- 
 lutions are prepared to report.'' 
 After -reading which, he hands 
 them to the presiding officer. A 
 member then moves the "adop- 
 tion " or "acceptance"of tMe r- 
 
 10 port. \( it is not desired imme- 
 diately to adopt the resolutions, 
 they may be debated, modified,_or 
 
 n postponed. The committee isdis- 
 solved without any action oftha 
 assembly as soon as the report is 
 handed to the presiding officer, 
 For permanent organization 
 see Ve.rYva.Yvc.-\r\* < =>oc\e*M . 
 'A,PEf\S A.ND DOCUMENTS. 
 A -member has the right to have 
 a paper or document read at least 
 once when it has been laid before 
 the assembly for action, and a 4e 
 mand for the same' should be fol- 
 lowed by the Clerk's reading, un- 
 less the paper be foreign to the. 
 question, when a vote or genera! 
 
 166
 
 atives, upon the general princi- 
 ples of which the rules in this 
 Dictionary of Parliamentary Law 
 
 5 are based. Whether or no* the 
 rules in. any particular manual 
 be the most rational, is not of so 
 much importance as that there 
 should be a rule by which to act, 
 that the^may be a uniformity 
 of proceeding in business, not sub 
 ject to the captiousness of the -mem 
 bers.or the caprice of the presid- 
 
 6 ing off icer. Every deliberative as- 
 sembly not having such a man- 
 ual of its own, should adopt one 
 of the many that are published. 
 
 Gesture No. 1 1. 
 
 consent is necessAry. In a debate, if 
 a reading meets objection, a ques- 
 tion on the same must be made 
 and decided as other incidental 
 questions. Papers relating to a prop- 
 osition are usually included in a 
 reference to a committee if such 
 is made. All papers belonging to an 
 assembly, not specially under the 
 charge of some other officer, are 
 in the custdy of the secretary. 
 'AF\LIAIVIEKTAHY LAW. -Origi- 
 nally the customs and rules of 
 co_nducting business in the En- 
 glish Parliament; but now,tHe 
 rules and regulations for conduct- 
 ing business in legislative bodies 
 and other deliberative assemblies. 
 
 1 Like the laws^f the Nation, and 
 those of the different States, the 
 rujes and regulations of various 
 deliberative bodies differ according 
 to circumstances, and what the 
 separate assemblies have found 
 best to adopt; yet there is a great 
 degree of unity, in that they all 
 have a common origin; viz.,the 
 Rules of Congress, and these in 
 turn originated from the English 
 
 2 Parliament. I* is the practice for 
 any particular legislative body to 
 have a Legislative Manual of its 
 own, and the exact method of con- 
 ducting business is to be obtained 
 
 3 therefrom. The vast number of 
 deliberative bodies, as political, lit- 
 erary, religious, benevolent, scien- 
 tific, etc., are governed by the 
 common parliamentary law, ex- 
 cept where it conflicts with their 
 
 4 own special rules. Whenever any 
 irnportant parliamentary questipn 
 arises, such as what motion can 
 be made, its order of precedence, 
 whether or not it can be debat- 
 ed, its effect, etc., the common law 
 of deliberative bodies in this coun- 
 try is settled by the practice of the 
 United States House of Bepresent- 
 
 - -Any so 
 ciety whose meetings occur at 
 regular intervals, and having a 
 Constitution and By-Laws. l+i 
 the organization of a permanent 
 society the proceedings are the 
 same as given under 0-vqi-mta.- 
 VAO-W until the temporary sec- 
 retary and chairman are elect- 
 ed, when the chairman calls 
 on sortie interested party te- 
 state the object of the meeting. 
 This done, others niay be call- 
 ed on to express their opinions 
 a upon the subject. The parties 
 interested should have previ- 
 ously agreed upon what isto 
 be done; and, when -the proper 
 time conies, be prepared to of- 
 fer a suitable resolution, similar 
 in form to the following: " Re- 
 solved, That i* is the sense of thrs 
 meeting that a society for\V\e/w 
 bV^Ve. o\>\acV^ should now be or- 
 
 3 ganized in this city." A/ter 
 seconding, and statement by the 
 Chairman, 'this resolution is open 
 to debate. After the adoption of 
 the resolution, a motion may be 
 made for the appointment of 
 a committee to dra-ft a consti- 
 tution and by-laws, to be report 
 ed at an adjourned meeting. This 
 motion is debatable and can be 
 
 4 amended. A* *he adjourned meet 
 ing the temporary chairman and 
 secretary serve until the perma- 
 nent officers are elected and In- 
 
 5 stalled.Ve.e.O4ii\oe,YA/ter the 
 reading and approval of the win 
 utes of the previous meeting, the 
 report of the committee on the 
 Constitution and By-Laws is read 
 by the chairman of the commit- 
 tee, who then hands it to the 
 
 s presiding officer. When a motion 
 has been made and seconded that 
 the report of the committee be 
 adopted, the Chairman says,"The 
 
 Question is on the adoption of the 
 onstitution reported by the com- 
 mittee. " He then reads the Con- 
 stitution, each article separately, 
 pausing and asking the question, 
 "Are there any amendments pro 
 posed to this article ?" At the 
 close of the reading of the las* 
 
 article, ha says, "The whole Consti- 
 tution having been read,!* is o- 
 pen to amendment." I/ amend 
 ments are desired , after they have 
 been ma.de, the Chairman inquires, 
 "Are you ready for the question?" 
 If no one_wishes *e speak, he puts 
 the question: "As many as are 
 in favor of adopting the consti- 
 tution as amended will say aye;" 
 and then, "As many as are oppos- 
 ed will say no." After the adop- 
 tion of the constitution, it will 
 be necessary for those_ wishing to 
 become members to sign it and 
 pay the initiation fee, for which 
 purpose a recess should be taken. 
 9 The constitution being signed, on 
 ly those having signed it, are per- 
 mitted to vote on the adoption of 
 the By-Laws, which_is next in or- 
 der. The procedure is the same 
 as in the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution. The next business is 
 the election of the permanent 
 officers of the society , some one 
 moving the appointment of a 
 committee to nominate t-he 
 permanent officers, which mo 
 tion is treated the same as und_er 
 O l vo / a.\\\Ta*\o\\. As each officer is 
 elected, he may be inaugurated, 
 or wait till all are clected_, then 
 install all at the same time.\f>e., 
 OU\ee/v to* paxVvoi oU'xceV Iti cas_e 
 the society is to own real cstate.it 
 should be incorporated according 
 to the laws of the State in which 
 it is situated. 
 
 explanation relating to an indivi<i 
 ual, his character ,_conduct, pri - 
 vate- affairs, motives, etc. I* is 
 not a matter of privilege, and can 
 not be made without either the 
 implied or expressed consent of 
 the assembly. 
 
 ^BlSO^LlTV. - Anything said 
 which refers to the person, con 
 duct, etc., of an individual, espe- 
 cially something of -a disparaging 
 
 i or offensive nature. Everything 
 of a personal nature should be 
 studiously avoided, in order to 
 secure as far as possible continued 
 harmony among the members of 
 
 a the assembly. Atiy allusion to 
 the personal appearance of anoth 
 
 i^ers, is all very ungentlemanly,aml 
 will, in the end, react to the injury 
 of the person making the remarks. 
 2 I/, however, any personal allus 
 ions are made, t-hey should be of 
 a courteous and complimentary 
 character. 
 
 ^SO^L PHlVlL^G^.- Any 
 right or immunity enjoyed by 
 any member of an assembly, 
 and which concerns his security 
 as a member. ' 
 
 157
 
 ous question. It may be debated to 
 a limited extent, may be amended 
 by altering the-time, and_ma.i| have 
 the previous question applied to it. 
 When a subject has been postpon- 
 ed *o a certain t ime, it cannot be 
 taken up before that t!me,except 
 by & two-thirds vote; and yvhen 
 the specified time comes, it yields 
 to nothing except privileged qucs 
 
 3 1 ions. A subject cannot be post- 
 poned to a time beyond the cur- 
 rent session, except to the day of 
 the next session, when it comes 
 up with the unfinished business, 
 it taking precedence o/ any new 
 
 4 business, tf several questions be 
 postponed to different times, and 
 are not reached then, they niust 
 be considered in the order of t he 
 times to which they were post- 
 poned. \Se,e, Vi\&,VvVfre. Vos*^o-v\e- 
 
 Gesture No. 12. 
 
 . _,._,_ . A /ormal written re- 
 'quesUaddressed to an organized as 
 sambly, having power to grant it. 
 
 1 In presenting a petition to an as- 
 sembly /or consideration, the per- 
 son presenting it should be so in- 
 formed of its character, as to be a- 
 ble to make a plain statement of 
 
 2 its contents. For the method of 
 presenting a petition see >w*^- 
 
 PLUF\A.l-ITY. The excess of votes 
 given for one candidate over those 
 given /or another, or for any oth- 
 er, candidate. If there be more 
 than two candidates, the one re 
 ceiving the v\wr-aY\v\) of votes may 
 have less than a -majority; in which 
 case, in most deliberative assemblie 
 there would be no election. Vbot^ta 
 \oV\Ju and NoVv>&qV 
 
 POIfifT OF Or\DgH--A question 
 arising on a breach o/,or depart 
 
 1 ure from the rules of order. It 
 supercedes the main question 
 from which it arises*, and, a/ter 
 its decision, the original question 
 is regularly b/pre the assembly , 
 unless its decision has been reach 
 
 2 ed in the incidental question. A 
 question of order is not stated 
 for the assembly's decision, but 
 /or the presiding officer, either 
 of his own accord, or at the tug 
 gestion of a member. I/ the de- 
 cision o/ the Chair be unsatis- 
 factory, an appeal may be made 
 to the assernbly.^ie. bro\.,C,a.\\ 
 
 Ytu\e% ot Ordery 
 
 POSTPONE. -To defer or put off 
 to a future or later time; as, to 
 Vosfc^oYve. the consideration o/a 
 question to the /ollowing meet- 
 ing, or indefinitely. A motion 
 to postpone to a certain day. su- 
 percedes a motion to commlt,a- 
 mend,_or indefinitely postpone; 
 and yields to any incidental or 
 privifeoed. question, a motion to 
 lie on the table, or. for the prcvi 
 
 E. The introductory 
 part o? a constitution, resolu- 
 tio-n, or other written document. 
 in which the -reasons are stated 
 /or what /ollows.The preamble 
 commences wi-th the word vA\e* 
 as, and should be considered a/ter 
 the rest of the paptr. 
 flECepNCE;. Act or state of 
 preceding or going, be/ore in or- 
 der of rank or time; as, a mo- 
 tion to adjourn takes precedence 
 of other motions. Por the order 
 of precedence of the different -mo 
 tions, see each in its proper order 
 see also S\vw\wa*\) oi Va.x\WvweA\ 
 *a.-vu V-xoce&\we, at the beginning 
 of this subject. 
 
 Pf\ES(DlK6 OF.RCER.-The chief 
 o//icer of a society or other de ; 
 liberate assembly.. Various ti 
 ties are assigned him, according 
 to some extent, to the.natu-re of 
 the assembly; as, Chairman. Pres 
 ident, Moderator, etc. The chief 
 duties of the Presiding Officer Are 
 (I) To calj the meeting to order at 
 the appointed time. (2) To state 
 or announce the order of bu.si 
 ness at the several stages. (3) To 
 receive motions when regularly 
 made. (4-) To put questions to 
 vote, and announce the result 
 (5) To -receive messages and com 
 munications, and announce them 
 to the assembly. (9) To sign, when 
 directed, the acts, orders, or other 
 proceedings of the assembly. (T) 
 To give in .formation, when re 
 quested, on points of order or 
 usage. (8) To appoint committee 
 unless otherwise provided. (9) To 
 enforce the established rules of 
 order, also general order and 
 decoru.ni. (ID) To represent an< 
 stand for the assembly, declaring 
 its will impartially, and obeying 
 
 3 its commands in all things. The 
 presiding o//!cer is entitled to the 
 privilege of voting when the vote 
 Is by ballot, and in all other cases 
 when there is a tie vote. h gives 
 
 * the casting vote. I/ a two-thirds 
 
 vote is -needed /or the adoption o/any 
 question, his vote thrown with the 
 minority would prevent it; also, he 
 can vote with the minority when 
 it will produce a tie vote and thus 
 cause the motion to /ail. When 
 stating a question, the Chair-man 
 may remain sitting, but when 
 putting it to vote, or speaki-qg to 
 a question of order, he should rise. 
 A -motion referring to the Chair- 
 man, should be put to vote by the 
 -maker o/ the -motion. To avoid 
 the appearance of being a parti- 
 san, and thereby losing -much of 
 his ability * control those on the 
 opposite side of the question, the 
 Chairman should rarely,!/ ever, 
 call a member to the chair, and 
 himsel/ take part in the debate. 
 If for any cause the Chairman 
 is necessitated to vacate the chair, 
 in the absence of a. Vipe-P-reside-nt, 
 he may appoint a Chairman ^-vo 
 Haw., who (unless the assembly 
 object, and elect another one), can 
 serve till the first adjournment, 
 but not longer, l-n the event that 
 the Chairman is absent from the 
 opening o/any meeting, there be 
 itig^ noVice-President, the Clerk, 
 or in his absence, any member, 
 should call the meeting to order, 
 and a Chairman yto *e.w. be elect 
 ed, who would Hold of /ice d urine 
 that session, unless the regular 
 
 10 Chairman return. When re/er- 
 ring to himiel/, *hs Chairrrmn 
 should always use his o/'/icial 
 title; th us, "TJie Chair decides 
 
 i so and so." The Chairman should 
 be a man of executive ability, and 
 should be/amiliar with parlia- 
 mentary usage, sett ing_tHe ex- 
 ample of strict con-formitj; thereto. 
 
 13 For the election of the presiding 
 officer, see 0-Yo/a\\vz.a.V\o-\\ and Vav- 
 -waitviwV SocveK.xj . Por the c h a ir- 
 tnan of a committee, see to-vw- 
 \Y\\*ec.. 
 
 PREVIOUS Qb^STlOt/.-A method 
 of moving the^ reject ion of any -mo- 
 tion or question a -member gets 
 amotion put, while another hold- 
 ing different views, without mov 
 ing a direct negative, may simply 
 move 'the previous question,' and 
 the adoption of the latter -motion 
 secures the rejection of the former 
 or rather, forms a complete bar 
 to any amendment, or discussion 
 
 i of the question. I* taj<e preced 
 ence of every debatable question 
 yields to incidental and privileg 
 ed questions, and to tHt motiot 
 to lie on the table. It cannot be 
 debated, amended, or have any 
 subsidiary motion applied to it, 
 and requires a two-thirds vote 
 
 I/or its adoption. A motion for 
 the previous question being -made 
 and seconded, the presidiri9 officer 
 without delay, states the question 
 and asks, "shall the main qu.es 
 tion be now put?" I/ the decis- 
 ion be affirmative, the, main gu.e 
 
 168
 
 Gesture No.13. 
 
 tion must be immediately put,with- 
 out debate or further consideration, 
 the result being the will of the as - 
 
 3 scrnbly on such main Question. I/ 
 the decision on the previous question 
 be "negative, the main question i s 
 removed from the house for the 
 day, in most assemblies; but in 
 a few the main question may be 
 debated at any time during the sit- 
 ting. I/ the previous question be 
 moved and adopted on a pending 
 amendment, debate is closed on 
 
 s the amendment only. I/ a mo- 
 tion is made to reconsider, to ap- 
 peal, or to postpone, the previous 
 question is exhausted by the vote 
 on the reconsideration, appeal, or 
 postponement, and does not cut 
 off debate upon any other -motions 
 that may be pending. I/ the call 
 for the previous question fails, 
 the debate continues the same as 
 if this motion had not been made. 
 
 PKlNClPAJ- GtlJ^STlOtJ. -The same 
 as vN'aA-vx Q^vn^Yxo-tt . 
 *f\\ OHI TV. State of being first 
 in time, place, or rank. All. ques- 
 tions relating to the ^V\oV\V\i oi 
 \MMTw\ej6 are un debatable. 
 'HlVlLE^G-E,. A peculiar benefit, 
 advantage, or a right or immu- 
 nity enjoyed alone or with a few. 
 A Q^ive&Vxo-xv o* WvjVVeqe. is one which 
 concerns *he security of any mem- 
 ber of a deliberative assembly in 
 
 x his special privileges as such. I* 
 takes precedence of all other ques- 
 tions, except to "fix the time to which 
 to adjourn,'' and to "adjourn."!/ 
 the question requires immediate 
 action, the -member speaking may 
 be interrupted. The Chairman should 
 decide whether or not any question 
 is o_ne of privi lege, from which de- 
 cision any two members may ap- 
 
 5 peal. A question of privilege mag 
 be laid_on the table, referred to a 
 committee, or have any other sub- 
 sidiary motion applied to it; and 
 
 as soon as disposed of, the assem 
 bly resumes consideration of the 
 
 question interrupted. 
 
 which, on account of their impor- 
 tance, take precedence of all oth- 
 er questions; and, excepting when 
 relating to the rights of the assem- 
 bly or its members, are undabat* 
 i ble. There is a distinction between 
 "questions of privilege " and "priv- 
 ileged questions;' 1 thus, disorder 
 in the gallery, or charge-s made 
 against the official character of 
 a member, are examples of the 
 former; while the letter include 
 only those given under VfvoV\<m, 
 second classification, IV. 
 'HOGHA.IVIME.- An outline or 
 brief explanation of the order and 
 subjects, including the orders of 
 the day, of any public exercise 
 
 or performance. 
 PUTTIN 
 
 G THE 
 
 act of stating a question, by the 
 Chairman, that the assenibly 
 may know what question is before 
 
 i them. Before the Chairman puts 
 the question or -motion, it -must 
 be seconded; unless in routine 
 work, where, in order to expedite 
 matters (no one objecting), both 
 the motion and the second may 
 be dispensed with; also, the fol- 
 lowing motions -require no sec- 
 ond: "a call for the orders of 
 the day,"" aTI objection to the 
 consideration of a question," and 
 "a call to order." The com-mon 
 form of statrtig the question is, 
 "It is moved and seconded that 
 V\(\eve. o/vMa VVve.-vwov'xo/n'^. 1 ' If '*l>e 
 a resolution, "The question is 
 on the adoption of the resolu- 
 
 3 tions just read." Iti stating an 
 appeal, after giving his decision 
 (the reasons may be included), the 
 Chairman says: "The question 
 is, shall the decision of the Chair 
 Stand as the judgment of the as- 
 sembly ? " When stating theqoes 
 tio-ri on an ainend-ment, the Chair- 
 man should first read the passage 
 to be amended, then state the 
 words to be inserted or struck 
 out, if any, and finally the en- 
 tire passage as it will stand if 
 the amendment be adopted; he 
 then states the question in this 
 form: "The question is, shall the 
 word - be inserted in the 
 resolution in the place of the 
 word - ?" After announc- 
 ing the result of the vote on the 
 amendment, the Chairman says: 
 "The question now recurs O-M 
 the resolution as amended, "as 
 the case may be. I/ the question 
 can be debated or amended, after 
 statement by the Chajrman, un- 
 less some one immediately rise*, 
 he says: "Are you ready for the 
 question?" If- the Chairman 
 
 thinks the debate is closed, he a- 
 gain asks the same question, after 
 which he- once more states the ^ite- 
 tion,and then puts it to vote by 
 saying: "As many as are in favor 
 of the -motion will say aye; those 
 opposed will say no." 
 ^O^STIOpi. Any subject of in- 
 vestigation, examination, or debate. 
 For the various forms, see v ~ 
 
 Of\UIV\. Such a nu.m ber of i-n- 
 dividuals of any regularly organ- 
 ized assembly who are entitled by- 
 law, or bu their own rules, to 
 transact business. Iti the absence 
 of any special rule on the subject, 
 a quorum is a majority of all the 
 a members of the assembly. I/the 
 assembly be a large and permanent 
 organization, where ottlj/aswall 
 fraction of the members are ever 
 present at any -meeting, a ffiwch 
 smaller^ umber is adopted, some 
 times being less than one-twentieth 
 of the. whole number of -mettibers. 
 
 3 \f no quorum be present, it is 
 not necessary for the presiding 
 officer to take the chair, except 
 to adjourn: but, if there be no ob- 
 jections, the debate may be con- 
 tinued, but no vote exceptto ad- 
 
 4 jo urn, can betaken. Iti commit- 
 tees of the whole,and in other 
 committees, unless otherwise 
 provided, a majority is a quorum. 
 When important business is to 
 be transacted, it is not usually 
 expedient for a mere quorum to 
 proceed, unless a previous -notice 
 of such intended action has been 
 
 .-See 
 
 .-To -refer 
 to a committee; as, to 
 a subject to the same committee, 
 
 and 5 Wh 
 
 . To take up for con- 
 sideration again that which has 
 already been settled; as, a motion 
 or a vote. A motion to reconsid- 
 er a vote, if carried, opens the o- 
 riainal question to full debate a- 
 gain the same as before the de- 
 cision on it was made. A motion 
 to reconsider is in order at any 
 time, but the question cannot be 
 reconsidered while another ques- 
 
 3 tion is before the assembly. Ex- 
 cept when voting by ballot, the 
 motion to reconsider must be 
 made by a member who vo*ed 
 
 * with the prevailing side. A mo- 
 tion to reconsider the vote on a 
 subsidiary motion takes precedence 
 of the main question, and yields 
 * o a privileged question- ( except 
 for the orders of the day) , also to 
 
 s incidental questions. This motion 
 
 159
 
 Gesture No. 14. 
 
 cannot be amended, and may or 
 may not be debated, dependin9 up- 
 on whether or not the question to 
 be -reconsidered is debatable. If deba- 
 table, it opens up (or discussion the 
 entire subject to be reconsidered . 
 
 ; 14 "may be av^\\e& to the vote on 
 every other question, except " t-o 
 suspend the rules," "to adjourn," 
 and "to lie on or take from the ta- 
 ble, "when voted on affirmatively. 
 A question cannot be twice recon- 
 sidered, arjd when a rnotion to re- 
 consider is laid on the table, the 
 pending -measure is no_t carried with 
 
 e it. The previous question havin9 
 been partly executed, it cartnot be 
 reconsidered; nor if anythin? which 
 the assembly cannot reverse has been 
 done as the result of a vote, then 
 that vote cannot be reconsider- 
 ed. The,_reconsideration of anoth- 
 er question cannot be made to in- 
 terfere with the discussion of any 
 question before the assembly; but 
 when that subject is disposed of, 
 the reconsideration takes preced- 
 ence o( everything except "to ad- 
 journ," atid "to fir the time to 
 
 : which to adjourn." Regardless of 
 the vote necessary to adopt the -mo- 
 tion reconsidered, a -reconsidera- 
 tion requires only a -majority 
 vote for its adoption. l-n Congress 
 a motion to reconsider a vote must 
 be made on the same or succeeding 
 day; but in a permanent society, 
 holding -meetings weekly orttwnth 
 ly, and usually only a small propor- 
 tion of the society is present, it 
 is best to allow a reconsideration 
 to hold over to another -meeting, 
 that the society may have notice 
 of what action is about to be taken. 
 NCORD. An authentic or offi- 
 cial copy of any facts or proceed 
 in9$ which have been entered in- 
 to a book /or preservation; also 
 the book containing such proceed- 
 ' 
 
 RECOF\Dll4G OFFICE^.- One whose 
 duty it is to enroll or write inabook 
 facts and particulars of transactions 
 for preservation. V^je.4 xj\a*<V. and 
 < b>c.'xe,Xa.x\W 
 
 [\EFErV To send or direct aniatter 
 to a committee /or in/orrnatiot-i 
 or decision. Auction to refer to 
 a committee is the same as a -mo- 
 tion to cowxw'x*, which see. 
 
 FlEI^EVVAJU The act of renewing 
 or repeating; as, the -vewevjAN of 
 a motion. A principal question 
 or an-iendn-ient having once been 
 acted upon by the assembly, it can 
 not be taken up again at the same 
 session, unless it be by a rnotion 
 
 a to reconsider-. Ann privileged or 
 incidental motion (except for the 
 orders of the day, or to suspend the 
 rules), or subsidiary motion (ex- 
 cept to amend), -may be renewed 
 by the introduction of any mo- 
 tion that alters the state of af- 
 fairs, the -real question be/ore 
 the assembly, in such a case, be 
 
 3 ing a different one. A -motion 
 not having been acted upon be- 
 cause of withdrawal, can be re- 
 newed; so also can a subject which 
 has been re/erred to a committee 
 which reports at the same meet- 
 ing, the -matter standing before 
 the assembly as if it had^been in- 
 troduced for the first time.\Jb(!.e< 
 
 T. To give an official 
 "account or statement of facts, 
 proceedings, etc., as "the treas- 
 urer's report, or that of a_com 
 mittee." 
 
 a report is the same as to -a&o^v 
 it, and should not be confounded 
 with -veceWx-vxo, it. 
 \^SOLUTIO(4. A formal propo 
 sition brought be/ore an assem- 
 bly for discussion and adoption. 
 
 RIGHT. A privilege, legal title, 
 or claim that justly belongs to 
 any one. For the rights of assem 
 blies,see \.e*>a\ V\\q\\v%. Fo-r the 
 rights of religious organizations. 
 
 For the right to the floor while 
 speaking, see V\oo-v. 
 IIS^. To close or terminate ati of 
 ficial sitting; as, the committee 
 iro,, after agreeing toth report. 
 
 IOUTI jlE. The round or regu- 
 lar course of business or official 
 duties returning with each reg- 
 ular-meeting of an assembly. 
 ROLE.- That which is establish- 
 ed or prescribed by authority for 
 the guidance and direction of the 
 conduct and deliberations of ati 
 assembly. For the -rules of debate, 
 see ^^VaXa and ^cco-x\v*rt\ \-v\ ^a- 
 VatVe.. For rules relating to -mo- 
 
 tions, see < :>NV\YVMYV*XV> od V^-A'va.-vvvaiiv 
 *.\\)Vtoca^vi.'Ve at the beginning of 
 this subject. Vb.e. Ciov*tV\x\.V\OY\, 
 ^\>-V.v,V\v\* od O't tort, and *b\w 
 ^e,t\s\o'y\ o<; ^v\x\,%\. 
 RULES OF OFU>Eft.-The rules re 
 lating tothe orderly transaction 
 of the business in the -meetings 
 of a society, and which 'rtiay < be 
 changed without giving previous 
 -notice to that effect. The Rules 
 of Order should contain provis- 
 ions for the suspension o/ the 
 By-Laws and other rules and reg- 
 ulations; though the By-Laws some 
 titties contain provisions for the 
 suspension of certain articles. 
 Vbaa ^\}-V\MM'; 1 Co\\<bV\V\xV\ot\ , and 
 
 2 iva.-v\&Vv\c> V^vAe.^ , Every society 
 should a.dopt some work on par- 
 liamentary ^practice, to govern 
 the society in all cases to which 
 they are applicable, and in which 
 they are not inconsistent with 
 the rules of order governing that 
 society. 
 
 EjCOfilD. To support, as a -mo- 
 tion or proposal, by adding one's 
 voice to that of the -mover or pro 
 poser. Att objection to the con- 
 sideration of a question, a call 
 f or t he order o/ the day , a ques- 
 tion of order (except an appeal), 
 and. -many questions of routine, 
 do not require to be seconded, 
 \.?>c.e V \OfrV\wo. VVve. Qwe.<=>V\o-v\\. 
 
 E-C HET/VRY An officer whose 
 
 'duty it is to write orders, letters, 
 dispatches, papers, records, and 
 the like. When there are two sec 
 retaries, one is called the "record 
 ing secretary." and the other the 
 "corresponding secretary." l-n 
 addition to the duties of the "re- 
 cording secretary"givn under 
 N\*v\r\wVe6, in -many societies he 
 collects the dues of members,and 
 thus becomes to a certain extent 
 
 3 a financial officer. l*_is the du- 
 ty of the "corresponding secre- 
 tary" to manage the correspon 
 deuce of the society, and trans- 
 act other minor duties. For the 
 election of Secretary, see under 
 
 s Ofo / a.ii\'YrjLV\o / v\. The following are 
 the chief duties of the Secretary ; 
 (I) To call the roll of the assembly 
 whenever ordered, noting the ab 
 sentees, and at other times 
 the answers on the yeas and 
 nays. (2) To take notes o/all pro- 
 ceedings, -making entries in the 
 records o/all things done in the 
 assembly. (3) To notify commit 
 tees of their appointment a-nd the 
 business to them re/erred. (4-) To 
 read all papers, etc., when ordered 
 (S) To sign, spmetitnes with the 
 presiding officer, the acts and oth- 
 er proceedings of the assembly. (6] 
 To guard all the papers and doc- 
 uments of the assembly and have 
 them for convenient reference. (7) 
 
 160
 
 I. Apathy or prostration. 2. Violent 
 -repulsion. 3. Cautio.ning.4-.Emphat 
 ic declaration. S. Simple a/firtna.tion. 
 6. Energetic appeal. 7. Resignation. 
 8. Denial or negation. 
 
 In some instances, to make an entry 
 of what is merely proposed or moved, 
 without coming to a vote, and to take 
 ^otes of all or particular speeches. 
 !E(L^CT COtyjIVJITTGjE. A com- 
 mittee appointed for a special pur- 
 pose. POT rules governing its pro- 
 cedure, form of report, etc., seet(m- 
 
 ;^OE/\NT-AJ-^l\IV^S.-An officer 
 who preserves order, apprehends 
 and punishes offenders, and ex- 
 ecutes various orders and commands, 
 particularly in legislative assemblies. 
 ^SSIOJ*. The time, period,orterm 
 during which a deliberative assembly 
 meets for the transaction of busi- 
 
 i ness, lit legislative bodies the limits 
 of the session are clearly def med; 
 as, a ee%.\ow of one hundred days, 
 or a? the case may be; but i-n ordi- 
 nary deliberative assemblies having 
 a permanent existence, with reg- 
 ular meetings more or less -frequent, 
 the limits are not clearly defined, 
 there being much confusion on 
 the subject. Parliamentary law 
 would make each of its regular or 
 special meetings a separate session; 
 but the assembly or society itsslf 
 is competent to determine, what 
 shall constitute one of its sessions, 
 whether or not it include all the 
 meetings held within any speci- 
 fied time-, as,t he term for which the 
 
 a officers are elected, lit parliamen- 
 tary practice a e.Aow is termi- 
 nated by an "adjournment with- 
 out day, "the intermediate ad- 
 journments froni day to day not 
 destroying the continuity of the 
 meeting, which constitutes one ses- 
 
 3 sion. \f a society does not meet 
 till the time for the next regular 
 meeting, as provided in its By-Laws, 
 an adjournment is in effect with- 
 
 out day, and closes the session. I/, 
 however, in previously fixes the 
 time for the next meeting, either 
 by a direct vote or by adopting a 
 programe of exercises covering sey 
 era! meetings, or even days,in_ei- 
 ther case the adjournment is in 
 effect to a certain day, and does 
 no* close the session. A-ny one 
 session o( an assembly -may adopt 
 a resolution or rule of a perma 
 newt nature ; which continu.es 
 in force until it is rescinded at 
 some future session; but no one 
 session of an assembly can inter 
 fere with the rights of the assem- 
 bly at any future session, unless 
 it is expressly so provided in their 
 Constitution, By- Laws, or Rules 
 of Order, all of which should be 
 so constructed as not to be sub 
 
 5 ject to sudden changes. I* is con 
 'trary to parliamentary practice 
 for a.n assembly Vo postpone any 
 thing to a day beyond the next 
 succeeding session, thus prevent 
 ing the next session from co_n- 
 sidering the question; nor is 
 it permit-ted forgone session to 
 move the reconsideration of a 
 vote taken at a previous ses- 
 sion, unle_ss it was made at the 
 last meeting of_the previou-s 
 
 s session. Committees may be ap- 
 pointed to report_at a fu.tn.re ses- 
 sion; also, if a principal motion 
 be rejected or indefinitely post- 
 poned at one session, unless pro- 
 hibited by a rule of the assembly, 
 it can be introduced agai-M at 
 the -next. 
 
 P^AKIl^G-.-For obtaining the 
 right to address the assembly, 
 seeTXoo-r. For various points 
 relating to speaking, as holding 
 or yielding the floor, limit of 
 speech, number of times , etc., 
 see ^evave.^e.co'vwm Vv\ ^e\>a*e, 
 and Ve*9o-wa.\\V\. 
 
 SP^CI/\L OFID^H An order qf 
 the day assigned to a_particular 
 time for consideration. ^ an 
 0^4e.-<c. ot xYve^\A. 
 TAl^DlKG f\UL^S.-All reso- 
 lutions of a permanent nature, 
 adopted by a society at occasion- 
 al times, and which are binding 
 on the society until rescinded 
 or modified. They may beadop- 
 fed at any meeting by a major- 
 ity vote, but cannot be -modified 
 at the same session except by a 
 
 s motion to reconsider. No^tand- 
 ing rule ca-n be adopted which con 
 flicts with the Constitution, By 
 Laws, or Rules of Order; and at 
 any fumre session, whatever 
 resolutions or standing rules 
 may have been adopted at any 
 previous session, may, by a ma 
 jority vote, be suspended, n-ipd- 
 
 3 if ied, or rescinded. l*i practice 
 the various classes of rules are 
 frequently very much mixed, 
 the standing rules even assum- 
 ing the rank of the By-Laws,and 
 
 not being capable of being suspend 
 ed, or even amended without a 
 previous notice. This confusion 
 is produced without a'correspond 
 ing benefit, and should be guard- 
 ed against. 
 
 committee^ which is appointed 
 for the session, or for some def- 
 inite time, as one year- ^ *=>.. 
 Co-vwwAt and Go'Oft'wXvve.e.V 
 ST/VTIffC /\Qb^STlOl4.- T he 
 act of expressing or represen- 
 ting clearly the exact words of 
 any question or particulars of 
 any subject, that.the assembly 
 way know what is before them 
 for consideration. ^fcs-^wXrXvwo, 
 vYve. Qo*M*^ o/ ttV Whenever any 
 member fails to understand a 
 quest ion, the Chairman should 
 state the same for the informa- 
 tion of the member, if desired. 
 !T^!^E OUT. -To efface, erase, 
 or blot out, used when -making 
 amendments. The different 
 methods of amending are, by 
 "adding " words, by "striking 
 out" words, by"striking_ out 
 certain words and inserting oth- 
 ers," by "substituting" a dif- 
 ferent motion on the same sub- 
 ject for the one before the as- 
 sembly, or by "dividing theques- 
 tion " into two or more questions. 
 
 I. Any 
 
 secondary mot ion'or question 
 which may be applied to other 
 -motions, for the purpose of 
 most appropriately disposing of 
 them. "The Subsidiary Motions, 
 given in the order of precedence 
 among themselves, are: (I) To 
 lie on the Table. (9) The Previ- 
 ous C(uestjon.(3) To Postpone 
 to a Certain Day. (4-) To Cotnttiit. 
 (5) To Amend. (6) To Postpone 
 3 Indefinitely. They supersede 
 principal questions, being act- 
 ed upon before them, _and yield 
 to incidental and privileged ques- 
 
 3 tions. They may be applied to 
 one another; (I) The Previous 
 Question -may be applied to the 
 motions to Postpone, without 
 affecting the main question, 
 and can, if specified, be applied 
 to a pending amendment. (X) 
 A motion to^Amend the -min- 
 utes can be laid on the table 
 without carrying the, minute* 
 with it. (3) The motions to Post- 
 pone to a certain day, and to 
 
 4 Commit, can be amended. Ex- 
 cept to Amend, any o/ these 
 motions can be made when 
 one of a lower order is pending, 
 but none can supersede one of 
 a higher order. For the details 
 of ea.ch of these -motions, see i* 
 in its prope-rorder. 
 UBSTIT.UTE.. To put one -mo- 
 tion in the place of another. 
 This motion is one of the five, 
 forms of amendment. \j 
 
 161
 
 9 Gentle entreaty. 10. Earnest 
 treaty. II. Supplication. 12. Argu- 
 mentation. 13. Anger or determi- 
 nation. 14-. Careless-ness. 
 
 SVlV\.-ln the filling of blanks, any 
 aggregate o_f ri urn bers. l*i stating 
 questions involving time or quan 
 lity, the longest ti-ne and the larg 
 est sum proposed shall be first pu* 
 to the question.* 
 
 SUPPF\ESS(oK.-The act of holding 
 back, retaining, or repressing, as 
 appjied to, questions. Among the 
 various plans to suppress a question 
 or prevent its passage are: (I) To 
 wove to adjourn. This -motion be 
 ing in order at any time, will us- 
 ually be effective if the hour be late 
 (3) To -move to lie on the table.The 
 argument for this motion -may be 
 tha.t more time and better oppor- 
 tunity to consider the -merits o/ 
 the question may be had at a sub 
 sequent occasion. (3) To -wove to 
 postpone indefinitely. I/ a -meas- 
 ure be unpopular, thfs motion of- 
 ten virtually defeats it.(4) To move 
 to oostpone to a future time.Tlte. 
 effectiveness of this motion lies in 
 the contingency of the question be 
 ing either forgotten subsequently, 
 or not taken up because of the press- 
 ure of business at the appointed time. 
 (5) To -move the "previous ques- 
 tion." This way be done when the 
 measure is either unpopular, or if 
 the meeting be unwilling to pass 
 a measure without due consider- 
 ation. (6) To move that the ques- 
 tion be now_ put- The reason for 
 this motion is that i n definite chan- 
 get may be made in the question.suf 
 ficient to show the importance of 
 some amendment. (7) To -move 
 "_to commit," or if once con- 
 sidered by a committee, "to re- 
 commit." The argument is that 
 a committee having jurisdiction 
 of that class of questions, should 
 first consider it. (8) To. move an 
 amendment. The object bcin9 tp 
 greatly change, modify, or weaken 
 
 the force of the question. (9) \( 
 the question be put; and carried 
 2 to move a reconsideration. The 
 pretext being that subsequent light 
 on the subject may cause the tneiti 
 bers to change their o pin ions. 
 aa.cV\ oi V\\. a.\>o\ie< nv\oX\o\\% '\YV 
 
 . The act of tern 
 
 porarlly delay ing, interrupt ing 
 or withholding, as of the rules, 
 A motion to suspend the rules 
 is undebatable, cannot be .a/men 
 ded, cannot have a subsidiary mo 
 tion applied to it, cannot berecon 
 sidered when voted upon, nor can 
 it be renewed at the same meet- 
 
 a ing. The form of the motion is 
 "to suspend the rules which In- 
 terfere with, etc." The rules 
 cannot be suspended except for 
 a definite purpose, and by a two 
 thirds vote. If giving aright to 
 a one-third minority, unSni- 
 
 * mous consent is required, tf no 
 one object, i.e., by "general con 
 sent," the rules relating to the 
 transaction of business can at 
 any time be disregarded without 
 the formality of a -motion. 
 
 TA.BI_E;,TO LIE; ON-- To receive 
 any document or written corn 
 munication,as a report, a mo- 
 tion, etc., but to agree to post- 
 po_ne its consjderation indef i- 
 nitely . V.Se,e \Jve- o\\ X\\e."Xa.\>\e^ 
 For a motion to take from 
 the table, see VAC. o\\ J\\e~^a.\>\e.. 
 TAXING Pl\E.CEJDErlCE OF.- Be 
 ing in order while oneoritiore 
 other motions are pending." ~ 
 
 _,_,--,. The fixed period of time 
 for which officers or committees 
 are appointed of elected, as "e 
 year. 
 
 TlNJE.-When referedto in filli., 
 bjanks, see ^\'a.-v\V%. For the 
 limit of ti-me in speaking, the 
 number of times one can speak 
 etc., see SveaYwvo,. For the time 
 to which to adjourn, see Mywtftv 
 and Vxxvwo^vVve \Vrnc. fco vA\\cV\Vo 
 
 TJTLEJ. An appellation, or name 
 of honor or dignity. A lady 
 acting as presiding officer, is 
 addressed as "Mrs. President," 
 or "Miss President, "as the case 
 may be. The titles of clerk, sec- 
 retary, recording of ficer, treas- 
 urer, etc.. are the same, whether 
 applied to ladies or gentlernen.Tlie 
 presiding officer will designate 
 th speaker, if a lady, by name, 
 by number; or as the lady, the 
 number, the delegate, the repre- 
 resentatfve, etc., as may be -most 
 con ven i en t , \{bc, ^O-VXOK w<v> V(VSAV\- 
 
 WjjeclmE THE PASSAGE OF 
 
 A (\UE;ST|Of>(. (I) &ive the mat- 
 ter very careful and considerate 
 attention, that you mlay be thor- 
 oughly informed concerning its 
 merits, and able to fully illus- 
 
 trate its claims. (8) Circu-lata 
 freely among the -wembers./orm- 
 jng personal acquaintances, hold- 
 ing conversations relative to the 
 measure, and thereby form favor- 
 able impressions concerning the 
 subject to be introduced.(3J In- 
 troduce the motion at a time 
 when an adjournment is .-not 
 probable, and w.heti there is no 
 presso-rc of business. (4-) When 
 first introducing the measure, 
 properly present its claims to 
 the members of the. assembles) 
 In case of adjournment, or if 
 the question be laid on the table 
 or postponed, promptly bring it 
 up at the f j'rst opportunity. (6) 
 Should the matter be referred to 
 a committee, acquaint its mem- 
 bers with the claims of the qu.es- 
 tio-n.(7) In the event of t.he 
 passage of an entirely modified 
 form from the original, intro- 
 duce another question, under 
 a different name, but involving 
 the same principle. (8) If sub- 
 sequent events seem to have 
 changed- the opinions of the mew 
 bers, try to have the qu-estion 
 reconsidered. 
 
 TO fVlpVEi. _A -moV\or and a 
 \\ve%*'\ow, while nearly synon- 
 ymous, are yet somewhat dif- 
 ferent in mean ing. To -WOMB- 
 that an act be passed, is ter-med 
 a wov'xcm. The subject to be act- 
 ed upon t is called the <\\ve.*V\oYv. 
 The action of the assembly is 
 designated a Ye%oWV)OYv or>iova. 
 When the vwoVxorv is put and 
 the <\\ve,f,V\o-v\ adopted, the decis- 
 ion is known as an ordinance, 
 order, law, statute, resolution, 
 e*c.. according to the character 
 f the assembly. . 
 
 TA.KE UP A. Q\J^ST|OK. 
 After a question h.a_s been post- 
 poned to a certain time, the mew 
 ber interested in Its introduc- 
 tion, has a right to insist that 
 the subject be taken up at the 
 appointed time. As no delay or 
 debate is allowed on the -matter 
 of taking it up, the presiding of- 
 ficer should at once put the -mo- 
 tion whether the meeting pro 
 ceed to take u-p Wie order of the 
 
 Tff E/\SUf\E*l.-An officer who 
 has charge, of the money orfumdc 
 of the society or assembly. The 
 duties of this _of ficer vary in 
 .different societies; but in gen- 
 eral, he simply holds the funds of 
 the society, and pa-ying them out 
 on the order of the. society sign- 
 
 a ed by the secretary. He is requir- 
 ed to make a written statement 
 at the cloe of the year,or of his 
 term of office, showing,(l)The 
 amount on hand at the commence 
 ment of the year or term.(5l)The 
 amoun* received. (3) Amount 
 paid out.{4-) Balance on ha-nd. 
 A/ter the report is presented, it 
 
 ng TO 
 
 162
 
 I. the change from the second 
 to the first position is made _by 
 stepping forward with the right 
 
 foot;, throwing the principal weight 
 of thf body upon it, (mli) the shad- 
 ed par* of thejeft resting upon the 
 floor. This position is assumed i-n im- 
 passioned speech, earnest appeal, atid 
 bold assertion. 3. The left foot sup- 
 porting the body, with righ-tfoot ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 should be re/erred to an "auditing 
 cornrnUtee," to examine the treas- 
 urer's books and vouchers. The fol- 
 lowing is a common form for the 
 treasurer's -report : 
 
 The undersigned, Treasurer of t he 
 Lincoln Society, begs leave to submit 
 the following annual -report: The 
 balance on hand at the commence- 
 ment of the year was forty d o I- 
 
 3 lars and sixty cents. There, was 
 received from all sources during the 
 year * w o hundred dollars and sev- 
 
 3 enty cents. During the same time 
 the- expenses amounted to one hint 
 dred -ninety dollars and thirty-five 
 cents, leaving a balance on hand 
 of fifty dollars and ninety-five cents 
 The annexed statement of receipts 
 and expenditures will show in detail 
 the sources from which the receipts 
 were obtained, and the objects to 
 which the expenditures have been 
 
 s applied. All of which is respectful- 
 ly submitted. ^\\a.>ta.-wmoYv&, 
 Treasurer Li-ncol-n Society 
 
 s The statement may be made by 
 simply giving a list of receipts, fol- 
 lowed by a list of expenses, and clos- 
 ing with a balance on hand; or it 
 may be made out in the form of 
 
 i an account. The auditing commit- 
 tee's certificate to the correctness 
 of the account should be written on 
 the statement. 
 
 PFIIA.L OF fvlErviBEHS.-Every de- 
 liberative assembly has the right 
 to investigate the character of its 
 -members, when such is called into 
 question. When a charge is pre- 
 
 ferred against a member's character, 
 it should be referred to a committee 
 of investigation or discipline, whose 
 duty it is to inquire into the -matter 
 and report tothe society. This -re- 
 port should contain recommen- 
 dations as to what action the soci- 
 ety should ta.ke, and close with res- 
 ol_utions covering the case. The or- 
 dinary resolutions when a mem- 
 ber is recommemded for expulsion 
 
 i are, (I) to fix the time to which the 
 society shall adjourn: and(5l)to in- 
 struct the clerk to cite the -member 
 to appear before the society at this 
 adjourned meeting to show cause 
 why he should not be expelled, up- 
 on the following charges iV.'iV'&xe. 
 
 3 VVe.-v\V The procedure at the tri- 
 al is the same as at any ordinary 
 tribal, which is found elsewhere in 
 this volume. A two-thirds vote is 
 necessary to expel a -member. 
 
 TWO-THIRDS VOTE;.- For a. list 
 of the motions requiring a two- 
 thirds vote, see VAoV\o-v\. 
 
 ;NDBAT/\BLE Ct\i^ST|0(f.- A 
 
 question that must be, decided with 
 out debate. The following is a 1 1st 
 of undebatable questions, which 
 in most cases admit of no debate 
 whatever; but in a few cases some 
 of them may be debated to a limit- 
 ed extent, for which see the details 
 of each motion in its proper order. 
 (I) To fix the time to which to ad- 
 journ. J8) To"adjourn"or in a 
 committee "to rise. "(3) For^the 
 "orders of the day , " or questions 
 relating to the "priority of busi- 
 ness."^) An "appeal," in cer- 
 tain cases. (5) "Objection to the 
 consideration of a question." (6) 
 To "lie on the table. " or to "take 
 from the table. "(7) The"previous 
 question. "(8) To "reconsider."(9) 
 To "postpone to a certain time." 
 (10) Questions, relating to "reading 
 of papers, " "witddrawing a -motion," 
 "suspending the rules, ""extend- 
 ing the limits of debate." 
 JpfFlfflSVtED BUSINESS.- Any 
 business not brought to an end at 
 a previous meeting. V^>** k&'^oxKW 
 and O-v&eir ofc ^>\>>Y\e.iV 
 MCE|-Pl^S|D^rMT.-An assistant 
 chairman, or his deputy. The du- 
 ty of this officer is to act in the 
 absence of the presiding officer. 
 Spnietinies there is a number of 
 vice- presidents appointed for mere 
 complimentary purposes. 
 fOTIj^G-. The act of choosing or 
 electing by suffrage. Except on 
 unimportant -matters where the 
 assembly is supposed to co-nsent, 
 all questions must receive a form- 
 al vote of -the assembly to be con- 
 
 a sidered its will. The different meth- 
 ods of voting are by ballot, N'VN'JL 
 voce, calling the yeas and -nays, by 
 raising the hands, by standing, and 
 by dividing the house one party go- 
 ing to one side of the room, and 
 
 3 the other to the opposite side. The 
 affirmative side of the question is 
 
 always pa* first, and if the number 
 of voters be very large, the Chairman 
 way appoint tellers to assist in de- 
 termining the result of the vote, 
 The majority of -votes of those 
 present constitutes the will of 
 the assembly, except as noted un- 
 
 s der VAoV\o-n, and ?\w,Ya.V\V\>.For 
 the different- forms of putting 
 the question to voj>a, see Vwvvwvq 
 
 s VVe c \vi.e,sV\oYv. The Chairman should 
 always announce the result of the 
 vote in the following form:" The 
 motion is carried the resolution 
 is adopted," or, "The ayes have 
 
 7 it the resolution is adopted."!/ 
 any member doubt the result of 
 the vote, he may call for adivis- 
 ion,when the Chair-wan will 
 call for a -rising vo-fce, the votes 
 
 9 on each side being counted.When 
 not voting by ballot, and before the 
 result has been announced , any 
 member has -fche -right to change 
 
 3 his vote. U-ntil the negative has 
 been put, it is in order for any 
 member to rise and speak, the 
 same as if the voting had n ot 
 commenced. A member cannot 
 vote on a -matter affecting hi-m- 
 self ,e\ g cept when -more than one 
 name is included in the resolu- 
 tion, when alj are en'ti tied to vote. 
 When there is a tie vote the -mo 
 tion fails, unless the Chair-man 
 gives his vote -for the affirmative. 
 ^>ec.V-ves\6\-Yi<>Ox<'\oa-xVFor an 
 appeal vote, see K^e/&\. Wh e-n 
 required by the Constitution or 
 By-Laws, the voting -must be by 
 ballot; for which purpose the pre- 
 siding officer appoints two or 
 more tellers to distribute slips 
 of paper, upon which each mem- 
 ber .^including the Chair-nia-n, 
 writes his vote. Voting by \)?> 
 and -wa.\)s has the effect of putting 
 on record how each me-mber votes, 
 as the clerk calls the roll, each mew 
 bar -rises and answers "yes" or 
 "no." After -the commencement 
 of the roll call it is too late to ask 
 to be excused from voting. The 
 yeas and nays cannot be ordered 
 in committee of the whole. 
 
 WlTHDFVWVA,L OF /V NJOTlOtf.- 
 \f the -mover of a question^ish- 
 es to withdraw or modify it, or 
 to substitute another i-n. its place, 
 after it is before the assembly,, if 
 no one object, the Chairman gjves 
 permission; but if any one object, 
 a motion must be made, and vot- 
 ed upon by the assembly. Su.ch 
 a motion is undcbatable. The 
 motion being withdrawn, the 
 effect is the same as if it had nev- 
 
 . er been made. 
 
 YA.S AND NWS.- Affirmative 
 and negative votes, equivalent to 
 \>es and rvo. For method of thus 
 voting, see last paragraph under 
 vjofcVw). 
 
 YIELD.- One motion is saidtoq>\e\4 
 to another, when *he second -may be 
 made while the first is pending. 
 
 163
 
 the following vocabulary 
 will be found the principal 
 laws of practical etiquette 
 The arrangement is alpha- 
 betical in order to facilitate 
 ready reference. Civility and 
 breeding are -necessary t o 
 success in life, and the person 
 possessing these virtues is al- 
 ways welcome in all society. Al- 
 most the first requirement is 
 0,006 CQrrvn\at\ %t*vt. Wh i le this 
 admits of piquancy and dignity, 
 it is also a host arrayed in one's 
 favor. True politeness comes from a 
 knowledge of ourselves and respect for 
 others, and constitutes propriety of de- 
 portment, coupled with good nature 
 arid a desire to please. 
 
 ABSENT. I* was one of Washinofcon's 
 
 . mairims to speak no evil of the absent.as 
 it is unjust. 
 
 ABSENT- IVIIND^O. In society the absent 
 minded man is uncivil. Avoid it. 
 
 ACQUAINTANCES, TRAVELING All well 
 dressed people are not members of good 
 society. Treat every person with civility, 
 but be extremely careful in permitting a- 
 ny one to exercise any familiarly which 
 is not warranted among entire strangers. 
 
 \DDR6(SS. Add the name in address- 
 ing persons with titles; as,"Whaf do 
 you thinU, Doctor Graves?" 
 
 Young misses are address by a teach- 
 er as"Miss Julia',' or'Miss Annie" etc. 
 Young boys as"Master Brown',' etc. 
 
 Pupils should address the teacher as 
 "Miss or Mr. Smith? not as "Teacher." 
 
 ADIf-U. In makinj calls it is a breach of 
 etiquette to resume your seat after hav- 
 ing left it to say adieu. 
 JJVIC^. Avoid all o/ficious offers of ad- 
 vice or your own opinion, and if you do 
 give an opinion, represent it not as fact. 
 
 AGREEABLE. In society one should make 
 himself agreeable, doing his best to as- 
 sist conversation, both by talking grace- 
 fully and easily, and listening patiently, 
 even though it be a twice-told tale. 
 
 ALL ONE; CAN DO. lV4v>VMTv)\or\X uN 
 When a man does all he can, though it 
 succeeds not well, blame not him that did it. 
 ^NE^COOT^S. These should be sparsely 
 used in conversation, lest they become stale. 
 
 . It is very unbecoming to exhib 
 It petulance or angry feeling in society 
 circles. The true gentleman does not 
 suffer his countenance to be easily ruf 
 fled. 
 
 ANIMALS. These, affording us pleasure 
 or profit, should be treated with human- 
 ity, and every attention paid their wants. 
 
 ANNOYANCES The habit of drumming 
 
 with the fingers on the furniture, belting 
 time with the feet, humming, and whis- 
 tling, indicate a want of good breeding 
 and are very offensive to refined people. 
 
 APOLOGY- No gentleman may refuse 
 
 an apology, no matter how (Treat the offens* 
 
 If by accident or design we violate the 
 
 rights of another, we should make amends 
 
 by promptly apologizing. 
 
 APPLAVIS^. In concert or lecture 
 rooms the applause manifested by cat- 
 calling, whistling, shouting, etc., do not 
 distinguish refined and polished people, 
 and always give offense to the better por- 
 tion of the audience. 
 
 APPROBATION. When the sentiments 
 of a public speaker or performer are agree- 
 able, we may approve them by the clap- 
 ping of hands for his encouragement, 
 but if they do not meet our approbation, 
 we should not offend others by hissing 
 or giving other evidence of disapproval. 
 PPAREL. VMiv&vn^Xoifo TM.VvA.-rn your 
 apparel be modest, and endeavor to accom- 
 modate nature rather than procure admi- 
 ration. Keep to the fashion of your equals, 
 such as are civil and orderly with respect 
 to time and place. ^ 
 
 ARGUrVJENT. One should not a-rgue a 
 point when it is possible to avoid it,but 
 when he does, he should do it in a gen- 
 tlemanly and impassionate manner. 
 
 ASSOCIATES. One is judged,to agreal 
 e>tent, by the character of his associate! 
 
 TTENTION To listen well is almost 
 
 as great an art at to talk well. One mast 
 not only give perfect attention, but en- 
 deavor to Stem interested, and never 
 show impatience at the length of the 
 conversation. 
 
 ATTENTION JO LADIES. It is etiquette 
 for a gentleman to hand a lady a chair, 
 open the door for her to pass out, pick 
 up anything she may drop, or remove 
 anything that may be in her way, even 
 though she be an. entire stranger to him. 
 
 Twt'vC\ . Turn npl 
 
 your back to others, especially in speikiti 
 Jog not the table or desk on which an 
 other writes; lean not on any one. 
 ASHFUL. H "ho knows the world, 
 will not be too bashful. He who knows 
 himself, willnot be impudent. 
 BEHIND. A child should be taught to 
 piss behind, and not before any one. 
 ^N^VOL^NCE. The charitable heart 
 will find no difficulty in discovering 
 those who -need assistance. A kind ap- 
 proving smile, agentle.encourajirisiwiird, 
 a cup of cool water, a friendly visit or 
 a timely pecuniary help, are little in 
 themselves, and yet are invaluable. 
 
 BETRAYAL OF CO^FID^NC^ it is a 
 
 breach of etiquette to betray confidence 
 even If not bound to secrecy; in implied 
 confidence is as sacred is one eiprcssed. 
 
 BATTING-. Betting is hijhiy prejudi- 
 cial to good morals, for he who bets is 
 naturally anxious to win, and has the 
 strongest temptation to use dishonest 
 meins to secure his wajer. 
 OASTINOK Avoid boasting of your 
 own position, wealth, luxuries, or pot- 
 sessions of any kind. 
 
 BOflEjS. It is an old and homely adage, 
 but a true one, thafthe dog who brings 
 a bone will carry one." 
 
 BOOKS. Remarks written in a borrow- 
 ed book are unpardonable; in books 
 from public libraries they are in bad tast 
 Care should be exercised in asking lor 
 the loan of books, and when obtained, 
 should be returned as soon as possible, 
 in apparently is good condition as whe^ 
 borrowed. 
 
 SCREWS. Though bores find their ac- 
 count in speaking ill or well of themselves, 
 it is the characteristic of a oenlleman that 
 he never speak of himself at all. 
 
 BORROVVlNft. In borrowing great 
 care must be taken that the practice does 
 not become a nuisance, as it surely does 
 where it is indulged in too frequently, and 
 when borrowed articles are not spee'dily 
 returned, and in good condition. There 
 should be no stinted measures in returning. 
 
 OV/lN6 A lady must recognize a gen 
 
 tleman by bowing before he is at liber 
 ty to salute her; should she recognize 
 him he should raise his hat a little from 
 his head, with the hand furthest fiom her, 
 
 184
 
 and return her salutation with a slight 
 inclination of the body. 
 
 A gentleman may bow to a lady seat- 
 ed at a window, if he is passing on the 
 street; but he must not bow from a win- 
 dow to a lady on the street. 
 
 A gentleman, walkina with a friend, 
 arid -meeting a lady witn whom his 
 friend is acquainted, must bow, although 
 the lady way be a stranger to him. 
 
 A lady.i-ci passin9 a gentlenia-n.who 
 stands aside (or her to pass, must ac- 
 knowledge the courtesy withaslight bow. 
 
 A gentleman can-not refu.se to re- 
 turn the bow of any respectable lady. 
 
 Young wen or boys, meeting their 
 superiors in age and station, orthe. 
 other sex who recognize the-m, should 
 lift their hats slightly, a-nd wake a re 
 spectf u! bow. 
 
 BflEAKJNO- UP. If it be necessary for 
 one'to leave before the proper time ar- 
 rives for the company to go home, it 
 is better to do so without attracting at- 
 tention. It is net discreet to "weir out 
 one's welcome," by staying to an unrea- 
 sonable hour; it would be better to have 
 our friends to regret OUT going than 
 to wish we were gone. When leaving, 
 we should see our entertainers ana 
 bid them good-bye. 
 BUSINESS A/FAJr\9. It is not consid- 
 crate for a ge_ntleman to talk of his 
 business affairs to a lady, or for her 
 to weary hiw in recounting her dome* 
 tic affairs. 
 
 BUSINESS VlOUFlS. It is a breach of et 
 iquette to intrude u.pon a business -man 
 or woman during business hours. 
 CALLING. To neglect to call upon one's 
 friends is at once a breach of etiquette 
 and an injury. 
 
 It is improper in the extreme /or a. 
 lady to call upon a oentlewan, except- 
 ing on business, at his place of business. 
 
 Calls are of ceremony, friendship.con- 
 gratiilation, or condolence. 
 
 In -making calls, ladies, as well asgen- 
 tlettieri, send in but one card, no -mat 
 ter how -many they wty wish to see. 
 
 Within three days after an enter- 
 tainment, if a first invitation, calls 
 ought to be made; within one week 
 a-fter a formal entertainment. 
 
 A call of congratulation is wade by 
 acquaintances, one month after the 
 birth of a child. 
 
 A call of congratulation is due to 
 the newly married, also to the parents 
 who pave the invitations to the- ma* 
 riage. 
 
 Calls of condolence are wade within 
 ten days after the death, i/ on intimate 
 terms with the family, or i/ otherwise 
 within a month. 
 
 If a 9entleman be invited by a lady 
 to call upon hcT, h cannot, witho 
 
 great discourtesy, ne-glect to pay the-ca 1 
 within a week. 
 
 A call ought. always to be returned 
 but i/ the acquaintance it not desira 
 ble,the first call way be the last. 
 
 Among intimate friends informal 
 calls, wade out of the conventional 
 hours, are the wost agreeable. 
 
 When calling, a lady should never 
 ask a gentleman to take his hat, or 
 a lady to lay aside her wraps. 
 
 The hours for calling vat-y in dif- 
 ferent cities, and are regulated by the 
 prevailing custom of the place. 
 
 It is a. gross impropriety for a gen- 
 tlewan to receive calls athis home from 
 ladies, unless it be those in the immedi- 
 ate family. 
 
 \Nf, Do not use Scriptural ph-rasesot 
 proverbs; cant is detestable. 
 CARDS. Wen VO-UKVS 
 
 Calling OT Visiting Cards have noth- 
 ing upon them but the name and ad- 
 dress of the caller, in swall script or 
 card text. 
 
 When calling, etiquette requires that 
 a card be sent up. 
 
 A card is left,in the absence of the 
 lady of the house. 
 
 When there are two or wore ladies, 
 the turning down of one cowe-rof the 
 card signifies that the call is for the 
 family. 
 
 When cards are left preparatory to 
 leaving town, the initials P. P.C.t Presents 
 parting cowplirnents) wust be written 
 in the left-hand corner. 
 
 \-n calling upon friends at a boarding 
 house OT hotel, write their names above 
 your own o-n the card, to insure prop- 
 er delivery. 
 
 Have cards in readiness at every call. 
 
 Cards sent during the illness of any 
 member of the family to whom they are 
 sent, should be accompanied by verbal in- 
 quiries regarding the patient's health. Ap- 
 ply same rule to survivors in sending cards 
 of condolence. 
 
 When a death is known, cards way be 
 sent.iTmnediately, but visits of condolence 
 not made'till within the following week. 
 
 Cards -may be left or sent the day / 
 ter a ball or large evening party. 
 
 After a small social gathering or din 
 ner party, cards wust be left the fol- 
 lowing week. 
 
 A gentleman's card bears his address 
 on the right-hand corner. 
 C/Vf\F\l/\G-t. Always enter a carriage 
 with your back toward the seat you oc- 
 cupy, thus avoiding the necessity of 
 turning round in the carriage. 
 
 In leaving a carriage the gentleman 
 wust go first, even though compelled to 
 cross th carriage and disturb the lady, 
 that he may assist her to alight. When 
 a -man-servant is present, he must hold 
 open the carriage door and lower t he 
 steps, but not assist the lady in alighting, 
 except in the absence of the gentleman. 
 
 The gentleman, not the lady, gives 
 all orders' to the coachman. 
 
 A lap or carriage robe should be car- 
 ried, to cover the skirt of a lady's dress, 
 to protect from dust or mud. The lady 
 should be provided with a shawl, parasol, ard fan 
 
 The gentleman sits on the riqhi-narK 
 seat when driving, and must accommo 
 date the pace pf the horses to the. wishes 
 of the lady. 
 
 A friend taken into a carTia^ie when 
 out driving, wust be taken to his des- 
 tination. 
 
 When driving with a laxly, it is imper- 
 tinent for a gentleman to put his arm 
 across the back of the seat. 
 
 If a lady leave a carriage, and the gen- 
 tleman remain in it till her return, he 
 -must alight to assist her out, also whett 
 she returns. 
 
 During the ordinary course of* drii^ 
 a. lady should resign herself to the prov- 
 ince of the driver, and should she not 
 approve of his wanner or skill, need 
 not drive with hiw again. 
 
 The seat on the right hand, facing th 
 horses, is the seat of honor, and is reserv- 
 ed for a lady, an elderly gentleman, or 
 guest. The seat facing the horses is for 
 ladies, and no gentleman must sit be- 
 side the lady, except from invitation. 
 CHAJf\S. It is a breach of etiquette to 
 turn your chair so as to bring your 
 back to some one seated near you. 
 When calling, a gentleman rtiajilaks 
 any vacant chair, without troubling the 
 hostess. 
 
 A gentleman rises upon the entrance 
 of ladies, but does not offer his chair, 
 except in his own house, when others 
 ere available. 
 
 irtA^TlTY. A large portion of the sor- 
 row a-nd Suffering of the world arises 
 from the want of cHastity in thought, 
 speech, and behavior. Characters are ru 
 ined, homes wade desolate, and fond 
 hearts broken, by neglecting to preserve 
 that purity of heart, of which a little 
 child is the type. 
 
 CHEWING- G-UNl. Aside from the phys- 
 ical injuries arising from the incessant 
 chewing of gum, it is in bad taste, to 
 see perso-ns in school.or elsewhere,with 
 their mouths full of gum or wax, appar- 
 ent in laborious exercise. On the street, 
 such rumination is very unbecoming; if 
 observed carefully, serious doubts arise 
 as to whether the ruminant it a lady 
 or not. 
 
 :X'LDf\^N Never speak of your own 
 
 children as "Master" and "Miss" except 
 to servants, but give them, unless mar- 
 ried, their Christian name only, or say 
 "my daughter," or "my son!' 
 
 Among a child's fiTst woTds should 
 be"please," "thank you""yes ma'am," 
 "no ma'am," "what.wa'am" and "what, 
 sir.?" 
 
 A child should not be allowed to leave 
 the table without asking to be excused. 
 
 Never permit little boys to keep on 
 their hats while in the house. 
 
 Teach children to be polite and gen- 
 
 165
 
 erous to their little visitors, and when 
 "half" win -not do, to give up'^n'of ny 
 thing. 
 
 Whe-n addressed with "good rnor-n 
 ing" ot other salutation, teach them 
 what to say, that they may -not stand 
 (taring at any one. If taught to sau'Ver 
 y well, thank you" in answer to the 
 question," How do you do?" they will 
 feel no embarrassment in replying.. 
 
 \f they cause inconvenience to others, 
 teach them to say"l am sorry"*!!! old 
 enough to say"Excuse -me'' 
 
 Teach a child that it is both rude and 
 naughty to Contradict, and, when told 
 to do anything, to say "what for," and 
 "why." 
 
 Children should be ta.uo.ht that it is 
 rude to yawn without trying to suppress 
 it: to whistle or hum in the presence 
 Of older persons, o-r to play with any 
 thing at the table. 
 
 They should nol^leave the table with 
 food in the rnouth; take possession of 
 a seat belonging to another without 
 vacating upon his return; or to leave 
 any one without sayina"good-bye" 
 
 Teasing should not be allowed; too 
 great inquisitiveness should be checked, 
 tnd -meddling with things ought -not 
 
 to be permitted. 
 OWfl. No gentle-man will so far i-m 
 itatc a vulgar clown as to flap a friend 
 on the back, clapping his hand uponthe 
 shoulder, poke him in the ribs, or *o 
 shout" Halloo, old boy." 
 !HUr\CH. Be punctual in attendance so 
 as -not to intmupt the congregation. 
 
 Gentlemen re-move their hats at the 
 door, and enter quietly and reverentially. 
 
 Strangers wait in vestibule for ushers 
 to show them a seat. Never enter a pew 
 without invitation or permission. 
 
 If unfamiliar with the forms of worship, 
 rise, k-rieel, and sit, as you see others do. 
 
 Provide books, find the place and point 
 it out to strangers. 
 
 When books or fans are offered, accept 
 or -refuse with a si lent bow. 
 
 A penile-man and lady pass up the- 
 aisle together, when the gentleman step 
 aside.allowing the lady to enter the pew 
 first. 
 
 Whispering, laughing, staring, o-r ma 
 king -noise with feet or fingers, should 
 be avoided. 
 
 Bow -not, -nor recognize a friend while 
 in the church; greetings may be exchang- 
 ed in the vestibule after service. 
 
 Pay no attention to rude o-r noisy per- 
 cone around you. 
 
 If a stranger enters unseen by the ush- 
 ers, open the door or rise md motion to him. 
 
 In attending a Roman Catholic Church, 
 the gentleman accompanying a lady, 
 may, with ungloved hand, offer her the 
 holy water. 
 
 A lady does not remove her gloves in 
 church, except to use the holy water, or 
 at communion. 
 
 At a christening the god-mother secom 
 panies the family of her little godchild to 
 and from church, sending her giftlusu- 
 ally a silver cup) the day before. 
 
 In attending a funeral, do not leave 
 the pew till the mourners have passed in 
 to the aisle, standing while they pass, fall- 
 ing into your proper place as the proces- 
 sion passes. 
 
 Upon conclusion of the service, make, 
 
 your departure silently, exchanging, in 
 
 a quiet manner, greetings in the vestibule 
 
 CIVILITY. Shakspeare says"Whil!t thw 
 
 fivest, keep a good tongue in thy head." 
 
 Tillotspn -remarks "A good word is an 
 easy obligation; but not to speak ill, -re 
 quires only our silence, which costs us 
 " 
 
 ,. . /. For a lady to intimate . 
 
 a. gentleman that she would be please* 
 to have him escort her to any public 
 entertainment, is one of the rudest 
 breaches of politeness. Such conduct 
 would place her under a very unpleasant 
 sense of obligation, and may be the 
 cause of much embarrassment to the 
 gentleman. 
 
 Should a lady decline an offer, she 
 should -not -mention it under tn.y cir- 
 cumstances, as this would be adding 
 an insult to the refusal. 
 
 COIvtPLE\ION To obtain the bestpos 
 sible complexion, rise early, forrn rej 
 ular habits, diet yourself carefully,pra 
 lice absolute cleanliness, exercise freely 
 in the open air wearing broad-brinrmej 
 hats in the sun and veils in the wind, 
 avoid washing the face when heate< 
 from exercise, and bathe the face in 
 soft water." 
 
 nothing." 
 
 :L/\PPING OF VIANDS In conversa- 
 tion, never, however much you may 
 be pleased with any remark, cry out 
 "Bravo," clap your hands, or permit any 
 gesture, silent or otherwise, to mark your 
 appreciation of it. A quiet expression of 
 pleasure, or a smile, will show your sens* 
 of the fitness of the remark. 
 
 In a concert hall or lecture room, it 
 is allowable to clap the hands. (See Appro- 
 
 CLE/\NLINE\SS, SQ great is the effect of 
 
 cleanliness upon man, that it extends 
 even to his moral character. Virtue nev- 
 er dwells long with filth, nor is the pres- 
 ervation of health and comfort possi- 
 ble with it. No one has a right to offend 
 the sensibilities of any one by neglect- 
 ing this particular. 
 
 CLOTHED. Dirty collars, wristbands, 
 
 and shirt fronts are intolerable. If 
 grease spots are seen upon the clothing, 
 it indicates a great lack of neatness in 
 the wearer. A clean handkerchief is one 
 of the prime evidences of gentility. Boots 
 and shoes not kept clean, show that 
 their owners are lacking in good taste. 
 
 COLONS The brunette's colors are 
 
 scarlet, orange, and yellow, ^w ttt\- 
 \Vi\w,, but glossy black and white also 
 become her. A tasteful \ytw\\s, will have 
 a scarlet blossom deftly twisted in her 
 hair, or an orange knot at her throat. 
 Sallow complexions are improved by 
 dark gree-rr, or red. A creamy completion 
 is set off by a reflection of yellow. 
 
 A dark violet, shading off into lilac or 
 blue, charms the golden-haired blonde. Ei- 
 ther light or dark shades of green look 
 well with the'ruddy face or the blonde. 
 The very light blonde is exquisite in a 
 dress of pale Nile green. In short.there 
 is lile,except bright red, that a blonde 
 cannot wear. 
 
 :OfVl!v\ISSlpN. When entrusted with 
 a commission, do not fail to perform it. 
 It is rude to'Vorget." 
 OfvJN/lENT' Do not be guilty of rude 
 corn-went on what has oeen said, by 
 tuch remarks as"(ies, you mean so and si 
 Never supply words over which your corw- 
 panion may hesitate a moment. 
 
 so conscientiously. It is gross rudeness 
 to express any marks of disapprobation 
 by laughing or talking. Reading papers 
 or books is disrespectful. Never leave 
 before the close of the services, except 
 from sickness or an imperative call. If a, 
 lady, refuse to be escorted by one who 
 waits outside for your appearanceAAi* 
 
 CONTENTION V,Mte,y\ 
 two contend together, take not the part 
 of either unconstrained, and be not ob- 
 stinate in your opinion; of things in- 
 different be of the major side. 
 CONTRADICTION. It is a gross violation 
 
 of etiquette to contradict any one. 
 CONVEr\SAJION One who engrosses 
 the conversation is unpardonably sel- 
 fish. 
 
 Always appear pleased, though 'tis 
 an oft-told story, and the speaker is an 
 inveterate proser; in short, sacrifice sin- 
 cerity as good manners and feelinjs die 
 tate. 
 
 Let the face be pleasant, look at the 
 person directly, and listen attentively. 
 
 In answering, express your thou9hts 
 in the best manner, avoiding a loose 
 wanner. 
 
 You can best speak to the point by 
 "thinking twice before speaking once." 
 
 Good and clear Saxon language, sim- 
 ple and terse, is preferable to high-sound 
 mg phrases and long words. 
 
 Avoid conversational extravagance, us- 
 ing the word that will express your pre- 
 cise meaning and no more. 
 
 Avoid awkwardness of atitude and of 
 speech, a continuous lolling, gestic- 
 ulating, and fidgeting. 
 
 In conversing with a person, do not 
 repeat the name frequently, nor with 
 a titled person, the title. 
 
 Address a foreigner by his full name; 
 in speaking of him, use his title. 
 
 Married people should avoid the vul- 
 gar habit of speaking of each other by 
 the initial letter of the first name, or 
 the wife of her husband as"Srnith," 
 omitting the "Mr." This denotes ver- 
 y ill breeding. 
 
 1C6
 
 Flippancy is as objectionable as the perpet- 
 ual smile, the vacant stare, the wandetin9 
 eye, and the half-open mouth. 
 
 To skillfully adapt one's conversation 
 to the headers, is the secret of talking 
 well. 
 
 Converse not on private affairs, nor 
 drop the voice to a whisper, in a Xs\i-3i- 
 \.!\e, conversation. 
 
 Never hide the lips with the hand or 
 a fan, and avoid long conversations in 
 society with the menibe-rs of your own 
 f am i I y . 
 
 After the entrance of visitors, explain 
 the import of any previous conversation. 
 COf\r\ECTIOt4 OF SPEECH.. Never pre- 
 sume to correct the pronunciation 01 
 false syntax of those whom you meet 
 in company. 
 
 COUGHIN&. Couching, clearing of the 
 throat, blowing the nose, or spittinp up 
 on the floor, while at the table, desetves 
 the severest censure. Leave the table for 
 such purposes, or apply the napkin to 
 the face and turn the head from the 
 table. 
 
 When coughing is unavoidable, fe- 
 frain from society for the time being. 
 CO\JNT^N/\.NC. As a rule, inference 
 gentleness, and kindness, are distinguish 
 ed from ignorance, coarseness, and btu 
 tality, by an inspection of the counte- 
 nance. Habits of wind are stamped up- 
 on the face. The heart and mind edu- 
 cate the features to express what they 
 Suggest. 
 
 Your countenance should be pleasant, 
 but in serious -matters somewhat grave. 
 OUlWGE. Physical courage finds its 
 highest type in the ball-dog; moral cour- 
 age, in a person who suffers martyrdom 
 rather than sacrifice his love of right 
 and conscientious convictions of truth. 
 
 Have courage to do right, hence, 
 "We may have courage, all of us, 
 
 TO start at honor's call. 
 To meet a foe , protect a friend. 
 Or face a cannon ba.ll. 1 ' 
 
 COllF\TE,SY A due regard should be 
 
 paid to \\X\\t, courtesies and elegances. 
 These should never be neglected when 
 associating with the opposite sex. 
 
 Strangers entering a community eithet 
 to visit or to make a home, politeness re- 
 quires that those deairirig to wake their 
 acquaintance shall manifest their dispo 
 sition to be sociable, by giving them a firs 
 
 ^ ,..'. The best and only reli 
 
 able counsello-rs at this crisis of a young 
 man's or young woman's life are t 
 
 No sensible man will intrude himself 
 upon the presence of a lady, nor will a 
 modest woman receive t-he attentions p 
 a man too eagerly. 
 
 A woman of tact will let a gentleman 
 See that his attentions are not disajrerablt 
 
 to her without actually e-ticouraginj him. 
 It is equally possible- for a man to be quite 
 teNOV?, without becoming a lover. 
 
 To trifle with the affections is exceed- 
 ingly dishonorable, and if a woman is 
 not a tawwuc^V co<\u.X\i, a man of 
 sense should be able to judge whether 
 his proposal will be favorably received 
 
 iOVETo'bSN^SS. Unlawful cravings 
 are more likely to affect the wind, 
 and engage the fancy, than those that 
 are right, and thus we are enticed in- 
 to unlawful actions. 
 
 . . 
 
 COVV/V\DICE,. If a young man refu.se 
 to assist in robbing an orchard, if he 
 is unwilling to drink intoxicating liq- 
 uor, or if he decline to violate a law 
 of society, he may be stigmatiied by 
 those devoid of moral principle, as a 
 coward, and his refusal imputed to 
 dishonorable fear, and thus driven to 
 do what his conscience condemns, be 
 cause he dreads that others will not 
 think him brave. Such fear is the 
 greatest and basest cowardice. 
 
 CUf /\ND S/\UCEF\. Formerly the 
 tea, or coffee was poured into the sau- 
 cer to facilitate its cooling, and then 
 d-rank from the saucer. Now, how- 
 ever, politeness requires us to drink 
 from the cup, after having removed 
 the spoon to the saucer. 
 
 DEJFOIV*/IITY. To notice in any way 
 a. deformity or misfortune to the fig- 
 ure of any one.is gross and unfeeling 
 To speak of them is the height of rudeness. 
 ^P/V\Tl)(\E. It is a breach of etiquette 
 for a caller to preface his or her depart- 
 ure by remarking" Now I must go," or 
 insinuating that the hostess is weary 
 of the visitor. 
 
 Upon taking one's departure, it is ex- 
 pected that some acknowledgement be 
 made of the pleasure that has been af- 
 forded one. 
 
 An invitation to a ball signifies that 
 the entertainment is exclusively for 
 dancino;, and should be delivered by a 
 messenger at least. two weeks before an 
 entertainment, the reply being due im- 
 mediately. 
 
 A pleasant ball requires good rooms, 
 good rnusic, and plenty of good company. 
 
 The supper, to be enjoyable, must be 
 well served., and abundant in quantity. 
 
 A refreshment room, a. dressing rooir 
 for the ladies, and one (or the gentle- 
 men, should be provided. 
 
 Ladies attend in elegant and elabo- 
 rate dress, and gentlemen appear in full 
 evening dress. 
 
 A suitable room for dancing is near 
 ly square-rather longer than wide. The 
 top of a ball-room is the part -nearest the 
 orchestra. 
 
 In a private house tightly stretch a 
 good Holland floor-cloth over the carpet. 
 
 Abundance of right and good ventila- 
 tion are ball-room requirements. 
 
 A hostess should provide good musicint 
 to play for her guests. It is customary i 
 provide three pieces for dancing: a pian 
 and two violins, or piano, cornel an 
 violin. 
 
 The ladies' toilet should be well su 
 plied with mirrors, pins, needles an 
 thread, and plenty of attendants to as 
 sist at the toilets. 
 
 The supper hour is usually from i 
 to I o'clock, and the hour of departm 
 from a to 3 A.M. 
 
 A home-wade su-pper consisting of 
 coffee and sandwiches,with friw't, an 
 two or three kinds of ices and cake, is 
 all-sufficient. 
 
 No one sits down to a ball supper. I 
 seats are ranged around the room f< 
 the ladies, the gentlemen stand. 
 
 A gentleman who does not dance 
 should not accept an invitation t-o a 
 ball. 
 
 To attempt- to dance without a knov 
 edge of the art, is only to make youtse' 
 and partner ridiculous. 
 
 In round dances, hold the lady's han 
 at the side; in quadrilles, see technica 
 work for French terms. 
 
 While dancing, confine not your o 
 servations alone to the weathe-r.or the 
 number of people present, but be as a 
 grceable to the lady as possible. 
 OE|SEr\T. Before bringing onadeser 
 see that the table be freed from cmm 
 by the use of a crumb-pan and brush 
 DINNERS. See Table, also Picnic. 
 
 D|S/\.&F\EE/VBLE; TOPICS DO not co 
 
 rrience any conversation by the su-jioe 
 tion of painful or disagreeable topics. 
 
 DISCUSSION. When in social cpmpan 
 avoid, if possible, all discussion wilhthos 
 with whom you may not agree, espe 
 ially of politics and religion. If discu 
 sion appear distasteful to the compan 
 seize the first opportunity to changi 
 the subject. 
 
 D|SE]NO/\G-^D. The disengaged man 
 irresponsible. His freedom is that oft 
 winds. To his position everything is fo 
 given. Society has a perpetual welcom 
 
 for him. The position of the discn 
 
 gaged v^owrvo, lady is charming. Her bea 
 ty, wit, and accomplishments, take her inf 
 society only to be courted and admired. 
 
 167
 
 Servants hand the dishes to 
 the left of the guests when passing the 
 
 ,-. . vl , ,. ,f. To speak dispar- 
 agingly of a woman, or criticise wo- 
 men in general, is certain evidence of 
 a deprived nature, 
 
 DISPUTES. VttKsVvYtofioTCs wvivxtY In 
 disputes D< not so desirous to overcome 
 as not to give liberty to each one to de- 
 liver his opinion, and submit to the. 
 judgment of the major part, especial- 
 ly If they, are the judges of the dispute. 
 
 0[SR,ESPt|CT. A mother should NEVEB 
 allow any disrespect in her children's 
 manners toward herself, nor toward 
 any one older than themselves; they 
 should be taught especially to reverence 
 the aged. 
 
 A teacher should NEVER allow pupils 
 to answer her disrespectfully, but have 
 them say " Yes, ma'am," "No, ma'am," 
 "What, ma'am;" m\wt,yes,no, or what. 
 
 A teacher should see that no pupil 
 is allowed to treat those of a lower sta- 
 tion in life with disrespect. 
 
 . 
 
 Be not disturbed at trifles, en at acci- 
 dents common or unavoidable, and 
 be temperate in all things. 
 
 D00>. I* if a breach of etiquette to take a 
 do9 with you when calling, howevei^dnr 
 orjnlfresting," .$ no dog can b admit 
 ttd to the drawing-room. 
 
 DOLEFUL. Speak not of doleful things 
 in time of mirth OT at the table, as 
 death o-r wounds, and if others men 
 tion them, change, if you can, the dis- 
 
 DOMES'TIC *FFAIf\S. S Business Affem. 
 
 DOOR. To neglect to close a door on 
 *nte-ririg OT leaving a room, is evi- 
 dence of great carelessness and indiffer- 
 ence to the feelings of others. Should 
 the door be open. however, leave It so, 
 unless otherwite directed. 
 
 DREAMS. Tell your dreams to none 
 except your intimate friends. 
 UESaT A neatly dressed person is al- 
 ways well dressed, and ready to appear 
 bfor< another at any moment. 
 
 Selfcrespect -requires that a person be 
 well dressed at all times, not spending, 
 however, a larger sum than can be af- 
 forded upon dress. 
 
 Rich dressing is not the most itfmed. 
 Simplicity and taste are preferable todis 
 play. Elegance and perfection lie in 
 simplicity. 
 
 A neglect of dress is as grave a fault 
 as too much regard for It. Young wo- 
 men thus negligent, are deficient in 
 taste and -regardless of order. 
 
 DRESS, CHILDREN'S. - 
 
 Dress children wen, 
 but avoid display. 
 
 The self-respect and 
 pcrso-nal oride o' boys 
 and girlj are increased 
 by good clothes, neatly 
 made and well-fitting. 
 
 Except from powtu, 
 never make your son 
 a new suit from his 
 father's old one.Mon 
 ey may be well spent 
 for new doth. YOUT 
 boy has pride i-n ap ws "" " x "' 
 pearance as weTI as yourself, and he 
 should be spared the mortification of 
 appearing in the old and iH-filting suit. 
 
 Do not cultivate vanity, but by al' 
 means encourage self-respect 
 DRESS,OE>I TINMEN'S. 
 A well-dressed -man re- 
 quires neither an e> 
 tensive nor a varied 
 wardrobe. A different 
 costume fot every sea 
 son and every occasion 
 is needed, but if he ba 
 careful to select clothes 
 that arf simple and not 
 striking or conspicuous, 
 he may use the came, 
 garments over and 
 over again without their 
 being noticed, provided 
 they are suitable to the 
 season in* the occasion. A business suit, 
 a frock-suit, a dress suit, and an over- 
 coat, are needed. 
 
 A man outrages propriety when he 
 of sixty dresses like him of sixteen; whrn 
 he wears a showy pattern and extreme in 
 cut; when he dresses either above or be- 
 low his station; when he dresses in a 
 style inconsistent with his profession 
 or calling, and when his dress Is not 
 in keeping with the occasion. 
 
 Wear dark trousers for winter. When 
 traveling, in the country, or at the sea- 
 side, great laxity of style is permissible. 
 
 When in town wear a good hat. A 
 white hat lining Is the most excusable 
 foppery for gentlemen to wear. In warm 
 weather a straw hat is as much in keep- 
 ing with custom as any other. 
 
 A gentleman used to be known bv 
 his glove, but now, except for cenmw.i- 
 al purposes, and protection from cold, 
 gloves are less favorable. 
 
 A light cane, simple in style, may 
 be carried, and an umbrella is al 
 ways allowable. 
 
 The business suit may be regulated 
 by the wearer, but should be neat and 
 substantial. 
 
 For morning dress let every article 
 be of the best quality. Except on special 
 occasions, evening dress is, by -many, 
 condidered en affectation. 
 
 Avoid affecting singularity in dress.E> 
 pensive dressing is no sign of a gentle- 
 man. 
 
 Manners do quite as much to set 
 off a suit of clothes as clothes do to set 
 off a graceful person. 
 
 The"ruffianly style of dress" or thews 
 (\vttaM\\ and ^wMXvtvo, appearance of 
 the half- unbuttoned vest, and suspender 
 less pantaloons, are as disgusting and 
 painful as the frippery of the dandy. 
 
 When dressed for company, appear 
 s easy and natural as possible. Noth- 
 ing is rnors ridiculous ihan to see a 
 gentleman who. is stiff, awkward, an( 
 ungainly in a br-an-new suit. 
 )HESS, L^DIEiS.' The aim of ladies 
 should be simplicity and taste, though 
 great latitude is allowed. 
 
 A lady must consider what colors will 
 
 er size in selecting a dress; stripes run 
 ning the length of the dress cause one 
 who is short to appear taller, and flourt 
 ces cause a tall person to appear shorltt 
 
 Dresses should be suit- 
 ed to the occasion. Hi 
 the morning, at home, 
 a loose, flowing dress; 
 and on the street the 
 dress should clear the 
 ground. To see a trai 1 
 ing dress sweeping up 
 the dirt and filth of 
 the street is disgusting. 
 
 Whether a hat or 
 bonnet be worn upon 
 the street is a -matter 
 of taste. Simplicity, as 
 well void of display or 
 brilliant colors, -marks 
 the street dress of the 
 well-bred lady. 
 
 The evening dress is governed by the 
 dictates of fashion, which, by the way 
 is about as changeable as a weathercock 
 Some neat and dainty costume ought 
 to be worn at home of evenings, for 
 U is then the male members ofthefanv 
 ily are at home, and visitors are most 
 likely to call. 
 
 At home during the day dress neat 
 ly, that callers may be received with- 
 out having to change dress. 
 
 hi making evening calls.ladies usu- 
 ally wear a hood or light head-wrap 
 easily laid aside. 
 
 For balls or soirees the dress may be 
 of the richest and most elaborate de- 
 scription, with elegant jewelry. This, 
 however, is a matter of taste for the 
 lady, who should avoid being over-dress- 
 ed. 
 
 The dress is simple and plain for 
 Church, with very little jewelry. Elab- 
 orate dress shows disregard for the 
 solemnity of the sanctuary. 
 
 Opera dress is rich and full, jewel- 
 ry according to taste, and head bare. 
 White or tinted kid gloves are worn. 
 
 Traveling costume is simple and of 
 quiet colors(not showing dirt). A light 
 display of jewelry may be made. A wa- 
 terproof cloak, and for summer, adus 
 ter, should be carried along. 
 
 Consider ag< in choosing coslume.and 
 never dress in the"height of the fashion! 
 Moderation marks good breeding. 
 
 To prescribe an exact style of dress 
 for ladies is impossible, as fashions 
 are ever changing. 
 
 168
 
 DF\ESS,POE;M ON. 
 
 F-rom little matters let us pass to less, 
 And lightly tou-ch the mysteries of dress; 
 The outward forms the inner man reveal, 
 We guess the pulp before we eat the peal. 
 One single precept -might the whole condense 
 Be sure your tailoT is a man of sense; 
 But add a little care, or decent pride. 
 And always err upon the sober side. . 
 Wear seemly gloves; not black, nor yettoo light 
 And least of all the pair that once was white 
 Have a good hat. The secret of your looks 
 Lies with the beaver in Canadian brooks. 
 Virtue-may flourish in an old cravat. 
 But man and nature scofn the shocking nat. 
 Be shy of breastpins: plain, well-ironed white 
 With small pearl buttons-two of them in sight. 
 Is always genuine, while your gems -may pass 
 Though real diamonds, for ianoble glass. 
 
 SCCEjSITrVCITY. To affect eccentricity 
 of manner, dress, OT language, is to at 
 tain notoriety by losing the -respect and 
 
 ^confidence of your neighbors. 
 
 :,GOTIS!V\. "Egotism adorns no one," 
 yet it is one of the most common and 
 Insidious faults. 
 
 To speak much of one's own acts is 
 a phase of egotism, and, as such, is not et- 
 iquette. 
 
 One's own joys and sorrows, griefs nx 
 fears, exploits and experiences may be 
 very interesting to one's own self, but 
 not always to others. 
 
 Should the company be desirous of 
 knowing OUT opinion or advice on any 
 subject, it is our duty t'o accede to their 
 request, but not to make an exhibition 
 of our learning for the sake of show. 
 
 ;,LBOW. While eating never put your 
 elbow or hand upon the table. 
 
 ^I\^OT(ON. &ood training manifests 
 itself in the suppression of undue emo- 
 tion, whether of laughing, anger, mor- 
 r tification, or selfishness in any form. 
 iNGA^&EV^ENT. No gentleman may ev- 
 er break an engagement, whether it be 
 one of pleasure or business, with a lady, 
 or with another gentleman. 
 
 ^N&AJ&Elv\ENT, N^Af^RIAGE After an 
 engagement is made the ^rW\\S_W\N 
 should be tender and devoted to his bride 
 elect, treating her family with great -respect, 
 bul avoiding the taking of liberties to which 
 he is not entitled, until he become mem- 
 ber of the family. 
 
 He should play the devoted friend to his 
 betrothed, all her relatives, and conform to 
 the rules of the household, being punctual 
 at all the -meals, kind to the children, and 
 courteous to the servants. 
 
 His visits may be frequent, but should 
 be tho.it. -never compromising the repu- 
 tation of his future wife by keeping her up 
 till a late hour. 
 
 Toward other ladies he should be attent- 
 ive and gallant, but not to so great an ex- 
 
 tent as to excite the jealousy of his be 
 trothed. 
 
 In general society he should not mo 
 nopolize the company of his betrothe< 
 but as an escort, accord her the firs 
 place of honor, and be watchful ofil 
 her wants. 
 
 He may send her few or many pres 
 ents, as she seems disposed to accept 
 them. If costly gifts be objected to, he 
 may keep her supplied with flowers, 
 books , or sweetmeats, according to her 
 taste. 
 
 On theVVW';) part, great care 
 and discrimination are necessary. She 
 should refuse rather than encourage 
 the assiduities of others. Levity indco- 
 quettishness are In the worst possible 
 taste. A heartless girl who will engage 
 in flirtations at this period, does not de- 
 serve the love of a true heart. 
 
 On the part of ^OVfc, affected in 
 difference, or exclusiveness, is in bad feste. 
 Avoid too great freedom, or making dis 
 plays of affection or fondness. For the 
 lady to parade her conquest, or the 
 gentleman to display slavish devotion 
 is but to make both ridiculous, and 
 other people uncomfortable. 
 NGA&EIVIENT, BREAKING A.N.- It 
 will happen sometimes that an en- 
 gagement has to be broken off. This 
 Is .distressing, owing to the sacredness 
 of the tie, and it ought not to be light 
 ly surrendered. The causes may be of 
 family or of pecuniary nature, and 
 sometimes of the mutual unsuitable- 
 nest of the parties to each other. 
 
 If the lover take the initial step, his 
 position is inexpressibly delicate, and 
 should express himself in decided but 
 gentle terms, sparing the feelings of 
 the lady as much as possible. 
 
 It is most frequent that engageweT* E^V 
 are broken off at the wish of the lady, 
 
 and when she feels that herhappine 
 is compromised, this is certainly a 
 wise though painful course to pursue. 
 
 It is best to break off an engagement 
 by letter, accompanying with it any let- 
 ters, portrait, or gifts received during 
 th period of engagement. 
 
 The acknowledgment of the -receipt 
 of such letter should be in a tone of dig- 
 nified resignation, with a similar re 
 turn of letters, gifts, etc. 
 
 Both are objectionable. The long en- 
 gagement places the young girl under 
 restraints immediately on her enter- 
 ing life, thus preventing her from 
 moving freely in society, and waking 
 her choice as a result of observation. 
 Comment is unnecessary on the short 
 t engagement. 
 
 ,N"fEr\IN&. In entering room, a 
 oentleman takes his hat, cane, and 
 gloves in the left hand, leaving the 
 right for salutation. 
 
 Entering a room filled with people, 
 bow slightly to the company in gene? 
 al before addressing individuals. 
 
 Entering a room noisily and closing 
 the door with aslam,showalackoffliteseint 
 
 In entering an exhibition or publi 
 room where ladies are presentment^ 
 men should always lift theiT hats. 
 ElNTEFVTA,INrv\ENT._When aperso 
 Is requested to divert the company 
 with instrumental music, a song, o 
 a story, all conversation must besto; 
 ped and respectful attention given. 
 
 It is rude to offer to entertain the 
 company without Invitation. 
 
 If one have the ability to sing and 
 play well, and invitation be given, a 
 prompt and graceful response is ex 
 pected without waiting to be urged. 
 
 Performers must not weary the 
 listeners by too long continuance 
 It is better to err on the safe side b 
 singing too little. 
 
 Never -request one to play or sing 
 unless you are sure It will be gener 
 ally agreeable. 
 
 If a person decline to exhibit his 
 accomplishments, it Is impolite to 
 insist, as there may be good reasons 
 for refusal, and improper to make 
 them known to the company. 
 |f^F\Of\S. Never correct any slight 
 inaccuracy in statement or fact. Be I 
 ter let it pass than to subject anoth- 
 er to the mortification of being cor 
 rected in company. 
 ^NVY- The more one is praised,th. 
 more he is envied, and, generally speak- 
 ing, where envy is, there is little frienc 
 
 . Avoid all re-marks 
 having, or intended to have, an equiv 
 ocal, or double meaning. Even puns 
 are utterly to be deprecated. 
 
 ENING CAJ.LS. Evening calls 
 should never be ma.de later than 
 
 9 p.m., nor prolonged later than 
 
 1 p.m. Wt OKOOCWi. 
 H VENtN& PA.FVTY. If the .venmy 
 
 party be formal, the host anjhost 
 ess (and the daughters also,if the in- 
 vitations included them), keep their 
 places by the entrance door of t he 
 parlor during the first and latter 
 portions of tne evening, that their 
 guests may easily find them upon 
 entering or leaving the room. 
 
 To see a young man devoting him- 
 self during a whole evening entire- 
 ly to one young lady to the ignoring 
 of others, looks extremely ill-bred. 
 
 EXCH/\N.&E|S. Ladies and gentlemen 
 not nearly related or engaged, may 
 exchange books, flowers, music, and 
 confectionery. Costly presents are 
 out of place. 
 
 XClfEMENT Avoid all exhibition 
 of excitement, anger, or impatience 
 when an accident happens. 
 XCUSE^D. As soon as children are 
 old enough, have them ask to be 
 excused before leaving the table. If 
 they inconvenience others, teach 
 them to say" I am sorry," until 
 old enough to say" Excuse me." 
 
 EXPANSES Gentlemen, when 
 
 with ladles, wt expected to defray all 
 such expenses as car fares, entrance 
 fee to theatre, refreshments, etc. 
 
 169
 
 . Eme-mes of all kinds 
 should be avoided. Though contrary 
 i-n themselves, they have alike effect 
 Extreme He it mortifies like extreme cold; 
 extreme love breeds satiety as well as 
 extreme hatred; and too violent rigor 
 tempts chastity as much as too -much 
 license. 
 
 ^CE. Shakspeare says that all men's 
 faces are true, whatever their hands be. 
 
 To see children's faces continually 
 dirty, shows a sad lack of care on the 
 part of the parents. 
 
 There is in the face, either a history or 
 a prophecy, which saddens or gladdens 
 every reflecting observer. 
 
 A face which is always serene pos- 
 sesses a mysterious nd powerful at- 
 traction. 
 
 Faces are -more 169! ble than books, 
 and may be read at a glance. 
 /\IHS. When visiting a fancy fair, 
 a gentleman carries his hat in h is 
 hand, leaving his head uncovered. 
 
 Avoid unfavorable comments on 
 the a-rlicles and thei-r prices. Courtesy 
 arid words of praise are never more 
 appreciated than by those who have 
 spent weary hours in the preparation 
 of the articles exposed for sale. 
 
 Attendants upon tables must use 
 no importunate entreaties to unwil- 
 ling friends to purchase articles a^amt 
 their own judgment. 
 
 C-entlemen should not ask forchiiijK 
 at a church or fancy fair, but say'Pray 
 accept the balance for the object for 
 which you are working." The gift 
 way be accepted with thanks. 
 
 Propriety prevents any loud talk- 
 ing, laughing, or flirtation in so pub- 
 lic a place. 
 
 F/V.LSE PF\IDE. No false pride, or far 
 of work, or care for ridicule, should 
 ever prevent us from doing our duty. 
 Franklin never lost his dignity or 
 self- respect, even when trundling a 
 wheelbarrow. 
 
 FAMILIARITY. No well-bred girl 
 will permit a boy to be so familiar a; 
 to toy with her hands, play with her 
 rings, handle her curls, or encircle her 
 waist with his arm. Such impudent 
 intimacy should not ttotentj for a mo- 
 ment. No gentleman will attempt it. 
 
 Avoid undue familiarity with all 
 strangers. 
 
 AMILY. Members of the same fam- 
 ily should never differ in public. 
 
 To see a well-regulated family actmj 
 as if they were one body informed by 
 one soul, whcfe interests and heart: 
 
 are inseparably united, acting in con 
 cert, adopting and making each oth- 
 er's cares their own, uniting their 
 friendly beams, and jointly promo- 
 ting the common happiness, is one 
 of the most beautiful scenes. 
 
 FASHION 
 
 The principle tint 
 should actuate oiw 
 m dressing is neat- 
 ness and appropri- 
 ateness. Healthy 
 comfort, modesty, 
 f o rm, com p I e i o n , 
 time, place, and 
 circumstances, are 
 the factors that 
 should determine 
 the fashion. 
 
 Nothing should 
 tempt one to im- 
 pair his or her ef- 
 ficiency for the 
 mere gratification 
 of a perverted taste. 
 
 If fashion demand 
 that the hair be injured by any process. 
 the lungs be restrictd from their Mi- 
 nt capacity, that the natural growth 
 of the shoulders be contracted, or the 
 spine be given an unnatural curva 
 ture, and the feet be made to conform 
 to Chinese fashion, then common sense 
 should assert itself by refusing to 
 obey the tyrannical decree. 
 
 All honor is due to the one who has 
 independence and moral coinage enough 
 to follow the dictates of wisdom, rather 
 than conform to unreasonable fashions. 
 
 FASTIDIOUSNESS. To exhibit fastid 
 iousness at the table is extremely of- 
 fensive to good taste. Teach children 
 to eat what is placed before them,an< 
 to be not over sensitive and delicate. If 
 anything unpleasant or unsuitable be 
 found In the food, quietly put it aside 
 without attracting attention. 
 
 F/V\JLT-FINDIN&. A void fault-finding 
 though gentle criticism, when given 
 and 1-eceived with the proper spirit, is 
 in good taste. 
 
 FE^Ey. The confinement of the feet 
 
 ' and the perspiration caused thereby, 
 make it necessary that they be washed 
 more frequently than other parts of 
 the body. 
 
 After the bath is the propertime for 
 paring the toe-nails, as they arc then 
 softer and more pliant. This should 
 be done at least once every fortnight. 
 Keep the nails long enough to protect 
 the toes, but not so long as to cut 
 holes in the stockings. 
 
 FIDGETING. It is a breach of eti 
 quette to fidget with the hat, cane, 
 or parasol during a call. 
 ILI/M. OBEiDlSNCE. Children are 
 nder both a moral and a legal obli- 
 ation to observe the rules and regu- 
 lations of their parents as long as 
 they remain inmates of the family, 
 or until they arrive at the legal age 
 Of manhood, after which time they 
 should continue to respect the ma- 
 tured reason and the wider experi- 
 ence of *hei-r parents. 
 
 5-1 
 
 la 
 
 Flr\E It is a breach of etiquette dut 
 
 ing a call, to draw near the fire to 
 warm your hands or feet, unless you 
 are invited by the mistress of the house 
 to do so. 
 
 FL^TTEf\Y. If you are flattered, repel 
 it with quiet gravity; you cannot accept 
 it without also accepting the contempt 
 of the person who offers it. 
 
 All expressions of flattery to others 
 should be avoided, as it is offensive to 
 any person having delicacy of feeling 
 and refinement. 
 
 It is as weak and silly to be overcom< 
 by false praise, thus losing ill proper 
 estimate of our -real worth, as it is base 
 and contemptible to exercise the arts 
 of a flatterer by spreading a net for an 
 unwary victim. 
 
 If it be trying to the feelings to accept 
 advice, knowing it to be prompted b y 
 kindness, it is harder to receive rebuke 
 patiently, knowing it to be deserved 
 
 FL[PP/\NCY The perpetual smile,the 
 
 wandering eye, the half-open mouth,ari( 
 the vacant stare, are no stronger eviden- 
 ces of ill-tmeding than flippancy. 
 
 FLIiyf AJION. What we find the least 
 of in flirtation is love.A.'^oO<X!j*,tw>iA 
 When flirting has any other object 
 than that of true courtship, it is a spe- 
 cies of high-handed fraud upon an un 
 suspecting heart, worthy of the heav- 
 iest penalty of public opinion. 
 
 Who steals money steals trash, but 
 who steals affections without a similar 
 return of affections, steals that which 
 is more precious tha-n wealth, and tanks 
 among thieves, robbers, villains.and mur- 
 derers. 
 
 FLOWEFIS. Flowers tastefully arrang- 
 ed, add much to the beauty of the table. 
 A bouquet is the best ornament of 
 girlish beauty; the meetest offering 
 from young and timid love, and is 
 linked with all the finer sympathies of 
 our nature. 
 
 Flowers appropriately deck thecham 
 ber of old age, and are the last sad gift 
 of sorrow to the dead. 
 
 If a lady wear a profusion of flowers 
 about her person, a gentleman must 
 be content with a very small bouquet, 
 a single flower being in good taste. 
 
 FOOD. Children should be taught 
 
 that leaving the table with food in the 
 mouth is a rudeness. 
 
 If anything unpleasant or unsuita- 
 ble be found in the food, quietly put 
 it aside without attracting attention. 
 Avoid abuse and excess, as there is 
 sure to follow a period of suffering in 
 mind and body, either in sickness, ill 
 temper, or vicious inclinations, or all 
 of them at once. 
 
 "OHEl&N CUSfOIV\S. In conversing 
 with foreigne-rs do not disparage a-ny 
 of their national customs, even if 
 they are rude enough to attack yours. 
 You may pleasantly and frankly de- 
 fend the institutions of your native 
 land, but riot by comparison with 
 the customs of any other country 
 Of peopla. . 
 
 170
 
 LA,Nfr\JAJ>E. Avoid talking to 
 any one person in the presence of oth- 
 ers in a language not understood ex- 
 cept by the two persons using it, unless 
 addressing a foreigner in his own tongue, 
 and then others should be made aware 
 of the subjects discussed. 
 
 Avoid interlarding your conversation 
 with scraps of foreign language. 
 
 FOH&STFULN5SS.-For 9 etfu!ness is 
 not a sufficient excuse for neglect 
 in performing a commission for a 
 member of one's family or a friend. 
 
 FOF\C-lyEN^S3. It not being possi- 
 ble to live peaceably with all men, ow- 
 ing to the weakness of human nature, 
 the infirmities of wind, the peculiari- 
 ties of temper, and the want of proper 
 training, it becomes necessary to make 
 amends in lieu thereof. This is done 
 through forgiveness. 
 
 What shall we do with those who vi- 
 olate OUT rights? It was said ages 
 
 .,. ,. ,. To make a careless 01 friv- 
 olous reply to a serious remark or ques 
 tion is sure to injure. ." . -.. .... 
 
 FF\EEjDOIV\. In all your associations, it 
 is well to keep in mind the adage"too 
 much freedom breeds contempt." ' 
 
 FUNEr\AL. Immediately after death, 
 some intimate friend or relative, acting 
 under instructions from the f am i I y, 
 should take entire charge of the arrange 
 menls. 
 
 Accord the expenses with the means 
 of the family-permitting no false pride 
 to incur undue expense, yet letting af- 
 fection dictate, as far as possible, what 
 marks of respect should be paid the mem 
 ory of the dead. 
 
 If notes of invitation to the funeral 
 be sent to friends, print neatly and sim- 
 ply on mourning paper, with envelopes 
 to match, and deliver by rnesscno.er.\So\ 
 
 If the funeral be at the house, some 
 friend or near jelative should act as ush- 
 er, and show the company to their seats. 
 
 Preserve decorous silence in the cham- 
 ber of death-speak as little as possible, 
 *nd then only in low, subdued tones. 
 
 The members of the family need not 
 recognize their acquaintances. 
 
 Gentlemen outside remove their hats 
 as the coffin is borne to the hearse. 
 
 The pall-bearers are chosen from among 
 the intimate friends of the deceased. 
 
 Send flowers at the wish of the family. 
 
 FUF\NIT\J(\E. It is a breach of etiquette 
 to walk around the room when waiting 
 for your hostess, examining tfle furniture 
 and pictures. 
 
 &AJT. The impressions we receive from 
 seeing a stranger walk are not without 
 their significance. 
 
 A gentleman never putts on a pompous 
 manner, nor does a lady ever strut. 
 
 Make the style of walking easy and 
 graceful, turning the toes slightly out- 
 ward, and making the steps firm,decid 
 ed, and moderately long. 
 
 If a slouching, irregular, and unsteady 
 gait be ungraceful, a mincing, wrig- 
 gling, affected style is ridiculous. *. 
 
 Or. Oio Lewis says,"Whoever carries 
 the chin close to the neck is all right 
 from top to toe, and will walk well." 
 
 When walking, inhale through the 
 nose, and keep the mouth closed. 
 &^,LL/\NTf\Y. Respect for woman is a 
 distinguishing feature of civilized life, 
 and he who degrades or depresses her, 
 treating her like a beast of burden, or 
 making her entirely dependent upon hint 
 self, loses the marks of a civilian, and 
 tanks himself with the lowest forms of 
 civilization, bordering on, and dwelling 
 with barbarism. 
 
 Woman should be recognized as the 
 equal of wan, socially, religiously, in- 
 tellectually, and as a councillor. Her 
 claims to the best education must be 
 respected. . . ;- 
 
 AJV(BL|NG-. One who is unwilling to 
 engage in any honest employment,!* 
 fond of social excitement, and secures his 
 living without any visible means of sup- 
 port, tallies with t-he description of a 
 gambler, and should be kept under the 
 ban of suspicion. 
 
 The only absolute safeguard for one 
 who has any inclination toward ques- 
 tionable resorts and practices, is to make 
 an iron-clad resolution to taste not,see 
 not, smell not, hear not, and feel not 
 anything that relates to the temptations 
 of the gambling hell. 
 -^NEHOSltY- Teach children, when 
 quite young, to be generous and polite 
 to their little visitors, and when half 
 will not do, to give up all of anything. 
 
 True generosity is a duty as indis- 
 pensably necessary as any imposed up- 
 on us by the law. 
 
 Generosity is the flower of justice; i 
 makes any one lovable, and is -mem char- 
 itable than wealth. 
 
 0-^NTILlT.Y. Gentility is not in birth, 
 or manner, or fashion it is in the 
 mind. The essential and distinguish- 
 ing characteristics of a gentleman are 
 a high sense of honor a determ- 
 ination never to take a mean advan- 
 tage of another and an adherence 
 to tru-th, delicacy, and politeness tow- 
 ard those with whom, he may have 
 dealings. 
 
 &STlC\JLAJIOtJ. Avoid all gesticula- 
 tions; declamation is not conversation. 
 &IFT/S. It is ill-bred to refer to gifts 
 one has himself made, or favo-rs he 
 has granted. 
 
 The art of giving and receiving pres- 
 ents is not always an intuition. A 
 
 generous person may unwittingly woun< 
 where he intends to please, while a. 
 really grateful person may, by want of 
 tact, appear to deprecate the liberality 
 of his friends. 
 
 Besides its price, a gift should always 
 be valuable for something else. It way 
 have been brought by the giver from 
 some famous place; it may have a 
 valuable association wit-h genius,or i 
 may be unique in its workmanship 
 An author may offer his book or an 
 artist his sketch, and any one may of 
 fer flowers, which are always a deli 
 cate and unexceptionable gift. 
 &I&&LING-. Avoid all loud laughing or 
 giggling; it is excessively bad taste. 
 
 Do not interrupt yourself by lau^h 
 ing at what you are about to say. 
 0-LA.SS. A glass should be held by the 
 
 stem, and not by the bowl. 
 GLOVES. If one has on gloves, they 
 should be removed at once upon be 
 ing seated at the table. 
 
 Of the gentlemen who weargloves, 
 many advocate the drawing off of the 
 right-hand glove before shaking hands 
 with any one, especially a lady who 
 is ungloved. 
 
 It is a breach of etiquette to remove 
 *he gloves when making formal calls. 
 
 To offer a partner in a dance,art 
 ungloved hand is disrespectful. Whiti 
 gloves befit the ball-room. They should 
 be faultless as to fit, and never remov 
 ed from the- hands while in the ball- 
 room. 
 ' In mourning plain white gloves 
 may be used, or they may be sewn 
 with black. 
 
 A gentleman's gloves should be white 
 not straw-color or lavender. 
 0-OJNG- 0\)J. For persons to leave 
 church before the close of the services, 
 unless from sickness or to obey some 
 imperative call, fs rude and disrespect 
 ful to the place-of worship. 
 
 For young men to get up and leave 
 the room during the intervals between 
 the acts or parts in a programe whHe 
 a concert or other entertainment- is 
 being given, is in very bad taste. 
 GOSSIP. Tale-bearers are as bad as tale- 
 makers. Because everybody say it, it is 
 not necessarily true. Read books of worth 
 and half of society gossip will perish. 
 
 Where lies are easily admitted, the 
 father of lies will not be excluded. 
 
 The following poem fits just here; 
 "Said Gossip One to Gossip Two, 
 
 While shopping in the town, 
 One Mrs. Pry to me remarked, 
 
 Smith \>O\MI)<\V his goods of Brown.' 
 "Says Gossip Two to Gossip Three, 
 
 Who cast her eyelids down, 
 "I've heard it said to-day, my friend. 
 
 Smith o,o\ his goods from Brown.' 
 "Says Gossip Three to Gossip Four, 
 
 With something of a frown, 
 'I've heard strange news what do you think? 
 
 Smith XooV his goods from Brown.' 
 "Says Gossip Four to Gossip Five, 
 
 Who blazed it round the t-pwn, 
 'I've heard to-day such shocking news- 
 Smith <=,\o\< his goods from Brown" 
 
 171
 
 GOOD A.DDr\ESS. No stock-in-mdn pys 
 a business man so well as a oood address 
 
 GOOD BUE^DIN&.-Wisdow, valor, jus 
 tice, and learning, cannot kp a man 
 in countenance that is possessed with 
 these excellences, if he want that in- 
 ferior art of life and behavior called 
 good-breeding. 
 
 Good-breeding befits our behavior to 
 the three ranks of men OUT super' 
 ors, our equals, and our infeTiors. 
 
 To the ordinary eye, good-breeding 
 shows itself the most where it appears 
 the least. 
 
 G-ood-breeding covers a multitude of 
 faults, supplies the want of some vir 
 tues, and keeps both wits and fools 
 within the bounds of decency. 
 
 GOOO-B\E. Children should be taught 
 that it is rude to leave any one with- 
 out sayina "good-bye." 
 
 0-000 Fv\ANI<}ERLS Good manners,im 
 like fine clothes, are not to be put on 
 for particular occasions, but are to be 
 one's second nature. 
 
 GOOD NfOWMNOv Tcadi children to 
 say'tgood morn ing "nd"good night." 
 If pupils at school would take pains 
 to bid their teacher"good morning" 
 and9ood night," they would appear 
 well in so doing, and easily give pleas- 
 ure to another. 
 
 GOOD NA.TUI\E. Goodnature Is the 
 product of right reason, and will give 
 allowance to the failings of others, by 
 
 considering that there is nothing perfect 
 
 i r i 
 
 in man Kino. 
 
 Good nature being the beauty of the 
 mind, will win almost without anything 
 els, and sometimes in spite of positive 
 deficiencies. 
 
 So far as happiness is concerned,oood 
 nature is wor>h more than knowledge, 
 money, or honor, to the one possessing 
 it. 
 
 GOODNESS. Goodness implies the do 
 ing of good to others, and is always 
 the road to what is true. 
 
 One who is good only that others 
 may know it, is one from whom much 
 service cannot be expected. 
 
 Only he who desires continually 
 to bear the inspection of good -men, is 
 entitled to be called truly good- 
 GOOD -SOCIETY. "Tell me the compa- 
 ny you keep, and ['II tell you what 
 you are." 
 
 0-f\ATIT,UDE. The being and sppear- 
 ing grateful cannot be too highly es- 
 teemed. 
 
 True gratitude is never a secret de- 
 sire to receive greater benefits. 
 
 Be not a guest the first da 
 a burden the second, and a pest the 
 third. 
 
 At tin, tible gu*Us are seated by the enter- 
 tainer in such a manner as to secure 
 the moe* pleasant and agreeable inte* 
 course among all the members. 
 OUILT- Though one bear himself vaim 
 tingly in the hour of prosperous vil- 
 lany, proofs enough have existed of 
 the fears of guilt, "when the hour of 
 calamity approaches. 
 
 Guilt distorts all the faculties of tht 
 wind, leaving a man no longer in the 
 free use of his reason, and has very 
 quick ears to an accusation. 
 HA.B ITS. Virtue has its birth in good 
 habits, the formation of which may 
 be said to constitute- almost the whole 
 work of education; which certainly be 
 gins early in a child's life. 
 
 Bad habits are the fruits of wTong 
 actions, and wrong actions are al- 
 ways a violation of moral principles, 
 The fact that one is unable to break a 
 habit is no excuse for the- wrong. A 
 continuance of wrong never leads to 
 the righ*. 
 
 Precepts may be useful, but practice 
 and imitation go far beyond them, 
 hence, the importance of watching 
 early habits, that they may be free from 
 what is objectionable. 
 4AII\. As a matter of convenience 
 and cleanliness, yentlemen should 
 keep their hair cut short. Short hair 
 for ladies is -neither convenient, health 
 f ul,noT comfortable. 
 
 Thoroughly brush every morning 
 to remove scalp impurities, occasional- 
 ly wash in soft water, dissolved m which 
 is a little commori salt, and then comb 
 and dry. 
 
 Avoid the use of all pomatums,or oils, 
 as they retain the d'ust upon the head 
 The natural oil of the hair is sufficient 
 to preserve its glossiness. 
 
 Occasionally the haiT may be cleans 
 ed with amixture of glycerine and lime 
 juice. 
 
 The attempt to change the color of 
 the hair by means of dyes and fluids 
 indicate! a senseless desire for fashion, 
 and an unladylike desire to attract at- 
 tention. 
 
 The use of hair dyes, and false hair, 
 is almost as much to be condemned as 
 painted cheeks and pencilled brows. 
 
 Long hair for a gentleman doss not 
 constitute genius, and he should be care- 
 ful how he draws ridicule upon him- 
 self by adopting it. 
 
 H/\ND<EF\CHIEP The handkerchief, 
 like the hairbrush, toothbrush.and tooth 
 pick, is designed exclusively for the use 
 of its owner, and should never be offer- 
 ed to another, except to wipe mud from 
 clothing, or some such purpose 
 
 A dirty handkerchief -reflects upon 
 its possessor; 
 
 1A.NDLE. In offering any tool,instni 
 ment, or vessel, to another,care should 
 be taken that it be presented in such a 
 manner that he may seize it by the han- 
 dle. 
 
 1A.NOS. Keep the hands scrupulously 
 clean by frequent washing. 
 
 For chapped hands, rub a few 
 of honey over them when dry, or a, 
 noint them with co|d cream or glyc- 
 erine- just before retiring. 
 
 Cut the nails twice a week, after 
 washing, and keep scrupulously clean 
 Never scrape the nails with a view 
 of polishing the surface, is they ire 
 thereby caused to wrinkle. 
 HA.NDWr\ITI^)G-. Character, is wel 
 as nationality, is seen in ha/ndwntin 
 The Englishman, Frenchman, Hal 
 ian,etc.,each write the peculiar style 
 of his country. 
 
 A scrawling signatu-re draws upo- 
 a person the ridicule of being ashal 
 . low pretender. 
 
 HA.STE. Haste and harshness are 
 too often storms and tempests, breal 
 ing and wrecking business. 
 (A.T. As a mark of respect, a habit 
 should be formed of removing the hat 
 on entering a private house, a public 
 parlor, or church. 
 
 Gentlemen lift their hats when pass 
 inp ladies who are strangers, on stair 
 cases, in corridors, and on entering 
 public rooms. 
 
 A lady should never ask a ge-ntleman 
 when calling to take his hat. 
 
 Little boys should never be allows 
 to keep their hats on in the house. 
 
 A gentleman stopping to speak to a 
 lady on the street, must hold his hat 
 in his hand during the interview, un 
 less she request him to replace it. 
 
 It is ill-bred fo-r a gentleman to sit 
 or stand with his hat on while in the 
 house. 
 
 A gentleman in passing a lady , and 
 where it is necessary to stand aside 
 for her to pass, must remove his hat 
 and incline his head slightly. 
 
 In restaurants unprovided with hat 
 hooks, gentlemen are allowed to eat 
 with their hats on. 
 
 Always takj off your hat when hanc 
 ing a lady to her carriage, or the bo* 
 of a theatre, or a public room. 
 
 In entering, an exhibition or a pub 
 lie room where ladies are present,gen- 
 tlemen should lift their hats. 
 ^AJUEO. Hatred is the opposite of love. 
 The natural inclinations being quick 
 to indulge in retaliation for injuries re 
 ceived, we should consider that when 
 OUT hatred is too bitter, it places us be- 
 low those whom we hate. 
 
 It is instinctive in a generous heart 
 to shrink from an inveterate hater as 
 a child shrinks from a snake in his palh. 
 JA l U&H' r| N^SS. A haughty person is 
 always the victim of his own fash con 
 elusions. 
 
 |E/\D. it is a breach of etiquette to 
 scratch your head, pick your nose, 
 paTe your nails, pick your teeth, OT do 
 anything disagreeable in company. 
 iEALT^. If the fiat-skulled Indian, 
 the small-footed Chinese, and per/ora- 
 ted-ear and -lip savage, who have never 
 heard that the body l a temple for the 
 spirit, whose perfect beauty consists in 
 its fullest development of health, stren^k 
 and -natural growth, be excused on the 
 ground of ignorance, what is theencusi 
 of the taper 'mg-waisted Caucasian' 
 
 172
 
 . By "purity in heart"is meant 
 chastity of speech, and rnodesty o^ con- 
 duct, as fruits of the purity ot the mind. 
 
 From the want of chastity of speech, 
 thought, and behavior, arises a large 
 portion o( the sorrow and suffering 
 of the world. 
 
 Right principles lead to riyht actions, 
 a-nd right actions, constantly perform- 
 ed, make the habitually virtuous -man 
 o-r woman. 
 
 ELP. Ever be ready *o lend a helping 
 ha-nd to those .needing your assistance. 
 A little act of kindness is often of ines 
 timable value. 
 
 Ef\OISIv\. HeToism may be said to be 
 the triumph of the wind over feat-fear 
 of poverty, of suffering, of calumny, of 
 sick-ness, of isolation, and of death. 
 
 Without heroism there can be nose 
 flows piety, or concentration of courage. 
 HOIDE(N. A rude, rough, romping girl, 
 unrestrained by the rules of polite so- 
 ciety, and continually planning and 
 perforrrting' unrnaidenly actions, is des- 
 ignated aVo\^e.\\. 
 
 Such a character can hardly win com- 
 mendation, admiration, or respect, and 
 ca-ri never be regarded with that high es- 
 teem which arises from confidence m mod 
 esty and reliance upon good sense. 
 HOIv\E. No lady, be she eversogifted,cati 
 Afford to neglect her household. She may 
 possess wealth, and hire an efficient house 
 keeper, but the final responsibility rests u.p- 
 o-n herself. 
 
 The personality of the mistress of the 
 house, pervades its atmosphere. If the ser- 
 vants be cheerful, the children obedient 
 and courteous, the rooms tastefully fur- 
 nished and spotlessly neat and clean, a-nd 
 peace and contentment the household 
 gods, the ruler of the house is good 
 and efficient. 
 
 For 
 
 woman to 
 talk of her 
 servant s,or 
 her dinne-r 
 arrangemeiits 
 to her visi- 
 tors iti the 
 drawing- 
 room, or 
 to her hus- 
 band iti the 
 privacy of 
 the domestic circle, shows ill-breeding. 
 
 A house may have the appearance of 
 refinement without any great expense, 
 if good taste be exercised in its arrange- 
 ment. Furnish the rooms with an artis- 
 tic eye fo-r colors, and a careful eye for 
 comfort. 
 
 Though elegance may add greatly to 
 the enjoyment of life, if it be purchased 
 at the expense of all peace of mind, bet- 
 ter do without It. 
 
 A body without a soul is no more 
 destitute than a hou.se without books 
 Though you may not. be able to have 
 a whole library, no one is so poor as 
 not to be possessed of a few well-chosen 
 works. 
 
 A yard with a few ornamental* 
 tasteful thorns and ferns need not 
 be expensive, yet they add greatly to 
 the beauty of the premises. 
 
 If it be the duty of woman to enlaije 
 her views, cultivate her mind, and irn 
 prove her social position, she must not 
 forget that" home" is first and forev- 
 er her specia.1 heritage. 
 
 That a woman inspires a son or 
 a brother with respect and affection 
 while at home, is the worthiest sen- 
 timent that can be uttered in her 
 praise, and that a young wan; is a 
 tender, devoted son and brother, is his 
 highest compliment. 
 0N^ST\. Loss is preferable to die- 
 honest gainj if the former vex you. 
 fora time, *he latter brings lasting 
 remorse. 
 
 The following is one of the maxims 
 of Washington:"! hope I shall always 
 possess firmness and virtue enough to 
 maintain, what I consider the most 
 enviable of all titles, the character of 
 an" honest man." 
 
 Whoever praises what he weans to 
 purchase, arid enumerates the faults 
 of what he intends to sell, may set up 
 a partnership with honesty. 
 40NOF\. Too often schoolchildren at 
 school will engage in the practice of 
 cheating, while elsewhere they will 
 scorn to steal or lie. 
 
 Too often a business man will re- 
 tort to deceit and trickery because his 
 competitors do the same. 
 40SPIPM_ITY If you accept favors jnd 
 hospitalities, never fail to return the 
 same when opportunity offers. 
 
 Hume says that in company, you. 
 need not ask who is the master of the 
 feast. The man who sits in the lowest 
 place, and who is always industrious in 
 helping every one, is certainly the -man. 
 40S JESS. It is a breach of etiquette for 
 the hostess to leave the room while visi- 
 tors are present. 
 
 A ready wit and a merry liugh are 
 great aids to a hostess in entertaining 
 a dinner party. 
 
 She should adroitly start the converse 
 lion for her guests at the table, and by 
 well-directed remarks assist the diffident 
 and remind the selfish <$>.v,Vw<\. 
 
 In -manner the hostess should pre- 
 sent a simple dignity and equal Inter- 
 est in all her guests. 
 
 A hostess must never reprove a se-r 
 vant before guests, nor let any acci- 
 dent disturb, or disappointment em- 
 barrass her. 
 
 HOT ^V' '^ 9' /n 9 * rneals wait at 
 the dining-room door for the usher 
 to escort you to the table. 
 
 A lady thanks any gentleman at 
 the table for a civility, but must not 
 start a conversation with him. 
 
 Ladies never go alone to supper af- 
 ter 10 o'clock} in the absence of an escort 
 the meal is sent to her room. 
 
 Ladies should have their purse and jew 
 elry placed in the hotel sa.fe, and ring 
 for them when needed. 
 
 Dress appropriate to the hour of the 
 day, in least conspicuous apparel. A 
 full dress is required when with escort 
 
 Avoid boisterous conduct, the use 
 of the piano, and singing, unless invi 
 ted, and the opening of windows in 
 parlors,! f others are sitting near. 
 
 When calling for a hack, ring for a 
 Servant and give him your order. 
 
 A lady may look over a paper at the 
 table, but never a novel. 
 
 It is ill-bred to stand alone or linger 
 in the hall or any other conspicuous 
 place. 
 
 Baggage being packed, ring for the 
 porter, who will strap your trunk, and 
 with sachels, remove to hack. 
 UNVV NIT Y That man should treat 
 his faithful servants, the lower animals, 
 with anything save the greatest kindness 
 seems to be unreasonable: and yet, 
 alas! it is often true. 
 
 Neglect and abuse not only injure 
 the pecuniary value of an animal, but 
 also the moral constitution of the man 
 
 Animals killed for food should not 
 be tortured or hurt, but dispatched in 
 the speediest manner, and with the 
 least pain. 
 
 To witness the spirit of wanton-ness 
 frequently manifested by men nd toys 
 in the destruction of little singing birds, 
 is pitiable in the extreme. 
 
 that men, other than the ignorant; 
 uncultivated, and brutal, should find 
 a special delight in encounters such 
 as are exhibited in the prize-ring, the 
 dog -pit, or cock-pit, is indeed strange, 
 and shows that they still possess that 
 savaae instinct of ancient Rome. 
 h]UIVllLlTy. It is by humility that the 
 highest distinction isreached.becau.se 
 it opens the way to self-improvement. 
 By a study of one's own character, he 
 lea-rns his deficiencies. 
 
 One should never assume qualities 
 which he does not possess, nor think 
 too highly of those which he does pos- 
 sess. 
 
 UrVJOf\. Good humor is one of the 
 best personalities one can possess in 
 society; warm and embracing as the 
 sunshine, it bathes its objects in a 
 genial and abiding light. 
 4USB/\ND. If a bachelor be not w<\) 
 ^vxV\cv\tti in the choice of his cotnpan 
 ions, a husband must be. All his for- 
 mer acquaintanceship \\ta, until he 
 intimates a desire for its renewal. This 
 he may do by letter, or by sending his 
 own and his wife's card. 
 
 The husband must remember that 
 his standing in society is very differ- 
 ent from that of his bachelorship, and 
 that he has the tastes of v<\oxV\tt to 
 consult. 
 
 Never show a lack of candor by con 
 cealing your affairs from your wife, 
 but consider her as the light of your 
 domestic circle, permitting no clouds, ho* 
 ever small, to obscure the region over 
 which she presides. Spa-re your wife 
 all the physical labor you can,andcui 
 tivate liberal economy by all means-
 
 HUSBAND A^oV/IF^-For ahusban, 
 and wife to mention each other by the 
 initial letter betrays lack of culture. 
 , Courtesy between husband and wife 
 Should not cease with marriage, bu-t 
 continue till death separata them. 
 
 The cool indifference which someiw 
 ried persons display toward each other 
 is as objectionable as the excessive affec 
 lion of others. 
 
 - The husband must not forget that 
 his wife is a lady, entitled to all the 
 attention and courtesy lavished upon 
 her before marriage. The wife should so 
 conduct herself that her husband wi 
 take delight in treating her thus. 
 
 IDLENESS. idleness is the source of in- 
 finite mischief. One who will not live 
 honestly by his work, will contrive to 
 scure,by dishonest means,* livelihoo< 
 by his wits. 
 
 As a lazy man is necessarily a bad 
 man, so an idle is necessarily a demor 
 alized population. 
 
 GflOf\ANCEl. Avoid talkitig upon asu 
 ject of which you know nothing,unless 
 it be for the purpose of acquiring Infer 
 mation. It is common for young men 
 who frequent exhibitions and operas, t< 
 imagine they are qualified to judge o/ar< 
 No mistake is more egregiouj or universal 
 
 lLL-Hurv\OF\ Avoid that disposition of 
 mind which arise* from an inward con 
 sciousness of want of merit, and from 
 a discontent which ever accompanies tha 
 envy which foolish vanity engenders. 
 fv\A > INATION. Conscious that there aie 
 persons with whorfi we must not associ 
 ate, places where we dare not go, arid 
 things which we should neither see no 
 know, if we would preserve our purity 
 and self-respect, we must not let ou 
 imaginations carry us to the forbidde 
 
 laces, mingle with the vulgar crowds, 
 or see and hear improper things. 
 MVP/VJIE;NCE; Th.s quality, which is 
 
 sudden, eager, and insatiable, graspini 
 at everything, and admitting of no deky, 
 should be carefully guarded against. 
 llytPA.FlTIA.lrfY. -Whatever may be sail 
 in commendation of other gifts bestowec 
 upon us. there it perhaps none more expi 
 dlent with respect to ourselves than a spi- 
 ii of impartialitv* It is a caution not to be 
 Imposed upon by hypocrisy and dissimula 
 tion, which we usually exert when scan 
 ning the actions and pretensions of ot 
 er people. It is the best security against 
 the delusion of self-love. 
 
 y I 
 
 fv\PEF\TIN^NC^. Do not countenance 
 premeditated impertinence. Forget it 
 forgive it but keep him at a distance 
 who offered it. 
 
 Avoid asking impertinent questions 
 out of mere curiosity, as it -may not be 
 a9reeable for persons to make you their 
 confidants in matters that do not con- 
 cern your interests. 
 
 N\PO(\TA/ilC^. Frequently conceited 
 or ill-bred people imagine they mluthen 
 selves important and powerful by being 
 rude and insulting. 
 
 An assumed air of importance will 
 produce an under estimate of one's re- 
 al worth. 
 
 IvJPFlESSlpfiS To create favorable h 
 pressions in the minds of those with 
 whom we have business dealings or so- 
 cial relations, shou-ld be our constant 
 endeavor, remembering that It is more 
 difficult to get rid of one bad impress 
 ion, than It was,prjviousiy, to make a 
 dozen good ones. 
 
 To be well with a great mind, leave 
 hint favorably impressed with yourself; 
 with a little mind, leave him favorably 
 Impressed with himself. 
 
 N\POSJU(\E. It is a necessary ad;ini 
 of imposture to weaken confidence an) 
 chill benevolence. 
 
 r/tPROVIDEiNCe,. Keeping is alwaytww 
 difficult than getting. A clever man may 
 rise to wealth, and then, for want of 
 sense, tumble head-over-heels to the bot- 
 tom. Buying unnecessaries soon leads 
 to the selling of 'necessaries. 
 
 fv\P\JDE;NCE[. Impudence mayevrt 
 be regarded as the effect of ignorance. 
 To avoid its imputation, never be a- 
 chamed of what you do, and never do 
 what you ought to be ashamed of. 
 
 N^CCU^CI^S. Slight inaccuracies 
 in the statements of others should not 
 be corrected when in company. 
 ^ClVlLlTf. Incivility is built on 
 contempt, and is the extreme of pride. 
 Johnson says that a man has no more 
 right to say an uncivil thing,thantoact 
 one; no more right to say a rude thing 
 to another, than to knock him down. 
 
 NCONVENIENCE!. -it is impolite to 
 
 do anything that occasions any person 
 especially a servant, unnecessary trouble, 
 inconvenience, or labor, without offer- 
 
 hem some special remuneration. 
 
 UCA.<fy.-This is manifested by 
 an affected purity, which is easily 
 discovered by the language used. Thus 
 to say"limbs" of the table, "bosom" 
 of a chicken, etc., is to pretend a re- 
 finement that exposes to ridicule and 
 contempt, and is disgusting to persons 
 of good taste. 
 
 ptOTV I DU/O-ITY Individuality of 
 constitution we have by nature, and in- 
 dividuality of character we may have by 
 achievement. Every one has, by natui^ 
 special instruments by which to make 
 hirtnelf.and achieve his mission , but, 
 alas! how few there are who do not 
 use borrowed instruments. The great- 
 ness of any one depends pri-manly up 
 on what he has peculiar to himself. 
 HOWLOitNGC There is no neces 
 sary antagonism between the freest 
 indulgence of children and the mam 
 tenance of the most absolute authority 
 
 over them. Indeed, the authority can 
 be most easily established in connection 
 with great liberality of Indulgence; while 
 on the other hand, they may be con- 
 tinuously checked and thwarted, and 
 their lives made miserable by a contin- 
 ued succession of vexations, restric- 
 tions, and refusals, and yet not be gov- 
 erned at i\\. 
 
 INFLUENCE!. As continual dropping 
 wears away the stones, our acts, al- 
 though singly their influence may be 
 unfelt, their sum-total leaves an ef/ect 
 upon every subsequent age of humanity. 
 
 INGf\ATIT\JDE(. An ungrateful man 
 denies that he ha* received a benefit; he 
 pretends not to have received it, and 
 never returns it. Ingratitude is treason 
 to mankind, and ! s an offense that is 
 unpardonable. 
 
 INJUHJES.-Whenever we are the cause 
 of harm or damage to any one's prop- 
 erty, reputation, or person, whether to 
 cidental or intentional, and being the 
 result evil Intentions, recklessness, or 
 indifference, it is our duty to make tip 
 antion forthwith. 
 
 [MNOVAJION A spirit of innovation 
 is generally the result of a selfish temper 
 and confined views. People will never look 
 forward to posterity who never took back 
 to their ancestors. ^iv^Vs.. 
 ^^.UlSITlV^NElSS Children oujht 
 to understand t-hat they must not ask 
 too many questions promiscuously, as 
 "What have you there? ""Where are 
 you going?" etc. 
 
 |$ SINCERITY If to think one thing 
 and speak another, be shameful and 
 unseemly; to say one thing and do 
 another, or write one thing and think 
 another, is odious. 
 
 Insincerity is most disgraceful, and 
 must make all one's enjoyrftents and 
 concernments seem unreal. 
 
 INSOLENCE^. I* seems to be tnenatme 
 of some minds to insult and tyrannize 
 over little people, which means they use 
 to recompense themselves for their ex- 
 treme servility. 
 
 INSULTS. Did you ever stop to think 
 that submitting to insults, opens the 
 way to new ones? That one meets with 
 no more respect than he exacts? 
 
 It is well to bear in mind that tour- 
 teey to, and sympathy with, those we 
 have accidentally injured, ordinarily di- 
 minish greatly the amount of repara- 
 tion required, and sometimes even in- 
 spire as much good-will as a benefit 
 conferred. 
 
 INSTABILITY Be not inonstant,as 
 the morning cloud, the early dew,the 
 smoke in the chimney, or the chaff be- 
 fore the wind. 
 
 With some men it is now courteous 
 then rough* now prodigal, then sordid; 
 one time extremely kind, another,ve- 
 hemently hating; one day an attorney, 
 the next, a physician. 
 J4TE,&[\IT\. Young men ought tit 
 derctand that there is a great deal of 
 room where there is integrity. Great 
 trusts may be sought by scoundrels, but 
 great trusts neyer seek them There 
 are occasions where true men are nert 
 ed, but they are not found in shoals nc 
 mud, but alone in pure water. 
 
 m
 
 . Introduce the youn^ 
 er or inferior to the elder or superior. A 
 gentle-man always to a ladij. 
 
 Impossible, avoid introductions inpuk 
 lie conveyances; if made, however, do so 
 as quietly a: possible 
 
 At balls the host or hostess make the 
 introductions; but quests way intro- 
 duce friends to one another. 
 
 At public balls, partners must be in- 
 troduced to each other. Special intro- 
 ductions -may be made by the waster of 
 ceremonies, with perfect propriety. 
 
 In introducing one person to another 
 won. assume a sort of social responsibil- 
 ity (ot the person you. introduce, and 
 you- should be careful as to whom you 
 give this indorsement. 
 
 If you- are introduced at a friend's 
 house to one with whom you. are not 
 on good terwsi though he be your bit- 
 terest enemy, you -must salute h i-m 
 courteously and -make no sign of -resent 
 -merit while under your friend's roof-. 
 
 The custom among certain ckissts.of 
 introducing their friends or acquain- 
 tances to everybody whom they meet, 
 whether at home or abroad, in walk- 
 ing or riding oat,' is wrong, and an- 
 tagonistic to the purposes of an introduction 
 
 In introducing. foreigners with ti- 
 tles, always give the title; thus,"Mr. 
 Mantling, allow me to introduce -my 
 friend Baron Von Schmidt; Baron Von 
 Schmidt, Mr. Manning." 
 
 A friend visiting at your house must 
 be introduced to all the callers, who con- 
 tiime the acquaintance as long as the 
 friend is yoi*r guest. When introduced 
 to a visitor, extend due courtesies. 
 
 When introducing a gentleman to a 
 lady bow slightly to the latter, saying, 
 "Miss Wells, allow me to introduce Mr. 
 Brown; Mr. Brown' (bowin 
 Wells." 
 
 VVVO? XNKX. 
 
 When visiting the house of a friend, 
 should you find there a person who 
 seems desirous of making uouracqua'm 
 
 tance, you. may meet his advances half 
 way without Impropriety. 
 
 To ignore a. person to whom you. 
 have been properly Introduced is the 
 
 height of ill-breeding. Though he be not 
 pleasant, he has a claim upon UOIJ^COUT- 
 tesy, and it is due to your own diyrii- 
 ty that you. recognize it. 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 Letters of introduction are often of 
 (ireat value, but they must be given 
 with caution. Give them only when 
 both parties are your friends. 
 
 Introductory letters are left open.that 
 the person presenting them way read 
 if so desired. ( For form consult Index). 
 
 When fntrod u-cing members of your 
 family, -mention the name. Say"My 
 father, Mr. Hamilton, ""Mi) daughter, 
 Miss Hamilton,' 1 " or"lvlissMi-miie Ham- 
 ilton." Introduce your wife as"Mrs. 
 Hamilton. 
 
 It is important in introduction^' 
 pronounce the -names distinctly. 
 0^9, i^SA \Q\\Nfc\S.. 
 
 To introduce to a friend a person 
 who is in any way objectionable, is 
 an insu.lt justifying the lass of friendship. 
 
 Unless it be previously ascertained 
 that it would be mutually pleasant, it 
 is not necessary to introduce people 
 meeting at your house on wo-ming 
 calls. If introduced, it is optional with 
 the parties if such acquaintance be continued 
 '' 
 
 G-entlemen should always obtain 
 permission before intTOduchia friends 
 to ladies, which permissiati should be 
 granted, unless there are very strong 
 reasons for the, refusal. 
 
 A gentleman should never" intro- 
 duce an acqu.ainta.nce into the house 
 of a. friend without asking and re- 
 ceiving permission *o do so. 
 
 As a rule gentlemen shou-ld not be 
 introduced to each other, until their 
 wishes on the subject are ascertained. 
 
 An introduction to the President 
 of the United States is not necessary, 
 excepting that of the master of cere- 
 monies at the receptions. He will re- 
 ceive your card and present you. For 
 private interview, have a member of 
 Congress introduce you. 
 
 In introducing -relatives name the. 
 relationship, also the surname of the 
 relative; as "Mrs. Morton, allow me 
 to introduce my cousin, Mr. Washbirm 
 Mr. Washbum, Mrs. Morton." 
 
 If introduced to the relative of your 
 friend, consider that relative as an ac- 
 quaintance 
 
 When introducing several persons to 
 one, name the single individual but once, 
 repeating the names of all the others; as, 
 "Mr. Jones, allow me to introduce Mr. and 
 Mrt.&ood, MissWhite,Mr.Hunter"lbow- 
 ing slightly toeach) 
 
 Shaking hands after an introduction 
 hat taken place is merely optional, not 
 necessary. It is forbidden to an inrniarried 
 lady to whom aoenttemxn it introduced. 
 It is a kindly act of encouragement for 
 an elderly person to shake hands with 
 a young person, after which a few cor- 
 dial words may be spoken by the elder. 
 
 When introducing strangers, ttawlhe 
 place from which they come; a),"Allow 
 we to introduce to you. my friend, M r. 
 Gordon, from England; Mr.&ordon, Mr. 
 Montgomery." 
 
 
 
 Distinctly pronounce alltilles/'Se-nato 
 Hill,allow we to introduce to you my 
 friend, the Reverend Doctor Jamison. Dr. 
 Jamison is the rector of Sr. Paul's Church, 
 NewYork." Then turning to D-r.Jamison, 
 say/'Senator Hill represents the State of 
 Kansas in the Senate of the United States." 
 
 When introducing two gentlemen, 
 look first to the elder or superior,atid 
 with a slight bow, say to hiw, ct Mr.Sheil, 
 aJlow me to introduce to you my friend, 
 Mr. Roads; Mr. Roads, Mr. Shiel." 
 
 A gentleman offers his services to a la- 
 dy in need of them, whether he knows 
 her or not. Approaching her, he raises 
 his hat, bows slightly, and asks permis- 
 sion to assist her. Her acceptance does 
 not give the gentleman any claim on her 
 acquaintance, nor oblioe her to after- 
 ward recognize him without an intro- 
 duction. 
 
 fJTE^HXlPT' ^' To interrupt a per- 
 son when speaking is impolite, except 
 his consent be given. Oo not roughly 
 or coarsely deny his statements, and 
 arouse his prejudice, but rather, con- 
 vince him that he is in error. 
 
 Never attempt to assist a person in 
 expressing his ideas by suggesting a 
 word or phrase. 
 
 f)TI\USlvE>!E;ss. Avoid intrudim up- 
 on those who appear to be enga9ed in 
 any conversation which they tnaji be 
 unwilling for you- to hear. 
 
 Avoid eavedropping, and make it 
 a secret of your life never to be 'm the 
 way of others. 
 
 [SlV>\LID. It is a breach of etiquette to 
 go to the room of an invalid without 
 being invited. 
 
 INVECTIVE. All invective or personal 
 abuse should be avoided. 
 r\ONY. lrony_ may be said to be an in 
 suit conveyed in the form of a compli- 
 ment. Lamb advises the clapping of 
 an extinguisher upon it when you- 
 are unhappily blessed with a vein of it. 
 
 JE/\l.OVJSY If jealousy be the offspring 
 of love, the parent must haste M stran- 
 gle the child, lest the child poison the parent 
 
 JEERING:. Others should not be jeered 
 upon any occasion. Though they may 
 be foolish, consider them unfortunate; 
 if theu be vicious, pity them; if they 
 be deformed, understand that it it not 
 in their power to amend. 
 
 JESJINO- To mock or jest at athinj 
 
 of importance, or to break jests that 
 are sharp and biting, should be avoid- 
 ed. If anything witty or pleasant be 
 said, its author must refrain from 
 laughing thereat. 
 
 JOK.ES. Never play practical jokes,the 
 results frequently Being so serious as 
 to entail a life-long regret on the joker. 
 Such fun is usually played upon some 
 one who is weak or credulous, and is 
 not a favorite, and for this reason alotwj 
 should not be coutenanced. 
 
 17J
 
 J EVvELFlY Well-bred people have no taste 
 for a profusion of rings, pins, charms, 
 chains, and gilt gewgaws. They usual- 
 ly bespeak effeminacy and love of display, 
 yet a little concession in this respect 
 may be made and keep within the limits 
 of good taste. 
 
 A watch used as a timepiece is very val 
 uable, but when used as an ornament,is 
 simply vulgar. A man of good taste, be- 
 sides a watch, will wear as little jewelry 
 as possible, and of the simplest kind. A 
 handsome signet-ring on the little fin- 
 ger of the left hand, a scarf-pin which 
 Is neither large, showy, nor intricate, 
 and a light, rather thin watch-guard 
 with a cross-bar, are all that Fie ought 
 towearr. .-(..-- 
 
 In respect to the wearing of jewelry 
 by ladies, there should be a marked dis- 
 tinction between the savage-squaw and 
 the enlightened lady. However, jewels 
 are considered an ornament for ladies, 
 and the precious stones should be reserv- 
 ed for their exclusive use. <nwr - 
 
 I^E^P COOL. "Keep cool and you com- 
 mand everybody," said St. Just. - 
 
 ^1 SSI (JG-. This is one of the four forms of 
 salutation,(q.v.l. Among ladies it is the 
 common mode of salutation, even on 
 the street. ..* -.-. 
 
 "Millions upon millions of soul* have 
 been made happy, while millions upon 
 millions have been plunged into misery 
 and despair by kissing." The preceding 
 are the words of Cockton, which show 
 that there is a serious side to this form of 
 salutation. Is a slight pout of the lips, a 
 soft touch of the cheek, and then a part- 
 ing of the lips,the"end all"and the"be 
 all" of a kiss! ..'<(. 
 
 KMIFEl f^Q FOFy^. It is not consider- 
 ed polite to use the knife for any other 
 purpose than cutting the food or spread- 
 ing the bread with butter. The fork is 
 to be used in lifting the food-tothetnouth. 
 Use the spoon when the -fork will not 
 answer. 
 
 To indicate that the course or -meal is 
 finished, place the knife and fork paral- 
 lel on the plate-the handles to the right, 
 that the servant -mag readily remove them. 
 ^NOCKJNG-. To avoid intruding upon 
 the privacy of the occupant, always 
 knock or ring before entering a jmvate 
 house or room. 
 
 Where people are expected, as at ho- 
 tels, stores, public offices, and other pla- 
 ots of business, it is not necessary that 
 a warning be given by knocking. 
 
 
 
 shed, and LI 
 
 A good authority on this sub 
 ject says:"lt has been found that the 
 liver, the lungs, and the powers of the 
 stomach have been brought into a dis- 
 eased state by this most pernicious hak 
 it. Loss of bloom, fixed redness of the 
 nose, and irruptions on the skin are 
 
 . amonfl its sad effects." 
 
 lA.D\,FF\E^DOlyl OF. No lady of good 
 breeding will sit sideways on her chair, 
 or with her legs crossed or stretched 
 apart, or hold her chin in her hands, 
 or twirl her watch chain while she- 
 is talking. * 
 
 ADY'S TOILER Personal appearance 
 snould be the first care of all persons 
 in society. Slovenly or careless habits 
 unfit one for refined society. Well- 
 bred persons always cultivate habits 
 of the most scrupulous neatness. A 
 lady is always vj,\\ kmM&. If the 
 garment te plain or coarse, thin or 
 shiny, it is neat, carefully brus 
 worn with dignity. 
 
 Appearance, generally speakinj, is an 
 index of character, and the fact that 
 first impressions are usually formed 
 from it, make it of so much moment 
 that -no lady can afford to disrejard it. 
 Personal appearance depends jrcatly 
 on the careful toilet and scrupulous 
 attention to dress. The matter of a 
 strict cleanliness extends to the body, 
 and to all articles of clothing, under- 
 wear as well as outer-wear. Perfect 
 neatness is a mark of true gentility, 
 and it is to the toilet that beauty resorts 
 for these purposes. - - * 
 
 /^N&U/VJrE. Though to the feel- 
 ings there be a strong temptation to 
 repeat the vulgar story, to recite the 
 lascivious verse, or to tell the smutty 
 joke, impure or unchaste language 
 should never pollute the lips. 
 
 If people be possessed of any culture, 
 if laugh they will, at the witty play 
 upon words, or other grosser kinds of 
 speech, they will at heart despise the 
 author of their merriment. 
 
 LA.ST PI^CE. One should not fear 
 to take the last piece on the dish when 
 offered it. It would be more uncivil 
 
 . to. refuse it than to take it. 
 
 LA.IJ&HIN&.-AS a rule, the ruder the 
 people are, the louder and coarser will 
 be their expressions of enjoyment. 
 
 Laughing is perhaps the most salu- 
 taru of all the bodily movements, and 
 if there is anything to enjoy that is wor- 
 thy of a laugh, do not simper, but lauph 
 heartily; remembering that uproarious, 
 boisterous mirth is exceedingly vulgar. 
 
 LAXITY- "The most contemptible 
 character in the world is the one which, 
 without energy to be vicious, sophisti- 
 cates in favor of vice."-Vvi.\)y^o^\. 
 ^ZIN^SS. "A life of laziness and a 
 life of leisure are two things. Mari)i,w)tb- 
 out labor, would live by their wits on- 
 ly, but they break for want of stock. 
 Laziness travels to slowly that pover- 
 ty soon overtakes him." 
 
 - 
 
 G- To rise to leave while n 
 
 interesting conversation is being car- 
 ried on, 9ives just offense. 
 
 When taking leave, choose a moment 
 when there is a lull i-n the conversation, 
 then tike leave of the hostess, letting 
 o-ne bow inclu.de the others iti the room 
 Et*DI(to. Never lend an article 
 that you. have borrowed, without re- 
 ceivino permission from the owner. 
 
 ETTERS Never look at the super 
 
 scription on a letter that you have 
 been requested to mail. 
 
 Never seal a letter that is tobegiv- 
 en to a friend for delivery. It looks 
 as if you. doubted his or her honor in 
 refraining from ejramhiin9 its contents 
 
 The most contemptible meanness 
 in the world is that of opening the 
 private letter of another. No one with 
 the slightest self-respect would kcyift 
 ty of such an act. 
 
 .1 BEf\TY- Those who claim to act 
 iti every instance as they please, should 
 reflect that every body else has the 
 right to do the same. In such a stat 
 of universal independence and self-di- 
 rection, one would -meet with so ma 
 ny checks and obstacles to his own 
 free will, by the opposition and inter 
 ference of others, that his liberty 
 would be less *han when restrained 
 by the -most stringent society laws. 
 l|s,WHITE /VND BLACI^- *ny 
 intentional violation of the truth 
 is a lie, and -may be uttered by the 
 use of words, signs, or gestures. 
 Children are often taught to lie by 
 their parents u-tterinj) false sUte- 
 ments,such as "The bears will catch 
 you- if you go out into the street." 
 
 A very cornmoTt (arm of I y inborn 
 sistsin the intentional withholding 
 of a part of the truth, or an exager- 
 ation or overstatement of facts. A 
 lie told in the form of a joke is ver- 
 y ungentle-manly. - 
 LlSf EfllfJO. Having two ears aui 
 but one tongue, we should hear ae 
 least twice as -much from others as 
 we speak. * ~~- - **> 
 
 i It has been said that it takes great 
 rnen_to be good listeners, and were 
 we as eloquent as angels, we wou-ld 
 please sortie men, some wornen,and 
 some children, -much more by listen 
 ing than by talking. 
 Lips. Never emackthalips when at 
 the table, -nor protru.de them to Win 
 ifest your displeasure. 
 ONEjLIN^SS It has been said that 
 the best loneliness is when no hu.mm 
 eye has rested on our face for a 
 whole day. 
 
 OC^llAplTY. Felt ham compares a 
 talkative fellow with an unbraced, 
 drurn, which beats a wise -man out 
 of his wits. It is the fistula of the. 
 mind ever running, and almost; 
 incurable. 
 
 If the revenues of the -mind are- 
 uttered as fast as they are received, 
 it must of -necessity be bare. *** 
 
 176
 
 LOST P^OPE^ty.- The finder of lost 
 property has no right of ownership. Be- 
 cause he does not know where it is, the 
 owner does not cease to have his riaht. 
 It is the finder's duty to employ ill "reas- 
 onable mea-tis to find the owner, and 
 charge a fair price for the time, labor, 
 and expense incurred. 
 
 If an a-rticle cost the finder neither ex- 
 pense, time, nor trouble, he has no right 
 to demand that the owner pay him any- 
 thing for its return, but if the owner 
 chooses to give a compensation as a 
 token of his thankfulness, he may do 
 so. \t the owner cannot be found, the 
 property belongs to the finder. 
 OUtSG-lfJG- No well-bred person will 
 lounge on the sofa, tip back his chair, 
 or elevate his feet. 
 
 LOVE;. When we have -received the im- 
 pression that it is creditable and noble 
 to indulge our resentments, it is hard 
 to overcome OUT natural inclinations 
 to retaliate, and \o\owwi 
 
 . "Good luck is the willing hand 
 maid of upright, energetic character, and 
 a conscientious observance of duty." 
 
 LUNCHES Ladies only are usually in 
 vited to"lunches." There is less cere- 
 mony shown here than at dinners and 
 teas. 
 
 AGNANIMITY -When on* receives 
 an injury, he should think no one his 
 superior, for he has it in his power to 
 make himself superior to the other by 
 forgiving the injury. 
 l\LlC. No gentleman or lady will 
 bring disrepute upon him or herself by 
 disgracing others in publishing their 
 secret faults. 
 
 NIA,NLINE,SS 0-ne shows his wanli 
 nets, riot by resenting, but by forjiv 
 ino an injury. 
 
 lv\\NfjEF\S.- Of the two, manners and 
 laws, the former is the more important, 
 If the laws touch us here and thereat 
 this time and then at that, manners 
 ve or soothe, corrupt or purify, exalt 
 or debase, barbarize or refine, by a con 
 stant, steady, uniform, insensible opera- 
 tion, like that of the air in which we live. 
 They either aid or destroy morals. They 
 are the sign by which one's status is 
 fixed. Wherever we are let us aim to be 
 respected as ladies and gentlemen, and 
 so conduct ourselves accordingly. 
 
 . The proper and decent 
 time having elapsed, the proposal hap- 
 pily accepted, and all obstacles remov- 
 ed, the next step is the fulfilment of 
 the dearest of all hopes by the act of 
 marriage 
 
 In Europe, June,Julu, and August 
 are the favorite -months. In the Uni- 
 ted States all seasons are regarded as 
 suitable, except the forty days imrne 
 diately preceding Easter. 
 
 . 
 
 Thursday is the favorite, next, Wed- 
 nesday, then any other day of the week 
 except Friday, the "unlucky" day. 
 
 It is a privilege of the lady to select 
 the season and appoint Hie day 
 
 The intended husband should pro- 
 cure the marriage license from the 
 county or circuit court. He should 
 be accompanied by a near relative of 
 the lady who must make oath that 
 she can lawfully contract the propos 
 ed marriage. 
 
 This comprises only the bride^stock 
 of attire, which is to last her for the 
 first few gears of her wedded I i fe . 
 The cost is a matter to be decided by 
 the means and taste of the bride. 
 
 These should be sent in daring the 
 week previous to the wedding, not la- 
 ter than two days before the event. 
 
 Make them according to the means 
 and the tastes of the recipients. 
 
 It is well to ascertain what the coup- 
 le require, that duplicates may not be 
 sent. 
 
 It is customary for the gentleman to 
 make his bride a present of jwelry to be 
 worn at her wedding. 
 
 The onde's bouquet should be ex- 
 clusively of white flowers, and a lit- 
 tle orange blossom may be intertwin- 
 ed. It is the privilege of the grooms- 
 man to procure arid present this to 
 the bride. 
 
 These are usually selected from a- 
 tnong the bride's sisters, cousins, or 
 friends. The number varies, six be- 
 ing a good number ; whatever be the 
 number, it must be t,\ie-\. Their dress 
 is usually of some light white mate- 
 rial. The Vvi&Vc\tavtn.iLi& is supposed 
 to be the bride's dearest amd most in- 
 timate friend. 
 
 The number correspond t-othatof 
 the bridesmaids. The Vv\ oryfvt\cs- 
 V^ oj"(!myvtf(\ has charge of the whole 
 management, and should be furnished 
 by the bridegroom with money to de- 
 fray all expenses. If a ring be used, he 
 presents it to the bridegroom at * he 
 proper moment, hands the tee to the 
 minister, etc. The other groomsmen 
 dress well, and make themselves 
 
 . 
 
 Retire early on the evening prece- 
 ding the wedding. Avoid fatigue and 
 excitement, and endeavor to look fresh 
 and blooming. She resigns herself to 
 the bridesmaids to be dressed for the 
 ceremony. The dress is white for -maid- 
 ens, and of some light color for widows. 
 
 It is customary for the bride to make 
 some little present as a memento to 
 the bridesmaids on the wedding morn. 
 
 The bridegroom ought not to see 
 the bride on the wedding day until he 
 takes his place by her side for the final 
 ceremony. He and his groomsmen are 
 to wear full evening dress. 
 
 He should be careful to see that all 
 proper arrangements are made before 
 hand. He should make some little pres- 
 ent is a memento to his best wan.He 
 way also make a less expensive pres- 
 ent to the other groomsmen, but is 
 not obliged to do so. 
 
 The ceremony may be performed by 
 a magistrate, but preference is usually 
 given to a clergyman. The ceremony 
 may be performed either at home or 
 in church. The bridegroom sends, at 
 his own expense, a carriage for the of- 
 ficiating clergyman and his family. 
 
 The responses of the bride and groom 
 should be given clearly and distinctly, 
 but not too loud. Vie*, VsVwis ANj 
 Vtv&u, tax 
 
 After the ceremony a brief recep- 
 tion is held in the drawing room to 
 enable those invited to the wedding 
 to offer their congratulations. Only 
 the bridegroom is congratulate, as 
 V\t is supposed to have won the prize, 
 Offer your good wishes to the bride 
 for her future happiness.VSw ' 
 
 Make all arrangements for the wed- 
 ding tour before marriage. The bride 
 must have her wishes obeyed in ev- 
 erything. Avoid haste and bustle, 
 and the journey will be doubly pleas- 
 ant. Of course the young couple make 
 their tour all alone 
 
 rv\A.r\f\lA ) &E,CA > UT;iOt4S.-A young la- 
 dy's present and future happiness de- 
 mands that she show great discretion 
 in the receiving of attentions from on- 
 ly those young men whom her xw<w\ 
 approves. Parents should see thai un- 
 desirable friendships and intimacies 
 be not formed with their daughters, 
 as they soon lead to love. Iri its be- 
 ginning an acquaintance is easily (liv- 
 en up. You-ng gentlemen should not 
 form an ideal of a woman, and then 
 give to it the pretty face and form of 
 some acquaintance; the ideal too soon 
 gives place to th real after irmrriaae. 
 The most perfect reserve in courtship 
 is indispensable. VStt, ^owiWnX^jN. 
 
 177
 
 '. It is a breach of etiquette 
 
 o? a caller to open o- shut doo->, raise 
 or lower a window curtain, or in any 
 way alter the arrangement of a room 
 Teach child-ten that it is rude to look 
 into drawers or boxes, or to meddle wit 
 or handle anything away from home 
 that is not intended for them to play 
 with. 
 
 tEEiTltJo A^ lADY-When a gentle 
 man meets a lady and wishes to con 
 verse with her. he does -not allow her to 
 stand while talking, but turns and 
 walks with- her. 
 ^EM.OFVY. A good memory for tiame 
 and faces, and a self-possessed -manner 
 are necessary to every one who wouli 
 make a good impression in society.Notl 
 ing is more delicately flattering to anoth 
 er than to find you can readily recall 
 his or her name, after a very slight 
 acquaintance The most popular of 
 great men have gained their popularly 
 principally through the possession of th 
 faculty . 
 
 |Ef\C"Y. Lenity will act with greater 
 force, In some instances, than rigor. I 
 is, therefore, my first wish to have my 
 whole conduct distisouished by it. 
 METHOD.- NNv.VvWqVo'.x 
 
 Dispatch may be said to be the soul o 
 business, and method is the greatest 
 contributor to dispatch. As far as une> 
 peeled incidents will allow, have a met! 
 od for everything, and adhere to it 
 N)lf\TH Like lightning flashes break 
 ink through the clouds, and glittering 
 for a -moment, mirth keeps up a kim 
 of daylight in the mind, and keeps it 
 filled with a steady and perpetual se 
 ren ity . 
 
 IVllSCHl<F. Whoever hinders mis- 
 chief, yet permitting it, makes h'rmstlf 
 an accessory to it. 
 
 IVJISEftS. As the miser advances in 
 life, he clings closer and closer to the 
 object of his idolatry. If other pacsions 
 be dead and blasted, hi: desire for mom 
 pelf increases with renewed eagerness, 
 until he sinks, unlamented. Into an 
 un happy grave. 
 
 /lISpO^TllNEj. As to ourselves, out 
 greatest misfortunes a-re the -results of 
 our own acts, arid should be expected. 
 As to others, no one should show him 
 stlf glad at their misfortunes, though 
 theu be his enermes. 
 llM'GHt Avoid mhnlcru as the low 
 est and -most ill-bred of buffoonery. 
 '!ST/\KES. No oneisexempt from 
 mistakes, and when Involuntaryj we 
 owe each other the most candid con- 
 sideration. Though sometimes n 
 
 lifying and annoying, they should be 
 rectified kindly and in a charitable maiv 
 ner and spirit. 
 
 In company it is best to take tio tw 
 tice of the mistakes in the language of 
 
 Thecomequen 
 
 ces of misunderstanding and inatten- 
 tion are more universal, and the uneai 
 ines< greater than those of artifice an< 
 deception. 
 
 IVlOpE,ST\. Among the virtues to 
 which we universally assign a high rani 
 '$ modesty. Living unknown until some 
 unforeseen moment, the modest -man 
 reveals his estimable qualities and his 
 generous actions. 
 
 A truly modest person will obtahithow 
 delightful praises which the heart awanb 
 without effort, and his superiority, fa 
 from being importunate, will become 
 attractive. 
 
 &ood taste and morality require that 
 women adorn themselves with no mai 
 ner of dress that suggests ideas of indel 
 icacy. The modest woman seeks rather 
 to escape than to attract observation , 
 and to assume no form of apparel with 
 a design of notoriety. 
 NIOF\ALITY. What is generally consid 
 rred a sense of duty, is regard to the 
 rules of morality. It is a principle o< 
 the greatest consoqu-ence in hitman lif 
 and is claimed to be the only principle 
 by which the bulk of mankind are capa 
 ble of directing their actions. 
 
 There is scarcely a person who.byei 
 ucation, discipline, and example, way not 
 be impressed with a regard to these gen 
 era! rules of conduct, as to act upon al 
 most every occasion with tolerable de 
 cency, and through the whole of his 
 life, avoid a tolerable degree of blame. 
 {OF\NI^G C/\llS -- According to the 
 code of etiquette, it is customary tocal 
 all the hours of daylight morning, ant 
 after nightfall evening. 
 
 Morning calls must never be made 
 earlier than 12. M., nor later than 5 P.M 
 
 Having set apart one morning or 
 one evening in a week for receiving 
 callers, it is a breach of etiquette to 
 call at any other time. 
 
 From ten to twenty minutes m th 
 morning is the limit of a formal call. 
 
 . It mattertitot how brillian 
 an action may be, it should not be con- 
 sidered great unless it be the result of 
 a great motive. The moment we per- 
 form an act for the sake of its conse- 
 quences, all merit ceases. 
 I^ObT^J. The"uneducated mouth"i! 
 one of the indications of bad breeding. 
 
 The mouth should be kept closed when 
 eating, and as little noise made as possible. 
 Never a.empt to speak with a fuJI mouth, 
 also avoid putting the finger into the mouth. 
 4USIC. Music being the only sensu- 
 al gratification we may indulge in to 
 excess without injury to our -moral or 
 religious feelings, should be allotted an 
 important place in every entertainment 
 
 When complying with a request to 
 play or sing, do so promptly without 
 having to be urged. 
 
 Ml-S. Cut the Tiails twice a week 
 after washi-n9, a-rid keep scrupulously 
 clea-n. Pare them with a sharp penknife, 
 never bite, nor use the scissors. Cut 
 them -neither too short -nor too long, 
 and -nicely round them at the corners 
 The "Gilbert-shaped "-nail is considere 
 the most beautiful. 
 
 Never scrape the -nails with a view 
 of polishiti9, as the tendency is to make 
 them wrinkle. 
 
 Pare the toe nails at least once in 
 two weeks. They grow only half as 
 fast at the finger na!ls.\SuVu\\. 
 lAJV/lE. It is vulgar to speak of per 
 sons with whom only asli9ht ac- 
 quaintance can be claimed, by their 
 giver name. 
 
 It is a brea.ch of etiquette fot a lady 
 to speak of a gentleman by his sur- 
 name without a prefix. To do so con- 
 veys the impression of being low-bred. 
 
 \( one on meeting a lady ot ge- 
 man, fails to recall the name, frank 
 ly say so. 
 
 When it becomes necessary for one 
 to address a lady or gentleman whose 
 na-me he does not know, it should be 
 as" sir," or" madam." 
 
 Children should never be allowed 
 to speak of any one by the last retroe, 
 For a child to say thu.s,"l am going 
 over to Smith's," shows a lack of 
 proper training. 
 
 JAJV^E, 6-000. Consider that the m- 
 visible thing called a good -name is -made 
 up of the breath of numbers who speak 
 well of you; so that, if by a disoblipi-ng 
 word you silence the -meanest, the gale 
 will be less strong which is to bear up 
 your esteem. -S&.vA\\i. 
 
 A name, whether good or bad, true or 
 false, -may be compared to the face by 
 which one is known. It is the most vil 
 uable garment by which one is wrapped, 
 and as soon spoken or seen, creates fa- 
 -vor ot preiujice. 
 
 rJA)>KJN. fhe napkin should be used 
 to protect the dress from injury from 
 particles of food /ailing into the lap, al- 
 so as a towel to cleanse the mouth tnd 
 fingers when thcu become toiled 
 
 It should never be used as a hgrn 
 chief for the nose, or to remove perspi- 
 ration from the face. 
 
 Napkins should be folded square In 
 tricate forms is considered borrdm-hoioi 
 and hotel stulz. 
 
 Upon leaving the table the signal be- 
 ing given when the hostes rises one's 
 napkin should be placed upon the table 
 unfolded. 
 
 [JE/\TN{(SS. Neatnes, and its reverse,* 
 mong the poor, arc almost a certain 
 test of *Weir motal character. -^OKVvVtiun. 
 JEG-L|C^NC.-A little neglect -may 
 breed great mischief. FOT want o/a 
 nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a 
 shoe the horse was lost; and for want 
 of a horse the rider was los*, being 
 overtaken and slain by the enemy; all 
 for want of a little care abou.i a horse- 
 shoe nail.-^t^wiw%"vi\Wvxv 
 
 The best ground whe-n le/t uncul- 
 li va.le by the husbandman, is the soon- 
 ec* overspnea.d by weeds. 
 
 178
 
 YEAR'S C/\jLLS. It is customa 
 ry for gentlemen to pay their respects 
 to theiT lady acquaintances on New tear's 
 Day by formal calls. Where practicable 
 the newspapers should announce the 
 names of the ladies who will receive 
 callers o-n that day. 
 
 Ladies should never Issue invitations 
 for New Year's calls. 
 
 G-entlamen should lay aside their hats 
 and overcoats before entering the parlor 
 Make the call in mowing dress, and be 
 as brief and cordial as possible. The calls 
 should riot last longer than ten or fif- 
 teen minutes. The cards are invariably 
 delivered to the servant in charge ~* 
 door. 
 
 When refreshments are set out, gen- 
 tlemen partake only after being- invitee 
 by the hostess. 
 
 Ladies must wear fu.ll dress. To partia 1 
 ly close the window blinds and light the 
 9as, adds to the effectiveness of the toil- 
 el and the appearance of the drawing 
 room. 
 
 If a gentleman be in doubt as to whelb 
 er a family are receiving, he may call 
 and leave his card if they are not. 
 
 Calls should not be made before 10 
 A.M., nor after 5 P.M. G-entlemen -may 
 wake calls singly, or in parties of not 
 more than four. 
 
 The second day of January is called 
 
 the"Ladies' Day," upon which they 
 
 make their New Vear's calls upon their 
 
 la 
 
 NE 
 
 iarity with a new acquaintance, as you 
 tiever know when you may give offence. 
 10. Every one finds it his duty some 
 times to oppose the interests, views, or 
 pleasure of his friends, or if may be to 
 refuse to grant their requests. \( such 
 an unpleasant occurrence arise, it -may 
 be extremely difficult to say no, but it 
 may be necessary. If possible, say it kind- 
 ly and gracefully, so as riot to of/end,i/et 
 in such a manner as to carry the convic 
 lion that it is useless to attempt to get 
 anu other answer. 
 OBL^N^SS.- He does not recollect 
 injuries; for accurate recollection, espe 
 cially of injuries, is not characteristic 
 of the magnanimous man, but he tath- 
 ei overlooks them He is not fond of 
 talking o< people, for he will neither 
 speak of himself, nor of anybody else; 
 
 for tie does not care that he himself 
 .be praised, tuir that others be blamed. 
 
 Pope likens n arrow- so u.led people to 
 narrow-necked bottles the less they 
 have in them, the more noise they make 
 in pouring it out. 
 
 f>JOt<ISE,NSE,. To write or talk con 
 cerning any subject, without having 
 previously taken the pains to under 
 stand it, is a breach of the duty we 
 owe to ourselves. The privilege of 
 talking and even publishing rtonsens 
 is necessary in a free state, bu-t the 
 more sparingly we make use of it the 
 better. ^>o\.Y\&y. . 
 
 pOSEj. To blow the nose loudly is a 
 breach of etiquette. Picking the nose 
 is a disgusting habit, and may be eas 
 ily avoided. If it be necessary to blow 
 the nose when at the table, it is the 
 duty of a person to leave the table to 
 accomplish the purpose. If sneezing be 
 unavoidable, apply the napkin and turn 
 the head from the table. 
 
 O^Tl^. An oath is an appeal toAlntight 
 y &od to witness the truth about to be 
 uttered. Every one is under as much 
 obligation to tell the truth without ta- 
 king an oath as with it, and every tru 
 ly good man's word is as good as hie 
 oath, yet there are many whom this 
 solemn ceremony causes to be more 
 careful. 
 
 .. A child's first lesson 
 should 'be obedience, then all others 
 may be given with but little difficult! 
 Obedience insures greatness, bu-t dis 
 obedience invariably leads to repulse. 
 He who obeys offers up his own will 
 asagift. 
 
 IBLiq^TIOtl It is by each soldier feel- 
 ing his obligation in doing his part, 
 that the army conquers: it is by each 
 bee doing its work, that the hive is 
 stored with honey; it is by each insect 
 putting forth all its might, that t he 
 coral reef becomes an island,and cit 
 ies rise upon the bosom of the main. 
 
 B S S F\V/\TI H . ^<. WrvYfCwa . 
 An acute observer observes without be 
 ing observed. Youn^ people who wish 
 to appear to the best advantage, must 
 be cool and self-possesed, in order to ob- 
 serve closely everything that is passing 
 around, without appearing to bi curious. 
 They should concentrate their observ- 
 ing powers on the language and marniers 
 of those who are well versed in the rules 
 of polite society. By lack of close atten 
 tion, people often make ridiculous and 
 serious blunders, which may be avoid 
 ed by tact and prudence. 
 
 BSp N/\CY- Obstinacy, or the dread 
 of control and discipline, arises from 
 self-wllldness, and a conscious defect 
 of voluntary power. Foolhardiness can 
 but seldom be regarded the disguise of 
 conscious timidity. 
 ifFEjNSE^. It is very unpleasant to 
 find that offense has been received 
 where none was intended, and that 
 pain has been given to those who were 
 not guilty of any provocation The 
 ends of society being mutual benefi- 
 cence, a good man is always uneasy 
 
 when he finds himseU acting in op- 
 position to these purposes, as he can 
 seldom be certain that he has not 
 been hindered from consulting the 
 common interest, by too much regard 
 for his own ease, and too much indif- 
 ference to the happiness of other*. 
 OLD \0-E.-Old age cannot be treated 
 with too great respect. It should be 
 given precedence, and its opinions 
 listened to with deference. Its accom- 
 modations must be furnished with 
 cheerfulness, and due reverence lo 
 it never be denied. 
 
 It must be acknowledged, bu-t la- 
 mented, that there are some foolish 
 and ill-educated young persons who 
 do not pay that veneration which 
 
 due to the hoary head. 
 LD 
 
 OLD IV\^N. Nothing is more unorue 
 fuJ than for children to caJI their par> 
 ents by the terms"old man," and 
 "old woman." 
 
 plfJlOfl. It is well to exercise much 
 reserve in speaking out oui opinions, 
 except when requested, and then to 
 give them simply as oplniorts.and not 
 as facts. 
 
 Social opinion is regarded by the fool- 
 ish with terror, and dare not touch 
 or meddle with it; but others, by us- 
 ing disc-ration, utilize it to carve out 
 their own purposes. 
 
 An intelligent and unprejudiced per 
 son will strive to learn the grounds of 
 his own opinions, and never be like 
 the foolish and thedead,who alone 
 never cJiange their opinions. 
 PPORTUNITY Whenever you have 
 a point to carry which depends on the 
 will of another, choose the time of 
 application with all the sagacity you 
 are master of, for no one has a tem- 
 per so even as not to be sometimes 
 more liable to impressions than at oth- 
 ers. 
 
 " There is a tide in the affairs of men, 
 Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune 
 Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
 Is bound in shallows and in miseries; 
 And we must take the current wher 
 Serves, or lose our ventures. " 
 
 OF\N^fv\ENT. in our application of 
 ornament, we should let nature bt 
 our guide. Her delights in it are ever 
 subservient to use, but many pursue 
 the opposite course, and adorn only 
 to encumber. The trifling, the vi*l 
 gar-minded^and the ignorant, pri*e 
 only what is striking and costly, or 
 showy in contrast. With t-he refined, 
 simplicity is the feature of greatest 
 merit in ornament. 
 
 P/y\DOfl. G-entlemen having qcca 
 sion to pass before ladies seated in lec- 
 ture and concert rooms, and all oth- 
 er places, should beg pardon and pas; 
 with their faces and not their backi 
 towards them. 
 
 AF\TI/0-IT\. This term is often used 
 to indicate a want of fairness on the 
 part of any one, and, while it may be 
 true at times, it is natural to be more 
 attached to those who are kind. polite, 
 and attentive, thn to those who in? 
 indifferent and disobliging. 
 
 179
 
 PA.ST FA^Ot\S. The memory of past fa 
 WOTS >s like a rain bow, bright, vivid 
 and beautiful; but it soon fades away 
 The memory of injuries is engraved on 
 the heart, and lasts forever. -VvX\\KVtt 
 
 PA.STIN\E. Pastime is a word that 
 Should never be used but i-n a bid sense. 
 it is vile to say such a thing is agreea- 
 ble because it helps to pass the time awa 
 
 II is in Ihe party that soci- 
 ety it on its very best behavior. Every- 
 thing .is regulated according to the. 
 strict code of goodbreedin^, and any 
 departure (torn this coda becotnes a 
 grave offense. 
 
 It is the lady of the house- who gives 
 a party. The invitations should be in 
 her name, and the replies addressed 
 to her. 
 
 Tha invitations should be sent out 
 from two to three weeks before the 
 
 Refreshments must, of course, be 
 provided for the quests during the 
 evening. What they should be must 
 depend entirely ori the tastes and -re- 
 sources of those who five the party. 
 
 A cloak-room for the ladies must be 
 provided, also a hat-room for the gen- 
 t lemen. V>%t, ^ VV&VA<} Vv< ^Vwi twt,3\. 
 PAIVIN&- The true sadness of part- 
 ing is not the pai-n occasioned by the 
 parting itself, but in the when and 
 the how you are to meet again t he- 
 face about to vanish frorn your view. 
 From Ihe passionate farewell to the wo- 
 man who has your heart in her keep- 
 Ing, to the cordial good-bye exchanged 
 with pleasant companions at a water- 
 ing-place, a country house, or the close 
 of a festive day's blithe and careless et- 
 curjion a chord, stronger or weaker, 
 is snapped asunder at every parting. 
 Meet again you may, but when and 
 
 thies and sentiments, and after a brief 
 interval at if it had been but a dream? 
 ot will it be in the great beyond when 
 partings never take place f 
 P\SSI 0(4. There arre faces upon which 
 we cannot look without emotion 
 names we cartnot hear without start- 
 ing. All are possessed, to a greater or 
 less extent, of that fiery impulse called 
 passion, which seizes upon -the pretent 
 gratification, utterly irrespective of con- 
 sequences, and utterly regardless of oth- 
 er or more excellent gratifications, and 
 which may be obtained by self-denial. 
 
 In order to enjoy all the happiness of 
 which we am capable, it is necessary to 
 subdue our passions, and combine then 
 with self-denial, thereby promoting out 
 happiness as * whole. 
 
 I-n order to avoid the. inconvenient 
 and danger of collision, peopje should 
 keep to the right when passing one an 
 other on the sidewalk. 
 
 P/\TIE(NCf(. Under ordinary circum- 
 stances we should be free from mani- 
 festing the slightest impatience when 
 we are being waited upon, whether at 
 the table or elsewhere. 
 
 All great achievements are the results 
 of patient waiting and working. It is by 
 patience that peace is preserved, love is 
 cherished, and humility is taught. Pa- 
 tience sweetens temper, stifles anger, 
 extinguishes envy, and subdues pride' 
 he bridles the tongue, refrain* the 
 hand, tramples upon temptations.and 
 produces harmony in the family and 
 In society. 
 
 P/\TTEP(N. Having a pattern of great 
 perfection, to or above which we cannot 
 hope to attain, instead of being disadvan- 
 tageous and discouraging, may prove 
 to be of the greatest advantage. The 
 highest excellence is attained through 
 having the brightest and most perfect 
 examples proposed for our imitation. He 
 that aims at the heavens, is like to shoot 
 higher than he who aims at a mark with- 
 in his reach. 
 
 PEA.COCK,. Play not the peacock, look 
 ing everywhere about you to see if you 
 be well decked, if your shoes fit well, if 
 your stockings set neatly and clothes hand- P 
 sotn I u . - ' 
 
 sorn lu . - Vr,o>ae v*'.s\\s'<\Cv\o / v\ . 
 
 PE.C\jLlA,HITl1(s All reference to any 
 unfortunate peculiarities of those pres 
 ent in company should be avoided. 
 
 PE.DA,NTF\\. Display of knowledge in 
 any department of study is pedantry 
 which is found least in the most learn- 
 ed. It is, however, generally regarded as 
 an absurd ostentation of learning,an< 
 stiffness of phraseology, proceeding from 
 a misguided knowledge of books, and an 
 almost total ignorance of men. 
 
 how? Will it be with the same syrnp* PEEVISHNESS. Johnson compares 
 
 peevishness to the canker of life, that 
 destroys its vigor, and checks its improve 
 merit; that creeps on with hourly depre- 
 dations, and taints and vitiates what it 
 cannot consume. It covers as with a 
 dark fog the distant horizon. 
 ^NAj-TY- Throughout nature diso- 
 bedience to natural laws is followed by 
 penalties. Were it not for penalties be- 
 ing attached to statutory laws, it would 
 be folly for legislatures to enact a code 
 that could be neglected with impunity. 
 Can it be supposed that the laws of polite 
 society can be disregarded and trampled 
 upon without the infliction of penalties? 
 You can no more find a place is socie- 
 ty whens the focal responsibilities of 
 law do lot weigh upon one, than you 
 can find a vacuum in nature. 
 
 _ -...I Perfumes that are agree 
 
 able to some- are highly offensive to 
 others, it i's in bad taste for any one 
 to use them to such an extent as to 
 attract the attention of those passing 
 along the street, or that those sittini 
 or standing near may observe and 
 comment upon it. There may be a 
 suspicion that musk or other odor 
 is used for the concealment of some 
 scent that is supposed to be less agree 
 able- or reputable. 
 
 It is offensive to enter company if 
 we be scented with any kind of foo<. 
 drink, narcotics, cologne, musk,tobac 
 co or onions, or the odors of the hen 
 house or barn, to any noteworthy e 
 tent. 
 
 P^RJUfVy. The crime denominate 
 perjury, is a violation of the oath or 
 affirmation. When there can b n 
 dependence placed upon the sacred ol 
 ligation of the oath, there is an em' 
 to all human confidence. 
 
 Owing t-o the great variety of c IT 
 cumstances, the best men are liable 
 to be mistaken with regard to speak 
 ing the truth, though their intentions 
 are the best. Such persons may speak 
 the truth "accordin9 to their best 
 knowledge and belief," and declare 
 it "without fear, favor, or affection.' 
 
 PERSEVERANCE.. It is not bgstrengte 
 but by perseverance that all great work 
 are accomplished. There are no _ per- 
 formances of human art at which w 
 look with praise and wonder, that are 
 not instances of the resistless force 
 o( perseverance. To those who would 
 step out of the crowd and mount to 
 the top where there is always room 
 to spare, perseverance is one of the 
 great qualities most valuable. 
 Ef\SOfJ. Not considering the re 
 qulnjments of good health, conrmoi 
 decency demands that the unpleasant 
 odors emanating from the body, im- 
 pregnating the clothing, and thereby 
 becoming very o/fensive, be reinedieo, 
 not only by a frequent change and 
 washing of the different articles of 
 underwear, but that the water beip 
 plied directly to the body itself.in the 
 form of frequent baths. 
 
 PEf\SOf)A,LlT\--lt is rude and vul 
 par to ever be guilty of personality in 
 conversation. 
 
 PERSONAL RIOHTS There are cer- 
 tain rights belonging to every man 
 that have been termed inalienable. A- 
 mong these- are life, liberty, and the 
 pursuit of happiness. Others growing 
 out of these are, the right to worship 
 Ood, the right of free speech, of a free 
 press, and of trial by jury. 
 
 Rights are grand, and even may be 
 considered divine things, but the way 
 in which they are expounded is too of- 
 ten the very incarnation of selfishness. 
 There can certainly be nothing; very 
 noble in a man who is forever going 
 about calling for his own rights. 
 
 It is in very bad taste for one to be 
 ever thinking of his personal rlg>.,s, 
 to the resenting of every little slight, 
 whether Tal or imaginary 
 
 180
 
 !. Invitations may be either verb 
 al'or in writing, and should be sent at 
 least two weeks in'advance. 
 
 If ppssible,select a convenient and at- 
 tractive place near a spring or running 
 stream for the entertainment. 
 
 Provide an abundance of -refreshments, 
 making an allowance for an extra num- 
 ber -of g.uests, as you may have occasion 
 to add to your list. 
 
 Be prepared for protection against 
 shower of rain. Dress in light, inex- 
 pensive costumes, and let the whole affair 
 be as free from restraint as is consistent 
 with good breeding. 
 
 HYSICA,L COUf\/VB-E. The bull-terri- 
 er is crossi unsociable, untractable, unre 
 "liatle, and vicious. Among dogs he holds 
 the same rank that the prize-fijhter and 
 professional pugilist does among men 
 the -meanest and most unworthy ani- 
 mal of his kind. Whoever, for the sake 
 of money or notoriety, engages in an 
 encounter in which he will receive and 
 inflict serious, and sometimes fatal in- 
 juries, possesses no qualities that raise 
 hint in any degree above a brute. If the 
 bull-dog be his equal, the hyena is h is 
 
 3 HYS'C/\L Tf\/^INI(J(K To both wn and 
 women who aspire to be of the best society, 
 physical training is necessary. Every gentle- 
 man should know how to fence, to shoot, 
 to swim, to ride, to row, and to carry him- 
 self properly. Calisthenic exercises should 
 be taught every young woman. Ridin*, 
 swimming, driving, archery, and all suit- 
 able out-door exercises strengthen thews 
 cles and give beauty and suppleness to 
 the fowl; 
 
 '. There is a certain lan- 
 
 civn, DUI nevertheless is vulgar. It is more 
 elegant to approach him with warmth and 
 cheerfulness,and,squeezin9 him by the 
 hand, say,"Believe me, my dear sir, I have 
 scarce words to express the joy I feel, 
 uporj your happy alliance with such or 
 such a family," etc. To one who has lost 
 his wife, do not saw," I am sorry for your 
 loss," but, advancing slowly, with a pe- 
 culiar composure of voice and countenance, 
 
 begin your compliments of condolence 
 with, "I hope, sir, you will do me the 
 justice to be persuaded, that I am not 
 insensible of your unhappiness,tha 
 t take part in your distress, and shall 
 ever be affected when ^o\v are so." 
 
 A correct phraseolo9y can be acquir 
 ed only by frequenting 90od company 
 and being, particularly attentive to al. 
 that is said. What company one his 
 kept, is shown by his words and phras 
 es. Slight, genteel compliments are 
 acceptable, but fulsome ones are nau 
 seous, and create disgust. We should_ 
 never compliment away our integri 
 ty, trifle with common sense,orspeal 
 so as to deceive. 
 
 PI \NO.-lt is_ a. breach of etiquette fo 
 a caller who is waiting the entrance 
 of the hostess to open the piano, or 
 to touch it if open. 
 
 P[T\. The exhibitions of pity are 
 as various as the wants and condi 
 tions of human society. It is manifes 
 ted amon9 men by sympathizing witl 
 the sorrows, lessening the burdens,ani 
 alleviathi9 the distresses of the poor, 
 the -needy, and the unfortunate. The 
 sick invite our assistance, the igno- 
 rant our instruction, and the fall- 
 en our helping hand. 
 PL^CE. An orderly person has a 
 place for every thrn9,a.nd everything 
 i-ti its place. A systematic mana.jemen 
 of business requires that each part 
 have its time. 
 
 PLACES OF AJV\l)SE>lENT.-lt is ad- 
 visable to secure good seats before the 
 evening of the entertainment. 
 
 Always enter as quietly as possible., 
 and be in your seat when the perfor- 
 mance commences. 
 
 When entering,the gentle-man walks 
 side by side with a lady, unless the en- 
 trance way or aisle be too narrow, in 
 which case he precedes her, allowing 
 her to occupy the inner seat, while 
 he assumes the outer. 
 
 Perfect quiet should be preserved 
 during the performance, but it is 
 proper to converse in a low tone be 
 tween the acts. 
 
 All whispering, loud talking, bois- 
 terous laughter, violent gestures, lov- 
 er-like demonstrations, or side com- 
 ment, should be strictly avoided. 
 
 A gentleman may recognize his la- 
 dy friends in another part oftheiwm, 
 tut a lady is not expected to bow to a 
 friend seated at a distance from her. 
 
 Only an ill-bred gentleman will leive 
 ajady alo_ne, and it is an insult for 
 him to visit the refreshment TOOTH bf 
 tween the acts. 
 
 _ A gentleman with a lady must not 
 give up his seat to another lady, but 
 remain by the side of the one whom 
 he accompanies, conversing with her 
 between the acts, and rendering her 
 assistance in case of accident or dis- 
 turbance. 
 
 A gentleman alone may join lady 
 friends for a few moments between 
 the acts, but recollect that their escort 
 has a prior claim on their attention 
 
 . There are four words which 
 signify play: viz., relaxation, diversion, 
 amusement, and recreation. All im 
 ply a previous existence of exertion. Th 
 idea of relaxation is taken from a bow 
 which must be unbent when not i 
 use, to keep up the spring. Diversion 
 signifies a turning aside from the 
 main purpose of a journey, to see 
 something that is curious and out o 
 the way. Amusement means an occa 
 sional forsaking of the M'j,ses,when 
 the student lays aside his books. Rec 
 reation is a refreshing of the spirits 
 when they are exhausted by labor, so 
 that they may be ready in due time 
 to resume it again. 
 
 Play harmonizes the facultjes,!/ 1 
 overstrained by labor; keeps alive air 
 in a healthful state of activity the 
 sympathies, and is the conservator o) 
 moral, mental, and physical health. 
 It develops in the child a harmonica 
 and healthful organism, preparator 
 to the commence of life's work. 
 Plj\\rvl/VTES. A mother who is as 
 careful of her child's moral nature, 
 and manners, as of his physical na 
 twre, will guard him from naughti 
 and rude playmates as closely as she 
 would from the measles or whoopinj 
 couah. 
 
 'LE/\SUf\E. The excesses of the 
 enchantress, pleasure.must be avoid 
 ed. When pleasure becomes a busi- 
 ness it changes its name and becomes 
 torment. It must not be imagined 
 that one must live by the sweat of 
 his brow, and not reap the harvest 
 of his own labors. Those pernicious 
 and unlawful pleasures that prey on 
 the body and purse, and In the end 
 destroy both, should be watched with 
 the utmost care. 
 
 In society circles, the essential part 
 of good breeding is the practical desire 
 to afford pleasure, and to avoid giving 
 pain. A man possessing this desire re- 
 quires only opportunity and observa- 
 tion to make him a gentje-man. 
 POIf)TI(<0-. Never indicate an object 
 by pointing at it. Move the head or 
 wave the whole hand. 
 POUT^N^SS. "True polite-ness," 
 says some one," consists Hi -making 
 everybody happy about you; and a,s 
 to mortify is to render unhappu, it 
 can be nothing but the worst of bree< 
 jng." 
 
 Kindly politeness is the slow fruit 
 of advanced reflection; it is a sort of 
 human ity and kindliness applied to 
 small acts and every-day discourse; 
 it bids man soften towards others, 
 and forget himself for thei sake of 
 others; it constrains genuine nature, 
 which is selfish and gross.-"W\\\. 
 
 Those parents who regulate their 
 lives in accordance with the commands 
 of the Bible, find many verses which are 
 of great assistance in teaching polite- 
 ness to children, as w Be ye courteous 
 one to another," "Be respectful *o 
 your elders, " " Do to others as ye would 
 that the)/ should do to you," etc. , 
 
 181
 
 POLlT.ICA,L. In political conversatio 
 certain class.who -never understand 
 utility of marches, countermarches, ar 
 buscades, and affairs of outposts, but 
 arc always, and under all circumstan- 
 ces, for pitched battles, being present, 
 it is well to avoid all reference to the 
 subject when in company. 
 
 P00r\. Though one be as poor as 
 the beggar Irus, as a church mouse, 
 or as naked poverty, if he be loyal in 
 all other respects, is entitled to the 
 same -respect and attention, at if he 
 were the son of a Croesus. 
 
 Those whom misfortune has made 
 unhappy, whether they be of the profes- 
 sional, idle poor, the criminal poor, or 
 the innocent poor, have a claim on 
 
 OpULAjKlT'Y. A peaceful popularity 
 that of the heart, and which is won 
 in the bosom of families, and at the, 
 side of death-beds, is the only oiie worth 
 striving) for. This is the popularity that 
 takes deep root, and spreads itself far 
 and wide- 
 There is another kind of popularity, 
 that is high and far-sounding, and which 
 falls away like blostomSj for -nothing ttiat 
 is false can be lasting. It is a popularity 
 of stare, of pressure, of animal heat, 
 arid a whole tribe of other annoyances 
 which it brings around the person of 
 Us Unfortunate victim. It deprives 
 home of its sweets, and places a man 
 above his fellows, where he stands a 
 
 conspicuous mark for the shafts of mil- PF\ESE^N"f S. 
 
 PF\A,ISE|. Be not too niggardly in yoitr 
 bestowal of praise, but let it be the re- 
 flection of virtue. To be praised by the* 
 that are praiseworthy is a happiness, but 
 by flatterers, is a mockery. Praise will 
 -make a wise man more modest, but a 
 fool more arrogant, even turning his 
 weak brain giddy. Above all things let 
 another man praise you, not y o ur 
 own mouth. 
 
 PF\ECE,DE(NCEl. If a person of greater 
 age than yourself desire to step into a 
 carriage, or through a door first, it 
 is more polite to bow and obey than to 
 decline. Compliance with, and defer- 
 ence to, the wishes of others, is always 
 the finest breeding. 
 
 A gentleman precedes a lady fn pass- 
 ing through a crowd; ladies precede 
 gentlemen under ordinary circumstances. 
 When one is in office, or occupies a. 
 position of honor and dignity, he has 
 precedency in all places; yet he should 
 respect those who are his equals or su- 
 periors in age or other qualities. 
 
 Gentlemen precede ladies in going up 
 stairs, but follow in going down. 
 
 Pr^ECA.UTIOfJS. The following precau- 
 tionary proverbs may be made frequent 
 application of: "Look before you leap.'" 
 "Beware of had I wist. ""Who sees not 
 the bottom, let him not pass the water." 
 "Asses sing badly, because they pitch 
 their voices to high. ""When the head 
 is broken, the helmet is put on. ""Dig 
 a well before you are thirsty." 
 
 Pf\ECE]PTS. Some one has said that 
 one of the saddest things about human 
 nature is, that a man may guide oth- 
 ers in the path of life, without walk- 
 ing in it himself; that he may be a pi- 
 lot, and yet be a castaway; that it is 
 easier to teach twenty what it were 
 good to be done, than to be one of the 
 twenty to follow the instruction given. 
 
 PREJUDICE,. He whom prejudice so 
 warps, that he acknowledges none to 
 be possessed of good sense, except when 
 they agree with him in opinion, is a 
 sfmpleton, the walls of whose mind are 
 exceedingly -narrow. 
 
 ice, envy, and detraction. 
 POSSIBILITIES. Though one p_< 
 not the beauty of Medusa, there is always 
 the possibility of beauty where there is 
 an unsealed human eye; though he be 
 not possessed of Orpheus' lute, there 
 is & possibility of music where there is an 
 unstopped human ear; though not in 
 possession of a prophet's inspiration, 
 there is a possibility of inspiration where 
 there is a -receptive human spirit. 
 'OSTA^O^. When writing to ask a fa- 
 vor or to obtain information, do not 
 fail to enclose a postage stamp for the 
 
 a OVfcF\TY I* is a breach of etiquette 
 and a positive unkindness to call upon 
 a friend in reduced circumstances, with 
 any parade of wealth in equipage or dress; 
 povertu is most severely felt when remind 
 ed of "better days." 
 
 ld be char- 
 
 Presents to a young lady shou 
 acterized for taste-not value. 
 
 PF\ES\JIVIPTION "Fools rush hi whew 
 angels fear to tread. ""Presumption of 
 every kind_ supposes \o\\\> at its bottom? 
 One who is oversecure and selfconfi- 
 dent, may be likened to him who goes 
 to a deep river, and hopes to cross o- 
 ver on no other bridge than his shadow 
 
 >F\ETErJSlO(J. Not to be able to do 
 everything, is no disgrace; to under- 
 take, or pretend to do what you can- 
 not, is priggish^and conceited. False 
 modesty is vanity; false glory, levity; 
 false grandeur, meanness; false virtu*, 
 hypocrisy; and false wisdom, prudery. 
 TO give one's self airs of undue im- 
 portance, is to exhibit the credentials 
 of impotence- To be over-desirous of 
 appearing clever, tends to prevent our 
 becoming to. 
 
 ^. Pride makes some persons 
 ridiculous, but when coupled with 
 good sense, is an embellishment to 
 others. Pride is generally a result 
 of ignorance, and is always an atten- 
 dant of folly. Pride manifests itself 
 in some people through titles and ge 
 nealogy. The stamp of dignity defaces 
 in them the very character of human 
 ity, and transports them to such a 
 degree of haughtiness that they reck- 
 on it below themselves to exercise ei- 
 ther oopd nature or good -manners. 
 Pf\IVA\CY The right of privacy is 
 sacred, and should be held i-n the high- 
 est respect. When books are in an o- 
 pen case or on a center-table, cards in 
 a card-case, or newspapers about, it 
 is presumed they are open for exam- 
 ination. No intimate relation will 
 justify an abrupt intrusion upon a 
 private apartment. Trunks, packets, 
 boxes, papers and letters of every in- 
 dividual, locked or unlocked, sealed 
 or unsealed, are sacred. 
 
 One should avoid asking questions 
 which relate to the private affairs of 
 the person spoken to, and be guard- 
 ed against conduct which may look 
 like an attempt to force confidence. 
 
 It is a breach of etiquette to appear 
 to have some privacy or mystery in 
 company. 
 
 Pr^OFA^Nnnf. To use intemperate and 
 profane expressions, is to betray an ad 
 diction to one of the grossest forms 
 of vice, for which there can not be the 
 least apology or excuse. It is practic- 
 ed only by those who have no com 
 mand of elegant language, and who 
 suppose that in order to be earnest or 
 emphatic they must be profane. 
 PF\Olv\iSf(S. As one cannot look in 
 to the future and determine what may 
 happen, the greatest care should be ta 
 ken not to promise anything that he 
 may not reasonably expect to perform. 
 
 One who promises that which he 
 has no intention of fulfilling, and is 
 ever ready with promises, which he 
 fails to execute, soon becomes known 
 as a very unreliable party. 
 
 Promises are not bind in the fol- 
 lowing cases: I. When the perform- 
 ance is unlawful. 2. When they 
 contradict a former promise. 3. Be- 
 fore acceptance, that is, before notice 
 piven to the promisee. 4. When re- 
 leased by the promisee. 5. Whenane* 
 ror proceeds from the mistake or mis- 
 representation of the promisee. 6. If 
 based upon a supposition, and that 
 supposition turns put to be false. 
 
 Providence permitting, is always un- 
 derstood or implied. 
 Pf\Olv\PTN^SS. Promptness in apol- 
 ogizing is one of the distinguishing 
 marks of good breeding. 
 
 The following are Lord Chesterfield's 
 words to his son .-"Despatch is the soul 
 of business." "Never put off till to-mor- 
 row what you can do to-day. ""Snatch, 
 seize, and enjoy every moment." 
 
 182
 
 'HOPOSA,US. A proposal should always 
 be the result of second thoughts. Only 
 a fool will suffer himself to be led into 
 putting the test of his life in jeopardy on 
 the spur of the moment. No prudent 
 woman will consent to accept an offer 
 of marriage at the hands of a man whom 
 she has known only for a few days 
 weeks. 
 
 Avowals of love, or proposals, are mule 
 in various ways. Tennyson gives the 
 
 Poetical manner in his "Oardener's 
 aU-ghte-r." A second method as giv- 
 en in "David Copperfield," represents 
 the taciturn carrier owning his inten- 
 tions to Peggotty, by inscribing in chalk 
 on the tail-board of his cart the words, 
 "Barkis is willing." A third method is 
 the proposal during a country walk.and 
 may be strongly recommended as a mod- 
 el to be acted upon. 
 
 When the lover is not self-possessed, 
 jt is recommended that he make the pro- 
 posal through writing. For form, see un- 
 der Letters of Love-Vttta*. 
 
 If one be self-possessed, and is reason- 
 ably certain that his proposal will not 
 be rejected, simply say, at any conveni- 
 ent time and place," Will you marry me?" 
 
 Pr\OTCTION' Ladies are not allowed, 
 upon ordinary occasions, to take the arm 
 of any one but a relative or accepted lov 
 cr in the street and in the daytime; in 
 the evening -in the fields, of in a crowd, 
 wherever she may need protection she 
 should not refuse it. She should pass her 
 hand over ths gentleman's arm merely, 
 but should not walk at arm's length 
 apart. The lady's step must be lengthen 
 ed and the gentleman's shortened, to 
 prevent the hobbling appearance of not 
 keeping step. 
 
 PF\UDE, A-n extremely reserved female, 
 who affects peculiar delicacy and coyness 
 ol mantlets, is termed a ^vx^e,. She is 
 cold, dignified, unsociable, and fearful 
 ol compromising her reputation. She is 
 sensitive, censorious, and apt to mis- 
 interpret the words and acts of others. 
 
 PUBLIC PLACES For a lady or gen 
 tleman to manifest othef than proper 
 and dignified conduct in public places, 
 is a sure mark o< ill breeding The tru- 
 ly polite are always quiet, unobtrusive, 
 considerate of others, and careful to 
 avoid all manifestations of superiority 
 
 o-r elegance. While on the street, all 
 loud and boisterous talking, immoderate 
 laughing and forward and pushinq con 
 duct, inevitably subject A person to the 
 satirical -remarks of the persons among 
 whom he is thrown, and are perhaps 
 the surest means of proclaimm9 that 
 such a person is riot used to the ways 
 of polite society. 
 
 PUBLIC SE(NT.lKl\ENT.. - This, likea bat- 
 tery to the city, powerfully restrains 
 men from doing wrong; but, when 
 they have done wrong, it sets itself as 
 powerfully against them. 
 
 PUNCTUALITY -Strict punctuality 
 marks the true gentleman. A consci- 
 entious regard for the rights and feel- 
 ings of others will compel every one to 
 be prompt in fulfillinp every duty. 
 
 Punctuality is one of the -most admi 
 rable of qualities, and the man or woman 
 who possesses it is a blessing to his cr her 
 friends. TRe one who lacks it is want- 
 ing in one of the first req n-i sites of good- 
 b-reedino. 
 
 XJN^HSG. AM punning should be 
 avoided: no one feels secure in the so 
 ciety of an inveterate punster, and his 
 vulgar witticisms are out of place and 
 uncalled fot 
 
 Pl)t\ITY Purity may be said to be the 
 feminine, and truth the masculine, of 
 honor. Purity is regarded as practically 
 the main pa.rt t>( virtue, and is inward, 
 secret, self-sufficing, harmless, and to 
 CTOWTI all, thorough and intimately 
 
 personal. 
 
 . Men, unlike tron.are 
 worse to be wrought upon when they 
 are hot. It is advisable to be warily si- 
 lent concerning all matters of dispute 
 between others; for h who blows the 
 coals in quarrels that do not concern 
 him, is very likely to receive the flying 
 sparks in his face, it being extremely dif- 
 ficult to interfere withou-t giving offense 
 to one party or the other. 
 ^UES'flOflS. One isju.d9ed toafar 
 greater extent by the questions he asks, 
 than by the answers he gives. 
 
 . Boyd states that the 
 ally and substantially happy people in 
 the world are always calm and quiet. 
 Gl\JOT/\TIOjlS. Avoid quotations as 
 much as possible, though short, pun 
 pent epigrammatic quotations, if suit 
 able to the subject of the conversation, 
 may be occasionally introduced. 
 
 if you are tempted to use a quota- 
 tion from a foreign or classic laityuaj 
 apologize to the company for its use, o 
 translate it; but not in such a -manner 
 as to convey the idea that you are glad 
 to display your Iea-rniri9, or that your 
 hearers are in need of such a translation 
 . Three ranks include all grades 
 
 of society; viz., inferiors, equals, and su 
 periors. We should advise or command 
 an inferior; request or persuade an e- 
 qual; and beg or petition a superior. 
 ^E/\D I ((X One ought never to read 
 in company, but may look over a book 
 of engravings with propriety. 
 
 When there is a necessity for read 
 ing, do not leave, but ask permission.lt 
 
 is exceedingly unrefined to approach the 
 book or writings of anyone so as to 
 read them, unasked. 
 REBUKES Remember that open rebate 
 are to be administered by magistrates 
 and courts of justice j private ones when 
 all the witnesses of the offender's blush 
 es are blind, and deaf, and dumb- 
 lECE^PTIOpJS. The full-dress recep 
 tion at home is an event of consider- 
 able importance in the social world. 
 The invitations should be issued fully 
 two weeks in advance. VSi* tavwfrtt* 
 
 -Y*\to*Y The invitations should be de- 
 livered by a footman 
 
 It is well to throw open as manyrooiw 
 as possible, and to have tables scattered 
 around here and there, covered with 
 choice engravingSjphotographic views, 
 valuable scrapbooks, etc., for the enter- 
 tainment of the guests. 
 
 The hostess should see that hercom- 
 pany does not break up into cliques 
 of twos or threes, as such a plan will 
 leave a number out who do not pos- 
 sess any great convetsational powers. 
 
 Should any guest be invited by the 
 hostess to play the piano, she should 
 not wait to be urged, offering excuses, 
 but rise quietly, proceed to the^piano and 
 play something short and suitable (or 
 the gathering. Never play upon the 
 invitation of any one but the hostess, 
 turning off all other requests as grace 
 fully as you can.V 
 
 j.-^,^-.-,-- v . _>- J. Application of the 
 following proverbs may be made when 
 occasions arise: "In for a penny^m/or 
 a pound he that takes the Devil into 
 his boat must ferry him over the sound." 
 "It is the first shower that wets." "It is 
 all the same whether a man has both Isos 
 in the stocks or but one. ""There is 
 nothing like being besmattercd for malt 
 ing one defy the slouch." 
 ~[t(COGt>JlTIO(l. His less rude for ladies 
 to return a -recognition coldly, and upon 
 the next occasion to turn away or t o 
 avoid a meeting, than to give a " cut 
 direct." 
 
 Never presume to attract the atten- 
 tion of an acquaintance by a touch, un 
 less you are extremely intimate. Recog- 
 nition by a simple nod or spoken word 
 is all that can be allowed. 
 
 Gentlemen who meet at the house 
 or rooms of a mutual friend are not o- 
 blijjed to recognize one another if they 
 meet again elsewhere the same day. 
 
 A lady is not obli9ed to afterward rec- 
 ognize a partner with whom she may 
 have danced at a ball. 
 
 A lady must recognize a gentleman 
 by bowing before he is at liberty to 
 salute herASea ^oWw\o,^'X, v\& 
 
 J. Reconciliation Is 
 'second friendship." For former friends 
 to meet at a party, at church, or else 
 where, without recognizing each other 
 is very uncivil and childish. It is their 
 imperative duty to forgive and beforgiv 
 en, and then to become reconciled. 
 
 183
 
 ly and without ambiguity the decision 
 she comes to. A doubtful answer giv 
 en under the plea of sparing the suit 
 or's feelings, is unfair and unjusti 
 fiable, as it raises false hopes, and ren 
 ders a -man restless and unsettled. 
 
 No sensible man-no man whos* 
 opinion is worth a lady's considera 
 tion- will think the worse of her, o 
 feel himself personally injured by a 
 refusal, though it may give him pain 
 and cause his vanity to suffer, h is 
 heart remains unharmed.Vsw.^A\ 
 
 R.ECRE/\TIOt4.- 
 
 should join in an 
 
 -Every one in company 
 py diversion which does not 
 violate his conscience or his sense of pro- 
 priety. Plays that are rough and rude, in 
 which there is danger of inj ury to persons, 
 to furniture, or to clothing, should never 
 be tolerated in the house. Amusements which 
 permit any improper familiarity between the 
 sexes, are in bad taste. Games which require 
 the boys to catch, and Struggle or wrestle 
 with the girls, or even to put their hands 
 upon their person, or to kiss them, are of 
 Hie most doubtful propriety. The -respect 
 which the sexes should cultivate for each 
 other is entirely inconsistent with such 
 
 OAMW.tt\ 
 
 f\EL(0-lpf). All religious topics shoulc 
 be avoided in society conversation. No 
 more serious offense can be commit 
 ted than to show disrespect to any per- 
 son's religiou 
 
 freedom A t ^^ 
 
 F\E Fl fJ EM.ENT. Refinement which Joes 
 not strengthen the intellect and purify the 
 manners is only nominal. True refine- 
 ment aives us sympathy with every form 
 of human life, and enables us to work 
 most successfully for its advancement. 
 Men are frequently met with who are 
 so outrageously cultivated, that they feel 
 perfectly miserable the moment they are 
 taken away from all which is eiquisite. It 
 is a pity that they were born into this 
 rough world, where the mountain rocks 
 are left unhewn, and the wild forests are 
 not veritable oarks. 
 
 f( E FR.ESHNtENfS A parties, balls, and 
 receptions, refreshments must be provi- 
 ded for the guests during the evening.and 
 a refreshment room is advisable. 
 
 Of what the refreshments shall consist, 
 must depend entirely upon the tastes and 
 resources of those who give the party. Any 
 or all of the following may be provided 
 as discretion may dictate: Lemonade, tea. 
 arid coffee, ices, biscuits, wafers, pies and 
 cikes, cracker bon-bo-ns, fowls,ham, tur- 
 keyjellies, blanc-mange, trifles, etc. 
 
 F\EGf\ETS. Whenever an invitation to a 
 party, etc., has been accepted, and if any- 
 thing prevent attendance, a regret mast 
 be sent the day after the party. The form 
 must correspond somewhat in style to 
 the invitation, and it is more courteous 
 and friendly to state the reason for rxm-at- 
 tendance. Vbt* \\w\VsX\OTVi -Vi\taiiY 
 EJECT/IOH. It isa lady's privilege to 
 reject a suitor. When she chooses to ex- 
 ercise this prerogative, she should do so 
 creditably and witH justice to herself and 
 her suitor. She should convey to him clear- 
 
 R.EM.ARI^S. It is a breach of etiquette 
 to make remarks upon a caller who 
 has just left the room, whether wade 
 by the hostess or other visitors. 
 
 .. To affect not to 
 
 remember a person is despicable, an< 
 reflects only on the pretender. 
 
 R,EPAJVTE|E. Avoid repartee; it is 
 not a weapon for daily use, and is 
 apt to wound both speaker and beam 
 
 R.EPE/TITION. Never ask to have 
 a sentence repeated, unless actually 
 afflicted with deafness; it implies a 
 vvandering attention. 
 
 R,EpLltJS. When asked a question 
 by a lady, always answer promptly, 
 distinctly, and politely." Yes, ma'am," 
 or M No, ma'an. If addressed by a 
 gentleman, say, "Yes, sir," or" No, 
 sir. " Replies thus respectfully given, 
 indicate a good training. 
 
 R.EPR.OA.CH. Any flagrant atrocity 
 or course of immorality deservedly 
 causes one's name and himself to be 
 the general subject of reproach. True 
 invective, administered at the prop 
 er time and in the right spirit, is al- 
 lowable 
 
 R,EPR,OOF. Never reprove servants o 
 children before strangers or guests, as 
 it is unpleasant for all concerned, and 
 by the hostess passing over the annoy- 
 ance, others may not notice it. 
 
 When it becomes necessary to re 
 prove any one, consider whether it 
 ought to be done in public or in pri 
 vat, at present, or some other time, 
 and avoid all signs of anger, but let 
 an earnest expression mark yourcoitn 
 tenounce. 
 
 FtEPUTA^TIOfl. A fortune doe not 
 necessarily consist of tangible property, 
 but may be comprised in a reputation 
 for good judgment, for fair dealing, for 
 truth, and for rectitude. 
 "All is not gold that glitters."" Like 
 ly lies in the mire, but unlikely gets 
 over." "Every glowworm is not afire." 
 
 R,ES^NTM.ENT. One should not be 
 too hasty in resenting an injury, as 
 it is often as much imaginary as real, 
 and at other times unintentional; in 
 which case a resentment would cause 
 unjust pain. Resentment often only prat- 
 ifies the one who intended the injury. 
 
 R,ESOUlT.IO(lS. Experience show 
 that m time of need, resolutions rre o 
 very great valua. G-ood resolution 
 are precious arrnost beyond price 
 "Sudden resolutions," says Phelps," i 
 dicate nothing but the chanoeablenes 
 of the weather, like the sudden rise 
 of the mercury in the barometer." 
 R,E30I\TS. At places of summer r 
 sort, those who own their cottages 
 call first upon those who rent them. 
 HE.SPE.CT. Respect is more likely 
 to be secured by exacting than by so- 
 liciting for it. Men are respectable 
 generally speaking, only as they 
 spect others. 
 
 There is a certain amount of Te$f 
 due the aged, aside from all other COT 
 siderations. To see well-trained youtl 
 of either sex look after the comfort o 
 old people, is one of the most beauti- 
 ful of scenes. 
 
 An observance of a multitude of 
 little things, from a strict observanc 
 of the Sabbath, down to the caiefu-l 
 tying of a cravat, is implied in iwpW' 
 ability. * ., 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY EveT ^ | t1<ll< " d 
 ual has a responsibility bearing upon 
 him, not only for what he may saw 
 and do here, but also in the hereaf- 
 ter. No plea of ignorance can take a 
 way our responsibility. It usually 
 walks hand in hand with our ca 
 pacity and power. 
 
 Whenever a man undertakes an- 
 other's business, he makes It his 
 own ; that is, promises to employ up 
 on it the same cars, attention, and 
 diligence that he would if it were act 
 ually his own, for he knows that the 
 business was committed to him with 
 that expectation. 
 
 R.E;STLe;sSNE;SS. Sions of restless- 
 ness at concerts and other places 
 of amusement, distinguish those 
 only who are very impolite. 
 
 A temper that is anxious and rest 
 less, that runs to meet care on its 
 way, that regrets lost opportunities 
 too much, and that is over-painstak 
 ing in contrivances for happiness, is 
 foolish, and should not be indulged. 
 R.ESTR.AJNT. It is well to be silent 
 when you have anything to cormrm 
 nicate that will distress the hea.rt 
 of the person whom it concerns, in 
 order that he may hear from some 
 one else. 
 
 R,ET\JI\NHQ&.; When returning 
 from entertainments.etc., the gen- 
 tleman escorting a lady should acwnv 
 party her home. If the hour be suita- 
 ble, the lady may invite him into the 
 house; otherwise she should say, in 
 a very frank manner," It is too late 
 to invite you to come in , but I shall 
 be pleased to have you call again." 
 To stand at the gate and converse 
 is very imprudent, and may cause 
 unpleasant remarks. Should the 
 gentleman enter the house, he should 
 be too prudent to stay so long that he 
 may "wear out his welcome." 
 
 184
 
 Wll 
 
 F\EV 
 
 F\EVEflG-E. Revenge is an act of pas- 
 sion, and /or that reason should not 
 be returned. It is_amono the basest of 
 actions, and is diametrically opposed 
 to the_ Christian principles of forgiving 
 injuries, and returning good for evil. 
 It is gratified only with inflicting pain 
 without any prospect of advantage. 
 EVEF\El4CE. A lack of reverence 
 in one in any place of worship, is an 
 indication of low parentage, and a 
 coarse nature, not subject to refine- 
 ment. 
 
 A distinguishing trait of a refined 
 mind, is a reverence for reljgious ob- 
 servances, and religious opiniom. What- 
 ever one's opinions on the subject are, 
 he has no right to intrude them upon 
 others, perhaps to the shaking of their 
 faith and happiness. 
 
 Mothers should never allow any dis- 
 respect in their children's -manners to- 
 ward themselves, or others who are 
 older than they are; they shoitld be 
 taught especially to reverence the aoed. 
 
 F\EVEf\IE. Any loose or irregular 
 train of thoughts, occurring in mus- 
 ing or meditation, is said to be reverie, 
 Not only should the mind be guarded 
 from impure imaginations, but -must 
 not be permitted to indulge in useless 
 re_verie. A formation of such a habit 
 will very seriously inter/ere with intel- 
 lectual growth. 
 
 RIDICULE. For one to indulge in rid- 
 icule, whether the subject be present 
 or absent, is to descend below the lev- 
 el of gentlemanly propriety 
 
 F\IDIN&. 
 A I ways 
 mount on 
 the near 
 side, by put 
 tin? your 
 foot in t h e 
 Stirrup, 
 your left 
 hand on 
 the saddle, 
 then springing, throw your right leg 
 over the anirnaPs back. 
 
 The whole art of riding is convey 
 ed in the following stanza: 
 "Keep up your head and your heart, 
 Your hands and heels keep down, 
 Press your knees close to your horse's sides 
 And your elbows close to your own." 
 See that ladies are in the saddle 
 before mounting yourself. The assis 
 
 tance they -require must be rendered _, 
 yoursel/, and not by the groom. When 
 a mountin9 block or steps are -not pro- 
 vided, the lady will place herself on the 
 near side of the horse, her skirt path- 
 ered up in left hand, her right on the 
 pommel, keeping her /ace toward the 
 horse's head. YOU stand at its shoul- 
 der, /acing her, and stooping, hold 
 your hand so that she -may place her 
 (eft foot in it; then lift it as she is 
 springing, so as to aid her, but not 
 to oive her such an impetus that she 
 is liable to land on the other side. Next, 
 put her foot in the stirrup, and then 
 smooth the skirt of her habit. 
 
 Keep to the -right of the lady or ladies 
 riding with you, and always pass to 
 the ripht of those whom you. -meet or 
 overtake on the road. Provide for ev- 
 ery need and corn/ort o/the lady, open 
 all gates; and pay all tolls. 
 
 When meeting friends on horseback, 
 do not turn back with them; i/ y o u 
 overtake them, do not thrust your com- 
 pany upon them uninvited; if you meet 
 a lady walking, and wish to speak to 
 her, dismount and lead your horse. 
 
 The lady must always give the pace, 
 as no gentleman will ride /aster than 
 she -may find agreeable, o-r try in any 
 way to display his own horsemanship. 
 The gentleman must never touch the 
 lady's horse, unless requested. 
 
 A young man "riding with an elder- 
 ly gentleman, should extend all the 
 courtesies of the road to him as to a 
 
 In dismounting, the lady must free 
 herself /rom the pommel of the saddle, 
 and then the gentleman must o//er his 
 right hand, taking the lady's left, and 
 use his own left as a step on which she 
 will put her foot, gradually lowering 
 his hand, as soon as she rises /-com 
 the saddle, and allow her to touch the 
 ground without spring ing. 
 FLIGHT A^ND W^O^G-. With re/erenct 
 to -moral qualities, all actions are di- 
 vided into two classes the good and the 
 bad. The right is the good, and the. WTOTIO 
 is the bad. Conscience- tells us that 
 our own actions are right or wrong, 
 but rational investigation is necessa 
 ry to determine the character o/the 
 actions of others. When conscience 
 urges us to do right, its voice should 
 never be slighted^ because when it 
 is continuously disobeyed, it ceases 
 to be heard. 
 
 by r\0\J&V^S There is a certain class of 
 
 young men who have won for them- 
 selves the the unenvied appellation 
 of "rough," or"hoodlum." They a/- 
 fect a contempt of the female sex, arid 
 speak disrespectfully of their mothers, 
 or treat their sisters with derision. 
 Their depraved and vicious charac- 
 ter entirely disregards all the obliga- 
 tions of both public and private duty. 
 Their vandalism is often seen in the 
 breaking of windows in unoccupied 
 houses, in cutting and breaking shade- 
 trees, in taking off gates and defa- 
 cing fences, in dau-bing painted and 
 whitewashed walls, and in tearing 
 down handbills. People passing alonp 
 the less crowded streets are continu- 
 ally receiving their insults. For such 
 conduct, which sets at defiance all 
 the obligations of good citizenship, 
 there cannot be the slightest excuse 
 offered. 
 
 ^t^OF^S. He who is discreet will 
 not be hasty to believe flying reports 
 to the disparagement of others. 
 
 Newton compares the spreading 
 of rumors to the art of making pins. 
 There is usually some truth, which he 
 calls the wire; as this passes from 
 hand to hand, one gives it a polish, 
 another a point, others make and 
 put on the head, and at last the pin 
 is completed. 
 
 LUSH. A rush and scramble at a 
 railway ticket office or elsewhere is 
 always carried on by ill-bred people, 
 or those who appear so at the time. 
 iAjCHIFICES. One should learn to 
 make small sacrifices with a good grace; 
 to accept small disappointments with a 
 patient spirit. A little -more self-control, 
 a little more allowance for the weakness 
 of others, will often change the entire 
 spirit of a household. 
 SAL\JTAJIO(J.- 
 The four 
 
 &HTS. Of things that are fitting 
 nd right, many cannot be defined 
 and limited with entire accuracy; oth 
 ers are so obvious and rnani/est,that, 
 in precise form and measure, they 
 may be claimed by those to whom they 
 are due, and required of those from 
 whom they are due.VHi ^A%O"<\*X 
 
 IISI^G. A gentleman rises when 
 those ladies with whom he is talking 
 rise to take their leave. Ladies calling 
 do not rise unless those who are leav- 
 ing are friends older than themselves. 
 
 Some ladies only rise when their 
 visitors leave, others accompany them 
 as far as the drawing-room door, 
 
 Oentlemcn should rise when ladies enter. 
 
 any one, 
 
 no matter how lowly his station, the 
 
 recognition of a bow. 
 
 Ladies should recognize gentlemen first 
 by making a graceful inclination. 
 
 Simply bow to a casual acquaintance, 
 but a pleasant, cordial greeting should 
 be cultivated among intimate friends. 
 
 One should not be too forward, but 
 always friendly and courteous.and the 
 first to salute. 
 
 In public promenades salute your ac 
 quaintances only the first time you meet 
 them. 
 
 Never salute even your most intimaU 
 friends by nodd ing-it is vulgar. 
 
 G-eneral salutations of a mixed cow 
 pany are not in vogue. Etiquette requires 
 us to recognize only our friends and ac- 
 
 185
 
 _. Ridicule, satire, and irony 
 -may be successfully and properly em- 
 ployed to expose folly and vice; but w 
 & which is the indulgence only of 
 personal resentment, is never justifia- 
 ble. Its arrows are barbed with con- 
 temptj and its sneers gall and wound. 
 tAJ"lF\E. Satire has a mixture of ill- 
 nature, and may be employed either 
 in personal or grave matters. It may 
 be considered one of the most agree- 
 able, yet the most dangerous of the 
 mental /acuities. When -refined, it al 
 ways pleases, but if used to excess, it 
 is dreaded. When unmixed with spite, 
 and the person sati-riied can take a 
 part in the satire, it is allowable. 
 iC^NDAj-. Scandal refers more im 
 mediately to the nature of an actiori 
 than to the character of the person 
 It makes him an object of offense, or 
 even of abhorrence. 
 
 It is too often that cruel stories run 
 as if on wheels, every one adding oi I, 
 thereby increasing the momentum. It 
 should be borne in mind that he who 
 speaks ill of another, before he is aware 
 makes himself such a one as he speaks 
 against. No one with civility and good 
 breeding will indulge in such talk. 
 iCHOLA^SVlIP Scholarship without 
 good breeding puts one's faults in bold 
 er relief, and, except by accident, ca.n 
 not be said to be the measure of one's 
 
 SCHOOL,. \( teachers expect polite treat 
 went from their scholars, they themselves 
 must set the example. If you would in- 
 spire manliness in others, first find the 
 
 man in yourself. Children have more 
 need of -models than of critics. 
 
 Teachers should understand tha* 
 many of their pupils have been -neg- 
 lected at home as regards training in 
 good morals and gentle manners, and 
 that by giving a little extra time to 
 this subject in the school- room, those 
 neglected pupils would oain a knowl- 
 edoe which, in after life, would prove 
 a blessing. 
 
 Teachers should address you.nj miss- 
 es as, "Miss Dora," "Miss J.|ia,"etc. 
 Young boys (too young to be addressed 
 asM-r.) should be addressed as "Mas- 
 ter B-runimitt,""MasterBishop,"etc. 
 Pupils should be obliged to say" Yes, 
 ma'am," "No, -ma'am,"" What, -tna'arn" 
 never-, yes, no, or what. 
 
 The chief cause assigned for the con- 
 tinuance and diffusion of moral senli- 
 ments is \\ft\VtX\o\\. The efficacy of 
 this principle is most observable in chil- 
 dren; indeed, if there be anything In 
 them which deserves the -name of an'vft 
 
 In consideration of this fact, cannot any 
 teacher see that the entire atmosphere of 
 her school-room is dependent upon trifles? 
 If she, by her own actions, and in accord 
 ance with her requirements, insures kind- 
 ness and politeness from all to all, she 
 way feel almost sure of the success of 
 her school. 
 
 No teacher, unless deficient in good 
 judgment, and careless as to the secu- 
 rity of his or her position, will speak 
 disrespectfully of the pupils' parents, 
 blaming them for the pupils' lack of 
 interest in school, truancy,etc. Such 
 a course is highly reprehensible iii the 
 teacher. Belter assume that the parents 
 would be displeased with anything wrong 
 in the pupils. 
 
 It is natural for a teacher lo feel 
 more attached to those who are kind.po 
 lite, and attentive, and who manifest a 
 disposition to be agreeable; yet it does 
 not follow that he shall dislike or hate 
 those who have not tried to win his fa- 
 vor. The term ^y<\!v8X\\\i is interpreted 
 by the pupils as indicating a want of 
 fairness on the part of the teacher, and 
 when the impression takes hold of some 
 minds, it is almost impossible by any rea 
 soninji to remove it; hence, the impor- 
 tance of being kind, attentive, and faith 
 ful to every one in school. 
 
 SCOpFlflO- This is a general way of 
 expressing contempt, and may be done 
 by gibes, jeers, sneers, opprobrious lan- 
 guage, or contemptuous looks. To scoff 
 at religion is to set at naugnt all thoughts 
 of decorum, and to openly avow the lit 
 tie estimation in which it is held. 
 
 SCOLDIflO. To uttr harsh, rude, or 
 boisterous rebukes, sharply and in a 
 coarse manner, is to lessen our influ- 
 ence over those whom we would exer- 
 cise our control. Socrates who had a. 
 scolding wife said that he became so 
 accustomed to expect it that a scold- 
 
 ing offended him no more than the raise 
 of carriages in the streets. 
 SCOF\N . Scorn implies the stripping 
 of all honors and exposing to deris- 
 ion, which situation is the cau.se of 
 scorn. Scorn marks the sentiments 
 of a little, vain mind, as a beautiful 
 woman looks with wnv on her whom 
 she despises for the want of this natural 
 gift. 
 
 SEAJS. Should a lady offer to scat her- 
 self beside a gentleman, he should rise 
 at once and give her the choice of seals. 
 
 When offered a seat in the street car, 
 accept the same with audible thanks. 
 
 A lady, an elderly person, or an inva- 
 lid is entitled to the_ most comfortable 
 seat and position in the room. 
 
 When callmo,ftis disrespectful to 
 the lady of the hou.se /or one to offer 
 to another the seat assigned himself. 
 
 Unless -reserved, or with a lady, gen- 
 tlemen should vacate their seals in fa- 
 vor of ladies o-r elderly gentlemen who 
 may be standing. 
 
 E$F\ETS. The only absolutely safe 
 way of keeping secrets is not to im- 
 part them to any person. As a rule, 
 the truest, safest, and best confidants 
 are the mother, the father, and the 
 teacher. 
 
 One should be exceedingly careful 
 of the secrets of the family where he 
 lives; f-rom whence hardly the -most 
 indifferent circumstance must be di- 
 vulged. 
 
 Too great care cannot be exercised 
 in seeking the confidence of others; 
 for, if the secret entrusted should hap- 
 pen to take air, though we be inno- 
 cent of its disclosure, it is odds but it 
 is imputed to our infidelity. However, 
 if a trust be reposed in us, we should 
 suffer torture, -rather than disclose it. 
 
 We should be cautious about our own 
 designs, and never talk about them un- 
 til they have taken place, and even then 
 exercise a reasonable silence, lest it should 
 prejudice our future actions. To proclaim 
 one's skill, is to beat an alarm to those 
 with whom he deaJs, for he that draws 
 his sword puts every-body else on his 
 guard. 
 
 We should regard every matter an 
 entrusted secret, which we believe 
 the person concerned would wish to 
 be considered as such; emphatically.all 
 entrusted secrets which would bring 
 scandal upon another if told, and which 
 it is not our certain duty to discuss. 
 
 Generally speaking, a man keeps an- 
 other person's secret better than his 
 own, but a woman keeps her own secret; 
 though she blabs all others; a fool tells 
 a see-ret because he is a fool ; a knave 
 tells it because it is to his interest to 
 do so; a young man tells it from the 
 vanity of having been trusted; and 
 a young woman tell It because the 
 other two of *he th-ree a-re not dead, 
 she can't help it -it Is so hot that it 
 burns its way out. 
 
 186
 
 ENTERED SPIRIT LIFE 
 
 March 19,1933. 
 Aged l9Y's2M's 
 
 Death lies 
 on her like an 
 untimely frost 
 upo-n (he sweet- 
 est flower of a 
 
 the field. 
 
 SADIE MILL, 
 
 BORN INTO SUMMEBIANC 
 
 October 13,1933. 
 Aged !8Y's3M's. 
 
 COflTlNllEJX We should b 
 very modest in urging a friend to dis 
 covet a secret, as it -may expose him t 
 somebody's displeasure when it is afte 
 ward learned that he was the object o 
 OUT confidence. Our desire for aid orfo 
 sympathy should riot be indulged by dra 
 ging other people i-nto our misfortunes. 
 For a lady to divulge, even to her-mo; 
 intimate friend, her non-acceptance of a 
 invitation from a gentleman, or the r 
 jection of a proposal, or even the conten 
 of any of her love letters, is a horrid ou 
 rage upon the most holy and exalte 
 feelings of" the human soul; it is a vu 
 garis-m and wickedness to be compare 
 to blasphemy. That a gentleman isofte 
 injured, or wronged, and his feelinjs IT 
 den upon, by such disclosure, adds bu 
 a blacker dye to one of the meanes 
 things that a woman can do. 
 
 SELF-GOplCE,IT. Self-conceit is a vi 
 cious habit of the mind. Such a perso 
 is always -much concerned about righ 
 and wrong, but it is only that which h 
 conceives to be right or wrong. Self-co 
 ceit is needed to discover or in-tag in i 
 faults; and it is much easier for an i 
 Matured man than fora ijood-nature 
 man to be sharp and wiltu. 
 
 SE.LF-COrgFlDE;NCE,.- Self-confidence 
 at the same time a virtue and a vice 
 As a virtue it is the first requisite of a 
 great undertaking; it is the great cha 
 acteristic of men of active 9enins,no 
 springing from self-conceit, bu-t from a 
 intense identification of the man wit 
 his object, Iiftin9 him above the fear o 
 dan9er , and communicating an almo 
 superhuman audacity to his will. 
 
 As a vice it is the badijc of ignorance an 
 the curse of fools. It is a petty pride in 
 one's own narrowness. As a sclf-co 
 ceited person thinks only of his own < 
 pinion, a self-confident person refuse 
 the assistance of every one in whateve 
 he is called upon to do. 
 
 . To rei9n within one's 
 self, and rule his passions, desires, an d 
 fears, is to exercise a rare and valua- 
 ble accomplishment. To conquer self 
 is to avoid ruin on the side of our nat- 
 ural propensities. 
 
 SELF-DEJMlM-. It is safer and wiser 
 to somewhat abate our lawful enjoy- 
 ments, than to 9ratify our desires 
 to the utmost extent of what is per- 
 mitted. Self-denial is indispensable to 
 a strong character, and there never 
 did and never will exist anything 
 permanently noble and excellent in 
 a character without if. 
 
 SEL.F-EiSTE.Ervl He who fancies him. 
 self an abstraction of excellence, so 
 far from being great, may be assured 
 that he is equally ignorant of excel- 
 lence or defect of hirnself or others. 
 One's opinion of hitnsel/ wants dis- 
 tance, time, and numbers to confirm 
 it. Whoever knows not where to look 
 for truth, save in the narrow well 
 of self, will find his own image at 
 the_ bottom, and mistake it for what 
 he is seeking. 
 
 To be able to restrain . 
 our feelings, to -master g 
 our passions,to steady ' 
 our nerves, and to com- a ^ 
 mand suitable language '3 
 for every occasion i s 
 invaluable. The di f- 
 ferent temperaments 
 of people are unfavorable to success 
 in good society. Though habits of jiv- 
 ing vent to ou-r malevolent feelings, 
 nervousness, etc., be difficult to over- 
 come, an easy, grace/ul, self-balanced 
 behavior is attainable by every one who 
 will try earnestly and persevering ly 
 to acquire it. 
 
 SElF-^ESPEjCT. One who will aban- 
 don himself is not worthy of ad-mi- 
 ration. True self-respect is not to think 
 of one's self too highly, and may be 
 regarded as the corner-stone of all 
 
 SELF-SACRIFICE. Every one who has 
 
 come to true greatness Has felt in some 
 
 degree that his life belongs to his race 
 and not wholly to hirnself. All mate- 
 rial things may easily be given away, 
 but when a man -makes a gift of his 
 daily life and practice, it is plain that 
 the spirit of self-sacrifice has taken pos- 
 session of^ him. 
 
 SELFISHNESS. When we are nur- 
 turing selfish-ness at the expense of 
 the happiness of others, we are cheat- 
 ing no one else as much as ourselves; 
 for one who is selfish sacrifices the 
 nobler for the meaner ends,and tnust 
 be sordidly content therewith. Those 
 who deny others everything are in- 
 famous <\>r refusing themselves noth- 
 ing. 
 
 ^NS^. With men of capacity, younj 
 me-ti -may not only improve their un- 
 derstanding by conversing, but may 
 have the benefit o< their whole judg- 
 ment and experience, whenever puz- 
 zled by any difficulty. Men of supe- 
 rior sense and candor will always 
 exercise a ready and flowing indigence 
 
 towards those who entreat thair favor, 
 and are never more pleased *han 
 when they have an opportunity to 
 make their talents more serviceable 
 to mankind. Prudence, address, deco- 
 rum, correctness o/ speech, elevation 
 of -mind, and dejicacy ofmanners.rnay 
 be learned in this noble school. 
 
 SENSIBILITY The keenness of sen 
 sibility is shown from the fact that 
 there are moments when petty slights 
 are harder to bear than even a seri- 
 ous injury at other times. Its delica- 
 cy is seen in that the heart that i s 
 soonest awake to the flowers, is al 
 ways the first to be touched by the 
 thorns. When sensibility is ill-di- 
 rected, or uncontrolled, it is a snare, 
 and the source a( every temptation. 
 
 SEf\V/\NT When at the tabte,speak 
 
 I thank you.." A servant should new- 
 er be reproved in the prenence of com 
 pany. The best way to have a good 
 servant is to let him know that he 
 has a good master. 
 
 Is bold ........... 
 
 Is courageous .... 
 
 Labors inthefield .. 
 Talks to persuade .. 
 Has a daring heart. . . 
 Has power ........ 
 
 Has justice ....... 
 
 Has strength ..... 
 
 Combats with enemy.. 
 Strokes with world.. 
 He has crosses ..... 
 
 His days are sad.. . . 
 
 Distinguished by truth. 
 Keeps others' secrets . 
 Seeks independence. 
 Challenges attack . . 
 Cultivates, foresight . 
 rofanes &pd's name. 
 
 Is beautiful 
 
 Is timid 
 
 Labors at home... 
 Talks to please 
 A tender and lovino ore 
 
 Has taste 
 
 Has mercy 
 
 Has love- 
 
 Prepares his repast . . 
 Sweetens his existence. 
 She softens them . . 
 She comforts hj-tn.. 
 Disting'd by purity . 
 Keeps her own secrets. 
 Solicits confidence.. 
 Flees from assault . 
 Reposes in the present. 
 Reverences it. 
 
 This is one of, the 
 
 four forms of salu 
 
 tation(q.v.J. In thus saluting, t he 
 
 hands should be grasped firmly for 
 
 only a -moment, without any display 
 
 offeree, and after shaking moderately, 
 
 released. 
 
 Always remove tho glove in offering 
 the hand to a friend in the house, bul 
 in the street the glove may be retain- 
 ed by apologizing for the covered hand. 
 
 A ge-ntleman does not first offer 
 to shake hands with a lady, unless very 
 familiar; it isV\rt privilege. 
 
 Shaking hands with a person to 
 whom you are introduced is option- 
 al .yiw. V\Vs&\xc\\o"<\^ . 
 hl/\rv\E. Shame is the direct conse- 
 quence of misconduct. Those who 
 yield to their passions, or arc garden- 
 ed in their vicious courses, are insensi- 
 ble to both shame and disgrace. One 
 who has lost the sense of shame has 
 lost himself. Of all evils to the gener- 
 ous, shame should be looked upon as 
 the most deadly pang. _ 
 
 187
 
 >. One should not endeavor 
 to shfne in all companies, but leave 
 room for his hearers to imagine some- 
 thing within him beyond what he has 
 said. 
 
 ifytylpG-. Those who shave should 
 be careful to do so often, as nothing 
 looks worse than a stubby beard. If 
 a man's beards are very strong, he 
 should shave from two to three limes 
 a week, and always the' day on which 
 he attends a party during the evening. 
 
 >n\E. One should avoid using thewords 
 "she" or"he" accompanied by a nod 
 or a jerk of the thumb in the direction 
 of the person spoken of, but repeat 
 the name of the lady or gentleman. 
 
 iV(O^S. Easy, well-fitting shoes or 
 boots, with good, broad heels, half an 
 inch in height, are not onlu a prevent- 
 ive, but a cure for corns. Hiph, point- 
 ed or narrow heels should never be 
 worn by ladies. The shoes fo-r the 
 street should be high, warm, and easy 
 to the feet, and should always be neat 
 ly blackened and polished. 
 
 Should a lady's shoe become unlaced, 
 a gentleman in whose company she 
 is, should not fail to apprise her of tt, 
 respectfully, and offer his assistance. 
 A gentleman may lace a shoe or hook 
 a dress with perfect propriety, and 
 should be able to do so gracefully. 
 
 HOPPING- When visiting stores for 
 the purpose of examining or purchas- 
 ing goods, one should be courteous 
 and aimiable. Speak with kindness to 
 the clerks, politely requesting (not or- 
 dering) them to show any article. (Jive 
 them no more trouble than is necessa- 
 ry, and thank them for the attentions 
 they have shown. On approaching or 
 leaving their counter, say pleasantly, 
 "Good-morning," or "(rood-day." 
 
 Never attempt to "beat down"the 
 price of an article. If the price does not 
 suit, there is no obligation to buy, and 
 there is always a privileg of going else- 
 where. 
 
 Avoid expressing an opinion about an 
 article or its price another is purchas- 
 ing, unlesc requested to do so; as this 
 would be offering a gratuitous insult 
 to the clerk making the sale. 
 
 Wait patiently for your turn ifoth- 
 e-rs be in advance of you. Never make 
 unfavorable comparisons between the 
 9oods you are examining and those 
 of another store. 
 
 SHOVV When we speak of a thing as 
 
 mere .V\o\M, it is signified that what is 
 shown is all that exists, and rnay be 
 termed mere o\x\s\A., as consisting 
 only of wha-t is on the o\\\s\k,. 
 
 A man makes a:>\\ovN of his equi- 
 page, furniture, etc., by which he strikes 
 the eye of the vulgar, and seeks to im- 
 press them with an idea of his wealth 
 and superior rank. This is often the 
 paltry refuge of weak minds to con- 
 ceal their nothingness. 
 HllNfllflO. Shunning consists sim- 
 ply of going out of the way, or avoiding 
 a meeting or coming in contact. If for 
 any reason any one has made him- 
 self offensive to us, we may shun him 
 by turning into another road, but it 
 would be more manly in many cases 
 to face him, unless danger is anticipa- 
 ted. 
 
 H(NE]SS Shyness is disinclination 
 
 to familiarly approach any one. It is 
 very ungraceful, and a positive injury 
 to any one afflicted with it. A person 
 who blushes, stammers, and fidgets 
 in the presence of strangers will not 
 create a very good impression upon 
 their winds as to his personal worth 
 and educational advantages. Shyness 
 may be overcome by a determined 
 mixing in society. One who knows 
 the world will not be troubled with 
 shyness. 
 
 ((CKN^SS. All are liable to be sick, 
 necessitating thecarefu-l attendance of 
 others during the period of disability. 
 This care usually devolves on women, 
 and none should consider themselves 
 exempt from the charge. Experienced 
 nurses may be employed, but the anx- 
 iety and responsibility is still with the 
 mistress. Af-fection, thoughtful care, 
 and all those little attentions which make 
 the sole comfort of a_n invalid,cannot be 
 secured through a hired nurse, who is 
 only a species of human -machine that 
 mechanically performs its duties. There 
 are few excellent and kind-hearted 
 professional nurses, but many who 
 have become, as it were, petrified by 
 the habitual contemplation of suffer 
 ing, and who merely regard the pa- 
 tient with a business-like eye. The 
 kindness and attention of the -nurse 
 often work far greater marvels than 
 the skill of the physician*, for she is 
 there every hour, sees every change,and 
 can minister to every little want. The 
 distinguishing characteristics which will 
 best adapt a nurse for fulfilling her du- 
 ties are, gentleness, watchfulness, firm- 
 ness, judgment, delicacy of feeling, and 
 a truly Christian spirit. 
 ilD^WAJJ^. Any obstruction of the 
 sidewalk by holding long conversations 
 thereon, is very discourteous. The right 
 of every person to his share of the side- 
 walk should be respected. It is only the 
 rude, low-bred woman, or the bluster- 
 ing bully that assert their vulgarity 
 by refusing to give the half of the pave- 
 ment. It is better for a lady or gentle- 
 man to leave the sidewalk than to cone 
 in collision with such Hotspurs. 
 
 In order to avoid the inconvenience and 
 danger of a collision, persons should 
 keep to the right when passing each 
 other on the pavement. 
 
 ilGNAJlJUE. A scrawling signa- 
 ture, like long hair, does not consti- 
 tute genius. One should be careful 
 how he draws upon himself the rid- 
 icule of being a shallow pretender by 
 adopting it 
 
 SILENCE. When one keeps silence, 
 sometimes, upon subjects of which 
 he is known to be a judge, his si- 
 lence, when from ignorance, will not 
 discover him. 
 
 There is no time that silence shows 
 itself to greater advantage, than when 
 it is made the reply to base calumny 
 and defamation. 
 
 SIMPLICITY It will be found that 
 the simpler, and the more easy and 
 unconstrained one's manners, th 
 more he will impress people with his 
 good breeding. Affectation is one of 
 the brazen marks of vulgarity. 
 
 A well-educated and finely cultur- 
 ed person proclaims himself by the 
 simplicity and terseness of his lan- 
 g uage . V^^ ^"< w^ 
 
 The supreme excellence in char- 
 acter, in manners, in style, briefly, 
 in all things, is simplicity. Simplic- 
 ity and-purity may be regarded as 
 the two wings with which mat) soars 
 above all that is gross, vulgar, and 
 unrefined. Simplicity is in the inten- 
 tion, and purity in the affection. 
 
 SI(V)CEF\ITY. To create confidence 
 in those with whom we deal, arid 
 save the labor of making manyjn- 
 quiries, we should speak as we think, 
 do as we pretend and profess, per- 
 form and make good what we prom- 
 ise, and really be what we would ap- 
 pear and seem to be. 
 
 SlfJ&lfJO-. Avoid singing, humming 
 or whistling to yourself, in walking. 
 If requested to sin? and play for 
 the entertainment of the company, 
 do so promptly without having to be 
 urged. 
 
 S(Tf IfJG-. Gracefulness should be 
 studied in sitting the same as in oth- 
 er actions. We should never assume 
 a lounging position, but sit erect, 
 yet not stiff and ungainly. Do not 
 extend the feet, spread them apart, or 
 rest them on the rungs of the chair. 
 Never sit astride of a chair, nor tilt 
 it back against the wall or furniture. 
 
 SL/VNDEf\. Any false report, mali- 
 ciously put in circulation to injure 
 another's good name, is sland_er. It 
 is in the associations of society 
 that slander is most frequently met 
 with; as here,jealousy, envy, and an- 
 ger have most to excite them to ac- 
 tivity. Bad passions, and the abnor- 
 mal desire of telling news, are re- 
 sponsible for this unfortunate form 
 of falsifying. Np practice is more dan 
 gerous to individuals and to society, 
 since neither purity, innocenc,nor 
 integrity is proof against the pois- 
 on of a malicious tongue.
 
 Sb\NO-. Avoid as hateful all use of 
 slang terms; they are too suggestive 
 of low company and associates; they 
 are the cant of sharpers, and the lin- 
 go of vulgar people. To use slang ha- 
 bitually and knowingly, is a sign of 
 coarse association, a gross mind, and 
 poverty of language. 
 
 In addition to the slang of the low- 
 erclasses, or of' out-door life, there 
 is the slang of the drawing-room; in 
 short, every profession has its own 
 set of expressions, which should be 
 avoided in general society. 
 
 SLOTH. Sloth is torpidity of the men 
 tal faculties. It is an inlet to various 
 disorders, which make way for licen- 
 tiousness. People who have nothing to 
 do,are characterized by slothfulness, 
 and soon become tired of their own 
 c om pan y . 
 
 SNllu^S. A smile embellishes an in- 
 ferior face, and redeems an uglu one; 
 but the "perpetual smile" s_hould not 
 be tolerated. A habitual smile becomes 
 insipid. If the mouth be allowed to 
 break into a smile on one _side, while 
 the ot-her side remains passive and un- 
 moved, there is imparted to the face 
 an air of deceit and protesqueness. A 
 disagreeable smile distorts the lines 
 of beauty, and is more repulsive 'than 
 a frown. Of the many kinds of smiles 
 some announce goodness and sweet 
 ness; some betray sarcasm, bitterness, 
 and pride; some soften the countenance 
 by their languishing tenderness; and 
 others brighten by their spiritual vi- 
 vacity. 
 
 SIV\OKJNG-. G-entlemen do not smoke 
 when driving or walking with ladies, 
 nor on promenades much frequent 
 ed, where they can not remove the 
 cigar from the mouth whenever they 
 meet a lady. 
 
 Should a lady assure a gentleman 
 that smoking is not offensive, he has 
 no right to presume on her forbear- 
 ance in that matter, and give the 
 impression to those who pass that 
 they are both devoid of the culture 
 exhibited by well-bred people. 
 
 A gentleman will not at any time 
 smoke in the parlor, though there be 
 no others present. 
 
 It is ungentle-manly to smoke at all 
 in public, and none but a ruffian 
 will inflict upon society the odor of 
 a bad cigar. 
 
 SfjEEF\S. Sneer is connected with 
 sneeze and nose, the member by which 
 sneering is performed. One who sneers 
 at another or at religion, does so some- 
 what slylu, but his malignity is none 
 the less. He wishes to bring the object 
 into contempt, but leave himself free 
 from any appearance of contempt. A 
 sneerer is the most contemptible of 
 contemptible objects. It always marks 
 the egotist, the fool, and the knave. 
 fjE^ZIfJO. Sneezina beinq an invol- 
 untary act, is unavoidable. If obliged 
 to sneeze when at the table, appl y 
 the napkin or handkerchief to the 
 face and tur-n the head from the table 
 
 S[*llfp. The "sniffy" woman, whet h 
 er at home or abroad, impresses the 
 true gentlewoman as of low origin. 
 
 SflOBS. For one to affect to be bet- 
 ter, richer, or more fashionable, than 
 he really is, is snobbery. He who mean 
 ly admires a mean thing, or forsakes 
 his own f-riends, meanly to follow 
 after those of a higher degree, is a 
 
 SOCIABILITY There are always 
 those who are embarrassed mote 
 or less from a lack of self-posses- 
 sion, and thereby prevented, fro -m 
 being as sociable as they would oth 
 erwise be. This being true, we shoul< 
 bear in -mind that it is our duty to 
 assist in entertaining and -making 
 others happy. The aged, the sicU 
 and the deformed should receive par- 
 ticular attention. A kind word anc 
 a pleasant smile should be ready 
 for every one. 
 
 SOCIABLE. At the sociable or smal 
 party, is manifested all the striking 
 phases of character. The excitement 
 incident to such an assemblage tends 
 to exhibit the natural dispositions of 
 each individual. Those in attendance 
 should avoid being noisy, rude, or in 
 considerate, as well as cold, formal, 
 and constrained, tames and amuse 
 ments of various kinds are brought 
 into requisition, that all-may contrib 
 ute to the enjoyment of the occasion. 
 
 SOCI/\LCIFlClX It is only those 
 persons and families whose position 
 is not a secure one, that are afraid 
 to be seen outside their own social 
 circle. % 
 
 SOCIAL LA^W. Social law may be 
 defined as a rule of action prescrib 
 ed by good society, commanding what 
 is -right and prohibiting what is wrong 
 in the intercourse of its members 
 This law is based upon the principles 
 of -morality, and is known under the 
 name of politeness. The law requires 
 that we exercise our faculties to secure 
 the approbation, and as far as practi- 
 cable, the admiration of all with whom 
 we come in contact. Right thinking 
 and acting are necessary to the for- 
 mation of those habits of body and 
 mind, without which good -manners 
 would exist only in name. 
 
 SOCIE(T\. All iritHabilily and gloom 
 must be thrown off when we enter 
 society. It may be compared with a 
 lawn, where every roughness is smooth- 
 ed, every bramble eradicated, and whe-re 
 the eye is delighted by the smiling verd- 
 ure of a velvet surface. 
 
 Society, unlike the State -governed 
 by statutory laws, has only one law, 
 and that is custom. Obedience to it 
 is mandatory, else the consequences 
 must be suffered. Popular privileges 
 are consistent with great inequality 
 of rank and position. 
 
 SOLITllDEj. It seems that a certain 
 degree of solitude is necessary to the 
 full growth and proper development 
 of the human mind. Solitude should 
 be allowed to take its turn with com- 
 pany: the one creates in us the love 
 o( mankind, the other that of our- 
 selves. Solitude relieves us when we 
 have become wearied from company, 
 and conversation when we are wea- 
 ry of being alone. 
 
 SOf\F\OW. Sorrow arises from the 
 untoward circumstances which per- 
 petually arise in life. A disappointment; 
 our own mistake, or the negligence 
 of others, cause sorrow. Sorrow is 
 not without its uses. We darken the 
 cage of a bird to make it sing; night 
 brings out the stars; and sorrows re 
 Veal to us many truths. A small 
 grievance makes u.s beside ourselves, 
 and a great sorrow makes us retire 
 within ourselves. 
 
 SOUP. At the table, soup is always first 
 served-one ladle to each plate. Eat it 
 from the side of your spoon. Do not 
 take it too hot; and do not ask twice 
 for it, dip up the last spoonfuls, or 
 tilt your plate to get at it. Never blow 
 into it *o make it cool. 
 
 SPE^ECVt. It is well to remember that 
 frequently where "speech is silvern, 
 silence is golden." 
 
 While speaking, do not loll about, 
 scratch your head, or fidget with any 
 portion of your dress. 
 
 Avoid speaking when others speak, 
 and let your discourse with rrien_of 
 business be short and comprehensive. 
 Whoever indulges in too much free- 
 dom of speech, is likely to hear some- 
 thing in return that he will not like. 
 When speech is properly used, our 
 wants are concealed to a greater ex- 
 tent than they are expressed. 
 
 SplTE]. Spite, though a little word, 
 represents as strange a jumble of feel- 
 ings and compounds of discord.asanjl 
 word in the English language. Spite 
 denotes a petty kind of malice, or dis 
 position to offend another in trifling 
 matters, trudge is spile that has long 
 existed. Rancor is continued haired 
 Malice is the love of evil for evil's sakt 
 Pique is spite that is of recent date. 
 All of these feelings are indulged to 
 gratify a private appetite, and repre 
 sent littleness and ignorance. 
 
 189
 
 SPITTING-. Spilling is a filthy habit, 
 and annoys one in almost every 
 quarter, in-doors and out. The spit- 
 ting connected with the use of tobac- 
 co detracts very greatly from its en- 
 joyment. No refined person will spit 
 where ladies are present, or in any 
 public. promenade; the habit is disgust 
 ing in the extreme, and one would 
 almost wish that it could be checked 
 in public by means of law. All that 
 can be hoped is that those addicted 
 to the indulgence will neither inter- 
 fere with their neighbors' rights nor 
 offend their tastes. No gentleman will 
 spit in company, upon I he carpet, or 
 on the stove. Notwithstanding that 
 spittoons are provided in -most par- 
 lors and sitting-rooms, it is a sorry 
 confession that some visitors are sel- 
 fish, ill-bred people. 
 
 pOOfl. When the fork is not suitable 
 for conveying the food to the mouth, al- 
 ways use the spoon. If there be a sep- 
 arate spoon or butter-knife for each 
 dish and butter-plate on the table, it 
 \j considered impolite for a gu-est to 
 help himself with his own knife or 
 spoon when wanting sauce or butter. 
 In the absence of such, the guest must 
 be careful to clean his knife or spoon 
 upon a slice of bread before usinj it. 
 
 SPY- A spy or emissary is appointed 
 to secure information concerning an 
 other's movements and plans. The em 
 issary mixes with the people to whom he 
 is sent, but the spy keeps at a distance 
 from all but such as may_aid him in 
 his object. If spies and emissaries are 
 dishonorable and disgraceful in time 
 of war, they are much more so in bu- 
 siness and social circles, where their ob- 
 jects are almost wholly illegitimate. 
 
 SQjjE^Iv\lsH' One who is foolishly 
 sick or easily disgusted is said to be 
 squeamish. A female is squeamish in 
 the choice of her own dress, company, 
 words,etc. A cure for squeamishness 
 is restraint of humor and caprice. 
 
 SG^JEE.ZE.. It is impolite tosqueeze 
 the hand of another so closely as to 
 display force, when shaking hands. 
 
 To squeeze another in order to g et 
 that which is given with reluctance or 
 difficulty, is extortion. 
 
 ST^BlLlT\. Stability respects the o- 
 pinions; constancy, the a f Sections; 
 steadiness, the action or the motives 
 of action; and firmness, the purpose 
 Of resolution. 
 
 Stability prevents from varying, 
 and bears up the wind from all of 
 the movements of levity or curiosi- 
 ty, which a diversity of objects -might 
 produce. Stability of character is to 
 be coveted in all cases, and is essen- 
 tial for those who are to command; 
 for one who cannot govern his own 
 thoughts cannot govern others. 
 
 STAJ KWA,\. Even if not acquaintec 
 a aentlctnan may always bow to a 
 lady whom he way meet on a stair- 
 way; if at the foot of the stairs, he 
 must bow, pass her, and ascend be- 
 fore her. If at the head of the stairs, 
 he must bow and wait for her to 
 precede him in the descent. 
 
 ST/\NDI(J(r. When standrngincom 
 pany, restlessness should not be -man 
 ifestcd by continually changing the 
 position of the feet, and by springing 
 the ankles from side to side. To turn 
 the back toward any of the compa- 
 ny, or to pass between them and 
 the fire or stove, is discourteous; if 
 obliged to do so, we should politefy 
 apologize for the necessity. Leaning 
 against each other, or resting the 
 foot upon a chair or its ru.ng, is 
 very impolite. It is very ungraceful 
 to stand in company with the hands 
 in the pockets. 
 
 ST/VVIIVIEI\IN&. To sta-mnier.stut 
 ter, falter, or hesitate, each signifies 
 a defect in utterance. Stammer or 
 stutter arises either from an inci- 
 dental circumstance, or from a phys- 
 ical defect in the organs of speech; hes- 
 itation results from the state of the 
 mind, and an interruption in l?he 
 train of thoughts; falter is caused 
 by a perturbed state of feeling. 
 
 As it places one to a great disad- 
 vantage to be annoyed by any of the 
 foregoing imperfections, and as they 
 can be overcome in most cases , he 
 should strive constantly .to avoid them 
 by practicing voice-culture., 
 
 STA.H'N'K Staring and gaping are 
 both taken in a bad sense. Starinp in- 
 dicates not only ignorance, but im- 
 pertinence; gaping indicates the as- 
 tonishment of gross ignorance. One 
 who stares at every woman at whom 
 he looks, outrages the countenance of 
 modesty; he who stands gaping at 
 the things at which he is looking, is 
 a clown. 
 
 ST^PPIfJO-. -Persons walking in cow 
 pany should always keep step together. 
 Gentlemen in walking with ladies, 
 must shorten their steps, and the la- 
 dies lengthen theirs. 
 
 STI(4&I(JESS. One who looks to 
 every penny in the bargain he wakes, 
 gets the name of niggard; one who 
 spends a dime on himself, where oth 
 ers with the same means spend a dol- 
 lar, does it from parsimony; o-ne who 
 is dead to everything but the treasure 
 he has amassed, is a -miser. Society is 
 not in need of these characters. 
 
 STOI\Y-TEUjflG. An inveterate tell 
 ei of stories is a great injury to a 
 man in society. There are two un- 
 avoidable defects in story-telling,vi2., 
 frequent repetition, and the tenden 
 cy of being too soon exhausted. A 
 good memory and a frequent shiA 
 Ing of company, are requisites to 
 him who values this gift. 
 STfV^NOEXS. One should show 
 his discretion in not becoming too 
 intimate with strangers at first. -If 
 a stranger approach you, and try to 
 make himself unduly intimate, give 
 him a place in your suspicion. 
 
 When strangers enter a commu- 
 nity for the purpose of visiting or 
 securing a home, politeness requires 
 that those desiring to make their 
 acquaintance, shall -manifest their 
 disposition to be sociable, by giving 
 them a first. call. When the call is 
 made, a polite invitation should be 
 given to return the compliment, 
 which should be done as early as 
 is convenient. 
 STREET- One's con- 
 duct on the street 
 should always be mod- 
 est and dignified. All 
 loud and boisterous 
 ' conversation or laugh- 
 ter, and all undue live- 
 liness, are improper- 
 Walk erect, with dig- 
 nity, and avoid read- 
 a book or newspaper. 
 Always recognize jioitr 
 friends, and when stop- 
 ping to talk with them, 
 withdraw to one side. If 
 they be accompanied by 
 strangers, apologize for 
 the interruption; if you 
 be attended by a friend, 
 never leave him With- 
 out asking him to ex- 
 cuse you. 
 
 !-fi walking with a la- 
 dy, give her the safer 
 part, which is usually the inner side. 
 Your arm should not be given to a la 
 dy, except your wife, a near relative, 
 or a very old lady, during the day, un- 
 less her comfort and safety require 
 it. At night the arm should always 
 be offered 
 
 If a lady ask information of a 
 gemtleman, he must raise his hat, 
 bow, and give the- desired informa- 
 tion, or courteously express his re- 
 grets if unable to do so. 
 
 A gentle-man -meeting a lady acquim 
 laince.must not presume to join her 
 in her walk without asking permis- 
 sion. Gentlemen give place to ladies 
 in crossing the street. 
 
 Ladies do not walk very rapidly, 
 and are not expected to recognize a 
 friend on the opposite side of f he 
 street 15 
 
 190
 
 r Strife springs from a quar 
 elso-me temper. Where bad tempers are 
 under no control, and are allowed to come 
 into frequent collision, continual strife is 
 the consequence. 
 
 STUBBORNNESS. Stubbornness is a 
 perversion of the will; the stubborn per- 
 son wills what he wills, he follows the 
 ruling will or bent of his mind, with 
 out regard to any opinions; he is not 
 to be turned by force or persuasion, is 
 insensible to all reason, and uncon 
 scious of everything, but the simple 
 will and determination to do what he 
 does. 
 
 Obstinacy is attachment to one's own 
 mode of acting, and is a habit of t he 
 wind. An obstinate person Is not has- 
 ty in forming his opinions, nor does 
 he adopt them without a choice; but 
 when once embracing an opinion, he 
 keeps it in spite of all proof. Obstinacy 
 interferes with one's private conduct, 
 and makes him blind to right reason. 
 
 Headstrong relates to a perversion of 
 the judgment; the headstrong person 
 thinks what he thinks, and his tem- 
 per is commonly associated with vio- 
 lence and impetuosity; of character; he 
 seizes the first opinions that offer, ant 
 acts upon them in spite of all re-mon 
 strance- 
 
 STUDIO. One should not visit the 
 studio of an artist except by special ir 
 vitation or permission; and avoid med 
 dling with anything in the studio 
 
 Never keep the artist waiting,!/ you 
 have an engagement to sit for your 
 portrait; and never stand behind him 
 watching him at his work. 
 
 To criticise in the presence of the ar 
 tist the works displayed, is excessively 
 ill-bred; so, too, is extravagant praise 
 Show your approval and appreciation 
 by close attention and a few quiet, 
 well-chosen words 
 
 Never look around the studio exam- 
 ining the works unless you are invi- 
 ted by the artist to do so. 
 
 Never ask to see an unfinished pic 
 ture; and avoid whispering, as it con- 
 veys the impression that you are rid- 
 iculing or criticising some of the works 
 you have been invited to examine. 
 
 Too great inquisitive-ness regarding 
 the prices, or whose is, or what is th's' 
 etc., must be avoid If the work be a val- 
 uable one. it is best to simply ask the re 
 f usal of it, and trust the negotiation t 
 a third parly, or a written corresponi 
 ence after the visit is concluded. If you 
 wish to conclude a bargain at once.asli 
 the price, and if it be larger than you 
 
 are disposed to give, you may say as 
 much, and name the sum you are 
 willing to pay, that the artist -may ac 
 cept your offer or maintain his price. 
 TUPIDITY Stupidity expresses an a- 
 mazjement which is equivalent to a 
 deprivation of the understanding; it 
 is a natural quality, yet a particular 
 circumstance rtiay similarly effect 
 the understanding 
 
 Dullness is an incidental qu-ality, 
 arising from the state of the animal 
 spirits; at times one may be dull who 
 is otherwise vivacious and pointed. 
 
 STYLE. It matters not whether in 
 speaking or writing, sv\)\& is a pretty 
 true index of the character of the wan. 
 Proper words in proper places, and 
 well-couched sentences, alwaysfrasp 
 the sense and understanding. Though 
 one's thoughts are ever so just, if his 
 style is homely, coarse, and vulgar, they 
 will appear to as much disadvantage, 
 and be as ill received, at his person, 
 though ever so well proportioned,would, 
 if dressed in dirt, rags, and tatters. 
 
 SUBJECTS F0(\ COtWEr\S/<riO{i.-The 
 subjects of conversation, and the 
 method o( handling them, should be 
 so ordered as not to offend either di- 
 rectly or indirectly. The golden rule 
 is "Adapt the subject to the company? 
 All subjects, as politics or religion, like 
 ly to excite argument, or to lead t o 
 warmth of feeling or expression, -must 
 be avoided. Talk of yourself and your 
 own affairs as little as possible; those 
 of the personages you are addressing 
 are sure to interest them far m o re. 
 Nothing is more vulgar or offensive 
 than to drag in the names of distin- 
 guished persons to whom you may 
 be related, or who may be numbered 
 among your friends. 
 
 SUpEI\IOF\S. An attempt at imita 
 ting one's superiors is folly, and wi I 
 make inferiority more conspicuous. 
 In conversing with either superi- 
 ors or equals, do not address them by 
 name. Remember that greater liber 
 ties can with propriety be taken by a 
 superior towards an inferior, than by 
 an inferior towards a superior. 
 
 One's manner, tone of voice, and con- 
 versation to his superiors shou-ld be 
 humble, modest, and respectful. To 
 interrupt the discourse when a supe 
 rior is speaking to another, or to cor- 
 rect or assist his memory, isverydis 
 respectful. 
 
 Farniliarity from a superior to an 
 inferior is not only tolerable, but is 
 Obliging; but from an Inferior to a 
 superior, especially where there is no 
 degree Of intimacy, is not only utibeco-m 
 'mo, but insolent. 
 
 The faults of superior men, like the 
 eclipses of the sun and moon, are seen 
 by everybody, they change, and all -men 
 look up to them. Even their satellites, 
 the boys, are the worst boys in the 
 community, simply becaus* the su- 
 perior light of the primaries causes 
 ihei- faults to stand out in bolder 
 relief than those of the other boys 
 of the community. 
 
 . Suspicion implies a (en 
 of another *s will, intentions, or pow- 
 er to dispossess one of some object 
 o( desire. The suspicious, -man always 
 thinks ill of both the integrity a-nd 
 sincerity of his oppotie-nt. tenerally 
 speaking, those who suspect the most 
 know the least. 
 
 SWEATING-. Whoever has no cop- 
 science (or swearing vainly, soon will 
 have -no-He (o-r swearing falsely. If he 
 wishes to degrade himself to the very 
 lowest level of pollution and shame, 
 let him learn to be a common swear- 
 er. No one ever reaped any benefits 
 from profane swearing he is not 
 richer, or wiser, or happier for it. 
 It helps -no one's education or irarrTieTs; 
 it commends him to -no society; U is 
 disgusting to the refined ? and abomi- 
 nable to the good; it is insulting to 
 those with whom we associate,and 
 degrading and unprofitable to the 
 mind; it- not- only opens the door 
 to perjury, but of all of fences, is the 
 most a.wfu.1 in the sight of (rod. 
 S\NIPAJHY. Sympathy is fellow-feel- 
 ing, and way be said either of pleas- 
 ure or pain, for we laugh or cry by 
 s\yw\vvv<v\>). By attention arid erercisa, 
 sympathy -may be improved in every 
 one. It prepares the wind for receiv- 
 ing the impressions of virtue, and 
 without it there can be no true po- 
 liteness. The insensibility whichwrkps 
 one up in himself and his own con- 
 cerns, preventing his being moved 
 by either the joys or sorrows of an- 
 other, is most odious. When a -man 
 has a partner of his joy, it is dou-bled; 
 if he has a friend who shares his sor- 
 row, it becomes but a moiety. 
 TABLE. A neglect to conduct one's 
 self with the strictest regard to good 
 breeding in the privacy of his own 
 home, while at the table, will render 
 him stiff and awkward in society. 
 Dining almost ranks as one of tha 
 Fine Arts, and it is regarded as one 
 of the strong tests of good breeding. 
 The rules to be observed at the table 
 require the most careful study, as 
 none of them can be violated with- 
 out exposing the offender to instant 
 detection. 
 
 When the meal is ready the -master 
 o/the house rises and requests all to 
 pass into the dining room, to which h 
 leads the way. Having arrived at the 
 table, the host sits at the foot of the 
 table, and the hostess at the head. 
 
 At the table, as well as at all other 
 places, the lady takes precedence of 
 the gentleman. Gentlemen should 
 Stand behind their respective chairs 
 until all the ladies are seated, and 
 then take their own seats 
 
 A guest must never find f a_ui* 
 with any dish placed before him. He 
 Should always say "thank you.',' not 
 "v\w<\Vs." to a waiter, nothing mot*. 
 Whe-n asking a waiter for anything, 
 ^a^vxesx and do not co-wnvfcwV 
 
 Never select any particular pan of 
 n dish, unless requested to do 50, in 
 which case it would be uncivil to refuse. 
 
 191
 
 ?^/i- J -^c-^: 
 
 TA s BlE,COt l JTI(M\JE,D. \< there are sows 
 things that are -really very -nice, it is 
 well to speak iri their praise; but a 
 guest should avoid praising every dish 
 set be/ore him. All seeming indiffer- 
 ence should be avoided. 
 
 If wine is served, and a guest does 
 not partake of it, do -not -make any dis- 
 courteous re-marks or reflections, but 
 simply say,"Not any, thank you,"and 
 the waiter will not /ill your glass. 
 
 Assume an easy position at the table, 
 sitting firmly in the chair, neither too 
 close nor too far away. Do not extend 
 your feet so far under the table as to 
 touch those on the opposite side, or 
 curl them up under the chair, or place 
 the-m on the chair rung. 
 
 When you send your plate away from 
 the table, remove the knife and fork 
 and allow them to rest upon a piece 
 of bread. Do not be in a haste to com- 
 mence^ eating, yet it is not necessary 
 to wait till all are served before com- 
 mencing. Eat moderately and slowly. 
 
 Bread is the only comestible t hat 
 should be laid off your plate upon the 
 tablecloth. Above all others, the table is 
 the place to introduce pleasant words 
 and social chit-chat. 
 
 Avoid carrying fruit or \>V(\WM away 
 frorn the table. Never scrape uour plate, 
 tilt it to one side to get the last drop of 
 anything, or wipe it out with a piece 
 of bread. Never bite fruit, but use 
 the knife f<yr paring. It is p-ropc-r to 
 offer to Sw'xta a large pear or apple 
 withor for a person. 
 
 Never use the table cloth to wipe your 
 mouth or flng 
 
 f\\.V\o'xw Vo SvTi-|t'(s,t\&., 
 TA^CT. The principle of tact is kin 
 ness, and the first condition of ski-- 
 is respect for others. Tact teaches one 
 when to speak when to be silen-t. It 
 has been said that talent is something, 
 but tact is everything; it is not an ao- 
 ditional sense, but is the life of all the 
 five it is the open eye, the quick ear, the 
 Judging taste, the keen smell, and the 
 lively touch; it is the interpreter of all 
 riddtes-the surmounter of all diffi- 
 culties-the -remover of all obstacles. 
 
 It is useful in all places, and atalllrim! fE^S 
 it is useful in solitude, for it shows 
 a man his way into the work); it 
 is useful in society, for it shows a 
 -man his way through the world. 
 
 TAj-EflT. Talent causes one to be se- 
 rious, sober, grave, and respectable: 
 it opens his way clearly, leads him 
 into learned and logical discourse, 
 and enables Him to do with ease 
 what others do with difficulty. 
 
 TALKATIVE.- Talkativeness is the dis 
 ease of age, and the folly of youth. 
 Experience has given an old wan 
 subjects upon which to talk, and 
 inexperience allows a young man 
 to create his subjects for the occas 
 ion: the second childhood of Age. 
 suffers the old to be talkative, and 
 the heyday of youth tolerates the 
 loquacity of the young. 
 
 For the impolite to talk and chat- 
 ter and simper, in company or at a 
 public assembly, is to give intense dis- 
 gust and annoyance to those who are 
 discriminating and intelligent. No 
 well-bred people will disrespect the 
 rights and feelings of their neigh- 
 bors by indulging their own selfish 
 ness in this wanner. 
 
 TAJ\DlfJESS. To see -men and wo- 
 men enter a hall or church after 
 the exercises have begun, conveys 
 the impression that they are_either 
 utterly ignorant of the proprieties 
 of the place, or are indifferent to 
 the fights of those present. For a 
 lady who is tardy to deprive a gen- 
 tleman of his seat, and then not 
 even have the politeness to acknowl- 
 edge the courtesy, stamps her as be- 
 ing coarse in -manners and sel/ish 
 in feeling. 
 
 A^SJE. Taste designates the capac- 
 ity to derive pleasure frorn m object 
 by simply coming in contact with 
 it, and consists in the power of judg- 
 ing; it -means a genera.! susceptibil 
 ity to truth and nobleness, a sense 
 to discern, and a heart to love and 
 reverence all beauty, order, goodness, 
 wherever, or in whatever forms or 
 accompaniments, they are to be seen. 
 Though taste is reckoned among the 
 smaller and secondary morals, it is 
 of -no mean importance in the reg- 
 ulatio-n of life. A -moral taste rec- 
 ommends virtue with something 
 like the blandishments of pleasure. 
 /\TTLEF\ To tell the faults of an- 
 other merely for the love of gossip, 
 or for the pleasure derived from his 
 punishment, is most contemptible. 
 One who, through envy, jealousy, or 
 -malice, can derive pleasure from an- 
 other's pain and mortification, is 
 the most dishonorable and despica- 
 ble of persons. The tattler has no 
 good motive, and is entirely unwor- 
 thy of respect and confidence. Nev- 
 er repeat the mere opinions of others. 
 
 d- T/\TT 
 
 ! Tears enable sorrow to vent 
 itseff "patiently, and prevent it from 
 becoming despair and madness. The 
 sacredness in tea.rs shows them not 
 to be a mark of weakness, but of pow- 
 er, which is shown in the fact -that 
 they are the messengers of overwhel- 
 ming grief, of deep contrition, and 
 of unspeakable love. One should tut 
 hide his tears from the fear of being 
 regarded weak and childish, but be 
 proud to give to virtue its manly ani 
 natural way, thus revealing an hon- 
 est heart. Shame on those whose 
 hearts of stone will not melt a* 
 another's sorrow. 
 'EA^SIflG-. To XWA6 implfes theio 
 ting upon another so as to produce a 
 painful sentiment. The repetition ol 
 unpleasant trifles teases, as the buz- 
 zing of a fly in our ears, or the -mis- 
 chievous pleasures indulged in by chil- 
 dren. Iritable and nervous people 
 are rnost- easily teased. To \pw.wvV 
 signifies something more serious, as 
 we are tormented by the importuni 
 ties of beyoars. We are \ie.xe& atthestu 
 pidity and carelessness of a servant. A 
 person who is fretful is most easily 
 vexed. The sarcasms of others have 
 the effect of Xr&\x\\X,'\\\cj us. Fault- find- 
 ing and captious people yield most read 
 ily to taunting. When /air prospects 
 present themselves and then disap- 
 pear again, we are xvtvX&vuA. San- 
 guine and eager people are -most eav 
 ily tantalized. 
 
 "E^ETH- Pine teeth may be consid- 
 ered one of nature's most beautiful 
 gifts. Etiquette requires 
 that they be kept ingood 
 order, and preserved clean, ^ "' 
 pure, and sweet. When dis- 
 figured by tartar collec 
 tions near the gums, they 
 should be cleansed by ap 
 plying a preparation ot 
 pulverized charcoal and * 
 common salt, with a soft '}' 
 tooth brush. When the !_ 
 teeth are decayed, they -<tvwTv5 van 
 should be examined by ^sevwswxs 
 a dentist, that the decay may be arrest 
 ed. A wooden prqu.il! toothpick 
 should be used just after each meal 
 to remove any particles of food remain 
 ing in the mouth. They should be sub- 
 jected to a brushing at least once a 
 day- after the last meal. 
 
 Picking the teeth at the table Is 
 vulgar, and sucking them offends 
 fine sensibilities. 
 
 "EtyPEFV If a chder/ul temper is 
 joined with innocence, beauty is wade 
 attractive, knowledge delightful, and 
 wit good-natured. There is no obsta- 
 cle to advancement or happiness so 
 great as an undisciplined temper a 
 temper subject to pique and uncer- 
 tainty. It renders one regardless of 
 the interests all arou.nd him. 
 
 192
 
 4wqvraa\ca s the regw 
 lation of our words and actions to the 
 circumstances. A temperate -mati enjoys 
 all in due proportion; his regular habits 
 being the -most efficacious means of keep 
 ing both body and wind in the m ost 
 normal state. A vyell disciplined -mind 
 is the first requisite of temperance. Wo- 
 SV'VWKW. respects everything that acts 
 upon the senses, and has par tic lilar -ref- 
 erence to solid food. An abstinent -wan 
 avoids drinking or ealin9 as much as he 
 could enjoy. The true purpose of absti- 
 nence is to place Hie -mind above the ap 
 petites, in which sense it is a virtue ; if 
 unlimited, it becomes a vice, Stfovi iw- 
 plies an abstinence fro-m excessive drink 
 ing. Sobriety is often dependent upon the 
 strength of the constitution, and may be 
 prescribed by prudence: it is a virtue in 
 every sense, and cannot be too highly 
 esteemed by all classes. VJw>Xwi\o\ im- 
 plies a total abstinence from wine or 
 strong liqu-or in general. An abstemious 
 wan drinks nothing strong: it is not 
 uncommon for persons to practice ab- 
 stemiousness to that degree, as not to 
 drink anything but water all their lives. 
 VJ\oto,Y&.\\p\\ is the -measure of one's desires, 
 one's habits, one's actions, and one's words, 
 and adopts the medium or middle course 
 in thinking. It shields one from morti- 
 fication and disappointments, and con- 
 ciliates the esteem even of an enerny 
 and a rival; it disarms the -resentments 
 of those who feel themselves most itijur- 
 ed by another's superiority, and pleas- 
 es all by making them at ease with 
 themselves. Mode-ration protects a man 
 equally from injustice on the one hand, 
 and imposition on the other; it diverts 
 from all party spirit, and consequently 
 assures such temperate use of language 
 as to provoke no animosity. VKoktsV^ is 
 a principle that acts discretionallu, and con- 
 sists of a fair and medium estimate o f 
 character and purifications. It is a sen- 
 timent confined to one's self as the ob- 
 ject, and consisting wholly of one's judg- 
 ment of what one in -reality is, and 
 what one actually does. 
 
 "rEtyPTY\TIOl<. Temptation is for 
 the most part taken in' a bad sense, 
 though we are tempted sometimes 
 upon very fair grounds to under- 
 take that which turns out unfor- 
 tunately in the end. The prayer 
 of every one who knows the force 
 of bad habits, and the weakness of 
 human nature to resist them, should 
 
 VoA WCvwi \xs too*\ fcNvX. 1 " To shun 
 the allurements of vice, is the part 
 of wisdom; to avoid placing temp- 
 tations in the way of our neighbor, 
 is the part of prudence and love. 
 \f social parties are made the occas 
 Ions of yvirie drinking, thus lead- 
 ing the innocent and unwary in- 
 to evil habits, and confirming those 
 who have already acquired a taste 
 for strong drink, they are to be shim 
 ned by all who have either respect 
 for themselves or love for their -neigh- 
 bor. 
 
 TET/E-ArT E T E - '* '? a breach ofet 
 iquette for a lady receiving seve-ra.1 
 callers to engage in a tete-a-tete con- 
 versation with one. 
 
 TH^NI^S. One should express thanks 
 for every act of civilitu he receives,even 
 frorn a servant or a child. Such appre- 
 ciation of kindness will win future fa- 
 vors and friendship. 
 
 A lady should always be careful to 
 thank a person for any little attention 
 he -may bestow upon her while trav- 
 eling. 
 
 At the table a guest should always 
 say "Thank you,"-tiot"~^Vva.-v\Ysr to 
 
 TH/\T Pty\T\. One should avoid talk- 
 ing of any one with whom he has had 
 intercourse, as," that party," or" a 
 party," of his acquaintance. 
 "HE/\TEf\. To ask a lady to accow 
 pany you to a place of amusermnt, 
 and incur the risk of being obliged 
 to stand during the performance, is 
 to be inexcusably rude. If you are 
 unable to secure a reserved seat, im- 
 mediately inform her, and propose 
 another occasion. \Sw, f\a.w=> diVcww 
 \wft\ Kv\kV\>.\>\\cVW,Y 
 "V(EY SP^Y.. Some persons in order to 
 relieve themselves from the responsi- 
 bilities of slander, take shelter behind an 
 irrespossible "THEY SAY." 
 "They say-Ah! well, suppose they do; 
 But can they prove the story true? 
 Suspicion may arise from naught 
 But malice, envy, want of thought. 
 Why count yourself among the'they' 
 Who whispers what they dare not say? 
 
 " 'They say'- But why the tale rehearse 
 And help to -make the matter worse? 
 No good can possibly accrue 
 From telling what may be untrue; 
 And is it not a nobler plan 
 TO speak of all the best you can? 
 
 " 'They say*- Well, if it should be so, 
 Whu need you tell the tale of woe? 
 Will 'It the bitter wrong redress, 
 Or make one pang of sorrow less? 
 Will it the erring one restore, 
 Henceforth to 'go and sin no more?* 
 
 "They say'-Oh! pause, and took within: 
 Sea how your heart Inclines to sin. 
 Watch! lest in dark temptation's hour 
 You, too, should sink beneath its power. 
 Pity the frail, weep o'er their fall, 
 But speak of good, or not at all." 
 rH'NKJNG-. It is not uncommon for 
 some persons to commence speaking be 
 fore they know what they are going to 
 say. The ill-natured world, who never 
 miss an opportunity of being severe, 
 declare them to be foolish and desti- 
 tute of brains. What would youthi-nk 
 of a sportsman who would attempt to 
 bring down a bird before he had load- 
 ed his gun? 
 
 Watch your thoughts; train thew, 
 and keep them from running wild and 
 useless. Of necessity the mind is ever 
 active, there being no waking moment 
 that ideas_do_not pass through If. Th 
 art of thinking, is not always that 
 of creating, but of marshalling th 
 thoughts, which else wander in a des- 
 ultory, and, therefore, an 'me#ectiv, 
 useless wanner. To si* /or five min- 
 utes utterly vacant is wry difficult 
 even to the most absent-minded. 
 
 Thinking is absolutely necessary 
 i-n forming an opinion. You-tig par- 
 sons who have not begun to think 
 at all, are often guilty of using such 
 expressions as"for -my part, I think 
 so, or so;" yet they are most aft to 
 bolt out their opinions; whereu,thcy 
 should positively feel afraid to express 
 a judgment on any case which they 
 have not considered. 
 
 Hou &HTIE>S N E;SS Tm4*wM 
 
 denotes the want of thought orre/flec 
 tion about things. Thoughtless-ness re- 
 lates to matters of considerable iwpot- 
 tance, -relative to one's conduct, and 
 leads many into serious errors, when 
 they do not think or bear in wind the 
 consequences of their actions. \\c.c>\\- 
 ty,\>,G< consists in not doing what ought 
 to be done. One is negligent in regard 
 to business, and the performance of bod 
 ily labor, because of a lack of will. Per- 
 sons of all descriptions, and especially 
 those in low condition, are apt to pos- 
 sess the fault of negligence. vt'v'XfcV' 
 denotes the want of care in doing any 
 thing. Carelessness is only occasional, 
 and relates to trivial matters. One may 
 not only be careless about doing what 
 he does well, but may be careless in neg 
 lecting to do it at all, or careless eve-n 
 about the event itself. 
 
 is a habitual 
 
 state of the mind, and renders a per- 
 son afraid of offending others. 01 o* 
 meeting with something painful from 
 , them. K person having such a dispo- 
 sition is prevented from following the 
 dictates of his own mind. 
 lfLElS. If you- are talking to a person 
 of title, do not keep repeating the title. 
 You can express all the deference you 
 desire in voice and -manner; to put it 
 In words is unnecessary and snobbish. 
 In introducing foreigners with title?, 
 always give the title. In introducing 119 
 one having a title, be careful to speak 
 the title distinctly. 
 
 193
 
 ETIUIZETTS. 
 
 T"OB\CCO. Those who have formed a 
 habit ot using this article, should re-men 
 bet that they do wrong to trespass upon 
 the rights of those who do -not use it. 
 Since this indulgence has had its way 
 so extensively among u-s, every youth 
 begins to s-moke and spit before he has 
 well cut his teeth. The use of tobacco 
 is unquestionably so great a pleasure 
 to those who have become accustomed 
 to it, that it must tiot be coridenined, 
 yet the filth connected vyith it, is e- 
 nough to confiscate it in the judg- 
 ment of refined people. 
 
 JOfJO-UE. Physicians examine the 
 tongue to /hid out the condition ot the 
 body, and philosophers, to find out the 
 condition of the wind. 
 F\A^\/El.l^G. As selfishness -reaches its 
 climax in traveling, each one desiring to 
 secure his or her cornfort, one's natural 
 politeness is tested most thoroughly. Or- 
 dinarily courteous people become bent on 
 waking provision for themselves alone, 
 and are careless of the comfort and rights 
 of others. The relics of barbarism are vis 
 ibly manifested at the ticket-office, the ho 
 tel counter, and the public table, in the 
 rush for places. 
 
 All arrangements should be made be- 
 forehandleaving nothing to chance- 
 that you rtiay be able to have your mind 
 at rest during the journey, and be prepar- 
 ed to enjoy it to the utmost- 
 Baggage should be checked to its des- 
 tination, care being taken that the num- 
 ber of the check on the trunk corresponds 
 with that of the duplicate given you.. At 
 your destination it is safest to five your 
 trunk to the person who solicits your check 
 on the train, as he has the endorsement 
 of the railroad company. Always take a 
 receipt for your check. 
 
 Let your dress be simple, avoid display 
 of jewelry, and do not unnecessarily ex- 
 pose your money and other valuables, 
 for the lines of travel are infested with 
 pickpockets and thieves. Be provided with 
 an overdress or duster, an u-mbrella.and 
 tn overcoat, suited to the journey and 
 the season. 
 
 Should a lady when traveling alone, 
 be annoyed by any one presuming on 
 her lack of an escort, she need only to 
 appeal to the nearest gentle-man to secure 
 protection and assistance. The employe's 
 of the lin^s of travel are required to give 
 particular attention to ladies traveling 
 alone. 
 
 A lady may with propriety be placed 
 under tha charge of a friend, who, in 
 accepting such a trust, becomes respor 
 sible for the lady's comfort during the 
 journey. 
 
 Seeing a lady traveling alone, and 
 in need of assistance, a gentleman 
 Should promptly and courteously of- 
 fer it; which the lady way with pro- 
 priety accept. She should as courteous 
 ly acknowledge the kindness. The gen 
 Heman should never seek to form^er 
 acquaintance. Ladies should avoid 
 making acquaintances, even with their 
 own sex, in traveling. 
 
 On steamers, and at eating-hous 
 es on the route, avoid rushing for 
 the table, but act with courtesy and 
 deliberation. A gentleman should of 
 fer his seat to a lady, if all the other 
 places are taken. 
 
 An overcoat or valise deposited on 
 a seat in the absence of the claimant 
 is proof that the seat is occupied. You 
 have no right to keep a window up 
 for your own accommodation, if it 
 annoys others. At the same tirne it 
 is your duty to not object to this if 
 you can conveniently find another 
 seat. 
 
 To watch and look after other la- 
 dies younger and less experienced 
 than themselves, and traveling with- 
 out an escort, is especially the duty of 
 every lady of experience. 
 
 When riding in an omnibus,or on 
 a street-car, or in crossing a ferry 
 with a friend, if he wishes to pay for 
 you, allow him to do so without re- 
 mark. You can return the favor at 
 some other time. 
 
 Fellow-travelers should at all times 
 be sociable and obliging to_one anoth- 
 er. Those who are otherwise, may 
 justly be considered foolish, self ish, 
 and conceited. The friendship which 
 has subsisted between travelers termi- 
 nates with the journey a word, a 
 bow, and the acquaintanceship is fin- 
 ished and forgotten. 
 FF\/\ITO^. "vmwiovvs applies to one 
 who betrays his trust, especially in his 
 country or its rulers. ^"({/jxVs/tovxs 
 pertains to One's private relations. We 
 may be treacherous to our friends as 
 well as to OUT enemies, for nothing 
 can lessen the obligation to preserve 
 the fidelity of promise. A treacherous 
 man throws us off our guard, by lull- 
 ing us into a state of security, in or- 
 der the wore effectually to get us in- 
 to his power; he pursues a system of 
 direct falsehood in order to bring 
 about our ruin. 
 
 Tf\ESP^SS. The offense which con 
 stitutes trespass arises out of the laws 
 of property, as the passing over or tread 
 ing upon the property of another; yet 
 it often assumes the additional mean 
 ing of transgress, which flows out of 
 the laws of society in general which 
 fix the boundaries of right and wrong; 
 as, we trespass upon the time arid 
 patience of another. 
 
 . Tricking signifies the 
 deceiving, o-r getting the better of an 
 one; it is a species of dextrous cheat 
 ing. One tricks by some sudden in 
 vention, and the means and the en 
 are alike trifling. Cunning people 
 are tricky, and sustain, as in cheat 
 i-ng, a loss of character. A trickin; 
 man is entirely deprived of that bu 
 siness principle, trust, whence lie 
 will find nothing succeed to his wish 
 TRIFLES. Trifles, though apparent 
 ly unimportant, have done wonders 
 in the world's history. A little error 
 of the eye, a misguidance of the hant 1 
 a slip of the foot, a starting of a horse 
 a sudden mist, a great shower, o-v a 
 word undesignedly cast forth in an ir 
 my, has turned the stream of victory 
 from one side to another, and the-rebi 
 disposed of empires and whole nations 
 Trifles may justly be considered as 
 making up the happiness or misery 
 of human life. 
 
 FVOUBL^S. Troubles relate to the 
 pain which is the natural consequence 
 of not fulfilling engagements, answer 
 ing demands, etc. Probably the great 
 est troubles that can arise to disturb 
 the peace of a man's mind, are those 
 which are produced by pecuniary diffi 
 culties. The want of a thing, or that 
 which is unsuitable, the perverseness 
 of servants, ot the ill behavior of chil 
 dren, are constant sources of troub 
 
 Tf$JSTFlJl.NE>S. Trust signifies to 
 depend upon as true; it is a permanent 
 disposition of the mind, and rests or 
 the authority of ons or wore Individ 
 uals. We are inclined to believe those 
 who have never deceived us, including 
 those whom we do not know. We trust 
 laws and principles, the lines of pre- 
 cedent, and the links of succession; us 
 lure, and even God himself, becaus 
 we are obliged to. Children trust be- 
 cause they have no reasons for doubt 
 i-ng. Trust is the underlying princi 
 pie of every scheme in human _life, 
 and the tewple of human happiness 
 is founded upon it. There is no pover- 
 ty-stricken wretch so poor as he who 
 isj>oor in trust. 
 
 ftUTHfULNElSS. The truth of a 
 story is admitted upon the veracity of 
 the narrator. Without truth there is 
 no reliance upon language, no confi- 
 dence in friendship, no security i n 
 bonds or oaths it being the bond of 
 union and the corner-stone of all hu- 
 man happiness. It includes all other 
 virtues, is older than sects orsclools, 
 and its triumphs ate the most glo- 
 rious the world has ever seen. Truth 
 is the firmest and, noblest ground up- 
 on which people can live, as it gives 
 them the knowledge of what is just 
 and lawful, and enables them to sus- 
 tain a strict and stern investigation. 
 It is the beginning of every good thin?, 
 and he who would be blest and happy, 
 as well as trusted, should be from the 
 first a partaker of it. 
 
 194
 
 TVVO S[DE(S People should consider that 
 a story or a slander is a duality and not 
 a unity one side must utter,and the oth- 
 er listen. Not only is the tale-bearer, ehe 
 flatterer, and the revealer of secrets, to be 
 condemned, but he who has "itchi-rig ears" 
 
 wVo $. XV&.\M|\\\V> \ov\<yov^" is equally cen- 
 
 surable 
 
 "It's a very good rule in all things of life, 
 
 When judging a friend or a brother, 
 Not to look at the question alone on o-ne side, 
 
 But always to turn to the other. 
 
 "We are apt to be selfish in all our views. 
 In the jostlino,, headlong race, 
 And so, to be right, ere you censure a. wan, 
 Just 'put .yourself in his pjace.'" 
 Y^N^ICAj-. Tyrannical implies an unseem 
 ly exe_rcise or affectation of power or au- 
 thority. An V\.^r<\OMA person is disposed 
 to command without adequate authority, 
 or to convey his commands in an offens- 
 ive manner; he commands only that he 
 may be obeyed. If one be &o'wV<\<i,yv<\o n 
 he rules tike a lord, or rather attempts to 
 rule. He affects authority where it least 
 exists, and has sunk so far'below him- 
 self as to be fit for -nothing but to be tram- 
 pled u-pon. 0\K!A\>e.v<\\\o, is employed for per- 
 sons in the general relations of society, 
 whether superiors or equals. One having 
 an imperious disposition coupled with some 
 talent, will frequently be so overbearing in 
 the assemblies of his equals as to awe the 
 rest into silence, and carry every measure 
 of his own without contradiction, favor, 
 or affection. 
 
 UGLINESS. I imagine it to be in all re- 
 spects the opposite to those qualities which 
 we have laid down for the constituents of 
 beauty- But though ugliness be the oppo- 
 site to beauty, it is not the opposite to pro- 
 portion and fitness. For it is possible that 
 a thi-Hj) may be very ugly with any propor- 
 tions, and with a perfect fitness to any u- 
 ses. Ugliness I imagine to be consistent e- 
 nough, likewise, with an idea of the sub 
 lime. But 1 would by no means insinuate 
 that ugliness of itself is a sublime idea, utv 
 less united with such qualities as excite a 
 strong terror. -^wcV*. 
 
 lllv\BF\tLL/^. It is not contrary to the re 
 quirements of etiquette to carry an umbrel- 
 la at any time, though it is apparently use- 
 less. One should always be carried when 
 going on a journey of any considerable 
 distance, or for a short journey if there 
 be only a slight indication of rain. It is 
 well to be provided with two one at your 
 home and the other at your place of busi-ness 
 
 When waking calls, gentlemen 
 leave their umbrellas and overshoes 
 in the hall, but take their hats and 
 cane with them, either holdin9thein 
 m their hands o-r placing thern up- 
 on the floor very near the chair 
 which they occupy. 
 
 jplCObTHN^SS. It is a breach 
 of etiquette to assume any ungrace- 
 ful or uncouth positions, such as 
 standing with the arms akimbo, 
 sitting astride a, chair, leaning back 
 m the chair, standing with le^s cross- 
 ed or feet on the chairs, leaning for- 
 ward in the chair with elbows on 
 the knees, or smoking in the pres- 
 ence of ladles. All these a_cts stamp 
 one, as ill-bred and unpolished. 
 
 UNCH/\ST'TY l-rnpure or unchasti 
 language should never pollute our 
 lips. Since we insensibly imitate the 
 manners, tastes, aid language of those 
 by whom we are surrounded, being un- 
 aware of the silent influences which 
 are thus shaping our characters, we 
 should avoid the associations of the 
 unchaste, for they are in no sense 
 good society. Likewise, obscene, irn- 
 moral, and vulgar publicatiotis,which 
 excite the imagination, inflame the 
 passions, stimulate the curiosity, and 
 corrupt the heart by unchaste sugges- 
 tions, must be shunned. 
 
 UNDF^SS. Politeness requires that 
 gentlemen shall not come to the ta- 
 ble without their coats. Ladies -may 
 not appear in elaborate dress for 
 breakfast, but should not be so neg- 
 ligent as to excite remarks at the ii- 
 propriety of their appearance. 
 
 JNE^SIN^SS. It is rude to show 
 uneasiness, to be fidgety and rest- 
 less when in company. Gluietness 
 is a mark of good breeding. 
 
 JNF/OTHFUL. Unfaithfulness is 
 a negative quality implying a defi- 
 ciency, and marking the want of fi- 
 delity. A man is unfaithful 'to his 
 employer who sees him injured by 
 others without tryjng to prevent it. 
 A woman is unfaithful to her hus- 
 band when she does not discharge 
 the duties of a wife to the best of 
 her knowledge and abilities. 
 
 "The hint malevolent, the look oblique, 
 The obvious satire, or i-mplied dislike; 
 The sneer equivocal, the harsh reply, 
 And all the cruel language of the eye; 
 The artful injury, whose venom'd dart 
 Scarce wounds the hearing, it stabs the heart; 
 The guarded phrase, whose meaning kills, yet told, 
 The list'ner wonders how you thought it cold; 
 Small slights, neglect, unmixed perhaps with hite, 
 Make up in numbers what they want in weight: 
 These, and a thousand griefs minute as these, 
 Cot-rode our comfort, and destroy our ease." 
 
 \JfJIFOPM TENIPEF\. It is very im 
 polite to be variable in temper; gay 
 to-day, and sedate to-morrow. To be 
 uniformly kind, courteous, and con- 
 siderate, is necessary to preserve re- 
 spect and friendship. Vacillating peo 
 pie are at all times very trying on 
 their friends. 
 
 . Urbanity and suavity 
 both relate to the refinement a_n c 
 sweetness of the disposition. As polite 
 education tends to soften the mini 
 and the manners, it leads to suavity 
 which, however, may sometimes arist 
 from a natural temper. By_ the suav 
 ity of our manners we gain the love 
 of those around us, and by the ur 
 banity o-f our manners we render 
 
 . ourselves agreeable companions. 
 
 bNTF\UTHFULNSS. There is 
 probably no other habit which so 
 easily and insensibly grows upon the 
 younp as that of speaking thoughtless 
 ILI. By failing to see and hearatteti 
 tively, they use inexact language, b 
 censuring, disguising, and uttering 
 opinions as facts. It- is not uncommon 
 for a lady to speak of a dreadful glove 
 a horrid ribbon, an awful-looking 
 bonnet, a lovely fan, a perfectly splen 
 did calico dress, or an exquisitely de- 
 licious cup of coffee, thus showing 
 her lack of suitable language to ex 
 press her thoughts. While this phase 
 of untruthfulness way not be will- 
 ful, and only the result of habit, her 
 friends should be anxious for herre| 
 utation. 
 
 U S^O-E . Usage is wha-t one has long 
 been used to do; it acquires force 
 and sanction by dint of time. It is 
 often so strong as to supply the place 
 of written law. Custom is^hat 
 one generally does; it acquires sanc- 
 tion by its frequency of being done, 
 or the number doinj it. Custornsva 
 ry in every age, for instance, it was 
 customary during Washington's time 
 for men to have clean -shaven faces, 
 but during Orant's time, the full- 
 bearded face was the custom. 
 
 USUf\PEF\. Usurp signifies to make 
 use of as if it were one's own, and 
 implies to take to one's self by viq 
 lence, or in violation of ri^ht. It is 
 properly' applied to power, either pub- 
 lic or private; as, a usurpar exercis- 
 es the functions o/governrnent 
 without a legitimate sanction.lt is 
 not uncommon for minor usurp- 
 ations to take place in the sociaf 
 
 and home circles. 
 V/V.LOF\. Valor is a higher quality 
 than either courage or bravery; it 
 partakes of the grand_ characteris- 
 tics of both, combining the fire of 
 bravery with the deterrnination and 
 firmness of courage. It is practically 
 the executive department of the -mind. 
 Valor challenges great respect, even 
 from enemies, and when defeated 
 on any occasion, seeks another 
 in which more glory is to be ac- 
 quired. The estimate and valor of 
 a man consists in'the heart and 
 in the will j there his true honor 
 lies. Valor is stability, not of arms 
 and of legs, but of courage and the 
 soul. A truly valiant man will dare 
 to do almost any thing but doing 
 any body an injury. He will do 
 without witness what one would do 
 before all the world. 
 
 195
 
 . Vanity signifies exceedingemp 
 kiness. It is always bad, and always ernp 
 tiness or nothingness: it is the distor- 
 tion of one's nature flowing /row a. 
 vicious constitution or education. One 
 is vain o( his person, his dress, h i s 
 walk, or any thing that is frivolous. 
 Vanity shows itself only by its eager- 
 ness to catch the notice of others, and 
 always -makes its possessor ridiculous. 
 False glory is the -rock of vanity, and 
 false -modesty its masterpiece. Ladies 
 o( fashion are said to starve their hap- 
 pi-ness to feed their vanity, and their 
 love to feed their pride. The -more one 
 has of vanity the less he has of under- 
 standing, and the -more one has of 
 affectation, the wore nearly does his 
 vanity reach its climax. 
 
 As a -remedy for vanity, it is recom- 
 mended that when you are disposed 
 to be vain of your -mental acquire- 
 ments, look up to those who are -more 
 accomplished than yourself, that you- 
 may be fired with emulation; but when 
 you /eel dissatisfied with your circum- 
 stances, look down on those beneath 
 you, that you may learn contentment. 
 'EIL. Ladies sorneti-mes appear on 
 the street with veils over their faces, 
 signifying that they do not wish to be 
 recognized, and acquaintances -may 
 pass them as strangers, without either 
 giving or taking o/fense. However, if 
 on approaching, they remove the veil, 
 it indicates that they wish to be seen 
 and recoonized. 
 
 EH^CITY. Veracity is the quality of 
 truthfulness belonging to a person. The 
 truth of his statements rests upon his 
 veracity. The most important interests 
 of society depend on the confidence which 
 men repose rn one another's veracity. 
 If representations of facts, truths, or o- 
 pinions are to be -made, it is obviously 
 fitting and right that they should be con- 
 formed to one's knowledge or belief. But 
 for this, history would be worth no more 
 than fiction, judicial proceedings would 
 be a. senseless mockery of justice, and 
 the administration of law and equity, 
 the merest haphazard; the common in- 
 tercourse of life would be invaded by in- 
 cessant doubt and suspicion, and its daily 
 transactions, aimless and tentative. 
 
 Vl OLE^CE. Violent or abrupt -move 
 ments in society are a breach of eti- 
 quette. When persons of reputation 
 and piety say or do violent things,!* 
 is not strange that others should fol 
 low them. 
 
 VlCE^. & vice is a personal offense, 
 the injury being inflicted upon our- 
 selves; yet when -made public, though 
 it be such as seems to effect only our- 
 selves (as drunkenness and the like), 
 it then becomes, by the bad example 
 it sets, of pernicious effects to soci- 
 
 VlG-lLAfJCE. Vigilance expresses a 
 high degree of watchfulness. Upon or 
 dinary occasions a sentinel is said to 
 be watchful, but upon extraordinary oc 
 casi on s, vigilant. Few persons areas 
 watchful as they ought to be. Though 
 they be watchful in the proper sense 
 of watching, they should be vigilant 
 in_ detecting both -moral and -natural 
 
 VINDICTIVE. A vindictive persi 
 is both revengeful and resentful. He 
 who is prone to revenge or the thing 
 which serves the purposes of revenge 
 or punishment, has a temper that 
 should be closely watched. 
 
 VIRTUE. Virtue does not consist 
 in-mere innocence, or abstaining from 
 harm, but as well in the exercise of our 
 faculties in doing good; it is the habit 
 ual sense of right, and the habitual 
 courage to act up to that sense of ri^ht, 
 combined with benevolent sympathies. 
 The dignity of virtue is suchjthat 
 it is said that were there but one vir- 
 tuous-man in the world, he would 
 hold up his head with confidence and 
 and honor; he would shamethe world 
 and not the world him. 
 
 While virtue is one and indivisible 
 in its principle and essence, In its ex 
 ternal manifestations,^ presents very 
 different aspects, and under dif/er- 
 ent forms assumes dif/erent names. 
 The cardinal virtu-es are those on which 
 the character hinges or turns, the 
 possession of all of which would con- 
 stitute a virtuous character, while 
 the absence of any one of them would 
 justly forfeit foramanthe epithet 
 \mxvvo\vs. They are V^\vie,-v\c... 
 
 VlS(TI(i<>. In order to maintain 
 good feelings between the -members of 
 society, visiting is necessary. Visit; of 
 ceremony are not required among 
 intimate friends. It is best not to 
 pay visits unless by special invitation 
 If one's friend desires to extend ho* 
 pitality to him, he will send an invi- 
 tation which can be accepted with 
 the prospect of mutual convenience 
 and pleasure. Always exercise great 
 care in paying visits of long duration, 
 and never pay one on a general in- 
 vitation. When traveling, and you. 
 stop in a city where you have frieirfs, 
 it is better to register at a. hotel, and 
 inform them of your arrival, leaving 
 
 it optional with them to extend hospi- 
 tality. Even with your relatives it 
 is better to announce your corning 
 
 No one not mentioned in a spe- 
 cial invitation should go; but a 
 wife may accompany her husband 
 and \i\ce. WWL. 
 
 The main point in visiting is to 
 give as little trouble as possible, to 
 co_nform to the habits of your enter- 
 tainers, and never be in the way. 
 
 A host should provide amusemenl 
 for his guests, and give up his time 
 as much as possible to them, accom- 
 panying them to any points of in- 
 terest in the city or neighborhood. 
 
 The rule on which the host should 
 act, is to make his visitors as much 
 at home as possible; that on which 
 a visitor should act, is to interfere 
 as little as possible with the domestic 
 routine of the house. 
 
 A lady when visiting may with pro- 
 priety offer to assist her hostess in 
 household duties or family sewing; 
 but if she decline, it is in bad taste 
 to insist. 
 
 No gu.est may make outside en- 
 gagements, or visit,without consult- 
 ing the host or hostess. Neither hos- 
 tess nor guest may accept any invi- 
 tations which do not include the oth 
 er. A guest must always be at the 
 disposal of the host or hostess, if a 
 ride, drive, or walk is proposed, or 
 Otherwise to occupy the day. 
 
 It is the first duty of the guest, af- 
 ter returning home, to write to the 
 host or hostess, expressing the pleas- 
 ure derived from the visit, and men- 
 tioning each member of the family 
 by -name, desiring to be remembered 
 
 - . 
 
 VOICED The sweetly modulated ac- 
 cents of a fine voice exert a wonder- 
 ful power upon the ear. 0-ood or bad 
 impressions are made upon us, not 
 only by what people say, but by the 
 tones used in the conversation. Hab 
 its of thought are indicated to a jreat 
 degree by habits of expression, as he 
 who is habitually ill-natured will 
 give expression to his thoughts in 
 ill-natured tones. Good society de- 
 mands that we make ourselves as 
 agreeable as possible, and nothing 
 serves to make a better first impres- 
 sion than a carefully trained voice. 
 A gentle and low tone is a charm t 
 a woman. A certain distinct, s ub- 
 dued tone is peculiar to persons on- 
 lu of the best breeding. 
 
 VULCAF\ITY. Vulgarity is supposed 
 to belong to those who are ignorant 
 and depraved in taste as well as In mor- 
 als. Vulgar habits being easity con- 
 tracted from a slight intercourse wUh 
 vulgar people, it is well to be on cne's 
 guard when thrown among them. Let 
 your conduct be simpje, and avoid as- 
 suming an air of superiority over them.
 
 -Persons walking in com- 
 pany should always keep step together. 
 
 When two gentlemen accompany a la- 
 dy in a walk, she should place herself 
 between them, and not unduly favor ei- 
 ther. She should not take an arm of 
 ea_ch; neither should a gentleman walk 
 with a lady on each arm, unless when 
 coming from a place of amusement at 
 night, or in passing through a crowd. 
 
 In walking with a lady, where it is 
 necessary /or you to proceed sjngly, al- 
 ways go before her. Always give a lady 
 the safe side (usually the inner side) of 
 the walk, whether you be at her right 
 or left. 
 
 A gentleman should accommodate his 
 walk to that of a lady, or an elderly or 
 delicate person. 
 
 A gentleman in walking with a lady 
 who wishes to enter a store, should o- 
 pen the door, permit her to pass in first, 
 follow her, and close the door. He should 
 always ring door bells, or rap at a door 
 
 VATcV^. Whether at home or abroad, 
 a frequent consultation of the watch 
 or time-piece is impolite. If at home, it 
 appears as if one were tired of the com- 
 pany and wished them to be gone; if a- 
 broad, as if the hours dragged heavily, 
 and one were calculating how soon he 
 would be released. 
 
 ^ATCHFUj- N ^SS. Watchfulness is a 
 natural virtue, and is recommended to 
 us frequently by the Bible. 
 "In private, watch your thoughts; in 
 your family, watch your temper; in so- 
 ciety, watch yow-r tongue." 
 
 WE/\JHEF\. 0-ne should avoid cowmen 
 cing a conversation by alluding to the 
 weather. Though the weather is a subject 
 that concerns every body, and every body' 
 knows more or less about it, ever since 
 the days of Noah it has been considered 
 tedious to talk of it. 
 
 WELCONIE. When visiting or calling 
 one should be careful not to stay so long 
 as to wear out his welcome. 
 
 Whoever or whatevei"conies welfjorin 
 season, to us, and happening in accord 
 with our wishes, should elicit from us 
 
 a prompt expression of our cordial! 
 tu. Leave no room for a sense of coldness 
 VHlSK^HS. The style of wearing 
 the whiskers should be governed by 
 the kind of face. Some people wear 
 the full beard; others the long Car- 
 digan whiskers; some -mustache anc 
 whiskers, or mutton-chop whiskers 
 or the long flowing mustache and 
 imperial of Victor Emmanuel, or the 
 spiky mustache of the late Napoleon 
 III. Whatever the style, the point is 
 to keep it well brushed and trirnrned 
 and to avoid any appearance of wild- 
 ness and inattention. The full, flow 
 Ing beard, of course, requires more 
 attention in the way of cleanliness 
 than any other. It should be thorough 
 lu washed and brushed every day, as 
 dust is sure to accumulate in it. Do 
 not use oil as it causes the dust to ac 
 
 >A/tilSpEF\ING-. To whisper hi cow 
 pany is exceedingly unbecoming in 
 persons, since it is not unreasonable 
 to suppose that some one present is 
 the subject of their comments. Such 
 conduct may well be considered of- 
 fensive to every one. 
 VlfE. 'The privilege and pleasure 
 of rendering home happy and attract 
 ive, especially devolves on the wife. A 
 young wife should be, very carefn.1 
 about devoting her leisure time to any 
 charitable purposes, or otherwise, with- 
 out first consulting her husband; nei 
 t-her should she be induced to attend 
 evening lectures or places of amuse 
 went unless he accompany her. 
 
 Never leave your husband to speric 
 hfs evenings at home alone, nor give 
 him cause to say that you are more 
 agreeable abroad than at home. Noth- 
 ing can be more senseless t-han the 
 conduct of a young woman who seeks 
 to be admired in general society for 
 her politeness and engaging manners 
 or skill in music, when, at the same 
 time, she wakes no effort to render 
 her home attractive. 
 
 Never trust any individual whatev 
 er with small annoyances, or misun- 
 derstandings, between your husband 
 and yourself. Be on your guard, and 
 reject every overture that may lead 
 to undesirable intimacy. Never approve 
 a mean action, never speak an un- 
 refined word. The slightest duplicity 
 destroys confidence. The least want 
 of refinement in conversation, or in 
 the selection of books, lowers a wo- 
 man ay, and forever. 
 VILD 0/\TS. Such suggestions as 
 "boys must sow their wild oats," etc., 
 indicate a total lack of reflection and 
 observation. That boy or man never 
 jived who was exempt from the pun- 
 ishments affixed to the violation of a- 
 ny of the moral precepts which oper- 
 ate on mankind in general. Such a 
 delusion has been fatal to -many a poor 
 fellow, who discovered his error too late. 
 
 leu in 
 
 dy\VI 
 
 . In the cars one h as 
 no right to keep a window open, if 
 the current of air thus produced an- 
 noys or endangers the health of an- 
 other. 
 
 A gentleman may bow to a lady 
 seated at a window, if he is passing 
 on the street; but he must -not bow 
 from a window to a lady passing on 
 the street. 
 
 WlflE. To urge wine up_o-notie af- 
 ter having declined it, is impolite 
 and unkind. 
 
 If you dp not partake of wine at 
 the table, simply say to the waitet"Not 
 any, thank you," and your g lass 
 will not be filled. Avoid making any 
 discourteous remarks about if while 
 at the table. 
 
 WISDOM- "Happy is that mm that 
 f indeth wisdom, and the man that 
 getteth understanding. Length of day 
 are in her right hand, and in her left 
 riches and honor, h'er ways sae ways 
 of pleasantness, and all her paths are 
 peace." 
 
 "These six things doth the Lord 
 hate; yea, seven are an abomination 
 unto Him: a proud look, a lying 
 tongue, and hands that shed inno 
 cent blood, a heart that deviseth 
 wicked imaginations, feet that be 
 swift in running to mischie/, a 
 false witness that speaketh lies, and 
 he that soweth discord among b-reth- 
 rcn." 
 
 \A/IJ Wit is mostly displayed in 
 aptness of expression and illustra- 
 tion. When it enlightens the intel- 
 lect, conveyed in jocular expression 
 when it infringes neither on religion, 
 charity, justice, nor peace; when it 
 contains good humor, sweetens con- 
 versation, and makes the endearments 
 of society more captivating; when it 
 exposes what is vile and base to con 
 tempt, adorns truth, and answers 
 what is below .refutation; then it is 
 proper and fitting to employ it in 
 social intercourse. However, it is a 
 very dangerous instrument. Unless 
 handjed with extreme prudence, i t 
 is injurious alike to the one who uses 
 it,and to the one who is made to 
 feel its sting. Many will forgive a 
 blow, but few will forget that they 
 have been made the subjects of ridi- 
 cule; hence, witty persons rarely 
 have very warm friends. 
 
 W^OfJG- One repents of injustice, 
 repairs injuries, and redresses wronas. 
 Injury is harm or damage done to 
 any one's person, reputation,or prop- 
 erty, and may be accidental orinten 
 tional. Injustice is the violation ofjus 
 ticc, or a breach of the rule of right. 
 When we think wors_e of a person 
 than we ought to think, we do him 
 an injustice. Wrong partakes both 
 of injury and injustice. I* is the re- 
 sult of evil intentions, recklessness, 
 or indifference. 
 
 197
 
 merchan ts, wanuf actur- 
 s, students, and others, 
 are in need of information 
 relative to business terms 
 vnd forms, they need not 
 look in vain in the follow- 
 ig pages to find something 
 meet their wants. It mast be 
 admitted by every one that busi- 
 ness men should know something 
 of the most general laws of busi- 
 ness, as the law of partnership; 
 how to make agreements; how 
 to conduct sales; how to make notes; 
 how to collect them; etc. All should like- 
 wise know so -much of the ordinary law 
 as protects and defines their common and 
 universal rights. A knowledge of the 
 principles or rules of business law would 
 prevent the -many important mistakes 
 which are made every day, leading to 
 much, loss as well as difficulty. From the 
 great variety of accurate forms given, 
 any person may select the form near- 
 est to his particular need, arid easily 
 make any alterations which his case 
 requires. 
 
 AJA/lDO^NVEjlT. This term is genet 
 ally used in reference to the risks of ma- 
 rine insurance; the surrender of prop- 
 erty to the insurers. 
 
 \BAJEN\ENT.-A discount made for 
 damage or overcharge, or for the pay- 
 ment of a debt before it is due. 
 
 \BSTFV\,CT. An Abstract of Title is a 
 brief account of all the deeds,judpntents, 
 and instruments affecting one's title 
 to real estate. The evidences of title are 
 usually conveyances, wills, orders or de- 
 crees of courts, judgments, sales by of- 
 ficers appointed by law, and acts of the 
 Legislature and of Congress. 
 
 \CCt^PTA/YC. An Acceptance is a for- 
 mal agreement by signature to pay a 
 
 'draft or bill according to its terms. 
 If a drawee agrees to pay with some 
 qualification or condition, it is called 
 
 Acceptances are usually written 
 across the face of a bill, in red ink. A 
 drawee is entitled to a certain time, 
 
 usually twenty-four hours, to decide 
 whether or not he will accept. 
 
 if an acceptance be conditional, it 
 should appear so in writing on its face. 
 A holder is not bound to take a condi- 
 tional or qualified acceptance. 
 
 The following form shows a condi- 
 tional acceptance: "Accepted if in funds 
 from coTBianrnent shipped us on 3d instant. 
 Chicaoo, Oct. 14/99. Alex.M.Moodyr 
 
 If a bill has been accepted after it 
 has been protested for non-acceptance, 
 it is called an I$JW$VK*XA Vox Vvyvwx. 
 
 A.CCOIvtIVlOpAJION PA.PEr\. An Ac 
 commpdation Note or Draft is one 
 for which the maker receives no con- 
 sideration, but which he makes for the 
 purpose of lending his credit t-o the 
 payee to enable him to raise money. 
 The party for whom such accommoda- 
 tion was made, cannot recover from 
 the -maker; but if it is endorsed for val- 
 ue to a third person, aJthou-gh he may 
 have notice that it is an accommoda- 
 ti_on note, and no consideration was 
 given for it, that third person can nev 
 ertheless recover from the original 
 maker. An accommodation note or 
 draft is drawn in the ordinary nego- 
 tiable form. 
 
 ACCORD A.ND SAJISFAICTIO(1. -Offer 
 and acceptance of one thing in place 
 of another due. 
 
 ACCOUNT A statement of the deb 
 Its and credits resulting from busi- 
 ness transactions relating to it. An ac- 
 count may be kept with a person, any 
 species of property or cause. 
 
 A.&.WAUTON. 
 
 SOLD HIM on Account. 
 
 lObbls.Sujar,.. 90.00 
 
 Cash, 150.00 
 
 10 eh. Tea' !.. 100.00 " 50.00 
 
 5 baos Coffee... 1 50.1 
 
 A^CCOUflT C\J^E(Jt. A detailed state 
 ment of the transactions between parties 
 for a certain period, showing what 
 is the condition of affairs at the vv(- 
 wv\ orpresent time. 
 
 A.CCOUfJT SA.LES An itemized state- 
 ment of sales and expenses, sent by 
 a commission merchant to his prin- 
 cipal. It exhibits the quantities and 
 
 prices of goods sold, the corn-missions 
 and other charges, and the tie* proceed*. 
 
 Account Sales of 75 Bales of Wool, re- 
 ceived per Lake Erie &. Western Railroad, 
 and sold for Account of Messrs. Walton 
 i Whisler, Atlanta, l-nd. 
 
 Bee 
 
 TVn-{|uaTter-Hood Merino, 
 
 Net 9138 lbs.60c-, 30oV 
 Half-blood Merino, 
 
 Net 2638 lbs.@55c., ' 
 Unwashed Merino, 
 
 Netl601bs.e55c., it 
 Common and half-blood, 
 
 Net985lbs.@50c., -. 
 
 Freiaht and Ihayaoe, * 192.33 
 Commission, indudino Itt- 
 
 sitrance, Storage, and La- 
 
 bor,2cents per pound 
 
 on 13,101 Ibs., 
 
 Net Proceeds due Dec.72,1%1, 
 
 E.E. &OODlWNNINO. 
 
 Chirajo,Jan.lO,l962. 
 
 554280 
 
 1450 90 
 
 88 OC 
 
 4M3 
 
 r .^ m . In commercial corre- 
 
 spondence, the term by which the receipt 
 of a letter, remittance, or order, is ad- 
 mitted; to certify by signature the gen- 
 uineness of a deed or mortgage. 
 A.CK.NOWlEiDGrviENT. A receipt orad- 
 mission; a formal admission made be 
 fore an officer, that the act described 
 was voluntarily done. The officer^ ce-r 
 tificate of the admission is also called 
 an acknowledgment. 
 
 . 
 
 Kokomo.lnd., Oct. 1,1943. 
 MESSRS. WADE &. Co., 
 Chicago, I II. 
 
 ^rt,"ftVVw. Your favor of 5th irot 
 covering draft on First National Bank, New York, 
 for Five Hundred Sixty-three and ^ Dollars, 
 is to hand and passed to your credit with thanks 
 Your order for 25 bbls. Apples is entered, 
 and the goods will be forward early in the week. 
 Awaiting a continuance of your 4vors,weare, 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 MARSH, MEAWS&CO-, 
 
 198
 
 ACCOUNTS 
 
 O *'o J: 
 
 n * P !r 
 p> w *" " 
 
 a 2J- 
 
 5-3 5,z 
 
 Jll 
 
 r.^i 
 
 flp 
 
 I-HI 
 
 8001^. 
 
 i-epairing a vessel, or contracts to carry 
 freight or passengers. No State has any 
 jurisdiction over the ocean. 
 ,DULTEf\AJIO(l. The debasing of 
 an article or substance by spurious 
 or less valuable admixtures. 
 
 ^0 VAjLOJ\E(v\. According to value. A 
 custom house term, relating to the 
 estimating of duties upon the value 
 of imported goods. 
 
 ^VAJNC^ Increase in value of mer- 
 chandise ; money paid before goods 
 are delivered; moneys or acceptances 
 from the commission merchant t o 
 the consignor before the goods are 
 disposed of. 
 
 JjVE^TU^E. A bill of goods shipped 
 to be sold on account and risk of the 
 shippers; any enterprise or haiard. 
 
 A.DVEISTURE itf CO. (roods sent to 
 be sold on joint account of the shipper 
 and consignee. 
 
 ,DVEIVnSErviE^T. A public notice 
 or announcement in print, of arti- 
 cles for sale or enterprises of any kind. 
 ADVICE. The announcement of joods 
 shipped, or bills sent for acceptance; in 
 formation communicated by letter. 
 
 Af FI\EIG-HT To hire a ship or ves 
 
 sel for freight. The freight of aship 
 is called affreightment. 
 fFIDA^IT. A sworn declaration, ta 
 Ken before a co_mpetent official . J t 
 should be positive in the description 
 of amounts,places, persons, etc. 
 
 , % '. One skilled in annuities; 
 a clerliVf registry; the active officer 
 in a life-insurance company. 
 L CGllUlTTA^NOE]. A receipt in full of 
 all demands or written discharge; a re 
 lease from debt or obligation. 
 
 A.DJUSTIv\E(4T. This term has par 
 ticular reference to the settlement of a 
 loss under a marine policy upon thep-mt 
 ciple of average. This settlement is ofte 
 of a most intricate nature, and require 
 the services of skilled professionals ari< 
 experts. It is often used in reference 
 to fire insurance. 
 
 A,DNllNISTf\AJOI\. One that isappoin 
 ed by the court to settle an estate. It is 
 only when a person dies withou-t a 
 will that an administrator is appointe 
 An administrator has jurisdiction on 
 ly over the personal property of adecea 
 ed person. The heirs can take possession 
 of the real estate without any author! 
 ty from the court. 
 
 \pN\IHAlTV COUfVT This court has 
 jurisdiction of cases arising on the se 
 or connected with vessels; as, cases o 
 piracy, collision on the sea, claims for 
 
 3. An agent who conceals his princi- 
 pal, is responsible to third parties. 
 
 4. An agent who speciaJly agrees to be- 
 come responsible to third patties, is so._ 
 
 5. An agent acting f-i-auduletitly OT deceit 
 fulli), is responsible to third parties. 
 
 J>IO. A ter-rn denoting the dif/eteiK* 
 bctwesti the real and the nominal val- 
 ue of money ; or between one kind of 
 money and another; the rate of pre- 
 mium charged for accepting payment 
 in one kind of money where the con- 
 tract exacts another kind. V^ox.^Ojft 
 is the speculation on the rise and fall 
 o/ public funds. 
 
 /\GI\EErv\ENT. An Agreement is a 
 contract (which see) by which a cer- 
 tain person, or persons, agrees to i per 
 form certain duties within a specified 
 time. The legal requirements of ati a 
 greement are the same as those given 
 under Contract. 
 
 STATE OF lNOiANA ; TiPTONCo.,TownoFBoz,w 
 
 James Daily, being duly sworn, depos 
 
 es and says(tw alleges and says):That 
 
 [SEAL], James Daily 
 
 Sworn \w t&CwMtKS before me, thi 
 ninth day of May, A. D. 19. 
 BENJAMIN SMITH, 
 
 '. A term signifying that rtier 
 chand*ise has arrived in port, but not 
 delivered from the vessel. 
 ^0-^NCx. An Agent is a person havin 
 power to act for another, who is call 
 ed a principal. His authority is const 
 tu-ted in three ways: by deed undersea 
 by a writing without seal, or by mere 
 words. Except where the agent has ai 
 interest in the subject-matter, or *he ai 
 thprity is given for a valuable consider 
 ation, the principal wai^ revoke the a 
 thority at pleasure, subject in some cas 
 es to a claim for damages. 
 
 The responsibility of the principa 
 and the agent is as follows: 
 
 PRINCIPAL: 
 I. The principal is responsible for the act 
 
 of his agent. 
 2.. If the act is not within the author 
 
 ty given, the principal is not responsible. 
 
 3. Where apparent authority is give" 
 the principal is responsibl*. 
 
 4. The principal is responsible if he subs 
 fluently ratifies the act of his agent. 
 AGENT: 
 
 1. The_agent is not responsible to *hir 
 parties for acts he performs as agent 
 
 2. An apent who exceeds his authorit 
 is responsible to third parties. 
 
 This Agreement, made this seconc 
 day of November, A. D. 19 , between 
 John G-.Dunn, of Denver, County of Ar 
 apahoe, and State of Colorado, of t he 
 irst part, and William Crowe, of Lea< 
 ville, County of Lake, and State aforesaii 
 of the second part, 
 
 WUnesseth, That the said Joh-n&.Dwm 
 : or the consideration hereinafter wen 
 ;ioned, doth covenant and agree to ani 
 with the said William Crowe, that \>A 
 
 vwtt \V. a.C( 1 xwx<\e\\\ o-tv wa, ^ v<V o' 
 
 xw(0\. 
 
 And the said William Crowe, in cor 
 sideration of the covenant of the. sai( 
 party of the first part, doth hereby coy 
 enatit and agree to and with the sai 
 John G-. Dunn, that V>w,'wba\V v\\* 
 
 I-M Wit-ness whereof, we have he 
 unto set our hands and seals, the yea. 
 and day first above written. 
 
 Signed, sealed, and de- 
 livered in presence of 
 EOWABD 0. SHARPE. 
 CHARLES MEANS. 
 
 ., ,.._ A person of foreign birth 
 
 foreign; foreigner. 
 
 A.LIG.UOT PA.P\T. A smaller numbe 
 by which i larger number may be e 
 qually divided; as, 10 is an aliquot par 
 of IOO; { / 4 of j/ 2 ; etc. 
 J.LIA.NCE. A union for some co-ro 
 mon object: as the Far-mers'Alliance. 
 J-Ll&ATIO^. A formula whichtrea 
 of compounding ingredients of i\( 
 ferent values; I. So as to obtain tl-r 
 average value of the mixture; 2. S v 
 as to determine the ratio in which th 
 quantities may be mixed to yield an 
 &iven average. 
 
 jLLOfJGE. A paper attached to a bi 
 of exchange when there are too mai 
 endorsements to be contained on tl 
 bill itself. 
 
 ALLO 
 the 
 
 sha . . .._,-_ 
 
 ilw, during his absence at sea. 
 ^LLOVV. To Concede or discount a 
 amount to be paid, as an abatement. 
 ^LLOVVA^CE. A portion of costs 9 
 en by the court or statute; a dedwctio 
 
 199
 
 from the gross weipht of goods. 
 LIMONY *ii allowance directed to 
 
 >e paid by a husband to a wife after 
 separation from her husband, or dur- 
 ing the pending of an action for di- 
 
 /. A union of two or more met 
 als, making a compound; in common 
 usage, the alloy in a compound is 
 understood to be the baser or less val- 
 uable metal; thus, geld is alloyed with 
 silver or copper, silver with copper or 
 brass, or nickel. 
 
 WBA,SSA,DOF\. A public minister of 
 the highest rank, sent abroad with pw 
 er to represent the government of the 
 country by whom he is sent. 
 
 AMOUNT. The sum total, or aggre- 
 gate ; (yco v\o\x\\\ is the total without 
 deduction; -wex vwvovonx, the total less 
 deduction. 
 
 jNC^STOf\ One who has gone before 
 in a family in a direct line; we may 
 speak of the ancestors of a nation as 
 well as those of any particular individual. 
 
 ANCHOI\ApE. A roadstead or suitable 
 Holding ground for ships to anchor. 
 
 A.N&LE . A small measure of length in 
 Bangalore, India, represented by three 
 grains of rice, equal to about one inch. 
 
 A,NI(EF\. A common liquid measure in 
 various parts of Europe, varying indif- 
 ferent countries from 9 to itfgallons. 
 
 A.NNUITY. An Annuity originally sig- 
 nified an "annual income," but in a 
 more general sense it is now applied 
 to Y^itXt^ ^%N|p<\t,Yk\s of various kinds. 
 In this sense, an Annuity is the annu- 
 al, semi-annual, quarterly, monthly 
 weekly, or daily payment of a certain 
 or varying sum, whether the payment 
 be regular or intermittent, for a given 
 term of years, for life, or forever. 
 
 ANSV/Ef\. To reply to a letter or que 
 ry; to discharge a debt or obligation; to 
 be responsible for; a written defense 
 made by a defendant, to the charges of 
 a plaintiff in an action. 
 
 A.NTAJ_. A wine measure in Hungary, 
 holdina about 13^ gallons. 
 
 A.PPEA.L The removal of an action 
 from an inferior to a superior court 
 for re-examination and review. Appeal 
 Book, the papers upon which an appeal 
 is to be heard. 
 
 A.PPEAJ^A.NCE. The formal proceeding 
 of a party summoned into court. A fail- 
 ure of the defendant to appear, entitles 
 the plaintiff -tojudgtnent. A failure of 
 the plaintiff to appear, entitles the de 
 fendant to a dismissal of the proceeding. 
 
 A,PPELLAJVT. One who makes an appeal 
 from one court to a higher. Appellee, the 
 one against whom an appeal is made. 
 
 . The act of making a 
 request; the formal preliminary pro- 
 cess Cot obtaitlinp insurance. Apply, to 
 appropriate in a particular way; as, ap- 
 piuing proceeds i-n the payment of a 
 specified debt. 
 
 J'PFVMSE. To set a pi-ice upo-n, o-r to 
 value. Appraisal, the act of placittp a 
 value on goods. Appraisement, valua- 
 tion of merchandise OT other property. 
 Appraiser, one who sets a value upo-n 
 poods; a government official whose 
 duty it is to examine and report the 
 dutiable values of imported -merchandise. 
 .PPHEflTIC^. The relation o/ an 
 Apprentice is established by a written 
 agreement, by which a male OT a female 
 minor, with the consent o( his or her 
 parents, agrees to serve as ari a.^texv 
 Vxte.or servant, to some one in a cer- 
 tain trade or employment, until twentu- 
 one years of- ape, or for a less period. 
 |n return for these services the -master 
 is to teach the mirror the trade . The was- 
 ter may punish his apprentice, and is 
 liable for his support. The officers hav 
 ing charge of the poor, may bind out 
 pauper children in this way. 
 
 This indenture of apprenticeshipbrtwee 
 John Bolton, father of- Henry Bolton, on 
 the one part, and Milton J.Mallery,pf the 
 other part, witnesseth: That the said Hen- 
 ry Bolton, aged 15 years on the 20th day 
 of August, A.D. 19 , is hereby bound as 
 an apprentice under the said Milton J.Mal- 
 lery, from the date hereof until the 20th 
 day of August, 19 , to learn the trade 
 and art of a printer: and is faithfully to 
 serve the said Milton J.Mallery,and cor- 
 rectly to conduct hirnself during the term 
 of his apprenticeship. 
 
 And the said Milton J.Mallery hereby w 
 enants thai he will teach the said Henru 
 Bolton the said trade and art, and will 
 furnish him, during said apprenticeship 
 with board, lodging, washing, clothing, med 
 ic'me, and other necessaries suitable for 
 an apprentice m sickness and in health; 
 and will send him to a suitable publ ic 
 school at least three months during each 
 of the first three years of the said term; 
 and at the expiration of the said appren- 
 ticeship will furnish him with two new 
 suits of common wearing apparel, and 
 one hundred dollars in money. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the parties hereto 
 have set their hands and seals this twen- 
 tieth day of August, A.D. 19 . 
 
 Executed in presence of ) . . 
 A.P.PARKER, I*""*" 
 
 A,PPr\OVEF^. One who confesses a 
 crime, and accuses others of the same 
 crirne to save himsclf.-Also called 
 giving State's Evidence. 
 ^PPUKTE]NAjNCE|S. Minor rights, 
 or property, connected with real . 
 estate, which pass to the successive 
 owners of the land. Thus a transfer 
 of land carries with it all houses, 
 trees, and everything standing or grow- 
 ing upon it, and ail wines and quar- 
 ries beneath the surface-. The trans- 
 fer of a house carries with it the 
 doors, blinds, keys, etc., although 
 they may be at the time tempora- 
 rily detached, and not upon the 
 property. 
 
 A.f\BiTF\Ajiotl. The adjustment 
 
 of a disputed point by a person or 
 persons chosen by the parties i n 
 dispute. Arbiter, one chosen to 
 decide a matter in dispute. Arbi- 
 tration of Exch an pe, thededuc 
 tiori of a proportional or vtoVm.- 
 <v) \iXfc of exchange between two 
 places through an intermediate place, 
 in order to ascertain the most advan- 
 tageous method of drawing or remit 
 ting. 
 
 I hereby consent to the foregoing inden 
 ture, and agree to conform to the terms 
 thereof in all things on my part to be 
 performed. 
 
 Dated this twentieth day of August, in 
 
 A.PPHOPHIATIOfl. A sum of money 
 set apart (or a certain purpose. Appro- 
 priate, to take to one 1 : self with or with 
 out authority. 
 
 fretr a// -men, That acontro- 
 versy exists between the* undersigned, L.J. 
 Bozell and Peter Miller, concerning the 
 boundary and division lines of the follow- 
 ing tract of land, situated in\\\Ai _ta- 
 
 ' 
 
 That said L.J.Bqzell and Peter Miller do 
 hereby submit said controversy to the 
 abitrament of Absalum Sumner and Joseph 
 George. 
 
 That said award shall be made in wri 
 ting under the hands of said arbitra- 
 tors, ready to be delivered to said parties, 
 or such of them as way desire the same, 
 on or before the second day of Febru- 
 ary next. 
 
 That said award shall in all things 
 by us and each of us be well and faJth 
 fully kept, observed and performed. 
 
 In presence of 
 VB.UWBERT, 
 
 'ftoiv A// meft 6v t/>ese presents: 
 That U. Bozell and PcterMiller have, 
 this day of , A.D. 19 .submit- 
 ted their -matters in controversy, concern 
 ing the boundary and division lines of a 
 certain tract of land \to>ti\Xj.\V\, to 
 Absalum Sumner and Joseph George, to 
 arbitrate, award, order, judge and de- 
 termine of and concerning the same. 
 
 That we, the undersigned, bind our- 
 selves, in the sum of dollars,that 
 
 said L.J. Bozell and Peter Miller shall sub 
 mit to the decision and award of said 
 arbitrators, provided said award shall 
 be made in writing on or before the 
 second day of February, A.D. 19 . 
 
 200
 
 70 a// So w/ro-vr fAffj-e presents sM/ 
 co??re t o-rTrra^/ ' co-rrce-r-r?, ^-rrofis g/e '.' 
 That the -matter in controversy existing 
 between L.J.Bo2ell and Peter Miller, as 
 by their submission in writing, bearing 
 date the day of , -more fully ap- 
 pears, was submitted to Absalum Sum- 
 ner and Joseph George, as arbitrators. 
 That said arbitrators, being sworn 
 according to law, and having heard 
 the proofs and allegations of the parties, 
 and examined the matter in controversy 
 by them submitted, do make this, their 
 award, in writing: 
 
 In wit-ness whereo/, we have here- 
 unto subscribed our names, this day 
 of , A.D. I9-. 
 
 GENTLEMEN: You have been chos 
 en a-rbitrators on behalf of the under- 
 signed, to arbitrate and awa-rd between 
 them, in divers matters and things, set 
 forth in their sub-mission, which will be 
 produced for your inspection when you 
 
 meet at , in , on the day of 
 
 at o'clock .M., to heat- the allegations 
 and proofs. 
 
 ARCHIVES. The place where public 
 records arc kept; the records them 
 selves. 
 
 A.HHAJ&N. To call a wan to answer 
 in court of law. 
 
 .HR.A)(. The number of -men surnrno* 
 H to attend court as jury-men. 
 i;F\EAJ\S. That which remains due 
 a sum of money remaining in t he 
 hands of a person from whom it is due 
 
 ARTICLES. A system of rules estab 
 lished by authority, as, articles of war; 
 a written compact or agreement. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 For the purpose of organizing for the 
 manufacture and sale of; 
 
 we, the undersigned, citizens of the State 
 
 of , hereby enter into the following 
 
 Articles of Association under the Law< 
 
 of the State of ,of 19 ,19 , 
 
 and 19 , governing u.nincorporate< 
 Joint Stock Companies. 
 
 ARTICLE I. The name of this associa 
 tion shall be " 
 
 ARTICLE II. The office a-nd factory 
 of the association shall be located in 
 
 he City of -,and State of . 
 
 ARTICLE III. The object of the associa- 
 
 ion shall be to manufacture , 
 
 and sell to thereta.il and jo bbin9 
 
 rades. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. The capital stock of this as- 
 iociation shall be One Hundred and Fifty 
 Thousand Dollars, to be divided into Fif- 
 een Hundred Shares.of One Hundred Dol- 
 ars each. 
 
 ARTICLE V. The number of directors 
 n this association shall be seven, as 
 rovided by statute, and shall be elected 
 annually. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. The officers ofthisasso 
 ciation shall be seven directors, or trus- 
 ses, a president, secretary and treasurer, 
 all of which shall be elected on the sec- 
 ondTuesday after the first Monday in 
 January of each year after the first elec- 
 :ion. Said election shall be byballot,edch 
 stockholder being entitled to one vote for 
 each share held by him, provided that all 
 assessments due upon said stock shall 
 have been paid. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. This association shall 
 continue for a period of fifty years, 
 unless sooner dissolved by a court: for 
 fraud or wismanagen-ient>. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. The stockholders way. 
 by a vote at any annual election, devolve 
 upon the president, secretary, and treas 
 urer.the sole management of their busi- 
 ness. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. The death of a stock- 
 holder, or the assignment of his stock 
 shall not work a dissolution of the as 
 sociation, but shall continue as before. 
 
 ARTICLE X. That branch of law gov- 
 erning partnerships as regards the lia- 
 bility of stockholders, is recognized b y 
 this association, and nothing in these 
 articles of association shall be construe! 
 as having organized as an incorporate! 
 Joint Stock Company. 
 
 I-M witness whereo/, we have here 
 unto affixed our hands and seals this 
 day of ,A.D. 19 . 
 
 HENRY MOORE, [Seal 
 JOHN TANNER, ^Seal' 
 FLETCHER ORR, i'Seal' 
 
 }& , FLETCHER ORR, 
 
 JOHN LISTEN, Seal' 
 
 M.T.SHEIL, Seal 
 
 S.T.HONALD, [Seal. 
 
 LEONARD BEU, [Seal] 
 
 A^SS A^\J Li. An attempt or offer, wit h 
 force or violence, to do bodily hurt to an 
 other. 
 
 ^SS^TS. A term commonly used in 
 trade to designate the funds, property, 
 or effects, that is, the stock in trade, cash 
 and all the available property of a mer- 
 chant, in contradistinction to his liabil- 
 ities or obligations. Equitable assets, 
 those assets which are only reached 
 through a court of equity. Legal as- 
 sets, the property of a deceased person, 
 which the common law can reach for 
 the purpose of satisfying his creditors 
 Marshal lino o/ Assets, a technical 
 phrase, meaning such an arrangement 
 of the different funds under administra- 
 
 tio-ti, as shall enable all persons having 
 equities to receive their share, -notwith- 
 standing any intervening interests, 
 liens, or claims. 
 
 ,SSI&^IVIEHT A transfer of title 
 
 in any property; the waking over to 
 a person of all one's property and ef- 
 fects for the benefit of his creditors. As 
 siptiee, a person to whom an assign- 
 went has been -made. Assignment 
 o/ Dower, the act by which a widow's 
 share in her deceased husband's estate 
 is fixed and secured to her. 
 
 Know all tnen by these presents, 
 That I, ........... ,for value received, 
 
 -lave sold, and by these presents do 
 grant, assign, and convey unto 
 ............... \V\e-<eVw=>e-<X a. 
 
 To have and *o hold the same unto 
 the said .............. ,his execu-tors, 
 
 admimistrators, and assigns forever, 
 bo and for the use of ^he said ......... , 
 
 hereby constituting and appointing him 
 my true and lawful attorney irrevoca- 
 ble in my name, place,and stead, for 
 the purpose aforesaid, to ask, demand, 
 sue for, attach, levy, recover, a-nd -re- 
 ceive all Such sum and sums of money 
 which now are, or way hereafte become 
 due, owing and payable for or on account 
 of all or any of the accounts, dues, debts, 
 and demands above assigned to him, giv- 
 ing and granting unto the said attorney, 
 full power and authority to do and per- 
 form all and every act and thing what- 
 soever requisite and necessary, as fully, 
 to all intents and purposes, as I wight 
 or could do, if personly present with full 
 power of substitution and revocation, 
 hereby -ratifying and confirming all that 
 the said attorney or his substitute shall 
 lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue 
 thereof. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereun 
 to set my hand and seal the first day 
 of ........ , one thousand nine hund- 
 
 red and ........ . . 
 
 ,[Seal]_ 
 
 Know all we* by these presents 
 
 That I, , in consideration 
 
 of one hundred dollars, the receipt of 
 which I hereby acknowledge, do hereby as- 
 sign, transfer and set over to , 
 
 all claims and demands which I now 
 have,arid all which, at any time between 
 the date hereof and the .... day of .... 
 
 next, I way or shall have, against 
 
 ... ....... t for all sums of money due 
 
 or to become due to rnc for services as.... 
 
 That I do hereby appoint and consti- 
 tute said and his assigns my 
 
 attorney, irrevocable, to do and perform 
 all acts, matters and things in the prem- 
 ises, in like manner and to all intents 
 a-nd purposes as I could if person 
 ally present. 
 
 In witness whereof, etc. 
 
 201
 
 ASSISTANCE], VVHIT OF. A judicial 
 writ, directed to the sheriff,cornflianding 
 him to put some person into possession 
 of real properly pursuant to a decree or 
 order. 
 
 ASSOCIATION. A joint stock cornpa 
 ' 
 
 '. A variety of goods em- 
 bracing all or -most of the different 
 kinds within the range of the avowed 
 business; a quantity or variety of any 
 kind of goods, which vary in form,col- 
 01. auality, or prica. 
 
 A,SSUfv\E. To undertake or promise 
 to perform any specified service. 
 
 ASSURANCE,. A writing or other ev- 
 idence_by which one's property is secur- 
 ed to him, or under which a certain 
 sum is paid on the death of an individual. 
 
 ATTAjCnjIvtENT. A writ issued by a 
 court, by which the sheriff or other of- 
 ficer is ordered to attach or levy upon 
 certain property before judgment;; also 
 a process against a person. Foreign 
 Attachment, a process by which the 
 poods of absent debtors are seized, in or- 
 der to compel an appearance, or in de- 
 fault, to pay the claim of the plaintiff. 
 
 AJTA.IfJDEt\ The taint, stain or cor- 
 ruption of blood, which the law attach- 
 es to a criminal who has been convict- 
 ed of a capital crime. 
 
 ATTEST. To bear witness to; to certi- 
 fy to; to affirm to be true, as, toXW>v 
 acopy of record. Attestation, the exe- 
 cution of a will or other writing in the 
 presence of witnesses. 
 
 ATTORNEY. One who is appointed 
 by another to act for him. Substitu- 
 tion of Attorney, the right of a party 
 to change his attorney for another, up- 
 on obtaining an order of the court to 
 do so. Attorney of Record, one in 
 whose name the process or proceed- 
 ings as attorney are taken. 
 
 Know all -rneti by these presents: 
 That I, the undersigned, of ........... , 
 
 do hereby make, constitute and appoint 
 ............ , of .......... my true 
 
 and lawful attorney, for -me, and in -my 
 name and stead \J<\e,x, \\v-,eAV VV\, 
 t>\x\>VX-^<\i.Vw< o\ X\v, ^<5vm\, to do 
 and perform all the necessary acts in 
 the execution and prosecution of t he 
 aforesaid business, and in as full and 
 ample a manner as I might do if I were 
 personally present. 
 
 I hereby appoint .. ......... ,as my 
 
 substitute and in my sUad to do and 
 perform every act and thing which I 
 
 might or could do by virt 
 within power of atorney. 
 
 irtu-e of the 
 
 Know all rmn by these presents: 
 
 That I, ,of ,in and 
 
 by my letter of attorney, bearing date 
 the . . ..day of .did make, con- 
 stitute, and appoint C.U.Keyes my at- 
 torney, as by said letter more fully ap- 
 pears. 
 
 That I, the said do by 
 
 these presents annul, countermand, 
 revoke and make void said letter of at- 
 torney and all authority and power 
 thereby given said attorney, C. 0. Keyes. 
 In witness, etc. 
 
 [L.S.] 
 
 UCflOfJ. A sale of property, public- 
 ly, and to the highest bidder. Auction- 
 eer, one licensed to sell goods by public 
 outcry or vefldue. An auctioneer i s 
 considered the agent of both the buyer 
 and the seller. 
 
 A.UDIJ. To examine and verify accounts. 
 Auditor, one who examines and ver- 
 ifies accounts; an officer appointed by 
 the government, or by any corpora- 
 tion, to examine claims upon the treas- 
 ury, and to investigate the treasurer's 
 accounts. 
 
 JjTHOf\lTY. The lawful giving of 
 power to do something, by one person 
 to his attorney or agent. Authorities, 
 the citation of decisions of courts of 
 justice, and opinions of legal writers, 
 and statutes, which are referred to. 
 
 AyEF\Ap-E, A fair sample; the adjust 
 ment_of the proportion of loss sustain- 
 ed by insurers ; the -mean time for the 
 payment of the whole of several sums 
 due at different times; a voluntary 
 proportion of loss of property, made 
 by all persons concerned, for the safe- 
 ty of a ship and cargo. (reneral Aver- 
 age, is where loss or damage is volun- 
 tarily and properly incurred in respect 
 to the goods on board ship, or the ship 
 itself, for the general safety of both 
 ship and cargo. Oross Average, that 
 average which falls on the ship, cargo, 
 and freight. Distinguished from Par- 
 ticular Average, which is that d arti- 
 age less than the whole, falling upon 
 ji particular property. 
 0/OIRDUpOlS. Commercial stand- 
 ard of weight in the United States, Eng- 
 land, and Canada.. 
 ^/ULSlOpl. The sudden removal o( 
 land or soil from the land of one to 
 the land of another, by the. action of 
 water or change in the course of a 
 .river. The land still belongs to the first owner. 
 
 A.UXILIA.RY. A term applied to vari- 
 ous account books that are kept as 
 aids to the principal books. 
 
 A\VA,F\D. The judg_rnent given by a 
 person or persons in a case submit- 
 ted for -review and decision, by arbitra- 
 .liorj or otherwise. ^>*V'i N 6\v<Xi\<y<cCY 
 fS. Those sown 
 
 during the last year of a tenancy, but 
 not npe until after its expiration, and 
 
 which the tenant is entitled to- 
 
 BAjL. Those persons who, on release 
 of a'prisoner, become surety for his 
 appearance at a stated time; delivery, 
 in general. Bail Bond, the bond given 
 by the sureties, with the prisoner as 
 principal, for his appearance. Common 
 Bail, bail in which the surety is mere- 
 ly nominal. Special Bail, a person 
 who agrees or undertakes to be an- 
 swerable for the appearance of anoth- 
 er. Bailable Action, that certain ac- 
 tion, wherein the prisoner is entitled 
 to release upon giving bonds for his 
 reappearance. 
 
 BAILEE. A person to whom rner- 
 chandise is consigned for a specific 
 purpose. Bail!//, a person intru-sted 
 with the -management of the goods of 
 another, to whom he must account. 
 Bailment, a delivery in the hands of 
 another, of goods in trust, to be d i s- 
 posed of according to agreement or 
 direction. 
 
 BAJ-A.NCE. Scales for weighing; the 
 difference between the debit and the 
 credit sides of an account; amount 
 remaining due on settlement. Bal- 
 ance Accou-tit, an account used to con- 
 tain the balances of resources and li- 
 abilities, comprising an epitomiied 
 Statement of the condition of a busi- 
 ness. Balance o/Trade, the differ- 
 ence_ between the value of the exports 
 and imports of a country. 
 
 BA.LA.NCe; SKE^T. A statement in 
 condensed form showing the condi- 
 tion and progress of business. 
 
 Or. 
 
 1900 
 
 Jan.31 To Mdse 
 ..A. Bond 
 
 !!C.S.'FOX 
 
 Balance Account. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 7015 
 9510 
 
 5500 
 7360 
 
 ,R.T.Vard2505 
 
 .Cash 
 >, Store 
 Notes 
 
 9015 
 9500 
 617! 
 M 10 
 
 900 
 
 JirJlByB.iCo 
 L.Bel I 
 ..C. Mason 
 ..C.B.,net 
 
 capital 
 ,,H.S.,tiet 
 
 capital 
 
 2210 
 
 16300 
 7560 
 
 moo 
 
 10000 
 
 Balance Sheet, January 3 1,19-. 
 
 Proprietor 
 
 2 Cash 
 
 2 Merchandise 
 
 4 Expense 
 
 A.Conly 
 
 Alex. Kaiser 
 
 O.Crayctaft 
 
 O.F.A-mes 
 
 Comer Bros. 
 
 OordiLink 
 
 Bills Payable 
 
 BillsRcceiv. 
 
 m 
 
 251 
 H8J5J5Z5 
 
 ira 
 
 1 8" 
 
 lit 
 
 r 
 
 PROOF. 
 
 TOTAL RESOURC'S 
 
 LIABIL'S 
 
 PROP. PRES.WOH 
 
 
 202
 
 J BUSINESS! 
 
 JxtfrM* 
 
 OlP"l'"-FORMsJ 
 
 . Any heavy material placed 
 n the hold of a ship to steady it in the water. 
 
 BA.LLOOfllN(r. To work up a stock far 
 beyond its intrinsic worth by favorable 
 stories or fictitious sales. 
 
 BA.LLOT. A term used to designate any 
 small bale or package; a Swedish term 
 signifying ten reams of paper. 
 
 3 A.LSA,. A kind of raft or float used on 
 the coast of South America for landing 
 goods through a heavy serf. 
 
 3ANCO. A comme-Tcial term used at Haiti 
 burg to distinguish bank money from the 
 common currency; days of court sitting. 
 
 BAJMI^. An institution for the deposit 
 and withdrawal of money. Bankable, 
 funds which are received at the bank at 
 par value. Bank Accounts, are kept un- 
 der the names of the banks with which 
 we deal. The bank becomes Or. for our 
 deposits in it, and Cr. for our checks 
 drawn upon it. When our deposits are 
 made, whether in cash or cash items, 
 they are described on a deposit check 
 made by us, giving the name and sum 
 of each item, and the amount of the 
 whole, and the amount is entered by a 
 bank officer in our deposit book. When 
 we want any money from the bank,we 
 write and sign our application for it 
 in a paper called a check, stating the sum 
 asked for, and to whom we wish it paid. 
 Bank Balance, amount on deposit at banl 
 subject to draft. Bank Book, the book of 
 a depositor in which each deposit is enter 
 ed by the receiving teller, and whicbseri/es 
 as the dealer's voucher. Bank Bills or 
 Notes, promissory notes printed by the 
 government and issued by national 
 Banks, payable on demand, and used as 
 money. Banker, a dealer in money; one 
 who is entrusted with the funds of another 
 Bank Hours, the time within which bus 
 iness is transacted at a bank, usually 
 from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. Bankrupt, a 
 person who is unable to pay his debts; us 
 ually applicable to merchants or business 
 men. Bankrupt Act, the Congressional 
 act or law providing for the discharge o> 
 bankrupt debtors. Bank Stock, the paid 
 up capital of a bank, usually divided into 
 shares of a certain amount, for which 
 certificates are given, and which may 
 be transferred by assignment. 
 
 BAJMI^ fjOT/E. A promissory note pay 
 able at a bank, formulated thus: 
 
 *500f OENVER.COL., MAY 21,19- 
 
 Thirty days after date, I promise to pay-... 
 
 H.B. Brown, cashier, or order 
 
 Five Hundred Dollars, 
 
 value received, with interest. Payable at 
 Colorado Nat'l Bank. 
 V\^im& HOVER M.SPRA&UE. 
 
 C.P.ENDICOTT, 
 L.S. COM STOCK. 
 
 5ANKS. Corporate institutions char- 
 tered by Stale or Federal authority for 
 the convenient transaction of mone- 
 tary operations. They are authorized to 
 issue bank notes or bills for circula- 
 tion to be used as money, to receive 
 deposits, discount notes, buy and sell 
 exchange, gold and silver coin, bullion, 
 uncurrent money, to lend -money on 
 surety, etc. Thei-r special privileges in 
 these directions are granted u-pon the 
 ground of the benefits which they con- 
 fer, and in consideration of certain 
 guaranties upon their part which -ren 
 der -them safe and reliable. 
 
 3A.R.. The whole body of lawyers is 
 called the bar; a perpetual destruction 
 of the right of plaintiff's action; place 
 where prisoners are arraigned. 
 
 SAJ^OAJN A contract or verbal agree 
 
 merit between two parties; often us- 
 ed in the sense of an advantageous 
 purchase, as,"l boujrhtitataVKuyiviv." 
 ARQUE. A three-wasted vessel carry- 
 ing no square sails on her rniiTenrnast. 
 
 A.H'WHY The practice of stir-ring 
 
 up and exciting quarrels and litigation 
 either in the courts or out; any spe- 
 cies of fraud on the part of a shipmas- 
 ter or -mariners by which owners or 
 insurers are injured. 
 
 Afl^El A measure o( capacity /o-r 
 
 liquids, grain, salt,etc. Barrel Bulk, a 
 measure of capacity for freight aqual 
 to 5 cubic feet. 
 
 A^TEI^ A traffic or trade, by ex- 
 changing one kind of goods for an- 
 other. 
 
 BAJTEF\Y. A? unlawful physical beat 
 ing, or .other violence done the person 
 
 A>DY H<toSE A house of ill fame, 
 
 kept for the unlawful resort and com- 
 merce of persons of both sexes. 
 A^AR,. A word signifying a place 
 of exchange or general market place; 
 a repository of fancy articles, espe- 
 cially of dress. 
 
 BEA,CO[0. A signal or lipht intended 
 as a guidance to mariners. It is usual- 
 ly erected at governmental expense. 
 
 BE.LLlO-EF\E^TS Nations actually 
 engaged in war. Sometimes applied 
 to persons. 
 
 BE(Ar\. One who tries to depress the 
 price of stocks, etc., and for this reas- 
 on "goes short." 
 
 BEA.RER,. The person bearing, hold- 
 ing, or presenting for payment a 
 note, draft, or check. Bills which 
 are payable to bearer are negotiable 
 without endorsement. 
 EjNCH- The judges as a whole, as 
 distinguished from the lawyers; the 
 seat where the judges sit. Bench War- 
 fan*, an order issued by a court for 
 the immediate arrest of a person. 
 
 BEQ)JEA % TI-J. To give personal prop- 
 erty by will. 
 
 E|TROTHlv\EtlT. A mutual contract 
 between a man and woman, by which 
 they agree that they will marry each 
 other at some future day. 
 E^TTERJVlEplTS. Various improve- 
 ments made to an estate Tendering 
 it better than mere repairs would be 
 considered as doing. 
 
 3I\.L. A statement in writing, as alist 
 of items bought or sold, or of service 
 rendered; a general term for negotia- 
 ble paper; as, Bills Payable, Bills Receiv- 
 able, etc. Bill Book, a book containing 
 the particulars of all notes and drafts 
 issued and received. Bill Head, a printed 
 form used by merchants for the'tr bills 
 and statements of account. Bill Obliga- 
 tory, a bond absolute for the payment 
 of money. Bill of Costs, a statement of 
 the items of the costs of an action. Bill 
 of Discovery, a bill for the discovery of 
 facts resting in the knowledge of the de- 
 fendant, or of deeds, writings, or other 
 things in his custody or power, but seek- 
 ing no relief in consequence of the dis- 
 covery. Bill of Exceptions, a writen 
 appeal or statement of objections to the 
 decision of the court. Bill of Exchange, 
 a general designation given to drafts, 
 whether domestic or foreign. If for- 
 eign, it is usually drawn in sets of three, 
 and sent by different steamers, or oth- 
 er modes of conveyance, so that one 
 at least will be sure to reach its desti- 
 nation. T he payment of any one of 
 these cancels them all. Bill of Indict- 
 ment, a written charge against one or 
 mo-re persons, of some specific crime, 
 presented to a grand jury. Bill of Lading, 
 a written receipt given by masters of 
 vessels for goods shipped, whereby they 
 agree to deliver them at their destina 
 lion. Also applied to railway and oth 
 er transportation companies. Bill o/fiar 
 cejs, a detailed account of goods 5 old 
 Bill o( Particulars, a detailed state- 
 ment of the plaintiff's claim for ac- 
 tion, or of the defendant's set-off.Bill 
 o/ Purchase, a statement of goods or 
 wares bought at one time, embracing 
 both the quantity and price of each ar- 
 ticle and the amount of the whole. 
 Bill of Review, one which is brought 
 to have a decree of the court reviewed, 
 altered, or reversed.Bill of flights, a. 
 list of rights; a paper containing a dec- 
 laration of rights of individuals, or the 
 declaration itself. Bill of Sale, a writ- 
 ten contract given by the seller to the 
 buyer, transferrfng the ownership of 
 personal property. Bill of Samples, a 
 list of samples, including prices, of the 
 various articles dealt in by wholesale 
 dealers, and sent out to retailers. Bit Is 
 Payable, our notes and drafts payable 
 to other parties. Bills Receivable, other 
 people's notes or drafts in our posses- 
 sion, made payable to us. 
 
 MR.C.B.SHANKS, 
 
 ST. PAUL, MAY 1 0,19. 
 L.S. LITTIE. 
 
 l2yds.Mous.de laine, @ .20 
 
 I doi. Linen Hdkfs., 
 
 17yds. Flannel, ., .45 
 
 25 .- Muslin, .23 
 
 12 I bs. Brown Sugar, .. .14 
 
 5 < Green Tea, 1.20 
 
 10 Java Coffee, .40 
 
 *3048 
 
 240 
 
 00 
 
 765 
 
 575 
 
 68 
 
 6 00 
 400 
 
 203
 
 BlLlS, CONTINUED __ 
 
 %\>xjRiSBircta 
 
 SACRAMENTO.MAY 7,19 
 MR.A.R.BENTON, 
 
 " EN &. Co. 
 
 To 7yds. Broadcloth, @ 3.25 
 ' 
 
 .20 ..F-r. Chintz, 
 ,.10 "frinaharti, 
 ,.l2x.Drillino, 
 .48. .Muslin, 
 
 Received p&yment, 
 
 H.&REEN iCo. 
 
 K, OCT. 1,19-. 
 
 . Ao O.S.&ULitCo., 
 
 810 
 
 25 bows Cheese, 81 738 .12 
 lObaosFlairssed, 
 
 1206-11 1195 Ibs.Zia bus.., 3.30 
 
 2 bbls. EMS, 
 
 I4l-6"l35doz., .25 
 
 Rec'd payment, 
 I;-' 1 - 1 "! O.S.&ULL& Co., 
 I s *"! per L.C. MORE. 
 
 6402 
 
 33,7 
 
 MR.W.S.LOWOER, 
 
 0.8.35, PIO 
 TEMS,.TO*V 
 
 .G-o,\\wo.,6,l9 . 
 A.C.KRINC-&.CO. 
 
 365 20 2 doz.Men'sBU.Cas.Hats,@4.00 *48 00 
 1216 36 prs.Wometils Balmorals,., 2.10 75 61 
 1301 36 ..Child's Kid Boots, .60 2160 
 Received payment, 
 
 . A.C.KfliN&iCo. 
 
 ^ p j per A.H. PENCE. 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, JUNE 8,19 . 
 MESSRS. C.P.BROWN i.Co., 
 o.e.6,pcE i7. ^oucjVx cA H ANNA &. JENNER. 
 
 Doi.Edo'd Muffins, &* |5s ( n 
 Mocco Pitchers, ^55, r 1 ^, 
 Table Tumblers, @ 1.25, 
 
 20SetsW.G-tart.Teas,@|.|0, 
 
 . Bec'd paymert bN at4 wos. 
 HANNA S. JENNER. 
 
 $4 
 
 ^XVVi^Q^ , 
 
 CLEVELAND, JULY 3,19 
 MR. JAMES MURRAY, 
 
 \oJoHNNELSON, \yv 
 
 JAN. 
 Feb. 14 
 
 For Professional Services i-n Family, 
 . 4 visits to ton, John Murrau, 
 .3 ., 
 
 $1000 
 500 
 300 
 
 41800 
 
 LOUISVILLE, MARCH ,19 . 
 MP..&EORCE LEWIS, 
 
 AoT.H. MONROE, 
 
 41575 
 640 
 
 il2J 
 
 42440 
 
 F^b. 10 ForRepaitinj House, as pftConttsct, 
 800 fee* Pine Boards, @*8 
 For Lock and Key for door, 
 
 Received payment, 
 
 T.H.MONROE. 
 
 NEWORLEANS, MAY 4,19. 
 MB.EOWABOCOAN, 
 
 "\& HENRYO.SMITH, ^>i. 
 
 For htstrurtion t>( son, Harry Coa^i, 
 
 rn Enalish Branches^ mos.,tl5.0(l 
 
 in French, ,, 2000^2500 
 
 i. Instruction of dau?htEllaCoan, 
 
 'm English Branches^ mos.,415.00 
 
 in Music, >. 15.00 
 
 ,, Use of Piano 10.00 
 
 ,. Books furnished during khefc, 
 
 Received payment, 
 
 HENRY O.SMITH, 
 per S,T. MARSH. 
 
 4000 
 350 
 
 *7850 
 
 LITTLE Rock, Nov. 23,19. 
 MR.S.B. KEARNEY, 
 
 "\tt M.P.WOLSEY. ^"(. 
 
 Apt 10 To5bbls.XeniaFlour, . 
 " . 10 Ibs. Pearl Starch, 
 
 May 13 
 19 
 
 Aft. 
 May 
 
 @ $15.00 *75 00 
 
 ..2bbls.PrimePoTk, 
 
 17.50 
 
 CR. 
 
 , $51.00 
 25.. F.Chintj, .40, IO 
 
 Balance due, 
 Settled by due-bill, 
 
 M.P.WOLSEY. 
 
 ilM 80 
 
 o 
 
 r- ' 
 
 I * 
 
 . . B 
 
 * trf 
 
 S gj" 
 
 H-M 
 
 NO 
 OSE 
 
 
 : : f 
 
 ? f i 
 
 180 
 
 35,00 
 
 CHICAGO,!!!., Nov. 1,19-. 
 
 ExrHAN&E FOR.! 
 
 i. 50O. 1 Sixty days after sipht, o( 
 this our First o/ Exch&no* (second and 
 third of the same tenor and date unpaid} 
 pay to th order of Addis Youna, Five 
 Hundred Pounds Sterli-np, vaiu-e re- 
 ceived, and charje the same to 
 
 JOSIAH SCOTT kCo. 
 To *he Union Bank of London, j 
 No.87L London, Enj.j 
 
 V\ t V.^. 
 
 W\4 \NOWS. 
 TM^^.'i^VV) 
 
 No.119. SAN FRANCISCO, OCT. 3,19 . 
 
 SHIPPED by Philip Keene,as Apent. in 
 apparent pood oidef, on board the Pro- 
 pellet Vi-rainiaVinei/atd, o( Seattle, 
 Wash., wherof Charles O'Conner, o< 
 Salem, 0-re., is Master, the follovvinp 
 described p-rope-rty, to be transported 
 to the place o destination without un- 
 necessary delay, and to be delivered as 
 addressed on thetnar^in in like jood 
 order, in the customary -ma-mier, free 
 li^hteraoe, lipon prompt pay-merit of 
 freight and char9es as p-rescribed in 
 this bill. 
 
 The freight, charoes, and demurrape 
 payable *o James H . Osier, CashierV,\. 
 ^^CxoxN-sX^'s.-v^K of Seattle, Wash., or 
 order, at place o< destination, who is 
 the only party authorized to collect 
 the same, and whose receipt shall be 
 in full of all demands on this carjo or 
 Bill of Ladina. 
 
 l-n witness whereof, the said Master 
 of said boat hath affirmed *p three Bills 
 of Ladinj, one -marked "ori^itial" and 
 two "duplicate," of this tenor and date, 
 one of which beino accomplished the 
 others to stand void. 
 
 Order of Salem Bank, 10,000 Bushels Nol 
 WittKrrWheat. 
 FT't.Sc.perbu. 
 
 NotifuS NKtCo.,StTIU. , 
 
 ft. L. MINOR. 
 M.V.CRYSLER. 
 
 0&OEN,UTAH,Stpt.l,l9 . 
 
 MRS. ASA HULL, 
 
 Bought of CLARA BOYER. 
 
 2 Lephom Hats, @ *l.87 *3.74 
 
 2 Pah- Gloves, 1.62 3.24 
 
 2 .. SilkHose, -. 1.00 2.00 
 
 * o QQ 
 
 Received payment, 
 
 CLARA 6ovR. 
 
 SPRIN&F-IELD, Nov. 3, 19 . 
 
 MRjERRvRuSK, 
 
 Bought oi MAXWELL i. BODE, 
 
 700 Seamless Baos,@ .20 * 140.00 
 
 600 Coffee Bays, .10 60.00 
 
 Rec'd paym'*, by Note at 30 da. , * i - 00 
 MAXWELL! BODE, 
 
 per WILCOX. 
 
 204
 
 KNOW ALL MEN by this instrument, 
 that I, Howard Carson, of Lexington, Ky., 
 of the first part, for and in consideration 
 of Ei9ht Hundred and Fifty Dollars, to 
 me paid by Edwin Arnold, of the same 
 place, of the second part, the receipt where- 
 of is hereby acknowledped, have sold, 
 and by this instrument do convey unto 
 said Arnold, party of the second part,his 
 executors, administrators, and assipns, 
 my undivided half of fifty acres ofo/rass, 
 now prowinp on the farm of Munfprd 
 Whisler, near the town above mention- 
 ed; one pair of mules, ten swine, and 
 two cows, belonpinp to me, and in my 
 possession at the farm aforesaid: to have 
 and to hold the same unto the party of 
 the second part, his executors a-nd as- 
 sipns, forever. And I do, for -myself 
 and lepal representatives, apree with 
 the said party of the second part, an d 
 his lepal representatives, to warrant and 
 defend the sale of the aforementioned prop- 
 erty and chattels unto the said party of 
 the second part, and his lepal represent- 
 atives, apainst all and every person what- 
 soever. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereun- 
 to affixed my hand, this day of , 
 
 one thousand nine hundred and...... 
 
 SHORT FORM. 
 
 I ,of. ,in consideration 
 
 Of. dollars paid b; 
 
 of ................ hereby sell and convey to said 
 
 ............... the followinp personal proper 
 
 t if VVva-^'vixwA vtaotaXt, <A vxwtomi\i war 
 ranted against adverse claims. 
 Witness my hand this ................ day 
 
 COLUMBUS,FE8.7,19"" 
 
 MORSE & Co., 
 
 ^o\x<J<* o4 MUNSON BROS 
 Dealers in Dry Goods. 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 doj.eacH. Samples. 
 876 
 
 318 
 674 
 416 
 520 
 
 .2) 
 
 AMT. 
 
 800 
 750 
 550 
 
 700 
 450 
 650 
 
 3900 
 
 Samples less than dozens are sent out either 
 fctiotl dpz.each. Bills are rendered as abov 
 and ra'i OTJ is taken as the case may be. 
 
 JACKSONVILIE,FLAI,FEB.I, 19-- 
 MR.C.B.BEECHUM, 
 "\o ELLSWORTH BROS, &. Co.,^\. 
 Plu-mbe-rs and Gas Fitter*. 
 
 Jan 
 
 2 For WhoursonWaterPipe, < 
 14 .. .. helper, > 
 7 Repairino G-as Meter, 
 17 28ft. -Hti.G-alv. Pipe, 
 2 i-in.T's, I 
 
 Cuttirip Pipe, 
 
 560 
 350 
 
 224 
 20 
 40 
 
 2 50 
 
 14-44 
 
 ,, To oblipe one by act 
 of court to yive bonds to appear and an- 
 swer, or to keep the peace. B indi-np ou*, 
 a contract of apprenticeship sipned by the 
 auardian or parent as well as the minor. 
 LApKMAJI-. An illegal extortion of 
 money by threats of exposure. 
 
 BLOCKADE. An actual shuttinp up of 
 a port or place by the occupation of an 
 enemy, preventinp coimrnmication there- 
 with. 
 
 OAJID OF Aj-DEfMEN, A city board, 
 called the common council, with author- 
 ity to make laws for the citizens. Alder- 
 men rank next below the mayor, and 
 sometimes act as justices. BoArd of Su- 
 pervisors, a county board, to whom the 
 fiscal affairs of the county are intrusted, 
 Board o/ Trade, an association of busi- 
 ness men organized and maintained for 
 mutual benefit, and for the regulation 
 and advancement of commercial inter- 
 ests; also known as Chamber of Commerce, 
 Merchants' Exchanpe, etc. 
 
 30flD. A written oblipation under 
 seal bindiny the party who executes it 
 to perform certain expressed acts, usu- 
 ally to pay acertain sum of money at a 
 certain time. The penalties for non-per- 
 formance in a bond are usually placed 
 at double the surn mentioned, for the 
 purpose of coverinp cost of collecting, 
 interest, etc. Bondape, held by lepal 
 oblipation. Bonded G-oods, those which 
 are stored in a bonded warehouse, or in 
 bonded cars, the owner havinp g i ven 
 bonds securing the payment of import 
 duties or of internal revenues, u- p o n 
 their removal, or their arrival at some 
 inland city of entry, and before a spec- 
 ified time. Bonded Warehouse, a wane 
 house in which imported merchandise is 
 stored until the importer makes entry 
 for withdrawal or consumption, and 
 pays duties, or until he withdraws for 
 re-exportation to a fore ipn country with 
 out payinp duties. These warehouses are 
 owned by private individuals, who enpape, 
 under sufficient guaranty, to perform 
 their duties in strict accordance with the 
 warehousinp laws, and who must first 
 be desipnated and approved by the Secne 
 tary of the Treasury. Bonds-man, one 
 who is bound, or pives security for the 
 faithful performance of any contract. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, 
 that I ............. , of ........... ,'n the Coun 
 
 ty of ............. , am held and finnlij 6oun< 
 
 to ................. of ............. ,in the Coun 
 
 t of. ............ ,in the sum of. ..... dollars 
 
 \ to be paid to the said.. 
 
 to the paynient whereof I bind myself 
 and my Meirs fh-wly by these prese-nts, 
 sealed with my seal. 
 Dated the ....... day of. ....... ,A.O.I9 
 
 The condition of this oblipation is sucK 
 that if I, the said ................. shall pay 
 
 to said ................. the sum of. dollars, 
 
 and interest, on or before the ...... .day 
 
 of ............ , 19 ..... , then this obligation 
 
 shall be void. 
 
 VMKMM& wfc WwiexeA i r, , 
 
 V\%sciuoV ............ ............. I -I 
 
 Know all -men by these presents, 
 that' we, ............... ,as principal, and 
 
 ................ and ................ ,assuTe- 
 
 ties, all of ........... , in the County of ...... , 
 
 State of ............ , are holden and stand 
 
 firmly bound unto ..................... o/ 
 
 said ............... , in the sum of.. ..dollars, 
 
 to be paid to the said ............... ,to the 
 
 payment whereof we jointly and sever- 
 ally bind ourselves and our respective 
 heirs, firmly by these presents sealed 
 with our seals. 
 
 Dated at ........... this ........... day of 
 
 ........ ...., A.0. 19 ..... 
 
 The condition of this, etc.(as above). 
 
 \.nec.\vVa\ \vk taX\>nw& J ........... [L. S.] 
 
 BON\JS. A sum of money paid as a 
 premium for benefits received, or for 
 a loan. 
 
 BOOI^D^BT. An entry orcharje on a 
 ledper; called also an open account in 
 contradistinction to a written promise 
 or note. Bookkeeper, one who keeps 
 the accounts; an accountant. Bookkeep 
 ijj, a, systematic record o_f business 
 transactions, showing the kinds and a 
 mount of property and debts aM he 
 bepinninp, the debits and credits, anci 
 the pains and losses arisinp from the 
 business transacted, and the net re- 
 sult of the business as a whole. Book 
 Trade, the business of printin9, pub 
 lishina, and selling books. 
 
 BOSC/\GE. Food for cattle derived from 
 wood, bush es.and trees. 
 OfiftOW. To receive for a. lime an ar 
 tide or a substance which is to be -return 
 ed either in itself or its equivalent. 
 0"TTOfv\F(Y. A contract in the nature o, 
 a mortpape, called a bottomry bond, by 
 which a ship is hypothecated to secure 
 a loan /or the use of the ship durinp a 
 voyape. The lender loses his -money in 
 case the ship is lost. 
 
 BOUGHT Purchased; the past tense of buy 
 Bought and Sold Notes, memorandums 
 of a sale by a broker, delivered to each 
 party to the contract. 
 OUHDAJvf. The line that separates 
 two estates. A raJwcaN boundary is one 
 placed by nature, as a river, etc. An arts 
 V\va\ boundary is one established by man. 
 Ol)N1\. An additional payment piv- 
 en to encouraoe certain industries, or en 
 terprises; or given to persons to \nf--- 
 them to enlist in the army. 
 
 B F\A,ND . A mark made with a hot iron upon 
 a cask or case; a trade -markeither written.en 
 ptaved or printed, consistino of a simple device 
 picture, combination, or name. Brand ino . 
 a punishment indicted by buminp an offeti< 
 er with a hot iron; a mark of infamy. 
 
 208
 
 4 . Violation of a bond or contract. 
 Breach of Promise, the breaking or vio- 
 lation of a man's word, especially when ap- 
 plied to a promise to marry. Breach of 
 Trust, the misappropriation of anything 
 intrusted to any one hi confidence; the 
 violation of duty by a trustee. 
 HEA,OSTUpFS. A term applied to the 
 various kinds of grain, flour, meal, etc. 
 HEA.KA.OE. Allowance for things bro- 
 ken; allowance made by the shipper or 
 seller upon certain descriptions of frag- 
 ile goods. 
 
 HIBX- A gi^ intended to corrupt; a 
 gift or reward, by any promise or agree- 
 ment, to any person in a judicial position, 
 in order to influence his action; the tak- 
 ing or giving of a reward for appointing 
 another to a public position. 
 
 F\OI^ER An agent who effects sales 
 
 or purchases, or who makes loans and 
 contracts for another; a dealer in stocks. 
 A broker does not usually have possession 
 of the property which he sells or buys as 
 agent. Brokerage, a single commission 
 paid for simply securing or effecting a 
 sale or purchase of merchandise, stocks, 
 gold, land.or other property, for exchang- 
 ing money, negotiating any bargain be- 
 tween a seller or buyer, or transacting any 
 similar business for another. 
 IHOTh\EL. A common habitation for 
 prostitutes; a lewd place. They may be 
 indicted as common nuisances. 
 
 BULL. A stock-exchange term applied to 
 a person who, believing that a certain stock 
 will rise in the market, makes his contracts 
 upon that faith; a brief or mandate issuec 
 by the Pope of Rome, to which is attached 
 a seal of lead or gold. 
 
 BllLLlOpl. Money having no stamp; a 
 commercial name for uncoined gold or 
 silver in the bulk. 
 
 UFIDE>I OF Pty>OF. In a case at law,the 
 duty of proving the facts, and oereral I y 
 lies upon him who asserts the affirmative. 
 
 UHGLA.RJ. f^e act of breaking into 
 
 and entering the dwelling or business 
 room of another, with the.intent to com- 
 mit some felony therein. 
 
 BUSHEL. A standard measure of capacity 
 used mostly to measure grain and other 
 dry products of various kinds. It is a 
 cylindrical vessel I8i inches in diameter 
 and 8 inches deep inside, containing 
 2150. 41 cubic inches. 
 
 BUTTS. The-short pieces or ends on ara 
 ble lands left in plowing. Butts and Bounds, 
 the angles or points where the lines bound 
 ing an estate change their direction. 
 
 BUSINESS Exchange of commodities 
 
 and of commercial values; calling, trade, 
 DTofessjon, or any regular occupation. 
 
 Accuracy- Keep accurate accounts, and know 
 the exact condition of you-r a/fairs. 
 Advantages- There '5 more in the \vs of 
 
 advantages than in the -measure of hem. 
 
 Agents Agents are responsible to their 
 principals for errors. 
 
 Appearances-- Trust no -man's appearan- 
 ces; they are often deceptive, and assum- 
 ed for the purpose of obtaining credit. It 
 is the rogue who is generally dressed 
 well; the rich are generally plain wen. 
 
 Business-- Attend to your own business 
 and not your neighbor's. 
 
 Business Hours Business men, in bus- 
 iness hours, attend only Robustness -mat 
 ters; social calls are best adapted to the so- 
 cial circle. Make your business known in 
 few words, without loss of time. 
 
 Choice- -Never re-fuse a choice when you. 
 can get it. 
 
 Con/idcnce--.Cortf ide in few; treat all 
 with respect; wrong no man. 
 
 Consideration An agreement without 
 consideration is void. 
 
 Credit-" To preserve long friendship, 
 keep a short credit; the way to get cred- 
 it is to be punctual; the way to preserve 
 it is not to use it too much. Be well sat- 
 isfied before you give a credit that those 
 to whom you. give it are men to be trust 
 
 tly when C Aj 
 
 bearing th< 
 
 Deb* Goods in store are better than 
 bad debts; an outlawed debt is revived 
 should the debtor make a partial payment. 
 
 Demand--- If no time of payment is speci- 
 fied in a note it is payable on demand. _ 
 
 Designs Keep y_our designs and busi- 
 ness from the views of others, yet beam B 
 did to all. 
 
 Economy- --Be economical; a gain usu. 
 ally requires an expense ;wbai is saved is clear. 
 
 Fitm.d-.lt is afraud to conceal a fraud; 
 a note obtained by fraud, or from a 
 person intoxicated, cannot be collected. 
 
 Ignorance Ignorance of law excuses no one 
 
 Indorsement The indorser of anote 
 is exempt from liability, if not served 
 with notice of its dishonor within twen- 
 ty-four hours of its non-payment 
 
 Impossibilities The law compels no one 
 to do impossibilities. 
 
 Interest --Notes bear interest onl, 
 so worded; if they are interest-bearing 
 notes, they draw interest after matun 
 ty until paid. 
 
 Intoxication An intoxicated person's 
 signature to a negotiable paper is inef- 
 fectiveit cannot be enforced against 
 him. 
 
 |nves*Mien*i-Of two investments, chtMt 
 that which will best promote your business. 
 
 Known Become known,-and /avoraNii known. 
 
 Lost orStolen If anote be lost or stolen, it 
 does not release the maker, he -must pay it. 
 
 Lunatic A contract with a lunatic is void- 
 Mean Act A mean act will soon recoil, 
 and a rnan of honor will be esteemed. 
 
 Memorandum Keep a memorandum bonk 
 in your pocket, and note every particular 
 relative to appointments, addresses, and 
 petty cash matters. 
 
 Minor A contract made with a minor is 
 invalid; a note given by a minor is void, 
 unless he ratifies it after becoming of zye. 
 
 No Never be afraid to say no, and always 
 prompt to acknowledge and rectify any 
 wrong ; 
 
 Perfection- -Endeavor tote perfect in 
 
 the calling in which you are engaged 
 PlaceHave a place for everything, and 
 
 everything in its place. 
 Partners The acts of one partner bi-nd 
 all the others; each individual in a part- 
 nership is responsible for the whole amount 
 of the debts of the firm. 
 Principals Principals are responsible for 
 the acts of their agents. 
 RealityReality makes no allowances for 
 wishes or bad plans. 
 
 Receipt A receipt for money paid is not 
 legally conclusive. 
 
 Securi-ty-'-Be cautious how you become 
 security for any person. 
 Signatures-- Signatures made with a lead 
 pencil are good in law. 
 Stranger Let your dealings with a 
 stranger be most carefully considered, 
 and tried friendship duly appreciated. 
 Sunday Contracts made on Sunday can 
 not be enforced ; contracts for advertis- 
 ing in a Sunday newspaper are invalid; 
 a note drawn on Sunday is void. 
 To-morrow- -Leave nothing for to-mor- 
 row that should be done to-day. 
 Tricks of Trade Leave "tricks of trade" 
 to those whose education was never com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Value ReceivedIt is not legally necessa- 
 ry to say on a note"for value received." 
 Without Recourse An endorser can 
 avoid liability by writing"without 
 . recourse" beneath his signature. 
 
 y. To purchase or bargain for. Buy- 
 ing Long, buying in expectation of a 
 rise in the market price. 
 BY EjSTIIvi/VnOfj. A phrase used in 
 conveyances; as, the property is de- 
 scribed as containing so many acres 
 
 , -r^..-. Local or subordinate laws 
 and regulations made by societies or 
 corporations for the government o( 
 its members.-Theu must be made in 
 harmony with the laws of the United 
 States, and of their own 5tate;other- 
 wise they are void. 
 
 AJJINEJ' The advisory council of 
 the chief executive of the United States 
 or other governments, when assem- 
 bled -to concert measures for the adrnrn 
 istration of its affairs. 
 
 CALENDAR. A list of causes pending 
 trial in court. It contains the names 
 of tVie parties, and of the attorneys who 
 act for them. 
 
 CALCULATE. To reckoner adjust 
 by comparison; to ascertain or deter- 
 mine by mathematical processes, usu- 
 ally by rules of arithmetic. 
 
 CALL. Demand for the payment of 
 an instrument due; a privilege given 
 to another to"call" for delivery at a 
 time and price fixed. Call and Put, a 
 stock-broker's term relating specially 
 to the practice of betting upon the fu- 
 ture value of stocks. Calling to -the 
 Bar. admitting a person to practice at 
 the bar. 
 
 CANCEL. To erase or annul- Cancel- 
 lation, the act of deitroying a writ- 
 ing by drawing lines across it in the shape 
 of a cross . Some instmmonls can be can- 
 celed by mere revocation. 
 
 206
 
 , , . 
 
 . - Money of other property 
 i-nvested in business. Capital Crime, one 
 for which the penalty of death is inflict- 
 ed. Capital Stock, 'money o-r other prop- 
 erty raised by the members of an asso- 
 ciation or corporation, and divided in- 
 to shares. Capi-tatioti, a tar yearlyjaid 
 upon each person; a poll-tax. Captain, a 
 master of avessel; an officer in the po- 
 lice force; the cortitnander of a milita- 
 ry company. Captation, the act of one 
 who by insidious attentions, show of a 
 friendly feeling, or other means, pains 
 control over the will of another. 
 C^r\G-0. The poods or merchandise car 
 ried in a vessel or ship and constituting 
 
 BUSINESS TERMS. 
 
 _ v . . . v _ J. The act of examining the -re- 
 turns of votes for a public officer. 
 iAPAkClfy. A compliance with the -req- 
 uisites for the performance of civil acts; 
 the ability to receive or act, to sue and 
 be sued; extant, room, or qualification. 
 
 . A technical ph-rase 
 used in an indictment charging the defen- 
 datit with the_ crime of rape. 
 /ySE. A suit or action at law or in eq- 
 uity; also an appeal book. Case Stated, a 
 written statement o( facts agreed upon, 
 and submitted to the court for a decis- 
 ion upon the legal points involved, in or 
 der to avoid the formalities of a trial. 
 ^SH. That which is used as -money, 
 such as bank bills,coin, bonds, checks, 
 and any paper easily converted into -mow 
 r u. Cash Account, the title of one's ac- 
 count with money, and with what are 
 known as Cash Items; as, bank checks, 
 sight drafts, etc., which are payable in 
 money when called for. This title does 
 not include notes and drafts that be 
 corne due and payable at some future 
 day, but simply Cash and Cash Items in 
 hand. Cash Balance, the balance due in 
 Cash at any required date, including both 
 debits and credits, and the interest aris- 
 ing on them severally, to the time when 
 the balance isrequired.Cash Book,abool< 
 containing a record of all Cash received, 
 whether frorn sales, from notes falling 
 due, for services rendered, or for ar oth 
 er consideration; and of all sums paid for 
 whatever purpose. Cash Sales, the sales 
 made for ready money in contradistinc 
 tion to sales on which credit is given. 
 
 CASH. 
 
 IH 
 
 K5^_ 
 
 Alex.G-ibson on acct., 
 Sold F.Bode bill Mdsc. 
 
 p? 
 
 ?0 
 
 [I' 
 
 . 
 
 K> CO 
 
 ':". 3 ~j* 
 
 i 
 
 c_n ^ 
 1 l? 
 
 1 
 
 Mdse.bo'tofC.S.Ladd, 
 
 Rent of Store, 
 ^a\*v\&&, 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 '. : 
 
 ll 
 
 tji 
 
 en 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 -$? 
 A 
 
 CATCHING- BARGAIN. An aareement 
 made with an heir expectant for the- 
 purchase of his expectancy at an inad- 
 equate price. 
 
 A^/EAJ. A warning of caution; a no 
 tice filed in the patent office, by one pro- 
 posing to take out a patent, used as a 
 bar against any other person obtaining 
 a patent (or the same invention. 
 
 CENSUS. An official numbering of the 
 people. -Made in the United States once 
 each decade, beginning with 1190. 
 EtfTEH Of POPULATION. Ifacoun 
 try were a plane without weipht, and 
 so poised that it would stand exactly 
 horizontal when supportin9 the people 
 of that country, the center of gravity 
 thus formed would be the center of pop 
 ufetion. In the United States the cen- 
 ter of population was 22 miles west 
 of Baltimore, -near the 39th parallel 
 North Latitude, in 1790 . One hundred 
 years later, 1890, it had moved west- 
 ward, near the same parallel, to a point 
 70miles west of Cincinnati; haying 
 traveled westward at an average rate of 
 5. 1 wiles per year, or 51 miles' each dec 
 
 EL^Bt\AT|OrJS. An occasional cel- 
 ebration will introduce a pleasinp viri 
 ety in the routine of life. These com 
 prise picnics, excursions, dinners, re- 
 unions, festivals, etc., and are usually 
 aiven by some society. Whatever be the 
 nature of the celebration, there should 
 be appointed a part or all of the follow 
 ing committees: 
 
 I. An executive committee, usually 
 of three, to have general supervision 
 
 Of the whole affair. 
 
 2. A finance committee, who will so- 
 licit thenecessary funds. 
 
 3. A committee on grounds, whose 
 duty will be the selection of a suitable 
 place for holding the celebration, fur- 
 nishing speakers' stand, seats for the 
 people, etc. 
 
 4. A committee on oratory, who 
 will provide speakers* and, if for the 
 Fourth of July, a reader of the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, etc. 
 
 5. A committee on rnusic, whose 
 duty will be to provide a band, sing- 
 ing by a glee club, etc. 
 
 o. A committee on procession,who 
 will induce the various societies-and 
 a representation from the different 
 trades, to appear in street procession, 
 along with a representation of the dif- 
 ferent States of the Union. 
 
 7. A committee on fireworks, who 
 will attend to the ar-rangertients for 
 such exhibition in the evening. 
 
 8. A committee on military display 
 who will organize any military exhi- 
 bition that -may be thought advisable, 
 take charge of firing guns, etc. 
 
 9. A committee on amusements, to 
 have special charge of, and organize 
 such street display of burlesque, etc., 
 as will entertain and a-muse the people. 
 
 :Er\T!FICATE OF DEPOSIT Certifi- 
 cates of Deposit are used when money 
 is temporarily deposited, and no regu- 
 lar bank account is kept. They -may be 
 used for making remittances by having 
 them made payable to another person's 
 order. 
 
 No.H96. 
 
 CHICAC-ONATIONALBANK. 
 
 Chica90,lll.,Feb. 21,19 
 ...... has deposited m this 
 
 iank _ ft'Aa ~S\\o\xv&.-Y\& - Ool lars 
 : o the credit of....Mvwvje\\ ..... payable 
 
 on return of this Certificate properly 
 endorsed. 
 
 The certifying 
 of a check means that the person draw 
 ing the check has funds to his credit to 
 the amount of the check, and the bank 
 guarantees its payment. To have the 
 check certified, present it either to the 
 paying teller or the cashier of the bank 
 on which it is drawn. The bank of- 
 ficer writes across the face"Certified," 
 with the date, and signs. Another form 
 is"0ood when properly endorsed." No 
 one should accept an uncertified check 
 from a stranger. 
 
 HAfFERft The practice of buj 
 and selling ; beatino down the price of aoods. 
 HArv\BEROF COfWVEljCE Same as 
 Board of Trade. Cha-mbe'rs, the private 
 room of aiudge.-Any hearing before 
 a judge which does not take place while 
 sitting in court, or during a te-rtn of 
 couTt, is said to be ax tNv&wtae'xi. 
 VjANCI^LLOfV A judicial officer appoint 
 ed to preside over a court of chancery, or 
 court of high equity. 
 CHANCE-MEDLEY. The accidental 
 killing of a man in self-defense. 
 
 207
 
 . The explanation by the court 
 to the jury of those principles which they 
 are to consider and apply in giving their 
 verdict in the trial of an action; the instruc- 
 tions given by a judge to the grand jury. 
 HA.rVTA.BLE USE,S. The gifts or grants 
 of property -made for the benefit of the pub- 
 lic, or for charitable purposes. 
 HALTER,. A paper from the govemrrten 
 defining the rights and privileges of aw 
 poration; an evidence of things done be 
 tween man and man.Charter-pa.rty, a 
 contract by which the owner of a vessel 
 lets the whole, or any part of it, to anoth- 
 er for a particular voyage, in consideration 
 of the payment of freight. 
 nAJTEl-S. Any kind of properly excepl 
 real estate; as, -merchandise, notes a-nc 
 accounts, animals, leases of real estate, etc 
 Chattel Mortgage, a mortgage on persona 
 property, given by a debtor to a creditor,! 
 security for the payment of a sum or sum; 
 that may be due. A true copy of the wort 
 gage should be filed in the Clerk's or Recor< 
 er's office. The person holding the mort 
 gage should be empowered to take possess 
 ion of the property at any time he may deem 
 the same insufficient security for his claims 
 Chattel Note, a note similar to any oth 
 er note with the addition of "what, when 
 and where delivered." The number of dol 
 lats -must be definitely stated, and the wake 
 may pay the money or the chattels at his 
 own option. If the conditions of deliver 
 are broken, the payee may then deman 
 payment in money. A chattle note is no 
 negotiable. 
 
 * THIS INDENTURE, made and enterec 
 
 into this day of , one thousam 
 
 nine hundred and , between.... 
 
 , of the town of , of the Conn 
 
 ty of , and State of. , party 
 
 of the first part, and ,of the 
 
 same town, County, and State, party of the 
 second part, 
 
 Witnesseth, that the said party of Ih 
 first part, for and in cons : deT?tion of th> 
 
 sum of dollars,in hand paid, th 
 
 receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged 
 does hereby grant, sell.convey.and con 
 firm unto the party ol the second part 
 his heirs and assigns forever, all and sit 
 ular, the following described goods arid 
 chattels, to wit: 
 
 Together with all and singular, the a 
 purtenances thereto belonging, or in any 
 wise pertaining; to have and to hold the 
 above described goods and chattels, unto 
 the said party o/ the second part, his heirs 
 and assigns forever. 
 
 Provided, always, that if the said 
 mortgagor shall pay to the mortgagee, 
 
 on the day of ,in the 
 
 year ,the sum of dollars, 
 
 then this mortgage is to be void, other- 
 wise lo remain in full force and effect. 
 
 Provided, also, that the properly hew- 
 by sold and transferred is ko remain in 
 
 possession of the said until 
 
 default be -made in the payment of the 
 o'ebt(and interest) aforesaid, or some 
 part thereof; but in case of a sale or 
 disposal, or attempt to sell or dispose of 
 the same, or a removal of or attempt 
 
 to remove the same from the said 
 
 aforesaid, the said -may 
 
 take the said property, or any part there- 
 of, into his own possession, and shall 
 sell the same at public or private s ale; 
 and after satisfying the aforesaid debt, 
 and all necessary and reasonable costs, 
 charges and expenses incurred by him, 
 out of the proceeds of such sale,he shall 
 
 return the surplus to the said 
 
 or his representative. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said party 
 of the first part has hereunto set h i s 
 hand and seal, the day and wear first 
 above written. 
 
 Executed in presence) n QI 
 
 of . ...j L L - a ' 
 
 ;HA,lJD K/IEDI.EY. The killiT i9 ' a 
 
 person in an affVay in the heat of 
 
 jassion. 
 
 jT^EATS. The practices of de/rau-d- 
 ing or attempts to defraud another of 
 his known right. 
 
 JHECK.S. A Check is a written order 
 or request upon a bank, requesting 
 the payment, on presentment, of a 
 certain sum of money to a person there 
 in named, or to his order, or to t He 
 bearer. Altered Check, a check having 
 all the original writing, except the sig- 
 nature, date, and -number, taken out 
 by means of chemicals, which leaves the 
 check blank. It is then rewritten for any 
 amount the swindler desires to put in. 
 See Certified Check. Raised Check, a 
 check having the wording and the fig- 
 ures altered, so as to call for -more wort 
 ey than the drawer intended to pay. It 
 is possible only when the check!; loose 
 ly written, with a number of blank 
 places where words may be inserted. 
 
 No.T7. Portland, Oct.3,19 
 
 FIRST NATIONAL BANK, 
 Pay to.....^SXrt>o^YovXi,....oT Bearer, 
 ~~~~-Vv4,NV\x\\&'<e^~^^.Too Dollars 
 *500,. JOSHUA JUOKINS. 
 
 Mo.2179. Chicago.Sept.TJ? 
 
 MERCHANTS' NATIONAL BANK, 
 Pay to....^K.Wv'e\\V<\o / s ..... or Order, 
 - 
 
 ^^. 
 *l09i% 
 
 NoTTT St.louis,Jan.l3,l9- 
 
 NATIONAL PARK BANK, 
 
 Pay to ^oVw^X.VNvtv^Yvc). ... or Order 
 
 A***^VQ N\\vr\Vv.& --.-.TL.L, _, L Dollars 
 on th< 31st inst., without JT. Acceptance waived. 
 200. '" "**>- HENRY M. WOOD. 
 
 No.163. *Chicago,June5,l9-- 
 
 LMCE SIDE I* PARK BANK, 
 
 Pay to .^oV\\|J'V*vO% .or Order, 
 
 CHOSE. Personal property. Chose 
 Local, anything annexed to a place.as 
 a mill. Chose Transitory , anything of 
 a movable nature, which way be ta- 
 ken from place to place. Chose in Ac- 
 tion, an incorporeal right; a thin? 
 which a rnan has not in possession, 
 but has a right to sue for. Chose in" 
 Possession, personal things which one 
 has in his possession. 
 
 CIH,C\JIT. The divisions of country 
 appointed for a particular judge or a 
 court to visit, at stated times, for the 
 trial or hearing of causes. Circuit Court, 
 a court having jurisdiction over that 
 division called a circuit, which usu- 
 ally consists of several States, the en 
 tire country being divided into nine 
 circuits, one for each of the Supreme 
 Court judges. The Circuit Court ranks 
 next to the Supreme Court. 
 
 Clr\CbLATINO fAEDIUIv\ The -me- 
 dium of exchange, such as cash and 
 bank notes payable on demand. 
 
 IHCUMSTANTIAJL EVIDENCE; 
 
 P-resuniptive proof, when the fact 
 itself Is notVor cannot be proved by 
 direct testimony. 
 
 CITA,TIO^. A summons issued for 
 one to appear at court on a day named. 
 
 CITIZEN A,NO AJLIE>I. A citizen is 
 one who has a right to vote, and is 
 qualified to hold public offices. An al- 
 ien is one born in a foreign cqurtry, 
 whether living here or not, until he. be- 
 comes naturalized. 
 
 CIVIL A,CTIOt>J. Any action prose- 
 cuted for the redress of an i n j ury. 
 the prevention of a wrong, or the es- 
 tablishment or recovery of aright. 
 Civil Death, regarded as dead in law. 
 Civil Law, specifically, the Romania^ 
 as comprised in the Institutes, Code, 
 and Digest of the Emperor Justinian; 
 fjererically, the established law of ev- 
 ery particular nation, commonwealth, 
 or city. Civil Officer, except officers of 
 the arrni) and navy, any officer who 
 receives his appointment and acts by 
 national or State authority.Civil Rem- 
 edy, a remedy which an injured pe-r 
 son has, by an action, in contradistinc- 
 tion to a criminal indictment. 
 
 CLAJfv\. A demand of a right, or chal- 
 lenge of interest in anything which i* 
 wrongfully held by another. 
 
 CLA.USE. A separate portion of asen- 
 tence; a part of a treaty, deed, will, or 
 flther written instrument. 
 
 CLEA.fy\NCE. A document given by 
 the collector of a port, that a ship has 
 been examined and cleared at the cut- 
 ton house. Clearing House, a kind of 
 banking e/change established for t he 
 convenience of daily settlements; th? 
 drafts and checks on each other we exchang- 
 ed without presentation, a balance struck, 
 which balance only is paid in cash.
 
 COll\JSIO(4. A secret agreement and 
 cooperation between two or more per- 
 sons, for the one party to bring an action 
 against the other_ for some evil purpose, 
 as to defraud a third party of his rights. 
 
 r OL.OI^. An apparent right of action. 
 It is either /xy(.y> or'wo^Xve&.Colorof 
 Office, an unjust act performed by the 
 countenance of office. 
 Olv\^EI\CE. The exchange of -mer- 
 chandise on a large scale between dif- 
 ferent places or communities; -mercan- 
 tile businessin general, as carried on 
 between individuals or companies of 
 different countries, or of the same coun- 
 try. Commercial, pertaining to com- 
 merce and trade. Cowtnercial Law, thit 
 law which seeks to regulate the rights 
 of property and persons who engage in 
 commerce or trade. Cowmercia.1 Paper, 
 bills of exchange, drafts, or promisso- 
 ry notes given in commercial dealings. 
 
 COfvy^lSSIO^ Percentage allowed up- 
 on business done; a warrant from a 
 court to certain persons to take testimo- 
 ny of an absent witness; a body of per- 
 sons authorized to hear or determine any 
 cause. Cotmtiissio-ti Agent, one who 
 buys or sells on commissioN. Commit- 
 went, the sending" of a person, by or- 
 der of a court, to prison for any crime 
 or cause. 
 
 ONMON ^SSUfV^NCEjS. Deeds which 
 assure to persons the titles to their es- 
 tates. Cot/itnoti Bail, bail having the 
 surety merely nominal. Co-mttio-H Car- 
 riers, those who, for pecuniary consid- 
 eration, engage to transport the goods 
 or merchandise of those who may o-f- 
 fer them. Common carriers are priv- 
 ileged and restricted by law both for 
 their own and the public bene/it.Theu 
 are responsible for the safe delivery or 
 the goods, and are answerable for neg- 
 ligence. Cotti-rHoti Council, the city 
 council, which is a kind of legislature^hav 
 ing the power to pass such laws(ordinan 
 ces) as the government of the city re- 
 quires. Cowwort Law, the unwritten 
 law, as opposed to the written o_r statute 
 law. It consists of rules of action which 
 have become binding from long usage 
 and established custom. Common Nui- 
 sance, one affecting the general health 
 or happiness. Commonwealth, the so- 
 cial state of a country without regard 
 to its form of government; a country 
 having a republican form of government. 
 
 COtv\P/\CT. A covenant or agreement 
 between persons or nations. 
 Olv\P^Ny. A corporation; a term us- 
 ed in a firm's name to indicate other 
 partners the names of whom are n ot 
 
 CC^IvtP^NSAJ.IOfl. Award of damages; 
 that which is paid or done to a persori 
 of equal value to that which he has beer 
 deprived of. 
 
 OK/IPEJE.NCY Qualified to act in 
 any capacity; sufficiency; the leaal abil 
 ity of a witness to testify on a trial. 
 
 COfV\PLAJNA,NT. The one who com 
 mences a prosecution or proceeding 
 against another.Co-jtiplain*, a for- 
 mal allegation or charge made to an 
 officer that some person has been guilty 
 
 BUSINESS TERMs: 
 
 CLEF\ICAj- E^HOF^. An inadvertent 
 error in calculation or other accident- 
 al error on books or documents. 
 
 CLIENT. Any one who seeks advice 
 from a lawyer on legal subjects, or em- 
 ploys him to manage a suit at law (or 
 hitn. 
 
 CLIQjJE. A combination of operators 
 controling large capital in order to un- 
 duly expand or break down the -market. 
 
 COAJJT/IOfl. A cornbination o-r alli- 
 ance for unlawful purposes, between per- 
 sons or States. 
 
 CODE,. A system or collection o( laws 
 established by act of legislation. Codex, 
 the Code of Justinian; a book or scroll. 
 
 CODICIL. An addition to a will, de- 
 signed to explain, modify, or chance for- 
 mer bequests made in the body of the will. 
 It should be done with the same cane and 
 precision as was exercised in the making 
 of the will itself. 
 
 COIfvl. Pieces of metal stamped with 
 certain impressions fixing their value as 
 a -medium o( exchange. Coiriage, the 
 assaying and conversion of pieces of wet 
 al into coins or money. 
 
 COllAJE^L. That which is by the 
 side, and not the direct line: that which 
 is added to a thing. Collateral Facts, 
 facts which are not in the direct line of 
 evidence. Col lateral Issue, an issue tak- 
 en upon some matter aside from the 
 main issue. Collateral Note, a note giv- 
 en with stocks or other property as seen- 
 n'ty, empowering the payee to sell if the 
 note should not be paid when it becomes 
 due. Collateral Security, security given ftr 
 the performance of an agreement,orthe 
 payment of money. Collaterals, pledges 
 of stocks, notes, or chattels, for security 
 of loans and other indebtedness. 
 
 ATLANTA, OCT.I, 19 
 Sixty days after date,! prom 
 se to pay to the order of....V>\v<\W-w\ 
 
 cation, for value received 
 
 Having deposited XircOwA "3' " ' 
 ' of the nominal value 
 
 WHICH I AUTHORIZE THE HOLDER OF THIS NOTE, UP- 
 ON THE NON-PERFORMANCE OF THIS PROMISE T MA 
 TURITY. TO SELL EITHER AT THE BROKERS' BOARD OR 
 AT PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SALE.WITHOUT DEMANDING 
 PAYMENT OF THIS NOTE OH THE DEBT DUE THEREON 
 AND WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE, AND APPLY PROCEEDS 
 OR AS MUCH THEREOF AS MAY BE NECESSARY, TO THt 
 "AYMENT OF THIS NOTE AND ALL NECESSARY EXPEN- 
 
 ES AND CHAR&ES, HOLDING WtM RESPONSIBLE 
 
 OR ANY DEFICIENCY. 
 
 COLLECTOR The chief officer o( acol- 
 lection district or custom house; one who 
 collects bills or accounts. 
 
 of an offense, and offering to prove tha 
 fact and seek a remedy. 
 
 COIvyPOSIJIOfl. The adjustment of 
 a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, 
 whereby the creditor accepts a part of 
 such debt, and the whole is discharged. 
 
 COrv\POl)fJDI^G- \ FELONY The ac- 
 ceptance of a consideration for forbear- 
 ing to prosecute, when the party robbed 
 knows the felon. It; is a criminal offense. 
 
 COlVlPHOIv\ISE. A settlement of adis- 
 pute between parties by mutual consent 
 reached bu concessions on both sides. 
 OfotPTHOLLErV An officer, in sortie 
 States called a.\x&xox, whose duty it is 
 to examine and adjust accounts, su- 
 perintend the collection of money, and 
 draw warrants when money is paid oat. 
 - One who swears 
 
 that he believes the oath of another per 
 son, wade in defense of his own innocence. 
 
 CO{JCE\Uv\ENT. Suppression of facts 
 and circumstances by one of the parties 
 to a contract,fro-m the other, which in 
 justice ought to be made known. 
 O^ClUsiVE EVIDENCE;. That evi- 
 dence which cannot be contradicted or 
 controlled by any other evidence. 
 'OplDEIVlN^TIpfJ. The act of judi- 
 cially condemning or adjudging guil- 
 ty, unfit for use, or forfeited; asentenc* 
 0|NDI"flO|^. A restraint in a con- 
 tract or agreement; a restriction or 
 qualification in the conveyance of per- 
 sonal property or real estate. 
 
 COfiFE,DEF\A.CY. A league or compact 
 between individuals,whether persons or 
 nations; an agreement between two 
 or more States or nations, by which 
 they unite for their mutual protection 
 and good* 
 
 rOflF^SSIOfJ. The acknowledgment 
 by one under arrest of the crime charg- 
 ed against him. 
 
 lOfJFID^NTIAj.. Secret; trusted in, 
 or trustworthy. Confidential Cowwu.- 
 nication, statements which are made 
 to others in confidence, and when made 
 between husband and wife ? or to a coun- 
 selor, clergyman, or physician, in an of- 
 ficial capacity, are not subjects to be 
 disclosed on judicial inquiry. Coti/iden 
 tial Creditors, those whose claims are 
 of such a character that they take pre- 
 cedence of other creditors. Coti/ioett- 
 tial Debts, debts which have been incur- 
 red for borrowed money, and regarded 
 as having precedence to the payment 
 of other debts. 
 
 COplF(SC/\T^. To take property, or 
 condemn it to be taken, as forfeited 
 to the public treasury. 
 
 COfJFUSlOfJI OF GOODS. -The inter- 
 mixture of the goods of two or more 
 persons, making it impossible to distin- 
 guish the goods of the different parties. 
 Confusion of Rights, a method by which 
 debts are extinguished, by uniting the 
 qualities of debtor and creditor in one 
 and the same person. 
 
 COf)G-F\ESS. The national legislative 
 body, divided into the Senate and House 
 of Representatives; an assembly of en 
 voys, deputies, etc., from different coun- 
 tries, who meet for their common good, or 
 to treat of their mutual concerns. 
 
 209
 
 . Corrupt or guilty as- 
 sctit, indirectly given to another, that 
 he way do some illegal act: ati accessory. 
 O^S/vNGUl^lTX. Blood relationship 
 as distinguished from the -marriage af- 
 finity; the relation existing between per- 
 sons descending from the same ancestor. 
 
 C fl SEflT. Capable, deliberate, and vol- 
 untary agreement arid assent of opin- 
 ions, which way beeither expressed or 
 implied. Age of Consent, the 390 fixed 
 by statute, and varying in different States 
 and countries, at which one is adjured 
 competent to give consent. 
 OplSlOERATIOlJ That which is done, 
 or promised to be done, in exchange for 
 a promise; the price or inducement of- 
 fered a person to enter into a contract. 
 OtJsiGfjEE^. The person to whom 
 9oods or other things are sent or con- 
 signed. Consiptitne-H*, goods sent by one 
 person to another, to be sold on the for- 
 mer's account. Consignor, one_ who con- 
 signs or transmits goodsAjitfcSvCvymc.r&Y 
 
 CONSOLS. A fund formed by the con- 
 solidation of different annuities, and is 
 in use in various European countries. 
 
 CONSPIRACY. An agreement or combi- 
 nation between two or more persons to 
 accomplish some unlawful purpose. 
 
 COfJSTAJJLE. An officer of limited pow 
 er, whose duty is to serve all writs and pro- 
 cesses issued by justices of the peace; an of 
 ficer whose duty is to keep the peace with- 
 in the district assigned him. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. The fundamental, or 
 panic law of a nation, state, society, or 
 other organized body of men, securing 
 to each member his rights and defin- 
 ing his duties. 
 
 The follow/ing form for a lyeeum o-r 
 literary society, will serve as a model, il- 
 lustrating the general form, articles, sec 
 tions, by-laws, etc. 
 
 PREAMBLE; 
 
 We the undersigned, beino desirous of 
 acquiring and disseminating Literary arx 
 Scientific Knowledge; and believing that 
 in order to fit ourselves for the varied du 
 ties of life we should cultivate a correct 
 mode of speaking, and qualify ourselves 
 by practice to express our opinions in pub 
 lie in a correct manner; knowing that 
 these ends can in no other way be s o 
 speedily accomplished as by forming an 
 association for such a purpose, have or 
 ganiied a Society for Mutual Improvemenl 
 in Elocution.Composition and Oebate,and 
 have adopted the following constitution, 
 by-laws, rules and regulations for our 
 povernment: 
 
 ARTICLE I. NAME. 
 
 The title and name of this Society 
 shall be 
 
 ARTICLE II. OBJECTS. 
 
 The objects of this Society shall be the 
 free discussion of any subject corning 
 before its members; also the in-iprove- 
 ment of all connected with it,m debat- 
 ing, social advancement, and general 
 literature. 
 
 ARTICLE HI.-OFFICERS. 
 
 The officers of this Society shall con- 
 sist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, 
 a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording 
 Secretary, a Treasurer, a Librarian, a 
 Critic and Censor; all of whom shall 
 
 be elected by ballot, 
 
 on the in each , 
 
 said officers to hold their position until 
 
 their successors are elected and installed. 
 
 ARTICLE IV.-MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 Section I. Any lady or gentle-man 
 way become a member of this Society 
 by the consent of the majority of t he 
 members present, the signing of t h e 
 
 constitution, and the payment of 
 
 as membership fee. 
 
 Section 2. It shall be the privilege 
 of the Society to elect any person whose 
 presence may be advantageous to the So- 
 ciety, an honorary member, who shall 
 not be required to pay 'membership fees 
 or dues. 
 ARTICLE V.-DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 
 
 Section I It shall be the duty of 
 
 the President to preside at the So- 
 ciety; to call the meeting to order at 
 the proper time; to enforce a rigid ob- 
 servance of the constitution, by-laws, 
 rules and regulations of the Society; ap- 
 point all committees, and see that the 
 pf/icers perform their -respective ditties: 
 inspect and announce the result of all 
 ballotings or other votes. He shall never 
 vote except in case of a tie vote, when he 
 shall give the casting vote; he shall nei- 
 ther make no-r second any motion or 
 amendment,nor take part in any dis- 
 cussion while in the chair; he shall 
 draw upon the Treasurer for all sums 
 of -money that way have been voted 
 for; preserve order, and decide all ques- 
 tions arising therefrom. 
 
 Section 2. The first Vice-President 
 shall preside in the absence of the Presi- 
 dent, and in case of the absence of both 
 the President and first Vice-President, it 
 shall be the duty of the second Vice-Pres- 
 ident to preside. 
 
 Section 3. The Corresponding Sec- 
 retary shall notify absent members of 
 their duties, for the succeeding meet- 
 ings; also, each person elected a mem- 
 ber, of such election; and shall write 
 all communications. 
 
 Sectiott4. The Recording Secretary 
 shall call the roll at every meeting, and 
 report delinquents; and shall keep the 
 records of4he Society, and read at each 
 -meeting a report of the work done at 
 the preceding meeting. 
 
 Section 5. The Treasurer shall 
 keep the funds of the Society; notify 
 each member who is delinqu.ent,of his 
 dues or fines, and collect all money due 
 the Society. He shall make no payments 
 without a written order f-t-om *he Pres- 
 ident, and countersigned by the Record- 
 ing Secretary; and at the meeting 
 
 Of each he shall present a 
 
 written report of the financial condi- 
 tion of the Society. 
 
 Section 6. It shall be the duty of 
 the Librarian to keep, in a careful wan- 
 ner, all books, records, and manuscripts 
 in the possession of the Society. . 
 
 Section!. The Critic shall bea 
 
 judge of literary merit; shall carefully 
 observe the speakers' words and actions; 
 correct all grammatical errors and im- 
 perfect pronunciation; and make are- 
 port of the same at the close of each meet- 
 ing- 
 Section 8 The Censor shall in- 
 
 spectthe manners and morals of the 
 members; watch closely their conduct 
 while in the debating hall, and fine all 
 refractory or disorderly members, hand- 
 Ing over the list to the Treasurer every 
 week to collect. 
 
 ARTICLE VI.-ELIGIBILITV OF OFFICERS. 
 Section I. No person is eligible 
 to an off|ce until he has been a mem- 
 ber of this Society 
 
 Section 2 No person shall be 
 
 elected to office more than twice in sue 
 cession, and a -majority of the lepil votes 
 cast shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 Section 3. In case of a vacancy oc- 
 curring in any office, the Society will 
 go into an immediate election to fill 
 the same, and the officer elect shall 
 take his seat immediately after such 
 
 ARTICLE VII.-REMOVALFROM OFFICE. 
 
 Section I. Should any officer or 
 member of a committee ne9lect,or be 
 found incompetent to discharge the 
 duties of his office, he may be -remov- 
 ed by a vote of two-thirds of the -mem- 
 bers present. 
 
 Section 2. All places of absent- 
 ees in committees may be filled by 
 said committees. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. AMENDMENTS. 
 
 No addition, alteration, or arnend 
 ment can be made to this constitu- 
 tion, neither can any part be repeal- 
 ed, without a four- fifth vote of the 
 Society and weeks' notice. 
 
 ARTICLE I.-MEETINOS. 
 
 This Society shall assemble every 
 
 , unless otherwise ordere-d. 
 
 The hour for -meeting during the months 
 from October to March inclusive shall 
 be seven o'clock P.M., and varied dur- 
 ing the rest of the year as the Society 
 sees best. The President may call a. 
 special meeting of the Society at a re- 
 quest of five members. 
 
 ARTICLE II. aUORUM. 
 
 At any meeting of the Society seve 
 members shall constitute a quorum. 
 ARTICLE III.-MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 Section I When a member pro- 
 poses a candidate for -membership, he. 
 shall submit his name and residence, 
 and inform the Society that the candi- 
 date has read acopy of its constitution 
 and by-laws, and that he approves of 
 them. The Society will then determine 
 his entrance by ballot; a majority vote 
 being necessary to elect. 
 
 210
 
 Section 2. Every candidate, upon be 
 
 mg initiated, shall sign the constitution 
 and by-laws, and thereby agree to sup- 
 port the same, and pay all legal demands 
 against him as long as he -remains a -member. 
 
 ARTICLE IV.-INITIATION. 
 
 Section I. Befote taking his seat 
 
 as a member, every petso-n shall pay to 
 the Treasurer an initiation fee o( 
 
 Section 2. The following affirma- 
 tion shall be required of each person be- 
 coming a -member:"! do hereby solemn- 
 ly promise, that I will observe and strict- 
 ly obey all the laws, rules and regula- 
 tions set down in the constitution, of 
 this Society; and dp further declare that 
 I entertain no ill-will toward any mem- 
 ber, and will endeavor to promote t h 
 welfare of this Society." 
 ARTICLE V. INAUGURATION. 
 
 At the inauguration of each officer he 
 shall be required to -make the following 
 affirmation:"! do hereby solemnly pro-it 
 ise that I will faithfully discharge tile du- 
 ties of my of_fice to the best of my knowl- 
 edge and ability." 
 
 ARTICLE VI.- DUES AND TAXES. 
 
 Section I. Every member shall pay 
 
 the sum of. each 
 
 in advance, into the treasury. 
 
 Section 2. If at any time the funds 
 of this Society should be exhausted.or in- 
 adequate to meet the demands, there shall 
 be an equal tax upon each member to 
 make up the deficiency. 
 
 ARTICLE VII.- ARREARAGES. 
 
 Sectio-M I. No member in arrears 
 for dues or fines shall be privileged to 
 vote or speak on any question, until 
 said arrearages are paid. 
 
 .Section 2. Every member who 
 shall refuse or neglect to pay his dues 
 
 or fines for the space of weeks, 
 
 shall stand suspended, and shall not be 
 
 reinstated until all arrearages are paid. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. FINES. 
 
 The chair shall have power to impose 
 the following fines: 
 
 Section I. Any member who shall 
 use improper language, refuse to obey 
 the orders of the chair, or be guilty of 
 disorderly conduct, shall be fined for each 
 offense cents. 
 
 Section 2. A member failing to 
 
 attend any meeting of the Society with 
 out -rendering asatisfactory excuse, or 
 leaving the Society before adjournment, 
 unless excused, shall be fined for e ach 
 time cents. 
 
 Section 3. Any member failing to 
 perform his duty as assigned on the pro 
 
 gramme, shall be fined 
 
 for each tion performance. 
 
 Section 4. Should any officer neg- 
 lect to have at the Society any books or pa- 
 pers necessary for use, or neglect to per- 
 form his duties, he shall be fined 
 
 cents for each offense. 
 
 Section 5. For any acts of -negli- 
 gence, or violations of the rules and reg- 
 ulations, not noticed in the foregoing 
 sections, the chair -may, with the consent 
 of the Society, impose a fine -not less 
 
 than cents, and not exceeding 
 
 dollar... 
 
 ARTICLE I X.-APPEALS. 
 
 Any member shall have the right, 
 when fined, to appeal from the chair 
 to the meeting, and unless the Society 
 sustain the chair,the fine shall be -remit- 
 ted. 
 
 ARTICLE X.-RESI&NATION. 
 
 No member shall resign unless his 
 resignation be submitted in writing 
 two weeks previous to the time of res- 
 ignation. No such resignation shall be 
 received by the Society until all arrear- 
 ages are paid. 
 ARTICLE XI.-SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION. 
 
 Section I. Any member who shall 
 refuse to conform to the constitution, 
 by-laws, rules and regulations of this 
 Society, or be guilty of -repeated disor- 
 derly conduct, shall be subject to sus- 
 pension or expulsion. 
 
 Section 2. The motion for the ex- 
 pulsion of a member shall be announc- 
 ed at two regular meetings previous to 
 action being taken, when the accuse'd 
 may be permitted to show reasons why 
 he should not be expelled. If three-fourths 
 of the members present vote in favor of 
 the motion.it shall be carried. 
 ARTICLE XII.-COMMITTEES. 
 
 Section I . There shall always be 
 or.e standing committee, and special 
 committees may be appointed by the 
 President. 
 
 Section 2. All reports of commit 
 tees shall be presented in writing, and 
 signed by the members offerinp the same. 
 
 R U L-.S AN 3 . SEC-y LAT1 y ,N S., 
 
 The rules and regulations governing 
 the working and organization of pub 
 lie meetings and deliberative bodies, will 
 be found elsewhere in this volume. The 
 whole or any part of these -may be a- 
 dopted for use in this Society. 
 ORDER OF BUSINESS. 
 
 1 . Call to order. 
 
 2. Calling of he roll. 
 
 3. Reading -minutes of 1 1. Corresponding Sec 
 retary's report. 
 
 12. Unfinished or -mis- 
 cellaneous business. 
 
 IS.uiterary exercises. 
 
 I4.0ebate. 
 
 previous -meeting. 
 4.Propositions for 
 membership. 
 
 5. Inauguration. 
 
 6. Initiation. 
 
 9.Secretztry's report. 
 10. Treasurer's report. 
 
 7. Balloting for candidates 15. Critic's report. 
 
 8. Reports of committees. 16. Adjournment. 
 
 FRATERNAL COURTESY. 
 It is specially enjoined here that the 
 members of this Society treat each oth- 
 er with due respect; that all personal al- 
 lusions be avoided, and concord and good- 
 fellowship be cherished and preserved as 
 the vtonv\s,\vv feature of the Society. 
 
 . An official appointed ty the 
 government to reside in a foreign coun- 
 try, to watch over the commercial in- 
 terests, and to protect the seamen, of 
 the country sending h i rti . General Con 
 sal, a consul of the highest rank, and 
 stationed at a principal place, or at 
 Several minor olaces. 
 
 OflSUtyPTIO^ The quantity of 
 
 any thing used o-r consumed. 
 OflTIN'&EttoY. An event or occur- 
 rence which way or may not come 
 ro pass; a casualty or possibility. Con- 
 tingent Legacy, a legacy subject to 
 the occurrence of some uncertain event. 
 Contingent Remainder, a remainder 
 so limited that it is made to depend up- 
 on some event which -may never occur. 
 Contingent Use, the use limited in 
 a land conveyance which may or may 
 riot happen to vest. 
 
 CONTEMPT. The disobedience to 
 the orders or rules of a court or leg- 
 islative body. It is a punishable offense 
 :0|<lTINUOUS THIAjLBA.LA.NCE.- A 
 Trial Balance continued from -month 
 to month throughout the year. The fol- 
 lowing form illustrates its use. The ital- 
 icized figures show the balances of pre 
 vious months. 
 
 LEDGER 
 ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Stock, 
 
 4 Accts.Receiv., 
 10 Accts. Pay., 
 16 Cash, 
 21 Real Estate, 
 SI Salary, 
 
 Mdse., 
 
 Month's business 
 
 1750 00 
 87500 
 
 20000 
 
 SOW OT 
 
 800 00 
 
 36K 00 25 
 
 27500 
 215000 
 
 20000 
 
 20000 
 
 145000167500 
 970 00 1500 Ot 
 
 3110 00 list) 00 
 
 Each month should balance as does 
 January, both in the amount of business 
 oone, and the balances of previous -months. 
 JOfjTR^. On the opposite side; fl- 
 yer; against. Contraband, trade car- 
 ried on contrary to the laws of acoun- 
 try, Contraband Goods, a-Kticles pro- 
 hibited by law to be imported or export 
 ed under certain restrictions. 
 JOflTFlACT. A covenant orengagement 
 between parties to do or not to do a spec- 
 ified thing. The following are the 
 rules and legal requirements of con- 
 tracts and agreements: 
 I. Every one must fulfill every agree- 
 ment he makes. 
 
 2. A contract to do an impossibility 
 is void. 
 
 3. A contract forbidden by law is void. 
 
 4. Contracts made by minors, lunatics 
 and idiots.is not binding on them. 
 
 5. A proposition not assented toby 
 both parties is not binding. 
 
 6. A promise without consideration is no bind 
 ing. 
 
 7. A contract which one is induced to make 
 
 211
 
 cttoooobcooo 
 
 through fraud or deceit is not binding 
 
 on him. 
 8. Contracts of -much importance should 
 
 be in writing. 
 9. One has no right to sue on a contract 
 
 unless he has performed, or offered to 
 
 perform his part. 
 IO.A contract wade by a minor becomes 
 
 binding after he becomes of age, if he 
 
 then ratifies it. 
 
 1 1. The value of the consideration is unim- 
 portant. 
 
 12. A guaranty must be in writing. 
 
 13. A contract which cannot be performed 
 within a year must be in writing. 
 **-- - x \OYW\O\ \cov,Vxtx \y 
 
 The application of goods 
 one has in his possession to his own use 
 without the consent of the owner. 
 
 COrJVE\/\NCE. An instruments a 
 deed or mortgage, transferring the lille 
 of property from one person lo another. 
 Conveyancing, the science and art of 
 examining the lilies of, and conveying 
 properly /row one person to another. 
 
 ,COP^f\T(lEr\SKIP The joining of Iwo 
 
 I or more persons into one fir-m for the 
 purpose of carrying on any enterprise; 
 the same as partnership. 
 OPYF\iO>lT. The exclusive privilege an 
 author enjoys, of printing and disposing 
 of his original writings. 
 
 Copyrights are granted for a period of 
 twenty-eight years, and further continued 
 for fourteen years, if application is made 
 for such continuance six months before 
 expiration of original copyright. 
 
 Those desiring lo secure copy rig his, 
 if inexperienced, should address the"Li- 
 brarian of Congress, Washington, D.C.,' 
 for circular giving latest copyright laws, 
 which will be sent on application. 
 
 It is a comparatively easy matter to se- 
 cure a copyright, and no one should hesi 
 late to make his own application. 
 
 Copyhold, a tenure founded upon cus 
 lom and usage. 
 
 CORNER A stockbroker's lerm used 
 to express a monopolizing arrangement 
 entered into between dealers for the pur- 
 pose of creating a fictitious value in any 
 kind of produce, stocks, or other commodity. 
 
 CORONER. An officer who, with the as 
 sistance of a jury, inquires into the cause 
 of any violent, sudden, or mysterious death, 
 or death in prison, usually at the place 
 where the death occurred. Corresponds to 
 Medical Examiner in some Slates. 
 ORPOR/VT 10 !*- A name applied loan 
 organization, usually consisting of sever 
 al persons, authorized by law to transact 
 business as an association or individual 
 under some name. The following are 
 legal points relating to corporations: 
 I. Corporations are formed by an act of 
 the Legislature. 
 
 2. Corporations have power to do only 
 the acts expressly allowed by the law 
 under which they were incorporated. 
 
 S.Every contract of guaranty must be 
 in writing, and signed by the surety. 
 
 4-Change of primary liability renders 
 the secondary void. 
 
 5. After a surety has paid the debl,he has 
 a claim for it upon the principal debtor. 
 
 6. For ordinary business contracts,lhe 
 time allowed to commence suit is us- 
 ually V\N4 or s\* years. 
 
 STATE OF. i 
 
 CITY OF J 
 
 We,lhe undersigned, , , 
 
 , ; , .propose to 
 
 form a corporation under an act of the 
 
 General Assembly of the Stale of , 
 
 entitled "An act concerning corporations," 
 
 approved ,'19...., and all acts 
 
 amendatory thereof, and that, for the 
 purpose of such organization, we hereby 
 state as follows, to wit: 
 
 The name of such corporation is.... 
 
 The object for which it is formed is lo 
 
 cary on the business of 
 
 , and to sell 
 
 The capital stock shall be Five Hundred 
 Thousand (* 500,000) Dollars, divided in 
 to five thousand shares of one hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 . 
 STATE OF 
 
 CITY OF 
 
 I, a notary public, in and for the said 
 City of ............ , and State aforesaid, 
 
 do hereby certify that on this ...... day 
 
 of .......... .., A.D. IS...., personally appeal 
 
 ed before me 
 
 , -- ,- - >tome personally 
 known to be the same persons who e> 
 ecuted the foregoing statement, and 
 severally acknowledged that they exe- 
 cuted the same for the purp'oses there 
 in set forth. 
 
 In witness whereof. I have hereunto 
 set my hand and seal, the day and jiear 
 above written. 
 
 Also, there must be a further endorse 
 merit describing the nature of the cor- 
 poration thus: Statement of incorpora 
 tion of the .......................... , 
 
 Location, City of ................ , State 
 
 of ............... Capital slock, 500,000. 
 
 Object, 
 
 \NY\SA\ Vv\tt fc 
 w,\\x xo v\\ StcwXMN) ol 
 
 To __ , 
 
 SECRETARY or STATE: 
 The commissioners duly author!? 
 ed to open books of subscription to 
 the capital stock of the ............. 
 
 ............. , pursuant to license here- 
 
 tofore issued, bearing date the 
 
 day of A.D. 19 do here- 
 by report that they opened books of sub 
 scription to the capital stock of the said 
 company, and that the said stock was 
 fully subscribed; that the following is 
 a true copy of such subscription, viz.: 
 We,the undersigned, hereby severally 
 subscribe for the number of shares 
 set opposite our respective names to 
 
 the capital stock of the 
 
 ,and we severally agree to 
 
 pay the said company on each share 
 the sum of one hundred dollars. 
 
 SHARES. AMOUNT. 
 
 1,000 
 
 _ 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 .1,000 
 
 *IOO,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 5,000 $500,000 
 That said subscribers met al t he 
 time and place specified and proceed 
 ed to elect directors, and lhalthefol- 
 lowing persons were duly elected for 
 the term of one year: , 
 
 CORRESPONDENT. One who carries 
 on intercourse with another by letter. 
 
 CORRUPTION OFBLOOD, The 
 
 inability to inherit real estate or to 
 transmit it to others, growing out 
 of an attainder. 
 
 COSTS Expenses incurred in liti- 
 gation, or.during t-he progress of a 
 suit at law. 
 
 OUplSELOR /\T LAJW. An officer 
 retained by a client to conduct a. suit 
 for him.-Counselor at law and attor- 
 ney al law are different, the latter be- 
 ing employed in the management of ihe 
 more -mechanical parts of Ihe sitit. 
 
 COUNTERFEIT. A kind of forgery 
 applied to false coin or paper money 
 
 COUfJTERrviAND. A contrary order 
 cancelling those already given, and 
 may be either ,\y(8.ss or WA^X\A. A 
 Counterclaim is a kind of off set de- 
 manded by a defendant. 
 
 COUfJTUJJC-ROOM. A room in which 
 merchants keep their accounts and do 
 their business. 
 
 lOUflTY. A division of a country or 
 State, containing several towns. Coun- 
 ty CortitHistioners, the chief corpo- 
 rate body of a County, usually consist- 
 ing of three members. (Called Board of 
 Supervisors in a few Slates). They have 
 charge of the County property, and 
 make orders and contracts in relation 
 to the building or repairing of thecourt 
 
 house, jail, and other County buildings. 
 
 COUPOfl. An interest certificate at 
 
 tached to bonds, elc., and at stated 
 
 times is cut off and interest collected 
 
 COURSE bF~EXcH~^N&E;". The' sum 
 
 merchants pay for bills of exchange to 
 enable them to make remittances from 
 one country to another. 
 COURT. A place where justice is 
 ad ministered. -Courts are either of 
 
 The national judiciary system con- 
 
 212
 
 sisls of three grades of courts: the 
 tow(\, the t'c.\x\\^o\>KX4, and ,the\ 
 towcx<i. The Supreme Court is the highest 
 court in the land, and was established by 
 the Constitution itself. The others were es- 
 tablished by Con gress. Court iti batic(il- 
 so spelled batik), the full court sitting at its 
 regular terms. Court of Appeals, a court, 
 generally, of last resort, as aState,orthe 
 U.S., Supreme Court. Court of Chancery (or 
 
 awarding dances for his not doing it, 
 or granting an injunction against otje's 
 doing an unlawful act. Court of Claims, 
 a. court established by Congress, in which 
 those having claims which they believe 
 ought to be paid by the United State5,may 
 bring a suit In the ordinary way, in form 
 against the United States, and this court 
 decides whether they should be paid.CourJ 
 of Common Pleas(orCountyCourt),a court 
 of original jurisdiction, for the trial of 
 causes according to the common law, and 
 is somewhat higher than justices'courts. 
 Court of Errorf, a court of review. Court 
 of Kin 9 's Bench, the supreme court of co-m- 
 mon law in England. Court Martial , a 
 court having jurisdiction in military and 
 naval offenses. Court of Oyer and Terttii- 
 ne<j courts of criminal jurisdictiqn.CoM.rt 
 of Probate, a court having jurisdiction 
 over the probate of wills and settlement 
 of estates. Court of Record, a court hav- 
 ing a seal, and whose acts and proceed- 
 ings are enrolled in parchment for a 
 perpetual memory and testimony. Court 
 o-f Sessions, there are two, < -,^t\*.\ 
 and o,, / Aa"(N, having jurisdiction 'uteri 
 inal cases. Court of St. James, the usual 
 designation of the British court. 
 
 t C 
 
 'OyEpAiNT. An agreement of suffi- 
 cient consideration, between two or -mote 
 persons, in writing and under seal, where- 
 in one of them promises certain things 
 to the other; a certain form of action 
 which liesto recover damages fotakreach 
 of a contract under seal. 
 
 COVIfl. A collusive agreement between 
 two or more persons to defraud and 
 prejudice another of his rights. 
 DAMPED. Pinched for money to -meet 
 engagements. 
 
 C^EDElNTIA.LS. Papers which give a 
 title or claim to credit or confidence, and 
 show that a person has a right to exercise 
 official or other power. 
 
 CREDIT. The opposite of debit; what is 
 due another ; the transfer of goods to 
 another with the expectation of future re- 
 ceipt of payment; the ability to borrow 
 money. Creditor, one to whom some- 
 
 thing is owing; Creditors' Bill, an equi- 
 ty bill, filed by. one or more creditors in 
 behalf of all the creditors who shall come 
 In under the decree, for an account of 
 the assets of an estate. Credit Syste-m, the 
 system of selling goods on time. Credit Mo- 
 bilier, a joint-stock company establish- 
 ed in Paris in 1852 , with exceptional ch 
 tered privileges, among which were: I. 
 To originate and conduct trading enter- 
 prises of all kinds on the principle of 
 limited liability. 1. To supersede or buy 
 up companies, such as railroads and oth 
 ers, substituting scrip and shares of 
 their own for those of the company.- 
 The term has become familiar to persons 
 in this country through the Congression 
 al investigations of the Credit Mobilier 
 Company of the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 CF\ltv\t. A misdemeanor or felony; 
 any violation of law. Crime againstNa- 
 *n.re, sodomy. Crimiiial Action. a pros- 
 ecution conducted on behalf of the peo- 
 ple against one charged with a critni- 
 nal offense. Criminal Law, the divis- 
 ion of the law which treats of cn'-mes. 
 F^OpS -- A tenant for a definite tirtie, 
 whose lease expires after the land i s 
 sown or planted, and before harvest,!* 
 not entitled to the crop; but if the 
 lease is for an indefinite time, or if it 
 depends upon an uncertain event, and 
 K terminated before harvest, the ten- 
 ant is entitled to the crop. 
 ROSS. Persons who cannot write 
 their names are required to use as a 
 substitute the &O/A of the cross(x). An- 
 ciently kings and nobles used the same 
 <=>\t)r\, biU not ijnorantly, as it was us- 
 ed by those who could, as well as b y 
 those who could not write, as asyrnbol 
 that the person making it pledged him- 
 self to the truth of the matter to which 
 he affixed it. Hence, though people now 
 \rn\t* or b\x\>w<\>o8. their names, they 
 are still said to s-qw. Cross Action, an 
 action by the defendant against the 
 plaintiff in the same suit. Cross Bill, 
 a bill brought by a defendant against a 
 plaintiff in or against other defendants 
 in the same suit, or against both. touch- 
 ing the -matters in the original bill. Cross 
 Examination, a close interrogating or 
 questioning of a witness by the_ adverse. 
 party, in order to test the examination 
 in chief. 
 
 . One who is legally appointed 
 to take charge of the estate of an imbe- 
 cile: a guardian. 
 
 UUBSfOflE BF\OKE^. A term applied 
 to a stock operator who does business 
 on the sidewalk or pavement. 
 
 CUflr\ENCy. Government or banknotes 
 circulating as a substitute for metal- 
 lic money. Cu.r're-H*, passing freely from 
 hand to hand 5 now running 
 U^TESY -- A freehold estate which a 
 man has on the death of his wife, and 
 during his life,in the lands which she 
 had in fee-tail or fee-simple, provided 
 they had issue born alive, which -might 
 have inherited. 
 
 USTOty -- An unwritten law estab- 
 lished by long usaoe-; the revenue du- 
 ties levied on imported goods; the pat- 
 ronage or support of any establish- 
 ment. Customers, habitual purchas- 
 ers from any establishment. Custom 
 House, a place appointed by a govern- 
 
 nietit where poods are entered on im- 
 portation, and where the duties are to 
 be paid.Cu.toiti-House Broker, one em- 
 ployed by merchants to act for them 
 in the details of the custom-house bus- 
 iness, and who fro-w the experience 
 in the routine and other acquired 
 knowledge is often able to facilitate 
 the red-tape processes tffthe custo-m- 
 hou.se. Custom-Hou.se E-titry, a. state- 
 ment made in writing to 5 the collect- 
 or of the district where tHe owners 
 are consignees of goods. CM-.stow- 
 Hou.se Officer, a legally appointed a- 
 pent of the government WTO attends 
 to the details of the custom-Hause-tus- 
 toms, taxes or revenue duties levied 
 on imported or exported goods. 
 ^rV/lAyE. A sum given as a co-tftpfrtl' 
 sition for an injury. Damaged &ood, 
 merchandise injured or impaired, from 
 whatever cause. Damages, the estima- 
 ted reparation in money recoverable by 
 a person who has sustained an injury, 
 from him who caused it. 
 
 DATE. The statement in a letter,etc, 
 of the day of the month and year, up- 
 on which the letter, etc.', was written. 
 
 I/VY. A legal day includes the-Vvhole 
 twenty-four hours, without reference 
 to the season of the year, or the amount 
 of light and darkness. An obligation to 
 pay on a certain day is discharged if 
 the money be paid before twelve o|clock 
 at night. Day Book, a book contain! tig 
 a concise history of one's business trans- 
 actions, whether with few or many 
 persons, written up under the date and 
 in the order of their occurrence, and 
 arranged with reference to the conve- 
 nience of journalizing. Days of Grace, 
 three additional days allowed under the 
 common law for the payment of wimnw- 
 cial paper after the time named in the pa- 
 per for its maturity. By special enact- 
 ment in some of the States, d ays o f 
 jjrace are not allowed. For a list of 
 these, see Statistical Bureau of the Uni- 
 ted States-index. 
 
 St. Louis, Jan. 1, 19 . 
 
 Proprietor ( 
 
 COMMENCED BUSINESS WITH 
 THE FOLLOWING BESOUCES: 
 
 B.S.CUSHINO, CR 
 
 SXWi-*..M?**VMOXC*.. 
 
 80000 
 
 30000 
 41500 
 
 1300 
 
 St.lou.is,Jan 1,19 . 
 
 COMMENCED BUSINESS WITH 
 
 SOLD J.J. TOLIN 
 
 20000 80000 
 30000 
 
 213
 
 DE/^L. To buy or sell; to trade or traffic. 
 Dealer, a trader in goods, of whatever 
 kind; the regular customers or deposit- 
 ors of a bank. Dealings, transactions 
 of any kind between two or more per- 
 
 il/VrK OF P/Vr\TtlEH., FOfW OF (Jo^CE. 
 
 SIB, It is with much regret that I 
 
 have to inform you of the decease of 
 
 my friend and partner, Mr. , 
 
 which took place on As 
 
 managing partner, and executor of Mt 
 
 .the charge of liquidating the 
 
 affairs of the firm devolves upon me, 
 and in the discharge of this duty I shall 
 
 henceforth sign " .VftXvtpixta.W*.? 
 
 I beg further to state that the business 
 will be continued in future on my own 
 account, and that my best care' shall 
 be given to any matters which you may 
 intrust to me. I am, etc. 
 
 D^BA,SE. To reduce from a higher to 
 a lower state or grade by adulteration. 
 
 DE.BEpJTUI\E. A certificate signed by 
 a public officer, as evidence of a debt 
 due to some person; a certificate giv- 
 en by the collector of the port of entry 
 to an importer for drawback of duties 
 on imported merchandise; duties on 
 which when the merchandise is export- 
 ed are to be refunded. 
 
 DE.B|T. A term used in bookkeeping to 
 express the left-hand page of a ledger. 
 Bebt, that which one person owes anoth- 
 er; obligation or liability. Debtor, one 
 who owes a debt. 
 
 jCIN\A,Li Any number expressed in 
 the scale of tens. Decimal Currency, any 
 currency based upon the decimal system, 
 such as the United States money. 
 
 DEiCLlflE. A fall in value, as in the war 
 kct value of grain, produce, etc. 
 IED. A written instrument under seal, 
 duly executed and delivered, containing 
 some transfer, bargain, or contract. 
 The term is usually applied to the trans 
 fer of real estate. \.S*' 
 
 THIS INDENTURE, made this ........ day 
 
 of ......... .... A.D. 19 ..... , between ........ 
 
 ..... of ......... , County of.... ..... , and 
 
 State of ............ , and ......... his wife, 
 
 of the first part, and ............. , of the 
 
 same place, of the second part, 
 
 Wi*neset, that said party of the first 
 part, for and in consideration of ........ 
 
 ....... Dollars in Hand, paid by the said 
 
 party o/ the second part, the receipt where 
 of is hereby acknowledged, have granted, 
 bargained, and sold, and by these pres- 
 ents do grant, bargain, and sell, unto the 
 said party of the second part, his heirs 
 and assi99, all the following described 
 lot, piece, or parcel of land, situated in 
 the ............. , in the County of ......... , 
 
 and State of ........... ,to wit: 
 
 \^^t taV\V vV\ v^ovetVfV 
 
 Together with all and singular the 
 
 hereditaments and appurtenances l hew 
 to belonging or in atiy wise appertain- 
 ing, and the reversion and reversions, 
 remainder and remainders, -rents, issues, 
 and profits thereof; and all the estate, 
 -right, title, interest, claim, and demand 
 whatsoever, of the said party of the first 
 part, either in law or equity, of, in, and 
 to the above bargained premises, with 
 the hereditaments and appurtenances. 
 To have and to hold the said premises 
 above bargained and described, with 
 the appurtenances, unto the sa-id par- 
 ty of the second part, his heirs and as- 
 signs forever. And the said , 
 
 and , his wife, parties of the 
 
 first part, hereby expressly waive, re- 
 lease, and relinquish unto the said par- 
 ty of the second part, his heirs, execu- 
 tors, administrators, and assi9ns, all 
 right, title; claim, interest, and benefit 
 whatever, in and to the above described 
 premises, and each and every part there- 
 of, which is given by or results from all 
 laws of this State pertaining to the ex- 
 emption of homesteads. 
 
 And the said , and , 
 
 his wife, parly of the first part,for them 
 selves, their heirs, executors, and admin- 
 istrators, do covenant, grant, bargain, 
 and agree, to and with the said party of 
 the second part, his heirs and assigns, 
 that at the time of the ensealing and de- 
 livery of these presents they were well 
 seized of the premises above conveyed, 
 as of a pood, sure, perfect, absolute, and 
 indefeasible estate of inheritance in law, 
 and in fee simple, and have good rijht, 
 full power, and lawful authority to prant 
 bargain, sell, and convey the same, i n 
 manner and form aforesaid, and that 
 the same are free and clear from_all 
 former and other grants, bargains 
 sales, liens, taxes, assessments, and en- 
 cumbrances of whatever kind or na 
 ture soever; and the above bargained 
 premises in the quiet and peaceable pos- 
 session of the said party of the second 
 part, his heirs and assigns, against all 
 and every person or persons lawfully 
 claiming or to claim the whole or 
 any part thereo/, the said party of the 
 first part shall and will warrant and 
 forever defend. 
 
 Iti testimony whereof, the said part- 
 ies of the first part have hereunto set 
 their hands and seals the day and 
 year first above written. 
 
 ,0- 
 
 ..,[L.SJ 
 
 . Deduction ordiscount; 
 e'm ben lenient of money by an officer 
 having it in charge. Defa-wation, words 
 spoken of another tending to injure his 
 good name. Default, the non-perform- 
 ance of duty; the failure to appear in 
 court at a specified time; the failure to 
 take certain steps necessary to secure 
 the benefit of law. Defaulter, one who 
 is criminally deficient in his accounts. 
 E^FEA.SA/JCE. A condition relating 
 to a deed, contract, or agreement, 
 which, when performed, renders the 
 void. 
 DE-FEflSE. The pica or answer of the 
 
 defendant in a suit at law; resisting 
 an injury. -A man is justified iti using 
 force, even to the death of his assail- 
 ant, in order to defend himself or his 
 family. Defendant, t he person who is 
 sued in a personal action. 
 
 D^FOf\CErv\E(jT. The wrongful hol<M 
 ing any lands or tenements to which 
 another has a right. 
 
 ELE.GAJ'E. A representative; a person 
 sent by another to act for him. 
 
 DEFICIT. A deficiency; the difference 
 between an accountant's statement of 
 assets and the assets themselves. 
 
 DEL. CRE^DEftE. A commercial term 
 signifying a guarantee o/ the solven- 
 cy of the purchaser. 
 E.LItJOvllE^T. One who is guilty 
 of some crime, offense, or has failed 
 to perform his duty. 
 
 DE.LlVEf\\. In commercial affairs 
 the transfer of the possession of goods 
 from one party to another. Contracts, 
 -the acceptance of a written contract 
 is usually made by keeping the paper, and 
 consequently it may be said that deliv- 
 ery is necessary to a written contract. 
 Deeds, delivery of the executed deed to 
 the party to whom the property is trans- 
 ferred is the last and most important 
 step of all, and without it there can be 
 no transfer. G-ood*,-if any part of the 
 goods are delivered to the purchaser and 
 accepted by him the whole contract is 
 binding, though not written, i.e., the 
 seller must deliver all, and the buyer 
 must pay for all. Delivery is not essen- 
 tial to a sale, as between the parties, bu-t 
 it is as to third parties; for instance, if 
 A sell an article to B and not deliver it 
 to B, and afterward sell the same article 
 a second time, to C, the first sale is void, 
 but B can hold A responsible for fraud. 
 IENWND. The asking or seeking for 
 what is due, or claimed to be due. Hotel 
 and Drafts,-no demand is necessary to 
 hold the maker of a note or the accept- 
 or of a draft responsible. Suit may be 
 brought as soon as the paper becomes 
 due. Iti dorters, to hold the indorser 
 of a note, or the indorser or drawer of 
 a draft responsible, the paper must be 
 presented and payment demanded of 
 the indorser, maker or acceptor on the 
 very diy it becomes due.\5>*^v4S7ow!&X\X^! 
 Demand Note, a note made payable 
 by its terms on demand, or otie having 
 no time of payment specified. 
 
 IOO. Indianapolis, May 17,19.... 
 
 On demand (or one day after 4a.lt] 
 promise to pay ...>N \\V\a\v\ \>owe 
 or orderi\\e \\\vY\&\c&-D o 1 1 ars, 
 value received, with interest. 
 
 DENlES(iE. Lands in which the own 
 er has absolute property. Demise, the 
 conveyance of land in fee, for life, or 
 for a term of years; used synonymous 
 IM with death. 
 
 DE(v\OCf\A,Cx- A form of government 
 in which the people rule. 
 
 OE(v\Uf\RA,&E. An allowance made 
 to the owners of a vessel for detain- 
 ing her in port longer than a spec 
 if led time. Demurrer, a pause put
 
 to any action upon a point of diffi- 
 culty, which must be determined by D 
 the court, before any further proceed- 
 ings can be had therein. 
 E^OplEflT. A witness, usually giv- 
 ing his testimony upon oath, by an 
 affidavit or deposition. Deposition, 
 the testimony of a witness given in 
 writing, by way of answer to i-Mter- 
 rogatories; also a kind of affidavit. 
 DEPOSIT. Money paid on account of 
 a purchase; gross amount to the cred- 
 it of a dealer; -money placed in a bank; 
 a delivery of goods to be kept for the de- 
 positor, without reward, and to be re- 
 turned when required. Deposit Fund 
 (of U.S.), in 1836 there had accumula- 
 ted in the national treasury about thir- 
 ty-six millions of dollars -more than 
 was needed for the support of the gov- 
 ernment. By act of Congress this sur- 
 plus was distributed among the States 
 then existing, to be kept by them until 
 called for by Congress. It hasnever,and 
 in all probability, never will be called 
 for. The States have used large portions 
 of it for school purposes. Deposit Book, 
 a small book furnished by the bank to 
 the depositor, in which his deposits are- 
 entered by the bank. The book is held by 
 the depositor, and constitutes receipts 
 for his deposits from time to tittie.\5>c.c< 
 
 v>^t^oc,\v'%ooV,'y Deposit Tickets ( or 
 Checks), slips for the use of depositors 
 in describing the funds offered by them 
 to banks for deposit. 
 
 \ra?os\t 
 
 MERCHANTS' 1 NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 Deposited by 
 
 Atlanta, Ind., May I, 19.!.. 
 
 $700 
 
 250 00 
 575 
 
 1525 
 
 00 
 
 DESPOT. A place where 90ods ate de- 
 osited; a sto-re or warehouse. 
 PUTY One who is authorized 
 by an officer to act in his place. 
 
 DERELICT- Anything cast away, for- 
 saken, or abandoned, in a way indi- 
 cating that the owner lays no further 
 claim to it. Derelict Lands, lands left 
 by water suddenly receding from Us 
 usual water-mark. 
 
 DESCENT Hereditary succession. D- 
 
 scendants, those who descend as off- 
 spring from an individual in a direct 
 line. 
 
 DE.SEFVnO{iJ. The act of abandoning 
 
 the public service, as of the. army; also 
 one's wife and children. 
 E,TA.IfEr\. The keeping possession 
 of the goods of another, or depriving 
 him of his liberty. Detinue, a writ to 
 recover goods in specie, or their full val- 
 ue, together with damages for the de- 
 tention; -replevin. Deterioration, a 
 damage done; lessening in price or val- 
 ue from any cau.se. 
 
 DEVlAJIOfl. In insurance, a depart- 
 ure from the risks described in the 
 licy, without sufficient cause. 
 /IS^. To give real estate, as by 
 a" last will and testament.Devisee,a 
 person who -receives a gift by will and 
 testament. 
 
 IFFEf\Ef)CE]S. The price at which 
 a stock is bargained for, and the rate 
 or day of delivery not usually being 
 the same, the variation is termed the 
 difference. 
 
 DlPLOf^A.C\. The art; and practice 
 of conducting negotiations between 
 nations by means of embassadors,etc. 
 
 DISCHA.R&E. The unloading of the 
 cargo of a vessel; to pay off or to clear 
 by payment, as a debt. Of Employe's, 
 an employe' may be discharged at the 
 end of his time, without aiiycau.se, 
 and without notice. If hired at so 
 much per week and for -no definite 
 time, he may be discharged at_theend 
 of any week. He may also be discharg- 
 ed during the week, or at any time be- 
 fore the close of the period of His cri- 
 pagement, and has no right to insist 
 upon working after his discharge; but 
 if he be discharged without good cause, 
 he is entitled to payment for the whole 
 period of his engagement. Of Debtors, 
 the making of an assignment does not 
 
 , discharge a debtor from his debts un- 
 til they are paid. The discharge -must 
 be granted by a court, under certain 
 conditions. 
 
 DJSCO'UflT. The deduction -made for 
 interest for the advance of money up- 
 on, or the purchase of, a bill or note not 
 due. Discount Day, the day of the week 
 011 which the discount board of a bank 
 meets to consider paper offered for djs- 
 count. 
 
 DlSCr\E(TIO(l. A just decision as to -mat- 
 
 fers of propriety and self-control; the abil- 
 ity to distinguish between good and evil. 
 Ape of Discretion, children at fourteen 
 are said to have acquired legal discretion. 
 Discretionary Trust, one which can on- 
 ly be administered by the exercise of 
 prudence and judgment. 
 |sVjOfJOr\ED. A check, d-raft, or prom 
 issory note is dishonored by a failure to 
 pay it when due. A bill of exchange is 
 dishonored by a refusal to accept it. 
 
 DISINHERIT. To debar an heir from 
 an inheritance, which otherwise would 
 be inherited by him. 
 
 (SOr\DEr\LY H0bse|. Any house the 
 inmates of which behave so badly as to 
 become a nuisance to the -neighborhood; 
 a house of ill-fame. 
 ISSOLUTIOf'i. The breaking up of 
 a partnership or corporation. Of Part- 
 tiership,-either the transfer of an 
 
 interest or the death of a partner, 
 dissolves a firm or partnership. Of Cor- 
 ppra.tip-Mi,-l. If formed for a limited 
 time, it is dissolved by its expiration. 
 2. By the voluntary surrender of i ts 
 rights to the State. 3. In some cases 
 by a law passed by the Legislature which 
 created it. 4. By becoming insolvent, 
 unable to pay its debts. 
 
 W \W\\St W VXSWVXTCVBH . 
 
 The copartnership heretofore exist- 
 ing between __ , _ 
 and _ _ _ , under the firm name 
 of _ , _ ,&.Co., is this day 
 dissolved by mutual consent\5>\^v\w 
 
 __ _ is authorized Resettle 
 all claims against, or to receive all a- 
 mounts due, the above named firm. 
 
 \jy\,V\V\vi ^a.-vX\\.\ W\\\ < ->'\o,\\\\\ 
 
 >ov> 
 
 and 
 
 ,VM\\O 
 
 We, the undersigned, do -mutually 
 agree that the within- mentioned part- 
 nership be and the same is hereby dis- 
 solved; except for the purpose of final 
 liquidation and settlement of the busi- 
 ness thereof, and upon such settlement 
 wholly to cease and determine. 
 
 Witness our hands and seals this 
 day of ,A.D. 19.... 
 
 [L.S.] 
 
 [L.S.] 
 
 F0r HE^T. The taking 
 
 by a landlord of personal propertu found 
 upon the land, for the payment of rent 
 due.- Formerly this practice was very 
 common. Distraiti, the act of seizing 
 the personal property of another as a 
 pledge for the satisfaction of a demand. 
 
 D(STF\IBljTlO(}. A final settlement 
 of the estate of an intestate, or the 
 proceeds of real estate, by dividing 
 it among the heirs, after all debts 
 and claims.are paid. 
 
 DISTRICT CO\lf\TS. The lowest in 
 
 prade of the national courts, the oth- 
 er two being the Supreme and the 
 Circuit. They hear the smaller cases, 
 and appeals are taken from them to 
 the Circuit; Courts. District Attorney, 
 a lawyer who attends all the courts 
 i-n a county in which persons are 
 tried for crimes, and conducts the 
 prosecution. 
 
 DIVIDEND. Division of the profits 
 received by stockholders from the 
 earnings of a. joint-slock company; 
 the proportional payment -made to 
 creditors out of the estate of one 
 who has become bankrupt. 
 
 DlVOF\CE. The separation of a. 
 husband and wife by the opera- 
 tion of law. 
 
 215
 
 riOOO. "CINCINNATI, JULY 1,19.... 
 
 At sight, pay to...>^&o\ , 
 tor order Ox**. "\Y>O\>SKW> : Doll ars, 
 value -received, and charge the same to 
 account of 
 
 To C.AMES,BOSTOM, MASS. 
 
 DOCI^. The space occupied 
 
 oners in a. criminal court; .slip 
 or water way between two piers 
 or wharves tort-he -reception of ves- 
 sels. Dockage, charge /or the use of 
 a dock /or the use of a ship or vessel 
 Docket:, a register or court calendar; 
 a small pjece of paper or parchment 
 containing the effect of a. terser one. 
 
 DOLLAR. The -monetary u-nit of 
 value in the United States. Prior 
 to July 6, 1785, the English pou-tid 
 was the -monetary unit. On that date 
 the Continental Congress establish- 
 ed the dollar in its place. 
 
 DOfV|AJN. Land lying about a. -man- 
 sion and belonging to it; dominion, 
 possessions, or estate. Eminent Do- 
 main, the right of A State to take 
 anyone's property, even against his 
 will, by paying him for it. Were itnot 
 for this -right, railroad building would 
 be impossible in some cases. 
 
 DOfJ/\TE. To voluntarily transfer the 
 title to athing,without any considera- 
 tion, OS a free gift. Donee, one who 
 receives a gift or donation^ one on 
 whom a power (or execution is con- 
 
 DCAJBlE <NTlft. A system of keep- 
 ing accounts based upon the /act that 
 whenever one person or thinj becomes 
 Dr. some other person or thinp becomes 
 Cr. for a like amount. It opens a set 
 of books in equation, each transaction 
 being so recorded as to add equal sums 
 to both sides, and thus keepin9 the 
 accounts arising from the transactions 
 of a business in perpetual equilibrium. 
 
 DOWEr\. Usually a. life interest of 
 
 one-third part, which a widow has in 
 the lands and tenements of her hus- 
 band, for the support of herself. Oow- 
 apar, one who has a jointure; a widow 
 endowed. Dowry, property which ft 
 woman brings her husband in -mar- 
 riage ; called also a portion. 
 rVKFT. The number of feet which 
 a ship sinks in the water; a deduction 
 allowed from the gross weight of goods; 
 a written order, signed by one person, 
 ordering another person, to whom i* 
 is directed, to pay a certain sum o/ mon- 
 ey, at ascertain time, to a third person, 
 o-r to his order, or to the bearer. Draw, 
 to make a draft. Drawback, the paying 
 back of duties by the government on the 
 exportation of imported poods. Drawee, 
 the person on whom the draft or bill 
 is drawn. Drawer, the person or par- 
 ty who makes the draft, or who -requests 
 that the pay-merit be made. The one to 
 whom the pay-men* it mute i; the Payee. 
 
 *I05I*M. CMICAC-O, Nov. 21,19.... 
 
 Thirty days after date pay t o 
 the order 
 
 value received, and charge to the ac- 
 tount of \>.V .Srtovwix i.~ 
 
 To HENRY COMER & Co.. New YORK. 
 
 S500 X 
 
 Denver,Col.,Oct.l,l9... 
 Pay to the order of...M\iw(Y* 
 
 lollars. DUPLICATE UNPAID. 
 
 M.SCHOFIELO, ta&WX. 
 
 ToMERCHANTS'BANK. ST. PHUL. 
 
 No.418. 
 
 To OEO.H.TAU 
 
 YORK, MM 1,13... 
 
 "o Bearer- 
 
 x Dollars, 
 
 nt o/ 
 .H.WHEEUER. 
 
 THE UNION BANK: 
 
 ST. Louis, - Mo. p FEB.I,l9... 
 
 DRAFTS WANTED. 
 
 IN FAVOR OF 
 
 Ourselves, 
 L.S.Dixon, 
 Ourselves, 
 
 Our No. 149 check 
 herewith. 
 
 435 
 
 . Charoe for hauling or con 
 veyino aoods; called also ov<v^&. 
 
 Dr\ESS GOODS. Fabrics for the gar- 
 tne-nts of women and children, most 
 comwonlji those made of mixed mate- 
 rials; as, silk and cotton, silk and wont- 
 ed, etc. 
 
 r\Ulv\MEr\. An aaent employed by 
 merchants to solicit customers. 
 
 D(\UNK/Vr\D8. A person while intox- 
 icated has lost the use of His faculties 
 for the time, and therefore any con- 
 tract that he makes during that time 
 he may refuse to fulfill; but if he a- 
 dopts it after becoming sober, he can 
 not question it. 
 
 DR[Y OOODS. A ae-neral name for text- 
 ile fabrics; as, cottons, woolens, si I Us, 
 laces, etc. D-ry Wine*, those wines 
 having the saccharine matter and the 
 ferment so evenly balanced that no 
 sweetness is perceptible 
 U^. That which is owed. Due-Bill, an 
 acknowledgment in writing of a debt 
 due another. It is not payable to order, 
 nor is it ass^nable by endorsement. It 
 is subject to all the offsets and equita- 
 ble tipHts between the original parties, 
 and action most be brought in the 
 name of the original obligee. 
 
 *\W. PHILADELPHIA, Feb.3,19... 
 
 Oue..^Mv'.*'^(v^\*o-s....for val- 
 e received, OH^. V>\j^^>w^.\>_J)ollara, 
 with interest. 
 
 ASA TALMAN. 
 
 Vo'Xct. ~ BOSTON, JAN. 4,13... 
 
 Due...^.^.^Kft.\i i E.T...f or value re 
 
 ved-~^ova-('.STo.~~Dollars,paya 
 jle in goods from our store, on de 
 -mand. PHILIPS L HUNTER 
 
 70>!o . ATLANTA.NOV.7,19... 
 
 D ue...^^^ KV>^ O.^^PV^V t . ..for 
 
 value -received %tNtHT^ Dollars, 
 
 payable, Forty Dollars in cash, and 
 Thirty Dollars in goods from our store 
 on demand. WALTON &.WHISUER. 
 
 I OU 5 \TTX- 
 
 R.W.HAMILTON, 
 
 OUrv\B B(DDI(4& At auction where 
 
 the amount which the owner of poods 
 is willi-ng to accept, is written down for 
 the auctioneer's use, and no bid is ac- 
 cepted unless it equals or exceeds this 
 amount. 
 
 DUJ4 . To request the payment, espe- 
 cially to press urgently, of a debt. Dm 
 nage, pieces of wood placed in the hold 
 of a vessel, upon which the carjo rests, 
 to oreserve it in case of leakage. 
 
 Dl)PLlCA.TE. A document which is 
 essentially the same as another, and 
 differing from a mere copy in havinp 
 all the validity of an original; an orio 
 inal instrument -repeated. 
 
 DUF\E^SS. Any unlawful restraint, 
 compulsion, or -fear of imprisonment. 
 It may be either toth v^w^, or to 
 Jhe opote. 
 
 DUTIEJS. Taxes, tolls, i-mposts, or cus- 
 toms; excise; any sum of money levied 
 bj) the government on the importation, 
 exportation, or consumption of goods. 
 -If levied on persons or things, it is 
 called a tax. Specific Duty, a specified 
 amount upon each article, yard, ton, 
 etc., without reference to value. Ad-Va 
 lorem Du*y, a certain per cent upon 
 the cost of the goods in the country 
 from which they wen? imported. 
 /VRLV f\ISlH&. The difference behwei 
 rising every morning at six a-nd at 
 eight, in the course of forty years, 
 amounts to 29,200 hours, or three 
 years, one hundred twenty-one days, 
 and sixteen hours, which are equal to 
 eight hours a day for exactly ten years. 
 So that by rising at six will be practi- 
 cally the same as if ten years of life 
 were added, wherein we may command 
 eight hours every day for the cultiva- 
 tion of our minds and the dispatch 
 of business. 
 
 /^^N. In marine insurance the 
 premium is said to be e/v<\\sA if the 
 vessel or the goods are upon the sea 
 during any of the time mentioned in 
 the policy. If the premium is not earn- 
 ed, it must be refunded if it has been 
 paid. Earnest, an advance in payment 
 made by the purchaser of goods to bind 
 
 216
 
 the sellef to the agreement. 
 
 ;/\SEIv\ENT. A liberty, privilege,ora( 
 vantage, which the owner of one parcel 
 o< land has to use the land of another 
 without profit. 
 
 E^ES-DR.OPpEt\S. Persons who lurk 
 about dwelling houses, and other places 
 where people -meet for private i-Mter- 
 course, to hear any discourse, arid there 
 upon to frame glanderous tales. 
 
 upon to frame gl 
 
 E;CCLE|SI/\STIC>V.L 
 
 corporation whose members are entire 
 ly spiritual persons, and is established 
 for the advancement of religion, and 
 perpetuating the rights of the church 
 ,-Also called VxfcXvsJvovM, W\^vX\o\\. 
 ;DICT. A public command or ordinance 
 by a sovereign, forbidding or corn-mane 
 ing something. 
 
 EJECTIv\EfJT. A species of mixed action 
 whereby a person -may recover possess 
 ion of real property, together with darn 
 ages, while unlawfully detained by another. 
 
 ELEIy\EfjT. A f unoamenta[ or essen 
 tial ingredient; one of the simplest- 
 parts or principles of which anything con 
 
 Ete;EMOS'YN/VRY Relating to char 
 ity, alms, or almsgiviny.Eleettiosy-fi 
 ry Corporation, a corporate body insti 
 tu.te<! for the perpetual distribution of 
 the free alms or bounty of the founde- 
 of it, to such class of persons as he has 
 directed. 
 
 ENIBA^OO. An edict or order of thi 
 government issued in time of war, pro 
 hibUing vessels or goods from leaving pori 
 until further orders. 
 
 EAJM-E . A gold coin of the United State 
 of the value often dollars. Easy, not pres 
 
 _ed for money. Effects, available funds; o 
 movable property. 
 
 ELL. An English measure.of lenci>h,e<|i 
 to VA yards; the Scotch ell is l%o yards. 
 
 Efv\BA,Hl^. To proceed on board ave 
 
 sel; to engaoe in any business. 
 
 ENlBEzLerv\EtlT. The act of fraudu 
 lently appropriating to himself , by an 
 employe' orclerk, money or joods en 
 trusted to his charge. 
 
 E(v\BLEIv\EtlTS. The growing crops 
 or profits of a crop, arising from a ten 
 ant's own labor, and which he has the 
 'o remove after his tenancy has 
 
 rnv ntM, pro* 
 
 Free. intercourse,boti 
 immigrants is grant 
 
 ed by all civilized nations, and it -way 
 be evoected that, as the co-tti-mefce of the 
 world increases, and travel becomes wore 
 and wore general, it will in time become 
 established as a strict ri9ht. In general, 
 citizens have aright to leave thei-t- 
 countTM whenever they choose. 
 NlPLcfYEF\ A.ND EMPtOYE. An 
 agreement to work for another, is a 
 very common kind of contract m bus- 
 iness life. The two general classes 
 are (II to do some particular thin?, 
 and plj to do whatever the employer 
 -may direct. 
 
 The ni'ost important part of the 
 employer's agreement is to pay for 
 the services, and it is either /*Yce 
 or'wv\^\\a&. A fixed compensation be 
 forehand controls; but where^nothitij 
 is said about whether the services wjH 
 be, paid for, or how much wi[l be paid, 
 nevertheless such a contract is always 
 im plied. W<\aY. *A^'\O6% txi xaoj**?^ 
 ' 
 
 Vo ^\\) \NY<a.V V\\6\^ tut \NO-VV\\, i.e., the 
 usual amount paid /or such services 
 elsewhere. Unless there is a special 
 agreement for pay-merit in ad vance, 
 the person employed is entitled to no 
 pay until the whole service has been 
 rendered. 
 
 The empjoye must fulfill his aoree- 
 ment, but if anything else is asked o( 
 him he need not do it. \XrVi ->.\v 
 
 NM\\\ 
 
 .. If the person employed fails 
 to carry out his contract in any re 
 spect, he is entitled to no compensation; 
 no matter how much he has done. 
 
 EiyiPOF\IUJv\. A center of *rade,espe 
 cially a city or town having an extens- 
 ive commerce. 
 
 fJCF\0^pH. To unlawfully entet;step 
 by step, or by stealth, upon 
 and possessions of another. 
 
 EflDO[\SE. To transfer by writing 
 one's name on the back, as oti notes, 
 drafts, etc.; to guarantee payment. CM 
 dor$ee,the person in whose favor an 
 endorsement is made. Endorser, one 
 who writes his name on the back oj 
 a note, etc., thus becoming responsi- 
 ble for its pay-metit. 
 
 IN BLANK. IN FULL. GENERAL. 
 
 John Doe. 
 
 RESTRICTIVE. 
 
 Pay 
 Richard Roe 
 
 only. 
 John Doe. 
 
 Pay 
 Richard Roe, 
 or order. 
 John Doe. 
 
 QUALIFIED. 
 
 Pay 
 
 Richard Roe, 
 or order, 
 without re- 
 course. 
 John Doe. 
 
 Pay 
 Richard Roe 
 John Doe. 
 
 CONDITIONAL 
 
 Pay 
 Richard Roe 
 or order, 
 unless paynen 
 is forbidden t> 
 fore -matur 
 
 John Qoe. 
 
 In the following form each party 
 js responsi ble to the one below him: 
 i.e., if Nos. I pay the obligation, all 
 the others a-re released; if Nos. I 
 fail to_ pay, then Nis.i are next re- 
 sponsible, who, if they pay, Nos. 3,4, 
 etc., are released, but Nos. I are -re- 
 sponsible to Nos. X; stc. 
 
 IN AN UN- 
 
 CERTIFIED ORftFTjOR 
 UNCERTI- 
 
 I. Maker. 
 
 2.kl Itidorsei 
 3.2nd , 
 4.3rd < 
 Etc. 
 
 I. Acceptor. 
 1. Drawer. 
 
 4.W , 
 Etc. 
 
 LThe batik. I.Dtawer. 
 
 Ikt hidor 
 
 4.3td 
 Etc. 
 
 4.3rd ,1 
 
 Etc. 
 
 I-H blank.... A blank endorsement 
 makes a note transferable by m^re 
 delivery only, but the endorser is 
 -made liable for its payment. 
 
 l lull.... An endorsement in 
 full prevents a subsequent \\O\^A 
 from recovering against the antece- 
 dent parties, unless he can. deduce a 
 repttlar title to the bill frow the per- 
 son whose name stands as first endor- 
 ser. It also has >he same effect as 
 an endorsement in blank. 
 
 Gene-ral...^ general endorsement 
 etititles the holder of a note to t he 
 money, and in case of default,to look 
 to the endorser for payment. It has 
 been held that in a general endorse 
 went the holder has a ri9ht to fill in 
 the words "or order" if he saw fit,tna 
 kino it a t\\ endorsement. 
 
 Restrictive.... The holder of a note 
 has power to limit its payment to whom 
 he pleases. A restrictive endorsement 
 will not be presumed from equivocal 
 Iari9ua9e, and it always tends to itn- 
 pairthene9otiability of a note or bill. 
 
 Guialified.... A qualified endorsement 
 does not affect the negotiability of a 
 note, but allows the holder to trans 
 fer it without being held liable for its 
 payment. 
 
 Cotidi*iptial.... i Theconditioflal i en 
 doTsenient is explained by its worditip 
 and is used only in special cases. One 
 who afterwards accepts it is bound by 
 the condition. 
 
 By anAoe-n*....An ayent should en 
 dorse either v> -w^vCv, or write the 
 name of his principal; otherwise the 
 endorsement is inoperative. If .compejl 
 ed to endorse notes or bills over to his 
 principal, he should use_ a restrictive 
 form, to avoid responsibility. 
 
 ., fewcittXNX 
 
 For Money Paid When a partia 
 pa umenl is -made on a. note, it should be 
 endorsed thus: 
 &IOO.%o. Received on the within note 
 
 One Hundred Dollars. 
 
 Sept. 10,19.... G-EOR6CLAM8. 
 
 For Col lection.... 
 
 Pay to Merchants' National Bank, 
 St. Paul, /or collection. 
 
 SAMUEL PAUL. 
 
 217
 
 E(J&f\OSS. To write out,orcopy,in 
 a lituc, fair hand, on paper or parchmetit; 
 to buy up large quantities of goods of 
 any kind in order to control the -mar- 
 ket. 
 
 ENJOIN. To corriniand, require, or 
 prohibit by a judicial order or decree. 
 fiVOY A person sent by a. sover- 
 eign or government, to negotiate a 
 treaty or transact other business, with 
 ft foreign sovereign or government .-If 
 vested wifh full power he is called an 
 
 .'A storeroom for the de 
 posit of goods; a bonded warehouse; 
 a f-ee port. 
 
 EfiTf\Y. The lodgment of a ship's 
 papers hi the custom house on arriv- 
 al at a port of entry; the reco-rd of 
 atiy business transaction. 
 ^UlPNlEflTS. A coMective desig- 
 nation for the necessaries o( a-ri ex- 
 pedition or voyage. 
 IQjjITY. A b-ranch of -remedial jus- 
 lice, by and through which relief is af- 
 forded to suitors in the courts of equi- 
 ty. Equitable Assets, assets which are 
 reached only through a court of equi- 
 ty. Equitable Estate, a right or inter- 
 est in land which requires a court of 
 equity to make available. Equitable 
 Mortgage, a claim or lien upon real 
 estate, recognized in a court of equ-ity 
 as security for money paid; as a de- 
 posit of the title-deeds of an estate with 
 the lender of the money. It has iksante 
 effect as a mortgage. Equity of Re- 
 demption, the right of a mortgagor to 
 redeem an estate, after it has been for- 
 feited at law by the non-payment, at 
 the time appointed, of the -money se- 
 cured by the mortgage, to be paid b y 
 paying the amount of the debt, interests 
 arid costs. 
 
 ;j\^OF\. A blunder or mistake; a le- 
 gal writ which carries the suit for re- 
 dress to another court. E-rrors Except 
 ed, a_reservation made in all cases in 
 furnishing mercantile accounts. 
 
 E|SCHE/\T. Lands or tenements which 
 fall or revert to the lord or superior be 
 cause of the failure of heirs, or by for- 
 feiture. 
 
 SCf\OW. A deed delivered to astran 
 ger, to be the deed of a party making it, 
 upon a future condition, when a cer- 
 tain thing is performed, and then to 
 be delivered to the party to whom -made. 
 
 E.SPL^ES. The productions of land; 
 as, the hay of the meadows, herbage of 
 pasture, corn of the arable, -rents, etc 
 
 . The degree, quantity, nat- 
 ure and extent of interest which a per- 
 son has in real property; the circum- 
 stances or conditions in which the own- 
 er stands with regard to his property. 
 Estate in Comtnon, a joint estate 
 held by two or more persons, and hav- 
 ing several distinct titles. Estate l-n 
 Coparcenery, an estate held by_ sever- 
 al persons as one heir. Estate in Dow- 
 er, the life estate held by a widow i-H 
 one-third of the land and tenements 
 of which her husband was sehed at 
 a-ny time during coverture, arid which 
 estate -might have been inherited by 
 her issue if she had any. Estate i n 
 Expectancy, an estate in Which t He 
 right of possession and_ enjoymentjs 
 postponed to a future time. Estate in 
 Fee (or Fee-Siniple), an unqualified own- 
 ership of lands which a mart and his 
 heirs have without limit or end. Es- 
 tate in Fee-Tail, an estate which will 
 be inherited by certain classes of heirs. 
 Estate of Inheritance, any freehold 
 estate, except that for life, which way 
 descend to hefts. Estate of Joint Ten 
 ancy, conveyance of land < by purchase 
 to two or wore persons jointly,either 
 In fee, for life, or for years. Estate /or- 
 Life, an estate which one has aright 
 to use during his life, or the life of 
 some other person. Estate in Remain 
 der,a.n expectant estate in lands, tene- 
 ments, or rents, to be enjoyed by some 
 third party, after the expiration of an 
 intervening estate. Estate in Reversion, 
 an expectant estate arising by operation 
 of law; the residue of an estate which 
 returns to the grantor after the deter- 
 mination of some particular estate, 
 granted. Estate i-nSeveraJty, lands or 
 tenements held by a person in his own 
 exclusive right. Estate at Sufferance, 
 the lowest estate that can exist. It aris- 
 es where a tenant continues his pos 
 session after his tenancy has expired. 
 Estate at Will, an estate depending up- 
 on the joint wills of the parties, and 
 not limited by time. Estate /orYears, 
 an estate held for a definite time, and 
 may be for any length of time; it is al- 
 so called VJAW. \<y\ \>,-Wb. Future Estate, 
 the interest which a person has in cer- 
 tain land to whom it is to go upon the 
 death of a life tenant, or upon some 
 other contingency. Thus the heirs of 
 a husband have_ a future estate in land 
 set apart to a widow for her dower. 
 
 'SJOppEL. A legal impediment to a 
 
 right of action arising from a person's 
 own act, or where he is precluded from 
 speaki-ng against his own deed. 
 (SfOVEr^S. Supply of needful wood, 
 for repairs, fuel, etc., a legal guaranty to 
 ( tenants from their demised premises. 
 ;STf\A^fS. Animals, whose owners are 
 not known, found wandering around. 
 
 EVAJSIOf) A shift or subterfuge to set 
 
 aside the truth, or escape the punishment 
 of the law. 
 
 EVICTIOfl. The recovery of lands or 
 tenements from another's possession 
 by legal proceedings. A landlord has a 
 right to evict when the tenancy expires, 
 
 and also whenever the tenant does, or 
 omits to do, anything for which t he 
 lease provides.thc landlord shall have the 
 rio,ht to"re-eriter." If a landlord de- 
 prives the tenant of the property with- 
 out right, it relieves the latter from pay- 
 ing rent. When the landlord has aright 
 to evict, he may do it himself i/ he can 
 accomplish it without force-not other- 
 wise; resort must be had to the courts. 
 I/ some third party, having a better right 
 to the property than the landlord, should 
 deprive the tenant of it, that would also 
 relieve him from paying rent. This often 
 occurs in -mortgaged property. 
 EVIDENCE Proof var testimony, ei- 
 ther written or unwritten, of facts at 
 issue between parties. 
 
 EX'VpTlON. The act of demanding or 
 taking with authority; awrdng.com- 
 mitted by an officer, or one pretend- 
 ing to have authority, by taking a larg 
 erfee than the law allows. 
 
 EXAMINED. A custom-house officer 
 who examines imported merchandise 
 and compares the articles with the in- 
 voices; ati officer in chancery to take 
 depositions of unwilling witnesses, 
 where notice of motion for decree has 
 been given, or where issue is joined; 
 ati officer i-s the Patent Office who in- 
 spects patents and records. 
 
 E\CE]PTIOfJ. The act of excluding 
 
 or leaving out a certain nurnber;a.stop 
 
 or stay to an action. 
 
 EXcH'XN&Ej. The giving one vafuo 
 for another; the process of remit- 
 ting money values by weans of bills 
 and drafts; the discount or premium 
 arising from the purchase or sale of 
 different classes of paper; the place 
 where merchants of a city meet to 
 transact busines. Exchange Broker, 
 one who negotiates foreign bills o( 
 exchange. 
 
 bXplSEj. A "a-* or duty levied on ar- 
 ticles produced and consumed in the 
 sa-me country, as on wine, whisky,etc. 
 
 EXEC\JfE. To carry into complete 
 effect; to put to death by form of law. 
 Executed, when applied to contracts, 
 signifies already do-nc, accomplished, ot 
 performed. Execution, a legal war- 
 rant or order to carry out the judg- 
 ment or sentence of the court.Execu 
 tor, a person appointed by a testator 
 to carry out the provisions and direc- 
 tions of his will. Executory, having 
 authority to put the laws in force; yet 
 to be performed. Executory Contract, 
 a contract to be performed iti the fu- 
 ture, as to build a house in six months. 
 Executory Devise, A gift of a future 
 interest; a devise depending on some 
 contingency which must happe-n be- 
 fore it can vest, instead of at the death 
 of the testator. Executory Estate , an 
 estate which depends,for its enjoyment, 
 upon some contingency or subsequent 
 event. Executory Trust, an incomplete 
 trust, requiring a further actto'give 
 it its full force. Executory Uses, spring 
 ing uses which confer alegal title, and 
 answer to an executory devise, depend 
 ing upon a future contingency. 
 
 218
 
 , DAMAGES. Damages al- 
 lowed as a punishment for torts com- 
 mitted with fraud, maJice, or deliberate 
 violence; serving as a warning to others. 
 XEfVlPnOpJ. Freedom, from any ser- 
 vice, charge, appearance, etc;-thc right 
 of a debtor to retain a portion of his 
 property from 'execution. Exe-ftipts, per- 
 sons who are by law excused from cer- 
 tain duties imposed upon others. 
 'Xn'BlT A written statement show- 
 ing the condition of the affairs of a 
 merchant; a transcript of ledger bal- 
 ances. 
 
 !XPAJT\l/^riOjJ. Banishment from 
 one's native country, voluntary or other- 
 wise; *he forsaking of one's country 
 with the intention of becoming aciti- 
 zen of another. 
 
 LXPEfJSE. This is a title ^nder which 
 an account of the ex^\\&es incurred in 
 conducting a business is kept; such as 
 freight,store rent, clerk hire,fuel,lights, 
 etc. It includes all expenses connected 
 with a business that do not more prop- 
 erly belong to some other account. \( 
 it be desired to show results in detail, 
 separate accounts must be kept with Sal- 
 aries, Freight, Rent, etc. Debit Expense 
 with any outlay for carrying on the bus 
 iness. Credit Expense with returns on 
 anything previously debited to it. 
 
 port from place to place, the goods, eta, 
 of any one when offered them. Express 
 Contract, an agreement definitely and 
 formally expressed in words. It miy_be 
 either oral or written. Opposite of im- 
 plied contract. 
 
 XT^NT. A legal warrant by which the 
 
 body, lands, and goods of a debtor -may 
 all betaken at once to satisfy a claim. 
 Extension, the extending of the va- 
 rious items of a bill to the final dol- 
 lar and cent column; ati agreement on 
 the part of a creditor to allow further 
 time for the payment of a debt. Exten- 
 uation, a circumstance which renders 
 a crime or fault less heinous than; it 
 would be without it. 
 
 X"rOHTIO[* To gain from violence, 
 
 threats, or injustice ;*he unlawful tak- 
 ing, by an officer, under color of his of- 
 fice, of money or anything of value not 
 due him. 
 
 XTF\/^DIT. lo l' The surrender by one 
 jiovernment to another, of any person 
 who has fled from justice. When applied 
 to States of the U.S. it is c 
 
 'or Rent, 
 ,,OffeDes 
 Books, 
 
 Clerk Hire, 1 00 00 
 
 EXPENSE. 
 
 IOOOO 
 5000 
 IOOO 
 
 Stld Office Desk, 
 
 M, ftt M 
 
 4-000 
 
 26000 
 
 _. Persons skilled in a science, 
 an art, orin_a profession; persons select 
 ed by parties in a cause, to give evidence 
 on those subjects in which they are par- 
 ticularly Skilled. 
 
 iXPOf\T. To carry or send goods or 
 produce out of a country in the course 
 of trade. Export Duty, a duty imposed 
 by some governments on the exporta- 
 tion of certain kinds of merchandise.Ex 
 porter, one who sends goods to a foreign 
 country. Exports, goods and produce ex- 
 
 _ported or sent out of a country. 
 
 iXPf\ESS. To transmit moto rapidly 
 than by ordinary maans; a regular and 
 quick conveyance for packages, liy lit 
 freight, etc. Express Company, an as 
 sociat!on ? coming in the class of Com- 
 mon Carriers, whose business is to trans 
 
 . One who sees a 
 thi-ng done. 
 
 FAJCE OF NOTE The amount of tnm 
 ey expressed in writing in the body of a 
 note or bill. 
 
 AJJ-SliyilLE An accurate imitation of 
 
 an original; an exact copy or likeness. 
 
 AJCfOf\ An agent employed to sell 
 
 goods or merchandise consigned or de 
 livered to him, by or for his principal 
 for a compensation, commonly called 
 factorage or commission. Factorage, 
 the commission allowed to factors or 
 commission merchants by those who 
 employ them. Facture, A.H invoice or 
 bill of parcels. 
 
 FAJU. To become bankrupt or insolvent 
 Failure, inability to meet mercantile en- 
 gagements; suspension of payment. Us 
 ed mainly of persons in commercial 
 life. When a firm fails, every partner 
 is liable for the whole indebtedness of 
 the firm; i.e., not only the cormti<ni,bi 
 also the private property of each part- 
 ner may be taken to satisfy the debts 
 of the firm. In such a case, if proper 
 legal steps be taken, the private prop 
 erty of each partner may be reserved 
 to pay_ his private debts, and the part- 
 nership property set apart to pay the 
 partnership debts. When either class 
 has been wholly paid, the surplus prop 
 erty is applied to the other class. 
 
 FAIF\ Honorable; a grade above mid 
 
 djing; a market held at stated periods. 
 
 FAJ-L. Ruin; a tumble; decrease in 
 price or value. Falling Market, a con 
 tinuous decline in the price of goods 
 or merchandise. Falling 0/f, a dimi- 
 nution of sales. 
 
 FALSE. ACTlOpJ. An acHon the words 
 of which writ are false. False j-mpris 
 onwent, any illegal restraining of per 
 sonal liberty; the arrest or detention 
 of a person without warrantor by an 
 illegal warrant, or by a legal warrant 
 issued at an unlawful time. False Prc 
 tenses, deceit or misrepresentations; 
 
 statements made with a fraudulent 
 design to obtain goods on credit. Fal- 
 sify , to make something appear to be 
 true which is really false. 
 
 FAMILY EXPANSE;. An account 
 under this title may be kept\J>s*V 
 ^.xvwVsyx 4orw\,and wade_Dr. /or 
 every thing bought for family use, in- 
 cluding the market price of such prod- 
 ucts of the /arm as wight be used by 
 the family. Where a family expense 
 account is kept, the books would show 
 the profits from farming, the cost of 
 living, and the net increase. 
 
 F/\fVv\ ACCOUNTS These may be 
 
 kept in simple Ledger Accounts, the 
 same as with persons or Cash, by 
 making the Farm, or any portion 
 of it with which an account is kept, 
 Or. for what it costs, and Cr. for 
 what it produces. If there be an ex- 
 cess of the Cr. side over its Dr. side, 
 it will represent the \&i <yiw\ for th 
 time; if the excess be on" the Dr. side, 
 it will represent we'xAow. \( desired, 
 accounts way be kept thus with one 
 or any number of fields, or depart- 
 ments of farm work, for one year 
 or for a single crop, as with aWheat- 
 field, a Corn-field, a Cattle Account.etc 
 
 FA/M F\ECOf\D. A record giving 
 an account of one's fanning oper- 
 ations ? including the cost of labor em 
 ployed in preparing fields for crops; 
 the cost of seed, and of planting and 
 sowing; the cost of protecting and cul- 
 tivating growing crops, and of harvest 
 i-ng them; the price they bring when 
 sold, or their worth as used; the kind, 
 quantity, and cost of fertilizers em- 
 ployed; the effect of the rotation of 
 crops; etc., etc. Such a record woiik 
 be of great value in. enabling farmers 
 to profit -most largely by their individ- 
 ual or joint experience. 
 
 AJW LEGIST. EF\ A Time Bookfo 
 
 labor performed. It is kept on thege* 
 eral plan of the Pay Roll or Time Book. 
 \J>aiXMe.w4v( 4o*<Y<C\. Use the left col- 
 umn for the V\X\> of speculative ac 
 counts, or branches of farming, as 
 Wheat-field, Live Stock, Dairy, Orchard 
 etc., and enter regularly the number 
 of days' work expended upon each of 
 these branches. Two lines wight be 
 left for each title, the upper for day's 
 work of -vvwv\, and the lower for Va*n 
 which would be at different rates, 
 arid the amount of the whole extend- 
 ed at the right. 
 
 ANCY STOCKS. A term usually applied 
 to the stocks of joint companies,which 
 is subject to fluctuation in price. 
 
 FA.(\THlNG-. A copper coin of England 
 in value equal to about one-half cent. 
 
 FA,l)TOf\S Supporters of others; per 
 
 sons who aid or support another in the 
 commission of a crime; ati abetor. 
 A^/OF\. Support, patronage, or good 
 will; to assist, befriend, or afford advan- 
 tages /or success. 
 
 EAJLTY' The special oath of fidelity 
 which a tenant owes to his landlord. 
 
 FEA.SA.NCE(. The act of doing or wa- 
 king anything. 
 
 219
 
 FE(E. Price paid for services- generally 
 said of professional men;esta_te,eithe 
 in fee-simple or fee-tail ; *hat right which 
 a vassal Has in lands,to use the same 
 and take the profits thereof *o himself 
 and his hei-rs, rendering to his lord due 
 services therefor. Fee-Smiple, an estate 
 in lands o-r tenements of which theown- 
 er has the fullest powsr o( disposi-ng 
 which the law allows. Fee-Tail, an esiate 
 which can be inherited only by a.certa.'m 
 class of heirs; a limited inheritance. 
 
 EJGtJED t$T\0$ The appeara-vice 
 
 o( aiming at or offering when some- 
 thing quite different is intended; such 
 action, although the words o( the writ 
 are tru, yet the plaintif has no actual 
 cause of action. Feigned Issue, a pro- 
 ceeding brought by the consent of the 
 parties, or by a court, to determine before 
 a jury some disputed right or /acts, thus 
 saving both time and expense. 
 
 FE.LOfi. One convicted fen having com 
 mitted a crime. Felonious Homicide, the 
 killing of a person without justification 
 orexcuse.Felo-ny, every species of crime 
 which occasions the forfeiture of land 
 and goods; a critne punishable by im- 
 prisonment in a State prison. 
 ^OFpN\Ef4T. A conveyance or gift 
 in fee of corporeal hereditaments accom- 
 panied by actual delivery of possession. 
 Feoff-men* *o Uses, the conveyance of 
 land to a person for the use of a third 
 
 ^RF(V. The right, granted bu act of 
 legislature, to maintain a. vessel for car- 
 rying passengers or freight- across a 
 river, ba-y, etc. 
 
 FE.UD. The right to use the lands of a 
 lord, by rendering services therefor,the 
 property in the land still -remaining in 
 the lord. Feudal Law (or Systetti), a sys- 
 tem of tenures cowmen in Western 
 Europe during the Middle Ages! from 
 about 600 A.O. to 1500), by which real 
 estate was held, and which arose from 
 the peculiar political conditions of those 
 Countries. 
 
 FICTITIOUS ACTIOfl An action brought 
 c-n a pretended controversy, in order 
 to get the opinion of the court on a 
 point of law. Fictitious Quotation , 
 in the stock exchanoe, common devices 
 of the bucket shops\\Na*Vs w (.icwtMnv- 
 
 W* V(YC\tV\ \\fcSK, (yYOVHA ON>.\ Vk^OYi \\\t, WWV 
 
 Y<AoN\>a^'vv\\tt<^e.c\v\<!s\ which are 
 usually the sending of false telegrams 
 from the main source of information, 
 or furnishing the telegraph operator 
 with the figures he is to post up instead 
 of those really telegraphed. 
 
 . Land held of a superior on con- 
 
 dition of military service: a fee,feod,or 
 ' ud. 
 
 .I^TIOli. The relation of achild 
 to a father; the act of ascribing a 
 child to a father. 
 
 lU(BUSTEr\. One who unites with 
 ptHers in attacking a foreign country 
 'n tittle of peace for plunder ot conquest. 
 N/^L DECF\EE*. A final or cpnclu 
 sive sentence of the court, terminating 
 all litigation on any one cause. Fi-riaf 
 Judpwent, a decision of the.cour* 
 which puts an end to an action, by an 
 award of red-ress to one party, or dis- 
 charge of the other, as the case maybe. 
 
 F|NA,NClEf\. (Hie skilled hi money 
 matters; o4ie who has charge of t he 
 public.revenH.es. 
 
 Flf\E INSURANCE!. An indemnity a- 
 9ainst loss by fire. Fire Policy, the au- 
 thorized document setting forth the nature 
 and extent of the property insured against 
 fire, the sum to be paid under it in_the 
 event of fire, and the annual premium, 
 payable by insurer. 
 
 VOVkVN V)V V\V>^ VOXXW. 
 N o.47 5. 5000. 
 
 l-ti Consideration of the representa- 
 tions of the assured, of the conditions, 
 limitations and -requirements of *His 
 Policy, hereinafter -mentioned and ^of 
 3rov,Tx-v\\j^. Dollars, does \Y(- 
 
 X&a* f-rorn the...S\\x....day of 
 
 ta><)<jb*\ 19 ,at 12 o'clock a* 
 
 noon, to -the.....Vw%v day of 
 
 V\vq\>,'=& I9_, at 12 o'clock at noon, 
 
 *o an amount -not exceed in9....Sv>j^. 
 
 "\*O\J%KW> Dollars, against loss or 
 
 damage by Fi-re t-o the following speci- 
 fied and located property only, to-wit: 
 
 And -the said Gei-wa-n Insurance Cow 
 patty hereby agrees to indemnify a -rid 
 make good unto the said assured allsucl 
 immediate loss or damage, not exceeding 
 in amount the sum or sums i-risuret 
 as above specified, nor the i-Hteres* of 
 the insured in the property, except as 
 herein provided, as shall happen by fits 
 to the property so specified: the amount 
 of loss or damage to be estimated accord- 
 ing to the actual cash value of the prop 
 erty at the time of the fire, and to be paid 
 in sixty days after the loss shall have 
 been ascertained, in accordance with 
 the terms and conditions of this Policy, 
 and satisfactory proof of the same requir 
 ed by this Company shall have been made 
 by the insured, and -received at the prin- 
 cipal office of this Company in Indiana? 
 olis,lnd., unless the property be replaced 
 or this Company shall have given notice 
 of its intention to rebuild or repair 
 the damaged property 
 
 \\ww- 
 
 l-ri witness whereof, The G-ERMAN 
 INSURANCE COMPANY, of Indianapolis, 
 jnd., has caused these presents to be sign- 
 
 ed by its President, and attested by its 
 Secretary, in lndianapolis,lnd., but the 
 same shall not be binding until counter- 
 signed by ..... .^eo.^Aa.v^O'v ..... Agent 
 
 for the Co-mpatly at....AwOka.\i\,,V(A. 
 
 ATTESTED: 5 \A.S>.V>t^t, 
 
 WfcsX^vNsow, 1 President. 
 
 Sec-rstary. { Q>W.^."\NXV.OV>, 
 
 A pent. 
 Countersigned this....4th....dayof...>vx<). 
 
 ....19.... 
 
 FOR VALUE RECEIVED ...... hereby trans- 
 
 fer, and set over unto ................. 
 
 all ........ riht, title and interest i 
 
 this Policy of Insurance, and all benefit 
 and advantage to be derived _therefrotn. 
 
 WITNESS .......... hand this ........... 
 
 day of ............ 19 ..... 
 
 APPROVED at Agency, 
 
 this day of 19.... 
 
 ,, Agent. 
 
 is. 
 
 .19 
 
 RECEIVED of the G-ERMAN INSURANCE 
 COMPANY, of htd-ianapolis, Ind., by the 
 
 hands of , 
 
 DOLLARS, in full satisfaction for all 
 claims and demands whatsoever for 
 Loss and DAMAOE by fire, to property 
 insured by said COMPANY under this 
 Policy, .and which property was de- 
 stroyed by fire on the day of 
 
 I9,...,in consideration where 
 
 of this Policy is hereby cancelled and 
 surrendered to said Insurance Company. 
 
 . The verdict or result of 
 trie deliberations of a jury or judicial 
 body. 
 
 Fl fJ E A sum paid as a penalty, as a 
 
 punishment, or as the price of exemp 
 tion. Fi-He Force, the forcing of a person 
 to do that which he can in nowise help. 
 
 FIF\IV\ The name or title under which 
 
 several persons or partners transact bus 
 incss.Fi-r-iti Name, this generally consists 
 of the names of the persons composing 
 the Firm, or of one or wore of them 
 and Co.: as, Smith fc. Brown, orSmith, 
 Brown fcCo., as the case may be.THe 
 word STO_CK is employed to represent 
 the firm in its own books of account. 
 The Stock Account is Cr. for the assets 
 of the firm, and Dr. for its liabilities. 
 t Flr\ST CLASS. Of the highest exce-l- 
 ' lence. First-Hand, obtained directly 
 from the manufacturer or maker; new, 
 as opposed to second-hand 
 
 F(SC\I.. Pertaining to the public rev- 
 enue or treasury. Fiscal Year, the fi- 
 nancial year as -reckoned by the depart- 
 ment of finance. 
 
 F(VE-FOF\TI^S. A commercial term 
 applied to bonds issued by the United 
 States, redeemable at the pleasure of the 
 Government after any period not less 
 than five years, and payable at any pe- 
 riod -no* more than forty years from 
 their date; *he bonds bear interest at 
 the rate of 6 per cent, per annum. Five 
 Twenties, United States bonds redeem- 
 able at the pleasure of the Government 
 after five years from date, and payable 
 in twenty years; *Hey bear interest at 654 
 
 220
 
 FOREIGN AJTApHNJE^T A legal pro 
 
 ces by which the goods of absent debt- 
 ors are seized, in order to compel an 
 appearance, or in default, to paw t he 
 claim of the plaintiff. Foreign Bill of 
 Exchange, a bill drawn by a person 
 residing in one country or State up- 
 on a person residinp in another coum- 
 try or State. V^c-c, v*7v\&c/*< ^b\\^ to Wro\ 
 Foreigner, one not a citizen; iti the 
 United States, one no^born herein, 
 and who still owes allegiance to some 
 foreign country. 
 
 FOF\EST/\,LL. To buy merchandise 
 on the way to market, before it reach- 
 es it, with the intent to sell again at 
 a hiaher price ;*o enhance the price 
 of victuals or other provisionSjthrough 
 some device. 
 
 FOF\FE]lTURJ=. Money paid by way 
 of penalty fora criwe;*He losing of 
 some right, privilege, estate,honor, or 
 off ice, etc., by some offense,critne,oT 
 neglect. Non-performance of a con- 
 dition way forfeit an estate. 
 
 FOR.GER.\. The crime of making or 
 altering notes, bills of exchanpe.or oth- 
 er instruments, in order to make them 
 pass as genuine. Forped Paper, gener- 
 ally the endorsee obtains a perfect ti- 
 tle when paper is transferred befo-re -ma- 
 turity; but if the first endorsement be 
 forged, no title rests in the holder. \( 
 the -maker's name be forged, the hold- 
 er has no recourse against him. Nego- 
 tiable paper is void when the consider- 
 ation is either contrary to the general 
 principles of common law or is prohib- 
 ited by statute. 
 
 FOR.NICAJIO(J. The illicit cowmerce 
 between unmarried persons, or between 
 unmarried and married. Where both par 
 ties are married it is called &A\xX 1 w<\>. 
 
 FOF\S"WE/\F\. To swear falsely, or de- 
 ny or renounce upon oath.l* has not 
 the same -meaning as perjury. 
 
 FOUND PR.OpER.TY -The law of 
 
 f indinp is that the finder has a clear ti 
 tie against every one but the owner. The 
 proprietor of a hotel or a store has no 
 right to demand property when found 
 on his premises. The law of /indinj 
 was declared by the King's bench in a 
 case in which the facts were these: A 
 person found a wallet containing asuw 
 of -money on the premises of ashopkeepei 
 and handed it to the proprietor to find 
 the owner. A_fter waiting three years, 
 the owner did not call for the proper- 
 ty, and the finder demanded it. Upon 
 being refused, he entered suit,in which 
 it was held that against all the world 
 but the owner the title of the finder 
 is perfect. Receivers of articles found 
 are trustees for the owner or finder, 
 and have no power, in the absence_of 
 special statute, to keep an article apainst 
 the finder, any mo-re than the finder has 
 to retain an article apainst the owner. 
 VSae-Vo^xV 
 
 i. That part of the famish- 
 ing of a"store,such as chattels or arti- 
 cles of a personal nature affixed to -teal 
 estate, and which may not be removed 
 by the party who affixed them. 
 
 FL/\T. Inactive, depressed, or dull of 
 sale; the dYX value of bonds or stocks 
 is their value without interest. 
 
 FLEE,T.: A number of ships in com- 
 pany; a navy or squadron. Floden- 
 wark, high-water mark; *he mark 
 which the sea at highest mark -makes 
 upon the shore. Flotsam , the name of 
 goods floating on the sea. 
 
 pOOLSC/\P. The name of a /olio wri- 
 ting paper, about 13/i by 16/4 inches. 
 
 FUfEf\.- A small side operation, not 
 employing ojie's whole capital. 
 
 pOC^L D/\TE,. A date to reckon from, 
 adopted for convenience' in computing 
 averages. It is chiefly used in detertnin 
 ing the &NA'io / , kX. of bills, or their 
 .wc8j).\A-w oV o\A\Xi. The earliest or 
 the latest date of the several bills aver- 
 aged is usually employed, the result, be- 
 ing the s,ame whatever focal date is taken. 
 
 pOLlO. .A page in an account book; 
 any book of the largest size, formed by 
 once doubling a sheet of paper; iti VIA* 
 wuV\\\C), a page containing a certain 
 number of words, rangina from 72 to 
 90. 
 
 FOOTJflG-. The expressed amount of a 
 column or columns of figures; *he act 
 of adding columns of figures. 
 
 POF\CE(IN CONTRACTS).-Assent, giv- 
 en freely and with full knowledt)e,is tiec 
 essary to a contract. If it is obtained by 
 means of force, as throuph threats of 
 any kind, the party upon whom the force 
 is practiced can claim there isno c on- 
 tract if he wishes to. The other one can- 
 not, for it is a rule in law that one can- 
 not take advantage of his own wrong-do- 
 ing. Forced Sales, sales of poods made 
 under necessity or compulsion. Forc- 
 ing Glitotations, keeping up the price 
 o/a stock, and preventing its falling 
 out of sight-, usually by making a 
 small sale. 
 
 FOR.ECLOSUR.E. The legal process by 
 which a mortgagor is compelled to re- 
 deem his pledoe or property, or lose it; 
 an original bill in chancery by a mortga- 
 gee, for the purpose of shutting out for- 
 ever the mortgagor from the equity of 
 redemption. 
 
 FACTION'S). C\JRR.E(teY Notes is 
 sued by the United States Government 
 for the fractions of a dollar. 
 
 . A silver coin used in F-rance 
 and Beloiuw, and worth I8fs cents. 
 
 FRANCHISE.. A privilepe or right 
 g-ranted by government to one or 
 more individuals; privilepe, right, or 
 jiberty. Franking Privilege, a priv- 
 ilege of sending certain -matter throuph 
 the mails without payment, as news- 
 papers published and sent to -subscrib- 
 ers within the same countu. 
 
 FR./^UO. Any intentional and suc- 
 cessful employment of any cunninp, do 
 ception,or artifice, used to circumvent, 
 cheat, or deceive another. Iti contract! 
 fraud may be practiced (I) by one par- 
 ty upon the other to induce him to 
 -make the contract, or (i) the contract 
 -may be a fraudulent device between 
 two parties to cheat some third party. 
 If the fraud is practiced between two 
 parties, it way be from stating facts 
 known to be false, or by concealing 
 facts known to be true, and which 
 ought to be revealed. The effect is 
 that the dishonest party must carry 
 out his contract, if the other party 
 wishes to treat it as valid; but the 
 party de/rauded need not carry out 
 his contract with the party_ who de- 
 frauded hint. If the fraud is practic- 
 ed on a third party, it way be by an 
 agreement between two parties to 
 cheat the third party by an illegal 
 agreement, and wholly void, o-r by 
 an act enti-tely legal in itself, suc^h 
 as a debtor transferring his remain 
 ing property so that his creditors 
 shall not get it. If an agent should 
 act fraudulently, or deceitfully, he 
 himself is responsible to the third 
 party, and not his principal. 
 
 FF^OE,R.IC D'OR.. A gold coin of Prus 
 sia, valued at about #4. 
 
 FREE, BO/VR.D A strip of land out- 
 side the fence, about 2& feet wide, 
 and which may be clai med by the own 
 er. F-ree (roods, goods which are ad 
 -mitted into a country without the 
 payment of duty. Freeholder, one 
 who holds property in his own ripht, 
 or for life. Freehold of Inheritance, 
 that estate or interest in real proper 
 ty which extends beyond the owner's 
 life to his heirs.l/ not of inheritance, 
 the interest endures only during the 
 owner's life. Free Trade, commerce 
 unrestricted by customs duties or 
 traffic regulations. It is the opposite 
 
 OF SPEECH (AND OF THE 
 PRESS). The liberty to speak and 
 print whatever we choose, provided 
 we do not abuse the riyht.Congress 
 is forbidden to pass any law abridg- 
 ing them. This is intended to prevent 
 all use of those weans which in for- 
 wer times had beert u-sed to repress 
 the people, by forbidding them to speak 
 or write on certain subjects unless 
 licensed by the government before- 
 hand. The object o/this provision 
 in the Constitution was not to allow 
 one to go unpunished who uttered 
 slander or published libel. 
 
 221
 
 BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 :F\EE7ltf(rO\JT. In the f 
 a phtase signifying a cunning device 
 by which the little margin put up by the 
 lamb is jobbed. The commodity fall ing 
 to a certain price, the trade is declared 
 closed, and ttw loss charged up against 
 the- amateur operator. 
 : F^E(GHT. A term used to express va- 
 rious articles shipped either by land or 
 water; charge made for the carriage of 
 merchandise, the amount of which is 
 generally specified in the bill of lading. 
 
 FREIGHT OFFICE,Cor. M and Pi-neSts. 
 
 St.Pau.l,Mirm.,Ocl:.l,l3~ F\JN"D 
 The /ollowing consi9ntnent to if our 
 address is now ready for delivery, am wil 
 >e put in store at your risk and expense 
 /not removed within twenty/our hours 
 liter service oi this notice, this Company 
 eing no longer liable as carriers. 
 
 STATION FROM. 
 
 New York. 
 
 CAR NO. CHAR&ES- 
 
 1273 
 
 15 74- 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY. 
 
 1 boxes Dry G-oods. 
 
 FREIGHT A5ENT 
 
 All OIIS, MOLASSfS,S8 
 UPS, OR lldUORS OF ANY 
 KIND.ENTIRELY AT OWN- 
 ER'S RISK or LEAKAGE; 
 
 All MACHINERY N5IUNI 
 TUBE AT OWNER'S SiSK OF 
 CKATmcORWEAKAOE. 
 
 r> 
 
 I * 
 
 P 
 
 FU&lTlVe, CfVr*1.INA,LS The off icials" 
 
 of one State have no power in another 
 State as officials, but the Constitution 
 provides against the escape o/ criminals 
 who /lee (ram one State to another. The 
 Governor o/ the State from which the 
 fugitive has fled, sends a <ieQ(>A'b\'vvN to 
 the Governor of the State in which he 
 is found, demanding hi; delivery to the G 
 first State. This requisition is usually 
 complied with, but there is no way to 
 compel a Governer of any State to deliv- 
 er up an accused person. If a crimi- 
 nal escape from one Nation into an- 
 other, there is no strict obligation up- 
 on the government to return hint; yet 
 there is a provision made /or this by 
 
 >reaties, known as 
 
 - uLL A.&E. Legally regarded as mature 
 aye. A* SMMWMMN 'it is the ayeo/twei 
 ty-one,/or both males and females; in 
 the c\N\\\tt*i it is twenty- /ive years; fu-( I 
 aye is completed on the day preceding 
 the anniversary o( birth. 
 ULL HJDOHSECvlENT. One in which 
 
 payment is ordered to be made to a par- 
 ticular person named. \J>^.\\^iyx,v*swx'' 
 Fu.ll Insurance, insurance, the total 
 amount o/ which, whether by one or sev- 
 eral policies, equals the value of the prop 
 .erty insured. 
 
 . Money loaned to government 
 /or a_term of 'years, on which interest 
 is paid; money appropriated as the foun- 
 dation of some commercial operation, 
 Funded, turned into a permanent loat 
 on which an annual interest is piM.FiiiwI 
 i+ig, the practice of borrowing money 
 to de/ray the expenses o/ government. 
 
 FUNJGIBLE^S. Things that are consum- 
 ed by their use, being loaned /or that 
 purpose, such as corn, wine, or money. 
 
 FUTURE E^STAJEJ. Ari estate the 
 enjoyment of which is limited to com 
 mence at a/uture day, such as remain- 
 ders and reversions. F-u*u.re, Dealing 
 in, a system of stock exchange gambling 
 which is virtually betting on the price 
 of a commodity at a /uture day. 
 
 fr/\pL DELlVE(\\. - The -rernova.1 .of 
 all the persons confined in a gaol for 
 the purpose o/ trying them, and dis- 
 charging those whom the grand jury 
 /ail to indict. Gaol Liber-tie*, certain 3V 
 fined limits, considered as being a part 
 of the prison, and within which pris- 
 oners are allowed to go at large-,upon 
 giving security for their return. Gaoler, 
 the legally appointed officer who has 
 the custody of the place where prison- 
 ers are kept. ' 
 
 &;\F\BLE,S. The dust, soil, and other 
 impurities, which have been sepa.rated 
 from good spices, drugs, etc. 
 
 GARNISH- A name formerly given 
 to an unauthorized prison-fee in Eng- 
 land, demanded by prisoners from 
 new-comers; *o warn orgive notice. 
 0-arnishee, a process of attachment; 
 a person in whose hands the property 
 of another is attached till the claims of 
 a third party be satisfied. Garniihttient 
 warning, or legal notice, given to any 
 one_ for his appearance, in a cause in 
 which he is not interested, for the pur- 
 se o/ giving information on a subject 
 'EL-l^lKD. A custom in some parts 
 England, as in Kent, by which land 
 
 descended to all the sons in equal pro- 
 portion; i/ no sons, to the daughters. 
 
 &\UG-n4c-. The art or process of -neas- 
 uring the contents of casks or other 
 receptacles. 
 
 0<NE/\,LO&Y History o/the descent 
 o/a person or family, showing How 
 they are connected together. 
 E.NI<RA^ ASSlCNtVlENT. A traris/er 
 by a /ailing debtor of all his T&maining 
 property to some one /or the pu-rpose 
 of havinp it distributed among his cred- 
 itors. I/ it were not /or an assignment, 
 any creditor may sue, and ori obtain- 
 ing judgment have the sheri// seize 
 any o/the property and satis/y His 
 own claim fully out oi it, with out re- 
 gard to any other creditor, thus caus- 
 ing it to be a race between the credit- 
 ors. An assignment stops lhis.G-ee/r- 
 al Average, a contribution to be paid 
 by the different owners of a vessel and 
 cargo to one of their number, when his 
 property has been voluntarily and suc- 
 cessfully sacrificed to save the rest. Gen- 
 eral Issue, a plea which denies or trav- 
 erses at once the whole indictment or 
 declaration, without o//ering any spec- 
 ial matter to evade it. General 0-roer 
 S*ore, a government bonded warehouse 
 to which, under a"&eneral Order," all 
 foreign merchandise is sent that is riot 
 claimed by the owner or consignee with- 
 in a certain number o/ hours or days 
 a/ter the arrival of a vessel in port. 
 
 C-E,NEftAJIOtJ -- The interval^/ time 
 which elapses between the birfch o( a 
 father and the birth of his son, and 
 is consequently of uncertain length; 
 it depending on the standard of human 
 life, and whether the generations are 
 reckoned by eldest, middle, or youngest 
 sons. Thirty-three years have usually 
 been allowed as the mean length of a 
 Generation, or three generations for 
 every hundred years. In compiling 
 pedigrees, great attention is necessa- 
 ry to the number o/ generations m any 
 given period, as they form a guide to 
 
 the probability of persons having sprung 
 from any particular individual. 
 
 As regards genealogy, it 
 rneatis whole or entire; thus brothers 
 having the same father and mother are 
 "brotHers-german; " children of broth- 
 ers and sisters are "cousins-gerrnan." 
 -EF^rvi^NpEft -- This term signi- 
 fies the division o/a State into districts 
 /or the choice o/ representatives, in an 
 unnatural and un/air way, so as to g_ive 
 one party the advantage. I* came in- 
 to use in Massachusetts in 1811, when 
 the Democrats thus took advantage of 
 the Federalists. Elbridge Gerry was the 
 instigator o/this plan, which was there- 
 /ore called &A*<vwv.\\kA'\\\o,. 
 
 GJFf- A voluntary conveyance of ei- 
 ther real or personal property, without 
 consideration. Real property can only 
 be thus conveyed by deed, and personal 
 property by delivery of possession. 
 
 (HSJ. the main point of a question, 
 it being the cause or foundation upon 
 which an action lies, and without which 
 it cannot be maintained. 
 lVEK NAjytE. The first name is 
 called the q[\we\\ name in contradistinc- 
 tion to the surnarne,which is inherited. It 
 
 223
 
 is thouoHt to be a, relic of Puritan scrupu 
 lousness: the Pilgrim Fathers objecting 
 to apply the term GVvxV&vaxv to any pet- 
 son tiot 'converted,' which of cou-rse 
 an unconscious infant could -not be. 
 Jews, in courts of justice, are often ask- 
 ed 'What is your CtaAl&Kft na-me?'The 
 proper question would be, 'What is your 
 
 a8,\%o\p\ name?' 
 -B^TW^EK- An intermediate per- 
 son who acts as agent for both parties'. 
 
 GOLD COIf/. Coin -made of gold alloya 
 with copper or silver to render it suffi- 
 cit'titly Hard. Goldsmiths' Notes, bank- 
 ets' -notes; so rained from the circu-m- 
 stance of goldsmiths and bankers for- 
 rticrly being joined in the same trade. 
 
 GOODS. Household ( urn iture, wares, 
 
 and merchandise o( whatever kind. 
 
 GOOD WILL. The benefits, reputation, 
 Mid patronage, which arise front the 
 custom o( any trade or business, beyom 
 the mere stock and capital, and which is 
 supposed to inhere in it whoever -may 
 be its proprietor. It fs often as much 
 a-watter of purchase and sale as any oth- 
 er commodity. Its value depends upon 
 the probability that force of habit or 
 other cause will induce its for-tner pa- 
 trons to continue their patronage. 
 OVEHNMIENT. The principle or sys- 
 tem under which a State or nation is 
 ruled ; the ruling power in a State or 
 nation. The principal forms of govern 
 ment are as follows: VK^\*W>&*NV-, the 
 earliest form of which we have a n y 
 knowledge. It is a kind of tribe or fam- 
 ily government. Abraham was a patri- 
 archal ruler. ~\V^.OM>.(>.V<, a oover-nwent 
 by those who are also religious rulers; as 
 the government of the Hebrews just af- 
 ter their departure frp-m Egypt. VKo-AW- 
 tw, a government in which the chief 
 power is in the hands of one person, call- 
 ed a kin9, emperor, or prince. I* may 
 be either absolute or limited. ^'E.SVOV 
 \SN\, a -name sometimes applied to an 
 absolute monarchy, in which the mon- 
 arch has entire control over his subjects. 
 V^,\v\pwAw< , a form of 9 over n men t 
 in which the power is exercised by a priv- 
 ileged order of -men, distinguished by 
 their rank and wealth. ^wvoc.w*,c,x, a 
 9overnnient by the people. In such a 
 form of government the 9reat body 
 of citizens meet in one assembly to 
 wake and execute the laws.VvV.v\i^\_\c 
 that kind of democracy in which the 
 
 power to enact and execute the laws is 
 exercised by representatives, who anj per- 
 sons elected by the people to act for them. 
 OOVEF\NOI\. The chief executive of- 
 ficer of a State. The G-overnor is elect- 
 ed by direct vote of the people, for 
 terms varying from two to four years 
 in different States; but in a few States 
 the term is only one year. Governor 
 General, a governor who has lieuten- 
 ant or deputy governors under him. 
 rF\/\CE. In the reign of Henry ll.,the 
 day first mentioned in each term was 
 called avboxq-A &a.\), because the cou,rt 
 then took the wso\^%, or excuses, of 
 those who did not appear according 
 to the summons of the writs; but as 
 by custom, traced to the G-ermans of 
 the age of Tacitus, three days of grace 
 were allowed to every defendant with- 
 in which to appear, the court not sit- 
 ting for the transaction of business 
 until the fourth day after that time. 
 
 rty^lN The collective name for all 
 
 kinds of cereals; the smallest weight, 
 so named becau.se supposed of equal 
 weight with a grain of corn(wheat). 
 GHA.ND ASSIZ^. A jury trial intro- 
 duced by Henry II., giving the tenant 
 Of defendant, in a writ of right, the 
 alternative of a trial by battel, or by 
 his peers. G-ratid. Days, those days in 
 the terms, which are solemnly kept in 
 the inns and court of chancery.6ra-d 
 Jury, ajury composed of not less than 
 twelve, nor more than twenty-four -men, 
 returned by the sheriff of every county 
 to every session of the peace, oyer and 
 terminer, and general gaol delivery, 
 and to whom indictments are prefer- 
 red, and which must be found by them. 
 
 the stealing of goods or property a- 
 bove a certain amount in value, and 
 is a state-prison offense. The amount 
 varies in the different States. 
 f\^NT. A term applicable to all trans- 
 fers of real estate. 
 
 fft\ATUITOUS. &iven without an equiv- 
 alent or consideration, claim or -merit. 
 Gratuitous Services, these give -no 
 claim to compensation. There is no 
 implied contract, because the services 
 were not requested. Yet if the benefit 
 of anything gratuitously done is retain 
 ed when it could have been refused, there 
 arises an implied contract to pay. 
 rT.EE(s(B/\CKS. A term applied to bills 
 originally issued as money by the Uni- 
 ted States G-overnmrfnt during the Re- 
 bell ion, 186 1-5, the backs of which are 
 printed with green ink. 
 
 GF\OCEF\ One who deals in coffee, 
 
 tea, sugar, spices, and various other 
 commodities. Groceries, a general 
 name for household articles, except 
 meats and vegetables, as butter, salt, 
 cheese, tea, coffee, spices, sugar, etc. 
 
 &F\OSS. Twelve dozen; Hiegreat gross 
 is 12 times 12 dozen. Gross Avera9e, 
 that average which falls on the ship, 
 cargo, and freight, as distinguished 
 from ^&Vii\c\>Xv( vM/ttt}*. Gross Negli- 
 9e+ice t that degree of negligence and 
 omission of care which even thought 
 less and inattentive men never fail to 
 
 take of their ow property. G-rotsWeight, 
 the total weight of yoods and boxes, 
 bags or chests, in which they are pact 
 ed. 
 
 rF\OUf(D RE^T. An annual payment 
 wade to another for the privilege- of 
 building on his land. 
 r\JJW^NT[E. He to whom a guar- 
 anty is made; an engagement to see 
 that certain stipulations are perform- 
 ed, as the payment of a debt, in case 
 of the failure of another person, who 
 is, in the first instance, liable for such 
 payment or performance.Cuaratitor, 
 one who makes a guaranty, or engag- 
 es to secure another in any right or 
 possession. Guaranty, an assurance 
 made by a second party that his prin- 
 cipal will perform some specific act. It 
 must be (I) in writing, and upon suf- 
 ficient consideration; (x) where t he 
 principal is an infant (minor) he is 
 bound, though the contract with the 
 infant is voidable; (3) the principal par- 
 ties must not depart in any material 
 matter from their contract without 
 the consent of the surety, else he will 
 be no longer bound;(40 an extension 
 of the time of credit beyond the date 
 of -maturity releases the surety. Guar- 
 anty Commission, the commission 
 paid to a commission merchant who 
 guarantees to his principal the payment 
 of the money for which the goods -may 
 
 I hereby guarantee payment to any 
 person who shall accept and -retain 
 this instrument as a guaranty, for 
 all goods which he may from time 
 to time su-pply to....V>v\^o^.....not 
 exceedingat any time the amount of 
 ....Ont vviousww.... Dollars. This 
 to be a continuing guaranty till spe- 
 cially revoked. 
 
 For value received, I guarantee the 
 du,e payment of a promissory note, 
 dated... .OC.T A ,Vi.... whereby.. ..iwu 
 VKW\&... .promises to pay....N-%vvi\s i. 
 ^>OT*.\x....One Hundred Dollars in four 
 months. 
 
 ATLANTA,. .$/).,... 19.... 
 
 Form -to be Indorsed on a Note. 
 For value received, I guarantee the 
 payment of the within written note. 
 
 In consideration tha 
 gives to ... .^\cv>V<Kn>vKVA> additional 
 time to the extent of two months,for pay- 
 went of the indebtedness due him from 
 said.... ^^^SAKHHMV^.... guaranteed by 
 me, I hereby continue my guaranty for 
 due payment thereof. 
 
 In consideration of the performance of theapwnem 
 specified in the within by. .\^... with my son. ..V.. I do 
 hereby bind myself to said... \^...fortlie trueandfaitfc- 
 (ul observation and performance of all the matters and 
 thinos by said. ..V... agreed and covenanted therein,""' 
 that he shall well and truly serve said 
 
 Witness, my hand this.. .1M. ..day < 
 
 223
 
 ./. When a minor has prop 
 erty of his own, and is unable to take 
 the management of i*, a qp&tfv&w is 
 appointed for him for that purpose.The 
 guardian way use the property for the 
 support and education.of the child 
 (called his **<&) during its -minority. 
 He may sell the personal property, but 
 the real estate cannot be sold without 
 permission from the court. At twenty- 
 one the guardian must transfer all 
 the property to his ward, and render 
 an account of all his transactions. He 
 is responsible for any loss caused b y 
 Jiis wrong or negligence. 
 
 GUILD. An association, cowpany.or 
 brotherhood organized for commercial 
 purposes; * religious body, organized 
 ror charitable purposes, or /or assis- 
 tance in parish work. 
 
 GUILT. The crime which renders of- 
 fenders liable to punishment.The law 
 presumes every one innocent until prov- 
 ed guilty. 
 
 UNKlK.k Iti the slock exchange, a 
 term signifying that every art is to be 
 used to p.roduce a break in a stock, when 
 it is known that a certain house is heav- 
 ily supplied and would be unable to re 
 sist an attack. v 
 
 ABE/VS COf\P\J3 A writ command 
 
 ing the body of a prisoner to be produc- 
 ed_at a certain time and place. If the. 
 prisoner thinks tha.t his arrest is un- 
 lawful, he, or any one in his jnterest, 
 may apply to any judge of a higher court 
 for the. above writ.This commands the 
 sheriff to bring him be/ore the judge, 
 not to try him, but simply to exam- 
 ine the case to see whether the arrest 
 is lawful. If he decides that the prison 
 erjs lawfully held, he remands him to 
 
 . prison; if -not, he orders him released. 
 
 HALF TOf(&\JE A jury equally divid 
 ed between two nationalities; as naif 
 
 . Enolish and half Oerman. 
 
 H.A.Nq A measure of the hard's kieadth 
 
 four inches, used in measuring heights 
 of horses: the stule of any one's hand- 
 writing. Ha/tidbillt, advertisements prin 
 ted on small sheets for the purpose of 
 being distributed by hand, or posted 
 in public places. Hand-habcnd, a thief 
 caught in the very act. with the stolen 
 property in his hand. Hand Money, won 
 ey paid by the purchaser at the closing 
 of a contract or sale. Hand Sale, an an- 
 cient custom of shaking hands to bind 
 a bargain or contract. The custom is 
 Still retained in verbal contracts. 
 
 HARBOR. A port or haven where 
 ships can anchor with safety, and al- 
 so load and unload. Harbor Master, 
 an officer whose duty is to execute 
 the regulations respecting harbors. 
 VWWAftE. r A general name /or 
 all wares made /rorn iron or other 
 tals; as cutlery, kitchen utensils,etc. 
 ~\4. A port or shelter /or ships; 
 the same as harbor. 
 
 .. An itinerant trader who 
 carries his goods with him and sells 
 them to purchasers. 
 H,EA,f\l fIG-. An investigation of a 
 controversy; *he trial of achancery 
 suit. Hearsay Evidence, thi evidence 
 of a witness who relates what was 
 told him by another person. 
 EIR. One who succeeds by descent 
 to an estate of inheritance. Neither 
 one who receives personal property 
 in that way, nor one who receives 
 any kind of property under a will is 
 properly called an heir. Heir Apparent, 
 one who has an indefeasible right to 
 an inheritance, provided he outlives 
 the ancestor. Heir a* Law, after his 
 father's or ancestor's death, one who 
 has a right to inherit all his lands, ten- 
 ements, and hereditatnents.Heir-toow, 
 personal property which descends to 
 an heir along with the inheritance, and 
 cannot be devised away from the heir 
 
 EPT^^C\\Y. A nation divided into 
 seven governments, or one govern- 
 ment exercised by seven persons. 
 
 HER,ED[TA,M,E{fTS Property of all 
 
 kinds, which is capable of being in- 
 herited, whether real or p_ersonal, cor- 
 poreal or incorporeal. Heritable juris- 
 diction, the grants of criminal juris- 
 diction bestowed on great families for 
 the better execution of just!ce<Heri*a- 
 ble Rights, all rights connected with 
 real estate. Heritage, an estate which 
 passes from an ancestor to an heir; 
 all kinds of immovables which can be 
 the subject of property. 
 
 H E F^rylA.PH.R.O D ITE> Persons wh ose 
 
 sex is doubtful, and are accordingly ad- 
 judged to belong to the sex which pre- 
 dominates in' them. Hibrid, one whose 
 parents are of different nationalities. 
 .I&H, SE/\S. The ocean beyond the 
 limit of the waters usually assigned to 
 nations^ that is, beyond the liwif of 
 three miles. High-Water Mark, that 
 line of the sea-shore to which the wa- 
 ters usually reach when the tide is at 
 the highest. Highway, a road, passage, 
 street, or way, either by land or water, 
 which every citizen has a right to use. 
 An owner of property bounded by a 
 road or street usually owns the prop- 
 erty to the center of the road or street 
 The public have the right to use it as 
 a road, but do not own H. The adjoin- 
 ing owner may use it in any way that 
 does not interfere with tha^righf, 
 though there are few ways in which 
 he could make use of it without t he 
 obstruction of it, or otherwise inter- 
 fering with its use by the public.lf it 
 should be abandoned as a roadway, it 
 would then revert to the owner. 
 
 ,__.,. A person who carries his 
 goods from door to door, and sells at 
 retail, usually small articles of provis- 
 ions, and the like. 
 l OGSH.Ef\,D. A measure for wine 
 or other liquids, containing two bar- 
 rels or 63 gallons.T/he English hogs- 
 Head usually contains only 54 gallons. 
 'OLD I (to OVER.. Holding posses- 
 sion of larid after the tenancy has 
 expired, without the landlord's consent. 
 [OLJOP^S Legal holidays are those 
 appointed by the civil authority for 
 general public observance. As a rule, 
 no sect, court, or public body has any 
 power to declare a holiday,whichcan 
 bind the public, or the rights of third 
 parties. -Only acts of the govern- 
 ment can do that. 
 [OLloVv Wf\RE. A corn-mercial 
 term for camp and kitchen utensils 
 made o/cast or wrought iron. 
 [OIV\ES"fEAJ). The ground on which 
 a house stands, and the inclosed 9rouitd 
 surrounding if. 
 
 HOrv\IC(DE;. Destroying the li/e of 
 any human being. l is either yviWiv- 
 \i\e.,,ic\x.%tfo\e., or Vtort&MM. U is jus- 
 tifiable^) by an officer when necessa- 
 ry in the execution of his duty to take 
 or prevent the escape of a pris oner; 
 (X) by a private person in selfdefence, 
 or in preventing any atrocious cri-me; 
 (3) by any one through unavoidable 
 accident without fault on his par*. 
 lOffOR,. -To accept and pay when due, 
 as a. bill of exchange. On One's Honor, 
 on the pledge of one's reputation for 
 integrity. Your Honor, a co-mrmm and 
 familiar title of respect paid to persons 
 by many of those in the humblerrank* 
 of life. I* is also given to judges. Debts 
 of Honor, debts contracted in horse- 
 racing, gambling, by verbal promise, etc. 
 which cannot be enforced by law. 
 
 XOSTA.OE. A person given upto an en- 
 emy as a pledge for the performance of 
 the terms of an agreement. 
 
 HOJCVlPOT. The confused mingling 
 of property in order to divide it equally. 
 tOfEL I^E^PER.. One engaged i n 
 the business of supplying board arid 
 lodging to travelers. The constituting 
 elements are^hree:)!) he follows the 
 work as a business; (i) he offers his 
 services to the public generally; (3) he 
 provides both food and lodging. l 9eti 
 eral, a hotel keeper is obliged to take all 
 who apply for lodging and board,_and 
 who offer to pay the regular price; 
 he is in general responsible for all in- 
 juries to the goods and baggage of 
 his guests, even for thefts. But for 
 loss caused by unavoidable accident, 
 or by superior force, as robbery, he is 
 not liable. He has a lien upon the tag- 
 gage, or any other property.as a horse, 
 of his guests for the payr/ient of their 
 charges. A boarding house is differ- 
 ent from a hotel in two particulars: 
 (I) it is not intended for transient 9uests, 
 but for permanent boarders; (2) it is 
 not open to the public. Only those 
 are received whom the proprietor way 
 Choose to accept. He has no lien on the board 
 er's property, and is not responsible for its loss. 
 
 224
 
 ^. A firm, but sometimes applied 
 to a commercial establishment carried 
 on by a single person. House-bote, an 
 allowance of necessary timber out of 
 the landlord's woods for the repairing and 
 support of a house or tenenient.Hou.se 
 of Call, a house where journeymen 
 of a particular trade assemble when out 
 of work, and where they can be hired 
 by employers. House of- Cmi-nioiis,the 
 lower branch of the English Parliament, 
 whose members consist of representa- 
 tives 'from towns and counties. House 
 of Lords, the upper branch of Parlia- 
 ment, whose members consist of prin- 
 ces of the blood, peers of the realm, and 
 certain bishops of the church. House of 
 Representatives, the lower branch of 
 Congress, whose members are elected 
 by direct vote of the people of the dif- 
 ferent States. House of Correction, a 
 house where disorderly persons are con- 
 fined. House of Ill-fanie, a house where 
 lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. 
 The White House, the official residence 
 of the President of the United States.-So 
 called originally from its beino painted whit*. 
 
 IUISSIEF\. An officer whose duty is to 
 serve processes; a#i usher of a court. 
 
 lut/DI\ED. An English division of a 
 county, supposed originally to have 
 contained one hundred families. Hun- 
 dred Court, a court whose jurisdiction 
 is over a particular hundred. 
 
 HUSBAND. One who manages the con- 
 cerns of a ship in person.^jJw/MAWvvi^ 
 Husbaridape.an allowance made to the 
 managing owner or agent for attending 
 to a ship's business. 
 
 HUSH NIOKEY. A bribe given.to secure 
 
 H^rfoTH.ECATIOK. The pledging of a 
 ship or goods for advances made; *h at 
 right which a creditor has in and to the 
 property of another, and which he may 
 cause to be sold, and from the proceeds 
 satisfy his claim. 
 
 IDIOT/- An imbecile person who has 
 been without understatiding > from his 
 birth. A contract with an idiot Is void, 
 from rhe fact_that an agreement is an 
 act of the mind, and one who has no 
 wind cannot be said to agree. 
 
 |GKOF(A.NCE; OF LAW. Every one Is 
 presumed to know all the law, hence, 
 the universal principle HftiVMAtVAM 
 
 reason for this rule is the impossibil 
 ity of having any other. One's only 
 
 feasible course is to ac according to what 
 his common sense teaches him is just 
 and moral, for in the main law is only 
 common justice and morality. 
 ILLEGAL. CONSIDERATION. Any con- 
 tract, the consideration of which is a 
 forbidden act or promise, is ille9al and 
 void. Thus a promise to pay a bribe, 
 or to pay one credito-r more than the 
 rest, would be void. Illegal Contract, 
 a contract which, on account of its 
 nature, the law forbids any onetotnake. 
 
 \s NO\^. Thus an agreement to smuo- 
 gle goods, to bet, gamble, or to bribe, 
 Is wholly void. 
 
 IMAGINARY ACCOUNT. A title em- 
 ployed to represent the person or com- 
 pany that conducts a business, or to 
 supply the want of some personal or 
 real title in keeping accounts. Any ac- 
 count neither personal nor real would 
 come under this head, such as Interest, 
 Stock, Expense, etc. 
 
 IMMORAL CO(fTf\ACT. Any con- 
 tract founded upon considerations oov 
 VCi.VoYvO'i. *v<ms (contrary to aood 
 manners or morals) is void. 
 
 IMMOVABLES. Things fastened in 
 their places, and which cannot be re- 
 tnoyed;^s, lands, houses,pr fixtures. 
 VltyU^iTY. A particular privilege; as. 
 exemption from serving, or performing 
 duties which are generally required of 
 other citizens. 
 
 IMPANEL,. To enroll the names of 
 a jury in a court of justice in a sched 
 ule or piece of parchment. 
 
 I M.P EACH. M.ENT- The formal ac* 
 of charging a public officer /or mal- 
 feasance or corrupt conduct in office. 
 It is not a conviction of the offense, 
 but only the accusation. When Feder- 
 al officers are impeached, it is the du- 
 ty of the lower house to make the Im- 
 peachment, and of the upper house to 
 try it-l-mpeachmeti* of Waste, a re- 
 straint from committing waste upon 
 lands or tenements. 
 lyiPLlCATIOf*. The act of bringing 
 into connection with,asaCTimeorfm.lf; 
 a possible inference of something not 
 directly declared. I -HI pi led Cotract,ai 
 agreement which is implied from all 
 the circumstances of the transaction. 
 Implied contracts are quite common 
 They arise in those cases where,thouph 
 there are no v>~trds of agreement by ei- 
 ther party, yet something Is said or done 
 which in reality amounts to an agree 
 inent. One Is always considered > as hav 
 ing agreed to whatever he knowingly 
 leads another to believe he has apreed to. 
 
 IMPOLITIC. Contrary to the dictates 
 of policy ;w+l wise, imprudent, or indis 
 erect. 
 
 lfv\PpF\T. Anything brought from a 
 foreign country, or from a province, 
 dominion, or colony of the -mother 
 country; used chiefly in the plural, 
 
 ' *"5.The person who' --'.>-- 
 
 is called the \VA\O' 
 
 ,y ~~i. .- v .. A tax.toll, duty, or ex- 
 cise, prescribed by authority. Imposts, 
 taxes laid upon imported merchandise. 
 
 IMPOSSIBLE CONTRACT. A con- 
 tractto^o a thing impossible' its 
 nature is void. There are three kinds 
 of impossible contracts :(\) that aris- 
 ing from the nature of the thing; as, 
 a contract to sail around the world 
 in a week; (51) that depending upon 
 certain circumstances which might 
 have been foreseen; as,a contract to 
 transport goods, when prevented by 
 the freezing of the river. (3) that de- 
 pending upon the personal disabil- 
 ity of the contractor; as,where one 
 agrees to do certain work, and finds 
 that he has not the skill. 
 
 1 rv\Pr\l SOLENT F0f\ DEiBT- For- 
 merly this was quite common, but 
 now it is confined to cases involv- 
 ing fraud and dishonesty. 
 
 IM.PF\OVEME|>fTS \JPOff LAXOS.-E* 
 erything above the land which is af- 
 fixed to it, such as houses,trees, or 
 crops, belong to the owner of the 
 land. Even if houses are built upon 
 the land, or other additions made to 
 It by one not the owner, they become 
 the property of the owner of the land. 
 But there is an exception to this rule. 
 A tenant may remove from rented 
 property articles which he has built 
 upon it or affixed to It, if they were 
 placed, there for use in some trade or 
 for domestic purposes.The first class 
 would include such things as steam-en- 
 gines, or other machines built into 
 the ground or house, or even build- 
 Ings themselves when used for man- 
 ufacturing purposes. The second class 
 might include such things as furnaces, 
 pas-fixtures, shelves 'pier-glasses, etc. 
 I -tup rove+ti e*i*, advance In prices, 
 a brisker demand for goods, or an 
 alteration for the better in the quali 
 ty of goods. 
 
 I(\ICOM.E. The total amount of earn- 
 ings and receipts of money from all 
 sources, l-ticowe Tax, a tax laid up^on 
 the income of a person or corporation 
 beyond some prescribed amount which 
 the law exempts. 
 
 itfcorVOFjEAL HEREDITAMENTS. 
 
 Anything which i_s the subject of prop 
 ertu, but not tangible or visible. 
 
 IjICUIVlBnlAJ^CE. Any lien or claim 
 attached to property, such as a mort- 
 gage. 
 
 INDEMNITY-- An agreement In the 
 form of a bond by which one agrees 
 to indemnify another for all loss 
 or damage in any matter. 
 VOUVN 0V \TO>t.WNV\X ^OW. 
 Know all men by these presents, 
 
 vww5SiOw\o....an-i held and /Irm- 
 ly bound unto. v .to.o*&ONKo*>*.*....of 
 the same place, in the sum of... A\vt 
 ~\v,o\y=,Kvw.... dollars, to be paid to the 
 said . ...to.o\>tVJ NVV.^.^ . ..., his exec- 
 utors or administrators, for which 
 payment, well and truly to be made, 
 I do bind myself, my heirs.executors, 
 
 225
 
 and administrators, firmly by these 
 presents. 
 
 Sealed with my seal. Dated this.... 
 \$....day of....Kvv.\v....l9....Whew 
 as ^w>&ON&\.vA.v,....is about to em- 
 ploy...; ^ttwKvKV-,.... as cashier in his 
 store, for the term of....QH^H.fe^.. 
 fTOW....\*iM\'5\....l9 
 
 Now the condition of this obligation 
 is such that if the said....V.wi fc.t*. 
 shall fully perform all the duties of His 
 said employment, and promptly and 
 correctly account for and pay over all 
 the money or property of the said.... 
 ^.ov>&ON*VY.^.... which may come 
 into his hands during its course,then 
 this obligation shall be void; otherwise 
 to remain in full .force. 
 
 . A written covenant or 
 contract between two or more persons 
 in different interests. The top or sides 
 were formerly indented or scolloped 
 hencethe name. 
 
 [4DE\- An alphabetical table of ledg 
 er accounts; atiy table of reference or 
 titles in alphabetic order. 
 t^DlCTIv\E^T. A formal accusation 
 made by a grand jury against a per 
 son that he has cornmitted a crime 
 The process of indictment is as_f ol- 
 lows: Some one, usually the district at- 
 torney, brings the fact of a crime to their 
 notice; the jury then summon the wit 
 nesses (none who favor the accused) who 
 are named and examine them;if twelve 
 of the jurors vote that there is su/ficien 
 cause for putting him on trial, the in 
 dictment is drawn up by the district at 
 torney, endorsed "a true bill" by the 
 fore-man of the grand jury, and then 
 sent to the court. These proceeding' 
 are kept secret in order to prevent th, 
 offender's escape. A warrant is then 
 issued fo-r the arrest of the accused.) 
 arrested, he may give Vi\\, except in 
 cases of crimes punishable by death 
 like murder.\S*^>i\\ v<\&"Vvjy\ 
 INDIRECT EVlDEfifCE.-inJerentia 
 testimony as to the truth of a dispu 
 ted fact. Indirect Taxes, tares levie 
 on commodities from the producer o 
 
 importer only,th share of the taxes 
 to th consumer being included > in 
 the .price he pays for the commodities. 
 falVIOXJAJL NOTE.-A -tiotesiened 
 by one p_arty, who alone is responsi- 
 ble for its payment, unless indorsed 
 brothers. The following is a form: 
 
 HELENA. OCT. 3, 19. 
 Three months after date I prom 
 ise to pau....VsvONtsvtx....,or order, 
 ....Qntvw\wt.... Dollars, value 
 received. 
 
 , % .'.The same as En- 
 dorsement, which see. An o^cri in 
 dorsement is the same as a \>Vi.\\y 
 endorsement. It way be converted iti 
 to ai\x\\ endorsement by writing the 
 usual limiting words over the indors- 
 ee's name. 
 
 KoUCEIvtEKT. Anything that leads 
 or influences the mind or will to 
 act; an allegation of a motive. A 
 term used in pleading. 
 
 (fDULO-EflCE. Extension of time 
 of payment, or forbearance to press 
 for payment. 
 
 pfFAjvfy. Public disgrace and con- 
 viction of a crime. 
 
 KFA.NT. A person, either a boy or 
 a girl, under the age of legal matu 
 rity, usually twenty-one years. The 
 reason why an infant or minor may 
 not make contracts which may been 
 forced a9ainst him is that he has not 
 had, as a rule, sufficient experience 
 to prevent others from gaining the 
 advantage in his contracts. An infan 
 having neither parents or guardian 
 may wake binding contracts for the 
 necessaries of life, as food,clothino,ete 
 
 I^JFOflMATIOt*. An accusation 
 or complaint against a person for 
 some criminal offense. Iti/ofwcr 
 a person who complains of any one 
 who breaks a law. 
 
 he making, using, or selling, of a 
 patented article without the permis 
 sion of the owner of the patent\0^i 
 t. to\^V\cj\\V\. The. printing, publish 
 ing, or selling, of a copyrighted arti 
 cte without the permission of the 
 owner of the copyright. V.OV .V<a.te 
 vrvV\. The using of another^ trade 
 mark, or an imitation of it, withou 
 his permission. The consequences 
 of an infringement are twofold: (I) 
 the infringer must pay to the owner o 
 the patent, copyright, or trade-mark 
 whatever damages the latter suffer 
 through the infringement, equivalen 
 usually to the profits which the itifrim, 
 er has made; (51) the court will com 
 pel the infringer to stop. 
 fi 0-f\OSS. At large, independent o 
 or not annexed to, or dependent up 
 on anything. lngrossi-Mg,the_copLi 
 ing in a fair Hand, of a deed or inslm 
 went, in order that it -may be executed 
 N^EHI.TANCE). Continual posses 
 sions in, or a_ perpetual right to an 
 estate, vested in a person and his heirs 
 
 ,. A writ from a hi 
 ertoa lower court forbidding the pro- 
 ceedings in a cause. 
 NJ\JfJCTIO|>f. The writ or order 
 of a court or judge whereby a person 
 is required to do a certain thing, or 
 is restrained from doing it. 
 NJUfiY Wrong or damage done 
 to a person, property^rightSjirilerests, 
 etc., of any. one. 
 
 NU^ND BILLS. Drafts or bills of ex- 
 change drawn on a party i-n the same 
 State as the drawer. In I and Trade, 
 trade conducted in the interior of a 
 country. 
 
 < TlPTON,lNO.,FE8.l,l3.. 
 
 At sight pay to....^o>\\\>uu^.?,... 
 or or der. . . .Ox*. Vwwv^.<&. .. .0 o 1 1 ars , 
 value received, and charge to the ac- 
 count of 
 
 To . . . . 
 
 .-The keeper of a com- 
 mon inn for the accommodation of 
 travelers in general. The terms \\vnv- 
 , and Xvie.-'mVi 
 
 w.all mean the same.\J>M^\XHj^ 
 INNOCENCE. The absence of guilt. 
 jn law everyone is presumed to be 
 innocent until proved guilty. 
 ^Q.bEjST. A judicial inquiry; a, 
 body of men appointed by law to in- 
 quire into certain matters. A grane 
 Jury is sometimes called the o/v-ayAX* 
 <*^ve,sV. A coroner's inquiry into the 
 death of any one is called a co 
 
 an inquest, or inquiry into certair 
 facts by a jury impaneled for the pur 
 pose. 
 
 fJSOVVEttfC'y. The condition of a 
 wan not having sufficient property 
 to pay his debts.The same as bankrupt 
 cy.\Jbw. Kv3\<yv\Y<v.YO& a.'v\&^>'2rt\Y < <^V 
 lnsolven*,not having sufficient 
 property to pay one's debts. I -H sol- 
 vent De btor, one unable to pay his debts. 
 lfJspe;CTOF\S OF El^CTlOfJ.- Per- 
 sons designated by law, or chosen 
 by the electors of atown for the pur 
 pose of conducting an election.lt 
 Is their duty to preserve order, and 
 to see that the business is properly 
 done. They are also called ^vvio,,. 
 o^ e\e,cV\oii\. Two or more persons al- 
 so serve as C\&WA, each of whom 
 keeps a list of the names of the per- 
 sons voting, which is called a vo\\ 
 
 tJSTXU.iyiE^T. A part of a sum o 
 money paid or to be paid at a particu 
 lar time. 
 
 WTW. OBERLIN,OHIO,FEB.I,I9.. 
 
 For value received, I promise to pay to.. 
 
 ^.t\)^....or order,. ..'it\0\\mwi...Dol 
 
 s,in wanner followinj, to wit: Two Hund 
 
 red dollars in one month from date; Two Hun 
 
 dred dollars in two months; and Three Hutidrei 
 
 dollars in three months, with interest on the 
 
 several sums as they become due. 
 
 226
 
 l(f STAJMC^. All kinds of actions and 
 judicial demands. l-Mstatit, a day of the 
 present or current -month. 
 NSTRUCTIONS The orders given 
 by a principal to an agent in -rela- 
 tion to (He business of 'the agency. 
 
 lf(STF\UNVEraT. A writing containing 
 the terms of a contract; as, a deed or 
 _ttiorta9e,etc.; a*i agent, often used 
 in a bad sense. 
 
 fsUpFlCIEMcY A kind o< demurrer, 
 in chancery,in which the plaintiff has 
 six weeks after fill-up the defendant's 
 answer, in which to file exceptions to 
 
 . 
 
 INTEREST. One's kter- 
 est in_ships OT poods without having 
 any right of control. 
 pfSUFl|\NCE^. A contract or guaran- 
 ty of i-tidemnity or reimbursement 
 for any joss. TheVwwiNNWWi is the saw 
 paid for insurance.TheVv'iXe, is the 
 percent, on the amou-nfcitisu.red.The 
 vo\'\o\) is -regarded as the contract of 
 insw.rance.Thc aAswieA is the party to 
 whom is guaranteed the amount men- 
 tioned in the policy. He is also called the 
 ^oXxt^-VoWrt.The VM\A of insu.ra.tice 
 of of the policy, is the time which the 
 policy is in force. The vavtatwtatir is a 
 person or company who issu.es the pol- 
 icies, and is responsible for the payment 
 of the losses.A-H'vw;ww<\w&jty.YX is a 
 person^who^cts for the company i-H 
 assuming risks, collecting pre-miutns,et 
 A^ \YAwrfcy\w, \>*<oVj8,\ is one who ne- 
 gotiates policies, for which he receives 
 a cotntnission. A-H 'wjvH.\\c.e. wMHttyo* 
 is a person_ who examines buildings and 
 classifies -risks. A-ttVxvwraavc* cow^.\\\) 
 is a corporation which insures ajainst 
 loss or damage. <>* VvxeA\\vv<\c,Q/, 
 
 An attempt of per- 
 sonsto prevent the execution of a law; 
 as, the Whisky Insurrection in west 
 ern Pennsylvania. 
 
 (QSUHA.NC CERTIFICATE. A certif- 
 icate by which the rights under an in- 
 surance policy way be transferred to 
 any one. The following form illustrates: 
 
 NEwYoRK,Au&usT 14,19.... 
 This Is to certify that on the%*<\day 
 of VM&MSV IS...., this company insured, 
 under policy No.TS,\~Vb,made for VA. 
 to,t>,x\*., the amount of \*io\wMKt\ 
 dollars on *XWi barrels of flour,valued 
 at %\Q,QWj, shipped on board the ship 
 'Avuswrt*, at and from KlewYorktoRio 
 Janeiro, and it is hereby understood 
 and agreed that in case of loss, such 
 
 loss is payable to the order o 
 on surrender of the certificate. 
 
 This certif icate^epresents and takes 
 the place of the policy, and conveys all 
 the rights of the original policy-holder, 
 so far as the goods above specified are 
 concerned. \tam\\H fc^o^*^, 
 
 Attorneys. 
 
 flTEfiDAJIT. One who has charge, 
 management, or the superi*iletidaiice 
 of some office or department. 
 
 H4TERDICTI014. A prohibitive Judi- 
 cial decree by which one is prevented 
 from exercising his civil rights. 
 
 flTEHEST. A share in a business 
 or its profits; *he sum paid for the- 
 use of money. I-M an interest or 
 discount account, debit interest and 
 discount when allowed bji us to oth 
 ers; credit them when allowed to. us 
 by others. I/ the debit side of the ac- 
 count is the larger, the difference is 
 a \ow; if the credit side is the larger, 
 the difference is a qi\\\.The above 
 directions will apply to all allowan- 
 ces, such as exchange, preniiuw, col- 
 lection, storage, commission, etc. 
 
 .-A note 
 
 does -not bear interes* until after 
 maturity unless so specified. If no 
 rate is nientioned,the lepal -rate is uti- 
 derstood. The following for-m illustrates: 
 
 i|00. 
 S 
 
 stood. I He following form illustrates: 
 00. LITTLE ROCK,ARK.,FEB. 1, 19.. 
 
 jix months after date. ..\... promise 
 o pay...V>^.^\>HM...,or order,. ..0 / v\, 
 toM\tae&... Dollars, with interest, for 
 >alue received. ...V C X.NN\VN.\NVKS... 
 TERLOCUTORY. Something that 
 
 r . Something that 
 is not final or definite, but is otilu an 
 incident arid done in the middle of a 
 suit, deciding some one point. 
 
 ItiTERNAlL HEVE^UE.-A form of 
 indirect taxation from which a part 
 of the revenues of the government is 
 collected in the form of internal duties. 
 
 ifrEflNATIONA). DATE LlpfE.-The 
 line at which dates change, bcirij) la- 
 ter by one day by those who cross the 
 line from east to west, and earlier by 
 one day by those who cross it from 
 west to east. If a man- start at Lon- 
 don at nooti on any day and trav- 
 el eastward 180, i.e., half way around 
 the world, he will find that the time 
 there is 1 2 hours later than at Lon- 
 don; i.e., noon comes there 12 hours 
 before it does at London. Now, anoth- 
 er man starts at London at noon on 
 the same day and travels westward 
 180 > till he meets the other man; 
 he finds that the tinie at his destina- 
 tion is 12 hours earlier than at Lotidoit 
 To one man it is a gain of 12 hours, 
 and to the other a loss of 12 hours.To 
 harmonize the time the rule is to 
 drop out a day when crossing the in- 
 ternational date line going westward, 
 
 and to add a day to the week,ordoub 
 lethe day when going eastward.Thu* 
 when a ship reaches the internation- 
 al date line sailing eastward on Mon- 
 day, the crew call that day and also 
 the next day Monday; sailing west- 
 ward, instead of calling it Monday 
 they call it Tuesday. The one ship]s 
 crew have two Mondays together in 
 the same week, while the other ship's 
 crew have a week without a Monday 
 in it. The sailors would say that the 
 one ship's crew \p?X the Mondaji,and 
 the other's v " 
 
 3 VWA,\j\V&*X -\f\>iv \. 
 
 INTERN ATI Of(X\. LA>V. Therutes 
 recognized by Christian and civilized 
 nations to be binding upon thetn in 
 their conduct toward each other, and 
 to each other's subjects.l-Htettiation- 
 al Copyright, the right of an author 
 to protection in publishing his works 
 In different countries, as secured by 
 treaties with other nations. 
 {ijTEFVLEAJDEFV.. The discussion 
 of an incidental point, before the 
 principal cause can be determined; 
 a bill in equity praying for the safe- 
 ty of the person exhibiting it. 
 
 f/T^STA^CX. The state of dyi with- 
 out having made a valid will.Tiie or- 
 der and proportion iti which the rel- 
 atives of a deceased person, who leaves 
 no will, share in his property, are,as 
 a rule, that all brothers and sisters, 
 yvhen entitled, share alike, there be- 
 ing -no preference of the first-born 
 over the others, nor of the -male over 
 the female. Of *</& AV*, if there 
 arc children they take it all, or if any 
 are dead their children take their par- 
 ents' share. If there be no direct de- 
 scendants, the father or mqther,or 
 brothers and sisters, of the intestate 
 will be entitled./ ^wtwivjX ^xo^eA- 
 V\^ the rules of distribution differ 
 from the above in that those who are 
 entitled do not take possession immedi- 
 ately, but await the distribution of 
 the administrator. 
 ff T.OTO. Entirely, altogether, or 
 in the whole. I-M transitu, during 
 the transit or voyage. 
 
 f/TF\llSIO(l. The entru of astratt 
 90r, after an estate of freehold Js 
 determined before him in -reversion 
 or remainder. 
 
 ^VE^TOf\\. A list of goodsorwet 
 chandise,and sometimes including 
 debts owing to or by us, usually 
 made out at certain periods of the 
 business year, for the purpose of know 
 ing the quantity and value of urtsojd 
 merchandise, in order to ascertain 
 the condition of the business. 
 
 INVENTORV.JAN. 31,19... 
 
 VH*.^G\V K.N O \S t. 
 
 15 bbls.Unl,3000 Iks. 0-084 
 
 Pork ...... 9.00 
 
 , Beef ...... 12.00 
 
 , Salt ...... 1.25 
 
 > Flour ..... 5.00 
 
 , Suoar,l815lbs.0.06i 
 
 . , ,.. 
 I Och. Tea, 600 Its. 0.50 
 
 112500 
 90000 
 5000 
 65000 
 101 38 
 30000 3401 88 
 
 227
 
 , , . Th act orproces 
 of examining and comparing entries 
 and vouchers. Investiture, the act or 
 right of jiving possession of lands by 
 actual seisin. 
 
 iVElSTNIlEKT. That in whit 
 thing is invested, as money ;*he -aci 
 of placing out money to interest o r 
 profit in the public funds, in the pur 
 chase of shares or property, etc. 
 INVOICE,. A full account of goods 
 merchandise, in which the mirks, rmm 
 bcrs, contents, and value of each pack 
 age are described, together with t he 
 charges for commission,insura.nce 
 packing, etc. Invoice Book, a book 
 containing invoices of merchandise 
 bought. It may be made by to^vfwtq 
 invoices received, or by pasting the ir 
 voices themselves into a book preparec 
 for this purpose. The latter -method is 
 preferable, and is admissible as evidence 
 of the accuracy of one's accounts. 
 
 Invoice of Merchandise, -marked as 
 in the margin, and forwarded by J.C. 
 ANCELL t. Co., New York, per N . Y. C. 
 R.R., to MESSRS. M.C.ELLIOT t Co., Chi 
 cago, as per their order and at their ml 
 
 LlC.5CasesA Sardi 
 
 ines, 
 
 500 boxes @ 35 c. 
 bls.Currants, 266,154, 
 236,264,244,743,260, 
 260,260,260, 
 Total. 2330 
 
 2Z70@l8c. 
 LLCj|0 Boxes Castile Soap.406 Iks. 
 Tais,8lbs.perl)o, 80 
 
 326@l4c. 
 aas Canary Seed, 
 1184 Ibs.-l5 lb.tre=H69net, 
 
 19% bushels, @ 4.85, 
 LICo. 25 Boxes Valencia Raisins. 
 OTOSS we'kjW, 710 lij. 
 
 Rec'd Payment, 
 
 81335 
 
 40860 
 
 4564 
 
 9449 
 
 82085 
 
 . Under duress; -no* 
 proceedm9 from choice. Involved, e-m 
 barrassed by debts. 
 
 HHEGULA.RlfV. Neglect of law, form, 
 or method; an act done at ati umenon- 
 abtotitnc.or in an improper warmer, as 
 in omitting to do something that is nec- 
 essary for the doe and orderly conduct 
 
 of a suit at law. Irrtjular Deposit, a 
 deposit such that when -made it need 
 not be returned. I r-rcpleviable, that 
 which cannot be rcplevied or delivers 
 on sureties. Irrevocable, that which 
 cannot be revoked, -reversed, or nsci 
 ed. 
 
 ISSUE,. All persons who have descent 
 ed from a common ancestor; a_cer- 
 tain -material point in dispute in a 
 suit at law; the givino or sending 
 out, as of banknotes. Issuable Plea, 
 a plea upon which a plaintiff -may 
 take issue and proceed to trial upon 
 tho -merits. 
 
 ETS/VNUOR JETTISON).-The volun 
 tary throwing of poods overboard, or 
 cutting away masts, casting away 
 sails, etc., in cases of extreme peril 
 that a ship -may be lightened, and 
 the ship itself, and the rest of the car- 
 go preserved. ieA,s*.\v\ is where (joods 
 are cast into the sea, and there sink 
 and remain under the water; <i\ov- 
 v*wk is where they continue to float 
 \\^*v is where they are sunk in the 
 sea, but tied to a cork 
 
 JOBBER. A wholesale merchant 
 who buys goods from the manufac 
 turers and importers, and sells *o 
 country or other -merchants and to 
 retailers. Job Lot, an irregular as- 
 sortment of goods, or the goods un 
 sold at the end of the season. 
 
 JOINOCI\ OF ApnOff. The act of 
 uniting two or more persons orinat 
 ters in the sa-me suit or proceeding 
 Joinder in Demurrer, the joinirig 
 of an issue in a matter of law. Join- 
 der o/ Issue, an issue of fact where 
 the fact and not the law is disputed. 
 OlfJT ^CT(Ofl. A-M action brought 
 by two or more persons as plaintiffs 
 against two or -more others as de- 
 fendants. Joint a-nd Several Bond 
 a bond -made by two or -more persons 
 who bind themselves jointly and sev 
 erally to other persons. Su.it may be 
 brought against them either joint- 
 ly or severally for the whole amount. 
 If one obligor pays the whole amount, 
 he has a ri<jht of contribution in nis 
 favor against the other obliyors. Joint 
 and Several No-te, a note similar 
 in its nature to the preceding bond. 
 Joint Contract, a_ contract in which 
 the contractors are jointly bound. Joint 
 Executor, one who is united with 
 another in the execution of a w i 1 1. 
 Joint Note, a n ote made by two or 
 more persons, who are jointly liable 
 for its payment. Joint Ownership, 
 the possession of the sa-me property 
 at the same finie by two or wore per- 
 sons. Each joint owner has an un- 
 divided share of the whole, and the 
 shares may be either equal or unequal; 
 all may use the property together, 
 and each is entitled to a proportion- 
 ate share of the profits. Each may 
 sell to any one his individual share. 
 Joint owners may divide the proper- 
 
 ty among themselves, and thusmak 
 themselves separate owners of the 
 separate parts. Should they be un 
 able to agree, any one of them mai 
 bring a suit ,and the court will -make 
 the division according to their rela 
 tive interests. Joi-nt ownership way 
 an'se jn several ways; as, when prop 
 erty is given by deed as a sinate piece 
 to two or more, or when a person 
 dies without a will his heirs become 
 joint owners of his real estateJoint 
 Stock, a common fund or stock form 
 ed by the contributions or paid-u| 
 shares of different persons. Joi-M* 
 Stock Company , a number of in- 
 dividuals united in partnership for 
 the purpose of deriving profit from 
 trade, or for carrying on any large 
 undertaking, whose capital, when ap 
 portioned among its mernbets.aiKl then 
 called shares, may be individually trans- 
 ferred to others at will. Joi-nt Ten 
 ants, two or -more persons to whom 
 are granted lands or tenements *o 
 hold in fee-siniple, fee-tail, for life, for 
 years, or at will. The right of sur- 
 vivorship belongs to an estate thu 
 held. 
 
 ANNISTCN,AL.,OCT.3,I9, 
 
 One year after date we jointly 
 promise to pay....^.*.':>ox...,or ordei; 
 -,^v^H^"\\yo\)s.HO~^Dollars, val u-e 
 received, with interest. 
 
 One year after date we jointly and 
 severally promise to pay...>.tox..., 
 
 or order,__3>NO >famwix Dollars. 
 
 value received, with interest it six 
 per cent, per annum. 
 
 JOIprrUfVE. Ati estate settled on a 
 married woman for Hfe, to be enjoy- 
 ed after her husband's decease. 
 JOU^N^L. A book in which the 
 transactions first entered in the 
 Day Book, Sales Book, or Invoice 
 Book, are transferred and so enter- 
 ed as Ho make the sum of the aitiomtis 
 opposite the Dr. titles equal to thesu-m 
 of the amounts opposite the Cr. titles, 
 and to facilitate their transfer to the 
 proper side of their respective accounts 
 in the Ledger. Journal Day Book, a 
 book combining with the J o urnal 
 the essential facts commonly record- 
 ed in a Day Book, so as to make this 
 one book serve the double purpose 
 of Journal and Day Book. In journal- 
 izing double-entry transactions, it 
 must be observed that whenever one 
 or more persons or things become 
 Dr., one or more o_ther persons or 
 things become Cr. in like a/vnount. 
 There, are four forms of Journal 
 entries, classified as follows:(l)Where 
 there is but one debit and one cred- 
 it;^) Where there are several debits 
 
 228
 
 and but one credit;(3) Where there is 
 but one debit and several credits,-(4.)Where 
 there are several debits and several credit 
 
 J.C.Scott, Cr. 
 
 Commenced business with the 
 following resources: 
 Cash.as pet Cash Book, 
 Store and fixtures, 
 -12- 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, JAN. 10, 19..... 
 
 BakerWo., Boston, Cr. 
 Bo'tMdse.JOds.^lOds. 
 
 A.BoTden,Cotrners, Or. 
 
 Soldoflacct.,30ds., 
 
 5pcs.A.SIieeti,256, 8* 
 
 3 -. C.Dtills, 125, 9 1 
 
 4 .. Y.Beitms 150, 16% 
 
 1500 00 
 2500 00 
 
 II 88 
 
 2500 
 
 4000 00 
 
 575 
 
 Mdse. Or. 
 To Cash, 
 
 Sundries Or. to Mdse., 
 Cash, 
 Caleb Shank, 
 
 DETROIT,M*Y 1, 19.... 
 
 Mdse. Dr. to Sundries, 
 To Cash, 
 ,,W.S.Krat2, 
 
 Sundries Dr. to Sundries, 
 Cash, 
 M.Boies, 
 To Mdse., 
 Real Estate, 
 
 50000 
 
 17500 
 ZOO 00 
 
 50000 
 
 30000 
 25000 
 
 500 00 
 37500 
 
 315 00 
 185 00 
 
 10000 
 45000 
 
 A.L. Martin 
 To Cas h , 
 
 Bills Rec. 
 To Mdse., -v\o\, 
 
 NASHVILLE,OCT.I,I9.... 
 
 Carl Bros. ^ 
 To Bills Pay., V 
 
 ta 37500 
 
 Expense 
 To Cash, 
 
 \\ojv\\ Vv\\ \ 
 
 Bills Pay. 
 Interest 
 To Cash, 
 
 Etc. 
 
 15000 
 
 30000 
 
 1575 
 
 70000 
 1515 
 
 15000 
 30000 
 
 71515 
 
 . Presiding officers in courts 
 of law, who also award punishment to 
 offenders. Tlie President and Senate 
 appoint the judges of theSupreweCourt, 
 and of the Circuit and District Courts. 
 Of the State Courts, the judges are 
 sometimes elected by the people, some- 
 times by the legislature, and sometimes 
 appointed by the Governor. The terms 
 of the National judges are for life, 
 and those of the State judges vary, be- 
 ing generally from six to ten years 
 in the higher courts, while in the low- 
 er the terms vary from one to two 
 years. Ju-dex, a judge who conducts a 
 trial from beginnin9to end. Judge 
 Advocate, a person who acts as pros- 
 ecutor at a court-martial. Judicial 
 Decisiotis, the sentiments or opin- 
 ions of judges in causes tried before 
 them,. Judicial Sale, a sale by an au- 
 thorized person, b'y order of a court. 
 JUDG-tyEflT. A decision by acourt 
 upon a matter ap_pearing from a pre- 
 vious proceeding in *he su.it. Ju-dg- 
 +neti* No-te, a note given in the 
 usual form, but containing in addi- 
 tion a power of attorney to the payee, 
 or other person, to appear and confess 
 judgment for the sum therein con- 
 tained, against the maker. 
 
 For value received, I promise to 
 pay to....'A^.wo<^i>>swo...,of Topeka, 
 or order, ,V\\Okwv\&A.vx~>D o I lars, 
 with interest, on the...4V<sX...day of 
 ...\\oNe,Yi^oe'<...next. And further, I 
 do hereby empower any attorney of 
 the Court of Common Pleas of Shaw- 
 nee County, or any Cour^ of Record 
 in Kansas, or elsewhere, to appear for 
 me, and after a declaration filed there- 
 for, to confess a judgment a9ains{ me 
 in the above sum, as of last,next,or any 
 other subsequent term, with costs 
 of suits, release of errors,etc.,with 
 stay of execution until said...VwsX/... 
 day of...^oMAV\\>.\...nex*. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, at To- 
 peka, Kan., this... Vv<,v.. day of...Va.\v 
 
 JoHNMiLLER.[Seal] 
 
 .JOHN G-EOR&E.... 
 .JAS.F. DAILY 
 
 IOR PAJ\THE(l.-The youngest 
 member of a firm, or one who has 
 acquired an interest in an establish- 
 ed business. 
 
 JURISDICTION The class or classes 
 of causes in which a court has power 
 to pronounce the law. A court is said 
 to have <wcj\\va\ jurisdiction when the 
 case may originat:e(beconiTnericed)in 
 it; \( has ^^JvaXe. jurisdiction when it 
 may hear the case on appeal from a 
 lower court. 
 
 JURIST One who is skilled in the 
 science of law, especially civil law. Jit- 
 ry, a certain number of men(usual- 
 ly twelve) selected and sworn to declare 
 the truth according to the evidence 
 which placed before them onttietrial 
 
 of $hc caii-sc. v-w . ~* -^ ,. 
 
 jbSTIceis OF THE PEA.CE-- Publii 
 off icers, having authority to main- 
 tain the public peace, and punish the 
 offenders. There are usually several 
 of these officers in each town or 
 similar division. Each justice holds 
 court, and has power to try civil cas- 
 es which involve small arnou.nts 
 (usually less than ^100), and to try 
 persons who have committed small 
 offenses. 
 
 JUSTIFICATION In pleadin9,aplea 
 of sufficient reason,shown by the 
 defendant. Justifiable Homicide, the 
 killing of another in self-defence, or 
 to preserve one's own life. Justify- 
 ing Ball, proving to the satisfaction 
 of the court, the sufficiency of the 
 persons put in as bail or sureties, in 
 matter of property, etc. 
 
 KJEELs. Low flat-bottomed vessels 
 employed on rivers for carruinocoal 
 
 KJE\A.GE Toll paid for loading or 
 unloading vessels at a wharf-. 
 
 "JDJIA.?. To forcibly abduct and 
 carry away a man,woman,orchild 
 from their own country. I* also in- 
 cludes false imprisonment. 
 
 K) LOG-HAM- A French measure of 
 weight equal to 2/t Ibs. avoirdupois, 
 or 15,442.42 grains. 
 J(4Df\ED. Related to each other 
 by blood. \^,,V\e,Vs\\o\\sV\^\.Kiiis- 
 bote, a compensation paid for kill- 
 ing a kinsman. 
 
 |TH40-(OR KITE-FLYING).-Expand- 
 ing < one's credit beyond wholsome 
 limits; exchanging checks on dif- 
 ferent banks for the purpose of ob- 
 taining the use of money fora sin- 
 gle day. 
 
 ^NAvfc. Formerly meant boy or 
 servant, but by long perversion, it 
 has become to mean a false, dishon- 
 est or deceitful person. . 
 ABEL. A small slip of paper or 
 parchment attached to anythin9,ott 
 which a writing is inscribed totell 
 its nature or contents, or on which 
 an address is written. 
 ,AJBOF\. For agreement concern- 
 ing labor, see Employer. Laboring 
 a Jury, the act of tampering with, 
 or persuading a juryman to riot ap- 
 pear. 
 
 /^G-Afl. G-oods found at sea, belong- 
 ing to the finder. Laity, all persons 
 who do not belong to the clergy. 
 
 LAJv\E DUCI^. A stock exchanae term 
 signifying one who -fails to itieet his 
 engagements. 
 
 AND To disembark; to unload 
 a ship's cargo; ay ground,soil,or 
 earth. Landcheap, a fine paid in 
 certain places, upon the alienation 
 of land. Landed, taken from ayes- 
 sel and placed on a wharf or pier. 
 Landing, a place on the shore where 
 vessels receive or discharge goods, 
 or passengers. Land-Jobber, one 
 who makes it his business to buy 
 and sell land. Landlady, a woman 
 
 229
 
 who has tenants holding from herjihe, 
 mistress of tn inn or lodging-house. land 
 loid, the waster of a house, or the 
 keeper of an inn, tavern, or hotel; 
 the proprietor of houses and lands, 
 and who rents them to others. Land- 
 . tax, a lav laid on land or buildings. 
 
 IA.NDLOFU) AJ/O TE;NA.NT. A^<y\- 
 
 wV is one to whom the owner of 
 real esta,te(theV&\\&\o<<&) has granted 
 the sole and full use of for a time, for 
 a consideration to be paid by him. This 
 relation arises from agreement, and 
 it erists as much in letting a single 
 room in a house, as when it is of the 
 whole house and grounds. The dura- 
 tion for which the relation is to last 
 depends altogether on the contract, 
 which should specify some definite 
 time, as a -month, a yearjfiveuears, 
 et_c.\$>*Q><mVx-.iVV I f -no time is spec- 
 ified and no -rent is paid, either par- 
 ty may end the tenancy at any time; 
 but if rent is to be paid, neither party 
 can terminate the tenancy until the 
 end of the time specified in the con- 
 tract, except from mutual agreement. 
 When no time is specified, it is gener- 
 ally understood that the tenant can 
 hold possession for one yea.r.\S>M,\M\t- 
 
 .A sailor on board a 
 ship for. the first time, and consequent 
 lu without -maritime experience. 
 .A,PSE(. Deviation from the proper 
 path ; omission to present a bc_nef ice 
 in due time, which qives the right to 
 another. Lapsed Devise, a devise hav- 
 ing lost its effect because of the death 
 of the devisee before the testator. Laps- 
 ed Legacy, a legacy having lost its 
 effect because of the death of the leg- 
 atee before the testator. 
 A1ce;N\. Usually called XVAX or 
 %Xei\\v\q, is the wrongful taking of an- 
 other's personal property, with the in- 
 tent to deprive him of itpermanently. 
 
 . . One who will inherit 
 
 lands if they escheat for want of law- 
 ful heirs. Las* Will, a document by 
 which a person disposes of his real es- 
 tate upon his death. I/ applied to his 
 personal property, it is called a XtsXl.- 
 YnewV. Laud urn, an arbitrament or 
 award. 
 
 LA,W. A rule for regulating the so- 
 cial relations of mcvt. In its general 
 signification, it applies to all kinds of 
 actions, whether animate or inanimate 
 
 rational or irrational. Law boroh,a 
 
 pledge or surety for appearance. Law- 
 bur-rows, security given by a party 
 that he will behave properly and keep 
 the peace. Law Day, a day or days al- 
 lowed for open co'urt; the day desig- 
 nated in a mortgage when the money 
 which it secures isto be paid; acourt 
 leet or view of frank-pledge. Law 
 French, a term relating to the stat- 
 utes of Henry III. (!574-89),arid some 
 of the subsequent reigns, which were 
 partly or wholly written in the French 
 language. Law Latin, the late,or low, 
 Latin, used in statutes or legal instru- 
 ments, at various periods until t he 
 reign of Oeoroe 1 1. (1727-60). Law 
 Merchant, tha body of rules and 
 usages in matters relative to commerce. 
 Law of Nations, same as Inter-nation- 
 al Law, which see. Lew of Nature, fclie 
 law prescribed for all -men by the Cre- 
 ator, not by formal promulgation .but 
 by the dictates of reason. Law of Pri- 
 mogeniture, in cases of descent, a law 
 giving a title to the eldest son, in pref- 
 erence to the other children. Lawyer, 
 a solicitor or attorney, or one skilled 
 in the science of law. 
 
 LAof. To allege or state, as to lay dam- 
 ages; belonging to the people; per- 
 taining to the laity as distjnct froni 
 the clergy. Lay Corporations, t'WA 
 and <NMAv\o*\ywax\) . The W\\ are es- 
 tablished for a variety of pur poses, and 
 are intended to facilitate the transac- 
 tion of business. The i\e*vi\osv>vvaL\\) 
 are constituted for the perpetual d is- 
 tribution of free alms, or bounty, of 
 the founder of them, to such persons 
 as he has directed; as, hospitals, colleg- 
 es, etc. Lay Days, days allowed to a 
 merchant or charterer to load or un- 
 load a cargo. Layman, any one not a 
 clergyman or an ecclesiastic, or one 
 who does not belong tothe learned 
 professions. 
 
 L/\Z^F\Ef S- Places whewpersons 
 are quarantined who come from in- 
 fected countries; ajso where ooods 
 landed from ships in quarantine are 
 fumigated previous to their delivery. 
 Called also\.T.i.i(-V\o\vw orVvi/vxeXXo. 
 
 LA.X DOWfl. A term expressive of 
 the entire cost of a commodity,includ- 
 ing transportation, etc., at a place 
 remote frorti its purchase and pro- 
 duction. Lay Up, to store away or re- 
 serve for future u-se. 
 
 LEA.DIN'O-CA.SE. A decision from 
 a court of last resort, on some par- 
 ticular matter, and serving as a pre- 
 cedent. Leading Question, a ques- 
 tion put to a witness in such a -man- 
 ner as to suggest* the answer wanted. 
 
 LE^KA,G-E. An allowance of a- cer- 
 tain rate percent, for the waste of 
 liquors by the leaking of casks. 
 
 LEA.SE. A letting of lands or houses 
 for life, for a term of years, or at will, 
 or for any less interest than theV*v 
 vn[or person whokts)has in the prop- 
 erty, for a rent or compensation to 
 be paid by thc\A%sM,(the person to 
 
 whom the lease is granted). U is es- 
 sential that a lease contain all the con- 
 ditions and -minor details, as verbal 
 promises avail nothing in law. Dupli- 
 cate copies of a lease should always be 
 made, that each party rnay retain a 
 copy. A new lease invalidates an old 
 one. A lease for three, or -more years 
 should be signed by theCorn-tnission- 
 er of Deeds, and recorded in t he Re- 
 corder's ofi'ica, as a bar to the secret 
 or fraudulent conveyance of the leas- 
 ed property, and to obviate the neces- 
 sity of procari'ig witnesses to authen- 
 ticate the validity of the lease.A lease 
 on property that is mortgaged ceases 
 to exist when the person holding such 
 mortgage forecloses it. Neither a 
 guardian nor a minor can give a 
 I ease, extend in 9 beyond the ward's 
 majority, which can be enforced by 
 the lessee; yet the latter is bound un- 
 less the lease is annulled. 
 
 This Instrument, made he..\x 
 ...dayof... e >^Xe-<Y\\je,\...,l9 ..... ,WU- 
 nesset h , That . . .Vj\\riVNa.<Aa^ ---- of 
 the city of...O\ta.'Y\&... > Stateof..&&- 
 \tarvCva...., hath rented frotn....^A.\A. 
 \sXee.. .., of the same place, the dwell- 
 ing and lot^ No. m Market Street.sit- 
 uated in said town of.. .0&&a.\\&.., for 
 five years from the above date,althe 
 yearly ren tal . . rWweOfcwwVwA . ..Dol- 
 lars, payable monthly, on the first 
 day of each month, in advance, at 
 the residence of the sai 
 
 At the expiration of the _said a 
 bove mentioned term, the said...Vfc\i 
 VvjAXe,\%... agrees to give the said. ...\f 
 \JV.^.%X ..... peaceable possession of said 
 dwelling, in as good condition as when 
 taken, ordinary wear and casualties 
 excepted. 
 
 In witness whereof, we place our 
 hands and seals the day and year a- 
 foresaid. 
 
 ...J.W.METTLIN... 
 
 ...H.S.WARMftN.... 
 
 [LS.] 
 
 - . 
 
 TMII INDENTURE, made this. ..\\xsx 
 ...day of...X\)t)\>AV...,l9....,between 
 ...S\\ i a.s\Vx)\e,4...^of the township of 
 Cicero, county of Tipton, and State 
 of Indiana, of the first part, and ---- 
 O.V.V\o-s...,of the said township and 
 county, of the second part, 
 
 Witnesseth,That the said...V\\tt 
 \Vs,q\e.\i)....for and in consideration 
 of the yearly rents and covenants 
 hereinafter mentioned, and reserv- 
 ed on the par* and behalf of the said 
 ...S'vYjAHiojXav).. .,his heirs,execntots 
 and administrators, to be paid, kept 
 and performed, hath demised, set and 
 to farm let, and by these presents doth 
 demise, set and to farm let. unto the 
 said. ..Q.V.V^oaA..., his heirs and as- 
 
 230
 
 id, bounded and described as follows. 
 
 Together with all and singular the 
 buildings and improvements, to have 
 and to hold the same unto the said...^. 
 V.^o / jL^>...,his heirs, executors and as- 
 signs, from the. AVi*\...day of... V&.\v 
 \>,V(\>)... next, for and during the term 
 of . .tvie, . .. years thence, next ensiiing,and 
 fully to be complete and ended, yielding 
 and paying for the same, urito the said 
 ... < :>\\a. l i\\ac)\t\)...,his heirs and assigns, 
 the yearly rent, or sum of^^J^tw^ 
 V.\v\\&-<e,&~, Dollars, on the first day 
 of August in each and every year, dur- 
 ing the term aforesaid, and at the expi- 
 ration of said term, or sooner if deter- 
 mined upon, he, the said...O.^.Vvoas.., 
 his heirs or assigns, shall and will quiet- 
 ly and peaceably surrender and yield 
 up the said demised premises, with the 
 appurtenances, unto the said Wai 
 Vw,o,\ev>...,his heirs and assigns, in as 
 good order and repair as the same now 
 are, reasonable wear, tear and casualties, 
 which may happen by fire, or otherwise, 
 only excepted. 
 
 l*t witness whereof, we have here- 
 unto set our hands and seals the day 
 and year first mentioned above. 
 
 ..SHERLEY WALTON O.V.^\oM> [LSI 
 
 .FRANKLIN TEEL... 
 
 THIS certifies that I have let and rent 
 ed, this... V\\iX,... day of.. .^^...19..., 
 unto...'^.VI\.'4,\a\x,-v\X...,my house and 
 lot, No. 1137 Sutter Street, in the city 
 of San Francisco, State of California, 
 and its appurtenances; he to have, the 
 free and uninterrupted occupation there 
 of for... Owe,... year from this date, at 
 the yearly rental of ^Xo^XVwxT.toe.k 
 Dollars, to be paid monthly in advance; 
 rent to cease if destroyed by fire, or oth- 
 erwise mada untenantable. 
 
 . . 
 
 THIS certifies that I have hired and la- 
 ken from. ..Vv\\CA\j > \a.Y\C\e.M&.., his house 
 and lot, No..XVX\ S\x.\\a- ...Street, in the 
 city of San Francisco, State of California, 
 with appurtenances thereto belonging, for 
 ..fyv\a...year, to commence this day, at a 
 yearly rental of _ &!\<$i>x>\M*vtae& _ -Dol- 
 lars, to be paid monthly in advance; unless said 
 house becomes untenantable iron (ire or other 
 causes,in which case rent ceases, and I further agree 
 toaiveand yield said premises one year from this... 
 Vvw*...dai/ of.. \toM)... 19..., mas good condition as 
 now.ordinary wear and casualties excepted. 
 
 i. An instrtf 
 went conveying the right or interest 
 in lands or tenements, which in law 
 amounts to a feofmenl. 
 -E^O&Eft. A book employed for gath- 
 ering from the Journal and books of 
 original entry, and entering under 
 their respective titles, the Or. andCr. 
 sums belonging to the several accounts 
 arising in one's business. 1+1 a very 
 limited business the Ledger may be 
 the only book required. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 M.S.MONSFORO. 
 
 Mat! 
 
 Feb.3ToMdse. 
 1 
 
 II 
 21 
 
 To Balance 
 
 2110 
 1500 
 1715 
 1510 
 20 ! 
 885! 
 
 3 4 By Cash 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 ,19 
 
 ..Van** 
 
 1000 
 2000 
 1500 
 1000 
 3335 
 
 . A gift by will, of goods, mon- 
 ey, o'r other movable property. 
 LE.O-/VL AJSSE/TS. That portion of the 
 property of a deceased person, which 
 the common [aw can reach for the 
 purpose of satisfying his creditors. Le- 
 9 al Holidays, certain days appoint- 
 ed by law upon which it is recommend- 
 ed that people refrain from their ordi- 
 nary bu.siness.Vjb<w!,VoV\kA.\ySv In prom 
 issory notes, whenever the last day of 
 grace falls upon a Sunday or legal 
 holiday, the note is due the day before 
 Legal Kate o/ Interest, that rate 
 established by law applicable to all cas 
 es where interest is allowed, but in 
 which the parties themselves have 
 not specified any ra 
 
 that kind of money which by law can 
 be offered in the payment of a debt. 
 &old coins are legal tender for any 
 amount. Silver coinsldollars) are le- 
 gal tender for any amount, but the 
 fractional coins for sums not exceed- 
 ing &IO. Copper and nickel pieces for 
 sums not exceeding 25 cents. Nation- 
 al Bank Bills and U.S. Notes are not 
 legal tender; neither are any foreign 
 gold or silver coins. 
 .ji^G-ISLAJ'OF^. A member of the leg- 
 islature, who is elected to assist in the 
 enactment of laws. Legislature, that 
 body of men chosen for the purpose 
 of enacting new laws, and revising 
 or repeal ing old ones.Lejitj-ttiateChil 
 dren, those who are born in wedlock, 
 or in a lawful manner. All others 
 are \\\e4\V\\v\tfve . 
 
 .,510(4. ft hurt or injury suffer- 
 ed, inconsequence of inequality of 
 situation, by one who does not receive 
 full equivalent for what he gives in 
 a commutative contract. Le*see,one 
 to whom a lease is rnade.Lessor,one 
 who grants a lease. Let, a Hindrance 
 or obstruction; to lease. 
 .E(TTER. A written or printedmes- 
 sage, folded and sealed, sent by one 
 person to an other. Letter Book, a 
 
 book in which letters are copjedor 
 transcribed. Letter Box, a mailbox 
 in which letters are deposited. Let- 
 ter Carrier, a postman who delivers 
 letters. Dead LeWer, a letter address- 
 ed to a person who cannot be found, 
 or who is dead; that which has lost 
 its force or authority. Letter o/ Ad- 
 vice, a letter giving notice of a trans- 
 action; a book containing informa- 
 tion of a shipment of goods, of abill 
 of exchange being drawn on the par- 
 ty addressed, or of some act done by 
 the writer of the letter in which the 
 person to whom it is written has an 
 interest. Letter of. AWorriey, same 
 as Power of Attorney, which s>. Let- 
 ter of Credit, a letter from a cor- 
 respondent to another, a-uthoriiing 
 credit to a certain amount of mon- 
 ey to be given to the b earer. \Jbex. \xr\- 
 
 Letter oS License, a customs per- 
 mit; permission or privilege granted. 
 Letter of Marque, the license or 
 permission given by Government to 
 a private ship in lime of war to seize 
 on the ships of another State, under 
 pretense of satisfaction for injuries 
 received. Letter of Revocation, an 
 instrument revoking some power or 
 authority granted-^iKVio^-fts,^ Vo* 
 Uvy Letter oX Substitution, an 
 instrument appointing some one else 
 to act for one who has been vested by 
 a party with legal power-to act for 
 him.V^^- ^xxorvNCA} *o"< ^.orvxV^. Letters 
 of Administration, ajegal instru- 
 ment giving the administrator full 
 power to administer the goods, chat- 
 tels, rights, and credits which belong- 
 ed to the deceased. Letters Patent, 
 a document granted by Govern- 
 ment, authorizing a person to do 
 some act, or to enjoy some right, 
 to the exclusion of others; as,a pat- 
 ent right. 
 
 L4TJEFI COpfTTVVCTS. Whenever 
 there has been an offer made by let- 
 ter, and it is accepted by letter.the-re 
 is a contract. The offer may remain 
 open for a number of days unless 
 withdrawn, but the contract i s 
 complete the instant the letter of 
 acceptance is put into the mail, if 
 it is properly directed. It matters not 
 whether the letter of acceptance ev- 
 er reaches the first party or not.rior 
 that the latter has meanwhile with- 
 drawn his offer. The offer mag be 
 withdrawn at anytime before it is 
 accepted, but notice of the withdraw- 
 al must reach the other party before 
 he has mailed his acceptance.!/ an 
 order for goods is sent by mail,and 
 acted upon, it is a written contract, 
 so far as the writer is concerned, but 
 not as to the other party; he must ac- 
 cept by letter, before there is a writ 
 ten contract between both parties. 
 A telegram, in the same way, mag 
 be a written contract. Great care 
 should be exercised in guarding against 
 mistakes ; use the telegraph U necessary. 
 
 281
 
 [. To raise or collect, said of tu- 
 ts or troops, hi general it is raising of 
 money by assessment for which an ex- 
 ecution has been issued. 
 .1 ABILITIES. The pecuniary obli- 
 gations of any one, including all the 
 debts he owes, whether expressed in 
 notes, in accounts, or otherwise. Lia- 
 bility, the state of beino bound or o- 
 bliged by law to take the legal consequen- 
 ces of a certain thing's being or not 
 beino done. 
 
 LIBEL. A malicious or defamatory wri- 
 ting, reflecting on the character of a 
 person, and punishable by law;awrit- 
 ten statement by a plaintiff of a cause 
 of action; *o proceed against by filing 
 a libel, as against a ship or goods. 
 ,lBEF\"n( Freedom to exercise and 
 enjoy one's rights, and is ei 
 
 ing to the particular class of rights re- 
 ferred^. The rights guaranteed by the 
 constitution or political law is called 
 VK\V\6s\\\^e | (X^. Those secured by civ- 
 il or municipal law is called oW\\\\V 
 t\\t.F-reedom of religious opinion and 
 worship is called <(e\\o / \o\vi\\\>a\\\$. Free- 
 dom to enjoy I ife, pursue happiness,efax, 
 is called \\fcVxraN XVoerXN). 
 
 LICENSE Legal permission to do a 
 certain act, or pursue a certain bus- 
 iness- as, to sell a certain article, to en- 
 gage in the practice of medicine, etc.L>- 
 eentiousness, the doing of what one 
 pleases, disregarding the tiyhts of others. 
 Uegc, a subject; bound by a feudal 
 
 u tenure. 
 
 LI ^N . A hold or claim which one per- 
 son has upon the property of another, 
 by way of security for some debt or 
 Charge. Who have *he*ti?-JIHv&- 
 &x oVqoota(unless selling on creditjuntil 
 the price is paid;(2) A WW<VYAOA\ cvrVvt* 
 until his charges are paid. 13) A VoV\ 
 VM^W, until his charges are paid(4) A 
 
 ^ASO\\\\O\&W\Of ^O^$/X\\!> 3A 1. ^\&0.fc , 
 
 until the debt is paid. (5) A \w,v* W 
 ^ayi'viNO, ^xo^AViy, until charges are 
 paid. (6) A OOYI\YK\S<\O\\ YA^cVtwx, un- 
 til all commission, advances, and ex- 
 penses due are paid.(T) A^e.xsov>Vo\&- 
 v*ai Vyot^vivKft* /or money against 
 real estate or other property, until the 
 judgment is paid.(8JA^.-. wANtOns* 1 -., 
 untill all taxes due on personal or 
 real property 'are paid. 
 
 , An of 
 
 f icer elected in many States to fill the 
 vacancy in the office of G-overnor in 
 case the latter should die, resign, be 
 removed, or otherwise become incom- 
 petent. The Lieutenant G-overnor has 
 but few duties.other than to preside 
 in the senate, m which he has only a 
 casting vota. 
 
 IF^. The sum offerees by which 
 existence is -maintained and death 
 resisted. Li/ Annuity, an annual 
 income paid during a particular life, 
 and terminating with the death of 
 the person.When limited to a given 
 number of years of such life, i t i s 
 called aX,vt\^o\*.xvyX\V. WftNtttot.!/ 
 it begin a certai-H number o/years 
 hance, it is called a MhMWtXfowm*' 
 \v\^.|/ it depend on the joint cqntin- 
 uance_ of two or wore lives, it is call- 
 ed a'yiwv\\\ l w, VWVVA\V}. Various ta 
 bles have been constructed to illus- 
 t rate the probabilities of life at vari- 
 ous ages. V^e* ta,VC\3k,~VaJo\. o 
 
 , .,,. 
 
 Li /e boat, a boat of peculiar construc- 
 tion.made so as not to be possible to be 
 sunk, for saving life in case of shipwreck. 
 Li/e-buoy , an article constructed from 
 cork or other light material for keeping 
 a person floating in water. Also called 
 XxVer-^wjivifcx. Life Estate, an estate 
 to be enjoyed for life only. Li/e l-ti- 
 SHrance, a contract by which t4tc in- 
 surer agrees, in return for certain y&- 
 vv received, to pay a certain saw 
 to the heirs or assigns of the insured, 
 on the death of a person designated 
 in the policy, or wheti he reaches 
 a certain age. The object of life in- 
 surance is to give those who are de- 
 pendent upon a certain person, some 
 means of support if he should sud- 
 denly die. Life Insurance policies are 
 either >w\\o\e.-\\Ve, o-rXs/m policies. 
 Under X,*wv policies the sum assured 
 is payable at a certain age, l( the party 
 live, or at death, if that occur sooner. 
 A person may insure his own I Ife. 
 in as many companies as he chooses, 
 and to any amount that he chooses, 
 provided he is willing to pay the pre- 
 rniuttis. A person -may not only in- 
 sure his own life, but also that of 
 another person, in whom he has a 
 pecuniary interest; as, a wi/e that of 
 her husband, or a child that of his 
 father; also a credito1"na i y insure 
 the life oi his debtor. The insurance 
 ceases if the premium is not paid 
 when due. A policy may be assign- 
 ed by obtaining the Company's con- 
 sent. I/ any deception is practiced 
 in any way in applying for and in 
 obtaining a policy, it renders it void. 
 Life Ownership, the possession of 
 property during one's life only. I* 
 differs /row a Vv^owwA'S.VX^IIj He 
 cannot sell or mortgage the proper- 
 ty. (i) He cannot control the disposi 
 tion of it at his death. (3) He can do 
 nothing with it which will decrease 
 its value, at by taking down buildings 
 
 A li/e ownership may arise in the io\ 
 lowing ways: (I) A full owner -may 
 give a li/e ownership to one for whom 
 he wishes to provide but to whom he 
 does not care to give the power to 
 dispose of the property; as. a fath 
 er*o a spendthrift son. (51) A wid- 
 ow's dower, or li/e interest in one 
 third of her deceased husband's prop- 
 erty. (3) A widower's interest iti 
 his deceased wife's property, provid 
 ed a child has been born. 
 
 No.44,911. 5000. 
 
 THE 08IEKT UFE INSURANCE CfiMPANY. 
 
 In Consideration of the represen- 
 tations made to them in the applica- 
 tion /or this policy, and of the sum 
 ^,Q'V\e. < ^>r\^\,^ Dollars, and 
 ,,.. /urther sums of 0*<\eA\\xv\V<ek- 
 Dollars to be paid on the..Vv\....day 
 of January and^July of each year 
 during the continuance of this pol- 
 icy, do insure the lifeof...^vc.o^K\.- 
 w\sw..., of..T?,oV\a.,...in the coun- 
 ty o/.3. / vraN>ie <l \..., State o/.."Wiv<>\v. 
 in the amount of_Sm"\\\o\\,^a\\& 
 Dollars for the term of his natural 
 life. Arid the said Company does prom 
 ise and agree to pay the amount of 
 the said insurance at its office in 
 Boston to...^vcw> Vv.wx&v.V*.... legal 
 representatives f-in sixty days, after 
 due notice and satisfactory proof of 
 his death during the continuance of 
 this policy. 
 
 In witness whereof the said Ori- 
 ent Life Insurance Company has 
 by its president and actuary sign- 
 ed and delivered this contract this 
 
 ABDELYOUNO-, MARTIN WYNNE, 
 
 PREMIUM^ 100, PAYABLE SEMI-AMNUHI.LY. 
 LlG-A/4. G-oods sunk in the sea, but 
 tied to a buoy, that they may be re- 
 covered again. Lighters, small ves- 
 sels used in unloading or loading 
 larger x)nes. 
 
 .II^ITATlOpf OF APTlOfl. A cer- 
 tain time, regulated by statute, with 
 in which an action must be brought, 
 The reason for limiting the time in 
 which to bring suit is two-fbld:(l)0ld 
 and stale claims are likely to be ill- 
 founded; for if just, some attempt 
 would have been made to enforce 'it. 
 (H) It is considered best that a per- 
 son should not be troubled with an 
 old claim, though it he just, because 
 he has been led to believe that it 
 would not be pressed. The time in 
 which suit -way be brought varies 
 in different classes of cases ffow one 
 to twenty years, and differs iti differ- 
 ent States. For ordinary business 
 contracts the time allowed in which 
 to commence suit is five or six years. 
 For oral or open accounts niany 
 States make six years the limit, but 
 on written contracts, especially 
 those having a seal attached, such as 
 judgments, the *i'we is from ten to 
 
 232
 
 twentu years. In -most of the States 
 the time on promissory -notes is s i* 
 y ear 5.\><w.SVax;\'b\AG3\ ^\>>,-X<!,IIL\\, o\ \V\,\i - 
 \\'\\a&Sxax,<i- \\v4e. \\.Kfter the time 
 has expired the debt is said to be ovOt- 
 YisNeA.and cannot be enforced.Chaitge 
 of ownership does not affect the tirtie. 
 The period of limitation begins to ru-n 
 on the day when the deb* is due; but 
 if at any time after this a part pay- 
 ment is made, that renews theclaiw, 
 a-nd the period be9ins on that day. 
 Also if the debtor at any time after it 
 is due makes a written promise that 
 he will pay the debt, that has the same 
 effect as a. part payment. Limitation 
 of Estates, the settlement o( an es- 
 tate, determining how long it shall 
 continue. Limited Oivo-rce, separa- 
 tion frc-m bed and board. Limited 
 Partnership, one formed by special 
 law, in which there are one or -more 
 partners whose property cannot be 
 taken to pay the firm's debts, beyond 
 the amount they have contributed 
 toit. 
 
 iplE. The relationship existing be- 
 tween persons descended in aright 
 line. Li-He of Deposit, the average 
 amount kept by a merchant to his 
 credit in bank. Line of Discount, the 
 average amount borrowed by a mer- 
 chant fro-m a bank upon notes and 
 bills discounted by such bank for hi-m. 
 Lineal, in a direct line. Li-Heal De- 
 scent, the^scent of estates from one 
 to another in a direct line, as fro-m an 
 cestor to heir. 
 
 LIGlUIDATlOp The winding up 
 or final settlement of the affairs of 
 a commercial house, in adjusting 
 and settling of all its debts. Liquid 
 ated Damages, damages determined 
 beforehand, and inserted in an agree 
 rtient, which would result f ron-i a 
 breach of the agreement. 
 
 LlTHEF\A&E. The price paid for an 
 loading ships by lighters o-r boats us 
 ed to convey the goods on shore-Lit 
 igation, a judicial contest or lawsuit 
 (V^ P/\PEF\.-Nlotcs,etc., that have 
 not yet matured. Overdue or protest 
 ed paper is termed &cn.i.Livery, de- 
 livery of possession of lands to ten 
 ants. Livery of Seisin, de-livery of pos- 
 session of lands, tenements, and her- 
 editaments, unto one who has the 
 right to the same. Live Stock, agen- 
 
 p.ral term for the domestic animals 
 of the far-m. Living or livelihood, 
 means or income (or subsistence. Liv 
 cry-stable, a stable where horses and 
 carriages are kept for hire. 
 
 Lloyd's, a marine insurance society 
 at London, driving its name I" row 
 the coffee, house where it originated. 
 The underwriters, for a premium, 
 grant an indemnity to merchants 
 against risks at sea. The records of 
 this society contain a complete histo- 
 ry of the sea so far as concerns the 
 number of shipwrecks, collisions,fires, 
 piracies, mutinies, etc. Lloyd's Rejis-' 
 ter, an annual register of vessels.giv- 
 ing the tonnage, age, build, character 
 and condition of each ship whose own- 
 ers conform to their rules. In addi- 
 tion to the annual issue of avolutne, 
 there are occasional supplements when 
 alterations or additions are necessary. 
 
 LOAD. An undefined quantity of 
 different articles or commodities, as 
 a cart-load, boat-load, etc.; a defined 
 quantity, as a load of flour is 10 bar- 
 rels; of bricks, 500; of cotton, 3 bales. 
 
 LOA.N. A bailment without reward; 
 that which is lent for a temporary 
 purpose. Loan 0//ice, a place where 
 small sums of money are lent at high 
 interest to be repaid by installments; 
 a. pawnbroking o/f ice. Call Loan, a 
 sum of money loaned by a banker or 
 other person, secured by the deposit 
 of stocks, bonds, or other marketable 
 securities, to be paid when called for. 
 A failure to make good the loan with- 
 in a certain time (usually twenty-four 
 hours) is regarded as authority to the 
 lender to sell the securities in his pos- 
 
 , session. 
 
 LOCAL ACTIONS. A term applied 
 to actions when all the principal facts 
 on which they are founded are of a 
 local.nature. Local Train, a train 
 making stops regularly at all thesta- 
 tions along a line. 
 
 LOG- BOOI^. A book used in measur- 
 ing the rate of a ship's velocity, as in- 
 dicated by the \oc), with notes on the 
 state of the weather, incidents of 
 the voyage, etc. The \oc> is a little 
 board so fixed as to remain upright 
 and -motionless in the water while 
 the ship moves on, for the purpose of 
 ascertaining the rate of sailing. 
 OflG-. A stock exchange term. One 
 is said to be \o-v\9 when he carries 
 stock or 9raiti for a rise.Lo-ngMeas- 
 wre, measure of length. ^SecWeXqVx 
 ttv\&>tMW.<bw<e,s., Vv\4.e*V Long P-rice 
 price after the duties are paid.Long- 
 Boat, ths largest boat belonging to a 
 ship of war. Lo-iig Dozen, one or two 
 more than a doieti. Long Hundred, a 
 term for six sec-re, or 1 20. Long Ton, 
 in t -upland the ton contains 124-0 
 pounds, and is sometimes called the 
 
 \(yv\^Vor>, In the United States the 
 ton contains 2000 poundb, and some 
 times is called the sV<m VOK\. Long 
 Sho-remen. men employed in unload 
 ing and loading vessels about docks. 
 
 LOSS. Destruction, injury, fa Hun?, 
 waste, leakage, or that which is lost. 
 Loss and 0-ain, a general term us- 
 ed to express fluctuation in value. 
 When applied to an accou/nt.it has 
 reference to a collection of particu- 
 lar losses and gains of a business, 
 the result of net loss or net gain 
 being shown by either side. An ac- 
 count exhibits a Noss, if that which 
 it represents has cost more thaii it 
 has-produced. An_ account exhibits 
 a <yai\\v,if that which it represents 
 has produced wore than it has 
 cost. All accounts which show loss- 
 es or gains is closed into the Loss 
 and G-ain account. 
 
 LOSS OF PF\OP^f\T\.-lf one ha 
 
 another's property in his possession, 
 and through his carelessness it be 
 injured or lost, the careless one is 
 not only entitled to no compensa- 
 tion for what he has done, but -must 
 compensate the owner for his loss 
 or injury; but not if the loss occurs 
 in spite of ordinary care. Common 
 carriers are responsible for any loss 
 or injury occurring to goods which 
 they are transporting. Carriers b_y 
 sea are responsible for loss or inju- 
 ry to goods, except damages occur- 
 ring through some extraordinary 
 peril of the sea. If the property of a 
 guest is lost while he is in the hotel, 
 unless through his own carelessness, 
 the hotel keeper is responsible for it. 
 ^a.^oX\ Vvaa^aVy For lost proper- 
 ty found by any one, see Lost Prop- 
 erty under Etiquette, Index. 
 
 LOW-VVATEFl rv\Aftl( That line 
 on the sea-shore to which the waters 
 recede when the tide is lowest. 
 
 LOjAL. True to one's country, or 
 faithful to a prince; legal oraccotd- 
 ing to law. 
 
 LUN/\TIC. The legal designation 
 of insanity; also *hat state of the 
 mind known as xwwwm^o 1 ; we-wVvs. 
 A contract with a lunatic is void. 
 \>e.a \&\o\"\ . Lu-r9ulary,the casting 
 pf any corrupt thing into the water. 
 
 LjNCH LA>/V. -Popular vengeance 
 inflicted by a mob; the practice of 
 inflicting an injury, or committing 
 an outrage, upon a person, for a 
 crime or offense, by private per- 
 sons without the sanction of law, 
 In England this iscalledViMo'x&Va. 1 *. 
 The American system of Lynch Law 
 began in Piedmont count y,Va., which 
 was in early tims the western front- 
 ier, and having no law- of its own, 
 and being seven miles from the near- 
 est court of criminal jurisdiction, 
 controversies were constantly refer- 
 
 233
 
 ed to men 67 sound judgment and 
 mpartiality in the district, whose de- 
 cisions were regarded as final. Promi- 
 nent amono; these was a man whose 
 awards exhibited so much justice, 
 judgment, and impartiality, that he 
 was known throughout the country as 
 Judge Lynch. In the course of titne 
 criminals were brought before him, 
 and he awarded such punishment as 
 he considered just and proper. Judge 
 Lynch being the most conspicuous 
 of these arbiters, the system took 
 his name, and was called Lynch Law. 
 This was a compliment to his integ- 
 rity and high character. Subsequent 
 ly the term has been regarded as a 
 reproach, because violent and unprin 
 cipled men, such as Judge Lynch was 
 wont to punish, have set the law at 
 defiance, and while inflamed with 
 passion, have usurped the preroga- 
 tives of the courts o/justice.The cor- 
 ruption that has found its way into 
 the courts has doubtless made Lynch 
 Law seem to be a necessity in many 
 cases. 
 
 M.A.&lSTr\ATE.-A public civil officer 
 invested with executive or judicial 
 authority; as a justice of the peace 
 or a governor. 
 
 4A.GNA CriA,FVTV The great char 
 ter of English liberty, granted byKin? 
 John June 15, 1215. It was called Mag- 
 na Charta on account of its great im 
 portance in securing the liberties of 
 the people. 
 
 fv\A.IM,. To deprive a man of any 
 necessary part of his body, so as to 
 render him less efficient in fighting 
 or defending himself. 
 /lA^IL .Newspapers, letters, etc. ,tns 
 mitted in bags from one post-office 
 to another.Mail-ba;, a leathern bay or 
 sack Hi which assorted letters, etc., art 
 placed for a particular destination 
 to be there distributed. Mail-coach, a 
 car or vehicle for conveying mail-bay 
 from one place to another. Mail-tram 
 a/ast train by which mails are car- 
 ried. Mail-carriers, persons employ- 
 ed by the government to convey the 
 mails. . 
 
 4AJplPf\ISE Deliverance of a pris- 
 oner, who might otherwise be commit- 
 ted to prison, upon security being giv- 
 en f orchis appearance at a certain titne. 
 
 IV\AJ(lrttNA.NCE;.-Aid, assistance. 
 
 or means of support; assistance to 
 another in a suit at law by one who 
 has no interest in it, for the purpose 
 of stirring up a. quarrel or continuing 
 the litigation. 
 
 M.AJOHES.-Male descendants be 
 the sixth degree. Majority, the full 
 age; -more than half, as in theelec- 
 Hon of some officers a nwaiymi^ of 
 all votes cast is necessary to a choice. 
 
 In a note, the person who 
 promises is called t he *M\MK. The per- 
 son named in the body of the note is 
 the ^&\yie. The maker may be respon 
 sible to either the payee, or to t He 
 person to whom he way transfer jt. 
 Making his Law. a legal phrase sig- 
 nifying the act of a person who wa- 
 ges hfs law. 
 
 \^L^I=/VCTOf\.-One who has either 
 committed a crime, or been convicted 
 of having committed one. Mal/eas- 
 ance, the act of committing an un- 
 lawful deed. Mai ice, an intention- 
 al mischief done to another without 
 cause or excuse. Malice prepense,dc- 
 liberate, predetermined malice. Mali- 
 cious Mischie/, wanton or reckless 
 destruction of property or injury to 
 the person. Malicious Prosecution, 
 the act of prosecuting any one in a 
 criminal or civil suit, without just 
 cause. Malversation, frau.du.lent 
 practices in office or employ; as ex- 
 actions, contortions, and larceny. 
 M.A.NBOTE. In Anglo-Saxon times 
 a compensation paid to the relatives 
 of a murdered man, by the murder- 
 er's friends. 
 ANDAMUS. A writ or command 
 issued by a court, and directed to 
 anu person, corporation, officer, or 
 inferior court, requiring them to 
 do some particular thing. Its chief 
 use is to enforce the performance 
 of public rights or duties. Mandate 
 a. summons, or judicial charge,com- 
 mand, or cpmmission. 
 l/VMlFEJST. A particular account 
 of a ship, with the list of the names 
 o/>he passengers, a description of 
 the cargo, number, and marks o f 
 the packages, etc., with the ports of 
 destination, made out and signed by 
 the master before leaving port, to be 
 exhibited at the Custom House. Also 
 applied to railway shipments, as an 
 invoice. 
 
 MANIFEST No. 976. 
 
 Pittsburo, Pa..U*\O...I9. . . 
 SHIPMENT-COAL MX Boro.Fox LCo., 
 
 It THUS 
 
 CJUS. 
 
 ANTHRACITE. 
 
 16 58 
 
 MAN |FE>TO. A public written dec- 
 laration or motives or in tent ions, by 
 the authorities of a nation, partic- 
 ularly before commencing a war,as- 
 signing reasons fqr its public acts. 
 \A.N I pOLD \Wf\ITE^r\. A copying 
 book, the sheets composing which,be 
 ing covered with a preparation ofpkm 
 bago, and inserting between them 
 blank paper, and writing thereon 
 with a style, several copies of t he 
 writing, may be obtained at once. 
 
 (filing of any person, in sudden 
 heat.or excitement, and without 
 malice. Man-slayer, one who kiljs 
 another unintentionally and with- 
 out malice. Man Stealing, an ex- 
 pression sometimes used in place 
 of kidnapping. Mani*cap*or, one 
 who stands bail for another. 
 
 HAJNb FA.CTU FJEr\. One who works 
 raw materials into articles suitable 
 for use. ManH.facit.res, wares and 
 articles which have undergone the 
 processes which preparetneniforu.se. 
 
 VXA.NUM.IT. To release from sla- 
 very, or from the power of another. 
 
 V\/\f\G-lfl. Money deposited with 
 a broker, in stock transactions, to 
 protect him against loss by the de- 
 preciation of stocks held bu him for 
 another party. Also the difference be- 
 tween the value of securities depos- 
 ited as col lateral, and the arnounHoan- 
 ed upon them. 
 
 wu N E i tfsU KANcC-A contract 
 
 to pay the owner of certam property 
 a certain proportion of his loss if it 
 is damaged or destroyed while on 
 the sea. The time of the insurance 
 is sometimes specified, as for a year. 
 Vessels are often insured in this way. 
 Sometimes it is for a particular voy- 
 a9e, without reference to time. Both 
 vessels and goods may be insured 
 in this way. Another way in which 
 goods may be insured is to specify 
 a time, as a year, the policy to cover 
 all goods shipped during the period of 
 ti-me.Su.ch a policy is called ano^e.-" 
 VoV\e\^.TIe risks assumed in the 
 policy are those of ^W- vev'\\* 0< * *V* 
 
 exjj^e, and vaNxiaqt.. unless otherwise 
 provided, the policy is valid, whether 
 the premium is or is not paid when 
 due. The premium is said to be *a*n\- 
 ,& if the vessel or the goods are upon 
 the sea during any part of the time 
 mentioned in the policy. If not earn- 
 ed the premium need not be paid. 
 If not provided for in the policy, in 
 case of change of ownership,the-new 
 owners should obtain the consent 
 of the company, or the policy will be 
 void. Except from necessity, if a 
 vessel deviate(change its risk) from 
 the specified voyage, the policy is 
 rendered void. The amount of insur- 
 ance to be paid in case of damage or 
 loss, is that proportion of the loss 
 which the amount of the policy 
 bears to the val ue of the property insur- 
 
 234
 
 ed. Consequently the company does 
 not pay the whole of any loss,unless 
 the amount of (He policy equals the 
 value of the property. Policies -maybe 
 obtained in seve-ral companies, .but 
 then each company pays only its 
 proportion. Sometimes the place /or 
 valuation in a pojicy is left blank,and 
 the value determined at the time of 
 the loss; if the value is inserted, that 
 cotitrols, and it is called aNAu^^o\'\c^. 
 Misrepresentations render a policy 
 void. Additional or minor agreeitients 
 are inserted in almost all policies.Sea- 
 worthiness o/ the vessel is always an 
 implied condition'X.o'bX (ycvxoV \osxy 
 occurring in a policy, means thatthe 
 company will pay the insurance, even 
 if the property is already lost at the 
 time the contract is wade. t^a.'A^a^ 
 YM/wX is the right of the insured to 
 give up to -the company what remains, 
 (provided the loss is more than half 
 in value of the property) and claim 
 the full amount of the policy. 
 TOTOK W VtNNMfe. VkSWMKK. WOSN . 
 No.15,213. 
 
 BY THE ATLANTIC INSURANCE COMMNY.OF BOSTON. 
 
 Geo. C.Howe, on account of whom it 
 ma concern, in case' of loss to^epaid 
 in Boston in funds current to hirn,does 
 
 make insurance and cause 
 
 vioWttKv*. * De insured, lost or not lost, 
 \wNtsa, at and from Boston to Liver 
 
 *** pool onlXOObbls 
 
 ?v*\wv, flour. laden, or to 
 
 * K >s. be laden on board the 9ood 
 ship called the...N\\A%o\\ 
 
 The said goods and merchandises 
 hereby assured are valued (premium 
 included) a* &5000. 
 
 Touching the adventures and perils 
 which the said assurer is contented to 
 bear and take upon itself in this yoy 
 age,they are of seas, -men-of-war, fires, 
 enemies, pirates, -rovers, thieves, jetti 
 sons, letters of mart and counterniarl 
 reprisals, takings at sea, restraints, ar 
 rests, and detainments of all kin9s,prin 
 ces, or people of what nation, quality, 
 or condition soever, barratry of the 
 
 master and mariners 
 
 having been paid the consideration 
 for this insurance, by the assured at 
 and after the -rate of one and a quarter 
 per cent 
 
 Provided always, atid it is hereby 
 further agreed, that if the said assured 
 
 shall have made any other assurance 
 upon the premises aforesaid, prior in 
 day of date to this policy, then the said 
 assurer shall be answerable only for so 
 much as the amount of such prior as- 
 surance_ may be deficient towards ful- 
 ly covering the premises hereby assur- 
 ed ............. A-tid in case of any insur- 
 
 ance upon the said premises subsequent 
 in day of date to this policy the said as- 
 surer shall nevertheless be answerable 
 for the full extent o/ the sum by it sub- 
 scribed hereto ............ ...Other jnsur- 
 
 ance upon the p-remises aforesaid of 
 date the same day as this policy shall 
 be deemed simultaneous herewith; and 
 the said assurer shall not be liable for 
 more than a -ratable contribution in 
 the proportion o/the sum by it in- 
 sured to the aggregate a-mounf of such 
 simultaneous insurance .............. 
 
 l4t witness whereo/ the attorneys 
 of the Atlantic Insurance Company have 
 subscribed their names and the sum 
 insured, at Boston, this. ..1&\&... day 
 of... \Vo\w, vcto/v... 19... 
 (&5000). Five thousand dollars. 
 
 Attor-neijs. 
 
 _. An allowance or por 
 tion given with a daughter in ttiairiajie. 
 Marital, pertaining to a husband. 
 /IA.RJTINIE lLAty.-Law relating to 
 harbors, ships, and seamen. 
 VVIt A device,number,or letter 
 put upon boxes or packages shipped, 
 or upon manufactured goods,to dis 
 tinguish them from others. 
 
 MARKET. A public place or building 
 for buying and selling; exchange, pur 
 chase, and sale; as, an .cV\we oraiviXX 
 market. Market-9ardetier, one who 
 raises vegetables and fruits for sale 
 Market-overt, an open or public mar 
 ket. Ma-**, a place of sale or traffic. 
 
 MAR.KJNG-&OODS. It is usual with 
 merchants in marking their goods, 
 to make use of a private mark, phrase, 
 or key-word, to designate thecost and 
 selling price, the object being to con- 
 ceal these points from all except their 
 own salesmen. The followjng words 
 and phrases present a choice fr o m 
 which to make a selection: 
 
 (dwXWo. OU 
 Each word or phrase contains ten 
 letters, no two alike, the object being 
 to use letters instead of figures in mark 
 ing -the goods. As an example take the 
 phrase G-AS FIXTURE. 
 I 23 4561890 
 In marking the cost and selling price 
 on a ticket, we assume that the cost i_s 
 ^3.25, and the selling priee*4- 31; this 
 would be represented by the dumb let- 
 ters s-aiv- tex. The cost price is usually 
 placed upper-most on the tag, the selling 
 price below it, thus |^ .A+i extra let- 
 
 ter, styled a repeater, is used to obvi- 
 ate the repetition of a letter orfigurt, 
 as well as to prevent the disclosure of 
 the private mark; for instance, instead 
 of writing 366 by the key-word,whicli 
 would be <b*x, use as a repeater the 
 letter o, and make it reid VW. Frac- 
 tions way be written thus: 456% = 
 V\nV*. I* sometimes happens that 
 the selling price contains three fig- 
 ures, while the buying price contains 
 but two. To prevent this difference 
 f-rorn being noticed, the letter denot- 
 ing the cipher is prefixed to the buy- 
 ing price. A sentence containing ten 
 words may be used Instead of a word 
 or phrase, and the initial letters of the 
 words taken, thus: In walkingdown 
 Broadway James sees -wiany very cu- 
 rious things, l-tistead of letters, ar- 
 bitrary signs may. be used, thus: 
 
 345 
 
 . 
 7890 
 
 as Letter of Marque, which see. 
 MARRIAOE ARTICLES.- An agree- 
 ment between partie_s who contem- 
 plate marriage, and in accordance 
 with which the marriage settlement 
 is afterwards drawn up. Marria9c 
 B-roka9e, the act by which a person 
 for a consideration, negotiates a 
 marria9e between a man and a wo- 
 man.VJbMft'fowOvie, o4 ^fcY V\aqe -JA 
 ^wXaX.VjeAAflL-Y'Afc.tyz.V For Marriage 
 License, Form of (Jeremony,etc.,see 
 under Love Letters, hide*. 
 
 That of i-n the 
 
 State of and of 
 
 in the State of... v .... 
 
 were at.. in the said County, 
 
 by me joined together itj 
 
 HOLY MATRIMONY, 
 
 On the day of in the 
 
 year of our Lord, Otie Thousand Nine 
 Hundred and 
 
 MARRIED. 
 
 . LISTON MILLER, In this city,at 
 the residence of the bride's father, Oc- 
 tober 17, 19...., by_the Rev.&eorgeBa- 
 ker, rector of Christ Church, Mr. John 
 Liston and Miss Mary B. Mille-r,daujh 
 terof Isaac Miller, Esq., all of Atlanta. 
 ' 
 
 *200. New York, Feb. 13, 19... 
 
 One year after date. ,.\... promise to pay 
 Wood L Lprin.oT order,. .^y<o\\\w\^ite^... 
 Dollars, with interest. And I hereby charge 
 my individual property and estate with 
 the pay-ment of thist.ote. ^^.^ 
 
 235
 
 ri 
 
 
 whatever, but -now, in -most States, 
 hy may (I) Make any contract con 
 nected with property which they own 
 separately, but -not otherwije,eicept 
 in connection with lheir separate bus 
 inejs |J) They may carry on a busi 
 ness apart from their husbands, and 
 bind themselves by any contract] con 
 nected therewith. A woman havin9 
 no husband, whether mar-tied or siti- 
 9!*, can make contracts as freely as 
 a man. Married women may a ct 
 as agents (or others, even in maki-n9 
 contracts. In buying articles -neces- 
 sary for themselves or the household, 
 they may not be sued (or payment, but 
 their husbands may be. Also when 
 employed as clerks or otherwise ein 
 ploytrs are bound by their acts. In 
 a few States a married woman can 
 not become a member of a partner- 
 
 OF ASSETS. -Such 
 
 an arrangement of the different 
 funds under administration, as shall 
 enable all persons having equities to 
 receive their share, notwithstanding 
 anu intervening interests or claims. 
 
 M,/\l\TI/\l LAVv.-Military rule e.ist 
 ing in time of war. It supersedes civ- 
 il proceedings which con/lid with it. 
 <\A.STEH OF CEREM,OplC>.-Anof 
 ficer whose duty is to determine the 
 forms to be observed, and superintend 
 their observance during a public occa 
 sion. Matter in Chancery, a clerk in 
 the court of chancery, who acts as as- 
 sistant to the chancellor. Master of the 
 Rolls, an officer of chancery who has 
 the keeping of the rolls and grants which 
 pass the great seal, and the records of 
 the chancery. 
 
 MATTER OF F/\CT. - In le^al actions 
 matte*, the truth of which is determ- 
 ined by the evidence, and left to the 
 jury to decide. Matter of Law,mattei 
 the truth or falsity of which is deter 
 mined by the established rules of law, 
 or by reasoning baud upon them, the 
 decision in these matters is referred to 
 the^udge Matter of Record, facts 
 which may be proved by the pro due 
 lion of arecord. 
 
 4 A,TUr\IT\.- Arrival o the time fit 
 ed for i he payment of a debt; becom- 
 ing due; termination of the period 
 which a demand has to run; state of 
 perfection or completeness, as of age 
 
 cwptancu. and the proper notices serv- 
 ed, lh holder may at once proceed 
 against the drawer and endorsers. 
 Legal holidays are uniformly excepted 
 in the maturity of commercial paper. 
 Where grace is not allowed, paper fall- 
 ing due on a holiday becomes legal- 
 ly due the day following; but where 
 grace is allowed, on the preceding 
 day. 
 
 I. An established principle 
 iding truth." -" ' 
 
 Mayhem, unlawfully depriving an- 
 other of a member proper for light 
 or defense. Mayor, the chief -magis- 
 trate of a city. Mayor's Court, t he 
 name of a court, usually heldincit 
 ies, consisting of the mayor, record- 
 er, and aldermen. 
 
 M,EA,SUf\E. The contents or dimen- 
 sions of anything, reckoned accord- 
 ing to sortie standard.\^w.V^,'\C)\\X, 
 *v\&>As,a ) \e*,-V\ka-y Measure of 
 Da-mages, a method or rule by which 
 the damage sustained is to be estima- 
 ted or measured. Measurement Goods, 
 goods on which freight is charged by 
 measurement. 
 
 M.EOIA.TOr\.-Upon differences aris 
 ing between merchants, a person 
 who interposes and assists the-m in 
 adjusting their difficulties. 
 A.\. 
 
 M.EOICA. 
 
 testimony given by physicians or sur- 
 geons as professional eperts. Medi- 
 cal Jurisprudence, the application 
 of medical science to the determina- 
 tion of certain questions in courts of 
 law. 
 
 M > EM,Or\f\NDllM..- A note or record 
 of something intended to assist the 
 memory; an informal writing of 
 some transaction, or an outline of 
 some intended action or instrument. 
 Memorandum Check, a check given 
 as an acknowledgment of a debt.with 
 the understanding that it will not 
 be presented at the bank unless trie 
 maker fails to take it up on the day 
 the debt becomes due. It usually has 
 written on its face. 
 
 fROM 
 
 MORSC V Ct LOU, 
 
 Columbus, 0. 
 
 IT C Street. 
 
 .?*.... 
 .. 19.., 
 
 tentlemenr On February 15th we 
 propose making three days' sight 
 draft on you, favor First National 
 Bank, for Si Hundred (600)DollaTs, 
 on account, which please protect 
 and oblige, 
 
 VOUTS very respectfully, 
 MORSE t CAVLOR. 
 
 M.EIv\OI\lf\L. A written address of 
 solicitation or ci 
 
 per or note ir 
 subscription 
 
 omplaint; a state pa 
 which there is neither 
 or address, -much used 
 
 To THE SENATE AND HOUSE oe REP- 
 RESENTATIVES Of THE UlMlTEOSlATES, 
 IN G-ENERAL AsservlBLV CONVENED: 
 
 The E jrecutive Committee ...... 
 
 were charged with the 
 
 duty of preparing and presenting to 
 the Congress of the United States a 
 memorial. -V^a^e, 
 
 OF M t ^N. -Legally, the 
 memory" of man is supposed to ex- 
 tend back to Che time of Richard I., 
 A.D. 1 189; but proof of a regular 
 usage for twenty years, not eiplain 
 ed or contradicted, was evidence up 
 on which many public and private 
 rights were held, and sufficient for 
 a jury in finding the existence of an 
 immemorial custom. Ve\o\v\>eX. Men- 
 ace, a threat to injure another . 
 
 NlEFtC/KNTllE /\ND COMJv\Ef\Ci;\,L 
 Hirc\V\\. applies to the sale of tner 
 chandise and goods when brought 
 to market. C.OWW\AC\\ is the wider 
 term, and relates to the freighting, 
 shipping, forwarding, and other bu- 
 siness connected with the txwwnxeirce 
 of a country, whether internal or 
 external. The terms are often used 
 interchangeably. Mercantile Agen- 
 cy, an agency the purpose of which 
 is to procure information relating 
 to the standing and credit of country 
 merchants, for the use of city mer- 
 chants or others with whom they 
 deal. Mercantile Letters, for a va- 
 riety of forms of these see Busi- 
 ness Letters,- Inde*. Mercantile Pa- 
 per, acceptances or notes given by 
 merchants for goods bought or re- 
 ceived on consignment. This term 
 is contradistinctive from accom 
 modation paper, which see. 
 
 M,EFtCH/\NDlSE.-A general term 
 for goads bought and sold by mer- 
 chants. l-*i the merchandise account 
 merchandise is Or. for its cost, and 
 Cr. for the receipts from sales. When 
 the Cr. side of the account is in eicess, 
 the difference represents profit; i f 
 the Dr. side be in eitcess, a loss. Mer- 
 chandise Broker, an agent employ- 
 ed to make contracts in the sale of, 
 merchandise. 
 
 ^OWA 0V WEffCAMIWS*. MXAVMCt . 
 Or. MERCHANDISE. Cr. 
 
 Cash, 
 .Bilk Pay. 
 
 .Bills Ctf 
 
 III N 
 *N 
 
 i;i' a 
 
 II 
 
 631 1C 
 
 h*|2Bi/Ca?h, 
 
 ,0 ..S.Cojn, 
 ..Cash, 
 ..J.Coais, 
 ..Cash, 
 ..Bills Dec, 
 ..Cash, 
 
 it; so 
 ; i no 
 
 7 CO 
 
 10 M 
 
 1000 
 
 11 no 
 21 to 
 
 800 
 (TIM 
 
 931 M
 
 
 
 meet in one and the same person. 
 M.ESf(E. Middle or intervening,- ap 
 plied to a writ or process issued dur- 
 ing the progress of an action. Mesne 
 P-ro/itS, the prof its of land while 
 held by a wrong owner. 
 rvl^SS/V>e;.-A formal official com- 
 munication, as of the President to 
 Congress, or a Governor to a State 
 legislature. l*i the Governor's mes- 
 sage is given information of the 
 condition of the affairs of the State, 
 and such recommendations as the 
 Governor judges necessary and ex- 
 
 in the first six weeks from concep- 
 tion. \( between that time and the 
 end o/ the sixth month, it is Call- 
 ed I\>O-VV'\OYV. If delivery is after the 
 si>th month, it is called yre.'wa.Wfe 
 Woo'X. In law all are termed w"%- 
 caciVvjutte. 
 
 ..-.. BUSINESS 
 
 " g'SLj i 1|| F=-cFirvis 
 
 
 rV\ISDEfV\E^NOF\. Any crime less 
 than a felony. Mise, expenses used 
 in the entries of judgments, in per- 
 sonal actions; an issue in a writ 
 ai right. Misfeasance, a trespass 
 or misdeed. Misjoinder, the improp- 
 er uniting of parties or causes in 
 one suit.Miskenning, a variance 
 in a plea, or a wrongful citation. 
 Misnomer, a wrong name. Mis- 
 pleading, the act of omitting some- 
 thing essential in a pleading. M is- 
 prision, the concealment of a 
 crime; any misdemeanor which 
 has not a specific name given it 
 by the law. Misreading, an incor- 
 rect reading^ as when a deed is in- 
 correctly read to a blind or illiter- 
 ate man. Misrecital, in a plea or 
 an agreement, the incorrect reci- 
 tal of a matter of fact. Mistake, an 
 unintentional or negligent error 
 in a record, contract, or deed. In 
 contracts, the law does not allow 
 for any mistake of which one or 
 the other parties is ignorant. Eve- 
 ry one must know at his peril the 
 language used, its meaning, aM.its 
 legal effect.lt is a general principle 
 that wvowe.v) v^\4 \XYV&/< t. Yv\'\%va.V*. 
 vtwiX \>e. xeiuwie.i. 
 M.ITKW\TIOf4.- Abatement of 
 anything penal, harsh, or painful; 
 the lessening of the amount of a 
 judgment. 
 IN/llXED Ay,CT|O(4. An action com- 
 bining a real with a personal ac- 
 tion, as where real property is de- 
 manded In conjunction with dam- 
 ages for a wrong sustained. M ix- 
 ed Fabric*, those fabrics compos- 
 ed of two or more kinds of fibers, 
 the principal ones being flax, cot- 
 ton, sil k ? wool, alpaca, mohair, and 
 jute. Mixed Larcetiu, compound larceny. 
 rvlOD|nCA,TIOpf.-The act of chang 
 ing, or giving new forms or mean- 
 ings; as, the modification of a con- 
 tract. The fundamental rule of law 
 is that e,\ieir\) owe vwviV t.\V\\\ cv- . 
 MVJ a.o,teevi\.x\X \\. vnaVes. If two 
 parties make an agreement, and 
 afterward modify it, the first as 
 modified by the second must be kept. 
 rVJOf/EY- A recogniied measure 
 of value, as a coin, stamped by the 
 povernrnent. I* is the creation of 
 
 WMttWMMMMfc*NMfiMmiNBl 
 
 pedient-. TMC President's messa9e is 
 sent to Congress at every session, and 
 
 Chica9o,Feb.l.l9... 
 Messrs. Sontag L Evans, 17 Broadway. 
 We have sold to-day on your accoun 
 to L.S.Whitney. 149 West Harrison Strec 
 the following goods: 2000 ounces Sul 
 phate of Glwinine A. and H, at&2.75 
 pet ounct. 
 Respectfully, 
 COLLINS &.DARBV, 
 ^>"oVa <(>. 
 
 tions of the passage of such measures 
 as he deems expedient. 
 rV(ESS\J/V&E.-A dwelling-house with 
 the adjoining buildings belonging to 
 it; a tenement. 
 M.ET/\LLlC CUF\REf(cY-The silver 
 and gold coins forming the circula- 
 ting medium of a country. 
 MILEA.GE.- An amount allowed by 
 law to officers and wit-nesses, as a 
 
 MEMORANDUM (rlVEIM TO THE BuVER. 
 
 compensation for trouble and expense 
 
 Chica90,Feb.l,l9.. 
 Mr. L.S.Whitney, 149 W. Harrison St.: 
 We have to-day bought tot your ac 
 count, from Sonta9 U. Evans the Col 
 lowing: 2000 ounces Sulphate of Qu 
 nine A. and H. at *2.75 per ounce. 
 Respectfully, 
 COLLINS &. DARBY, 
 %'<oVa\,. 
 
 when traveling on public business, or 
 to attend a trial. 
 M.ILITI/V- AM the able-bodied men 
 in the nation) between certain 
 ages, and not included in the sxi-nV 
 Vxvoy j.-xvr^ ), and liable to be called in- 
 to service in time of war ot insur- 
 rection. Irt the United States the 
 ages a-ce front 18 to 45. Those who 
 
 VWWV 0* MSSWMttttASt ntfTC. 
 
 are eempt are, generally, members 
 
 9*1000. Denver, Oct. 3, 19.. 
 For value received, on ot beforu 
 the ...V\i-iX,...day of...MVwtV\...next 
 we promise to pay...y^&iw\ Vto.. 
 or order, Q\\e \V\o\x<b* / v\& Dollars 
 in good merchantable White Wheat 
 at our warehouse in this city, at the 
 -market value on the maturity ofthi 
 note. toTv^v V SN\\A \\. 
 
 of the state legislative, executive and 
 judicial departments, clergymen, fire- 
 men, teachers, physicians, and mem- 
 bers of military companies who have 
 served a certain time; and in many 
 States those who have conscientious 
 scruples as to whether war is ever 
 right, such as the Quakers. Members 
 of the national legislative, executive 
 
 TV\Ef\CH/\NT. Generally, any persor 
 who buys and sells 90005. In some 
 places the term is not applied toshoi 
 keepers and small dealers. In s o ni i 
 countries the teftn is applied only to 
 those enga9t;d in foreign conimerce 
 Merchantable, fit for market ; su.c.^1 
 as may be bought and sold in marke- 
 at current prices. Merchant Marine 
 a term signifyin9, collectively, the ve 
 sels, ships and steamers licensed and 
 registered by any 9overnment to en 
 9396 in commerce. Merchant Ser 
 vice, the general management of 
 navigation and shipping employee 
 (o-r commercial purposes. Merchant 1 
 Exchange, the place of meeting of the 
 
 and judicial departments, pilots,war- 
 iners, and a few others, are exempt 
 In most of the States there are vol- 
 unteer companies or regirnents,call 
 ed the -wjAXorvaX ^\v3tt&,or,popu,laTly, 
 the '\\\\VVJL. These organize themselves 
 elect their own members and offi- 
 cers, select their own uniform, and 
 the branch of the service to which they 
 will attach themselves. The State usu- 
 ally grants them mo-re or less aid, 
 in the wau of arms, armories, etc. 
 Military Law, rules and regulations 
 for the government of an army. 
 NllfJoKlTV.-The condition of a 
 mi nor, \St. \-v\4 a\\Vy,*he lesser tiumbe-r 
 IV^IflT. A place under governmen 
 
 and where the latest information te 
 yarding shipping prices a.nd news i 
 to be obtained. Merchant Ships, ITU 
 ing ships, or those carrying passenger;, 
 or cargoes, or both. 
 M.EH&EF\.- The absorption o( a less 
 er thing into a g-reate-r.as where a 
 
 ed. Minute Book, a book kept by 
 the clerk of a court, or other organ 
 i2ed body, in which minutes o/its 
 proceedings are entered. MUadvetrf- 
 ure, the accidentally injuring of an- 
 other, when a -man is doing a law 
 ful act. 
 M.ISCAIW/VE.-The act of enpell; 
 
 thing that will facilitate commerce 
 or wholesale barter. Money Market, 
 those conditions which regulate the 
 value in which the various moneys 
 of account are held. Money o/ Ac- 
 count, the denomination in which 
 accounts are kept, as whether in 
 dollars^in oounds sterljnj^jj r, i.*i. 
 
 
 237
 
 some other denomination; *he stand 
 trd by which values ate measured. - 
 Motiey Order, ati order drawn on a 
 third party requesting hint to pay to 
 the person _named a certain sum of 
 rnotieu.lt is not negotiable. 
 
 OMAHA, APRIL 29,19... 
 MESSRS. OWFN.PULEY &. Co., 
 
 teA\x,\.w,Y,'. Please pau to...\\.%. 
 Co%%*n..., or order, ^ViYvM\ViA 
 Oollars. and charge to my account. 
 
 Money Counts, the COWKSOYV co\w\V* 
 in an action of assumpsit at common 
 law. Money of Adieu, earnest money. 
 
 IV\ONA 4 F\C)^'. The form of govern- 
 ment in which the supreme power 
 is in the hands of one person called 
 a -vv\<mvrcV\. I* is a. general name for 
 a single ruler, whether he is called a 
 king, emperor, or prince. If all the 
 power reside in one person.it is call- 
 ed an a\>to\uX monarchy. \^t,<io. 
 vrvev^. 
 
 MiO^lTlOfi. Instructions having 
 the nature of a summons, u-scd in 
 the civil law. Monomania, insanity 
 upon one particular subject only. 
 
 MOKOPOL\.-The sole right to wake 
 or sell a Certain article, or to deal in 
 any species of goods, or to deal with 
 a country or market, obtained either 
 by engrossing the articles in market 
 by purchase, or by a license from gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 fv\Of/TH- In business transactions, 
 the word -movAVi is considered a cal- 
 endar month, and extends t-o the same 
 day in the following month. A month 
 from Feb. 27th extends to March 27th; 
 but a month from Feb. 28th(or 29th 
 in leap years) extends to March 31st; 
 always from the last day in any one 
 month to the lact day in the follow- 
 ing month. In computing interest 
 the month is considered 30 days, ex- 
 cept in axcwjXa interest. 
 
 MONTHLY STATE MEMT. 
 
 CINCINNATI, JULY 31,19... 
 MESSRS. C.S. H AUY It Co. , 
 
 "\o M.D.HtAiokCo., Or. 
 
 o M<Ke. at er KN iti*nde3tmi. 
 
 '' " '' 
 
 3-01. 
 
 133 
 
 318 00 
 12375 
 
 84875 
 
 - To ar9ue or plead on a. sup- 
 posed cause by way of exercise- and 
 practice. Moot Court, a court where 
 moot questions are argued. 
 OF\TG-^GE. A conveyance of re- 
 al estate by a debtor to his creditor, 
 as a pledge or security for the pay- 
 ment of a. sum of borrowed money 
 The person owning the property; 
 and giving the pled9e is called the' 
 VMxXx^qoK. The person Iendin9 the 
 money, and receiving the pledge is 
 called the M*MM%M M is differ- 
 ent from a pledgejof personal prop- 
 erty), which see. When a tnortpape 
 is q iven.it is usual for some instru- 
 ment, as a bond or note, to be given 
 to represent the loan. A mortgage 
 is good without a bond or note, pro- 
 vided a real debt exists. The main 
 clauses in a mortgage and deed are 
 the same; but there is one important 
 difference, viz., that in the mortgage 
 there is an additional clause, provid- 
 ing that the grant shalj be of no ef- 
 fect if the money is paid. A worto^e 
 must contain all the essentials of a 
 deed; it must be delivered, and oii9ht 
 to be acknowledged. TJie to/(ec\Qv<*e. 
 of a mortgage is the method by which 
 the land is appropriated to_satisf y the 
 debt, and resujts in depriving the wort 
 gagor of his ownership. The usual 
 method of foreclosing a rnortaa^ is 
 for the mortgage to bring a suit,In 
 the course of which it is decreed that 
 the property be sold. Mo riches and 
 deeds should be recorded in the Coun- 
 ty Recorder's Office, in order to prevent 
 fraud, by affording a way by which 
 any one who intends to buy landi 
 can ascertain whether the seller has 
 the right to 
 
 THIS INDENTURE -made the ... 
 day of.. .i\w\...., 18..., between. .M 
 S.\.Knej*iowtw< ... of ...N\e\,\yx,Ho\\ 
 of the first part, 'and. .&vsWo* Vox.. 
 of...\V,%awe vYicu.., of the second 
 part, wltnetseth: That the said party 
 of the first part, in consideration of 
 ~ r y\>j"^\\o\v5'aY\&~~Dollars to him 
 paid, the receipt whereof is hereby ac 
 Knowledges), hath granted, bargained, 
 sold, released, and conveyed, arid by 
 these presents does grant, bargain, sell, 
 release, and convey >o the said party o- 
 the second part, and his heirs and as 
 signs forever, all that \\wntMcVtM 
 yo^e,vXV\, with all hereditawewts and 
 appurtenances thereto appertaining. 
 
 To have and to hold the said pre-m 
 ises.with the appurtenances, to said 
 party of the second part, his heirs 
 and assigns, to his and fheir use and 
 >ehoof forever. Provided always, and 
 these presents are upon conditions, 
 that if said party of the first part, his 
 teirs or assigns, shall pay to the said 
 >ar*iy of the second pat t, his creditors, 
 administrators, or assigns, the sum 
 of ,V\ve~\V\ow.%fc\\&^ Dollars, on 
 or before the...'WvV\...day qf...V*.\\e, 
 ...19.., with interest, according to 
 
 h condition of a bond V * vaoWN 
 of the said...V\. < 3.V*v\'OA(XV\\)....to 
 the said... fceo\qe.Vox..., bearing even 
 date herewith, then these presents shall 
 Devoid. 
 
 But upon any default in the payment 
 of the money above mentioned, or of 
 the interest thereon, said grantee,his 
 executors, administrators or assigns, 
 may sell the above granted premises, 
 with all improvements that > may ba 
 thereon, at public auction in" said 
 ..."\ovnv o4 V\eVaY\a.,...f irst publishing 
 a notice of the time and place of sale 
 once each week for three successive 
 weeks, in one or wore newspapers 
 published in said...Ao\m\ oi^Xew, 
 and in his or their own name or 
 names as the attorney of the said 
 grantor, may convey the same by 
 proper deed or deeds to the purchaser 
 or purchasers, absolutely and in fee 
 simple; and such sale shall forever 
 bar the grantor, and all persons claim- 
 ing under him, from all right and 
 interest in the granted prernises.whrth 
 er at law or in equity. And out of 
 the money arising from such sale, 
 the said grantee or his -representatives 
 shall be entitled to retain all sums 
 then secured by this deed, whether 
 then or thereafter payable, including 
 all costs, charges and expenses incur- 
 red or sustained by reason of any 
 failure or default, on the part of the 
 said grantor or his representatives, 
 to perform and fulfill the condition 
 of this deed, or any covenants or a- 
 greements herein contained; render- 
 ing the surplus, if any, together with 
 an account of such costs, charges, and 
 expenses, to the said grantor, h is 
 heirs or assigns. 
 
 And it is agreed, that said grantee, 
 his administrators, executors, or as- 
 signs, or any person or persons in 
 his or their behalf, may purchase at 
 any sale made as aforesaid, and that 
 no other purchaser shall be answer- 
 able for the purchase money ; and 
 that, until .default in the performance 
 of the condition of this deed, the 
 grantor and his heirs and assigns 
 may hold and enjoy the granted 
 premises and receive the rents and 
 profits thereof. 
 
 And, for the consideration afore- 
 said, I...V\a\e.v\V\.Vj.\\o/*JO'vV\\>)...wife 
 of the said. . .\V..S.Vv\o / \NO'<\V\v) ...do 
 hereby release unto the said grantee 
 and his heirs and assigns, allrigh* 
 of both dower and homestead in the 
 granted premises. 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties 
 of these presents have hereunto set 
 their hands and seals, the day and 
 year above written. 
 
 . 
 ...CHARLES WOOLFORD... 
 
 [Witnessed and acknowledged like any other deed]
 
 BUSINESS 
 TERMS. 
 
 This debt, secured by the mortgage 
 dated the...\Wv\...day of...i\x\\,,\^..., 
 and recorded with mortgage deeds vol- 
 ume...^.., page. ..V\?>.., has been paid 
 to me by ...t\\oc\\^.\w\'\%.., and in con- 
 sideration thereof I do discharge the 
 mortgage, and release the mortgaged 
 premises to said. ..twscWfcs/wvNxs... and 
 his heirs. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this.^V 
 ...day of...WNi,...l9... 
 
 ttlOOO. TOLEDO, MARCH 13,19.. . 
 
 .; One year after date I promise to 
 ~ 
 
 ollars, at the First National Bank o( 
 Toledo, Ohio, with interest at the -rate 
 of. .A*. ..per cent per annum, for val- 
 ue received. This -note is secured by a 
 mortgage of even date herewith, on a 
 certain tract or parcel of land situate 
 
 .. 
 
 ^.nicvxXdk A\\& ^H\\M-\ 
 em&\\\yra.teA\C o& V 
 ...CALVIN toss... . I 
 
 CITY OF DAYTON, 
 
 State of Ohio, ) June 19, A. 0.19.. . 
 The said. ..Vvo / m.e,>lva.\vY\... acknowl- 
 edged the foregoing instrument to be 
 his free act and will, 
 re. -ma, 
 CLARENCE BISHOP^ 
 
 _ 
 
 I hereby assign the above(or within] 
 mortgage to... tVa.V^We'AeA}... 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this..Vrt. 
 day of...HoN8.w\>e,x ...19... 
 
 By virtue of a pover of sale contain- 
 ed in a certain mortgage deed given by 
 . . .^Yw\,\ t-iVes ...to.. .6\\)&e\<\Y*\\>aN\ . . , 
 dated. ..\JVzi\) \$.., 19..., and recorded 
 with mortgage deeds volume. ..\1>...pa0e 
 ...TA6.., will be sold at public auction up- 
 on the premises ( or at the office of... 
 \S.V\c\>es.., No.. .V55 VIVvVsX... Street..., 
 Cleveland, Ohio,) on..N\o j nta^...the... 1 iVh.. 
 day of...Mi\\^... I9...at...\\...o'clock in the 
 forenoon, all and singular the premises 
 conveyed by said mortgage deed, name- 
 ly i^Veia tow'fae. ^no^ctV^V 
 oi 
 
 . A proposal made atanas- 
 sembly'or meeting; a-H application 
 made to a court by one of the parties, 
 or his counsel, in order to obtain 
 some rule or order, which he thinks 
 necessary in the progress of a suit. 
 
 M.OVA.BLES. That property.of what- 
 ever kind, which attends adman's 
 person wherever he goes, in con- 
 tradistinction to things immovable. 
 Mulct, a fine of money,or penalty. 
 Mulier, a wife; a virgin; awornan 
 in general. Multitude, the precise 
 number has never been fixed by 
 law, but according to some author- 
 ities all above ten persons. Mult- 
 ure, the toll that a miller takes for 
 grinding corn. 
 
 M.llNlClPAjL.-Of or pertaining to 
 a city. Municipal Courts, courts 
 established in the larger cities 
 and villages, having jurisdiction 
 of offenses committed in viola- 
 tion of city ordinances. They way 
 also try civil and criminal cases. 
 These courts usually consist of one 
 judge elected by the people of the city. 
 
 IV\llF\DEH. The killifl? ofahuwan 
 being deliberately and maliciously, 
 and with the intent to effect the 
 death of the individual; or the kill- 
 ing of a person in committing some 
 other crime, and not with a design 
 to effect death. The former is des- 
 igna-ted murder In the Vw<& tacycee, 
 and the latter, sewwfc &eo/ee.. M u-r- 
 drutn, the killing of another in a 
 secret manner. 
 
 M^UfE. When a prisoner,while be 
 ing arraigned, either cannotspeak, 
 or -refuses to do so, he is said to 
 stand -mute. Mutiny, a sedition, 
 revolt, or insurrection aga.inst a 
 constituted % auKiorfty, especially 
 military or'naval authority. 
 
 . 
 
 company in which the profits, after 
 deducting the evpense of the busi- 
 ness, are divided among the insured, 
 or so applied in renewal of insur- 
 ance,!^ reduction of premiums, 
 that the insured pays onlyforthe 
 amount of his actual risk,i-n theory. 
 Mutuality, acting in return, or 
 a reciprocity. Mutuutti, a loan of 
 such nature as to be consumed by 
 the borrower, and to be returned 
 to the lender 1 in the same kind 
 and quantity. 
 
 ^TV\E. The designation of arne-r- 
 cantile house or firm. The firm 
 name under which a business has 
 grown up being valuable, it is oft- 
 en continued for years after- t he 
 individuals who composed thefirm 
 have ceased to have any pecuniary 
 interest in the business. 
 (^,TIOf4. A body of persons living 
 within a certain territory under a 
 sovereign government organized 
 for_the purpose of administering 
 universal justice. National Batiks, 
 '; banking institutions established un- 
 
 der the provisions of an act of Con- 
 gress, the object of which is to uni- 
 fy the currency. When banks are or- 
 gan ized_ under this act, they can is- 
 sue their individual notes only up- 
 on the basis of United_States bonds 
 deposited in the archives oftheU-ni- 
 ted States Government. The chief 
 officer of the department oftheUni- 
 ted States Treasury has general su- 
 pervision over all National Banks, 
 attends to the printing, registering 
 and issuing to them, of their cir- 
 culating notes and orders, and 
 receives their periodical reports. 
 National G-uard, see under Militia. 
 
 born out of lawful wedlock; those 
 by procreation as distinguished from 
 children by adoption. Natural Law, 
 see Law of Nature. Natu-raliza- 
 tion, the act by which an alien is 
 -wade a citizen. The process of nat- 
 uralization consists of two steps: 
 
 (1) The declaration of intention to 
 become a citizen bf the UnitedStates. 
 This must be made on oath before 
 a circuit or district court of theUni 
 ted States; or before a State court 
 of record having common law ju- 
 risdiction, a clerk, and a sealjwhen 
 a certificate is given to the person. 
 
 (2) At least two years must elapse 
 before the second step, the oath 
 of allegiance. The person -must prove 
 b^ witness upon oath, that he has re- 
 sided in the United States at least 
 five years, and in the State in which 
 he wishes to be naturalized at least 
 one year; and that during thistirne 
 he has borne a good moral character, 
 and has been well disposed toward 
 the Constitution and government. 
 He then makes a written declara- 
 tion, and supports it by oath, that 
 he renounces allegiance to all for- 
 eign powers, and that he will u.p- 
 port the Constitution of the United 
 States. A certificate of citizenship 
 is then given him by the court. 
 Natural Liberty, the freedom to 
 exercise our natural rights with- 
 out any restraint.Natural Riejhts, 
 freedom to gratify one's inclina- 
 tions to the fullest ex tent, is suppos- 
 ed to represent the condition of men 
 without society. It exists only in 
 theory. 
 
 /^ia/VJIOtf. -Navigable waters 
 are all those capable of floating ves- 
 sels, boats, logs, rafts, or any prod- 
 ucts of the country through which 
 they flow. They are subject to the 
 use of the public, as navigable high- 
 ways, the soil beneath thern remain 
 ing the property of the riparian pro- 
 prietors, or the State. Navigation 
 Laws, those laws which provide 
 for light-houses, buoy s, signal sta- 
 tions, and life-saving stations along 
 the coast; improving harbors, pre- 
 scribing the number of passengers 
 to be carried, quarantine, etc. 
 
 239
 
 _ . The whole of the ships of war 
 jelongirig to a ruler or nation, con- 
 sidered collectively. I-M time of peace, 
 of the United States Navy, a part o f 
 the vessels are at the navy-yards, and 
 >h others are stationed in the differ- 
 ent waters of the globe, to protect: 
 the interests of the United States, and 
 the persons and property of Her citi- 
 zens. Ocean surveys are also made, to 
 ajd in the construction of charts. 
 
 ~ Such things as ar 
 proper and essential for the s uste- 
 nance of a person. The" necessaries 
 for which a minor may bind himself 
 by contract, are all things essential 
 or appropriate for the sustenance or 
 convenience of the minor m his way 
 of life.H4etwvi\e include food, cloth- 
 ing, lodging, mediciite.and education. 
 E>AJlVE AXEFWEKT. An aver- 
 ment in the pleadings of some uses, 
 in which a negative is asserted. Neg- 
 ative Pregnant, the negation of one 
 thing which i-mpljes the affirmation 
 of another. Negligence, the habit of 
 omitting to do things which ought 
 to be done. The question of neotigenci 
 's generally one of fact for a juryASae, 
 \. Negligent Escape 
 
 the escape of aorisoner from the cus- 
 tody of a sheriff or other officer, with 
 out consent. 
 
 E>OTI A.B\.E. A term applied to a 
 contract, the right of action on which 
 is capable of being transfer-ted by deliv- 
 ery, or indorsement and delivery . Ne 
 gotiable Paper, notes, drafts, and 
 other written obligations which are 
 transferable and pass readily from 
 hand to hand. Negotiable Not*, an 
 ordinary promissory note, on which 
 a right of action passes by its assign- 
 ment by mere endorsement. Negotia 
 ble Securities, all kinds of instruments 
 which are evidences of indebtedness, 
 besides commercial paper, negotiable 
 in form. Negotiable Words, the words 
 vita* and Watx are called negotia- 
 ble words, because the use of one of 
 them is necessary to confer negotia 
 bility. Negotiate, to transact or ar- 
 range business; to treat with others 
 in regard to public affairs or private 
 matters. Negotiability, the quality of 
 Wing salable in the market without 
 difficulty; -Hie quality in commercial 
 paper of being enforceable by one per 
 
 son who receives it under certain 
 circumstances, even though not en- 
 forceable' but he one from whom he 
 receives it. THe following are the wa 
 4\V\m* oV \tqjoX\Xn\\>h) I As to 
 For-Mi : 1 1) Certainty of DATE OF PAY- 
 MENT.!^ The words ORDER or BEARER. 
 (3) Payable UNCONDITIONALLY.!*) Pay- 
 ment in MONE>. (S)Certainty o( A- 
 MOUNT. IE. As to Ma-Mtier of *ra*s- 
 fer:(l) If payable to bearer.either 
 originally, or by blank endorsement, 
 no condition. (3) If payable to or- 
 der, must: be endorsed by one to 
 whose order payable. HI As to 
 Ti*tie of transfer; Must be before 
 maturity. IV. As to Consideration 
 for transfer: The-re must be consid- 
 ration.~V. As to Knowledge of de 
 .feet: There was* be no knowledge, 
 except in accommodation paper. 
 
 400. NEW YORK, Nov. 3, 19 
 
 Three months after date...\... 
 promise 
 or order, < 
 value received. 
 
 , jrNEAT). Clear of all charges; 
 the evact weight or amount after all 
 deductions are counted out. Net Pro- 
 ceed*, the amount or sum which 
 goods produce after every charge is 
 paid. Net Profit, the profit after de- 
 ducting all expenses. Net Sutti, the 
 sum remaining after all proper de- 
 ductions are made. Net Weight, the 
 weight of merchandise after allow- 
 ance has been -made for the casks, bags 
 or any enclosing material. 
 
 N"EbTrMLITY. The state of being 
 neutral, or not taking any part 
 with either side; as, when two na 
 t ions are at war. 
 
 N"EVV MSSIGflNVEKT.-ln a legal ac- 
 tion, the new statement of a cause 
 in which the plaintiff assigns _a- 
 f-resh his ground of com plamt, with 
 more certainty and particularity than 
 he had previously done in the^decla- 
 ration. New Style, the Gregorian or 
 present method or reckoning time, 
 as distinguished from Julian methoc 
 or Old Style. New Trial, in a suit at 
 law, the rehearing of the parties, up 
 on disputed facts, before another ju 
 ry, granted by the court, on -motion 
 of the dissatisfied party. 
 
 NE^T OF KJN ._ The nearest Vn re 
 lationship, whether of consanguin- 
 ity or affimty; and to whom, by the 
 statute of distribution, the personal 
 estate of the deceased would descend. 
 
 pOMIN^L. Existing in name on 
 ly. Nominal Damages, when a loss 
 or injury is not serious, or where 
 rights have been invaded, but no 
 loss shown, a small sum awarded the 
 plaintif. Nominal Plaintiff, one 
 who is named as plaintiff in an ac 
 tion.but who has no interest in it. 
 
 fJO^IN/VTION'S. The constitu- 
 tion and laws of the several States 
 prescribe minutely the mode of e- 
 
 lecting the various officers; but the 
 selection of candidates is left to be de- 
 termined by political parties into which 
 the people are divided, and by them the 
 whole matter is systematized. Each 
 party has a State committee to look 
 after the general interests of the par- 
 ty and to promote its success. The-re 
 is also a committee in each county; in 
 each township, city and ward in the 
 county ; and in each representative 
 and senatorial district. The Sta.te. 
 committee issues a call for a con- 
 vention to nominate candidates for 
 the State offices. Upon receiving this 
 notice, the local committees issue calls 
 for otMXWM*. These are meetings of 
 the voters of a party in a. township 
 or ward, for the purpose of choosing 
 delegates to the convention, or of 
 nominating candidates for local of- 
 fices. Sometirnes the delegates to the 
 State convention are chosen at a 
 county convention, which may be 
 aw&s&convention of all the voters 
 in the party in the county, or compos- 
 ed of delegates from the wards and 
 townships. The delegates from all the 
 courities meet at the appointed time 
 and choose candidates for all the 
 State offices that are to become va- 
 cant at the end of the official year. 
 National and most judicial aiidcou.n- 
 tu officials are similarly -nominated. 
 
 .-The refusal 
 of the drawee to accept a draft, which 
 is then said to be ^\sVor\o-V4^. It should 
 be at once protested, and notice sent 
 to all the parties who are liable. The 
 protest should be made by a notary 
 public; but in his absence, any respect- 
 able citizen can make the protest.\5>ea 
 VToWiVy Non-Age, in some -ases 
 under twenty-one years of age, and 
 in others fourteen or twelve_years. 
 Non-Clai-tti, the neglect or omission 
 to make a claim by one entitled to it, 
 within the time limited by law.Non- 
 Cotnbatants, citizens of belligerent 
 nations who take no part directly in 
 carrying on the war. They are_not 
 subject to capture or molestation, 
 and their property cannot be legally 
 taken, though sometimes when nec- 
 essary for the support of an army, 
 the inhabitants may be compelled to 
 give up the property wanted atafair 
 value, and in extreme cases without 
 compensation. Non-feasance, the 
 non-performance of some act which 
 ought to be done.Non-l-titerest-Bear- 
 ig Note, a note which does not bear 
 interest until after maturity, or in 
 case of a demand not* after demand. 
 Non-joitidr, a plea in abatement,for 
 the omission of one or more persons 
 as co-plaintiff or co- defendant. Non- 
 jurtM's, all persons refusing to take 
 the oaths required by law, for the 
 support of tne government. Non- 
 speculative Accounts, accounts that, 
 from their nature, have neither Now 
 nor qi\ connected with them, unless 
 
 240
 
 BUSINESS 
 TERMS. 
 
 it arises incidentally; as. Cash, Bills Re 
 ceivable, Bills Payable, Personal Accou.nts,ctc. 
 Notisu.it, a judgment given against a 
 plaintiff, when he is unable, or refuses 
 or neglects to go on with his suit after 
 issue has been taken. 
 ^tWMv 0* \WMJKBq\VKBOE. Wre. 
 
 &200. HARRISBUR&,MAY 10,19... 
 
 Sixty days after date I promise to 
 
 pay 
 
 , value received. 
 
 o MESSRS.&.H.CORY,S.F.UDD, R.T.Mo- 
 LINE, and each of them: 
 
 ^JWT\.^>NS, You. will please take 
 notice that a -note for #500, signed 
 by Martin t-G-oodrich, dated hu.gu.st 
 3, 19..., due December 1, 19..., a-n d 
 endorsed by you., was daly presented 
 by me,the holder, to the makers -for 
 pay-men* and was not paid, and that I 
 shall look to you. (of payment thereof. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 *400. CmcA&o,Nov.n,l9... 
 
 Six months after date, I, the sub- 
 ^.riber, residing itl...\W\flL,\'KvA\\\ 
 ...County, and Sta-te of...\\\5k'ww3i.., 
 promise to pay to the order of YOUNC-, 
 BARTER t. Co.... 'S-owv Y^wv^YeA... Dollars 
 for value received, negotiable and pay- 
 able without defalcation ordiscount,anc 
 without relief froni any valuation orap- 
 praisement law, with current rate of 
 exchange on Chicago, III. 
 
 No..AV\... 
 
 &IOO. NASHVILLE, SEPT. 7,19... 
 
 Thirty daws after date I pro-wise 
 
 to pau...^N.^.CvtN^ou*...,or order, 
 
 0-v\e^NW\&\&,v~ v Dollars, payable 
 
 at the First National Bank, value received. 
 
 ' 
 
 ST.Louis,ApRiL27,l9.... 
 Three months after date. I promise 
 o pay to the order of myself~~~,0 'Ae 
 \\\o\>i,v\.\\k~~v~ Dollars, wit hou.t defal- 
 cation. Value received. 
 
 . 
 TO OHVS OHH WSrail. 
 
 ^500. SAN FRANCISCO, OcT.1,19... 
 
 Thirty days after date,without9race, 
 I promise to pay to...Yw>\3*\,Vfvo';>*v?v.., 
 or order,^x~,f\N4^wi\^(a^~\xw/D o I lars, 
 value received. 
 
 . . ...SoWN.bvM-^... 
 
 . PUBLIC. A public officer be- 
 fore whom acknowledgments of deeds 
 and other instruments are made, in 
 order to render them available as ev- 
 idence of the facts therein contained 
 in any other country. 
 40TE. A written obligation to pay 
 
 /OTG-UlLTY. In criminal actions,the 
 plea by way of traverse, and general issue. 
 JOTICE,. A paper that communicates 
 information ; a warn ing.Notice, Aver 
 wietit of, the statement in a pjeading 
 that notice has been given. Notice, Cpti- 
 structive, that which the law implies; 
 as, notice by record. Notice o/ Dishon- 
 or, the protest of a bill of exchange or 
 promissory note for non-payment. No 
 tics to Produ.ce Papers, the giving to 
 an adverse party notice to produce a- 
 ny written instrument in _his posses- 
 sion, and which is required inevidence 
 on the trial of the cause. Notice *o 
 ftu.it, a writing from a landlord to 
 his tenant requesting him to quit 
 the premises leased, and to give pos- 
 session of the same at a day named. 
 
 To ROBERT RAIKES, 
 
 aw. Please observe that the term 
 of one year, for which the house and 
 land, situated at 1249 M ission Street, 
 and now occupied by you-, were rent- 
 ed to you., expired on the first day of 
 March, 19..., and as I desire to repossess 
 said premises, you. are hereby request- 
 ed and required to vacate the same 
 by the 10th inst. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 )iego. March 2,19... 
 
 U I SA^NC^. Anything offensiveo 
 injurious, and unlawfu-lly worketh in- 
 convenience, hurt, or damaoe. 
 
 And the said. ..VKai(\o\\VoVVs..., for 
 himself, his heirs and assigns,doeshere 
 by covenant to and with the said...Gr. 
 V l .\\oWV\...,his heirs, executors and 
 administrators, that neither the said 
 . ..^\'&.Y\o'v\^?oXXs...,nor his heirs or 
 assigns shall or will at any time here- 
 after erect or permit upon any part 
 of the said lot any slaughter-house, fur- 
 nace, forge, smith-shop, stearn-engine, 
 brass-foundry, nail or other iron fac- 
 tory, or any manufactory of gunpow- 
 der, glue, varnish, vitriol, ink, or turpen- 
 tine, or for the tanning, dressing or 
 
 preparing skins, hides, or leather, or 
 any brewery, distillery, or any other 
 noxious or dangerous trade or business. 
 
 , . . , 
 
 NULLITY The state of being null arid 
 void , or of no force, 
 
 KoricVJPEHACTlVE "WlLL.-An oral 
 will, declared by a testator V<\,xV\*- 
 wi\<=,, before witnesses, and afterwards 
 reduced to writing. 
 
 NU(\TUI\E. The act or right o/ tak- 
 ing care of children until. the age 
 of fourteen years. 
 
 0/VTrl. A solemn affirmatio-M or 
 declaration o/tru.th-telling,rnade 
 with an appeal to G-od as witness. 
 Oath ol Alleoietice, members of 
 all state and national, legislative, 
 executive, and judicial departments 
 of the government, are required , 
 on taking off ice to *a.ke the oath of 
 allegience, i.e., to supportthe Con- 
 stitution of the United States_.They 
 are also requ-ired to swear to discharge 
 the ditties of their offices to the best 
 of their ability. 
 
 I do solemnly swear or affirm that 
 will faithfully execute the office 
 of President of the United States,and 
 will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
 sere, protect, and de/end the Con- 
 stitution of the United States. 
 
 Test Oath, an oath or a declaration 
 in favor of or against certain relig- 
 ious opinions, as a qualification for 
 office. Forbidden in the United States. 
 Oath Decisory , an oath which one 
 of the parties in an action defers or 
 refers back to the other for the de- 
 cision of the cause. 
 
 OBIT. A funeral solemnity or office 
 for the dead;*he anniversary office. 
 
 OBLIGATION Any act which binds 
 one to do, or forbear to do, something 
 to another, or for hi-m; a bond con- 
 taining a penalty, with a condition 
 annexed, binding ^a person to some 
 performance. Obi igec, the person 
 in whose favor an obligation is con- 
 tracted. Obligor, the person who en- 
 ters into an obligation. 
 
 OCClJP^NC\.-The act of takitio pos- 
 session of those things which before 
 did not belong to any one. Occu.- 
 parit, one who first possesses a 
 thing; he who has actual possession 
 to the exclusion of others. Occitpa- 
 tioti, the act or state of occupying; 
 use or tenure; bM-siness or trade. 
 pF^NS^. A misdemeanor or a 
 crime; a crime not indictable,but 
 punishable summarily, or by the for- 
 feiture of a penalty. 
 
 OFF|CE. A department, as of 
 state; a house or apartment where 
 commercial men,etc.,tTansacttheir 
 business; a right to exercise a public 
 or private employment, and totake 
 the fees and emoluments belonging 
 thereto. //ice Copy, an authentic 
 transcript of a proceeding filed in 
 the proper office o/ a cou-rt. Officer, 
 one legally invested with an of/ice, 
 
 211
 
 
 and authorized to perform some pri- 
 vate or public duty. Official, ont who 
 holds an office; done by virtue of au- 
 thority; an ecclesiastical judge appoint- 
 ed by a bishop, with charge over a spir- 
 itual jurisdiction. OfYicial Matiaoer,a 
 managing officer appointed to oversee 
 the winding up of the affairs of a joint- O 
 
 stock company 
 
 (or SET-OFF). -A claim which 
 one party has against another who Has 
 a claim against him; a counter-debt.!* 
 ordinary cases debts owed by two par- 
 ties to each other offset and destroy 
 one another, but this is not always so 
 with negotiable paper before it is due. 
 
 OL.D AjCCOll^TS. Open ledger balances 
 ft long standing, or unsettled bills. 
 
 OLEF\ON LA>Vs;-Laws pertaining to 
 maritime affairs; so called because sup- 
 posed to have been -made by Richard I., 
 when at the island of Ole-ron. 
 
 OLIGARCHY. A form of government 
 wherein the power of administration 
 is in the hands of a few persons self- 
 
 l. A writ or document whol- 
 ly written by the person making it. 
 INf\ISS(0(<. -Neglect of that which duty 
 requires, which renders void many pro- 
 ceedings, and sometimes is placed a- 
 mong crimes and offenses. 0-winiu.rti, 
 a. term signifying the aggregate value 
 of the different stocks in which a loan 
 is : funded. Onerous CauM, a legal c 
 sideration. Onerous Contract, one -made 
 for a given consideration. Onomastic, 
 a signature made in a different H and- 
 writing from that in the body of the 
 instrument. 
 
 if^SAj-E. A term signifying that 
 goods or merchandise has been left 
 with another person than. the owner 
 for sale. 
 
 OPEN. To vacate; as, to open a judg- 
 ment, or open an order of the court; 
 *o begin; as, to open a case. Open Ac 
 count, a running account on a mer- 
 chant's books, of debits or credits, with 
 an individual or firm. Open Cou.rt, a 
 court during the time in which it is en- 
 gaged in the transaction of business. 
 Opening, a term used for the day on 
 which dry-goods merchants, i-ni I li- 
 ners, etc., display new goods; *he first 
 address of a counsel in a caust. Opening 
 Book*, in Book-keeping, is making the 
 necessary entries for indicating the ex- 
 act condition of affairs at the time of 
 beginning business. In the Journal, the 
 several kinds of property carried into 
 the business, or devoted to it, should 
 
 each be made Or., under its propar 
 title, for its value; and Stock should 
 be made Cr. for the amount of t he 
 whole. l*i case of easting liabilities 
 at the time, Stock shou-ld be made Dr. 
 lor their amount to the several titles 
 of account representing them. Open 
 Policy, an insurance policy intended 
 to cover all Bipods shipped by a certain 
 person within a specified time; each 
 special shipment and the amounts of 
 insurance to be indorsed upon the pol 
 icy, as the shipments are made. 
 p'IfllOJi. Settled judgment or be- 
 lie/ of the mind; *he formal decis- 
 ion of a judge pronounced upon a 
 case. I/ there be several judges, and 
 they fail to ajree, the opinion of the 
 majority is called *ht ^ve>i&>\\\NO, oijviv 
 of the -minority is called 
 
 the &\^c,\\v\YvC) OVVY\\O'V\. 
 
 OPPRESSION. The imposition of u* 
 reasonable burdens or exactions upon 
 
 , under pretense of law. 
 . ... A tertn used in the stock- 
 exchange for taking or delivering at 
 a future day a certain -number of shares 
 of a given stock at a price agreed upon. 
 Optional W-rit, an alternative writ, 
 commanding the Defendant to do the 
 thing required, or show cause why 
 he has not done it. 
 
 . Spoken, as opposed to written; 
 as, oral testirnony.or oral law. Oral 
 Contract, a contract made by word 
 of mouth, and may be either VMjtaA 
 or ,.ytew. An express contract is one 
 definitely expressed in words; and an 
 implied contract is one implied from 
 all the circumstances of the transaction. 
 0-rato-r, an advocate, or the party 
 who files a bill in chancery. 0-Hea.l, 
 an ancient manner of trial in prim 
 inal cases to determine guilt or inno- 
 cence by causing the accused to pass 
 through fire or water, or by the waoer 
 of battle. 
 
 Or\DEr\. A mandatory act; a writ- 
 ten request to deliver goods or -money 
 to some person mentioned, or to his 
 order, or to the bearer, on account of 
 the person signing the request. It i s 
 used by the person -receiving it as a 
 voucher that the person signing it 
 is responsible, and that the thing or 
 things mentioned have been deliver- 
 ed. Orders may fee made negotiable; 
 but the persons on whom they are 
 drawn are not under obligation to pay 
 them unless they have been accepted. 
 WUkVO* VflHVt. 
 
 RALEIGH, N.C.,SEPT. 10, 19... 
 MR.C.L.K.NLEY: 
 
 Please pay to. ..^."b.NN N\A.. . , 
 or ordeij "Vjwu^^v-iDollars, due- on 
 my account, and oblige 
 Yours,respectfully 
 
 WASHINGTON, MAY 29, 19... 
 MH. WM. CROWE: 
 
 Please pay to...^A.\ox... 
 or bearer, S\TiV\$ Dollars in goods 
 from your store, and place to account 
 of ' * 
 
 B ALT i MO RE, FEB. 19.. .. 
 MESSRS. CHLOE,MRSH LCo.: 
 
 Please deliver to 
 the bearer, . . .?\\.\ ^o>^* . . ,suth goods 
 
 as he may desire from your store, not 
 ixceding in value the sum of~5\rv<- 
 lollars.and charge the same to my ao- 
 :ount. ...V.NX.W'vKnvmL. . . 
 
 LAFAYETTE, MARCH 3, 19... 
 MESSRS. WHEWELL kCo.: 
 
 Please deliver to.. .7. 
 toss.., or order ~^Yvc^\x\\Ci\c& 
 Barrels of Flour, stored by me in 
 our warehouse. 
 
 UNION CITY, JUNE 1,19... 
 MR.W.W. PARSONS, 
 
 Please send me, per kear- 
 er r !f\v*..^~v Barrels of Flou.r,Ex- 
 tra Drifted Snow, and oblige 
 Yours truly. 
 
 BUFFALO, JAN. (, 19. 
 MESSRS. HAVWARD, Cox t Co., 
 
 Please serid 
 
 .~- 
 
 Imperial Tea, Hugo li Otto, If I0,as per 
 sample cent us, and oblige 
 Yours truly 
 
 *50.40. SPRIN&VALLEY, Oct.1,19.. 
 MESSRS. A. B.S EARLS t*. Co., 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Please send to 
 
 ...VX.Coox.tx..., Richmond, Va.,~^v<io 
 ^ozvn copies of Wolford's Inter- 
 nation Law at introduction price, 
 ""1. 10), and charge to -my account. 
 
 OF\OEf\ BOOK.. A book containing a 
 record of all sales of merchandise on 
 account or for cask. 
 
 S T.LOUIS, MARCH 1,19. 
 
 5i.BKer, Traven 
 
 30 da.,2*IOd., U.S.Ex. 
 
 Mdu.Hose 10.00 
 
 3., ., 7.00 
 
 Case #1 50. % 
 
 BardtCo.," Xenia. 
 
 Cash,!"*, Mer.Dis. 
 
 30 yds.Sheetinfl, 2.0/. 
 50 .>^.\S 
 
 Case #751. 
 
 M.S.Metts, 
 30 da. 
 
 30 ioi. Buttons, 
 Case #152. 
 
 ft 
 
 Tipton 
 U.S.Ex. 
 
 50^. 
 
 30?. 
 
 10000 
 
 35 10 i35 }0 
 
 25 o? 
 r M 
 
 HSU 
 
 . "\ V\ e. 
 
 The above represents copies of arJT> 
 sent out. A book similarly ruled also 
 contains copies of orders received. 
 OF\DEr\ p/Oft. There are two kinds 
 of notes, those payable (I) to order, 
 and (2) to bearer. So also, there are 
 the same two kinds of drafts or checks. 
 A note, draft, or check, -not contain- 
 ing one of the words"order" or"betf 
 er" i s not negotiable. It is useless to 
 every one eircept to him whose -name 
 is mentioned as- payee. 
 
 242
 
 OFJDI[i//\.NCf*. A law, statute, decree, 
 teou-latiovi; usually applied to the laws 
 passed by a city council. Ordinary, a 
 dismantled ship laid up i-n harbor; of a 
 medium quality; a-tt officer who has 
 authority to take cognizance of causes 
 in his own riyht, and not by deputation. 
 Ord-Ha-MC8,all kinds o( large 911115. Or/ 
 9ild,a payment /or, or restitution of 
 cattle. 
 
 F\IGlNf\L. A first or primitive au- 
 thentic instrument, or that which pre 
 cedes all others of its kind, and serves 
 as a model from which copies way be 
 wade. When documents are printed 
 all the impressions are considered as 
 originals, and -can be used as evidence 
 Original Entry, iti Rook-keeping, the 
 first entry of a transaction. Such eti 
 try, to be admissible as evidence, -must 
 be made in a proper book. Original Ju 
 risdictioti, that which is given to a 
 court in the first instance. Orphan's 
 Court, a probate court. 
 
 OSTENSIBLE; PP^I\T^EI\.-One who is 
 a real partner, and whose name ap- 
 pears as a member of the firm. Ous 
 *er, an eject-went or dispossession 
 over and -more. 
 
 JUTplT. Equipments or supplies;as 
 of a ship for a. voyage. Outhouses, build 
 ings belonging to, and adjoinino dwell 
 iiiu-houses. Outlaw, one who isdepriv 
 ed of the benefits of the law, or putoui 
 of its protection. Outlawed, to Have 
 existed ( as a debt) for a certain length 
 of time, after which, on that proun 
 alone, the law prevents its being erv 
 fa reed .\5izaVvw\\X aXXo-A <A KcV\w\^ .6 u-t 
 -fa9e, open and wanton violence ei- 
 thtt to a person or thing;a wanton abus 
 Outstanding Accounts, book debts an 
 claims which are yet to be collectec 
 Outward Bound, ships departin9 fo 
 & foreign port. 
 
 OvEF\. Surplus; oney -not requires 
 for the day's payment; cash onhanc 
 not accounted for. Overdraw, to draw 
 a greater sum than one has to his 
 credit in a bank. 
 
 WKNV ov wnvce w OM WOTJKVK . 
 
 rule, to disregard, -make void, or annul 
 Overseers, persons appointed to pro- 
 vide for the support of paupers who 
 have no near relatives to support them 
 Overstock, a supply beyond what is 
 demanded. Overtrading, the purchase 
 of 90ods, beyond the demand, or beyond 
 the means of payment. Over*, appar- 
 ent, public, or open to view. 
 0\WE. To be indebted to. Owelty, 
 the difference paid by one coparcen- 
 er to another, to equalize partition be- 
 tween them. Owlers, ater-m used 
 to designate persons_who carried wool 
 or sheep to the sea side, by niipht, iti 
 order to be shipped off contrary to law. 
 Vv"i4E5\SHIP Rightful orjustclaim 
 or title. Ownership of real estate ex- 
 ists in different degress, the -most com- 
 plete of which is iu\\ o\N\\e/vs\\\^, or 
 to use the leaal term it is owned in 
 W-=>\Y<\^\.. 0+ie may do what hechoos 
 es with property he owris infull,pro- 
 pided he does not use it in such a mati 
 ner as to injure others or their property 
 
 THIRD NATION ALBANK. 
 
 ST. Louis, Mo.^Se.'VV 
 
 Your account appears to be over 
 drawn~~-*XV\.';>0~~,. Please bring inyout 
 book to be written up and deposittheaimHOT 
 Of the overdraft. _\..%&OMt..,CASt 
 
 . A charge at a higher 
 rate than what is customary, or that 
 implied or agreed upon. Overdue, an 
 obligation or note remaining unpaid 
 after the time ayreed upon. Overload- 
 ed, a stock exchange term signifying 
 that the "bu!is"cannot take and pay 
 
 for the stock they have purchased.Over- P^H^.P 
 
 Exchange, the established value of 
 the coin or standard value of one coun- 
 try expressed in the coin or standard 
 of another. Paraae, equality of blood, 
 name, or dignity, especially of land 
 in the partition c( an inheritance 
 between co-heirs. 
 
 The goods brought 
 
 by a wile to a husband, over and a- 
 bove her dower. Paraphernalia, tne 
 clothing, jewelry, ornametits^tc^of 
 a wife which she possesses,*Trf which 
 are suitable to her rank and condi- 
 tion of life. 
 
 - A S -wuch land as an ox can 
 plow durin9 the proper season, reckon 
 ed from 15 to 20 acres. Oycr, to hear. 
 Oyer atid Terttii-Mer, to hear and deter 
 mine; a criminal court constituted 
 by commission to hear and determine 
 causes. Ouez,the introtuctory cry 
 of an official connected with a court 
 of law, or any public crier, requ!rin9 
 silence or attention, which is thrice 
 repeated. 
 
 ,. To delude, or deceive by false 
 appearances; as, to ^a.tV> Vywc^. Pack- 
 age, a bundle or bale of goods. Palace 
 Court, a court having jurisdiction in 
 personal actions, held in England once 
 a week before the steward of the house 
 hold and knight marshal. Pandects, 
 the Justinian books of the civil law. 
 
 P/^NEL. A schedule or roll containing 
 the names of certain persons s urn- 
 mon^ed by a sheriff to act as jurywen 
 Panic, a monetary crisis; as, among 
 business men, the result of overtra- 
 ding or speculation. 
 
 P/^PEH BlOClOVDE.-A decree or 
 der declaring a certain coast* or coun- 
 try in a state of blockade, without a 
 force stationed there to maintain it. 
 Paper Currency, bank-notes and bills 
 of exchange, which represent money 
 
 */V1 Equality iti nominal and act 
 U3l exchange. When a security will 
 bring its full value. 3n tVietnarVet,it 
 is said to be -aX ^a-v. When it will not 
 bring as much, it is said to be \>J 
 \*x. When it is worth wore than its 
 face value, it is said to be .\>OM& v 
 or to command a premium. Par of 
 
 . One who is the imme- 
 diate tenant to one who holds of an- 
 other, or who is the lowest tenant of 
 the fee. Parcel, a package. Pardon, a 
 remission of a penalty or punishment. 
 The President may grant pardons, 
 but only in cases of convictions by 
 the United States courts. A Govern- 
 or also has power to grant pardons, 
 e xcept i-n cases of impeachment, and, 
 in some States, of treason. He way 
 also GowvwiiAa a sentence, which is 
 to exchange one penalty or punish- 
 ment for another of less severity. 
 PAJlEtfT /\NO CHILD. -Parents are 
 obliged to provide for the cupportanc 
 education of their children during 
 their minority, or while they are 
 u.nder twenty-one years. Even if 
 the children have property of their 
 own, the father is so bound, but not 
 the mother. If a parent -neglects to 
 provide necessaries for his child, oth- 
 ers way do so and sue the parent for 
 their value. -The parent has the right 
 to the custody of his child, and way 
 legally punish it for good cause, but 
 not cruelly. The father has a right 
 to the labor and services of his chil- 
 dren, and may recover their wages 
 from any person employing them 
 without his consent.Children who 
 are a_ble are in general bound to sup- 
 port indigent parents. \5>-. Kj^ww 
 Vvoa, -a,\\& Cr\x-Kv&vj.\\V Parent icide, 
 one who murders a parent; or the 
 crime itself. 
 
 I. An ecclesiastical division 
 oVatown or county, subject to the 
 oversight and -ministry of one pastor; 
 a division of country. Park, an en- 
 closed portion of grass- and decorat 
 ed-land in or near atown or city for 
 amusement or exercise; ati inclosed 
 chase extending only over a man's 
 own grounds. 
 
 - The general and 
 
 supreme legislative body of G-reat 
 Britain, comprising the houses of 
 lords and the house of commons 
 . Verbal, or by word of -mouth, 
 
 also applied to written contracts -no) 
 undersea!. Pare I Con tracts, verba 
 contracts; -those -not under seal at 
 common law.Parol 0<*tiurrer, a 
 plea to stay or stop the pleadings in 
 an action. Parol Evidence, oral ev 
 idence as opposed to written. Parol 
 Lease, an oral agreement by one per 
 son to let to another a certain estate 
 
 243
 
 tights arid duties as they agree upon. 
 I* is implied ( if not expressed) that each 
 partner, wHo is to contribute his time 
 or labor, shall exercise all skill, care, 
 arid diligence in (he business, and 
 without other compensation than 
 his agreed share of the profits. Each 
 partner has full authority to act (or 
 the firm, in any matter connected. 
 with its appropriate business. This is 
 legal consequent of the relation, 
 whatever the agreement provides. 
 Each partner is liable for the whole 
 indebtedness of the firm, and not 
 only the corn-men property, but al- 
 so all the private property or each 
 partner may be taken to satisfy 
 the debts of the firm.^teA-iiAwxaV 
 As to debts, a dissolution mates no 
 change; but as to authority, each 
 partner's act binds the firm only 
 for the purpose of wind! 119 up the 
 affairs, and not in any new trans- 
 action. Upon a dissolution, the old 
 partners are responsible for Tte_w 
 debts, unless they have given notice 
 of the c 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 PAROLE. The word of honor of a 
 prisoner of war, that he will not take 
 up arms against those who captured 
 him, until regularly exchanged. Parti 
 eid, one who murders his mother, 
 father, or children; or the crime it 
 self. P** Owmrs, those who own a 
 thing in common. 
 
 PAATfC\jLA.I\ \VEfV\pE. -That dam 
 age less than the whole, falling up- 
 on a particular property; a loss to 
 be borne by the particular owner or 
 his insurer. Parties, persons who 
 are named in a deed or other jnstrit 
 mrnt; those engaged in an action at 
 law. 
 
 AATIT'lOpJ. A division into distinct 
 parts; applied especially to the dividing 
 of lands, tenements or hereditaments., 
 which have descended by common law, 
 or by custom, among co-heirs or par 
 ccners. where there are at least two. 
 
 PA.f\Tf(ER;. A -member of a part- 
 nership, or an associate in any J>us 
 iness or occupation. Partnership, a 
 voluntary contract, whereby two or 
 more persons agree to combine their 
 money, property, labor, or skill in some 
 lawful business, and to share its profits. 
 A V'vmv, Vvou.se, or co^MVY\e-5Vi\^,e8cl 
 has a similar meaning to partnership 
 No one can be made a partner against 
 his will. A partnership is formed sim 
 ply and only by agreement. The d u 
 ration of a partnership may be for a 
 specified time (as two years), or, as is 
 generally the case, no time may be a 
 freed upon. Where no time is speci- 
 fied, any partner may dissolve a part 
 nership at will. I/ the partnership is 
 for no definite time, a partner mayse! 
 his interest in the common property ti 
 any one a* any time. A transfer of \n 
 terest dissolves the firm. The death of 
 any partner dissolves the firm. Upon 
 dissolution, each partner may dernanc 
 that there shall be an accounting f the 
 affairs of the firm, that the commen 
 property be sold, and that he be paid 
 his proportionate share of what is left 
 after paying its debts. A common course 
 is for a retiring partner to sell his in 
 terest to some of th'e old partners, or 
 to some one else whom they will re 
 ceive as a partner, and have the bu< 
 irtess continue as before. The part 
 ners have, v>Xo aitV\ oWvet,only such 
 
 o u5..\. 
 
 A person Iendin9 his name to a 
 firm, or allowing the same to be us- 
 ed after he has withdrawn, is still 
 responsible to third persons as a 
 artner. 
 
 3y agreement. 
 
 By Legislature 
 
 A collection of 
 
 natural persons 
 
 Has powers of ihe|H 
 natural persons 
 composing it 
 
 All partners lia 
 
 bit- for all debts. 
 
 Bg partners, dis 
 solves partner 
 ship. 
 
 Of pittner, dis- 
 solves the part 
 nership. 
 
 A fictitious 
 person. 
 
 las only the pow 
 ers conferred 
 by law. 
 
 In 40 me, stock 
 holders liable 
 to a limited 
 ettet;in oth- 
 ers, not liable. 
 
 Stockholders 
 new stockhoU 
 er takes his 
 place. 
 
 OfslockhoUe- 
 those obtain 
 
 ing his5tockb 
 come stockhold 
 ers. 
 
 This Ag-ree-ment, made this.. AVtsv 
 day of. . .V*>\e..., 13..., between... iov.u 
 ' 
 
 witnesseth : 
 
 I.-The said parties hereby agree to 
 become co-partners, under the firm 
 name of...V4\\_w t>.Sw>>^..v., 
 as such partners, to carry on together 
 the business of buying and selling all 
 sorts of dry goods, at No...\~V\ Y 
 Sve*...in the city of...VVkvW\\\e 
 
 HI. The said... Sow* Vi'xvsow ...aarees 
 to contribute ~~3iVvra"V<\o\>^>a.'\r\k^~ 
 Dollars (3000), to the capital of said 
 firm; and the said... VN .\\ A\*WIH 
 
 Dollars (9*2000), to the same; the 
 
 sum of 93500 of said capital to be ex 
 pended in the purchase of a stock in 
 trade. 
 
 TO!. -All the net profits arising 
 out of the business shall be divided in 
 the following proportions; vii., three 
 fifths to the said... V>l\\.i<m... and two 
 fifths to the said . . Avtv\Yv\t.s . . . 
 
 I\T. Each partner will devote all 
 his titne to the said business,and wih 
 use his best efforts to make the busi- 
 ness successful, and promote the in- 
 terests of the firm in every way. 
 
 "V". If on the closing out of said 
 business there shall have been a net 
 loss, it shall be borne in the same pro- 
 portions as the profits. 
 
 No..Ar... BOSTON, ..Se^oA,.. 19... 
 
 One month afterdate, w ith out 
 
 grace, we promise to pay to the order 
 
 Of.. .0\X\*V4r<i . . . , ,~J\*IO \\WV\\TeA Vft& 
 
 , at any bank in 
 Boston. ..NNt^wt* b-Co... 
 
 19 UNION sauKE. 
 
 Ajr: 
 
 .A partition wall, or 
 ted on the line of two ad- 
 joining estates, half on each, for the 
 use of both parties. In a party-wall 
 each party owns that par which is 
 on his own land, and also owns the 
 right to have the rest of the wall stand 
 though it is not on his land. Neither 
 has the right'to_take down even that 
 part which is his own, without the 
 consent of the other. Par Value, 
 a nominal value placed upon the 
 stock of a corporation by its or^atm- 
 ers at its organization. 
 PAJSS. A free journey-ticket o-n a 
 railway; *o be transfer-red; as.to pass 
 as the fixtures with the sale of a house; 
 to decide upon; as, the jury have pass- 
 ed upon the case; to be entered; as, 
 let the judgment pass for the plain- 
 tiff. Passage Money, the money paid 
 for conveyance at sea. Pass Book, 
 a smajl book furnished by bankers to 
 their customers, in which are entered 
 all payments and receipts of cash. 
 
 Feb.3 
 
 . 10 
 
 Mn. I 
 
 ..16 
 
 To Cash, i 8000 00 
 140000 
 30000 
 
 ISO'OO 
 500000 
 
 Balance 
 
 Feb.'iBvCash..f 800JIO 
 ,,9 ., 4i 
 tffl .. 5 
 
 Mat.1 ,. 101000 
 ,,6 ., '300000 
 \2. S07975 
 
 [. -A traveler, or one ;ou' 
 neying by railway, steamboat ot coach 
 Passive, all the sums of which one 
 is debtor. Passport, a document car 
 ried by neutral merchant vessels 'ITI 
 
 241
 
 . . . ' . . 
 %.;":*...'":...;?:>..":.":..!?:.. 
 
 lime of war to certify their national- 
 ity, and protect them from belligerents; 
 a government license for the safe pas- 
 sage of any one from one place to an- 
 other. Passports are issued bytheUniitd 
 States only to it: own citizens, upon 
 application, supported by proof of cit- 
 izenship. When the applicant is a na- 
 tive citizen of the United States he is 
 required to transmit his own affida- 
 vit of this fact, stating his age and place 
 of birth, with the certificate of one oth- 
 er citizen of the United States to whom 
 he is personally known, stating that the 
 declaration made by the applicant is 
 true. The affidavit must be attested by 
 a notary public, under his signature and 
 seal of office. t( the applicant be a nat- 
 uralized citizen, his certificate of nat 
 uralization must be transmitted for 
 inspection. The application should be 
 accompanied by a description of the 
 person, stating the following particu- 
 lars, vi:.r Age: years. Stature: feet 
 inches.(.English measure). Forehead: 
 . Eyes; .Nose: .Mouth: .Chin 
 . Hair: . Complexion: .Face: . 
 If the applicant istobe accompanied 
 by his wife, minor children, or servants 
 it will be sufficient to state the namts 
 and ages of such persons, and their re 
 lationship to the applicant, when a sin- 
 gle passport for the whole will suffice. 
 A fee of one dollar must accompany 
 each application, made payable to the 
 ^'ssWYsvYio. C\e\V. of the Department 
 of State. The application should bead 
 dressed to the ^ea.iv \v\i\\V a 4 Sv^Ve, 
 \Na.sVvw\o,Vorv,^.C>. A passport is good 
 fo-r only two years. Persons desiring 
 to obtain passports for themselves, will 
 be furnished blank forms, by applying 
 to the Department of State, indorsed 
 "Passport Division." I-M applying for 
 forms, state if for *\a\"wa or wjAvcuj.X 
 \iei citizens. 
 
 *ATEj4T. The grant by the govern- 
 ment to some person of an exclusive 
 right to manufacture, sell, and u.se 
 an invention made by him.Patentte 
 one to whom a patent is grantcd.Pat 
 etit Off ice, the office through which 
 applications for patents are rnade.and 
 from which they are given. Patent 
 Medicine, medicine the composition 
 of which is a secret, and the right of 
 sale limited by the government to the PA] 
 proprietor. Any person, whether 
 a citizen or alien, may obtain a pat 
 ent for any -new invention or discov 
 ery.or any improvement made by him 
 
 and not before known, o-r used by a- 
 ny one else in this country, and not 
 at the time patented, or described by 
 any printed publication in this.orany 
 foreign country. Patents mac; be sold: 
 (I) By Territorial Rights, which concede 
 to the purchaser the same exclusive 
 right as of the owner, to sell the pat- 
 ented article within a specified terri- 
 tory, and sotnetimes may include 
 the Tight^ t g -manufacture; (ft) By 
 Shop Rights, which give the privilege 
 o -manufacture or use the patented 
 article in a specified shop or estab- 
 lishment', and if no other placc;(3) 
 By Royalty, which is a. certain sum 
 paid the inventor by the manufac- 
 turer, on every article -made or sold. 
 The duration of a patent is seven- 
 teen years. The application for a pat- 
 ent must be made iti the name of 
 the inventor, who can alone sign 
 the papers. I* is almost impossible 
 for one not thoroughly acquainted 
 with the patent office proceedings, 
 to obtain a patent without employ- 
 ing a patent attorney to prepare 
 the papers and. conduct the corre 
 spondcnce. Joint inventors are en- 
 titled to a joint patent. An inventor 
 can assign his entire right either be 
 fore or after the issue of the patent. 
 A caveat runs for one yea-r, and pre- 
 vents the issue of a patent without 
 the knowledge of the caveator,to any 
 person for a similar device. Caveats 
 may be renewed at the expiration of 
 each. year. The fees required for ob- 
 taining patents vary according to the 
 nature of the article, whether it be 
 a design, an original patent, a cave- 
 at, etc. For a caveat the fee is * 10; 
 with application for .an original pat 
 ent,*!5; and when the patent is 
 issued, *20 more.V.^vv.\\\v.to-w!t 
 Ha Vvceioir-wi, tuAe,*, eVc.,wi\\>tt 
 
 provided for. Pavi9C., taiei or money 
 paid for paving streets or highways. 
 PAJWN. Any movable property depov 
 ited as security for trie repayment of 
 a loan of money. Pawnbroker ., one 
 whose business is to lend or advance 
 money on the security of movable prop- 
 erty deposited. A pawnbroker cannot 
 retain goods illegally pawned, as hi the 
 case of stolen property. Pawnee, ore 
 who receives a pawn or pledge as se- 
 curity. Pawttor, one who pawns or 
 pledges property as security (or money 
 borrowed . 
 
 'AX- To discharge a debt, or make suit- 
 able return for expense or trou.blii.Pay 
 able, that may be paid, or justly due. 
 Payee, the one i-n whose favor & 
 note or bill of exchange is drawn, or 
 who is to receive the money . Payer, 
 the one who paus, or is under obli- 
 gations to pay. Payment, the dis- 
 charge of a debt or obligation. Pay- 
 me-Ht, Equation o/, finding the av- 
 erage time for the payment of an 
 entire debt, where several sums be- 
 corne due at different times, so that 
 neither party shall sustain loss.This 
 average time is intermediate among 
 the several times or dates, for par- 
 tial payments, and so fixed that the 
 Ojivw to the debtor from retaining 
 one or more sums aAvev they become 
 due, shall exactly equal the \ossby him 
 from paying one or more other sums 
 \je.4oxe they become due.Pay-ttietit 
 
 vw VVie. 
 
 . 
 4 tV 
 
 PAJE^TWfCnV^Vwrit'not cl'osed 
 
 . 
 
 or sealed up. Pate-fMaJ P- 
 
 estate or other property which descends 
 from the father and other ascendants 
 o/the paternal stock. Patriarch a 
 C-over*iieii*, a form of govern- 
 ment in which the father and ruler 
 is the head of a family; as was com- 
 mon in the early ages o( the world. 
 ATfllNlONY ft right or estate in- 
 herited, from a father; a-My_k!nd of 
 property. Patricide, one guilty ofmitr 
 dcring his father, or the crime itself. 
 Pa#rio*,one who loves his cpuntry 
 and exhibits great zeal in its interests 
 Patron, one who countenances and 
 protects either a person or a work; a 
 person who has the gift and disposal 
 of church preferment. Pa*roa9e,S|>e 
 cial countenance or support; the right 
 of appointing to office;tke right of 
 presentation to a church orecclesias 
 tical benefice. 
 
 AllPER. One who is so poor that h 
 has to be supported atthe public e> 
 pense. In some States there is iti each 
 county a poor-house, to which the pan 
 pcrs of the several towns are sent to be 
 
 ourt, upon admitting either 
 the whole, or a part of the plaintiff's 
 claim, a deposit by the defendant, of 
 a sum of money with the court for 
 the benefit of the plaintiff, and in 
 answer to his claim. This generally 
 relieves the defendant from payment 
 of costs, unless judgment is obtained 
 for a larger sum than iHat paid iti. Pay 
 Roll, the same as Time Book, which see. 
 ^CbLATIO^. The applying to one's 
 own private use of public money or 
 goods, or of property intrusted to his 
 care. Pedajiuiti, money paid for the 
 passing of foot or horse through any 
 country. 
 
 P^ERS. Those of the same rank or 
 station; mbers of the House of 
 Lords; those who are impaneled !n 
 an inquest upon any man, for the 
 convicting orclearing him of any 
 offense for which he is called inqites- 
 t ion; this is called trial by one's peers. 
 Pe-*ial Action, an action for the 
 recovery of a statute penalty. Penal- 
 ty, punishment inflicted by law, ei- 
 ther on the person, or by a fine. 
 
 PE>l|Te.NTIAAY A prison for the 
 nishment of convicted criminals. 
 . An allowance made to 
 
 . 
 
 any one, without art equivalent, for 
 valuable services performed by h inn. 
 1*1 this country pensions are grant- 
 ed by the government to those who 
 have been disabled in war. I/ a sol- 
 dier was killed, a pension isgranted 
 to his widow and children. State and 
 city governments sometimes allow 
 pensions for valuable services, as in 
 the case of firemen. Pensioner, one 
 who is supported by an allowance at 
 the will of another; a discharged sol 
 dier who receives a pension.
 
 PEOPLE. A nation or state taken col- 
 lctively; -the body of persons who com- 
 pose a community. Peppe-rco-rn Rent, the 
 reservation of only a nominal rent it 
 frequently confined to "one peppercorn." 
 
 e^E^PTOHIOUS The quality of be- 
 ing peremptory; that which takes away 
 or destroys forever. Peremptory, final, 
 posi tive, absolute, or determinate. rWetnp- 
 tory Challenge, an authoritative chal- 
 lenge given to jurors without cause. Per- 
 emptory Exception, a defense which 
 denies the ground of action. Peremp- 
 tory Mandamus, a mandamus demand 
 ing that a thing be done absolutely. Per- 
 emptory Plea, a plea so founded that it 
 tends to destroy the right of action. 
 
 ifUFOFirwVVNCe. The normal and 
 natural -mode of discharging an obli- 
 gation; the- carrying out or completion 
 of a thing. Perils o/ the St, extraordi- 
 nary risks attendant upon a sea-voyage, awl 
 which cannot reasonably be foreseen and 
 provided against. Perishable Goods, -mer 
 chandise.jucH as ice, fruits, etc., which 
 loses its value and becomes worse from 
 being kept. 
 
 'ffRJUHX. Willfully swearing or affirm- 
 ing falsely to any material matter, upon 
 an oath legally administered. To insti- 
 gate another to swear falsely,is ,\Ooo'<- 
 \Y\*X\OYV oA wt^vtnf. Both are punish- 
 able offenses. Pe*Hii, a written license 
 from the Excise Office- to permit the re- 
 moval of excisable goods upon which duty 
 has been paid, from one place to another. 
 
 'E^SOK/SlL ACCOUNTS Accounts kept 
 
 with persons. Each such account bears 
 the name of the person with who-m It 
 is kept. In case of firms or companies, 
 the titles employed are the names under 
 which they transact business. I/ a name 
 is not sufficient to identify a firm or per- 
 son, add the location. X>V\v a person when 
 he gets into our debt, or we get out of his 
 debt.C*to\X him when he gets out of our 
 debt, or we get into his debt. I/ one buy 
 goods without paying for them, the trans 
 action is o-n aceowwt. I/ the debit side is 
 the larger, he owes us; if the smaller, we 
 owe him. 
 
 ^ * To Mfce.. 
 
 L.S.MARSHFIELD. 
 
 i Plaster, 
 
 ToBalatw. 
 
 . 4: 
 
 N N 
 800 
 
 ., ISO(CA\. /VCTlOt*. In case of hiwct 
 of contract, or other injuries, suit 
 brought for the recovery of chattels 
 and goods. Personal Chattels, foods 
 movables, wearing apparel, and oth 
 er personal effects which can be car 
 ried about the person. Personal Lib 
 erty, primarily, the right to go ant 
 come without restraint; but its 
 meaning has been extended to covet 
 freedom of speech and of the press 
 tha right to assemble peaceably for 
 discussion, the right to petition the 
 government, and freedom from un 
 reasonable search o/ property and 
 papers. Perso*ia.l*f} personal prop 
 erty, as opposed to realty. Personal 
 Propcr-ty ,evct-w species- of property 
 except real estate; the right or in 
 tcrest which one has in things per- 
 sonal. Personal Security, mright 
 to enjoy life, body, health, and repu- 
 tation. I* means not merely the 
 right to live, but to live in safety aru 
 tranquillity, without fear and with 
 out the necessity of self-defence. No 
 greater reproach can be brought 
 against a state than to say that hu- 
 man life is not secure within its te-r 
 
 ^TlTiO((. A paper or document 
 containing a written request or sap 
 plication. l*i the enactment of laws, 
 it is common for the people to bring 
 a measure to the notice of the leg- 
 islature by petition. Petitions arc 
 usually sent to those members who 
 represent the counties or districts 
 in which the petitioners live, and 
 are by these members presented to 
 the leg!slature.VS><!,iV<Vttw\o-vYa\V 
 
 - 
 
 -Governor f the State o/I 
 
 rrszr: 
 
 Your petitioners -respectfully rep 
 resent V\w\ 
 
 To .President of the United States: 
 
 The petitioners undersigned -respect- P 
 
 fully solicit of you .\V\a\z. 
 
 w\se.t* vAvaV \* ^eX\X\OA\a^. 
 
 We refer to accompanying papers, 
 A,B, C, D, etc. 
 
 With the greatest respect, 
 Atlanta, Oct. 1, 19.... 
 
 othe Honorable, the Senate and 
 Houteof Representatives of the 
 State of _ , iii Legislature assembled: 
 The undersigned petitioners, -res- 
 'dents and taxpayers of the city of 
 respectfully represent that 
 
 hey ......... \ 
 
 Sip-Mad I 
 
 To the Board of Directors of t he 
 
 Spring Valley Water Company: 
 
 .v\*\*me*v. As the vacant lot 
 
 :djo!ning>your works, etc. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 To the Hon. Justices of the _ County Court 
 The undersigned, residents of__ 
 _ _ Township, respectfully peti- 
 tion, eto. l __ 
 
 ! ^^^ ^ 
 ( m 
 
 Signed 
 County of. ....... 
 
 State of ......... 
 
 Date ............. 
 
 To the Mayor and CommonCounci 
 
 of the City of : 
 
 &a-v\X\e.-w\e.\v. Your petitioner! 
 citizens and taxpayers of the fint 
 second, and third wards of this 
 city, respectfully petition your hon 
 orable body, etc. 
 
 City of 
 
 State of. , 
 
 Date -..., 
 
 / 
 
 Signed \ :== j 
 
 X\o\\e-< , 4,w Xt*e, wxo. XVviX xVew ta 
 
 & XVv&X, oi 
 
 Vf \vt\ . 
 
 PEftlTlor PETTY). Small.diwin- 
 utive, or little in figure. Petit Jury, 
 an ordinary jury, as opposed to the 
 grand jury. Petit Larceny, steali-ng 
 of goods below a certain amoutit.1* 
 is punishable by a fine or imprison- 
 ment in jail or both. The amount va 
 ries in the different states. Pettifog 
 per, one pretending to be a lawyer, 
 without the necessary qualification;; 
 a. tricky lawyer. 
 
 E.TT\ C/VSH- Money kepi in hand 
 to -meet current expenses.rVttyCasli 
 Book, a book for entering small 
 receipts and payments. Its form 
 is the same as the ordinary cash book. 
 Petty Expense Book, a small book 
 in which trifling expenditures are 
 entered, before being transferred to 
 the cash book. Pe-tty Ledger, an aux 
 iliary ledger in which all accounts 
 are opened that are not likely to be 
 permanent, active accounts. Ati ac- 
 count called Petty Accounts is open- 
 ed in the main ledger, to represent 
 these transient accounts, and to keep 
 it in balance. The Petty Ledger does 
 not balance, but may be proved by 
 finding the difference between the 
 sides of the Petty Ledger, and compar- 
 ing it with the difference between 
 the sides of the account with Petty 
 Accounts in the Main Ledger, which 
 differences should agree. The form 
 of the Petty Ledger is the same as the 
 Main Ledger. 
 
 Way 
 
 1-nk,ll)fc fenV^?;HoJder,25 
 Lautidry,75d; Paper, 50 1, 
 
 4 Wrapping Paper, 
 
 MAY a, 19.... 
 
 1 Charity,75 e; Postage, 50 1, 
 
 Total for week, 
 Entered inC. B.,fol. 24. 
 
 248
 
 . y. - v . f. A physician's book 
 
 of sufficient siza for recording his dai- 
 ly visits to patients, so arranged^ as to be 
 convenient for the pocket, serving as a 
 reliable book of original entry, and as 
 an auxiliary to his complete set of 
 account books. 
 
 TO*** ov TOisvcxNtffc ^\KW. 
 
 DAILY RECORD FOR WEEK ENOINO FEB. "7,19.... 
 
 A.Cox 
 S.S.Oiv 
 C.Mott 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 IT 9 EAIE STREET 
 >*WR\S 
 4I9 IOTH STREET 
 TWWft TOTC 
 FMMEH.CMSS RB. 
 
 T. One who cunningly 
 steals from another by picking his pock- 
 et while in a crowd or public place. Pig- 
 tius, a pledge, pawn, or security. Pig- 
 went, any substance used for paints 
 or colors; generally applied to materi- 
 als for oil pairting. Pillory, a wooden 
 machine, in which the head and hands 
 of a criminal are placed, as a means of 
 punishment. 
 
 1*1(4 fv\OffEY- Money allowed awi/e 
 by her husband for private expenses.?!- 
 racy, robbery or forcible depredation 
 on the high seas, without lawful au- 
 thority, in the spirit of universal hostil- 
 ity, and which if committed upon land 
 would amount to felony. Piscary,the 
 right to fish in the waters of another. 
 'LA.IffTIFp. In both civil and crim- 
 inal cases, the party who commences 
 a suit against another. Plaintiff i 
 Error, the party who sues oat a writ 
 of error. 
 
 'LA.TFOF^^. In political nominating 
 conventions, a series of resolutions, 
 adopted before or after the nomina- 
 tions are made, setting forth the prin- 
 ciples of the party which the nominees 
 arc supposed to represent. 
 LEA^. In a legal action, the answer 
 given by the defendant to the declara- 
 tion and de-wand of the plaintiff, set- 
 ting forth his defence, by giving t he 
 reasons whu he thinks he should riot 
 be compelled to do what the plaintiff 
 demands. Plea in Abate-metit, a plea 
 which tends only to delay an action. 
 Plea in Avoidance, A plea admitting 
 a matter as a fact, but showing some 
 new. matter t-o destroy its legal effect. 
 Plea in Bar, a plea denying that t he 
 plaintiff has any cause of action. 
 
 PLEAjDI(fO-. The proceedings in a sui 
 consistiti9 of the written statements 
 of the contending parties. I/ the plead- 
 ings agrea as to the facts, the matter 
 is then j>resented to the court, and it 
 makes its decision, without what 
 is popularly known as a trial. But 
 if the pleadings do not agree, the dis- 
 pute must be settled by a trial. Pleas 
 o/*he Crown, the English crimi- 
 naJ la.w department, in which tkekinj) 
 is a party. 
 
 LE^DGl^. A warrant given, as one's 
 faith or word; any personal pToperty 
 given as security for a debt or enya^c- 
 ment. The word ^VM-\\ (q.v.) means 
 nearly the same, and both words are 
 flften used to mean the property pledg- 
 ed, as well as the agree rue tit. A pledge 
 being a contract, three elements are 
 essential to it: (I) a debt: (2) an actaal 
 delivery to the creditor of the property 
 pledged; (3) art agreement that it shall 
 stand as security. The creditor may 
 Keep the property pledged to him until 
 the debt is paid; or if not paid when due, 
 he may sell the property. Unless there 
 is an agreement to the contrary, before 
 the pledge can be sold a demand /or the 
 pay-ment o/ the debt must be wade upon 
 the debtor, and notice must be gfven 
 him of the time and place of sale. Un- 
 til it 7s sold the property belongs to 
 the debtor, who tnay at any time be 
 fore it is sold 'vetaewN his property by 
 paying the debt. 
 
 LXNAjft . Fu.ll, entire, or complete 
 Ple-Hipote+itiary , havina full power; 
 as,an ambassador, who is invested with 
 full powers -to negotiate a particular 
 business or a treaty. Plow bote, wood 
 for instruments of husbandry. 
 
 PUUFV/vLlT\. Iri elections.the re- 
 ceptio-H by a candidate of a higher 
 number of votes than any other, 
 though su-ch -number be less -than 
 half of all the votes given. Pluries, as 
 often, or very often. A writ that is- 
 sues after thefirst and the V 
 ond) have been ineffectual. 
 
 PpJ\CH.I NO-. The act^of steal 1119 game 
 itithe nightti-tne. Poi-fidrH9,a pro- 
 cess by which the property of the debt- 
 or's movables is transferred tothe cred- 
 itor; distramyen-ient or djst-ress. 
 Poi'Wf, a question or proposition aris- 
 ing in a case. Poi-nter, in the stock 
 erchange, a theory or fact regard in 9 
 the -market on which one bases an 
 intended speculation. 
 
 POUC^. The internal regulations of 
 a town, citu, or district, /or the pres- 
 ervation of order, cleanliness, health, 
 etc.; a body of civil officers employed 
 to enforce the laws respecting good or- 
 der, cleanliness, etc. Police Cou-v*, a 
 minor cou-rt to try persons brought 
 before it by the police. PoliceCoitrmit- 
 siotier, a civil officer commissioned 
 to regulate and control the appoint- 
 ment, duties, and discipline o/the 
 police. Police Static*, the headquar- 
 ters of the police, where they assemble 
 for orders, and to which they take ar- 
 rested persons; also of a sect ion o/ 
 them. 
 
 t, PoLlC\._A ticket, warrant or writ- 
 ten contract for money iw a public 
 fund or society; the- writing ori-nstru- 
 ment in which a contract of insurance 
 is embodied. An \-v\Veta-sV \oV\c^ shows 
 by its form that the assured has a real 
 interest in the matter insured.\5>.c 
 o\\c\cs. 
 
 POLITIC. Pertaining to or promo- 
 ting a policy; well advised or accord- 
 ing to good policy. Political, pertain- 
 ing to public policy, or the adminis- 
 tration of State affairs. Political 
 Libwty , those who have a voice in 
 the conduct of public affairs are said 
 to have political liberty. The line of 
 division between those having and 
 those not having political liberty va 
 ries greatly indifferent states.Col- 
 or, poverty, religious belief, sex, and 
 illiteracy, are the chief elements 
 that mark the line. Political Du- 
 ties, the chief of these are:(l) Duty 
 to support -the government by obey- 
 ing its laws;j[5.) Du*y to disobey a 
 law which violates his conscience, 
 and suffer the penalties of disobe- 
 d fence ;(3) Duty to support the gov- 
 ernment financially, and by service 
 if necessary tojts defence;(4-) Duty 
 to vote, if practicable, at every elec- 
 tion: (5) Duty to aid in armed 
 revolution as a last resort; on I y, 
 however, if success is probable. Po- 
 litical Righ-ts, the chief of these 
 are: (I) Right o/ all to establish a 
 government; (2) Right of each to 
 share in it, by voting; (3) Right of 
 each to protection by the g overn- 
 ment, unless said right be/or/eited. 
 
 POLL. A head;*he entry o/ the 
 names > of persons qualified to vote 
 for civil officers. To ^o\\ ajury,isto 
 examine each one individually as to 
 his verdict. Poll-list, alist^o/t he 
 names o/the persons voting atari 
 election. Polls, the places where the 
 votes are cast, and which are gener- 
 ally open one day from sunrise to 
 sunset. Poll Tax, a capitation tax, 
 which is a certain sum on every 
 
 POl-YA.NDHY- The state of a woman 
 who has several husbands. Polyga- 
 Hiy,the state or practice of having 
 a plurality of wives or husbands at 
 the same time. Po-tie, a writ where- 
 by a cause is removed from a county 
 or other inferior court to the supe- 
 rior courts. Pottta^e, a contribu- 
 tion for repairing a bridge. Pool, 
 in the stock^exchange, aring.clique, 
 or combination, formed to control 
 prices, and carry through a corner; 
 also the stock or money contributed 
 for such purpose. 
 
 POOR .Every township is under ob- 
 ligation to provide for the support of 
 those indigent poor who have acquir- 
 ed a legal residence therein. Those 
 needing relief, but having no legal 
 residence in any *ownship,are sup- 
 ported by the county. The township 
 trustees or supervisors are empowered 
 to oversee the poor.VJbc*V^w,o,Y\. 
 
 247
 
 POPbLAJ\ \CTIOff. An action allow 
 ed by law to any one who will sue for 
 the penalty. Popular Will, the voice 
 of the people. A constitution is a for- 
 mal expression of the popular will 
 of the state, gratilin? authority to 
 the government. Every state is di- 
 vided into two classes, those having 
 a voice in, public affairs, and those hav- 
 ing no voice. A large -number of people 
 seldom being unanimous in their o- 
 pinions, justice requires that the 
 will of the smaller -number shall 
 submit to that of the_ larger; hence, 
 the rule that the majority decides. 
 O/ the whole -number of people, pop- 
 ular will is the voice of much less 
 than one half. 
 
 POf\TIO(4. Ascertain part of an es- 
 tate which is given or left to achild. 
 Port, a harbor for vessels. Por* of 
 Delivery, a place where vessels way 
 legally discharge their cargoes. Port 
 of Entry, a port or harbor where a 
 Custom House is established for the 
 legal entry of merchandise. Port- 
 sale*, auction sales; so called because 
 they were held in ports. 
 
 POSITIVE EVIDENCE. -Direct evi- 
 dence, or proof of the very fact. Pot- 
 itive Law, a law or rule prescribed 
 by the supreme power of a State, de- 
 claring some right, prohibiting some 
 *ct, or enforcing so-me duty.Potse, 
 a possibility; a thing is said to be'wt 
 ^o?* when it may possibly be; the 
 civil power of a county that may be call- 
 ed to attend a sheriff in the execution 
 ofiustice. 
 
 'OSS^SSlOff.-StatP of owning or htv 
 ing in one's own power. To give pos- 
 session, to put in another's power or 
 occupancy. To take possession, to en- 
 ter on, or to bring within one^ pow- 
 er or occupancy. Writ of Posteriori, 
 a written order of a court directing a 
 sheriff to put a person into possess- 
 ion of property recovered by legal pro- 
 cess. 
 
 POST. After; a station for soldiers, 
 also the soldiers stationed at it; to 
 place letters in the post-of f ice; Hi book- 
 keeping, to carry the en tries from oth- 
 er books to the ledger. Postage, the 
 charge made by the government for 
 carrying letters, etc., to different joint*. 
 Postage Sta-mps, small pieces of pa- 
 
 per having certain values impressed 
 by the government, used for attach- 
 ing to lettrs f tiewspapeTs,etc.,in.pn> 
 paying postage. Postal Comrtm-Mica- 
 tio-M, the delivery of the mails in any 
 part of the country. The ordinary 
 roats of travel, highways and rail- 
 roads, are adopted by the pover-n- 
 ment as post-roads. Post-Date, to 
 date an instrument later than the 
 time on which it is made. Pott-Mark, 
 the stamp of a post-office, showing 
 the time of a letter passing through 
 the post-office. Post-master, one who 
 his the superintendence and direc- 
 tion of a post-office. Posttnaitw-Oen- 
 eral, the chief executive head of the 
 Post-Office Department, who estab- 
 lishes post-offices, provides forcarru : 
 ing the mail, and has general charge 
 of all matters connected with it.Post- 
 Offics, an office where letters and 
 other mail matter are received fo-r 
 transmission to various parts, and 
 from which letters, etc., are deliver- 
 ed that have been received. Post-obit, 
 a term applicable to any obligation, 
 promising to pay unusual interest by 
 the promiser on the death of some one 
 from whom he has expectations of 
 property. Pott -mortem, after death. 
 Post Nuptial, something which takes 
 place after marriage. fosthumoiuChild, 
 a child born after its father's death . 
 Post-Office Motley Order, an order, 
 payable at sight, granted by a post- 
 office for any small sum of -money 
 less than #100, and -made payable 
 at any post-office wished i-M the 
 United States, on depositing the sum 
 named and the payment of a small 
 commission. Postscript, a paragraph 
 added to a letter below the signature, 
 and usually marked P.S. 
 
 Advertiied Letters. In applyino for 
 advertised letters, the parties should 
 mention the place or places whence 
 they are expecting correspondence. 
 
 Chanpe of Address. -A subscriber 
 to a -newspaper or other periodical , 
 who changes his post-office address 
 should at once notify the publisher, 
 and have the publication sent to his 
 new address. Postal employe's are 
 not permitted to change the address 
 upon misdirected mail-matter; but 
 must return to sender, if k-nown,or 
 send to the Dead Letter Office. 
 
 Dead Letter Office. -Inquiries rela- 
 ting to -mail-matter supposed to have 
 been sent to this office,should bead- 
 dressed to the Superintendent, Dead 
 Letter Office. The letter of inquiry 
 must state (I) to whom and what 
 post-office the article was addressed; 
 (9.) name and full add-ress of writer or 
 sender; (3) date and place of -mailing; 
 (4-) brief description of contents;)!)) 
 if registered, the -number must beoivett. 
 
 Directing Mail-matter.- Address 
 leoibly and completely, giving the wine 
 ofthe post-office, and, if in a city 
 with free- delivery, the street and -num 
 ber ? adding the numberof the post- 
 office box of the person addressed, if he 
 
 have one. It is well also to 91 ve the 
 name of the county, and Vo ^M\w 
 \vttvwi. oi V*. State Vv\ i\v\\. To secure 
 return to the sender in case of mis- 
 direction, or if not called for at its 
 destination, his name and address 
 should be placed upon the upper left- 
 hand corner of all -mail-matter. 
 
 Envelope*.- Thin envelopes, or 
 those made of unsubstantial paper, 
 should not be used; as being- frequent 
 ly hand led, and in the majl-bags sub- 
 jected to pressure and friction, they 
 are frequently torn open or burst. 
 
 General Delivery. Letters address- 
 ed to persons temporarily sojourning 
 in a city with free-delivery, should 
 be marked " Transient "or" &e-n - 
 e-ral Delivery," if not addressed to 
 a street and nun her. 
 
 Hotel Matter. Matter address- 
 ed for delivery at hotels, should be 
 returned to the post-office as soon 
 as it is evident that it will riotbeclam 
 ed. Proprietors should omit the re- 
 turn request from e-nyelopes gratu- 
 itously supplied to their guests, and 
 9uests using such envelopes should 
 designate what disposition should be 
 made of letters sent by them iricase 
 they cannot be delivered. Proprietors 
 should have all such envelopes -mark- 
 ed "fruests' Envelope," usin9 for 
 their own use a different envelope. 
 
 Identification. -In the case of 
 money-orders and registered letters, 
 the parties applying for them, if not 
 known, should prove their identity 
 in the same manner as in ban k i-Mg 
 institutions. 
 
 Letter Boxes. In cities of free-de- 
 livery, patrons should provide letter 
 boxes at their places of business or pri- 
 vate residences, in order to save de 
 lay in the delivery of mail-matter. 
 
 Lost Mail-matter. Inquriries 
 relative to lost or missing mail-mat- 
 ter, should be addressed to the t\\ 
 VosV Ott'vce, \\\^ecXo',Vo'iV Mftet 
 ^& / vV*v\awV,N*li < ;V\VY\o / Vo-Y\. ) ^.Ci.,to whom 
 all losses or irregularities should be 
 reported as soon as possible after the 
 loss, (rive the specifications named 
 unde/.Dead Letter Office. 
 
 Mailing Boxes. When dropping 
 packages into mailing boxes, see that 
 they fall into the box, and do not stick, 
 in the passage. Mail-matter deposit- 
 ed in mailing boxes and receptacles 
 cannot be reclaimed by any one un- 
 der any circumstances. 
 
 Mailing Letter*,etc. Mail ear- 
 ly, especially when large numbers of 
 letters, circulars, etc., are mailed at 
 once. When large numbers of let- 
 ters or circulars are mailed togeth 
 cr, addressed to the same destination, 
 tie tVie-m in bundles wjth the address- 
 es facing the s-a vnc cide.t-M addrass- 
 ing matter to foreign counVnas,f7m 
 the name of the post-office andcoun 
 try \-*\ *u.\\.\ k Slt\>'\'wA\-^^iv\.-.Vi 
 
 Postage.- On f!r9t-class matter 
 the postage is to be prepaid by affix 
 ing stamps; but one full rate may 
 be affixed, and the residue collected 
 
 248
 
 of the addressee before delivery. O 
 second-class -matter, such as newspa- 
 pers and other periodicals, when sent 
 by the pound rate, the postage is pre- 
 paid iti -money. On third- and fourth 
 class matter, such as books, the post- 
 aae -must be_prepaid by stamps affixed. 
 
 Rejistratio-ti. All valuable matter 
 should be registered. The name and ad- 
 dress of the sender must be given on 
 the outside o/thc envelope or wrapper. 
 Money should be sent by a mone^-o-r- 
 der or registered letter; otherwise it 
 is liable to loss. 
 
 S*a-mps. Postaoe stamps should be 
 placed on the upper riyht-hand corner 
 of the addressed side oi all -mail-mat- 
 ter, care being taken that they are 
 c\we\\) aUVxeA. 
 
 Transients. For the manner of ad- 
 dressirty -mail-matter to transients, see 
 General Delivery. 
 
 Unwailjible ivlatte-f. This includes 
 all matter which is by I aw, regulation 
 or treaty stipulation, prohibited (rom 
 beiny transmitted in the wails,0rwhich 
 by reason of illegible, incorrect, or in- 
 sufficient address of person or office 
 cannot be forwarded to destination or 
 delivered to the person /or whoin it is 
 intended. Unmailable matter is thus 
 Classified : (I) Y>e\& do"< ^osXa.o,e . -r 
 matter insufficiently prepaid toenti 
 tie it to be forward. (ft) vK\<i6,V<acYtt&.- 
 That is, matter without address, or 
 so incorrectly, insufficiently orilleyi- 
 bly addressed that it cannot be forward 
 ed. (3)^e%V<\vc,Vwa. That which from 
 its harmful nature is forbidden to be 
 in the mails. Amony these are: Pois- 
 ons, explosive or inflammable articles, 
 live or dead animals, insects or reptiles, 
 fruits or ve9etable matter liable to de- 
 composition, comb honey, yuano, or 
 any article exhaliny a bad odor, malt, 
 vinous, or spirituous liquors, and liq- 
 uids liable to explosion, spontaneous 
 combustion or iynition by shock or 
 jar. (4-) CoYw tttt&taweVn). Coin,jew 
 eky, or other precious articles which 
 are prohibited from beinp sent in the 
 mails to foreign cou-ntries.(5)Q\><jce\\e. 
 VK"j.VW(. This embraces: Lewd, las- 
 civious, or obscene books or other pub 
 locations of an indecent character; ar- 
 ticles designed to prevent conception 
 or procure abortion; articles intended 
 
 for Indecent or immoral wes; and 
 advertisements or notices relating to 
 any of theprecedim9.(6)VoVW/-<>)^taXi- 
 xax. Letters and circulars V\\<m\ to 
 be concerning lotteries, ojft concerts 
 or other similar enterprise s, offer 1119 
 prizes, or concer-nin9 schemes devised 
 and intended to deceive and defraud 
 the public /or the purpose of obta'miny 
 money under false pretenses. (7)MwiV\- 
 \j.va& Matter so darnayed in wrecks 
 of mail cars or vessels, or other means, 
 that it cannot be forwarded to its des- 
 tination; -matter -found loose in -the 
 mails, as when separated /rom the en- 
 velope or wrapper, or which has been 
 recovered from depredations on thewails. 
 (8; tucav; oi \Na\ojV\V ttwfc <i\re.- Pack- 
 ayes of the third and fourth class 
 matter exceeding four poounds, ex- 
 cept sinyle books and official matter 
 of the Government. 
 'OSfEF^. A bill or placard intended 
 to be posted in public places, calling 
 attention to some meetin9,perfor- 
 mance,etc 
 
 \VRJTItfcSCHOOl. 
 
 Sos Small Bills Giving Full Fartlculurs 
 OF 
 
 SOON TO BE&IN HERE. 
 
 Specimens of his Penmanship 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 . A public enclosure for the 
 safe custody of straw animals,until 
 reclaimed. Pound-breach, breakitty 
 open a pound in order to release the 
 animals confined in it. Pou.-Md-tttas- 
 *w, a person chosen to have charye 
 of a pound. Most townships -mam- 
 tain one or more pounds. The stat- 
 utes of the several states prescribe 
 the manner of advertising such es- 
 trays and the fees of the off leers. ! 
 a few states stray animals may beta 
 ken and held by any householder. 
 PO\J F\PAJVT\. -The division awon 9 
 several persons of lands before held 
 in common. Poursuivatit, a wessen- 
 per of the king ; a follower or pursuer. 
 OVVEI^. Authority ylven by one to 
 another to act for hf-m. Powe'f o/ 
 Attorney, a written instrument by 
 which one person yrants authority 
 to another to act for him.Tlw do- 
 nor of the power is called the principal; 
 the donee is called the attorney, or I/ 
 
 appointed .by a corporation ayyr^ate 
 to receive administration, the synic. 
 A power only au-thoriziny the attor- 
 ney to vote is called a proxy; a pow- 
 er which simply authorizes the at- 
 torney to appear in an action, and 
 confess the action or suffer j udy- 
 ment toyo by default, is called a 
 warrant of attorney. All others 
 are simply powers of attorney, and 
 are either 9eneraj or special\vo / 
 
 . The particular form 
 o/conduetiny suits at law, through 
 their various stapes, accordin9 to 
 the principles and rules of the dif- 
 ferent conxrts. P-rac*ice Court, a 
 court in which points of practice 
 are discussed and decided. Practice 
 Reports, reports of cases decidiny 
 some point of practice. P-raycr, 
 a request that a court will gran* 
 that which *he petitioner desires. 
 'HEAJV^Bl-E.- The introduction to 
 a discourse or some writin9; *^e 
 introductory part of a constitution 
 in which the -reasons are given why 
 the constitution is established; also 
 similarly applied to a bill or statute. 
 Prebetid, a stipend yranted to an ec- 
 clesiastic. 
 
 be/ore j-Wie riyht to a more honora- 
 ble place; adjustment of rank. P-re- 
 cedcnts, thinys which may serve 
 as exatn pies or rules to be followed 
 in future actions o/the like k!nd;d<- 
 cisions of courts which serve as mod- 
 els. Precept, a command inwri- 
 tiny by a magistrate orjudje; ati 
 authoritative rule. 
 Pf\EC(0\JS M.ETA1S.-A phrase us- 
 ually applied to yold and silver. Pre- 
 e-wip*io-M, act or riaht of purohas- 
 iny before others; *e riyht of a 
 nation to detain merchandise pass- 
 inp th-rouyh her territories, in or- 
 der to 9ive her subjects the prefer- 
 ence of purchase. 
 
 f\EFEflHED STOCK Stock takiny 
 preference over the ordinary stock 
 of acorpora*ion. A dividend is de- 
 clared and paid on preferred stock 
 be/ore any can be declared on com- 
 mon stock. P-re/C'tfe'ticc, in a yen- 
 eral assiynment, a direction that cer- 
 tain ones o/the creditors shall be 
 paid their entire clai-ms,thoitj)hiioth- 
 iny is left for the rest. P rented itatio, 
 a previous plan or desiyn *o commit 
 some crime. 
 
 'F^EiyilSES. Houses or larids;*he 
 previously -mentioned facts;in adeed, 
 the thinos, as houses or lands, propos- 
 ed to be conveyed or yranted to anoth- 
 er. P-rerMiiwti, advance above par 
 value; the sum to be paid annual- 
 ly or ptherwise^/or insurance or in 
 demnity. P-femiutti No-te, a_note 
 yiven in payment of a prewiuni^or 
 a part of it. Prepense, preconceived 
 or premeditated; as,wi\\ce. ^xe-^arwc. 
 Prerogative, an exclusive or pecul- 
 iar riyht or privileye which one per- 
 son has over another. 
 
 249
 
 president o( the senate opens * he 
 certificates. The votes are counted, 
 and the person having the majority 
 is declared elected. I/ there be no ma- 
 jority, the representatives proceed 
 at once to choosa a president. A* 
 noon on March 4-, the President 
 is inaugurated by taking the oa*h 
 ' -"----- -'- 
 
 f administered b 
 
 rection of remedies (or a disease, and the 
 
 method o/ using them ; i-H law, a title 
 to incorporeal hereditaments, acquired 
 bu time and use, and allowed bu law. 
 PKES<NTrv\ENT.-The written notice 
 of an offense taken bu a grand j ury, 
 from their own knowledge or observa- 
 tion, without having a bill of indictment 
 laid before them; also the writing which 
 contains the accusation so presented. Pre- 
 sent men* for Payment, the present- 
 ment of a bill of exchange or promisso- 
 ry note should be made on the day of 
 its maturity; i.e., on the last day warns, 
 and -woV before, and must be made per- 
 sonally, either by the holder or his au- 
 thorized aaent, and cannot be made by 
 a written demand V. ^avv\.\\V\ sent to 
 him through the post- off ice. ^See, Vto- 
 *<iV w\& tfe.s70Yvs \V\\\V\iy 
 
 . An officer appointed, to 
 
 , 
 
 preside over and control the proeetdit^s 
 of a number of persons; -the highest of- 
 ficer of & republic. President of Utiited 
 States, the chief executive ofthenalwn 
 1*1 the election of President,the nomi- 
 nating conventions several months be- 
 fore the date of election nominate can 
 di dates for the Presidency. The qualifi- 
 " 
 
 cations of President a 
 
 nat 
 yea 
 
 tive citizen;! 9) He 
 rs of age; (3) He r 
 
 ncu.Th 
 re (I) He 
 
 must be a 
 
 tmu9t be at least 35 
 tmst have been arcs 
 
 ('dent of the United States for at least four 
 teen years. 1*1 choosing a President, the 
 people of each State choose a body of men 
 called Electors. The number of these is 
 the same as the number of senators and 
 representatives which the State sends to 
 Congress. The electors are chosen in all 
 the States on the Tuesday next after the 
 first Monday in November of each leap 
 year (including 1900). They meetonthe 
 first Wednesday in December, usually at 
 the capital of their respective States, and 
 make three lists, each containing the names 
 of the persons voted for, and the number of 
 votes for each. One list is sent by a mes 
 wnger to Washin9tpn, another is setit 
 by -mail, and the third is delivered to the 
 judge of the U.S.Court for the district in 
 which the electors meet. O*i the second 
 Wednesday in February, the two houses 
 
 ry of the I 
 PF\ESS. 
 
 of off ice \ 
 
 I the chief .justice of the supreme couri 
 P -residential Succession, in case 
 ofthc removal, death, resignation or 
 inability of both the President and Vice 
 President, the n te Secretary of State 
 shall act as President until the disabil- 
 ity of the President or Vice-President 
 is removed or a President is electeil/ 
 there be no Secretary of State, then 
 the Secretary of the Treasury will act; 
 and the remainder of the order of 
 succession is: The Secretary of War, 
 Attorriey-G-eneral, Postmaster-General, 
 Secretary of the Navy, and Secreti 
 'nterior. 
 
 The art or business of pub- 
 
 iishing;*lie whole literature of a. 
 country usually restricted to the 
 literature of newspapers. l*i writ- 
 ing for the press, the following list 
 of subjects will be of advantage to 
 the writer: Accidents, Amusements, 
 Births, Burglary, Business Prospects, 
 Celebrations, Cemeteries, Change of 
 Business Firms, Ciy and Country, 
 Churches, Convicts, Crirnes,Crops, 
 Dissolutions of Partnership, Deaths, 
 Discoveries, Distinguished Arrivals, 
 Divorces, Elopements, Election In- 
 telligence, Enactment of Laws, En- 
 tertainments. Excursions, Execu- 
 tions, Exhibitions, Facts and. Figures, 
 Failures, Fairs, Festivals, p ires, 
 Foreign Affairs t Fra,ternities, Im- 
 portant Statistics, Health of Com- 
 munity, lmprpvements_. Inventions, 
 Lectures, Marine Intelligence, Mar- 
 riages, Murders, Needed Im prove - 
 rnents, New Buildings, New Com- 
 ers, New Manufactures, Notices, 
 Parties, Parties Leading Town,Pau- 
 pors, Personal Mentions, Presenta- 
 tions, Prices of Commodities, Rail- 
 roads, Sales of Real Estate, Scandals, 
 Schools, Secret Societies, Shows, Sick- 
 ness, Society Gossip, State and Nation, 
 Strange Phenomena, Suggestions, 
 Surgical Operations, Telegraphsjel 
 ephones, Theaters, Trades, viola- 
 t ion of Law, Weather. 
 
 PHESVj(v\PTIOpJ.-A supposition on 
 viously formed, in the absence of a- 
 ny direct evidence to the contra ry ; 
 blind or headstrong confidence. Pre- 
 sumptive Evidence, evidence not di- 
 rect or positive;hat which shows 
 the existence of one fact by proof of 
 the existence of another ,from which 
 the first may be inferred. Presumptive 
 Heir, one who would inherit,!^ things 
 were to remain in their present state, 
 but whose succession may be defeat 
 ed by the contingency of some near- 
 er heir being born. Pre*ritioii,ihe 
 omission of a child's name in. the 
 father's will, thereby rendering th 
 will void. 
 
 of Congress meet as o-ne body, and the |Pt\ICE. The turn of -money at which 
 
 a thing is valued. A*i agreement 
 to pay money is a necessary element 
 of a sale, but it is not necessary that 
 a price be agreed upon, for in every 
 sale where the price is not fixed there 
 is an implied agreement that the buy 
 er shall pay what the goods are reas- 
 onably worth. Price Current, a pub 
 1 1 shed list of the market value of cer- 
 tain articles of merchandise, stocks, 
 bonds, and other securities. P-rice 
 List, a printed or written list of ar- 
 ticles for sale, with prices attached. 
 P*-ice lists are made out by manu- 
 facturers and dealers, as prfces_to 
 be charged, subject to the deductions 
 of certain rates per cent. .which fluct- 
 uate according to the cost of manu- 
 facturing, demand for goods, etc. By 
 changing the rate- of discount, the 
 prices are changed without altering 
 the price lists. 
 
 or best evidence in a case. Primary 
 Contract, a contract of guaranty 
 implies the existence of some other 
 contract made, which is the v*' x- 
 \w-v\ contract, the guaranty be- 
 ing the =,acov\ia.Yv>.ln a sale, the ^rv 
 vnaA\) is the sale, and is between the 
 seller and buyer; the. i*o-\ta.t>) is 
 between the seller and surety. l*i 
 a clerkship, the ^Vxm&tt) is between 
 the employer and clerk; the %con4 
 Srtu is.betwee-M^the employer and sure 
 ty.Prittiogeniture, seniority of 
 birth; a law thus designated; a right 
 which belongs to the eldest son and 
 his heir to succeed to property. 
 'HINCIP/V-. An employer; he 
 head of a commercial house;*he 
 sum on which interest accrucs.Priti- 
 cipal Debtor, the one for whom a. 
 guaranty is made. In a note, it it 
 the maker, and his contract is to 
 pay, unconditionally. I-M an unac- 
 cepted draft, it is the drawer, and 
 his contract is conditional, to pay 
 if the person drawn upondoesnot. 
 I-H an accepted draft, it is t he-accep- 
 tor, and his contract t_o pay is M-W- 
 conditional.l-f the principal debtor 
 fail to pay the obligation when it is 
 due, it is said to be b'v*v\awoYe&.\^ov 
 
 *500. CHICAGO, AUCUST 13,19... 
 
 Siirty days after date I promise 
 
 to pay.. 
 ^\MtViutowt^^~Doll 
 
 terest, value received. 
 
 ., or order, 
 s, with 
 
 .., Principal. 
 . ..Surety. 
 
 Pr\l NCI PLES . - Futidamen tal truths, 
 or settled rules of action. Principles 
 of law are rules or axioms founded 
 in the nature of the subject; hence, 
 courts recognize, but do riot estab- 
 lish, principles of law. Pfiority, a 
 period of tenure of less time or 
 less ancient, in comparison of an- 
 other; slate of being first in time, 
 place, or rank. P-ri*i*i-Mg Olfice, a 
 place where the printing of books, 
 newspapers, etc., is carried.on. Pris- 
 on, a building for the punishment 
 or safe custody of criminals. P-rison 
 
 250
 
 ers of War, -members of the opposing 
 amiy or navy capta-red in war. They 
 may be co-n/itied, and even fettered,if 
 there is reason to app-rehend that they 
 wi|l_rise against their captors, or -make 
 thfiirescape, but must be treated with 
 humanity. 
 
 PRIVATE C/VWEH. One who trans- 
 ports goods or passengers', but only oc- 
 casionally, or for only particular per- 
 sons. P-riva*e Road, a road which on- 
 ly the owners o( certain property have 
 a right to use. A -right of way is ap- 
 purtenant to the land itself; i.e., it 
 is aright o/one owner -to pass over 
 the land of another in order to get 
 an outlet. Such a way -must be used 
 only /or i*s original purpose; thus, 
 \( the right granted be only a foot- 
 path, it cannot be used /or horses. It 
 -may, however, be used as often and 
 by as many as the owner of the^ht 
 chooses to allow. 
 
 HIVATEEI\S Ships or vessels own- 
 ed by private individuals, authorized 
 by a belligerent power to carry on a 
 maritime wa^against the enenty.To 
 encourage privateerin9,the gov- 
 ernment allows the owner and the 
 c-i-ew of a privateer to keep the prop- 
 erty captured as their own. Privies, 
 persons who > have an interest in an 
 action or thiri 9, or any -relation ^to 
 another. Privileged Cc-wmutiication 
 a confidentiaj communication, or a 
 communication between a counselor 
 and his client. 
 
 HlV\ CH/WBEH.-A private apart 
 ment in a place or -mansion. P*-ivy 
 Council, the principal council of a 
 State, held by the sovereign. P-rivu 
 Seal, a seal used by sovereigns in sub- 
 ordinate matters, or prior to the use 
 of the qveaX sea\.P-nvy Sigriet, the 
 privy seal of the crown, in the custo 
 dy of the Secretary of State. 
 HIZE. A capture from an etiemy- 
 applied to taking a vessel at sea; a re- 
 ward offered _to him who shall accom- 
 plish a certain condition;*he -money 
 or goods gained by a lottery-ticket; a. 
 reward or premium. PrjzeCpurt, a 
 court of admiralty having jurisdic- 
 tion in prize cases. 
 
 PROBABILITIES OF LlfE. -The like 
 1 1 hood of persons attaining certain 
 ages in life. Various tables are con- 
 structed to illustrate the probabili- 
 ties of life at various ages. \Jbea Vn^ec- 
 
 \LV\\\ , under >Ni\<$i\Vs vr\^ V\&y* 
 From the tables above re/erred to, one 
 can perceive at a glance what amount 
 of propability there is of a person of 
 average health surviving any given 
 nunber of years. 
 
 PHOBAJ"E. Official proof, particu- 
 larly of a will. Probate Court, a. 
 court presided over by one judge, who 
 decides upon the authenticity of wills, 
 the administration of estates, the ap- 
 pointment o( guardians to minors 
 and others, and all -makers pertain 
 iny to the settlement of estates of 
 deceased pe-rsons and wards.The law 
 establishes one probate court in each 
 county, and fixes the ti-mes and 
 places of holding the court sessions. 
 Probate of Will, the proof,before a 
 probate judge, that an instrument 
 offered to be proved is the tost wi 1 1 
 and testament of the person alleged 
 to have made it. 
 
 PPtOCE|EDINa.-The general /or-m 
 in which actions are brought and 
 defended. Proceeds, -result, or sum 
 realized frpni asale.P-rocess, the 
 act of bringing the defendant into 
 court to answer; also the name for 
 \\xA\c\a\ writs. 
 
 Pl\OCLAJVlA"riOl{. A public notii 
 given by a sovereign or sup-rente au- 
 thority of a state to the people; a 
 notice publicly given of anything.Ptoc 
 to*, one who -manages another's 
 affairs; used chiefly in ecclesiastic- 
 al and admiralty law. Procuration 
 a written document, either a. letter 
 or power of attorney, by which a 
 person is empowered to transact 
 the affairs of Another. When the 
 representative signs a paper, he adds 
 to his name"7eY ^rocwcX.\o-v\. Also 
 the money which parish priests pay 
 annually to the bishops or archdeacons 
 P-rocu-ress, a woman who procures 
 females for the purpose of prostitution. 
 
 PRODUCE. A general name for farm 
 products. Produce Broker, a cotri- 
 rtifssion merchant who deals in pro- 
 duce. Produce Note, a.writte^en 
 gagement to deliver specific articles 
 to a specified amount. I* is not as- 
 signable by -mere endorse-ment.The 
 maker of the note must be a(>le to 
 prove that he was ready atthe prop- 
 er time and pface, and continued rea- 
 dy, to deliver the articles, orhe -may 
 be compelled to pay their value in 
 money. 
 
 *;5. WINCHESTER, Nov. 1, 19... 
 
 For value received, we promise to 
 
 pay to... iai'iXe.VoXV:.. .., on demand, 
 
 chandise at our store. 
 
 The following form of assign- 
 ment may be endorsed on the back 
 of a produce note; 
 
 For value received, I assign the with 
 in Note to. ..bovitONvv.vAMA*..', with- 
 out lor with) recourse, this lOthday 
 of November, 19.... 
 
 , . $'~ Any business or catt 
 ing engaged in for subsistence, not 
 being mechanical, in trade or in 39- 
 ricultu-re,and the like opposed to a 
 trade: *he act of becoming a mem- 
 ber of a religious order;*he collect- 
 ive body of persons engaged in a par- 
 ticular art or profession; as, the le- 
 gal or the medical profession. ^ 
 PROFIT. The gain after deducting 
 expenses. Profit atid Loss, the ti- 
 tle of a ledger account, which is the 
 same as Loss g and Cain, which see. 
 Variations in value -may arisefwm 
 modifications by natural causes, by 
 labor and skill, by the variations of 
 supply and demand, or by speculation. 
 A -merchant's profit is the compen- 
 sation paid him by his customers for 
 his services in furnishing the goods 
 they want, and compensation for 
 risk assumed, and for skill in do- 
 i-rio business^ 
 
 'PidHIBlTlOt*. A writ by a supe- 
 rior to an inferior court to stay 
 proceedings in a cause ; -the act of 
 forbidding or interdicting. Prohi- 
 bitionist, cine who is favorable.to 
 the imposition of such heavy duties 
 on certain goods as almost to a- 
 mount to a prohibition of their 
 importation or use. 
 
 'IJOk^lSE. An agreement to do or 
 not to dp a particular thing at some 
 
 ViacSirV Promise o/Marria9e,a -mu- 
 tual contract made by a man and wo- 
 man, agreeing to marry each other 
 Promissory Note, a written in- 
 strument by which one person en- 
 gages or promises to pay a certain 
 
 the words o-vie-v or\>e-.W(,and way 
 be transferred to another. Iti some 
 States the words "without defalca- 
 tion " must be inserted in the note 
 to render it -negotiable. The words 
 "value received" are not necessary 
 to render a note negotiable, but they 
 imply a consideration, which is nec- 
 essary to make a promise binding on 
 the maker of it. The person who prim 
 isesto pay is called the vxowV=.oir,"w 
 V&Y, or &\a.vjeir.The person to whom 
 the -note is made payable is called the 
 ^3A>ec..The person who writes his 
 name upon the back of a note iscall- 
 ed theYw&o'ra*: and the person to 
 whom it is transferred by indorse- 
 ment is called the Vntom**. A note 
 given on Sunday is void, but the 
 original consideration will hold. 
 A fraudulent or illegal considera- 
 tion renders a note void. A -note as 
 a gift is void, from want of consid- 
 eration, unless i-M the Hands of a 
 third party. l*t most of the States 
 -notes are not legally due until threa 
 days after the time specified, which 
 three days are called &&\>* o4 q-Ya.ce.. 
 Demand /or payment -must be -made 
 upon the last day of grace, except 
 it fall upon Sunday or a legal holiday, 
 
 251
 
 I 
 
 when it must be made upon the day price- 
 
 Vi V*^YM\\xy A person who cannot write, 
 in giving a note, should have a person 
 to testify to the genuineness of his mark. 
 Unless so specified, notes do not bear in- 
 terest until after maturity. A note given 
 by a minor cannot be enforced against 
 him, unless he ratify it after becoming of 
 age. I/ a note or bill of exchange be lost, 
 payment must be demanded and notice 
 given as if the note were still in posses- 
 sion. If a note be paid before due, and af- 
 terward come into the hands of a \3O-v\-4. 
 Vv&e holder, he can enforce payment from 
 the maker at; maturity. I/ no time is spec- 
 ified, a note is payable on demand. I/ it 
 k made payable to a V\cV\x\o\x,s person, it it 
 payable to bearer. The amount of a note 
 should be written out in words and al- 
 so in figures; in case of disagreement.the 
 amount in words takes g precedence. I/ a 
 note be dishonored or is over-due, it is 
 not negotiable; but is subject to all the eq- 
 uities which the maker -may have against 
 the original payee. I/ "with interest" is 
 included in a note, it draws the legal rate 
 from the time it is -made. I/ a note utodraw 
 a special rate of interest, the rate must be 
 expressed. Sae VV\e 4o\\oW\r\Oy Vv\ VYwVr yo^ 
 
 Accommodation Note Mortgage Note 
 
 Bank Note Negotiable Note 
 
 Chattel Note Non-Interest-Bear. Note 
 
 Collateral Note Non-Negotiable Note 
 
 Demand Note Note of Wholesale House 
 
 Individual Note Note Payable at Bank 
 Installment Note 
 
 Interest -Bearing Note 
 Joint Note 
 Joint and Several Note 
 Judgment Note 
 Married Woman's Note 
 Merchandise Note 
 
 Note to One's Own Order 
 Note Without Grace 
 Partnership Note 
 Principal and Surety Note 
 Produce Note 
 Sealed Note 
 Swindl!n9 Note 
 
 'f\Olv\OTEf\S. Persons who prosecute of- 
 fenders in their own names, and are en- 
 titled to a part of the fines and penalties. 
 P-ro-fnp*, a limit of time yiven for the pay- 
 ment of an account for produce purchased, 
 this limit varying with different god$. P-ro- 
 mulyatio-H, the ordering of a law publish 
 ed, and causing it to be executed. 
 
 'HOOF. The perfection of evidence; *he 
 conviction of the reality of an alleged fact, 
 in the minds of judge and jury,throuh the 
 medium of evidence. Proof of Deed, an ac 
 knowledgment of it by an authoriied per 
 
 On this... \OxYv... day . 
 in the year 19..., before me person- 
 ally carne.-.Nx.'VVox. .., a subscrib- 
 ing witness -to the within instru- 
 ment, with whom I am personal- 
 ly acquainted, who being by me du- 
 ly sworn, saiJ that he resided in 
 the city of .......... in the State 
 
 of ........ ..; that he was acquaint- 
 
 ed with...iowHS. atw& txxKfjox.., 
 and knew them to be the persons 
 described in, and who executed the 
 said instrument; and that heSaw 
 them execute and deliver the same, 
 and that they acknowledged t 
 
 him (the said. .AA.T.^oxN,, that they 
 executed and delivered the same, 
 and that he( the said... \J\r^o..}, 
 thereupon subscribed his name as 
 a witness thereto at their request. 
 
 . . .Ci * 
 
 Notary Public 
 fortheCity and County of...... 
 
 m . The highest right wmch 
 one can "have in anyth!ng,to the 
 exclusion of others. The right of 
 property is based upon the neces- 
 sity of having to provide for one's 
 sol f. In Book-keeping when jour- 
 nalizing, property is debited, un- 
 der an appropriate title , as Mer- 
 chandise, Real Estate, Cash, etc., 
 when it comes into our possession, 
 and credited when it ooes out from 
 our possession. 
 
 PROPRIETOR. 
 
 300 
 100 DC 
 
 HIM 
 
 '-*<<;<] 
 
 7COO 
 IPO BO 
 
 ! n continuance 
 
 of Parliament from the end of 
 
 one session till the commencement Pl^pVp 
 of another, by royal authority. P-tos- 
 ecution, a criminal suit ? intended 
 to bring an offender to trial and pun- 
 ishment by due course of law. Pros- 
 ecutor, one who prosecutes an- 
 other in the name of the govern- 
 ment, and may be either public 
 or private . Prosecuting Attorney 
 an officer chosen in each county 
 or each judicial circuit and district, 
 to represent the State in the di/- 
 
 ferent courts holding terms with 
 iti the county. His chief duties are 
 in prosecuting violation of thecrim 
 inal laws of the State. 
 'FtOSTlTUTlOpl. The act or prac- 
 tice of offering for sale that which 
 ought not to be sold; as, ability or 
 inf luence;*he act of offering 
 the body to an indiscriminate in 
 
 ith men. 
 
 P.- Rates of 
 
 tercourse.sexuallu, 
 PROTECTIVE T/V^I 
 
 duty fixed higher than the uniform 
 rates , on certain imported commod- 
 ities, for the protection of home man 
 ufactures. 
 
 HOT^ST. Presentation of an iti 
 strumetit to the principal debtor 
 for payment or acceptance , a n d 
 sending notice of its non-payment 
 or non-acceptance to those second- 
 arily -responsible; a. written doc- 
 ument sometimes drawn up by a 
 notary public, to be attached to com 
 mercial paper. 
 
 CHICAG-O, MARCH 10,19... 
 
 That a draft drawn by yourself 
 on Michael Shiel, of Chicago, for 
 the su-m of FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS 
 dated March 3, 19..., was this day 
 V-voVe.VeA for non-acceptance,and 
 that the holder looks to you for the 
 payment thereof, acceptance hav- 
 ing been duly demanded by me and 
 refused. SAA.WvaGwtvv-, 
 [SEAL] NOTARY PUBLIC 
 
 An acceptance" supra- protest"is 
 the acceptance of the draft by some 
 other person than the drav*e,"for 
 the honor of the drawee." If the 
 drawee then refuse to pay it at 
 maturity, it is protested, and the 
 person making the"acceptancesu- 
 pra-protett" is liable for the amount 
 A protest is not absolutely requir- 
 ed to entitle the holder of an '\tv\nr\i 
 V\\\ to recover from the drawer or 
 indorser when acceptance or pay- 
 ment has been refused ; but iu.e 
 woV\ce is necessary. \Jae*HoY\-Sa>v- 
 
 PflpTOCoL. l-n diplomatics, the 
 minutes or rough draft ofa trea- 
 ty, despatch, or other docutnent;a 
 record or registry ; an original copy 
 of any writing. Provisions, in the 
 prices current under this head are 
 included butter, cheese, beef pork, 
 bacon, shoulders, hams, and lard. 
 Proviso, a conditional clause or 
 stipulation in a deed ^or other le- 
 gal writing, beginning with' pro- 
 vided ^that,' and upon which the 
 validity of the instfumentdepends. 
 HOVOST. The chief magistrate 
 of a city or town ; a govern in? 
 officer of some corporations orso- 
 cieties. Proxy , a person appoint- 
 ed in the stead of another, to rep- 
 resent him; ati annual payment 
 made by the parochial clergy to the 
 bishop. 
 
 VOTOA OV 
 
 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, 
 That l,..&to*o/t^.7.tAt*...,do here- 
 by constitute and appoint. ..V.S.tov... at- 
 torney and agent for me, and in my -name, 
 place, and stead, to vote as proxy at the 
 annual election for^V\,t.X-><\%e.'vV x\\a 
 \\weoV oU\cets,eVc.^, at fully as I 
 mi^ht or could were I personally pres- 
 ent. 
 
 n witness whereof, I have here- 
 unto set my hand and seal,thii-.\t*. 
 day of...OcVo\oe-...l9... 
 
 Witness, ..&t.o*w?Kuw..[ 
 
 262
 
 t.Pttb ar 
 
 ,'. The age at which persons 
 are capable of beyetting or bearingchil- 
 dren; in law, -the age of 14- in males, 
 and IX in females. 
 bBLlC /VCEffT.-An agent of the 
 people: a-M officer of the National, Mu- 
 nicipal, State, or other Govemwent.PB.b 
 lie House, a common inn, tavern, or 
 hotel. Public Law, the law of nations. 
 Public Works, a name usually applied 
 to all great works that are being con- 
 structed for public use; as railways, 
 telegraphs, docks, and all works con- 
 structed at public cost. 
 
 PUEF\l\.IT\._ln law,thetime from 
 the age of seven years to the age of 
 puberty (q.v.).Pu-pillarity , that part 
 of one's life which includes infancy 
 and puerility. . 
 
 PVBLIC IVlEETItfcS.-' Calls'forpufc 
 lie meetings should be clear, distinct, 
 and brief, yet sufficiently explicit 
 to convey the purpose of such meet- 
 ings, also the time and place.The gen- 
 eral form of the call depends upoiithe 
 nature and purpose of the meeting, 
 and must be varied according to 
 circumstances. Vfbt&^etato -*----* 
 
 The friends of Education are re 
 uested to meet at the house of L.S. 
 omstoek, in Peach Grove, Saturday 
 vening, May 10, 19..., at 8 o'clock, 
 
 to take action relative to opening a 
 public school in this vicinity. The 
 meeting will consider the selection 
 of directors, the location of the school 
 building, and the feasibility of open 
 jnq a school this fall. 
 
 \JF\CH/^SE. To buy, or obtain at an 
 expense of labor, skill, etc.; anything 
 acquired by paying a price in money. 
 Purchase Money, the sum which is 
 agreed to be paid for the thing purchased. 
 Puro/atio-H, the act of clearing one's 
 self of a crime charged against h ini. 
 Purlieu., an enclosures-round on 
 the borders of a forest. Purpresture, 
 an inclosure by a private individual 
 of a part of the public dotnain. Put, 
 a term used in pleading, signifying to 
 select a-r demand. 
 
 PUTATIVE. Supposed, or reputed. Pu- 
 tative Father, a phrase applied to the 
 father of an illegitimate child.Pntative 
 Marriage, a marriage forbidden by 
 law, on account of an impediment in 
 one of the contracting parties. 
 
 . .- > . An ignorant pretender to 
 
 medicine; any boastful pretender to 
 skill and knowledge not possessed.To 
 call a re9ular physician a quack is 
 actionable. ft.u,adrooti, the offspring 
 of a white person and a mulatto. 
 ^b/\LlFICATlOf/.-That whidi makes 
 a person or a thing fit or requisite 
 for anything. Qualifications /or 
 Voti-Mg, as a rule, a voter at a yen- 
 eral election must be a male citi- 
 zen of the United States, who has 
 attained 21 years of age, who has 
 resided in .the State from 6 months 
 to I year, in the county from 3 
 to 6 months, in the town from 
 30 to 60 days, and in the precinct 
 from 10 to 30 days, next preceding 
 the election. Women, are entitled 
 to vo-te at school elections in sever- 
 al States, and to full suffrage in 
 me or two States. 
 x lJAulTX. The relative condition of 
 articles as to kind; used also to denote 
 relative value. Cluantity , any deter- 
 "inate bulk, weight, or number. 
 . . . /-^ _ Bestra - |tlj . o/j-nter- 
 
 course to which a ship, dwelling , or 
 town is subjected on account or be- 
 ing infected with some conta_giou.s 
 disease.GiU.aran tine is required by 
 the health laws of the different States; 
 and by the laws of Congress vessels 
 are to be subjected to the health laws 
 of the State at whose ports they ar- 
 rive. The usual time for persons to 
 remain on board of ships corning 
 from infected ports is forty days; 
 also the space of forty days, during 
 which a widow has a right to re- 
 ,main in the principal house of which 
 her husband died seized. 
 vJ/\.llTEf\ D/\<S. The four days 
 of the year on which rent payable 
 quarterly becomes due. O^uarter 
 Seal, the Scotch seal kept by the. 
 d i rector of the chancery .Quarter 
 Sessions, a general court which is 
 held, quarterly for the purpose of 
 trying criminals, and civil actions. 
 Q^uash, to overthrow or annul a 
 legal proceedings. G^uasi, as if, or 
 in a manner. A term denoting a 
 resemblance. Q^uasi-contract, an 
 implied contract, or one not for- 
 mal, yet having full force. C^uasJ- 
 cprpora*fo*, a corporation OTSO- 
 ciety not vested with the general 
 powers of a corporation, yet.rec- 
 og.niaed as aggregate .corporations, 
 with duties and privileges which mail 
 be maintained at law.G^uicksales, 
 a demand for and ready sale of com 
 modities. 
 
 BlUlT. To resign or give up.G^uit 
 Claim Deed, a deed having the rr<t 
 ture of a release. V.'as-e.V^oV'xce. Vo 
 
 THIS INDENTURE, made 
 
 day of.. A\vo,\,<i*..., 19..., between. 
 
 o f. . .T\^Xo-v\ .., State o f. . .Vw&xA-wa. .. 
 p_arty of the first part, and... iou 
 Wtkz\^.w...,of ...VVw. sa.-w\e.^\ata..,par 
 ty of the second part, 
 
 Witfiesse*h, that the said party of 
 the first part, for and in considera- 
 tion of~v~V\\jO\\mw><M>-v~J)oilaTf 
 in hand, paid by the said party of the 
 second part, the receipt whereof is 
 hereby acknowledged, and the said 
 party of the second part forever -re- 
 leased and discharged therefrom, has 
 remised, released, sold, conveyed, arid 
 quit-claimed, and by these presents 
 does remise, .release, sell, convey, and 
 quit-claim, unto the said party of 
 the second part, his heirs andassijms, 
 forever, all theright,title, interest, 
 claim, and demand, which the said 
 party of the first part has in and to 
 the following described lot, piece, or 
 parcel of land, to wit: \V\e.i, <^'\w& 
 
 .%cV\^V\o-v\ o4 \*v\V\. 
 
 To have and to hold the same, to- 
 gether with all and singular the ap- 
 purtenances and_ privileges thereun- 
 to belonging, or in any wise thereun- 
 to appertaining, and all the estate, 
 right, title, interest, and clam what 
 ever, of the said party of the first 
 part, either in law or equity, to the 
 only proper use, bene/it,and behoof 
 of the said party of the second part, 
 his heirs and assigns forever. 
 
 I'M witness whereo/, the said 
 party of the first part hereunto set 
 his hand and seal the day and year 
 above written. 
 
 _. The number of persons 
 Delongin'g to a corporation or oth- 
 er body, required to transact bus- 
 iness. Iti Congress, a majority of 
 each House constitutes a quorum 
 to do business. Iti the Hou.se of Rep- 
 resentatives^ quorum for the elec- 
 tion of President consists of atne-rn 
 ber or members from two-thirds 
 of the States, and amajority ofall 
 the States. I-M most of the State 189- 
 islatures a majority constitutes a 
 quorum; in some two-thirds or 
 three-fifths are required. 
 ^VIOT/V. The share, part, orpropor 
 tion assigned to each; a. tax to be 
 levied in an equal manner.fl^iuita 
 tioti, the citation of some law, case, 
 or authority, to.support or establish 
 some desired position. Hu.ota*iotts, 
 the published current prices of pro- 
 duce, stocks, bonds, freight rates, 
 rates of exchange, etc. ; at state- 
 ment of the prices of merchandise 
 given for the information of corre 
 spondents. 
 
 $0 W/VHRWTO.-A writ enter 
 ed before the proper tribunal, to 
 inquire by what warrant a per- 
 son or corporation exercises cer 
 tain powers. 
 
 l/VNSOIV/l. Price paid for the free- 
 dom of a prisoner, for the restitu- 
 tion of goods taken by an enemy, 
 or for pardoning some great offense. 
 Ranso*n Bill, a war contract, val- 
 id by international law, for the ran 
 sofrrof'pTOperty captured at sea, and 
 its safe conduct into port.
 
 . ,_ '. That law relating o re- 
 al estate ; or a law regulatino specif- 
 ic property. Real Estate Broker, one 
 who acts /or others in buying, sell- 
 ing, mortgaging, and -renting property. 
 Real Property , he same as V&VtktM. 
 Reality, a term signifying landed or 
 real property. 
 
 ~ . An allowance or discount 
 
 . Sexual intercourse with _a wo 
 man by a tnari, forcibly and against 
 her will. Rapine, the act of plunder- 
 ing, or taking a thing against the 
 owner's will, openly atid by violence. 
 Rasu-re.to scratch or rub out some 
 part of a printed or written instru- 
 ment, so as to prevent it from being 
 read. 
 
 /VTE. The act f ascertaining the a- 
 mount of tax one shall pay, by af- 
 fixing a valuation on his estate ac- 
 cording to its value or income. Rat- 
 if (cation , the act of confirming or 
 making valid one's own act.or that 
 of another; an adoption bi^ the prin- 
 cipal, either by words or acts, so-me 
 unauthorized act after it has been 
 performed by some one as his agent; 
 the consent by a minor, after he 
 becomes of 396, to be bound by a pre- 
 vious act. Rat i habition, agreement, 
 consent, or confirmation. 
 R.EAI- /VCCO\*(i/T.-ln book-keeping, 
 an account kept with ve.a\'\V\e%,and 
 includes all accounts of effects or 
 thin?! dealt in; as, real estate, cash, 
 merchandise, bills receivable, bills 
 payable, etc. Real Action, an action 
 brought for the recovery of lands, 
 tenements, or hereditaments. Raal 
 Contract, a contract relating to re- 
 al property; a contract which re- 
 quires the interposition of a thing 
 as the subject of it. Real Estate, a 
 terra signifying land in its most en- 
 larged acceptation, including every- 
 thing that legally passes with it in 
 makina conveyance of the land. Real 
 Estate Account, in book keeping, an 
 account kept with real estate, which 
 includes all fixed property, and is Or. 
 for its cost, and C-r. for what it brills. 
 On closing the account at any time, 
 for pro/it or loss, it is Cr._for the ac- 
 tual VOYVV\ of what remains on hand. 
 A*i outlay for the ^c.Twv&r>e.Y& improve- 
 ment of real estate, belongs to the Dr. 
 side of this account; but for vew^o- 
 t*t\> improvement, to the Or. side of 
 Expense Account. 
 
 TOM tt* WOXASMTO. M&GWft . 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 & I SmA'Vc. 
 
 .. nn.H.c. tor.. 
 
 Balanc* 
 
 TOON 
 
 53M M 
 
 'from the stipulated price, made >-n 
 consideration of prompt payment, 
 or for other reasons. Rebellion, a 
 revolt, or attempt to overthrow the 
 government to establish a different 
 one. Rebouter, to repel or bar. 
 IE BUTTER;. A plaintif/'s answer 
 to a defendant's rejoinder. Rebut- 
 ting Evidence, evidence given by 
 one of the parties in a cause, to re- 
 pel or disprove /acts given in evi- 
 dence by the other side. Recaption, 
 th act of retaking one's own goods, 
 chattels, etc., from one wrongfully 
 retaining them. 
 
 f\ECE(lPT. A written acknowledoweitt 
 by one receiving money or other prop- 
 erty, that it has been received. Upon 
 satisfactory proof that a receipt was 
 obtained by fraud, or given under er- 
 ror or mistake as to facts, it -may be 
 corrected at law or equity. I/ pay- 
 ments of importance are made, or 
 disputes apprehended, receipts should 
 always be taken. One is not bound by 
 law to give a receipt, but courtesy 
 and business practices require them 
 A complete receipt statesflj that a 
 payment has been received;(2t) the 
 date of the payrnent;(3) the amount 
 or article received;(4-) from whom: 
 and if for another, on whose behalf 
 payment is made; (5) to what debt 
 or purpose it is to be applied; (6) by 
 whom received; and if for another, 
 on whose behalf it was received. 
 A-H agent may either sign his 
 principal's name, followed by his 
 own, using "per, or he may_ sign 
 his own name, mentioning in the 
 body of the receipt the principal's name 
 I/ a payment is made only in part, 
 it is stated that the money_ wav're 
 ceived on_account."A receipt for 
 a sum "in full " of a debt -mention 
 ed, is legal evidence of the adjust- 
 ment of the amount due. A receipt 
 "vv\ W\\ od a\\ acc.owftV.s'" does not af- 
 fect claims which are not p_roperly 
 matters of account. A receipt "\w 
 4vA\ ot a\\ ke.wa.\\is" prevents any 
 further claim for any demand what- 
 ever, existing or known, or which 
 ought to have been known, unless 
 some serious or excusable mistake 
 can be shown. When money is re- 
 ceived as a loan or deposit, or to be 
 used or paid out for the benefit of 
 the party paying it, an admission 
 of_the purpose for which it was re- 
 ceived should be embodied in the 
 receipt. On paying a note, draft, 
 or other instrument indorsed by 
 the payee, a receipt is furnished by 
 the return of the instru/ment'aw\x. 
 A receipt given by a person making 
 his mark instead of writing hit name 
 
 Should be witnessed. In drawing 
 a receipt involving an agreement, 
 care should be taken, as, in case of 
 legal controversy), no explanation in- 
 consistent with its language can be 
 given. 
 
 FOR MONEY ON ACCOUNT. 
 
 IOO. INDIANAPOLIS, Feb.3,19... 
 
 Received /rom...\^.tAto?,6-it>H. . . 
 ~x~OT\a>\\xv\V(eA.v~~ Dollars on account. 
 
 IN SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNT. 
 &IOO. INDIANAPOLIS. FEB. 3, 19... 
 
 Received from...Vfc&.0*.Mt... 
 
 i ment of account to date. 
 
 IN FULL OPftLL DEMANDS. 
 
 46100. INDIANAPOLIS, FEB. 3, 19... 
 
 Received from...^&.^*.o.&tKn.. 
 x-^,Ch\s.\k\KAfcY.o,~^.Dollars,in /u-ll 
 o/all demands to date. 
 
 FOR RE NTT 
 
 4*100. INDIANAPOLIS, FEB. 3, 19... 
 
 Received /rom...Nv.^>.&*.o&tAn... 
 -w^/^ / we.V>\v\A'a^^-%^/Dollars, in /ull 
 for six months' rent of residence 
 at I73T S utter Street. 
 
 ft PARTICULAR 
 
 WOO. |NOIANAPOLIS,FEB.3,I9... 
 
 Received fn>m.jMkfiAvMM*MR 
 
 -^^/^wiVVw>c\^vao.^^vDollars,in pay- 
 ment /or a bill of Broadcloth of this 
 date. 
 
 FO 
 
 INO 
 
 R A NOTE. 
 
 SIOO. INDIANAPOLIS, FEB.3,19.. 
 
 Received from...^.C.^ivow.<yt(>.'H... 
 his note of this date, at six months, 
 my favor, for^v^/0-*\e\\\,-v\^'ve,4-wN/ 
 Dollars, which, when paid, will be 
 in full /or amount rendered to 1st 
 instant. 
 
 FOR MONEY ADVANCED ONlA CONTRACT^ 
 
 4*100. INDIANAPOLIS, FEB. 3, 19... 
 
 Received from . ..\*v.G A*.o*&tM . . . 
 ~>~0'v\M\n,ir\&i<efc.vx~Oollars, in ad- 
 vance, on a contract to build /or 
 him a dwelling house at II NoeSt. 
 
 TOR SERVICES7 
 
 Received fr 
 for services to date. 
 
 )NOIANAPOLIS,FeB.3,l9... 
 
 . 
 ol la-rs, in f u 1 1 
 
 FOR INTEREST ON A BOND. 
 
 ttlOO. INDIANAPOLIS, FES. 3, 19... 
 
 Received from...\^.^>&v.ov.^>.H.. 
 
 ,0-v\e>\\n,YA-eA.~x~ Dollars, in fu.ll 
 
 for six months' interest due this 
 day, on his Bond to me, bearing date 
 Nov. 3. 19 Vw*\ ^VA.E.X... 
 
 :QR PAYMENT RV HAND OF THIRD PARTY. 
 
 4CIOO. INDIANAPOLIS, FE8.3, 19... 
 
 Received /rom...VK.t.^.owrt>H... 
 by the hand o/...^o^'\^c\...x^0\\, 
 
 ^\\\k\e^ Dollars, in /ull for 
 
 proceeds of sales of Iron, Invoice 
 bearing date Sept. 10, IS... 
 ' 
 
 Vv\ 
 
 \ vo W\e. 
 
 254
 
 HECEJPT BOOK. -A book in whic 
 
 tre taken for the payment of money. Re- 
 ceiver, one who receives money to 
 th use of another to render to him 
 an account; a. person appointed to 
 take charge of the affairs of a corpora- 
 tion on its dissolution, and to distrib- 
 u-te its property according to law. Re- 
 ceiver of Stolen (roods, one who re- 
 ceives 9oods from another, knowing 
 them to have been stolen. VJxi* "b^oNav* 
 V*>VXuV Recession, a. re-grant. 
 
 R.ECIPR.OCITX TR.EA.TX. ft com- 
 mercial treaty between two nations 
 which confers equal privileges, an d 
 with a view to secure reciprocal trade. 
 Recital, the act of stating something 
 which has been done be/ore, or the 
 repetition of some former instrument. 
 Reclaim, to insist upon a right, or de- 
 mand again. Reclamation, a claim 
 made aimttha seller of ooods which 
 prove deficient or defective. 
 ECOC-fflZAffCE. An obligation of 
 record which an individual enters in- 
 to be/ore a. court, with a condition 
 which squires him to do some spec- 
 J/ied act, generally to appear i-n court 
 at a certain time, necoynizee, one 
 to whom another is bound in a recog- 
 nizance. Recognixor, one who ente- 
 into a recognizance. Reconductio 
 i renewing of a former lease. 
 
 HECORJJ. An authentic or of/ici'al 
 copy of any facts or proceedings, in- 
 tended to serve as evidence o/someth'mo 
 written, said, or done, and preserve d 
 in.a court of record(q.v.|. Recorder, 
 a judicial p//icer in some cities, gen- 
 erally having the power of a judge; a 
 county official, who records in tooks 
 provided for that purpose, all deeds, 
 mortgages, and other instruments of 
 writina required by law to be recorded. 
 Recording (of deeds, etc.), the act of 
 handing the paper to the proper of- 
 ficer and having him record it. Af- 
 ter a deed or mortgage has been sign- 
 ed, sealed, and delivered, to make the 
 purchaser or mortgagee secure, it 
 should be recorded in the proper of- 
 /ice.<f>ftfc^<yrt'q,a.o / e.V Recording is not 
 necessary as againt the signer of a 
 deed or mortgage, as the instrument 
 Itself is valid as against him. Third 
 parties are the ones protected by the 
 act of record ing, the record showing 
 them all instruments that have been 
 
 IQtl, 
 
 recorded, and the law providing that 
 all that have not been recorded shall 
 be of no. effect as to them. No u.nre- 
 co-rded instrument can affect the 
 interest of one who holds a -recorded 
 one -from the same party, even though 
 the other is prior to his. 
 ECOUpl^ENT. The right. of t he 
 defendant, in the same action, to 
 claim damages of the plaint!//". Re- 
 covery, obta!nin9 aright to some- 
 thing from an opposing party by a 
 judgment from the court. Recti/i- 
 ca-tion, separating one liquid from 
 another; also a second distillation 
 yf alcoholic liquors for the purpose 
 D/ puri/yin9 them. Reddendu-m, to 
 yield or pay; a. clause in a deed, re- 
 serving somethin9 to the grantor. 
 REDEEM. To pay the debt for which 
 aplcdpe is held. VS.e.V\e&o,a,yRede-mp- 
 tion, the act of purchasin9 buck from 
 the buyer by the seller. _\Se-- ^A\>-^ ^ 
 ^&ew?V\<my Redhibitiott, the avoid- 
 ance of a sale because of a defect in 
 the thing sold. Red Ink E-ntry , in 
 book-keeping, ted ink should be used 
 whenever an entry is -made ou-t of 
 its proper place. When the Or. and 
 Cr. sides or an account are equal then 
 will be -no red ink entry. !<*< accounts 
 showing losses and eai-ns, a-nd which 
 have inventories, i/ a resource, i-t is 
 entered on the Cr. side iii red ink;i/ 
 a liability, on the Or. tide in red ink, 
 when the accounts are closed.Wien 
 closing an account, the difference be- 
 tween the sides is entered on the 
 smaller side i-n -red jnk, also j the 
 footing and closing lines are in red 
 ink. Red Letter Day, a day whose TEC 
 ollection brings pleasure; a /ortunate 
 day. So named from the principal 
 saints'days and the chief Church fes- 
 tivals being marked in the calendars 
 i-n red letters. Red Tape, tape used 
 in public offices /or tying u-o doc- 
 uments, etc.; hence, o//ic!al (o-r- 
 
 . Foreign or su-pe-r- 
 flu-ous matter introduced in apjead- 
 i-ng.Re-Ei*ry, the act of retaking 
 possession of lands or tenements. which 
 one has been deprived o/.^5>a, \ja.t\6\ 
 B.-v\&"^e*\nVV Re-Exchange, the 
 expense chargeable on a bill o/ exchange 
 or dra/t which has been dishonored 
 in a /orei9n country, and returned 
 to that country in which it was made 
 or indorsed, and then taken u.p. The 
 rate of ye-excVvwvqe is regulated with 
 respect to the drawer, at the course of 
 exchange between the place where the 
 bill of exchange was payable, and the 
 place where it was drawn. 
 H.EFER < EE. One to whom a-nyth'm9 
 is^rc^erred for hearing or decision. 
 His judgment is called his report.Re- 
 ge-Mt, a ruler or 9overnor;oe who 
 rules in the place .of another: a col- 
 lege professor. Regicide, the killing of 
 a kino. 
 
 EGISTER.-A book kept by public au- 
 thority, /or the purpose of enterin9 
 /acts as they occur; also the same as 
 recorder (q.v.) ; a document issued 
 by the Custom House, containing 
 a description of a vessel, its -na-me,t 
 riaoe, country, ownership, etc., which 
 is kept on board during a foreign voy- 
 aye a.t evidence of its nationality. Coast- 
 
 ing vessels are enrolled, not regis- 
 tered. Registrar, (he person appoint- 
 ed by law to keep the register. Regis- 
 tration of Voters, the making of 
 a list of the names, previous to an 
 election, of those presenting them- 
 selves, and showing upon examina- 
 tion that they are qualified electors. 
 Only those whose -names have been 
 registered are allowed to vote, on 
 election day. Registry, the re^istTa- 
 tfon or enrollment o/ships at the 
 Custom House. 
 
 lEHE/VlIN-. The second consid- 
 eration given to a cause by a court. 
 Re-Insurance, a contract whereby 
 an insurer of property, who has in- 
 curred too great a liability, or become 
 dissatisfied with the nature of the risk 
 he has contracted to take upon him- 
 self, obtains indemnity against loss, 
 by his insurance from some other 
 insurer. Rejoinder, the defendant's 
 answer to tpe plaintif/'s replication. 
 
 HEl-AJIONSHIP. State of being 
 connected by birth, marriage, or 
 other alliance. Relationship by blood 
 exists in three decrees: (I) Right line 
 descending; from the father to His 
 children and so on down; (ft) Right 
 line ascending; from the son to the 
 father and soon up; (3) The collat- 
 eral line between brothers and sis- 
 ters, uncles and aunts, both ascend- 
 ing and descending. In the following 
 list will be /ound the chie/ titles of 
 relationship: A -//in ity, relation- 
 ship by marriage. Al-tfia Mater, a. 
 fostering mother; *he college or uni- 
 versity where one has been educated. 
 Ancestors, one's parents, grand- 
 parents, great-9rand-parents, e*c. 
 Aunt, the sister of a parent. By cour- 
 tesy theVvu\o&w& of an aunt is- called 
 an \w\c\e, and the wife of an uncle is 
 called an aura. Breed, a stock of an- 
 imals distinguished by certain quali- 
 ties and peculiarities from other an- 
 imals of the same species. Brother, a 
 male born o/*hesame fa-rents with 
 one's sel/. Brotherhood, the relation 
 ship of brothers; a number of pers- 
 ons associated together for the mu- 
 tual interchange of kind o//ices. 
 Child, offspring o/huinan parents. 
 Chino, the of/spring o/a Mulatto 
 with a Chinese. Chi-tio-blanco, the 
 of/spring of a White father with a 
 Chitiese. Cla-H, a number of fam- 
 ilies bearing the same name, united 
 under a common chteftain,and sup- 
 posed to be descended from a common 
 ancestor, Cotisatigaitt ity, relation 
 ship by birth. Cousi-H, the child of 
 an u-ncle or aunt.Cousins-Oerma-n, 
 first cousins. Cu-artero-fi, mate off- 
 spring o/a White /ather with aMu- 
 Utta.. Dam, female parent among 
 beasts. Daughter, a female child. 
 Oauoh*er-Mi-law, the wife of a son. 
 Descendants, those who derive 
 their origin from a certain ances- 
 tor; as, the Jews are the &e-4cev\&- 
 vnV of Jacob. Fattiily^ a parr of pa- 
 rents with their, own: immediate 
 of/spring ; a pair of parents, with 
 all their descendants. Father-amate 
 parent of the human species. Fore- 
 fathers,* he same as ancestors (q.vj 
 Fourth Cousin, the child either of 
 a third cousin, or of a great-9reat- 
 
 Zoo
 
 grand-uncle. Genealogy, an account 
 of one'* ancestors. Every person has two 
 parents, or ancestors, In the first degree; 
 four grandparents, or ancestors, in the 
 second degree; eight grandparents, or 
 ancestors, in the third degree; 16 in 
 the fourth degree; 32 in the fifth; 
 64- in the sixth; etc. Generation, a 
 single set of descendants related in the 
 same degree to a common ancestor.Chil. 
 dren constitute the first O,A\/YIX\O\V, 
 grandchildren, the second; etc. Grand- 
 child, the offspring of a child. Great- 
 grandchild, the offspring of a grandchild. 
 Grand Nephew, the grandson of a broth 
 er or sister. Grand-parents, the parents 
 of parents. Great-grand-parents, the pa 
 rents of grand-parents. The termqrteat 
 may be repeated any number of times 
 according to the degree of remoteness 
 that it to be indicated in the ascending 
 ancestral line. Great Aunt, or Grand 
 Aunt,the aunt of a parent. G~t*at Un- 
 cle, or Grand Uncle, the uncle of a par- 
 ent. Half-brother, a brother by one pa- 
 rent, but not by both. Half-sister, a sis- 
 ter by one parent, but not bu both. Issue, 
 a term applied to the children of aman 
 that is deceased; as, he died without Vsw*. 
 Kin, related by blood; as, we are v\n or 
 aVmtoeach other; relatives; as, all -my 
 Vvw reside in England. Kindred, relat- 
 ed by descent from a common ances- 
 tor ;eongenial; as, they are V.'\-v\Vv.& 
 souls;flatives by birth: Kinsman, a 
 man of the same race or family. Kins- 
 woman, n woman of the same race or 
 family. Kins/oik, persons of the same 
 race or family. Maternity, mother- 
 hood. Matron, an elderly married wo- 
 man. Matrimony , wedlock. Mestiao, 
 the male offspring of a White father 
 with an Indian. Mother, a female pa- 
 rent of the human species. Mulatto, 
 the male offspring of a White father 
 with a Negro. \^\V\tt. 'v\A'*v\e-* oi i*waNe.o44- 
 
 XVw. -v\A\e,,W\XY\ XVve. Xt,rw\wv.\ " o" cYttLW)- 
 t& Xo"V^. Nation, a numerous body 
 of people speaking the same language, and 
 descended from the same original stock: 
 an independent body of people united 
 under the same government. Nephew, 
 the son of a brother or sister. Niece, 
 the daug hter of a brother or sister. 
 O/f spring, the young either of the hu- 
 man race, or of the inferior animals. 
 Parents, the sources of being to oth- 
 er animals of the same kind. Patri- 
 
 arch, the father of a race; as, Jacob 
 was the 9vV\a.icV\ of the Jewish race. 
 Patron, one who exercises the care 
 of a tLXY\ir over some person or inter 
 o st. Pedigree, -a line of ancestors. Pro- 
 genitor, a forefather. a.uintero,the 
 male offspring of a White father with 
 a. Cuarterpna.Race, a succession 
 o f generations springing from a com- 
 mon parent; a division of the human 
 family distinguished from other di- 
 visions by marked differences of Aat 
 ures and complexion. Second Cousin, 
 the child either of a cousin or of a 
 grand-uncle. Seed, the immediate off 
 Spring^ and^the remote descendants 
 of an individual; as, the Jews are 
 the seel of Abraham. Si-re, a rnale 
 parent among the inferior animals. 
 Sister, a female born of one's own 
 father and mother. Son, a male child- 
 Son-in-law, the husband of a daughter. 
 Step-Children, the children of ahus 
 band or wife by a previous marriage 
 Step-Father, a husband married by 
 a mother after the death of the fa- 
 ther. Step-Mother, a wife -married 
 by a father after the death of the 
 mother. Stock, the common par- 
 ent of a race ; a race; as, the Jews 
 were of the sXocV of A bra ham; a breed; 
 as, a good sXoc-V of cattle.Third Cous- 
 in, the child either of a second cous- 
 in or of a grand-uncle. Tribe, ase- 
 ries of generations descended from 
 the same progenitor, as in the case 
 of the Israel itish tribes. Uncla, the 
 brother of a parent.. Zambo, the 
 male offspring of a Negro fat her with 
 an Indian. \5-c,w\e, -~L-a.Y<N\>\x,VZambo- 
 Chinp, the offspring of a Negro fath 
 er with a Chinese. 
 
 R.ELA.TO^. A teller or rehearsorjone 
 who, by advice from the court, brings 
 an iri formation in the nature of a o^o 
 
 lELEi\SE. A discharge; a renuncia- 
 tion of the right ofaction.lt is com- 
 mon for creditors to release t heir 
 debtor on payment- of a part of the 
 debt. Such release is valid if signed 
 and sealed. If a debtor agree to pay 
 his creditors a certain proportion of 
 their claimsjn consideration of adis- 
 charge of their demands, if he pri- 
 vately agree to give a better or further 
 security to_one than to others, the con- 
 tract is void as to all. 
 
 know all Men by these Presents, 
 that l,...io\w\ io-v\es...,of...^>osXo-n., 
 for and in consideration of the sum of 
 to -me paid 
 
 bu...V.i.^e.'nVon...,of...Htvi\o'V.., 
 the receipt of which I do hereby acknowl- 
 edge, have -remised, r leased, and forev- 
 er discharged, and I do for rnyself, my 
 heirs, executors, and administrators.^ 
 mise, release, and forever discharye.thc 
 said. ..K.Vv.^ervXorv.., hit heirs, execu- 
 tors, and administrators, of undfrom 
 all debts, demandj,actions, and causes of ac- 
 tions, in law or equity, of every kind, character, 
 jand nature soever, against him, from the begin- 
 ning of the world to this day. 
 
 In witness wherto/, I have hereunto 
 set my hand and seal,thii..Vrd..datiof..V\i(..l>._ 
 
 .-A document 
 
 siy-ned by owners of vessels or their 
 a9ents on receiving the payment of 
 freight, giving a formal release tothe 
 dock companies and wharfmaert towtion 
 they had previously given notice tiot to 
 deliver goods. Relevant, that which ap- 
 plies to the matter in question. Relic- 
 tion, land which is increased by the 
 retreating of the sea or a river. 
 f\ELl&IOlJSllBEr\T\.-The right of 
 every, individual to hold such form of 
 religious belief as he chooses, or to 
 have none at all, and to worship as 
 he chooses, or not at all. Religious 
 Test, a critical triaj or examina- 
 tion as to one's religious views.Tk 
 constitution of the United States, art 
 6, s.3, declares that "no religious 
 test shall ever be required as a qual- 
 ification to any office or public trust 
 under the United States." 
 EIVlAJNDEH.-An estate limited to 
 lands and tenements after _anothe- 
 estate in the same is determined. Re 
 tnanding a Cause, the act of send 
 ing it bnck to the court from which 
 it came, that it may be reconsider 
 ed. Remedial, that which tends to 
 remedi- or removs; as, aremedia.1 
 statute, re-medralj u.st ice. Remedy, 
 a method provided by law of redress 
 ing a wrong, or of punishing awroii 
 doer. A t\v\\ remedy is_the method o) 
 redressing an injury inflicted by one 
 person upon another. AcT\w'\i\4\re 
 edy is the -method of punishing a wro 
 doer for some wrong commited agamst 
 society. 
 
 ElvllSSlON. The forgiveness of an 
 offense ;*he release ofadebt;the 
 sending of money to a distant place. 
 Remittance, the act of sending a 
 money value from one place to an 
 other. Renewal, the act of grant- 
 ing again or repeating, as an insur- 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 1, 19... 
 THE GERMAN INSURANCE COMPANY, OF BT<W 
 Do in s ure . . .^. &W\-n M-wo\& . .. , in 
 consideration of,,~^oTX\)-{\ve^ ~ 
 Dollars, being the premium on-vx-x/ 
 Vwe"^VAowsv\4^Y~ Dollars: this being 
 a renewal of policy No...T\,\\6...,it 
 being he-reby continued in force for 
 one year, to wit, from Nov. 1, 19... 
 to Nov. I, 19..., at noon. 
 
 DENOUNCE. To repudiate or give 
 up a right. Renouncing Probate, 
 
 repudiating the right to be executor 
 of a will, by refusing to take out pro 
 bate. 
 
 lEMOtlSTfV\NCE. A strong repre- 
 sentatior. against a measure or pro- 
 ceddi-ng 
 
 To THE MAYOR AND COMMON COUNCIL OF... 
 f/CYvVXeAYienv. The petition of the 
 undersigned citizens and taxpay- 
 ers of the wards of this city 
 
 respectfully represents that they 
 have learned that a petition is^now 
 before you praying^for the privilege 
 
 City of j 
 
 State of 
 
 Date i 
 
 266
 
 . Amount paid (of the privilege 
 of occupying another's premises. Usual- 
 ly it is 111 -money, periodically paid-, bu.t it 
 may be in services, prof its, or anything 
 else. I/ there is no a9reement as to t he 
 amount,thc tenant -must pay what the 
 use o( the property is reasonably worth. 
 When there is no special Agreement as 
 to the time of payment, the r< nt !s due 
 yearly, half-yearly, or qu.arterly,accord- 
 iny to the usa9e of the country. I-H the 
 absence of usage, the rent is due at the 
 end of the year. It there be an express 
 agreement to pay rent, the destruction 
 of the property by (i*e or flood does not 
 relieve the tenant.\ v 'bc..\.'?v\\ii\o*& a\\4 
 "^s.Yto. / v\V 1 '&'Y\& Vaa^av 
 
 R.ENUNCIAJION. -The act of giving up 
 a right. Repairs of Rented Property . 
 In the absence of special Agreement^ 
 landlord is under no obligation to his 
 tenant to wake any repairs to the prop- 
 erty rented. Neither can the tenant 
 make the repairs and ded act the amount 
 from the rent. Ori the other hand the 
 tenant must deliver up the premises 
 when his lease has expired, in as good 
 condition as that in which they were 
 when he received them, ordinary wear 
 and tear e*cepted.V$e.<iVw\^\o^an\e,\\V5>V 
 
 IEPEA.L. The,act of abrogating a law 
 by an act of legislation. Repetition, an 
 action which lies to recover -money paid 
 by -mistake. Re pleader, to plead again. 
 R.eplevi*i, an action to recover posses- 
 sion of property wrongfully taken. Re- 
 plication, the plaintiff's answer to the 
 defendant's plea or answer. 
 
 IEPOHTEH- An officer connected with 
 the supreme court, and usually appoint 
 cd by the court. He is requird to attend 
 court personally at all its terms, and 
 to make true reports of all its decisions, 
 together with the facts involved in the 
 cases adjudicated, and to publish these 
 from time to time. Reports, a written 
 or printed collection of judicial opi'ti- 
 ions and decisions. Repository, the 
 name for some kinds of wa-rehouses,as 
 a carriage repository. 
 
 f\EPR.ESE;NTAJlVES. -Members of 
 the lower house of Congress, elected 
 by the people of the States every second 
 year. They -must be at least 25 years 
 of age, must have been a citizen seven 
 years, and -must live in the State from 
 which he is chosen. The. Congress next 
 after the taking of a census determines 
 the ratio of representation, and the 
 number of Representatives, and appor- 
 tio-ns them among the States. IK the 
 
 first House of Representatives there 
 were only 65 -members, and the ratio 
 was one to about 50,000 inhabitants. 
 l*i order that the House might not 
 grow too large, the ratio is increas- 
 ed as the population increases. 
 
 R.EPHJEVE. A postponement of- a 
 criminal's sentence for an interval 
 of time. Reprieves may be granted 
 either by the President or by a Gov- 
 ernor, after conviction by the United 
 States courts. Reprisal, Hie act of 
 seizing ships, or other property, as 
 indemnity for unlawful seizure, or 
 detention. Congress has exclusive 
 power to issue a commission to a 
 private individual, a uthoriz,i9 hi-m 
 to seize the property of a foreign na- 
 tion or its s,ubjects as a reparation 
 for some injury. Reprises., deduc- 
 tions, and payments out of lands, an- 
 nuities, and the like. 
 
 R.EPU8LIC. A government in which 
 the power to enact and execute the 
 laws is exercised by representatives 
 elected by the people to actforthem. 
 A -republic is sometimes called a cow- 
 Y*\o\\\N&aV&V\, because its object is the 
 common happiness of all. Repupnan- 
 cy, in law, an inconsistency between 
 two or more clauses in the same in 
 strument. 
 
 IE<HUISITION. The demand of a 
 r igjit; *he demand by one State or 
 government upon another fo,r the 
 surrender of a fugitive from justice. 
 A requisition is usually complied with, 
 but there is no way to compel aC-ov- 
 ernor of a State to deliver up acritn- 
 inal. Resci-ttd, to cut off, abrogate, 
 or vacate. 
 
 [uSqSSlON\-The act of abrogating 
 or annulling contracts by mutual 
 consent, or by one party, because of 
 the breach of the contract by.the oth- 
 er. Rescisso-n; Action, an action to 
 rescind or set aside a contract or a 
 deed.Rescu-ssor, a party who makes 
 a rescue. Resetted, one who receives 
 stolen goods, knowingly. Reserve 
 or Net Value, in Life Insurance,, a 
 certain sum periodically set aside, 
 and compounded, so that, as the aje 
 of the insured increases, the suinsset 
 aside will place a policy issued at the 
 age of 30 for a premtu.ni of #100 in 
 as safe a position as anew policy, 
 issued at the age of 50 fora premi- 
 
 [ESID^NCE]. Place whe,->-e one re 
 sides; personal presence in a fixed 
 and permanent abode. Residu-ary 
 Clan.se, a clause inserted in ,a will. 
 by which all the property isdisposed 
 of which remains after satisfy ing 
 devises and bequests. Residuary Leg- 
 atee, one to whom the residue of an 
 estate is left by will. Residue, tHe 
 remainder of an estate, after all 
 liabilities and bequests are paid. 
 F{E SOLUTIONS. Formal and de- 
 liberate modes of expressing the 
 opinions and sentiments of asooi- 
 ety,club or public assemblage.They 
 Should be written tersely and with 
 great clearness. The preamble should 
 set forth the cause of the resolutions 
 which follow. It should always bejin 
 with the word "Whereas." The res- 
 olutions follow immediatejy after 
 the preamble, each one beg inning 
 
 with the word "Resolved.' 
 
 .. 
 
 ON THE DEPARTURE OF A CLEROVMAN. 
 
 Whereas, T he Reverend &eorge 8oz- 
 ell, O.D., has been, in Hie providence of 
 C-od, called to, labor in another part 
 of Christ's vineyard, and has incon- 
 sequence thereof tendered his res- 
 ignation of the rectorship of this 
 parish; and, 
 
 Whereas, We recognize ai)ivi-ne in- 
 fluence In *he circumstances which 
 have induced our beloved pastor to 
 sever the ties which have connected 
 him with this church and its people; 
 therefore, be it 
 
 Vv/so\ve&, That the resignation of 
 
 the rectorship of ,in this 
 
 city, by_tlie Rev. George Boiell,D.D., 
 be, and is hereby, accepted, to takeef 
 feet on the 1st day of September next. 
 
 ^a^oXxeA, That the Rev.&eorge Boz- 
 ell has, by courtesy and kindness, by 
 purity, of life and doctrine, and by 
 the fajthful discharge of the duties 
 pertaining to his holy office, secur- 
 ed the love and confidence of h i s 
 people, which will follow and be with 
 hint in his new field of labor. 
 
 Y\e.<io\\i,k,That while the Rev.&eotye 
 Bozell's connection with this parish 
 will close, agreeably to his wishes, on 
 the 1st day of, September nex t,his sal- 
 ary will continue until the firs* 
 of October next. 
 
 THE DEATH OF A MEMBER OF 
 3R SOCIETY. 
 
 ANY ASSOCIAT/ION OF 
 Whereas. In view oft 
 
 Whereas, In view of the loss we 
 nave sustained by the decease of our 
 
 friend and associate , and 
 
 of the still heavier loss sustained by 
 those who were nearest and dearest 
 to him; therefore, be it 
 
 ^e.^oVjc.0., That it is but a jwt trib- 
 ute to the memory of the departed 
 to say that in regretting his remov- 
 al from our midst we mourn for one 
 who was, in every way, worthy of our 
 respect and regard. 
 
 ^,<io\Me&, That we sincerely con- 
 dole with the family of the deceas- 
 ed on the dispensation with which 
 t has pleased Divine Providence to 
 afflict them, and commend them 
 for co,nsolation to Him who orders 
 all things for the best, and whose 
 chastisements are meant in mercy. 
 
 ?ie,o\Mci, That this heartfelt tes- 
 timonial of our sympathy and sor- 
 row be forwarded to the of 
 
 our departed friend by thesecreta- 
 ry of this meeting. 
 
 ry of this 
 
 PJNJHO 
 
 HE DEATH OF A TCLER&v M AW. 
 
 Whereas, It has pleased D'vine 
 'rovi.dence to remove our beloved 
 pastor from the scene of his tempo- 
 ral labors, and the congregation who 
 sat under his ministry,,and profited 
 ly his example, are desirous of testi- 
 fying their respect for his memory, 
 and expressing their earnest and af- 
 fectionate sympathy with the house- 
 lold deprived by this dispensation of 
 ts earthly head; therefore, be it 
 
 yve.<io\\jek, That in the death of 
 our beloved pastor, this congrega- 
 tion loses a faithful and affection- 
 ate shepherd, who was always active 
 and aealous in his work as a -minis- 
 ter: ever ready -to succor the needy 
 and distressed; one y/vho was wise 
 
 257
 
 TO MEMBERS QF THE LEftlSlATUflE. 
 
 Whereas, Owing: to the peculiar sit- 
 UAlion oj this town, the general road 
 law of the State Is part|y inapplicable 
 to us, and highly inefficient, and the 
 circumstances of the case require a. 
 specific law; therefore, be it 
 
 j'n counsel and fearless in action; an 
 honest and upright man whose vir- 
 tues endeared^him not onjy to the 
 members of hjs congregation, but to 
 all his fellow-citizens. 
 
 ^e%oWA, That we tenderly condole 
 with the family of our deceased min- 
 ister in their hour of triaj and afflic- 
 tion, and devoutly commend them to 
 the keeping of Him who looks with a 
 
 fitying eyo upon the widowed and 
 he fatherless. 
 
 Vvo,^o\N.d, That while we deeply 
 sympathize with those who were bound 
 to our departed pastor by the nearest 
 and dearest ties, we share with them 
 the hope of a reunion in that better 
 world where there are no partings 
 and bliss ineffable forbids a tear. 
 
 V\4so\Me&, That a copy of these res- 
 olutions be sent to the family of our 
 deceased minister, as a token of our 
 respect a>nd veneration for the Chris- 
 :in character of a good man gone to 
 iw rest, and of the interest felt by 
 iis late congregation in those whom 
 L-I j ar|( ) c h er ; s hed. 
 
 rM, The evil of intemperance 
 < steadily increasing among us, and 
 many who might otherwise become 
 good and useful citizens are falling 
 victims to this terrible curse, and 
 
 Whereas, One great cause of this 
 'ncrease of drunkenness is, in our 
 >pinion,the open disregard of t he 
 aws respecting the sale of intoxicat- 
 ng beverages on the part of the keep- 
 ers of the bar-rooms and saloons o-f 
 -this place, who continue the sale of 
 such liquors after the hour of -mid- 
 night and on Sundays, although for- 
 lidden by law to do so ; therefore, be it 
 ^Ao\ve4 1 That a committee of sev- 
 in be appointed by this meeting to 
 nvestigate the extent of this viola- 
 tion of the law, and to lay the result 
 of their labor before the ConrmonCtun- 
 cil of this city at its next meeting. 
 
 Vig,so\MtA, That we call upon the 
 mayor, alder-men, and the police 
 force of this city, to enforce the law 
 relating to the sale of liquors; and 
 we hereby remind them that the 
 people of this city are becoming a- 
 vyakened.atid will hold them respon- 
 sible for allowing the ordinances /regu- 
 lating the sale of liquors to be violat- 
 ed by the keepers of saloons, and the 
 owners of br-rooms. 
 
 ib, That the Senators and Reptesen 
 tatives of this district in the Legisla- 
 ture, be, and hereby are, instructed 
 to procure the passage of a law exempt- 
 ing this town from the action of the 
 general road law, and placing the re- 
 pair and working of the roads entrre- 
 y under the control of the local au- 
 thorities.^ 
 
 FtESOUn^CES. Money and property 
 of all kinds, together with any and 
 all sums owing to its by others i-t-i 
 notes, accounts, or otherwise. A-M 
 account exhibits a -vesoxwce , when 
 it represents property on hand, or 
 an amount owing to_ us. The excess 
 in an accou-nt showing a -reso\vtc. or 
 a Vow will be on the Or. side; show ing 
 a \\aV\\\U) or a aaV\, on the Cr. side. 
 E-SHIPMENT.-Th act of trans/er- 
 ring goods from one conveyance to 
 another. Respite, forbearance,or con- 
 tinuation of time; -temporary suspen- 
 sion of capital punishment. Respon 
 de-M*, one against whom an appeal 
 is taken; ote who goes security for 
 another; one who answers inasuit, 
 whether for himself oranother.Respoii 
 dentia, a loan upon the cargo of a 
 ship, conditionally that if it be lost 
 at sea, the lender loses his money. 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY State O f being, ac- 
 countable or answerable; he having 
 of sufficient property to pay al_l ordi- 
 nary obligations. TMC responsibility 
 of parties to commercial paper to the 
 owner is : I . Those -VNC* Yesvoi\s\VAfe 
 to the owner are: (I) The person itpon 
 whom a draft is dra.wn, until he has 
 accepted;(S) The bank, in an uncer- 
 tified checkj (3) Sometimesjthe draw- 
 er in a certified check;(4) Any prior 
 owner, of any kind of pa per, who has 
 not indorsed it, or who has indorsed 
 without recourse: It. Those -w*^- 
 sVo\, W\*Y\o\vV &e,-vwaA\4. being made on 
 the principal debtor on the day of pay- 
 ment are: (I) Makerpf note;(ft) Ac- 
 ceptor of draft: HE. Those ta,^o\\- 
 %\\>\e o\\\\) iVve.-v\ &e.-WYa%\& Vva." \> e/t.-v\ 
 wato on the principal debtor, and no- 
 tice given them within the'p'roper 
 time: (I) Indorser of note;(5l) Draw- 
 er o-f draft; (3) Indorser of draft;(4-) 
 Drawer of check; (5) Indorser of check. 
 The Things Necessary for the own- 
 er of any of the ordinary kinds of 
 commercial paper to a o , to -render 
 the parties upon it responsible to him 
 
 tovwraj -nothi-ny, the maker is respon- 
 sible without demand: IE. A wote, 
 WxtVx Yn&o/vse'rv. (I) Present it to the 
 maker for payment, on the day it 
 is due. and (Jl) If not paid, send no- 
 tice of its non-payment, to each in- 
 dorser, on that day or the next: in. 
 
 imoe.-, A . If due at sight, or a certain 
 time after sight, (I) Present it to the 
 person drawn upon, for acceptance,as 
 soon at possible; (St) If not accepted, 
 
 send notice of its non-acceptance, to 
 the drawer and each indorser,onthe 
 day or the day following the refusal 
 of acceptance; B. If due at a speci- 
 fied time, (I) Present it to the person 
 drawn upon, for acceptance, any time 
 before it is due, and (2) If not accept- 
 ed, send notice of its non-accept- 
 ance, to the drawer and each in- 
 dorser, on the day or the day follow- 
 ing the refusal of acceptance .\Ua& 
 ce^Vefc,*ee,"\M"V, or (I) Present it to 
 the person drawn upon, o-n the day 
 it is due, and (2) If not paid, send tio 
 tice of its non-payment, to the draw- 
 er and eachindorser, on that dag or 
 thenext! J.V. An 'fcc.ce.^VsA b4f%Vta 
 (I) Present it to the acceptor,for pay- 
 ment, on the day it is due, and(fc) If 
 not paid, send notice of its non-pay- 
 ment, to the drawer and each indors- 
 er, on .that day or the next. V. A n 
 uv4vV\S\e^ cV\ex.V, A. To make the 
 fc-v-avMe-v responsible, (I) Present it to 
 the bank,for payment, at any time, 
 and (51) If not paid, send notice of 
 its non-payment to him, on the day 
 orthe day following the refusal of 
 payment; B. To make anVwo-oisei re- 
 sponsible, (I) Present or send it to the 
 bank, for payment, the day it is re- 
 ceived from the indorser, or the next 
 day, and (9) If not paid, send notice of 
 its non-payment, to the indorser on 
 that day or the next. VI. A eeirWxeA 
 c\\ecV. A. To make the o/faAwe'v re- 
 sponsible (when not discharged),)!) 
 Present it to the bank, for payment, 
 at any time, and (%) If not paid, send 
 notice of its non-payment, to him, 
 on the day payment is refused, or the 
 next; B. To make the\>o.YV. respon- 
 sible, Present it to the bank, for pay- 
 ment, at any time; C.To make an'\\\- 
 4m.r responsible, (I) Present or send 
 it to the bank, for payment, the day 
 it is received from the indorser, or 
 the -next day, and (it) If not paid, send 
 notice of its non-payment, to the in- 
 dorser, on that day or the nex*. 
 
 RESULT? Kc^flfUST^ A trust arls 
 ing from the operation or construc- 
 tion ofequi-ty,and presumed -to exist 
 from the intention of the parties. Re- 
 suiting Use, one raised by equity for 
 the benefit of the feoffor who has made 
 a conveyance without a declaration 
 of its use. 
 
 (ESUI^E. To proceed or take, up a- 
 gain after interruption; a summa- 
 ry or abstract. Retail, to sell in a 
 small quantity. Re-tail Ledger, a 
 ledger ruled,so as to be convenient for 
 a retail business. 
 
 S.T. MARSH, No. 176 Market St. 
 
 Dr. Cr. 
 
 7 S 
 
 I lb.Chme.ISl; I Ib. 
 Tea,50<; Soap,30, 
 ; Spires, 
 
 ,, 
 10 noitt,90<;; Candy, 
 
 30; Pim 30. 
 IT Potatos70<;C- 
 
 cottriut-SOie, 
 31 Raisins.50i!;OT- 
 
 anoes, 30^, 
 
 lOCash, 
 31 Cash, 
 
 200 
 
 6 Jl 
 
 258
 
 .. The act of engaging the 
 services o< an attorney. Retainer, a 
 (ee by which a client engages an attor 
 ney-at-law to do certain business for 
 him; the act of withholding what one 
 has in his own hands, by virtue of a 
 right claimed. Rete-Htio-n, the right 
 of retain ing property, or witholdinq 
 a debt, until a debt due shaljbepaia 
 ETII\t. To -relinquish business;*o 
 take up one's notes before du. 
 
 Wi ov 
 
 Sir, We beg to acquaintuou that 
 our late partner,. ..VIW. SoVv\ < 3.Milo\$(.. 
 has retired from our firm by mutu. 
 al agreement, and that we the under- 
 signed, and ...ViM.^fa'wV \A.Wo\x, 4.. 
 continu-e to carry on the business 
 
 thefirm oV..ANa\Xot\,>NVv\e.Y tL'4lo\.. 
 Respectfully -referring you. to our 
 signatures, we are 
 Yours truly. 
 
 imposing a tax or duti^. Revenue Of- 
 ficers, the government officers em-, 
 ployed in the customs or excise ser- 
 vice, under the direction and author- 
 ity of the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 \EVEI\SIOp.-A payment.or the res- 
 idue.of an estate, which is not to be 
 received, or a benefit which does not 
 begin, until the happening of some 
 event, as the death of a person. Re- 
 view, a second examination, as for 
 improvement or amendment ; a 
 public inspection of troops or ships 
 by a superior officer. Revisionary 
 Interest, a right to possession o f 
 property at the termination of a 
 certain period, or. upon the death 
 of the holder. 
 
 R.EVIVA.L.- The act by which a judg- 
 ment is restored, after lying d or- 
 mant for a year and a day, by writ 
 of <c'w6 V&cttiv, an agreement to re 
 new a just debt after it has been bar- 
 red by lapse of time or limitation. 
 Reviver, a bill used to revive or re- 
 new an original bill in equity, which 
 has become inoperative. 
 
 R.EVoCATlOp.- The recall of a power 
 conferred, or the vacating of an in 
 strument previously made. A prin 
 cipal may take away the authority 
 of an agent at any time; but there 
 is a distinction between his right to 
 revoke the agent's authority as to 
 third parties and the right to break 
 his agreement as to the agent. He 
 may exercise the former right free 
 ly, but is responsible to the agent 
 for any injury in the latter. 
 
 R.ETOR.SIOH. -When a sovereign or 
 the head of a nation is not satisfiet 
 with the manner in which his Sub 
 jects are treated by the laws and cus- 
 toms of another nation, he isat lib 
 erty to declare that he will treat the 
 subjects of that nation in the same 
 manner as his are treated. Retract 
 *he act of withdrawing an offer or 
 proposition, before it has been accept 
 ed. Return Days, days appointed by 
 law for the return of writs. Return 
 of Warra-M*, _a short statement by 
 an officer having made an arrest 
 of the manner in which the comma 
 has been executed. It is written on 
 the back of the instrument, and sian 
 ed by the officer. Returns, bills of 
 exchange, or goods bought and trans 
 mitted as a medium of returning the 
 proceeds of consignments; also the 
 amount of goods sold. 
 
 R,EVEr*OICATIO(JL- A suit brought k 
 a party for the return of a thing;as 
 when a wan demands the return 01 
 goods sold on credit. Revenue, the 
 annual income of a State or nation 
 from all sources; the. income of an 
 individual. Revenue B ills, bills for 
 raising money for the govcrnment,e' 
 ther by direct or indirect taxation 
 These lawsmust be passed by t He 
 House of Representatives f irst, bu 
 all other laws may originate in e'the 
 House. Revettue Gutters, small ves 
 sets employed to aid revenue officer 
 in the collection of duties, or to pre 
 vent smuggling. Revenue Law, a law 
 
 Whereas, l,...bov,<*^tt\...,of the 
 ...C\V\)...of. ..C\ce-o..,in the coun- 
 ty of...>fca.-w\\\>nm.., and State of...W 
 fcvwva,.., by my certain power of at- 
 torney, bearing date the. ..Ifc... day 
 of. ..Wv\)... IS..., did appoint.. A-S. 
 V>oVw\ . . , o f t he . . . CAXi\) . . . of . . rv\^\ttv.. 
 in the county of. ..T\^nc\.., and State 
 of...Vv\&V.wa...,my trite and lawful 
 attorney, for me and in my name 
 to yV\ev. yi.ve. vMV\ax, V\e, 
 
 ,,as by the said power of at 
 torney, reference thereto being had 
 will more fully appear: 
 
 There/ore, KNOW ALL MENSVTHCSI 
 PRESENTS, That I,. ..io\w "\tt\_.., afore 
 said, have countermanded and revolt 
 ed, and by these presents do counter 
 mand and revoke the said power of 
 attorney and all power and author 
 ity thereby given to the said. ..V5X>V 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereun 
 to set my hand and seal, this... W(Vv. 
 day of...Ho\iew\>eY.., 19.. 
 
 4. A term signify ing 
 that a judgment has been recalled for 
 an error in fact. Revolt, an attempt 
 by one or more of the crew of a ves- 
 sel to overthrow the authority of 
 those in command. Revolu-*ion 
 an extensjve and sudden change in 
 the constitution and govcrn-men, 
 of a country. Reward, a remuner 
 at ion for services; a sum paid or ta 
 ken for doing, or forbearing to do a 
 
 certain act; the, compensation act- 
 ually so paid. Rider, a schedule, or 
 a small piece of paper, added to some 
 part of a record . Rigging , the ropes 
 which support the masts and ex- 
 tend the sails of a ship. 
 [IG-H.T.- A justly founded claim. We 
 have aright to do whatever we think 
 necessary for our own safety and 
 happiness, provided we do not tres- 
 pass upon the rights of others. 
 Right (Writ of ), a writ which lay 
 for a man who had. the right of 
 property against him who had the 
 right of possession, and was i n 
 possession under su-ch right. Right 
 of Possession, that right which one 
 has to possession, while the actual 
 possession is in another, in which 
 event he may enter in and turn out 
 the actual occupant. An i^-vxe.\\v 
 right of possession may be defeated, 
 but an a.eXvxaN right will stand the 
 test. R ipht of Property, after the 
 actual possession is lost, the abstract 
 right which still remains. Ri9h* 
 of Search, in a belligerent power, 
 the right to examine and inspect 
 the papers of a neutral vessel at 
 sea. Ri9Ht of Way, the right of 
 the owner of one piece of real estate 
 to pass over another's property at 
 a certain place. Right o/Suf/rajc 
 the right of voting,. When people 
 have once enjoyed the privilege of 
 voting, they have claimed it as a. 
 right, basing the claim upon the 
 fact that it has been given by the 
 government. R ight to Begin, t he 
 burden of proof lying upon the par- 
 ty who asserts the affirmative, of 
 an issue, he has a rigVit to begin 
 and to reply. Right to Assemble, 
 and to Petitio-M, see Personal Lib- 
 erty. 
 
 I\IOT. A disturbance of the peace 
 by three or wore persons conspir- 
 ing together to raise a tumult, or 
 to commit a wrong, in a violent 
 manner. Riparian Proprietors, 
 owners of land bounding upon a 
 water-course. They also own the bed 
 to the central line of the stream. 
 Road, see Highway. 
 BOBBER. -One who takes the prop 
 erty of another, by force, by open 
 violence, or by secret theft. Rob- 
 bery, the taking of personal prop- 
 erty from another, usually in his. 
 presence and against his will, by i- 
 plence, or by putting him in fear of 
 immediate injury to his person. 
 HOI.!..- A public writing, register, 
 or schedule, containing legal pro- 
 ceedings ;*he /records of a court 
 or off ice ^ a list or register of the 
 names of persons, as of a school, 
 or any organized body of persons. 
 Roster, a list of persons who are 
 in their turn required to perform 
 certain duties. 
 
 DOTATION IN OFFICE;. -The lim- 
 itation of the term of office of 
 the members of the governme.nt. 
 as an effective way of preventing 
 the exercise of unconstitutional au 
 thority. There being a strong temp 
 ration to so use an office for self 
 ish ends, the principle of rotation 
 in office is one of the most mischiev- 
 ous (hat can guide an intelligent people. 
 
 259
 
 R.O\A,l. FlSr^. The whale or sturgeon. 
 Rubric, the inscription ortitle of any 
 law. Rule of Court, en order made by 
 a court having jurisdiction. The prac- 
 tice rules of the different courts,and 
 which the judges are empowered to 
 frame and en force, as occasion way 
 require, are called rules of court. Rule 
 of Law, a general principle of law, so 
 recognized by authorities, and which 
 aids in deciding doubtful cases. Rw-le 
 of Practice, an order made by the 
 court for the purpose of regulating 
 the practice of the members of the 
 bar and others. Ruta, things taken 
 from the land; as, sand, coal, chalk, 
 stone, etc. 
 
 S/VCR.lLEGE.-The act of stealing frtm 
 churches. Safe -conduct, a pass or war 
 rant of security given to the captain 
 of a neutral ship, to enable trim to pro- 
 ceed on a particular voyage with satiety; 
 a passport, or that which gives sa/e 
 passage. Safeguard, a protection to 
 one who is a stranger, who fears vio- 
 lence from some one, for seeking his 
 right by course of law. 
 ^LE. An agreement between two 
 parties for the transfer of property 
 from one to the other, for a price, 
 paid, or to be paid. A cowi\V\o&\sale 
 is one dependent upon something un- 
 known or to be determined. TheVv\c.V 
 &e\\Xt of a sale are: (I) DELIVERY, which 
 is not essential to a sale, as between the 
 parties, but it is as to third parties; 
 \!p..^\\Ne.Y\j\(i) SELLER'S LIEN, which 
 gives the buyer a right to take the prop 
 ertg when he pays for it, but rot un- 
 til then;\J>ee.v\fc\v, (3)RiHT OF STOP- 
 PAE, wriich gives the seller the right 
 to retake his goods sold on credit, and 
 hold them until paid for, when he heart 
 of the buyer's failure, and the goods 
 have not yet been delivered by the car- 
 rier; (4-) WARRANTY OF OwNERSMiP.giv- 
 ing the buyer the right to be reimburs- 
 ed by the seller, if the goods are prov- 
 en to belong to another party than 
 the seller; (5) WARRANTY OF QUALITY, 
 which gives the buyer the right to 
 return the goods to the seller,if or) 
 the sale, he warrants thatthegoods 
 are of a certain quality, or are suit- 
 ed to a certain purpose, arid they turn 
 out differently.Tlie 44UAS\*a.* of 
 
 a sale are: X. IT MUST BE A 
 con-^kcv, *o which the following are 
 necessary: (I) \f the price is under a 
 certain amount, the first six req- 
 uisites of a binding contract areap 
 pi (cable; VJ>e CoYiVaeX\, ( R) If the price 
 (s over that amount; A. The first 
 six requisites of a binding contract, 
 and B. The seventh requisite, vi 7., 
 either (a) A writing; (bj Delivery and 
 acceptance of part, or (o) Part-pay 
 ment; H.THE PROPERTY MUST EXIST 
 
 m. THE PROPERTY MUST BE OWNED 
 
 BY THE SELLER, exce^v in the case o( 
 (I) Money, and (^Negotiable secu- 
 rities payable to bearer; IV. Par- 
 ticular property must be. contempla- 
 
 ted; V. THE CONSIDERATION MUST BE 
 
 MONEY. The equXcA*s of an agree 
 ment to sell are:I. IT MUST BE A 
 \*\T>\Y*& CONTRACT, to wh i ch the fol- 
 lowing are necessary: (I) If the price 
 is under a certain amount, the first 
 six requisites of a binding contract; 
 (!l) If over that amount; A. The. 
 first six requisites, and B.'Thc 
 seventh, viz., either (a) A. writing; 
 (k) Delivery and acceptance of part, 
 or (c) Part- payment; IE. THE CON- 
 SIDERATION MUST BE MONEY. 
 5AJLES. A term used extensively to 
 indicate the volume of business trans 
 acted fora given period, or to in- 
 dicate relatively the general busi- 
 ness of a commercial house.Sales 
 Book, a book designed to contain on- 
 ly the sales of merchandise. The to- 
 tal footing is posted to the credit of 
 merchandise account. 
 
 JANUARY I, 19. 
 
 L.T.Maton,Utica,N.Y. 
 5 Grindstones, 2,. 50 
 10 B Drills, 7.23 
 
 4 S. P.Moore, Xenia,0, 
 7 doi.CaroetStret's.3-00 
 IO,,C.S.(Ues, IS.OO 
 3 ,,C.S. Augers, 7.05 
 
 7 J.L.Lewis, Reading.Pa. 
 5 G-rindstones. i.50 
 5 B Drills, 7.J5 
 IOdoz.C.S.A>es, 15.00 
 
 Forward, 
 
 7250 
 
 21 00 
 15000 
 
 85 
 
 75192 75 
 
 iaso 
 
 3ff 25 
 
 15000 198 75 
 
 47850 
 
 L^DG-EPj. A book designed to 
 contain accounts with parties who 
 have made purchases on accouttt.lt 
 may be kept in any form, but an 
 ordinary ledger is the most conve- 
 nient form. Salesman, one who 
 exhibits goods to customers, takes 
 orders, etc. 
 
 Clerk's No.07. Oep't Letter, H. 
 
 Date,...i*v\.\0, 19... 
 
 Sales 
 No. 
 
 24 M 
 MM 
 2SM 
 
 3000 
 2050 
 
 118 00 
 
 ales 
 No. 
 
 Amount 
 
 ales 
 No. 
 
 Clerk's No. II. 
 Name, . ..\Ms.K%a 
 Address.. ..\<yi... 
 How Delivered, ... 
 
 , Letter, M. 
 KNO... 
 
 yds. Black Lace, 60 if, 
 doa.Jet.Butt9ns, -90ef, 
 yds.Gross&rain, 854, 
 
 19 
 
 Cash-i-ec'd, 
 Examined by-.-' 
 
 18 85 
 
 aooo 
 
 The compensation al- 
 lowedto those who voluntarily 
 save property abandoned, or in 
 great peril at sea; -the property 
 saved after a disaster. The amount 
 of salvage varies according to the 
 difficulty, sometimes amounting 
 to one-half of the value of the ves- 
 sel and cargo saved. All who take 
 part in the saving have a share of 
 the salvage, viz., the waster, crew, 
 and owners of the saving vessel 
 Salvage Loss, a loss which it i s 
 presumed would, were it not for 
 certain services rendered and ex- 
 ertions made, have become a to- 
 tal loss; a. mode of settling a loss. 
 Salvor, one who saves property, or 
 rescues it from the perils of the sea. 
 or other waters. 
 
 SAMPLE. A small quantity or por- 
 tion taken from the bulk of any 
 kind of merchandise to show the 
 quality of the whole. A collection 
 of samples oraverage sample is 
 called a ynvtslex. 
 
 5A.NITA.I\X. Pertaining to meas- 
 ures for preserving health. Sani- 
 tarium, a hospital or retreat for 
 convalescents. Sanctuary, a place 
 where the process of the law can- 
 not be executed. No place, howev- 
 er, affords protection from arrest 
 in criminal cases. 
 
 S/\TISFA.CTIOt*.-A record entered 
 by which a party , in whose favor 
 a judgment has been rendered^de- 
 clares hirnself satisfied and paid. 
 Satisfaction Piece, art instru-metit 
 in writing, in which it is acknowl- 
 edged and declared that satisfac- 
 tion is had between plaintiff and 
 defendant. , 
 
 SAVE A. LITTLE.- Prudence and 
 discretion require that every one 
 who is obliged to work for his liv- 
 ing,should make a point to lay up 
 a little money for that "rainy day" 
 which all are liable to encounter 
 when least expected. The best way 
 to do this is to open an account 
 with a savings bank. Accumulatr 
 ed money is always safe; it is al- 
 ways ready for use when needed. 
 Scrape together five dollars,rnake 
 your deposit, receive your deposit 
 book, and then resolve to deposit 
 a given sum, small though it be, 
 once, a month, or once a week, ac- 
 cording to circumstances. Nobody 
 knows without trying it, how easy 
 a thing it is to save money when tan 
 
 2GO
 
 account with a bank has been opened. 
 With such an account o-ne /eels a de- 
 sire to enlarge Ms deposit. It gives 
 him lessons. in frugality and econo 
 my, weatis hirn from habits of extrav- 
 agance, and is an excellent guard a- 
 giinsfc intemperance., dissipation and 
 vice. 
 
 CA.LES. A weighing apparatus, in 
 which the body to be weighed is sus- 
 pended /-row the shorter arm of a 
 lever, which turns on a fulcrum, and 
 a counterpoise is caused to slide upon 
 the longer arm to produce^quilibri- 
 u-m, itg place upori this ar-m, which 
 is 9 radu-ated, indicating the weight. 
 The scales used at the United States.As- 
 say Office are so del icaie that a hair 
 tarns the balance. You. can ascer- 
 tain by *hem the difference in *he 
 weight of tvOo eyelashes. They are 
 wa.de o/ alu-miniu.ni, and -might be 
 compared -to a snow-flake. 
 CHEDULE. A sheet o/ paper or parch- 
 ment containing a written OT print- 
 ed list, irwen-tory, or table, and some- 
 times attached to deeds, etc. School 
 Funds, sums of -money or oth.er 
 property, the income /ro-m which 
 is set apart for the support of public 
 schools. I'M addition to about thir- 
 ty -millions of dollars distributed a- 
 mon>9 the States in 1836, Congress 
 has passed acts by which a certain 
 proportion of the. land in every town- 
 ship is reserved forthe support of 
 schools therein. By these acts, in 
 some 'of the States /e '"" others fa 
 o/ the whole State has been thus ap 
 propriated. School O/ficcrs, offi- 
 cers to whom is entru-sted the su- 
 pervision of the pu-blfc schools. The 
 official titles -may differ to a. limited 
 extent in the different States, but itt 
 general will accord with those 9iven 
 In the following 
 
 O//icers. Superintendent Public 
 Instruction, State Board of Education, 
 County Superintendents, City and 
 Town Trustees (or Directors), Town- 
 ship Trustees. 
 
 General Institutions. -Ungraded 
 Schools, District or Township Graded 
 Schools, Town and City Schools. 
 
 University System. -State Un'i- 
 veriity, State Normal School, Indus- 
 trial School. 
 
 Charitable l-HSti-tuliotiS.-School 
 for the Blind, School for Deaf. Mutes, 
 Orphans' Home. 
 
 Reformatory Institutions. -Boys' 
 Reformatory, Girls' Reformatory. 
 
 Special (nstituCions.- State Teach 
 
 iers' Association, County a-nd Town- 
 ship Institutes. 
 SCOT A.ND LOT. -A customaru con- 
 tribution placed upon all subjects ac 
 cording, to their ability. Scrip, d i v- 
 idends issued by a stock company 
 payable in stock. Scrip dividends are 
 simply an increase of the capita.) of 
 the company, as the stock issued to 
 meet them is added to the capital, 
 and in its turn is entitled to future 
 dividends. Scrip*, an original instnt 
 tnent, where there are part andcoint 
 terpart. 
 
 SCIllVEN;Eni.-One whose business 
 is to place -money at interest; one 
 who draws up contracts and oth- 
 er instruments. Scroll, a -mark us 
 ed to supply the place of a seal. 
 
 SEA.. The 'ocean; a wav"e pr large 
 quantity of sea-water, as to ship a 
 sea; the character of the surging 
 and swellmg of the waves, as a.heavy 
 sea. Sea-Breexe, a wind bio win 9 
 from the sea . Seafaring, following 
 the occupation of a seaman . Sea. 
 Laws, laws relating to and govern- 
 ing maritime affairs. Sea-Level, 
 the surface of the open sea taken 
 as the point from which to esti- 
 mate or measure the perpendicu- 
 lar hei9hts or depression of otHer 
 surfaces, as of hills and mountains. 
 Sea-Shore, that space of land lyin? 
 between high and low- water mark. 
 Sea-Sickness, the nausea, accompa- 
 nied by retching and vomiting ex- 
 perienced on a vessel at sea., and 
 caused by the constant -rocking of 
 the vessel by the waves. Sea-Wai I, 
 a strong wall built to resist the en- 
 croachments of the 'sea. Sea-Weed, 
 the plants found growing in the 
 sea, and which, when washed ashore 
 belongs to the owner of the land 
 ad/i)ining.Sa.worhy_,f it for a voyage. 
 EJ\l An impression upori any 
 yielding substance. A seak is a nec- 
 essary part of a deed in most States. 
 It may be a piece of paper wafe-red ot 
 gummed to the instrument, and in 
 many States it is sufficient if a 
 circle orsc-trawl is made with the 
 pen. opposite the signer's name. 
 An^ one may attach the seal,pro- 
 vided it is done before the deed is 
 delivered. When a seal, is attached 
 to an instrument, it is called a 
 Specialty. Sealed Bids, bids put iti 
 writing, and placed in an envelope, 
 and sealed. Scaled Verdict,a writ- 
 ten verdict, inclosed in an envel- 
 ope and sealed, in the absence of 
 the judge, in order to relieve the 
 jurors, and allow them to separate 
 for the time. Sealed Wri*Itt9S or 
 l-ns*ru.ttients, those having seals 
 attached, as bonds, deeds, and cer- 
 tain contracts. All contracts not 
 under seal are called jaxoXe,. A seal 
 is of twofold effect: (I) It assumes 
 a consideration; hence, un_necessi- 
 ry to prove one; (8) By ordinary 
 statutes of limitation, it runs twen- 
 
 ty. years, instead of si*, before the 
 right of action ceases. 
 
 *5000 . CoLuM8os76. - ,Nov. 1,19... 
 
 For value received, I promise to ' 
 f . .^N .V. K\_^^\tc\vr &uQ>o. .,0r otdc 
 *>^t-^V\>4ft. \V\o\vs3flft&'w^/Dol lars, in 
 three years from the date hereof, 
 witli interest payable semi-annu- 
 ally, without defalcation or dis- 
 count. And in case of my default 
 in.the. payment of the interest or 
 principal aforesaid with punctu- 
 ality, I hereby empower any attor- 
 ney- at-law, to be appointed by said 
 ...W.VAvaRtcwx &. to..., or their as- 
 signs, to appear in any court which 
 said ...NN.VA\.w*cw\ fcXo.., or their 
 assigns, may select, and conrmerce 
 and prosecute a suit against me 
 on said note, to confess judo-ment 
 for all and every part of the inter- 
 est or principal, on said note,in the 
 payment of which I may be delin- 
 quent. 
 
 Wit-Mess my hand and seal the 
 day and year above written. 
 
 _ Attest :..tt.*.' 
 
 _. A seeking or looking, for 
 the "purp.ose of discovering evidence 
 in relation to the matter sought 
 far. Searcher, 3 customs officer, 
 whose duty is to examine aljships 
 outward bound, to ascertain if 
 they have any prohibited or uticu.s 
 tomed goods on board; also one 
 who examines records. Search 
 of Title, examining the succes- 
 sive deeds and records relating to 
 real estate. Search Warrant, a 
 written authority addressed to 
 an officer, requiring him to enter 
 certain places and search for stol- 
 en property, etc. 
 
 SEiCO(tfD DELIVERANCE. -A sec- 
 ond writ of replevin. Second Con- 
 veyance, one which presupposes 
 some other conveyance precedent, 
 and only serves to enlarge, alter, 
 confirm, restrain, restore, or to 
 transfer the interest granted by 
 'such original co nvey an ce. Second- 
 'arily, a term applied to the lia- 
 ' bility of an endorser of a note, 
 orthe drawer of a bill, signifying 
 that he fs only cctf\&'\x\<yvva.\\\) I ia- 
 ble, the maker of the bill, or ac- 
 ceptor being primarily, or fiust 
 liable. Secondary Evidence, that 
 evidence which is best, in the ab- 
 sence of primary evidence. Sec- 
 ond-hand, that which has been 
 used or worn ;*iot original or 
 primary. Secondary Use, that 
 use which is limited to take effect 
 in derogation, of a preceding es- 
 tate. 
 
 jECHETA.H\.-One entrusted with 
 the management of b u.si ness ;o tie 
 who writes for another. Secreta- 
 ry of State, the chief officer at 
 the head of the Department of State, 
 in the National G-overnment. He 
 has charge of all the business of 
 the Nation with foreign nations- 
 Secretary o/ the Treasury, the 
 head of the Department oi JheTnat 
 ury. He has charge of the finances 
 of the Nation. The vast atnountof 
 
 261
 
 business in this department requires 
 a great number of assistants. All the 
 custom houses, mints, and subtreas- 
 uries form part of it. Secretary of 
 War, the head ofthe Department of 
 War. He has charge of the procuring 
 of supplies, equipments, and other 
 matters relating to the army. The 
 duties are most important in time 
 of war. Secretary ofthe Navy, the 
 head of the Department of the Na- 
 vy. He has charge of th navy, the 
 procuring of supplies and equipments 
 of vessels of war, etc. Secretary of 
 the Interior, the head of the Depart 
 meni ofthe Interior. Hehascharge 
 of the taking of the ca\\*ut every 
 ten years, the management and sale 
 of the TU>D\\C \a*\&*, the management 
 of theX-v\V\*\\s, the payment of \. 
 twm,and the granting of 7<&XeA\X 
 Secretary of Agriculture, the head 
 ofthe Department of Agriculture. 
 He has charge of the agricultural in 
 tertftj of th Nation, and of t he 
 signal service. The other -two De- 
 partments in the President's Cab- 
 inet are: Attorney 0-encral, who 
 attends to all suits in the United 
 States courts in which the Nation 
 is interested; and Poitias*er Gen- 
 eral, who has charge of all matters 
 connected with the Post-Office De- 
 
 . part merit. 
 
 SECRET PA.HTNEIV.-One who is re 
 ally a partner, though not adver- 
 tised as such to outsiders. He is re- 
 sponsible for the firm's debts the 
 same as any other partner. See-to - 
 
 v res, bidders at an auction. 
 
 ECUI{ITX A right which a credit 
 or has to rel_y upon, besides the 
 mere promise ofthe debtor; such 
 as guaranty, lien, pledge, and wort 
 gage. Security for Costs, in case a 
 plaintiff resides out of the jurisdic 
 tion ofthe court, or is trustee, he is 
 sometimes required to give security 
 for costs. Security o/Life, Reputa 
 tion, etc., the compelling by the- 
 government, of corporations to take 
 precautions for the safety of their 
 own employees, ofthe public whom 
 thejj serve, and protection from all 
 against false and malicious utteran 
 cesj also requirement from its of 
 ficials to take precautions to pre 
 vent the spread of contagious diseases. 
 
 ,... \ovtt* ^\>v<,.. do hereby agree 
 to be responsible to...^vm\\> Soxxv.., 
 or his assigns, for the true and -faith- 
 ful performance- of the above natti- 
 ed contract on the par* of ...Vvv 
 
 stt V\OW*OH. . . 
 
 In witness whereo/, I have here- 
 unto set my hand and seal on -this 
 ...\0n\\... day of...i\w\.,..!9.... 
 
 revolt against the 
 9overnment,not amounting to a 
 capital crime, nor to treason.Seduc- 
 tion , the act or crima of persuad- 
 ing a female to surrender her chas- 
 tity. Seignjor, the lord of a fee or 
 manor. Seisin, in common law, a 
 term signifying possess i on. "ieXVvvN 
 \v\VacX is the actual taking of pos- 
 session. S.\*Yv\Vw\.i.>N is yvhere 
 lands descend, and one hasnotast 
 ually entered upon them. 
 SEIZURE. The takino possess- 
 ion of property suspected to Have 
 been stolen , or property su-bjectto 
 duty ; *He act of taking possession 
 lof the property of a judgmentdebt- 
 \ or, by a sheriff, or other officer au- 
 thorized thereto. Select-men, the 
 name of the city council in some 
 ofthe New England States. 
 SELL. To transfer ownership for 
 an equivalent. Seller, a vender,or 
 one who disposes of a thing in con- 
 sideration of money. Seller's .Op- 
 tion, a stock exchange term, signi- 
 fying a sale which aives.to *he sell- 
 er the option of delivering the- ar- 
 ticle sold within a certain time, the 
 buyer paying interest up to the de- 
 livery. Selling Short, a stock ex-- 
 change term, signify ing the selling 
 for future delivery that which .otie 
 does not possess, in hopes that prices 
 will fall. Selling Out, trie dispos- 
 ing of one's entire stock, usually 
 to close.the business. 
 E.I.F OE;FE>ISE;.- The acfc of de- 
 fending one's own reputation, per- 
 son, or property. A man is justified 
 in committing a homicide, If nec- 
 essary, in defending himself from 
 personal injury. 
 
 SENA^TE. The upper House of Con- 
 gress. The causes whicn make the 
 Senate a more select body than the 
 House of Representatives are:(l) It 
 
 dS 
 
 are 
 s in- 
 
 has fewer rrtem.bers;(i) They i 
 elected by the State legislature. ... 
 stead of by the people; (3) The term 
 of office is longer; (4-) The qiialifi 
 cations are higher. In the Senate- 
 the States are equal in power, each 
 having two members. The term 
 of off ice for senators is si* years; 
 one-third of the whole number 
 being elected every two years, de- 
 signedly to avoid too abrupt an al- 
 teration in the body. A senator 
 must be at least 30 years of age, 
 must have been -nine, years a cit- 
 izen ofthe United States, and an 
 inhabitant of the State for which 
 
 he shall be chosen. 
 
 lEfrTEfiCE.- The judgment pronoun- 
 ced on a criminal by a judge; *he 
 decree or judgment of a court. 
 
 EST^E.-Anestatewheh 
 belongs to one only of several; as, the 
 separate estate of a married woman. 
 Separate Maitite-Matice, _a ce-rtai-M 
 sum or allowance, provided by the 
 husband, -for thg wife's separate 
 support and maintenance. Sepa- 
 ra-tion, the -act of living apart by 
 a husband and wife, by mutual 
 consent. Sequestration, the act 
 of taking possession of a Dene/ice- 
 by legal process, in order to satisfy 
 the claims of creditors; *Me setting 
 aside of a thing in controversy,fr<mi 
 the possession of both parties that 
 contend for it, to be delivered to the 
 
 one adjudged entitled -to it. If 
 
 may be either voluntary or invol- 
 untary. 
 
 5EIJF. One bound to labor onacer- 
 tarn estate, for the benefit of His 
 lord. Sergeant-at-ar-itis, a-mitior 
 off leer in legislatures, to a-r-Kest 
 members and other persons gu.il- 
 ty of disorderly conduct, to compel 
 the attendance of absent members, 
 and to do other business of a like 
 nature. Setioea+its-at-Law, in the 
 common law, the highest degree con 
 ferred upon advocates. 
 
 SEI^V/\NT. A person employed by 
 another for labor, and to be at h is 
 command. V5>ee^-\v\\\o\je,-v'\. Ser- 
 vice, labor, physical or mental, 
 performed in course of duty, orfor 
 the benefit of another; the. ejrecu 
 tion of a writ or process; a. servi- 
 tude. Scrvien-t, a tenement or es- 
 tate- in respect of which a service 
 is owing another.Servi*u.J, the 
 condition of a servant or slave; 
 a right which subjects a land to a 
 service for the use of othe-r land, be 
 longing -to another person. 
 
 SESSION. The time durmg_ which 
 a. court or other assembly sits for 
 the transaction of business. Sc* A- 
 side, to make void or annul. Se* Off, 
 one demand placed against anoth- 
 er. V!=ee.04< "io^. Settlement, liq- 
 uidation or payment; adjustment 
 at of differences or a claim; a d is- 
 position of property for the benefit 
 of some person or persons, usually 
 made on the prospect of marriage; 
 a residence, or settled place-. of a- 
 bode. Several*^, see Estate in Sev- 
 
 SEVEffA.NCE.-THe act o.f severing 
 >wo or more that are joined in one 
 writ; the putting in .separate an- 
 swers or pleas by two or more dis- 
 j'ointly;*He destruction of the an 
 fty of interest in a joint estate. 
 
 S H\M. PLEA..- A false plea, or one 
 entered for the mere purpose of 
 delay. Share, the part allotted 9r 
 belonging to one, of any property 
 or interest owrftd by a nu--mber. 
 Shareholder, the owner of one or 
 more shares of stock in a corporation. 
 
 SHELLEY'S C/\SE, Rule in. -"When 
 the ancestor, by any gift or convey- 
 ance, taketh an estateflf freehold, 
 and in the same gift or conveyance 
 an estate is limited, either mediate- 
 ly or immediately, to his heirs m 
 fee or in tai I , We. Vtw* arp words 
 of limitation of the estate, and not 
 words of purchase." 
 
 262
 
 '. A chie/o//icer in every 
 county, having the administrative 
 power of the State for his county. If 
 is his duty to execute all warrants, 
 writs, and other process directed to 
 him by the courts; .to.apprehend per- 
 sons charged with crime; and to 
 take charge of the ja_il, and of the 
 prisoners therein. It is his duty, al- 
 so, to preserve the public peace, and 
 he may cause^ll persons who break 
 the, peace to give bonds , with sureties, 
 /or keeping the peace, and for appear- 
 ing at the next term of court, and 
 to commit them to jail if they refuse 
 to give such bonds. He is assisted by 
 one or mo-re deputies. She-riff's 
 Jury, a Jury summoned by a. sher- 
 iff to hold an itiqu.est.Shi/ti-M9 Use, 
 the same as Secondary Use (q.v.). 
 Sr[IP. Any large sea-going vessel; es- 
 pecially a square-rigyed, three-mast- 
 ed vessel. Ship Broker, one who acts 
 for Bothers in the buying,selli-tiy,and 
 /reighting of vessels. Shipment, the 
 act of loading a vessel for a voyaye;a 
 bill of goods shipped. Shipped, deliv- 
 ered to a railroad,. vessel, canal boat, 
 or atiu_ common carrier (or trans- 
 portation. Shipping, vessels of nav- 
 igation in general; the Collective body 
 of ships in one place. Ship's Husband, 
 an ayent who looks after the repairs, 
 equipment, and other concerns of 
 a ship. Ship's Papers, documents or 
 papers with which a vessel is required 
 by law to be provided, such as the reg- 
 ister, passport, bills of lading, invoice, 
 log-book, etc. Ship-stores, food.drink, 
 and cooking utensils on board a ves- 
 sel for use during a voyage.So-metimes 
 riyying, extra spars, and other neces- 
 saries are included. Shipping Arti- 
 cles, articles of agreement between 
 the master or captain of avessel and 
 the seaman on board, in respect to 
 the amount of wages, length of ti-me 
 /or which they are shipped, etc.Ship- 
 Mie-Ht Account, in book-keeping, an 
 account kept with shipments. The 
 title of the account usually combines 
 Shipment and the name of the per- 
 son to whom sent, the place to which 
 sent, or both, thus: "-' 
 
 ., ,.,. 
 
 Shipments are Dr. for the invoice 
 price of property shipped, including 
 shippjn? charges (i/any) paid by the 
 consignor; and Cr., on receiving an 
 
 account sales /rom the consignee, 
 /or their net proceeds, when for loss 
 oryain they properly clos-e into the 
 Loss and G-ain Account. 
 
 Peru,0c.l,l9.* Perii,0c*.l,l9... 
 
 Shipped perx Received fro...<i.'\,ta&*.., 
 
 .......... x in yood order, on board the 
 
 o n ,,~A i~~ ^'''iVfc.Vis^fc'te," bound for 
 Bound for x Bostori) ^ P 2, c |< aa es watk . 
 
 V ". ...... x ed and entered as below: 
 
 Marks 
 
 . 
 
 L.S. 5 Sacks ClomSeed. 
 C. D. 10 bbls.O. Flour. 
 . AC'*. 
 
 0.l 27 Cox L Kline, Arcadia. 
 50 boxes Oranoes, 2.00 
 20 Lemons, 2.50 
 
 Naw and Extensions. 
 
 Oct.7 36 More LCo., Tipton. 
 50 bbls. Applet, 2.SO 
 10 Crates Otiiotts 1.25 
 
 Shipwetits 
 To Mdse. 
 
 100 oo 
 
 50 00 150 00 
 
 12500 
 
 13750 
 
 I Lot* I. 
 lOcr.Onil 
 
 NORTON &.CO., Akron. 
 
 52er. 1.75 
 63,, 1.75 
 64-,. 1.75 
 
 SHll\E. A district or division of couiv 
 try_. Shorlny up, the actof stre-noth- 
 ening the building .adjoining where 
 an excavation is being made, by run- 
 ning large pieces of timber known as 
 "needles" through the basetrte-nt, 
 to support the floor and wall o/th 
 builditig. 
 
 SHOUT. Not having ready money. 
 \<beeS>A\vv\c>'yv\o<<V\. Short Exchanpe, 
 bills o/exchanga made payable at 
 sight, or at "bVo-vVVv^Vv, i.e., ifi -a, 
 little time, three days or so, a/ter 
 
 ing presented to the payer.Shrink 
 je, a reduction in tKe .'bulk of meat- 
 
 be 
 
 urement. Side-bar Rules, /br-merly 
 rules which" were moved for byattor : 
 neys on the side-bar of the court, 
 but now can be had of the. clerk of 
 the rules upon ayc*c\va. 
 
 SIG-HT. Usually the time of present 
 ing a bill to the drawee. Sight Dra/t. 
 a dra/t made payable at sight, or 
 on presentation to the drawee. For 
 /orm see Dra/t. 
 
 >I&NAJ_ SERVICE. -A bureau of 
 the government, connected with 
 the Department of Agriculture, or- 
 ganized to collect /rom the whole 
 country simultaneous reports of 
 local meteorological conditions, up- 
 on comparison of which atttiecen 
 tral office in Washington, predic- 
 tions concerning.the weather are 
 telegraphed to various sections of 
 the, country where they are made 
 known bit signals publicly display- 
 ed. The places where the observa- 
 tions are made,and_the signals 
 displayed, are called V\yi\a.\ V.<w 
 
 VMVMKMIVOH O^ VX-W.& %\OWKUS. 
 
 No.l. No.2. No.3. No.4. No.5. 
 
 No. I, white /lag, six feet square, in- 
 dicates clear or fair weather. No. 8, 
 blue flag., six feet square, itidicatesraiti 
 or snow. No.3, white and blue flag, 
 siv /eet square, indicates that local 
 rains or showers will occur, and the 
 rain will not be general. No.4-, black 
 triangular flag, four feet at base,s4 
 six /eet in length, always refers to 
 temperature; when placed above 
 Nos. I, .2, or 3, it indicates warmer 
 weather; when placed below Nos.l, 
 2, or 3, it indicates colder weather; 
 when not displayed, the i indica- 
 tion s_are that the temperature will 
 remain stationary, or that tHe 
 change will not be more than 4- 
 from that of the same hour of the 
 preceding day /rom March to Octo- 
 ber, and not more than 6/orthe 
 remaining months of the year. 
 No. 5, white /lag, si* /eet square, hav 
 ing black square in center, indicates 
 the approach of a<i\xA&/w and &ec'\e/ 
 e6. fall in temperature. It is not to 
 be displayed unless it is expected 
 that the /all will be to 4i or low- 
 er, and is usually ordered at least 
 X4 hours in advance of the expect- 
 ed cold wave. When No. 5 is display 
 ed, No.4 is always omitted. When 
 displayed on poles, the signals read, 
 downward; if displayed from hori- 
 zontal supports, a small streamer 
 should indicate the point from which 
 to read the sionalst 
 
 .COMBINATION^. 
 No.-t, with No.4- above=/air, warmer, 
 No.l, with No.4 below=fair, colder. 
 No. 2, with 4 above Drainer snow, warmer 
 No. 2, with4 be low-rain or snow, colder. 
 No.3, with 4 above=local rains, warmer. 
 No.3,witK|4 below*loca) rains, colder. 
 No. I, with 5 above=cold wave, fair. 
 No. 2, with 5 above-cold wave, wet. 
 
 No.l. No.2. No.3. 
 
 No. I, red /lag, black center. No.3, 
 Mellow /lag, with white center. No. 
 3, red pennant. No.4-, white pen- 
 nant. The square flags indicate the 
 character of the storm, whether se- 
 vere or moderate. No*.9l indicates 
 that the winds will not be so severe. 
 No. I indicates marked violence in 
 the expected storm. No.3 displayed 
 with No. I or 2, indicates easterly 
 wind ( from northeast to south). No 
 4- displayed with No. I or 2, wester- 
 ly wind (from southwest to north). 
 The pennant above the /lag, i n d i- 
 cates that the wind is to be expected 
 from the northerly quadrant; belov 
 /rom the southerly quadrant. A* 
 night a red light indicates easter- 
 ly winds, and a white light above 
 a red, westerlw wind*. The " Infor- 
 mation sign alt a yellow pennant) in- 
 dicates that the local observer has 
 received in/orrnatipn of interest to 
 vessels about to sail to certain points 
 
 263
 
 BUSINESS 
 
 FORMS 
 
 AND 
 
 TERMS. 
 
 Sl&N/\TbflE.- One's name writ^ 
 ken by himself. 819*1 Manual, Hir 
 signature of o tit's name in his own 
 handwriting; the roual signature. 
 Signing Judgment, act of enter- 
 ing the judgment, which either 
 the plaintiff or defendant has ob- 
 tained in an action. 
 
 SILENT PAF\Tt<EH.-One who in- 
 vests his capital in a business, but 
 whose name does not appear in 
 the firm. His liability is limited 
 lo the extent of his contribution, 
 except when he fails to make the 
 proper publication of hit connection 
 with the concern, in which case 
 hi* liability is the same as that of 
 a secret partner.Si-ttlOtty, an un- 
 lawful contract for presenting a 
 clergyman to a benefice. 
 
 SIMPLE CO(s(TH/VCT\-A contract, 
 either verbal or written, but not 
 under seal or of record. Simple In 
 trest, interest on the principal 
 only. Sittfple Larceny, plain lar- 
 cetiy, without violence. Sinecure, 
 an office having a salary attach- 
 ed, without the requirement of 
 services; rector without cure of 
 touts. 
 
 INI(. To lower in amount or 
 value-. Sinking Concer-ti, a busi- 
 ness establishment or ffrrri con- 
 tinually losing money. Sinking 
 Fund, a fund created for the pay- 
 tnent of the interest, and aradual- 
 ly the principal, of a public debt, 
 or that of a. corporation. Skele- 
 ton Ledger, a trial form of the 
 ledger, showing only the debits 
 and credits. 
 
 VO^Vi 0* SV\.VtOH Ytft&t*. 
 ^t. Stock. Ct. ^r. Mdse. C*. 
 
 6057.40 35. 
 1945. 899,93 
 8002.40 934753" 
 
 8002,40 934.93 
 
 . Great readiness and ability 
 in the practical application of an y 
 art, science, or handicraft. Any one 
 by engaging in any kind of busi- 
 nt represents that he and h is 
 clerki or workmen have the de9ree 
 of skill ordinarily required in that 
 
 business. He does not there/ore a 
 oree to use all possible skill, but on- 
 ly such as is ordinarily possessed. 
 L/VNDEf\. -Words spoken with the 
 intent to injure the character of 
 another. It is actionable the same 
 as libel Iq.v.). Slander of Title, a 
 statement of something tending 
 to injure or cut down the extent 
 of title to some estate vested i n 
 another. Slavery, the state of 
 being absolutely the property of 
 another, usually for life. Slave 
 Trade, the traffic in slaves for prof- 
 it. Sleeping Partner, one who in- 
 vests his capital in a business, and 
 shares the profits, but takes no 
 part in the active management 
 of it. Slop Shop, a shop where cheap 
 ready-made clothing is sold. 
 r*V\r\T tyONE\.-Asumof mon 
 ey given beyond the actual dam 
 ages, in case of misconduct on 
 the defendant's part, by way of 
 example and punishment.Sittu.9- 
 gling, the act of importing or ex- 
 porting goods, without paying the 
 duties imposed thereon. Socage, a 
 tenure by any certain or determi- 
 nate service. Socer, the father of 
 one's wife. 
 
 SODOfv\ITE.-One who has been 
 guilty of sodomy. Sodottiy., the 
 crime of haying unnatural in- 
 tercourse with a male human be 
 inq, or %e,-w\\o\e., a female person; 
 or, with a brute. Solar Day, the 
 interval of time between sunrise 
 and sunset. Solar Month, a cal- 
 endar month. Sole, single, not 
 married. Solicitor, one who so- 
 licits, or asks with earnestnest, 
 for another; ail off icer in a court 
 of chancery, who is retained by 
 clients to defend and sue in their 
 behalf; an attorney. 
 
 SOLVENCY. -The condition of a 
 person who is able to pay all h is 
 debts in full. Sough, a drain or 
 watercourse. Sovereignty, the un 
 ion and exercise of all human pow- 
 er possessed in a state. I* means 
 the full right to govern its sub- 
 jects without interference or di 
 rection from any other power, 
 and the right to enter into rela- 
 tions with other states. 
 'P/VOOf(ES.- Those who are una- 
 ble to procreate. Speaker, a mem- 
 ber of a legislative body, who is chos- 
 en to preside over their delibera- 
 tions. Speaking Demurrer, one 
 introducing new facts, which do 
 not appear upon the face of the 
 bill in equity. 
 
 SPECI/^L.-Pertaining to a partic- 
 ular kind; opposed to ^/ne^aA.Spe- 
 cial Assurtipsit, an action of as- 
 sumpsit brought on an express 
 promise or special contract. Spe- 
 cial bail, one who undertakes to 
 be answerable for the appearance 
 of another. Special Books, in book 
 keeping^ extra, books employed for 
 convenience in particular ca 
 
 books of original entry, and aux- 
 iliary to the Day Book or Journal. 
 Special Columns, columns addi- 
 tional to those usually employed in 
 keeping accounts,_and_infcroduced 
 generally for saving time, sp_ace, 
 or work. Special columns in jour- 
 nalizing ;aves work in posting, 
 and accommodates ledger accounts 
 in less space. In a journal for a re- 
 tail business, a special column for 
 mkii. ex. may be introduced to 
 advanta9e, thus constituting a 
 v\e4-co\\vw\Yx journal. \( expense 
 items occur often, a special col- 
 umn for e.x^ew;, &T. may be add- 
 ed, maki ng a xow-co\\vw\r\ '^o\\,n- 
 \va\. By introducing additional 
 debit and credit columns for c<;Vv 
 a Ma-cAwwm'Yn*nM& isprovided.l 
 a cash book, special columns may 
 be introduced for mere hand ise, 
 both debit and credit^ thereby sav- 
 ing ti-H-ie and space in posting. 
 Special Damages, damages arising 
 directly from the act or fault corn 
 plained of. Special Demurrer, a 
 pleading because of some defect in 
 the form of the opposite party's 
 pleading. Special Jury, a jury se 
 lected in a particular way by the 
 parties. Special Partner, one in 
 a limited partnership whose prop 
 erty cannot be taken to pay the 
 firm's debts, beyond the- money 
 he has contributed to the f ir_m. 
 Special Plea iti Bar, a plea which 
 advances new matter. Special Plead 
 1+19, the allegation of new mat- 
 ter, as distinguished from a direct 
 denial of matter previously alleg 
 ed on the other side; also the sci- 
 ence of plead ing. Special Property 
 limited or qualified property. Spe- 
 cialty, a writing sealed and deliv- 
 ered under some agreement. Spe- 
 cial Verdict, a verdict by which the 
 facts of the case are put on the rec 
 or tt, and the law is submitted to the 
 judges. 
 
 SPECIE.- Metallic money, asgold 
 silver,etc., coined by authority 
 and used as a circulating medium 
 of commerce. Specification, awrit 
 ten statement containing a tni- 
 nute description or enumeration 
 of particulars; the charge prefer- 
 red against a person accused of a 
 military offense. Specific Per/or- 
 ttiatice, an actual performance of 
 a contract, by the party bound to 
 perform it. 
 
 SPECbL/\TE.-To purchase with 
 the expectation of a contingent ad 
 vance in value, and a subsequent 
 sale at a prof it. Speculation, the 
 act of buying goods, lands. Stocks 
 etc., in expectation _of an advance 
 in price, as distinguished from a. 
 regular trade in which the profit 
 expected is the difference between 
 the wholesale and retail price. Spec- 
 ulative Accounts, in book-keep- 
 ing, accounts that indicate the 
 source of 0,3.x or \o;v, as, merchan 
 
 264
 
 a cal medium of exchange. 
 
 Australia. Austria. ArgentitieRep 
 
 Brazil.- Bolivia. Belaiu.rn. 
 
 Brit.Col.i-nA/. China. CViili. 
 
 Brit.N.Amer. Cochi-n-Chma.Cu.ba. 
 
 Denmark. Colombia. France. 
 
 Egypt. Ecuador. (rfeece. 
 
 G-errnany. East India Is. Hayti. 
 
 G-T. Brit. &. Ire. Hungary. Italy. 
 
 Liberia. India. Netherlands. 
 
 New Zealand. Japan. Roumania. 
 
 Norway. Mexico. Spain. 
 
 Portugal. Peru.. Switzerland. 
 
 Sweden. Russia. Venezuela. 
 
 disc, real estate, interest.expense.etc. 
 Speculator, one who buys real es- 
 tate, stocks, or goods, expecting to 
 hold them until they advance i n 
 price ; a-H irregular dealer. 
 
 SPI((STEI\. A term applied to a 
 rnaide-ti, or a woman who was nev- 
 er married. Spotisio-ti, a solemn 
 act or engagement on behalf of 
 another; an act on behalf of t he 
 State, by an agent -not authorized, 
 or one who exceeds his authority. 
 Spo*iso-r, one who undertakes to 
 answer yor another; a surety. 
 Springing Use, a_ vested or. corjtin 
 gent future use, limited to^rjse 
 without any preceding limitations. 
 
 SPULTIIE. -The act of taking away 
 movables without the owner's con 
 sent, orthat o/ the law. Spy, one 
 who secretly watches the conduct, 
 condition, actions, etc., of anoth- 
 er, or of an enemy, in order tore- 
 port thern to another party. Spies 
 may be shot in time of war, the same 
 
 ay ,.._ 
 
 as dcse-rters.Squ.aWer, one who 
 settles on the land of; an ot her 
 without legal authority. 
 5T/\M;P "TAX- -Charge /or sta.rnps 
 required by law to be placed oncer- 
 tain legal documents and various 
 manufactured articles. Standard, 
 that which is established by author- 
 ity or custom, as a rule or meas- 
 ure of quantity; as, a pound, gal- 
 lon, or weight; the proportion of 
 weight of -fine metal and alloy es- 
 tablished by authority for coinage. 
 Stannary Coiwts^English record 
 courts.forthe administration of 
 justice_among the tinners of some 
 countries. Standard of Moneta- 
 ry Value, the standard of mon- 
 etary value js^eithergold^orsilver 
 in all the cjvilized countries. The 
 folio winy is a list of the most im- 
 portant countries in the world, 
 divjded into three groups, those 
 nshi0 (I) a gold standard, (2) a sil- 
 ver standard, (3)a double or vari- 
 able standard. The tetm" varia- 
 ble" is preferable to that of "doub- 
 le," inasmuch as the double stand- 
 ard never exists at one and the- 
 same time, gold or silver becoming 
 alternately the standard, asthestate 
 of the exchange makes the one or the 
 other -more desirable as thepracti 
 
 Turkey. Tripoli. United States. 
 STI\TE. A community of persons 
 living within certain limits of ter- 
 ritory, under a permanent organr 
 ization, which aims to secure the 
 prevalence of Justice, and other- 
 wise promote the common weal) 
 by self-imposed laws. The sover- 
 eignty of a state consists in the 
 absolute right to control its own 
 members, and in the absolute rjght 
 to resist any interference in its 
 affairs by any other state. The 
 individual states of the Aweri- 
 can Union are not sovereign, but 
 the nation itself is. The statejs 
 the whole body of people organiz- 
 ed for the purpose of control; the 
 government in that partofthe 
 whole body through which ( the 
 control is exercised._T'-iere is no 
 way for a private individual to sue 
 a state, as it has been thought best 
 to le-ave each state free to settle jts 
 obligations in its own way aud in 
 its own time.\5>M.to\nrt\i otCY&vw^ 
 State Circuit Courts, courts -next 
 in. grade to the -supreme court. Prom 
 ten to thirty are established inev 
 ery state, one for e' t ach district in 
 to which the state is divided. In a 
 few states they correspond to the 
 *\\^e.y\oir courts; in, others they 
 are called J>\^Vv\oV cowv^s. They 
 have original jurisdiction, in genet 
 al, of all classes of cases, both civil 
 and criminal, and are the courts 
 in which the great body of trials 
 are had. They also hear appeals 
 from the' lower courts. \?*to^vV\ 
 State Prisons, prisons maintain 
 ed by_the state, in_ which criminals 
 convicted of the higher crimes are 
 confined.' Convicts are. forced to 
 worlTvvhile confined, thereby ren 
 deri-ng" tHe prison to a certain ex 
 tent self-supporting. State Law, 
 the Jaws^of the indiv'dual states a 1 
 distinguished from the laws passe< 
 by Congress. Whenever they con 
 flict, the former must give way 
 to the latter. State Rights, those 
 rights peculiar to the individual 
 states as opposed to those of the 
 nation. A-Miong the rights of the 
 states are " 
 
 or more states or parts of states, 
 without the consent of the. legis- 
 latures of the states concerned,as 
 well as of Congress; (3) The srnal I 
 states. have equal power in the sen- 
 ate with the large ones, and this 
 right is perpetuated by the consti- 
 tution; (3) To prevent the inequal- 
 ity in the treatment of the states 
 by the general government, it is 
 provided, that no tax or du-ty may 
 be laid on articles exported frotn 
 any.state; (4-) No preference may 
 be given by any regulation of com- 
 merce or revenue to the ports of 
 one state over those of another; 
 I S) Vessels engaged in commerce 
 between the states, may not be 
 made to pay the usual charges for 
 entrance and departure to which 
 vessels engaged in foreign trade 
 or commerce are subject. 
 ST/\JEf^E(iT.- A list of .resources 
 and liabilities; a report of an a- 
 gent's transactions sent to his 
 principal; a. synopsis of an account, 
 or a brief enumeration of bills which 
 have been purchased within a cer- 
 tain time. Some mercantile hous- 
 es send statements at regular in- 
 tervals, as monthly, to their cus- 
 tomers who purchase on credit, 
 that a com parison of account maji 
 be made, and, that if any error ex- 
 ists, it may be -rectified. 
 
 ttiong th< 
 : (I) No n 
 
 lew state may 
 
 be formed within the jurisdiction 
 of another state, _nor any state 
 be formed by the Junction of two 
 
 MONTHLY STATEMENT. 
 
 5t. Louis, Oct. 31, 19... 
 Messrs. A.M. Bowls fc.Co., 
 
 C. D. Brown 6. Co. 
 
 Oct.4 ToMdse.asperBill,@3mos., 
 
 ,,3 ,, 9500 
 .f .. .. ..60 days, 8000 
 
 25000 
 
 RESOURCES AND LIAB | LITIES. 
 
 STATEMENT, J A N.3 1, 19.. 
 
 Per.Accts.Rec.,as perLedaet, 
 Bill Rec^as per Bill Book, 
 Cash, as per Cash Book, 
 Mdse.,as per Inventory, 
 Store and Fixtures, 
 Furniture, 
 
 y.^ perLeJjei; 
 Bill Pag., as per Bill Book, 
 Pres. Worth, 
 Invested, 
 Withdrawals, 
 Net Credit, 
 Net Gain, 
 
 58160 
 71715 
 95JX5 
 130000 
 I9ITOO 
 
 71715 
 
 81? 85. 
 
 437000 
 151,00 
 
 530.00 
 
 I9 00 
 
 15 04 
 
 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT. 
 
 BOSTON, MARCH 2.5,19... 
 Messrs. Cue ti. Jones, 
 
 In acct. with Small t-Coy. Dr. 
 
 MafTO Mdse., Imos., 
 
 July 
 
 Ouly 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Ox. 
 
 May 20 Cash, 
 
 Averaf* due Sept. n. 
 
 , 
 
 I5COO" 
 
 100 00^50 00. 
 
 2C5
 
 JSTATEMENL 
 To WEUS.MUN 
 
 'ATEMENT FOR OBTAINING CREDIT. 
 
 K&Co., 
 Cincinnati', 0. 
 
 C ENTLEMENr-For the purpose 
 of obtain! rio credit, we hereby submit 
 the/ollowing statement, showing the 
 total amount of resources and li- 
 abilities of whatever kind, and af- 
 firm that said state-men* rep-resents 
 theetiti-ce and complete condition 
 of our business, and that the /acts 
 stated therein are true an d_ correct 
 as shown by our books and inventory 
 
 Mds., Schedule A.9I70.N Bill; hy.SeM4.SiaN 
 AcctiRec.,,. 8,7100.00 Accts.Pa. ,. H.670JJO 
 illiRec., .. C, 710.51 T, 
 FurtiUute, 0, 600.10 
 Horses, .. E, 25000 
 F, I70JO 
 Cash on hand, 150.01 
 
 Total Resour., 1 8350 JO 
 
 otal Liabil., 1480.1)0 
 Pres.Worth, 16870.50 
 
 18350.50 
 
 STATES. The condition of persons. 
 Statute, an act o/the legislature or 
 supreme power of a. state commanding 
 or prohibiting a thing. Statutes of 
 Limitation, see Limitation of Ac- 
 tion. Stay of Execution, a period 
 o/time during which no execution 
 can issue on a judgment. Stay of 
 Proceedings, suspension of an ac- 
 tion, either conditionally or absolute 
 ly.Steelbow (roods, implements of 
 husbandry, cattle, corn, straw, etc., 
 delivered _by a landlord to a tenant, 
 on condition that on the expira- 
 t ion o/ the lease, he will return the 
 like number of goods of I ike quantity. 
 
 STE.l-MONA.TE.-The acto/selling 
 the same property to two di//erent 
 parties; any /raud which has no def- 
 inite name. Sterl 1*419, thecitrrent 
 money of G-reat Britain. The Pound 
 Sterling is represented by a gold 
 coin called a %oNete\<yrv coined at 
 04.863-3. The Farth ing is TIM coin- 
 ed; the Penny is Qopper; the Crown, 
 Shilling, and Sixpence, are silver; 
 the Sovereign and G-uinea are gold. 
 Sti-Mt, th at iro portion o/a man's 
 cattle which he is allowed to keep 
 upon the common. 
 
 STIPES. -Stock, or source of descent 
 or title. Stipulation, an agree- 
 ment or bargain; in admiralty, 
 a recognizance in the nature of 
 bail /or the appearance o/the de- 
 fendant. Stirpes, root, stock, I in- 
 eaqe, or stem. 
 
 TOCI^. Race, lineage, or /amity; 
 capital in trade; the title of t he 
 proprietor o/the business. Stock 
 is also synonymous with Capital 
 Stock. It is also used to denote the 
 shares into which the capital stock 
 is divided, as where one is said to 
 own so much stock, meaning so 
 many shares. Stock Account,an 
 account employed to represent the 
 person or company doing business. 
 I-H opening the books for a. busi- 
 ness, the several kinds of property 
 belonging to the business are each 
 Dr., under its proper title, to Stock 
 for the amount of the whole; and, 
 i/ there beany debts to be paid,Stock 
 is Dr. /or the amount of them to 
 the persons owed, or to bills pay- 
 able, or to whatever -represents the 
 claim. The Stock Account is C-r. 
 /or the assets q/the/irm, and 
 Dr. /or its liabilities. Stock Bro- 
 ker, an agont who buys and sells 
 stock /or others on commission, 
 Stock Certi/icate, a certificate en 
 titling its owner to one or more 
 shares in a stock company.Stock 
 Exchange, an association orco-m 
 pany of stockbrokers; the building 
 where brokers and bankers meet to 
 buy and sell stock, bonds, etc. Stock 
 Far-mer, a /armer who con/ines 
 his attention chie/ly to the rais- 
 ing of live-stock. Stockholder, one 
 who holds shares in the capital 
 stock o/ a joint-stock co-mpa-ny.Stpck 
 Insurance Company, one in which 
 the capital stock is owned by per- 
 sons who compose the company, 
 and who are called stockholders 
 the losses being paid /row the pre 
 miums received, or i/ these are in- 
 su//icient, /rom the capital stock 
 Stock-in-trade, the goods o/a-mer 
 chant, which are employed in his 
 business. Stock Jobber, one who 
 speculates in stocks. Stock Market 
 the state of demand for stocks 
 Stock on Hand, unsold 'merchandise. 
 Stocks, shares in the capital stock 
 o/a joint-stock company. Stock- 
 taking, an inventory of thequan 
 tity and cost-value o/the goods on 
 hand, and o//ixtures and /urni- 
 ture, taken periodically by a mer- 
 chant or tradesman. Dead-stock, 
 gos ds for which a. marked cannot 
 e /ound. "Watered " Stock.- At 
 times the charter o/a corporation 
 
 /or bids the declaring o/a dividend 
 exceeding a certain percent of 
 the par value of its stock. In this 
 case the directors may/ind it de- 
 sirabla to "water" the stock, i.e., 
 to issue additional shares. This in 
 crease in the number of shares 
 
 reduces the percentage o/dividend, 
 yet the same pro/it in the ayotegate 
 is secured to the stockholders. 
 
 No.n5..jUNING-/ 50 Shares. 
 
 This certi/ies that... ^O 
 >N.\A.v,Kx...is entitled to^S'\<- o 
 v\> Shares in the Capital 
 Stock of the 
 DRVTOWN MININ6 COMPANY, 
 Trans/era ble only on the 
 Bookso/theCompanj/jinpef 
 son, or by Attor-ney, upon 
 the surrender o/this Cer- 
 ti/icate. 
 
 In witness whereo/, the 
 Seal of said Company has 
 been hereunto a//ixed,this 
 
 A.L.WARD,T-reasV. M.T.SHiEi,Pres't. 
 
 . I/ one at- 
 tempt to sell whathc does not own, 
 there is no sale; i.e., no one can 
 claim a thing be cause he boupht 
 and paid for it, unless he bought it 
 /rom the owner. The^true owner 
 of property can claim it atani; time, 
 and in whosever possession he may 
 find i*. There are two important 
 exceptions to the /oreg_oin 9 rule, 
 viz., -mo-weA) and \\e.qoV\a.\5\, sacw- 
 V\V\es ^a.\&a>B\aVo>9M.-wi such as 
 promissory notes, dra/ts, bills of 
 exchange, checks, bonds, etc.Who- 
 ever obtains money, or negotiable 
 securities payable to bearer (I) be- 
 fore they become due, and [ftjgii/es 
 something in consideration, and 
 (3) has no reason to suspect that 
 theone/rom whom he^obtains 
 them has not the /uU right to 
 trans/er them, obtains the same 
 right to them that he would i/the 
 other party were the real owner. 
 V5>*-e- Voss oV 7f o^a*<XN\. 
 
 STOPPAJB-E IN Tl\A.NSlTU.-There 
 calling and taking possession o/ a 
 bill o/goods sold on credit, while 
 they are still on their way to t he 
 buyer, and be/ore he has taken pos 
 session o/theni.V' a '^ > ' a -\*'V3>^ V 
 Stop Payment (o/ a check), to no- 
 fci/y the bank, be/ore the cHeck has 
 been presented, not tr pay it. Stop- 
 ped Payme+i*, an expression equiv 
 alent to /allure; as, when awetxhant 
 /ails, or ceases to pay his notes or 
 liabilities. 
 
 STO(VA.G-E. Amount paid fay the- 
 privilege of storing goods in an- 
 other's warehouse. The charges 
 are a certain price per barrel, bale, 
 box, etc. All goods scored, though /or 
 only a day, are subject to at least 
 one month's storage. To co-m- 
 pu-te storage, multiply the num 
 her of barrels, or other articles 
 
 266
 
 /its* entered, by the number of days 
 between the time o/ entrance and 
 the time o/ /ir st delivery, o-r sec- 
 ond en trance. Then -multiply each 
 balance by the number of days it 
 co-ntiriu.es unchanged. The sum 
 o/ all the products will equal the 
 number o/ articles in store for 
 one day. To /inc 1 , the number stor- 
 ed /or one -nion-th, divide the sum 
 o/the products by 30. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, JULY 3,19.... 
 deceived on storage account at our 
 Water Front warahou.se, /row 
 YiNvm ti.C>o...~w'V\\a 
 barrels Shcnandoah Val- 
 
 ley Headlight i I /'Crescent" brand. 
 The same are to be returned * o 
 them on the pay went p /storage and 
 the return of this receipt, endorsed 
 by them. Storage and charges /i've 
 cents par barrel a month. Insured 
 bw owners 
 
 m ... A place where goods aresold, 
 or a warehouse. Store Goods, those 
 bought at a store as distinguished 
 /row home-made goods.&orehouse, 
 a depository for -merchandise. Store- 
 keeper, a retail dealer, generally one 
 who keeps a miscellaneous assort- 
 ment o/ goods; an o//icerwho has 
 charge of the United States b o-nded 
 warehouse. Stores, a ship's supplies, 
 or those of a family; as, various ar- 
 ticles of provisions. Stowage, t H.c- 
 arrangewent of the goods in a 
 warehouse; the arrangement of a 
 ship's cargo, so as to prevent injury 
 
 t by /ri'ctfon or leakage. 
 
 TODDLE. In the stofk exchange, 
 a combination of the ft put" and 
 the "call." It gives the purchaser 
 the ri'ght to get the di//erettce whetk 
 erthe grain goes up or down.THc 
 man selling the straddle bets that, 
 within *He specified time, grain 
 will not /(actuate, while the buy- 
 e-r bets thai it will. Stranding, ihi'. 
 voluntary OT accidental running 
 
 % o/ a ship or other vessel onshore. 
 
 >TH/\N<rERS. Legally, third parties; 
 as.the persons bound by a/itie are 
 parties, privies.and strangers; *he 
 person who is not privy to an act 
 or action; one born out of t He 
 United States. Stratagem, plan 
 o-r scheme /or gaining some ad- 
 vantage, or of deceiving an enemy, 
 
 especially iti war. S*ratage-ms and 
 deceit are allowable in war, but not 
 so/a-r as to constitute a breach of 
 /aith. When an enemy surrenders 
 or is captured, the right to kill is 
 gone. Stratocracy,, a military gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 TFtEAJVlS. Streams o/waterrun- 
 ning through one's land, con/er 
 the right on th owner to tHeir 
 use, so /ar as that use does -not per- 
 ceptibly diminish their volirnie,ot 
 change their course, or in any 
 way prevent- a similar use by oth- 
 er ownters. An owner may build 
 a dam upon his own land, bat -not 
 so high as to cause -the water t o ' 
 set back upon his neighbor's land, 
 unless with the latter's permis- 
 sion . V^e-e- Vv\vV\.-v\ V-vo^ V\e.Vo^<\. 
 Street, sec H fgh way. . 
 
 STI\II(IN& PvJyift.-The select- 
 ing indiscriminately by asheri// 
 of /orty-eight of the principal free- 
 holders, anj the striking o//twe- 
 'ty-/our o/tHew, twelve by each side, 
 and returning the re-main in 9 
 twenty- /our /or duty. S-tuprum 
 criminal sexual i-ntercourse, accord 
 ing to Rowan law, between a man 
 and an unmarried wornan,maid, 
 or widow, who be/ore lived honestly. 
 
 SUB-A&ENT.-The agent o/an a- 
 gent. All *he rules of agency are. 
 applicable to the relation between 
 .the agent and the sub-agent,./or 
 as io each other they are princi- 
 pal and a9ent.\5>e.a^c)e/\\c\)YSu.b- 
 jection, state of being under the 
 power, control, o f government o/ 
 another. Su.b-i.ease, a lease /row 
 
 whole or a part of the property, /or 
 a_part of the time. I/ a tenant de- 
 sire to trans/er his right entirejy 
 to another party, he may do so,iji 
 which case he is said to i^s'^w his 
 lease. In this case the s'ub^-tena-nt is 
 not responsible to the original land- 
 lo^d /or the rent, the tenant bei-ho 
 his only landlord. I/ a tenant t-fa-ns 
 /er only a_part o/ his right, he is said 
 to %vOt>\e.v it, and the new te-t-iarit 
 becomes a tenant of the. original 
 landlord, to whom, he must pay the 
 ' " 
 
 rent. 
 
 SUBIVllSS(0(/.-The act of putting 
 one's property or person under the 
 control o/another; a-ti agreement 
 bu which parties consent to submit 
 their di//erences /or arbitration. 
 Subornation o/Perju-ry, see Per- 
 jury. Subpoena, a writ /row a 
 court commanding the attendance 
 of witnesses, under heavy penalties 
 i/they do not. Su.brogation, the, 
 act of substituting one person in 
 the place of another, who is a cred- 
 itor, and to whose rights in rela- 
 tion to the debt he succeeds. 
 
 SUBSCRIBIN&VVITNESS.-A pers- 
 on vv^ho subscribes his name 
 to an instrument, so that he can 
 ata/utureday prove its execution. 
 
 ITV AND COUNTY OF NewYoRK,*v. 
 On this...\OW... day o/.'..?eV<*- 
 
 -xx)... in the year I9...,be/oreme 
 personally came...VN.^.t\v*V\<=.., 
 a. subscribing witness to the with- 
 in instrument, with whom I am 
 personally acquainted, who being 
 by me duly sworn, said that he re- 
 sided in the city o/ Brooklyn, in the 
 State of New York; that he was ac 
 qu-ainted with..A.^. and VN'\n\\\\e 
 \N\)vi\6if.., and knew them to be the 
 persons described in, and who ex 
 ecu-ted the said instrument; and 
 that he saw them execute and 
 deliver the same, and that they 
 acknowledged to Him (the said Cur- 
 tis), that they executed and deliv- 
 ered the same, and that he(thesaid 
 Curtis), thereupon subscribed his 
 name as a witness thereto, at 
 
 ...D.P.THOMPSON.., 
 
 .-----, ,. ^- The head- 
 ing should be as brie/ly and plain- 
 !ly written as is consistent with 
 *a clear expression o/the purpose 
 ! !/orwhich *he money is subscribed 
 
 WASHINGTON, SEPT. 10,19... 
 We, the undersigned, agree to 
 pay tHe sums-set opposite our re 
 spective nanies r /or the purpose 
 o/de/raying the expenses -necessa 
 ry to the- appropriate celebration, 
 in this city, o/our National Inde 
 pendence, on the coming Fourth 
 o/ July. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Names. 
 
 SUBSID\. Money /urnished /or 
 a particular purpose; assistance 
 granted by one state to another by 
 treaty /or aid in war. Substitute 
 one put to occupy the place or posi- 
 tion of another; one sent to the 
 army in place of another, when 
 , dra/ted. Substitution , the act of 
 placing one person in the place, of 
 ' another, that he may act /or. him 
 Substitution o/ Attorney, see At- 
 torney. Subtraction, in jaw, the 
 withdrawing or withholding of 
 'some rig hfc. Su-b-Te-ia*i*, the ten 
 :! ant o/atenant.\5>eS)\v\s-\.6'8i.^. 
 stiCC^SSlOff . The act,right,orthe 
 power of succeeding to *he inherit 
 ance of another. Successor, one 
 who /ollows or succeeds to the po 
 sition of. an other. Sue, to cotti-meiee 
 or continue legal proceedings agains 
 a party. SM-//ra9e, the rigtit^rpn' 
 ilege of voting. ^c.fcC^NVjMtvc&xVorv^V 
 \lo*'\wo/\. Suicide, the act of deliber- 
 ately taking one's own li/e, while 
 in the possession and enjoyment 
 of his mental -faculties. 
 
 267
 
 SUIT. A prosecution; an action at law 
 or in equity. The proceedings man 
 ordinary civil case are: (I) the sum- 
 mons, (1) the pleadings, or prepar- 
 ing the necessary papers ,(3) the se- 
 lection of a jury, (4-) the trial, 
 (5) the verdict, (6) the judgment, 
 (1) the appeal, if the defeated par- 
 ty thinks j ustice has not been done. 
 The proceedings in a criminal case 
 are: (I) the indictment, (2) the ar- 
 rest,and giving of bail, if bailable, 
 (3) the examination, (4) the appli- 
 cation for habeas corpus, if the pris- 
 oner thinks his arrest is unlawful, 
 ^5) the trial, (6) the charge to the 
 ;ury,(7) the verdict, (8) the sen- 
 ten ce_or_discharge.\\\\, co\vv>e. oA 
 .\._ .j-._\ . ....- --\-r\cvA\ c.w 
 
 ' 
 
 Su fv\lv\AJlY'- Ar > abstract or abridg- 
 ment. Summary Proceedings, a 
 method given by statute, by which 
 a landlord_regains possession of his 
 premises, i-n case the tenant refits 
 es,upon demand, to pay the rent, or 
 when he wrongfully holds over. This 
 method is less expensive than an cc- 
 tion -for ejectment. Su/m+m'-Hg Up, 
 a review made in favor of one of th< 
 parties in a cause, before a court aw 
 jury, after the evidence has all been 
 jiven. The judge usually sums up the 
 evidence,in his charge. 
 
 SUN^rv\ONS.- A writ issu-ed by a 
 court at the. instance of the plain 
 tiff, and served upon the defendant 
 summoning him to appear in court. 
 Generally this appearance is made 
 by the defendant's attorney fil- 
 ing a notice in the clerk's o f ( i ce 
 Sumptuary Laws, those relatin9 to 
 the expenses of the people, and made 
 to restrain excess in apparel, furni- 
 ture, food, etc. 
 
 UflfD/fr. The first day of the week. 
 I* begins at IX o'clock midnight on Sat 
 urday.and continues for 24 hours, 
 except in some of *he New England 
 States, where it begins at sunset on 
 Saturday, and continues 24- hours. 
 1i -many of the States a contract 
 made on Sunday, or an a9reement 
 to do anything ort Sunday , except 
 such as relate to works of necessity 
 and mercy, is illegal and void. 
 
 u. _. 1 ry 1 i^J. An officer.or other 
 person engaged to proceed in a mer- 
 chant ship, to have charge of the car- 
 go, and sell it to the best advantaac.^ix) 
 to superintend returning cargoes,and 
 receive freight, as far as he -mat) have 
 authority. Superficies, buildings and 
 other things that have been erected 
 on the soil. Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction, an officer whose du- 
 ty is to examine into the condition 
 of the 1 public schools of the State, 
 and report thereon to the legisla- 
 ture; to attend institutes and oth- 
 er meetings of teachers; to pre- 
 pare blanks for,andto preserve sta- 
 tistics from, the local school offi- 
 cers; to supervise the school funds, 
 and to distribute the school laws 
 a-wd other documents forthe use 
 of school officers. 
 i\JPEf\IO!\ COU^TA court of in- 
 termediate jurisdiction betwee-n 
 the- inferior courts and those of last 
 resort. Superstitious Use, the. use 
 of land for a religious purpose, or 
 by an ecclesiastical corporation. Su- 
 pervisor, an officer appointed to 
 superintend and care for the high 
 
 taj Bill, a supplement or addition 
 to an ori9inal bill in equity, made 
 to supply some defect. Supplementa- 
 ry Proceedings, those supplementa- 
 ry to execution under the Code, de- 
 signed to furnish the Judy-went debt- 
 or with a cheap and summary mode 
 ofreachin9 such property of his 
 debtor^as could not be reached by 
 execution at law, and to compel hi-m 
 to make discovery of his property, 
 Sl)PPOf\T.-The necessaries of lift; 
 an easement; *he -right of a -man to 
 rest the timbers of his house _upon or 
 in the adjoining wall belonging to 
 another mart. Support o/the Cov- 
 e-Mi-ttieti*, this -means not onlu pe- 
 cuniary support which one is boitw 
 to contribute to meet the necessa 
 ry expenses, but also moral sup- 
 port which conies f-rom -respec* 
 and obedience. 
 
 lJPftENlE.-Holding the highest po 
 sition or place in government or 
 power. Supreme Court, the high- 
 est court in the land, and was es- 
 tablished by the Constitution it- 
 sel/. It consists of nine judges, and 
 its iuris diet ion i's_almost wholly ap- 
 pellate, having original jurisdiction 
 in only a few cases. Surcharye, an 
 overcharge; a disallowed item in 
 an account which those who pre- 
 sent it have personally to pay; put- 
 ting more cattle on a common than 
 the herbage will sustain. 
 URETY. A person who binds him- 
 self to pay a sum of money, or per- 
 form some act in case of the failure 
 of another to do so.\^>8-'&^'^''a.v\- 
 Xf\),WoV\ca ot ?Yo*e%*,v\& ^-v\io-<S6- 
 Kwnv. Suretyship, the obligation 
 of being bound to answer for the 
 debt, default, or -m iscarrigye of aflottei 
 
 . In ancient times pa- 
 rants in naming their offspring, us- 
 ed names descriptive of some pecul- 
 iarity already existing, or which it 
 was hoped might become character 
 fstio. Thus Eve means Iife-givin9, 
 Jacob, a supplanter, etc.These -names 
 were all ^e'v < =o\va,\ names, having 
 nothing in common with the 
 names of others. In this respect 
 they correspond to the_ English Chris 
 fcian names- of modern -titties. As pop- 
 ulation increased it was discovered 
 that something more was requir- 
 ed to distinguish between two or 
 more persons named alike or sim- 
 ilarly. Hence, arose the practice of 
 giving a supplementary name, or 
 adding something to the proper 
 name. These additions were called 
 su^e*- or vx"Y\a.-Y*\e%, the first syl- 
 lable being spelled with the letter 
 u.. These surnames were- n ot 
 t-ransmissib-le frorn father to son, 
 and were changeable at will. A/- 
 ter a time, as population contin- 
 ued to increase, additions some- 
 what analogous to these OMM- or 
 %\wv-names, came to be adopted, to 
 fix -more completely and^accurate- 
 1 4 the identity of any particular per- 
 son. To obviate to some extent the 
 inconvenience of this system of 
 nomenclature, which gave no clue 
 to the family or connection, me/n 
 began to add their father's n ame 
 to their own. With this custom 
 came in the now universal use of 
 j>V<-names, spelled with the letter 
 \ . It is no longer a swr- or OMC^T- 
 name, but a %w- or Vvre,-name, 
 that is, the name derived from the 
 
 which is left 
 over; in law, matter foreign and 
 impertinent to the case.Surrebut 
 ter, answer of the plaintiff_to the 
 defendant's rebuttal. Surrejoinder, 
 a plaintiff's reply to the defend- 
 ant's rejoinder. Surrender, the 
 act of resigning or yielding up a 
 smaller estate to him who has a 
 larger estate in the same lands", in 
 remainder or reversion, by which 
 the smaller estate is merged jnto 
 
 .the larger. 
 
 iUf^OG-AJTE.-A judge having juris- 
 diction of the probate of wills. He 
 is sometimes called surrogate, reg- 
 ister, judge of probate, judge of 
 the orphans'! court. Survey, an 
 examination into the condition 
 of a ship or its cargo. Surveyor, 
 an officer chosen to make tne 
 surveys of any lands inihe coun- 
 ty, when applied to for the purpose 
 by parties interested, or by any of 
 the courts; a person employed by 
 marine insurance companies to 
 inspect ships; a-H officer of a 
 f ire_ insurance company who ex- 
 amines and reports on applica- 
 tions for insurance on merchan 
 dise and buildings. Survivor,thc 
 lonaest liver of two or -more persons.
 
 SUSPEND. To stop payment. _ S u. s- 
 pc-Hse Account, in book-keeping, an 
 account containing balatices o/ per- 
 sonal accounts considered to be doubt 
 fit I. To keep such an accou-nt, place 
 upon the rredit side the separate 
 amounts which appear upon the 
 debit side of the doubtful accounts, 
 debiting the same to Loss and Gain 
 at once, thus permitting the doubt- 
 ful accounts to remain upon the 
 Ledger without the corresponding 
 gain which such -resource,!/ gen- 
 uine, would im pi y. Suspension , the 
 act of delaying or withholding for 
 a ti-rne a -man's rights; as, when 
 the rent* or other profits o/ land 
 cease by unity of possession of land 
 and rent, they are then said to be 
 in <=Av=,i}e.\vi,. Suspension o/ Payment, 
 the act of afirn-i or trader declin- 
 ing -to pay any one debt, upon find- 
 ing that they are unable to -meet 
 all their liabilities; also, when a 
 bank stops cashing its- checks or-notei 
 
 SUTLER. An authorised vendor of 
 provisions, etc., to soldiers in camp 
 or garrison. Swindling Note, a. 
 note so worded and formulated as 
 to lead farmers or others to believe 
 that they agree to pay only as-mail 
 amount, as twenty or thirty dol- 
 lars, when they have sold 9 pods 
 to a 9! ven amount. By tearnij off 
 the right-hand end of the -note, what 
 is apparently an agreement for a 
 small amount, becomes a promis- 
 sory note/or a large sum. When 
 the note is sold at a bank. it becomes 
 the property of a third and iwnocetit 
 party, who can by law enforce i ts 
 
 payment. \Jbee. < bVo\e.'Vi<o^*>iw'\. \ ve.e. ~^<va^e,V 
 VOW* OJ S<M\WV\\V& YWt^. . 
 
 A -number of capitalist! 
 who unite together to dispose of a 
 large loan, or to conduct some yntat 
 financial enterprise. SynorapH, a 
 writing, bond, or deed, under the 
 hand and seal of all the parties. 
 
 rA,BELLlOltf. A notary public. Tac 
 /-fee, free from payment. Tacit, 
 that which is understood or im- 
 plied from the nature of the thing, 
 or from the provision of the law. 
 Tacking, the act of uniting secu- 
 rities given at different times, all 
 of which must be redeemed before 
 an intermediate purchaser can in- 
 terpose his claim. Taking Stock, 
 see_ Stock-taking. Tales , a number 
 of jurors added to a deficient pan- 
 el. If the number is selected frotn 
 the bystanders, the order of the 
 judge is called V-iXes \e c.'wc.vtw- 
 sva-*\i'\\>\fc.%, Tal G^uale, a term 
 used in contracts where grain is 
 sold off the coast, by a s a-vn pie 
 drawn at the port at which the 
 ship has touched; and signifying 
 that the cargo is held to be t he 
 same I'n quality as th sample, 
 and that the buyer takes the risk 
 of any damage_the cargo may af- 
 terwards sustain. 
 
 PARITY. Any method of marking 
 or checking enumeration;astick 
 cut in two parts, on each of which 
 is marked what is due between debt 
 or and creditor. Tall y-ftia-H, one 
 who receives payment for goods 
 in weekly installments. Tare, an 
 allowance in the purchase of -mer 
 chandise,for the weight of bores, 
 etc., in which it is packed; ati al- 
 lowance to purchasers for wa^ste, 
 of 4 Ibs. on every 104 Ibs.of weiaht 
 after the above tare is deducted is 
 called VifeX. 
 
 TARIFF.- A rate of duty fired by 
 law on imports and erports.The 
 tariff tares, commonly called du- 
 ties,or customs, belong to the class 
 of indirect tares. They are made 
 
 up of 
 
 and 
 A - 
 
 \ia\o<- 
 
 Va.V\U is one laid for the sole purpose 
 of collecting revenue for the uses 
 of government, and is made up of 
 duties on goods not produced at 
 home, as the tar on these will be 
 paid without interfering ittatiy way 
 with the prices of domestic goods 
 V'YoV,cV\M,"\'/v\tt , TtX 
 
 DANVILLE, IND., MAY 1, 19 
 
 One year aftsr date, I promise to pay...Vv\.osix...or bearer-w^evx Dolton,when (sell by 
 
 order T\Me\\\vv\o,\c.o. v^o, Vxiv^-v^DollaTsjfcSSO) worth of Patent Wheat SctEens, 
 
 for value received, at ten per cent per annum, said -vJ\/v\ Dollars when due is 
 payable at Danville, Ind. 
 
 %. P D f i. ,,M. ( b.NN\v\.\KW... Ayent for H. Losey. 
 
 Witness, ..C.B.fribson... 
 
 SYMBOLIC DELIVERY.- A del ivery of 
 property sold by delivering something 
 else^ as a symbol, token, or represen- 
 tative of it; as, of lands, a 
 v\H or a little of the e.i"VV\ 
 of houses, aWsq and -iVa 
 
 . -The keeper of 
 
 an inn or inferior hotel. \Jbw- ^o- 
 VeVVe-^a\> . Tax, a certain trib- 
 ute imposed upon individuals for 
 the support of the State or govern 
 went. Tares are either VxtacV or 
 
 Xvx^wacV. Direct tares include poll- 
 tares, and tares on land, houses, 
 and other real estate and person- 
 al property. Itidirect tares include 
 duties, imposts, and ercises. Proper- 
 ty erempted from laration,!nclude$ 
 the property of the United* States, of 
 the State, counties, townships, cit- 
 ies, literary and charitable instiga- 
 tions, schools and other education- 
 al institutions, religious societie^, 
 scientific and agricultural societies, 
 public libraries, burial grounds, and 
 a certain portic-n of the property 
 of private individuals, as of wid- 
 ows, orph_ans, and some others. 
 An apportionment of the whole a- 
 mount of tares raised, is made for 
 the various State, county, *ndtowit 
 ship purposes. F^om the complete 
 tar list, containing a description 
 of all the items of property tared, 
 the county treasurer collects the 
 tares according to law. If the tar 
 is not paid within a specified time, 
 the treasurer may take the property 
 or such portion of it as he deeiris 
 necessary, and, after public notice, 
 may sell it at public sale. Taxation, 
 adjustment, or/f iring the amount 
 of costs; also the process of taring 
 or imposing a tar. Tax Deed, a doc- 
 ument by which the title of the 
 rightful owner is conveyed to the 
 purchaser at a tar sale of property 
 for the non-payment of tares. Tax 
 Sale, the sale of property -for the 
 non-payment of tares. Taxation 
 o/ Costs, the act of firing or adjust- 
 ing the a-mount of costs to which 
 a party is entitled. 
 TELEPHONE. -A mechanism for 
 the reproduction of sounds, partic- 
 ularly articulate speech, at a dis- 
 tance. Tele9'TatH, a dispatch or-mes- 
 saoe received or transmitted by the 
 electric telegraph. Telegraph Com- 
 pany, a company or corporation 
 who own and control tili-iie of tel- 
 egraph wires. I-M the sending of a 
 dispatch, the two parties concerned 
 are the sender of the message and 
 the company. The message must 
 be sent ac it is oiven,the operator 
 not being permitted to correct ev- 
 ident mistakes, such a errors in 
 grammar, nor add, nor omit aity- 
 thing, nor make any change in it. 
 A message must be sent as soon as 
 it can be, and in its proper order as 
 received. An hour's unnecessary de- 
 lay might make the company re- 
 sponsible. A telegraph company is 
 a confidential messenger, and is 
 responsible if it reveal the tnessi9e 
 to any one except the person ad- 
 dressed. Telegraphic correspondence 
 being somewhat expensive, it is de- 
 sirable to erpress in the very few- 
 est words, clearly and unmistakably, 
 our ax-aci meaning, l-n writing a 
 telegram, (I) write out i-M _/i*ll 
 what you desire to communicate: 
 (2) read the message carefully, and 
 strike out all the unnecessary words 
 
 269
 
 13) copu it as corrected, si^n your name, 
 rncluditig street nd number; (4-J keep 
 ihfir corrected draft for reference in 
 eas of trouble. (There is no charge for ei- 
 ther the address of -the sender.or that of 
 the person addressed. 
 
 NOTICE OF SAFE ft R RIVA L t 
 
 ..., 
 716 Market- St., Fresno, Cal. 
 
 Arrived safe. Like place. Will visi* Fair to 
 morrow. Letter to-day. 
 
 HENRY. 
 187 Dearborn St. 
 
 AN ORDER FOR ..BOOKS. : 
 
 N.R.Os&ooo, 
 161 Rose St., New York. 
 
 Send first express C.O.D. 
 \cV4o-Ate. J. R. LYTLE, Age-nt. 
 
 73 Treat Ave. 
 
 TO A LADY FRIEND. 
 
 Miss EMILY BARNET, 
 793 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Your father very ill. Is very low.Cotne 
 on immediately. 
 
 MAMIE FRAN 
 
 J J-, = . IVIXIV1IC |-M*HIK. 
 
 TELLER. -One who -receives or counts; a 
 batik officer who receives or pays out -mon- 
 ey. Tetiati*, ore who holds or possesses 
 lands or tenements by any kind of title, 
 either in fee, for life, for years, or at wi 1 1. 
 Tenants in Ccmmo-n, tenants holding 
 land and tenements by several and dis- 
 tinct titles and not by a joint title, b ut 
 occupied in common, the only u-nitu rec- 
 ognized between them being that ofpos- 
 
 St.Paul, March i7, 19.... 
 DEAR SIR: 
 
 The premises I now occupy as your 
 tenant, at No 717 Fourth street, I shall 
 vacate on the fifteenth day of April, 19... 
 You will please take notice accordingly. 
 
 TEN'ENpVirv\.-Acla.usein a deed, 
 limiting and creating the tenure 
 of the land.Te-rtet, a term used 
 in stating the tenure in an action 
 for waste done during tenancy.Tew- 
 FortieSj one of the first loans of 
 the government during the Civil 
 W a-r, 1 861-5, socalled because of 
 the privilege of the government 
 to take it up in VeY\ years, or to 
 let it remain 4o-vl\) years, at its 
 own option. Interest at 5%. 
 Te-Mo^general drift or course 
 of thought; also implying that 
 a correct copy has been set o_ut. 
 Tenu.!*, a term used in stating 
 the tenure in an action for t he 
 waste done after the expiration 
 of the tenancy. 
 
 rEffUnlE.- Manner of holding; 
 especially the manner in which 
 an estate in land* is held.Terti 
 the limitation of an estate;*he 
 space of time in which a_court 
 or other organized body is open. 
 Ter-wi~o/ C-redi*, the time that 
 is allowed for the payment of 
 merchandise bought on account 
 and varies according to the kind 
 of goods dealt in, and local usage 
 Some firms do only a cash bus- 
 iness, while others allow a uni- 
 form term of credit for 30,60, 
 or 90 days. Te-r-ms, the condi- 
 tions of a sale or agreement. 
 
 TE^MOf\. One who Holds lands 
 or tenements for a term of years 
 or for life. Terre-Te-tiatt*, one 
 who is in actual possession of th< 
 land. Te-f-Me-r, a roll, catalogue 
 or survey of lands. Ter-ri*ory. 
 a district of country not yet or 
 ganized and admitted as aState 
 0-ntil a Territory becomes aStatt 
 it is under the control of the 
 United States G-overnment, which 
 grants it, to a certain cxtent,self 
 
 tovernment, on the plan of the 
 tate governments. Each Ter- 
 ritory has a right to send a del- 
 egate to Congress, who may take 
 part in the debates of the House 
 but cannot vote. 
 TEST. Any critical trial or ex- 
 amination; that; with which 
 anything is compared, for the 
 purpose of ascertaining the truth 
 of another thing. Tes* Oath, an 
 path relating to religious opin 
 ions. \j5M-OlVv\V Testament,,) 
 written document, properly at 
 tected, in which a person declare 
 his pleasure as to the disposal of 
 his property after hisdeathA^**- 
 
 -YouNO. Esq. 
 
 ., ,. The act of offering money 01 
 
 nything in settlement, by a debtor 01 
 ome one authorizEO; aiti offer in writ 
 ng to supply certain articles, ooods, ships, 
 r anything that may be required, at pri 
 es and conditions specified in the XtvttaA 
 
 rty occupied for a limited time on cer- 
 ain conditions; as, lanjj or houses. 
 
 VN'\\\y Testate, having made a 
 will. Testato-r, one who -makes 
 a testament or will. Testatrix 
 a woman who makes a will or 
 testament. Teste, the witness 
 ing part of a document, as the- 
 date, etc. Testify, to give testimo 
 ny or evidence according _to law 
 Testi-rtio-ny, evidence given by 
 a witness under oath. Standing 
 hg raises his rtaht ha.nd,ndswea 
 
 to tell the truth, the whole truth, 
 and nothing but the truth. 
 
 TEXTILE FABFJICS.-AII kinds 
 
 of woven goods, especially ^xece. 
 goods. The/t, the general namt 
 for larceny (q.v.). Theft bote, 
 the act of compounding a felony; 
 the act of receiving a man's stol- 
 en goods frorni the thief, with 
 the intent not to prosecute him. 
 Theocracy, a government by 
 the immediate direction or ad- 
 ministration of- God. Thi-M9S, 
 a term extended to all objects 
 subject to dominion or property 
 except man. Things are -<e..\ or 
 
 rf\jf\0 PITIES.- A term used 
 in connection with transactions 
 between two parties^ to denote 
 other persons whom the trans 
 actions may affect at the time 
 or afterwards. Thread , t he 
 central line of a riveV or of a 
 stream. Tickler, a book which 
 contains a memorandu-m of 
 notes and debts, arranged i-n 
 the order of maturity. The 
 to\\e.cX\oA\~V\c\A.Y contains a 
 record of all time paper_lef t 
 w_ith a bank /or collection.The 
 V\sco\VYiX A\cV.\,t isabookinvxhk 
 are entered all discounted note_ 
 or bills, arranged with referena 
 to their maturity. Its object is 
 to insure the presentation of 
 paper for payment at the prop- 
 
 . ... er time. 
 
 fthe TIDE. The alternate rising 
 and falling of the waters of 
 the ocean, bay9,rivers,etc.Th' 
 law recognizes three- kinds ol 
 tides: viz.,V\o,V\ spring tides, 
 S^VVVNO, tides, and -we-aL.^ tides 
 Tide Water, water which flows 
 and reflows with the tide. TJ-m 
 her Trees, trees that are com 
 monly used for building > pu.r 
 poses, such as oal,ash,pi-pe,et< 
 TI^E.-A particular portion o 
 duration, past, present^ or fuJ 
 ure. Iti computing time, tht 
 fi-rst day or month or year 
 is excluded, and the last is in 
 eluded. When months are co 
 sidered, they are construed to 
 mean calendar months, by 
 which is meant thetimefrom 
 one day in one month to the 
 same day in another -month 
 Notes or securities failing du 
 on the 30th or 31st of any 
 month which has only db 
 29, or 30 days in it, are con 
 sidered to be nominally due o 
 the last day of the month,an< 
 therefore legally due on * he 
 3rd of the following n-iontl 
 For instance, a note dated 
 Nov. 30th, payable 3 month 
 after date, falls due on the 
 last day of Feb., and three 
 days of grace make it payabl 
 on March 3rd. Less than a 
 month is reckoned attherata 
 
 270
 
 of 30 days to the mo-nth. For com- 
 puting interest, 360 days are con- 
 sidered a year, or 30 days a month.l/ 
 iccwrafce \\\Vc.vesV is desired, compute 
 the interest on a 360 day basis, then 
 ~ 
 
 subtract 
 
 of 
 
 \>\e -\-v\fcexY To find the difference 
 between two dates, see Business Time 
 Tables Index. Ti-ttie Bargainer* a- 
 greement to buy or sell goods at some 
 definite ^time m the future and at a 
 fijred price. Ti-ttie Book, a book in 
 which are entered the names of wo_rk- 
 -men, their department of work, time 
 employed, rate of daily wases, amount 
 of wages tor the month , and the to- 
 tal amount of the pay roll for this 
 time. A ti'rne book is both a pay roll 
 and a book of original entry, and as 
 such, should be preserved as an essen- 
 tial part of the records of ore's business. 
 
 es would be contrary to the funda 
 mental principle o/the government, 
 accordingly, the Constitution declares 
 that no title of nobility shall beprant- 
 ed by the United Stales or by any State. 
 
 TO-BOOT. A part of the compensation. 
 To/*, the site or piece of ground on 
 which a house has stood;a messuage. 
 Toll, a tar or duty imposed on trav- 
 elers or poods passing 310719 a bridge 
 or a public road: a m i I ler's compen- 
 sation for grinding corn, wheat, etc. 
 Ton-HS^e, the carrying capacity 
 of a ship or vessel; a duty or to II 
 on vessels, o on goods carried upon 
 the water. Tonnage duties are for- 
 bidden to the States, as they are a 
 means^ of regulating commerce, 
 which is a subject given entirely to 
 Congress. Ton-tirie, an annuity 
 on survivorship, it being shared 
 equally by several individuals, the 
 equal share being increased by the 
 death of successive annuitants un- 
 til the whole goes to the last survi- 
 vor, unless otherwise agreed upon 
 by the original parties. Took and 
 Carried Away, a necessary phrase 
 in an indictment for simple larceny. 
 Tor*, a wrong or injury. Tor-tfcas 
 *r, a wrong doer. To wit, namely, 
 or that is to say_. _ 
 
 TOWN. A subdivision of a county 
 in the. Eastern States. In the West- 
 ern an d ^the Southern States, the 
 same division is called a Township. 
 Townships arc CAM'\\ or CKywaxcv 
 V\<yvYa\ . A congressional township 
 contains 36" sections or square miles; 
 while a civil township varies in size, 
 being sometimes smaller, and at other 
 times lar?er,than a congressional one. 
 
 Names. Work 
 
 C.Crowe 
 Joe fan 
 Eli Dunn 
 S.Hall 
 
 rotEtnan 
 Enjineer 
 
 Porter 
 
 n m ,1 a 6 , A A g 36 8 il it iiUTimllhlJA-iii'jJI Total. 
 
 'IME TO SUE. -Sea Limitation of A 
 tion. Ti-ttie Ora/*,see Ova.ft.Tifsta.ff 
 
 an officer of the court, who serves its 
 process. Tillies, a right to the tenth 
 part of the produce of land, of t he 
 stocks upon lands, and of the personal 
 industry of the people. Title, an in- 
 scription put over a thing asthe-na-me 
 by w_hich it is to be known; a claim 
 of right ; *He means whereby an own 
 er justly possesses his property ;*he 
 rtyht of action which aplainti/f has 
 Title Deed, a document containing 
 the evidence of the title of the owner 
 o/an estate. Titles o/ Nobility, the 
 titles by which the highest (so-called] 
 classes of society are dislinfuJshed.The 
 Declaration of A-tnerican Independence 
 states as a sell-evident truth, that all 
 men are created equal; hence,anyar 
 ti/icial division of the people into class 
 
 3 50 101 50 
 
 250 
 
 200 
 
 7375 
 
 504650 
 
 5600 
 
 27775 
 
 The powers of a township are de- 
 fined by the general laws of t he 
 State, and are:(l) to sue andbesued; 
 (A) to hold and dispose of real and 
 personal property for the public 
 use of the in habitants: (3) to make 
 such contracts and or den as are 
 necessary for the exercise of its cor- 
 porate powers; (4-) to mck such 
 by-laws as are_ necessary for man- 
 aging its affairs, and for preserving 
 peace and good order; (5) to raise 
 money by taxation. The chief of- 
 ficers of a township are the Clerk, 
 Assessor, and Trustees orSupervis- 
 ors. 
 
 'flA.DE. Any kind of dealing intlie 
 line of sales or exchanges; a gen- 
 eral term indicating the condition 
 of the market. Trade and Comment 
 a phrase signifying ititer-state and 
 
 inter-national commerce- trade 
 conveying the ideao/ home tra/-' 
 fie, _and commerce, * ha f of atien 
 tensive and varied traffic. Trade 
 Discount, an allowance from cer- 
 tain list prices, or from the amount 
 of purchases, made to a dealer on 
 account of a change in the prices, 
 or on account of cash payments. 
 Trade-Mark, a name, symbol, let- 
 ter, figure, form, or device .put up- 
 on manufactured goods. They are 
 acquired simply by use, by anycit- 
 i2en or foreigner. The object of a 
 trade mark is to protect both the 
 owner and the public against im- 
 itations of an article which has 
 acquired a good repu-tation. There 
 is no application made to either 
 the State or National Government 
 for the right to use them, but 
 if used in foreign commerce, they 
 should be registered in the Patent 
 Office at Washington. An 'infringe- 
 went of a trade mark is prevent- 
 ed by a suit against the infringer 
 for damages, *nd for an injunction 
 to compel him to cease using it. 
 Trade-Price, the price at which 
 goods are sold to those in the same 
 trade. Trades-Union, a combina- 
 tion among workmen, having in 
 view the settlement of the propor- 
 tion which wages should bear to- 
 the profits of the employers, and 
 the redress of grievances. Trad* 
 Winds, winds in or near t he 
 torrid zone which, north of the 
 equator, blow from the north-east, 
 and, south of the equator, blow 
 from the south-east. So-called be- 
 cause of their advantages to navi- 
 gators, and hence to trade. 
 THA.O IT I ON .The transmission 
 of events, doctrines, opinions,etc. 
 from one to another, especially 
 from father to son, through suc- 
 cessive generations, by word of 
 mou-th. Traitor, one who betrays 
 his trust, or is guilty of treason . 
 Transaction, the act of buying 
 or selling, whether payment is made 
 at the time, or property is bought 
 or sold on account. Transcript, 
 a copy of an original writing or 
 deed. Transit Insurance, insur- 
 ance on transportations by land 
 only. A single policy -may covet- 
 both marine and transit insur- 
 ance. 
 
 'I\A.NSIRE.-A warrant from the 
 custom-house to let goods pass.Trati- 
 sitory Actions, those which may 
 be brought in one place as well is 
 in another. Transportation, the 
 act of conveying goods from place 
 
 Trans-ship, to transfer merchan- 
 dise from one conveyance to an- 
 other. Transit, a conveyance or 
 line of passage through a country. 
 Transport, a ship employed to 
 carry goods from one place to 
 another, especially goods, stores, 
 etc., -for the government. 
 
 271
 
 ._ >t A commercial agent whose 
 
 business is to travel for the purpose of re- 
 ceiving orders from merchants, coj- 
 lecting money, and representing *heir 
 interests. Trave-rsa, the act of denying; 
 as, in traversing a return or a pleading, 
 denial of some matter of fact is alleg- 
 ed. To V*a**% *V\ \\\&\GV'VA!.Y* JS to 
 
 plead not guilty, or to deny the indict- 
 ment; also to postpone a trial to the 
 following session. T -reason, a breach 
 of /idelity ; *he crime, of a subject at- 
 tempting in any way to overthrow the 
 government, as by waging war against 
 it, or of adhering to its enemies, g i v- 
 ing them aid and com/ort. This crime 
 is punishable with death. 
 
 rilE^\SlJHE. A s*ore o/money in re- 
 serve, or a store of anything collected 
 /or /uture use. Treasure Trove, money, 
 or gold, silver, plate, or bullion, /pund 
 hidden in the earth or other private 
 place, the owner of which is unknown 
 If the owner is found, it must be re- 
 stored to him. Treasurer, a State of 
 /icer who receives all money accruing 
 to the State from taxation or otherwise; 
 keeps all notes, bonds, or other securi- 
 ties belonging to the State, and pays 
 out such sums as the auditor draws 
 his.warrant for. A-n officer whose du- 
 ty is.similar is elected in each county 
 a-nd in many townships. Treasury, 
 *he place where the public treasure is 
 kept. Treasury Notes, notes of vari- 
 ous denominations issued by the gov- 
 ernment, and receive^ in payment of 
 all dues, except /or duties on import- 
 ed goods. The notes have comparative 
 ly no intrinsic value, and contain on 
 ly a promise to "pay to bearer," or to 
 "-the bearer on demand_," the amount 
 for which the note is issued. 
 
 r^E^TY. An agreement between na- 
 tions, upon an i/ -subject; as, for peace, 
 for war against sortie third power, con 
 earning commerce, the mail, the re 
 turn of escaped criminals, etc. The 
 power to make treaties /or the United 
 States rests with the-P-resident, two- 
 thirds of the Senate concurring. Treat 
 IBS are n*o / ox\a*eo ; i.e., the terms are 
 agreed upon by the agents of the two 
 governments; an'd a copy o/*he arfri 
 
 cles of agreement is sent to each 
 government to be v.\t\eA. l* a 
 treaty of peace, terminating a 
 war, the contracting parties 
 have no right to take up arms 
 again in the same cause,. and 
 the government is bound to or- 
 der and en/orce the restitution 
 of property eaptiu-ed subsequent 
 ly to the conclusion of the treat)). 
 Tf\ESP/V,SS. Any wrono, or dam- 
 age done, by force, or violence,on 
 the person, property, or relative 
 rights of another; U--H law/u-l 
 entry on the lands of another; 
 a kind of action at law. T-re*, 
 see Ta-re. Trial, the formal ex- 
 amination of a cause be/ore a 
 Judge by means of witnesses 
 in a court of law, as to whether 
 certain alleged facts or charges 
 are true or false. The usual 
 course of proceeding in a trial 
 is: (I) the plaintiffs counsel o- 
 pens the trial by brie/ly statitt9 
 what the case is, and then exa-m- 
 ines such witnesses as he choos 
 es, the de/endant's counsel hav- 
 ing the right to cross-examine 
 each one; (31) this examination 
 and cross-examination is made 
 by the counsel asking questions 
 which the witness must answer; 
 ( 3) after the plaintiff has pre- 
 sented all his witnesses, the de/en 
 danfs counsel, in turn, brie/ly 
 states what his defence is, and 
 examines his witnesses, the oth 
 er side having the right to cross 
 era-mine each one: (4-) the dc- 
 /endanfs counsel then -makes an 
 argument upon the case, and_ -Hie 
 plaintiff's counsel closes with 
 his argument. THis ends the tri 
 al if it is be/ore the court alone 
 I/ i* is before a jury, see Suit for 
 the remainder o/the procedure 
 f^l/Vt B/^JVNCE.-ln book-keepitio 
 a test to ascertain whether the del 
 it and credit sides o/the ledger 
 are equal. It does not prove the 
 work to be absolutely correct, as 
 errors may be made which will 
 not affect the equality of the 
 ledger, such as erroneous cowpu 
 tations, errors in journalizing, 
 posting to the wrong account,etc 
 Ho_wever, i/the /ootinps o/the 
 Trial Balance are equal, it is gen 
 erally accepted as proof that the. 
 work upon the ledger is correct 
 - 
 
 rHIB\JNJ\]L.-6 court of justice, ot 
 the seat of a judge. Triers, pers- 
 ons appointed to ascertain_wheth- 
 er a challenge to a panel of jurors, 
 or to a single juror, is just. Tro- 
 ver, the obtaining possession of 
 goods by finding them, or by va- 
 rious means other thati by pur- 
 chase; an action at law by the 
 rightful owner to recover from 
 the finder lost or strayed proper 
 ty, or to try a disputed case of 
 property in goods or chattels. 
 Truce, an agreement to su-s- 
 pend hostilities temporarily. I* 
 way be for a few days, months. 
 or /or years, and for any purpose 
 The government is bou.nd to 
 -wake retribution for prizes 
 taken after its commencement 
 
 JANUARY 31,19.... 
 
 Proprietor, 
 
 Cash, 
 
 Merchandise, 
 
 Expense, 
 
 L.S.Mitchell, 
 
 M.L.G-unn, 
 
 Chas. Landers, 
 
 A.P.Parker, 
 
 Alex. G-ibson, 
 
 697 SO 
 17500 
 12500 
 
 4000 
 671875137355 
 477500132162 
 23550 
 
 5000 
 400100 11750 
 
 zooo 
 
 1000' 
 2000 
 
 I3I26S75JI3U6 75 
 
 and marketing of vegetables . 
 It is carried on in favored local 
 itics at a distance /rom market 
 water or rail transportation be 
 ing necessary. I/ carried on -near 
 local markets, the grower u-sing 
 his own team /or transporta- 
 tion, it is called wa.iiV.,V o,*i6.,i(\ 
 vwq,. TVu-e Bill, an indorsement 
 which a grand jury makes upon 
 a bill -when they find it, being 
 satisfied of the truth of the ac 
 isation. 
 
 .. An festate or right held 
 
 by one party /or the benefit of 
 another. When it is desired to 
 give one the income from cer 
 tain property, but without the 
 right to manage or dispose pi 
 it, as where a parent is provid 
 ing for children too uaung to 
 manage /or -themselves, the 
 property is given to a third per 
 son, who is called a Vtu.%*c.e..Th 
 powers of a. trustee over the pro] 
 erty are governed by the deed i. 
 wi II creating t-hc trust, and are 
 different in different cases.Th 
 position is one requiring perfec 
 and good faith, the trustee no 
 beini? allowed to do anythi-M9 
 with the estate -to benefit him 
 sel/. The person for whose ben 
 e/i't the property is held has n 
 power over it. 
 
 Ff^llSTEE.-A person who holds 
 an estate or other property for 
 the benefit of another. Trustee 
 P-rocess, a process_ by which the 
 goods of a debtor, in the hands 
 o/a third party, may be reache- 
 by an attaching creditor. Tu.b 
 -Hian, a barrister having a pre 
 audience in the exchequer, an 
 a particular place in court. Tur- 
 bary, an easement; a right to 
 dig turf. Tu-r/, peat, or the fi 
 brous, black, earthy substance u 
 ed as fuel ; horse-racing.Tu^or 
 one who has charge ofthees 
 tate and person of a minor, 
 Twelve Tables, the earliest cod 
 of Roman law, cut on twelve 
 bronze tablets. 
 
 272
 
 \jLlAGE.-What a cask lacks of being 
 /ull. Ultittio, ih< last month preceding 
 the present; as, on the tenth ultimo, 
 weaning the tenth of last -month. Ab- 
 breviated \x\x.U-Hclaittied Goods, any 
 merchandise upon which duty has 
 not been paid within the time which 
 is prescribed by law, or which has re- 
 mained in the government sto^res 
 /or three years a/ter importation. 
 Su-ch merchandise is appraised, ad- 
 vertised, and sold at public auction 
 as "unclaimed goods. "U-M current 
 Money, money which does not pass 
 /or its /ace value. 
 
 UNDEFtf.EA.SE.- Another word /or 
 Sublease, which see. Under P-rice, 
 below the regular price.U-Hder-Sell, 
 to sell at lower prices than those in 
 the regular trade. Undertaking, a 
 written obligation -required by stat- 
 ute, and without any expression of 
 a consideration. If need not be u-n 
 der seal. Under-tenant, one who 
 
 , holds by underlease or subleasefq.v.). 
 
 \WDEFlVVHrrEf(.- An insurer, espe- 
 cially one who insures vessels and car- 
 goes. So-called because he writes his 
 name under, and guarantees,thecim- 
 ditions of insurance. U-Hi-forttiity 
 of Law, a phrase having -reference 
 to law as based upon general princi- 
 ples. The laws o/the di//etent States, 
 instead o/di//ering greatly, are com- 
 paratively uni/orm; the di//erences 
 being only in minor matters. The 
 chie/ reasons for Wiis uniformity 
 are: (I) All law is supposed to bebas 
 d upon the principles o/rigjit^wheth 
 er ^oVvV'xcaX , cW\\ , a.utoXwke. C\M'\\ , or *ceV 
 a.V\\ie cw\V,(2J All the law_ has -the 
 same historical origin; viz., the com 
 mon law of England. 
 JN(TEJ> STATES BOffDS.- Bonds is- 
 sued for the /unded loans o/the &ov 
 ernment. They are known by the 
 rates o/ interest which they bear, 
 and by the dates when they are pay- 
 able or redeemable. Civs<'V / <c.\\cv} c o\xe.c, 
 were made payable thirty years /row 
 their dates of issue, July f, 1862, and 
 July 2, 1864. They were all registered 
 bonds o/SIOOp, *5000,and*IO,000, 
 and bore 6% interest payable Jaw 
 ary I and July I. V\\ie.-~T \NC-VMI\M, re 
 deemable in /rom /ive to tweit. 
 
 at 6% interest. SVne. 1 :, o<< YJftX, is- 
 sued -mostly in 1861, payable in 1881, 
 at 69^ fnterest.'Xe'v\- 1 fo'vV\es, issu- 
 ed in 1864, redeemable in /row ten 
 to /orty ijears, at- 5% infcerest.ScN- 
 ewAVCvrVxe*, redeemable in/rotn 
 seven to thirty years, at I?fo9^ 
 interest. >J.S.Wc.\y\c^.^.t\m8.*c,\) 
 S\xe*, issued to aid in the construc- 
 tion o/ -railroads to the Paci/ic Coast, 
 redeemable in thirty years, at 6% 
 interest. All the above bonds, ex- 
 cept the currency bonds, were 
 made redeemable in coin, and 
 the interest payable semi-annu- 
 ally in coin 
 
 to another without impairing the 
 substance or without alienating it. 
 U*u/ructuary, one who has t He 
 
 . use and pro/its o/a thing. 
 
 \JSl>HPA/IOpf.- The act of selling 
 and taking possession of another's 
 property or rights. Usurper, one 
 who /orcibly assumes the n'ght 
 of government, contrary *o the 
 laws o/the country. Usury. the 
 taking o/more than legal inter- 
 est for the use of money. Iti most 
 o/the States it is illegal to agree 
 to^pay or take -more than a cer- 
 tain rate o/ interest, and -no such 
 an a9reement can te en/orced;i.e, 
 
 Treasurer^ iDepartnient. 
 fJLQOQ: U is hereby 
 
 0//fee. 
 
 Are indebted unto .CvNV.V^oMM^Xow, or Assigns, 
 
 in the sum ofX~~O*\a"^Vvo%v6.*\&T>o\\*!ir*.-^~v~ pay able on the 
 /irst day of January, 1897, with interest /r&m the /irst day o/Ja 
 uary, 1879, Si)f percent, per an-num, payable semi-annuallj), iti law- 
 /ul wo-ney, on the /irst day o/ January and July in each year. This 
 debt is authorized by Act o/ Congress, approved July 1, 1862, and Ju- 
 ly X, 1864, and is trans/erable on the books o/ the o//fce 
 " 
 
 UNITED STATES NOTE. -A 
 
 promise to pay to the bearer on 
 demand a certain sum o/money, 
 issued by the United States Govern- 
 ment, and used as money .Unify 
 o/ Possession, possession where 
 one has several rights or estates 
 in his own hartd.Unlaw/ul As- 
 sembly, any meeting o/a num- 
 ber o/personSj/or the purpose of 
 mutually assisting each other in 
 creating a disturbance o/the pub- 
 lic peace, or the eirecution o/so-me 
 unlaw/ul enterprise, with /orce 
 and violence. U-li|4da*eil Da-tM 
 ages, open damages, or those not 
 yet ascertained. 
 
 UwrviERCVtANTAjaUE.- Unsalable 
 /rom_any cause. U-Hseaworthy, 
 not /ft /or a voyage. U-*isoutid,aiiy 
 werchandise,the value of which is 
 impaired. Usage, long and uni/orm 
 practice. Usance, business custotn 
 which is generajly conceded and act 
 ed upon; -the time allowed by cus- 
 tom /or the payment of bills of 
 exchange. Use, a con/idence re- 
 posed in another, who was ten- 
 ant, or terre-tenant, that he would 
 dispose o/the land according to the 
 wishes of the c/e,W\ <\\v. \v%e-,or to 
 whose use it was gran ted, a-nd.su/ 
 /er him to take the p-^o/its. 
 
 JSUCAPTlO(tf The title or right 
 to property acquired by the u-ni-nter 
 rupted and undisputed possession 
 o/ it /or a certain time. Usu/ruct, 
 the right o/ using and enjoying 
 the pro/its o/a thing belonging 
 
 | PAYABLE IN 30 YEARS.|ftssista-nt RegisteTofrttt 1 
 
 a borrower cannot be compel led 
 to pay -mo-re than a certain rate, 
 even though he promises it. Tha 
 theory with reoardto usury has 
 been that it injures the comnju- 
 nity as a whole. A penalty is in- 
 dicted upon the one who takes us- 
 ury, the penalty varying in the 
 di//erent States, but general I'y 
 is.one o/these three kinds:(l)the 
 /or/eiture o/the usurious interest 
 i.e., all above -the law/ul rate;(X) 
 the/or/eiture o/ all the interest; 
 (3)the /or/eiture o/ both princi- 
 pal and interest. UfBfitie, born 
 o/the same mother. Utter, to o/- 
 /er; *c. publish. Ux**-, a woman 
 law/ul I y married. 
 Ap^TE. To annul, or rendervoid 
 as, to vacate an order o/the court 
 Vagabond, a vagrant, or an idle 
 /elfow without a settled home.Va- 
 jra-M*, one who re/uses to^work 
 or goes around begging. Valid, o/ 
 binding force', a term applied to 
 a contract that is properly execu 
 ted. Value, the amount o/tnoney 
 people in peneral would pay /prthe 
 property. Valitafio-M, the esti-mat- 
 ed worth o/ a thing. ValueReceiv 
 ed, a phrase used in the body o/a 
 promissory rtote, or bill o/e*chati9c, 
 to denote that a consideration has 
 been given for it. The vj/ords are 
 not generally necessary. Valued 
 Policy, one which fixes the value 
 o/the property insured. 
 VA.HI/VNCE.-Disagreement Between 
 two parts o/the same l9al proceed- 
 
 273
 
 ing, which ought to agree. Vassal, a 
 tenant, or dependent; one who owes 
 servitude to a superior lord. Vendee, 
 one who purchases a thing, or to wham 
 it is sold. Vendition, a sale, or the act 
 of selling. Vendo* 1 , one who trans- 
 fers the exclusive -right of a thing 
 for a price or pecuniary equivalent. 
 Mewo. is applicable only to wares, mer 
 chandise,or other small articles, not 
 to lands and tenements. Ve-ndor's 
 Lien, in equity, a lien which the ven- 
 dor has upon property sold. The lien 
 remains until th purchase-money 
 is paid. 
 
 VEKTbf\E.-A term used by seamen 
 for adventure. Venue, in a legal pro- 
 ceeding, the county in which the 
 facts are. alleged to have occurred,and 
 from which the jury are to come to 
 try t.he issue. Verbatim, a term sig- 
 nifying word for word. Vet-diet, the 
 decision of a jury reported to a judge, 
 on the matters brought before them. 
 If the jury cannot agree, they are 
 discharged, and another trial maybe 
 had; but if they agree, they return to 
 the court and announce their verdic" 
 In most of the States all the men 
 bers of a jury must agree before ave 
 die* can be rendered. 
 
 VEHIFICATIOK.-The act of proving 
 to be true, applied to a writing; an a- 
 yerment under oath by. the party mak- 
 ing the pleading, that he is prepared 
 to establish the truth of the facts 
 vtiicflM has pleaded. Vessel, a ship 
 in genera.l .\S> %V\\^\. Vest, to place 
 in possession ; to invest, as with au 
 thority or right. Vetted Remainder, 
 after a particular estate is spent, an 
 estate. which is fixed to re-main to a 
 ieiiA-m'v Y\AW ^e-YSow . Ves^u/fG, p rof- 
 i^or production of land. 
 
 VETO. The right possessed by the, 
 executive power of a government to 
 reject the laws or propositions pass- 
 ed or promoted by the legislative de- 
 partment. As the two houses of a 
 legislature may concur in adopting 
 an unwise measure, this additional 
 safeguard is provided against the en- 
 actment of bad laws, by requiring 
 all bills to be sent to the executive, 
 as the. President or a G-overnor, for 
 examination and approval. If heap- 
 prove a bill, he signs it, and itisalaw; 
 if he does not approve, he must re- 
 turn the bill to the house in which 
 
 it originated, Stating his objections to 
 it; and if it shall be again passed by both 
 houses, it will be a law without the e>- 
 ecutive's assent. I-M Congress a-nd 
 most of the State Legislatures^avote 
 of two-thirds of the members is nec- 
 essary to pass a bill the second time. 
 
 VE\. To view or see. Via, by way of: 
 a cart way, including a foot-way and 
 a horse-way. Vicar, one who performs 
 the functions of another; the i-M- 
 cum.bentofa benefice. Vicarage, 
 the living or benefice of a vicar. 
 
 VICE- PRESIDENT.- The officer next 
 in rank below the President. Me is 
 elected at the same time and in the 
 same manner as the.Preside.nt,but 
 by distinct ballots. His qualifications 
 are required to be the same as those 
 for President, and he is chosen for 
 the same term. He is not strictly 
 connected with the executive de- 
 partment of the government, hav- 
 ing no executive functions, except 
 he succeed to the presidency. He is 
 more closely connected with the 
 legislative department, being presi- 
 dent of the senate, though. he has 
 no vote except in case of a tie-vote. 
 
 VICINAGE. -The venue; the neigh- 
 borhood. Vi/-gag, live pledge. Vil- 
 la.ge, a small inhabited place less 
 than a town or city , but larger 
 than a hamlet. Villein, a servant 
 or bondsman; a feudal tenant of 
 the lowest class; one who holds 
 lands by a base or servile, tenure. 
 Vis, force, violence, or disturbante 
 to a. man's person or property. Vis 
 major, an inevitable accident; a Su- 
 perior force. Void, having no legal 
 or binding force. Voidable, thatwhich 
 has. some binding f orce. or effect, but 
 which may either be avoided o.r rati- 
 fied by the party who has a right to 
 annul it. VoJdance, vacancy, as of 
 a benefice; the act of.emptying. 
 /OIH DIHE.-A preliminary examina 
 tion of witnesses, for the purpose of 
 ascertaining their competency to 
 testify. Voluntary Conveyance, the 
 conveyance of an estate without any 
 adequate consideration of value.Vote 
 suffrage; the number of voices giv 
 en at an election. VJbee. 0^aNXVciV>Tv 
 loKMoVvw^V Vouchee, one called in- 
 to court to make good his warranty 
 of title. Voucher-, a paper or docu- 
 ment proving that some transac- 
 tion occurred; as, a receipt or a can- 
 celed note is a voucher for the pay- 
 ment of money. 
 
 W/^6E. To give security for the per- 
 formance of anything. Wager,a 
 bet. Wager of Battel, the waging 
 battle by the plaintiff with the cham 
 pion of the defendant. Wager oAmw, 
 the act of discharging a debt by an 
 oa-th taken by the defendant, that 
 he does not owe the claim, in an ac- 
 tion of debt supported by the oaths 
 of eleven neighbors. Wai/, a thing 
 found, as goods, but claimed -by no 
 one; such as. a thief threw away 
 in his flight, in order to effect h is 
 escape. 
 
 iMA.IVE.-To abandon without n'oht; 
 to abandon or forsake a right; *o 
 outlaw a woman. Waive-r, the 
 act of one who waives; one who 
 does not insist .on some right or 
 cjaim. Wakening, the. act of re- 
 viving an action. Way, an armed 
 
 contest between nations or states. 
 When two nations are at war all 
 commercial intercourse between 
 them is prohibited; hence., a con- 
 tract made between a citizen of one 
 nation and a citizen of an other with 
 which it is at war, is ille.gal and void. 
 A//\f^D. A certain division of a city 
 or town; a person underage com- 
 mitted to the VMJT^ or care of a. 
 guardian. Ward in Chancery, a mi- 
 nor placed under the care of thechiit 
 cellor. Warden, a guardian orkeef 
 > r. Ward Court, district courts in 
 some large cities are so called. Ward! 
 mote, a ward court in London. 
 Wa-res, merchandise of any kind. 
 Warehouse, a store for good,eitHet 
 for safe keeping or for sale. Ware- 
 housing, the act of depositing in 
 a. warehouse for safe keeping. Wai 
 randies, a warranty, persona I or real. 
 AT AH II ANT. -A writ under seal, is- 
 sued by a court to an off icer, di- 
 recting him to arrest an offend- 
 er. Warra-M* o/ Attorney, a 
 power given by a client to his at- 
 to.rney to appear and plead for 
 him, or to suffer judgment to 
 pass against him, by confessing 
 the cause of the action to be just. 
 Wa-r-ran-ty, an engaae-ment or 
 undertaking that a certain fact 
 regarding the subject of a contract 
 is, or shall be, as it is declared or 
 promised to be. A-n 'w\^Y\e.o war 
 ranty is one which the law pre- 
 sumes every grantor o-r vendor 
 to make when he disposes of prop 
 erty. A-H e.<^^e.%9 warranty is 
 one which binds the grantor anc 
 his heirs. A \\r\ea\ warranty i s 
 one wherein the heir derived, or 
 might have derived, his title from 
 or through the war-rantor.A co\- 
 V&*e*&\ warranty is one whene-in 
 the heir's title neither was nor 
 could have been derived front t he 
 warrantor. Iti every sale of per- 
 sonal property there is an implied 
 warranty of ownership. li a sale 
 if t.he seller warrants that the art! 
 cle is of a certain quality, or is suit 
 ed to a certain purpose, and it does 
 not prove to be such, he must s uf 
 fer the loss. If there be no express 
 agreement as to quality or fitness, 
 the buyer must take the risk, for 
 no warranty is implied. In a sale 
 of real estate if the deed contain 
 no covenants of warranty, the bay 
 er^mutt stand the loss, if some one 
 else Trove himself to have a better 
 Tigh* or a prior claim to the prop- 
 erty or any part of it. In insur- 
 ance law it is a stipulation or en 
 gagement by a party, insured, that 
 certain things relating to the sub 
 ject of insurance, or affecting 
 the risk, exist, or shall exist , or 
 have been, or s.h a 1 1. be done; such 
 s the stipulation in a policy o./ 
 life assurance that the declaration 
 ts to health, etc., signed by the as 
 lured, shall become part of the pol- 
 icy; and in marine insurance, the 
 periods of the ship's sailing, or the 
 liability .of the insurers for average 
 claims. These VMa-VTa-v\V\e whet 
 express, should appear in thepo 
 icy; but there are also cert a it 
 implied warranties, as in othe 
 Con*rct.\5>fc'^va.T-Y\*vk'\. . 
 
 274
 
 In the stock exchange, a pre- 
 tended sale by special agreement be- 
 tween buyer and seller, (or the pur- 
 pose oi getting a quotation reported. 
 Waste, clippings, remnants, etc., of 
 manufactures, many of which are 
 valuable, and have a recognized place 
 in commerce; *hat destruction or 
 devastation of property which arises 
 from exceeding the right of user. 
 Wasta9, ' 05S '" handlingjshrinl'age 
 Waste -Book, a book in which rough 
 entries of transactions are made. 
 W/VJER BAJLIFF.-An of ficer whose 
 duty it is to search ships in port.Wa 
 ter Course, a channel for the con- 
 veyance of water, having special ref- 
 erence to a running strea.m.V->e*V\- 
 ^vAfcYi^xo^VveHoxV Water Level, the 
 level formed by the surface of still 
 water. Water-Logged, lying like a 
 tog on the water, as a ship, when 
 a large quantity of water has en- 
 tered the hold. Water-Mark, a let 
 
 tght 
 
 pape 
 
 Water Power-, water employed to set 
 and keep machinery in motion. The 
 riparian proprietor is entitled to the 
 fall of a stream, when in its natural 
 state, as itpasses through his land, 
 or along the boundary of it; that 
 is, the >NVe-< ^OVMB-V consists in the 
 difference of level between the sur 
 face where the stream first touches 
 his land and the surface where it 
 leaves it. V^* < P 1 wea.-<v^.WaterProo/' 
 so fine and close in texture as not 
 to allow water to pass through. 
 Nlft. A route, passage, strcet.ot road 
 There are four kinds of ways, via.; 
 e foot-way;a horse and foot-way, is 
 also called a pack-way; acart way, in 
 eluding the two preceding; and a 
 drift-way, which is a way for driving 
 
 tw&WxqV* oi \NAV>V Way Bill. a doc 
 
 ument containing a list and a de- 
 scription of goods sent by a common 
 carrier by land; it may also Include 
 the names of the passengers. When 
 sent by water it is called a \>\\\ o\. 
 OA-W). Ways atid Means, anexpres 
 sion implying the resources of an 
 individual or conce-rn applicable for 
 certain purposes, and the mode of ap 
 plying them. 
 
 WEA.^. Injury or decay by use; a 
 dam made across a river, accommo 
 dated for the taking of fish ,ortocori 
 vey a stream to a mill. Wed, an agree 
 ment or covenant; whence. a wed 
 ded husband. Weight o/ Evidence 
 an expression signifying that the 
 proof on one side of a cause is great 
 
 er than on the other. What-/, the 
 landing place for loading and unload 
 ina vessels. Whar/age, money paid 
 for using a wharf, dock, or quay, for 
 loading or unloading goods. Whar/- 
 inger, one who owns or keeps. a 
 wharf for the purpose of receiving 
 or shipping merchandise to or from 
 it for hire. 
 
 W>{ol.ESALE.-To sell goods in quan 
 tity; usually in whole or unbroken 
 packages. Wholesale Dealer, one 
 who buyes his goods from first 
 hands, and sells in large quanti- 
 ties to other merchants. Wife's 
 Equity, the claim or right which 
 a wife has to a suitable provision 
 out of her estate, by settlement up 
 on her, for the support of herself 
 and children. \5>e-e.V>axV\eA x No'.YC\. 
 
 WILL'. The disposition of one's 
 property, to take effect after the 
 occurrence of death. As a general 
 rule a person may dispose of all 
 his property upon his death in 
 any way he wishes, even to dis- 
 inheriting his own children. The 
 person making a will is called the 
 ne^av-o-*.. If no.will is left, the per- 
 son is said to die '\-vOt,4*ate,and the 
 property is distributed among cer- 
 tain relatives according to law.As 
 a rule every person of full age 
 and sound mind may make a will, 
 except -married women in some 
 ca.ses. If upon the probate of a 
 will, it is shown that the testa- 
 tor was of unsound mind, or was 
 unduly influenced by any one, it 
 will be declared void. A will must 
 be made according to legal require 
 merits, or it is void. It mustlljbi 
 
 jpt 
 
 and (3) it niust.be signed by two 
 or more attending witnesses, in 
 whose presence the testator must 
 sign the will, or acknowledge that 
 he signed it, and declare itto be his 
 last will and testament. A testato 
 may -revoke or alter a will in any 
 particular before death. It -may be 
 revoked (I) by burning , tearing 
 or otherwise purposely destroying 
 it, or ( 2) by making a new will 
 with the satne fo-rmalities, ex- 
 pressly revoking the prior will 
 I/ a will is accidentally destroyed 
 and there is no intent -to revoke 
 it, it still legally exists. If a secon 
 will does not expressly revoke the 
 former, both stand as far as they 
 do not contradict each other, bu 
 the latter prevails where they are 
 antagonistic. A coo'\ci\ is an addi- 
 tion or supplement to a will, anc 
 must be.execu.ted with the same 
 formalities. A will made by an un 
 married woman is legally revoke< 
 by her marriage. Witnesses a-re 
 not requifad to know the content: 
 of a will, but simply to know that 
 the document is a will, and witnesr 
 the signing of the same by the tes 
 tator. A testator may appoint his 
 executors, but no one can serve- 
 if he be a -mino-r, a convict, a luna 
 tic, a drunkard, an imbecile, or an 
 alien. One who is appointed ane 
 ecu-tor may renounce his appoin 
 merit by legal written notice sign 
 ed before two witnesses, which no 
 tice mutt be recorded by the office 
 
 before whom the will is proved. 
 
 I, James Armstrong, of thecity 
 of Indianapolis, in the county of Ma- 
 rion, and State of Indiana, being of 
 ound mind and memory and under- 
 tanding, d.o make my last will and 
 estament in manner and form 
 ollowino.: 
 
 V\**.-l give and bequeath unto 
 my beloved wife, Jennie, the use.iw- 
 irovement and income of my wan 
 louses, .dwelling house, and lands, 
 situate In White River township, 
 vlarion county, State of Indiana, 
 o have and to hold the same to her 
 or and during her natural life. 
 
 Seco-*ci. I give and bequeath to 
 my daughters, Emily , Jane, and 
 idna, five thousand dollars each 
 after they have attained the age 
 of twenty-one years. 
 
 T\\vir4.-l give and bequeath to 
 my son, Henry, two thousand dol- 
 ars after he attains the age of 
 twenty- one years; and I also give, 
 devise, and bequeath to my said 
 son, Henry, the reversion orrema' 
 der of my warehouses, dwelling house, 
 and lands., situate in White River town 
 ship, Marion county, State of Indi- 
 ana, and all profits, income and 
 advantage that may result there- 
 from, from and. after the decease 
 of my beloved wife, Jennie. 
 
 TO\VY*V\. I alst) give, devise, and 
 bequeath to my beloved wife, Jennie 
 all the residue of my estate, real, 
 personal, or mixed, of which I shall 
 be seized or possessed, or to which I 
 shall be entitled at the time of my 
 decease; to have and to hold the same 
 
 > her and her executors and admin 
 
 Orators and assigns forever. 
 
 V\t*Y\. I do nominate and appoint 
 my brother, William Armstrong 
 to be the executor of this, my last 
 will and testament. 
 
 Irt wit-ness whereof, I hereun- 
 to set my hand and seal, this tenth 
 day of September, A. 0., 19 
 
 \ K afc.c-.~ o - o fl 5 
 
 Signed, sealed, declared and publish 
 ed by the said James Armstrong as 
 and for his last will and testament 
 in presence of us, at his request and 
 in his presence, and in presence of 
 each other, have subscribed ou. 
 
 ames as witnesses hereto. 
 
 ^ov*t*^.KWv%, residing at hidianapolis. 
 
 O^ COOXCAX-. 
 
 Whereas I, James Arinstrong,du 
 on the tenth day of Septem be-r, 
 I9...,make my last wi_l( and. testa- 
 ment, I do now, by this writing 
 add this codicil to my said will, to 
 be taken as a part thereof. 
 
 Whereas, by the dispensationof 
 Providence, my daughter, Edna.hjt 
 deceased March II, 19..., and where 
 as a son has been born to me,diich 
 son has been christened Robert Arm 
 strong, I give and bequeath unto 
 him five thousand dollars, bequeal 
 ed to my deceased daughter, Edna 
 in the body of this will. 
 
 I-M witness whereo-f,etc.^\\\ 
 XV\e toT-m oi >N\\\ > \ . 
 
 Various clauses maybe inserte< 
 in a will; such as relating to the 
 cancelling of debts, etc. 
 
 276
 
 WlSBUY LA.WS.-A code of -marine 
 laws, at one time the laws of the tea, 
 compiled at Witbuy. the ancient cap 
 ital of Gothland. Withdrowi-M9 a Ju 
 *r, in case it it improper that a 
 cau.se should proceed, at the recom- 
 mendation of the judge, on* of the 
 juror* !i withdrawn, which ends 
 the proceeding* for the time. With 
 out Recourse, words which ar 
 sometimes added to an. indorse- 
 ment by the indorsee, in order to 
 avoid any personal liability, and that 
 h -may transfer the instrument 
 and still have it retain its negotia- 
 bility. Without this, that, words 
 technically used in a traverse, which 
 deny a material fact in the preceding 
 pleadings. 
 
 WITplESS. One who testifies un- 
 der oath to what he knows; one 
 who sees the execution of a deed, 
 a will, etc., and subscribes his. name 
 to it to confirm its authenticity 
 Workhouse, a house where the 
 poor .are taken care of and provid- 
 ed with employment. Working Day, 
 a day on which ordinary laborer bw 
 iness is carried on, as distinguished 
 from ^>.Tv6. Wreck, the goods 
 cast ashore from a ship that has 
 broken up at sea. In England such 
 goods belong to the crown .In the 
 United States the various States 
 have laws relating to property wreck 
 ed on the coast. Wrecked Goods, met 
 chandise taken from & wreck, or picl 
 <d up while floating on the water 
 after the wreck of a vessel. 
 
 VVJ\IT. A legal instrument, issue 
 by tome court, directed to the defen 
 dant or an officer of the court,com 
 rnandina him to do something there 
 in mentioned touching a suit, action 
 or proceeding. There are about two 
 lundred different kinds of writs. 
 f^Hp. An enclosure in which 
 ny work is carried on; an inclose 
 space of ground attached to a. d we I 
 ing house forth* use of its inhabi 
 tants.Yem-r, the C\M'\\ year contains 
 365 days, every leap year 366, an< 
 commences at the completion of 
 12 o'clock on the night of December 
 31 in each year. The .sk TO \\oW\ca\ 
 ytar Contains 365 days 5 hours 
 48 minutes 4-6 seconds of mean 
 solar time. Yaa-r and Day, . ter 
 much used and recognized in law 
 meaning a full year. Yeoman, in tn 
 
 lish society, a grade next to that 
 of a I)Y\V\\V%\\-, a man of small 
 
 state inland. Yielding and Paying 
 a phra* exprtiiing th reservation 
 of rent in a deed or lease. 
 
 ^BDICATIO(f.-TH renunciation of ti 
 office before the expiration of he 
 trm. Abduction, the act of fraud - 
 ulc ntly_ and forcibly taking away or 
 detaining a man's wife or child. Ab- 
 juration, *l<c act gf renouncing by 
 oath, of one's alliance. Abortion, 
 the premature expulsion of the cotv 
 tents of the pregnant utrui. Ab- 
 sconding Debtor, a debtor who 
 9ocs out of the jurisdiction of the 
 courts, iti order to avoid their pro- 
 cesses. Absolu.*is*i, that form of 
 government in which the powe-r 
 is vested in one or more persons 
 uncontrolled by any law. 
 
 A.CCEPTOI^.-The drawee of a bill 
 of exchange, af-ter acceptance. He 
 is then the principal debtor, arid re- 
 sponsible to all parties. Accessary, 
 one who aid* privily in committing 
 a crime, when it is said to. be \je- 
 ko"(, VVia 4acV. If he. knowingly re- 
 ceive*, relieves, or aids the felon, it 
 is said to be a.iv* *V\e lax*. Accesso- 
 ry Coi*-ract, a contract made (or 
 assuring the performance of a for- 
 mer one. Accumulative Judgment 
 after the expiration of the first 
 sentence a9a!nst a convicted per- 
 son, the commencement of a sec- 
 ond. Accusation, .*hc act of charg- 
 i no one with a crime. 
 
 A,CfliUlTTAA..-The discharge of one 
 accused of a crime. Actio-M, a legal 
 demand of one's rights. Adu.1*, 
 a person 21 years of 391:, accord in9 
 to cow-mo^ \VM ; or a tnale 14 or a 
 female 13 years of 896, according to 
 cW\\ \avM. Adultery, violation of thi 
 marriage bed, by two persons.otjier 
 than husband and wife. Affinity 
 relationship by marriage. A//iVr 
 ativc, that which declares or asserts 
 athin9to be true In diccwssiom th 
 burden of proof generally lies with 
 the affirmative. A$e, see Full Ape. 
 Aid P-raye* 1 , a petmon to a court 
 asking help from another person 
 who is interested in the matter i 
 dispute. Aldcrmar<, see Board of Al 
 dcrmen. 
 
 ALIBI. Being elsewhere at the time 
 of the commission of a crime. Ali 
 mony , the sum allowed for the sup 
 port of a wife who is separated from 
 her husband. Alluvion, earth or 
 other matter gained on a shore or 
 bank of the sea or river, to which 
 *h owner of the land is entitled 
 Ally, a confederate. Al*efa*io*i 
 any change in the terms of an in 
 strutnent, which renders it voi< 
 A-m-nesty, a general pardon of of 
 fenses against a government. An 
 arch y, the absence of all political 
 authority. Apparent Authority 
 the power which a principal has al 
 lowed his agent to seem to have,t 
 act for him. 
 
 A.f\ISTOC/SCY.- That form ofgov 
 ernment in which only a privile 
 d class of persons it vested wit.h 
 supreme power. A-f-rest, to restrain 
 a person of hit liberty by authority 
 of law. Arrest of Judgement, the 
 staying of judgment, on account o 
 some error appearing on the recon 
 A-rso-M, the crime of wilfully burn 
 
 inq any property. AssAssi-nation, 
 the act of secretly murdering by vi- 
 olence or surprise. Assent, to a- 
 gree. A proposition not assented to 
 by both parties is not binding. As- 
 sent may be given by words,ei- 
 ther oraf or written, by acts, and 
 sometimes by silence. Assessor, 
 one who is authorized to fix the 
 Value of .taxes. Assessment, the 
 amount of tax .laid on property. 
 ASSIZE. A session or sitting as of 
 a court; a s.he-riff's writ for the 
 recovery^of immovable property. 
 Assurning Mottgage, the act 
 of purchasing mortgaged proper- 
 ty, agreeing to pay the mortgage. 
 Asylum, a hospital for the insane 
 blind, deaf and dumb, inebriate, 
 orphans, and others. EveryState 
 establishes and supports some of 
 Hicsc. Attorney General, see Sec- 
 
 BAjCkC BOjJO.- A bond of indemni- 
 ty given to a surety. Balance of 
 Power', the endeavor not to per- 
 mit anw nation to have such a 
 p-reponderatin9 power as to en- 
 danger the peace or independence 
 of the others. Bawis***-, one who 
 pleads at the ba-r in a cou-rt of 
 law. Basta/fd, one born of an il- 
 licit connection. Betiefice, an ec- 
 clesiastical living or preferment 
 Bigiiwy, the state of having two 
 or more wives or husbands at the 
 same time. . 
 
 BILL OF SIGHT.- A form of entry 
 made at the Custom House when 
 the importer of 9Oods,orthe per 
 son to whom they are consigned 
 does not kriow^the exact descrip 
 tion or quantity, by which form 
 they are per-mitted to be landed 
 for his examination, and then 
 he makes a correct form of en- 
 try for^he goods. Bill of Entry 
 f description of goods entered a! 
 the Custon House, whether- irn 
 ported or intended for eiportation.i 
 Bill and Note B-roker, one who 
 acts for others in the buying and 
 selling of commercial paper. 
 BLOOD MOt* El-- Money paid to 
 the next of kin of one who met 
 with his death at the hands of an- 
 other, accidentally or with pre- 
 meditation. Body Politic, a state 
 in its national or political capacity. 
 Bond-C-reditor, a creditor whose 
 debt is secured by a bond. Bond- 
 Debt, a debt contracted under the 
 obligation of a bond. Booty, the 
 spoils taken by an enemy on the 
 land. If taken on the sea it is call- 
 ed a priz.c. Bote, an allowance or 
 recompense. The expression X/o 
 \>ooV is derived from this word. 
 FIE'VE.- A letter or writ on pub- 
 lic affairs, by which anything is 
 commanded to be done in the 
 king's name. It is most frequent 
 ly written " brief. " B-rief, a sum- 
 mary or abbreviated statement 
 of the questions at issue. B-ro- 
 kc-r's Contract, a paper signed by 
 a broker, and sent to the person 
 forwhoni he has bought or sold 
 goods, immediately upon com- 
 pleting the bargain, describing the 
 goods and the price, and condi- 
 tions upon which they were sold 
 or bought. 
 
 276
 
 sons descended from the same fath- 
 er and mother. Cohabit, to live as 
 wan and wife, in the same house. 
 Corv\rviiS3iot<EF\ op DEEDS. -A,, O f 
 
 ficer in tnany States before whom 
 deeds are acknowledged. Commit- 
 tee, a number of persons appointed 
 to consider and manage any matter. 
 Concord, an agreement between 
 parties who intend to levy a fine 
 of lands; an agreement between 
 two or more upon a trespass com- 
 mitted. Conditional Sale, an a- 
 greernent between two parties that 
 certain property belonging to one 
 shall at some future time belong 
 to the other, provided a certain 
 thing does or does no v take place. 
 Conditions o/ Sale, the terms up- 
 on which it is proposed to sell prop- 
 erty at auction. 
 
 COf/DOJM'f\TIOK The act of par- 
 doning, as in divorce actions. Con- 
 fession of Judgment, a confes- 
 sion in writing by a defendant of 
 an action brought against him, 
 to which he has no defense. Con- 
 firmation, an agreement which 
 renders valid a voidable estate; al- 
 so a kind of conveyance.-Co-ftju.ra- 
 *IO-M, the using of certain words 
 or ceremonies in order to g ain 
 the^assistance of some supposed su- 
 perior power; a compact, wade by 
 persons under oath, to do some pub 
 lie harm. Con sen * Rale, a docu- 
 ment in which the defendant con- 
 fesses the lease, entry and ouster 
 of the plaintiff, in an action of e- 
 
 n jectrnent. 
 
 id CO^STlT\JE|*T.-One who votes 
 to elect a person to an off ice, with 
 authority to act for him. Contract- 
 or, one who engages to perform any 
 work or service for the public, or 
 to supply certain quantities of ma- 
 terials or goods at a certain price. 
 Contumacy, refusal to appear in 
 court when summoned. Cotivcn- 
 *ion, see Nominations. Convic- 
 *iort, proving the guilt of one 
 charged with a crime. Council, 
 an executive body elected in some 
 States to advise the governor. Cov 
 erture, the condition of a married 
 woman. 
 
 DULPf\IT. One indicted for acrim 
 inal o/v,itse. Cumulative Evidence, 
 additional evidence confirming that 
 already given. Curtilage, the inclos- 
 ed space surrounding a dwelling house; 
 a court yard. Curtis, the space about 
 a building. Decapitation, punish- 
 ment by cutting of the head. Dec- 
 laration, at common law, a plaint 
 iff's statement of hig cause ofac 
 tion. Del C-redere, an agreement 
 by an agent, in consideration of 
 an additional premium or compcn 
 sation, engages when he sells goods 
 on credit, to insure, warfant.orgiwt- 
 antee to his principal the solvency 
 of the purchaser, the true engage 
 
 . In a wass or solid state, as 
 pork \-v\V\v\V, or \>\x\V ^o-vV.,porl< not 
 cut up or prepa-red for packi-ng.'tvaXa 
 Vn) S>\v\V is a.sak> of goods as they are, 
 without weight or measure. \_a&e\\ 
 or %Vo>Ne& Vv\ 'oviXV is having, the car- 
 go loose in the hold, or not inclosed 
 in boxes, casks, etc. Canon Law, ec- 
 clesiastical law for church discipline. 
 Capias, a writ addressed to a sheriff, 
 directing him to arrest and hold 
 the, defendant. Capture, the act of 
 taking or seizing, by force, of proper- 
 ty or persons by an enemy. Carrier, 
 a person who undertakes to transport 
 goods from place to place. 
 /^UTEL. An agreement between 
 two belligerent powers for the ex 
 change of prisoners ; a challenge to 
 a due], or letter of defiance. Cash 
 Credit, the privilege of drawing rnon 
 ey from a bank, obtained by deposite 
 or personal security-Cashier, one 
 who has charge of money, as the 
 clerk who superintends the books, 
 payments, and receipts of a Ijatik 
 or company. Catching Barpai-H, an 
 agreement with an expectant heir 
 for the purchase of his expectancy 
 at an inadequate price. Caucus, see 
 Nominations. Ce-rtiorari, a writ 
 from a superior to an infcrioTcourt 
 commanding the return of certain 
 records for the purpose of a review. 
 ir|/\LLEr&C. In elections, the ques- 
 tioning of an ejector upon his oath, 
 in respect to his age,, term of his res- 
 idence, and his nationality. l-n law, 
 an exception made to the jurors chos- 
 en to try, a cause. Charge, a judge's 
 instructions to a grand jury ;*he ex- 
 planation by ajudge to, the Jury of 
 certain principles which they are 
 to consider and apply in determi-n 
 ing their verdict.Civil Service, the 
 body of persons employed by the Uni- 
 ted States, from the. Cabinet down 
 to the lowest clerks in the Post Of- 
 fice, except the army and navy. 
 <uEI\l. One engaged to, write ii 
 
 , 
 
 an office, keep books, wait upon cus- 
 tomers, etc.; a-ti officer in a cou-r* 
 whose duties are to attend its ses 
 sions, to preserve its papers, to keep 
 a record of its proceedings, and to 
 issue, writs in its name. Close, an 
 imaginary fence with which the law 
 surrounds a person's property to pro- 
 tect his rights therein. Cog-Hatio-n, 
 relationship existing between per- 
 
 , 
 
 ment of One agent being to pay 
 the debt himself if it is not p-romp.t 
 ly discharged by the buyer. De-Mi- 
 xe-n, one born an ajien, but hav- 
 ing letters-patent, giving him the 
 right of a subject. Oeodand, any 
 
 personal chattel which has caused 
 the death of a person, and for that 
 reason is forfeited to the king. De- 
 partments of C-overtime-nt, i in 
 three departments of government 
 are : (I) Executive, \av\i- e.xet.V\a, 
 represented by the executive offi- 
 cers, as the President and his Cab- 
 inet, Governors, etc. ;|?lj Legisla- 
 tive, \avg- \v\aV\v\O;, consisting of 
 the Senate, Hou-se of Represent! 
 tives.and the G-pvernor in some 
 States; (3) Judicial, \>N \Y\u.K^reV 
 vvxo, awi \a\N- avvW^ 1 * 4 ^^ consists of 
 all the judges. 
 
 EjSPOT.-^A tyrant or absolute 
 prince. Dic*u.rn,an opinion ex- 
 pressed by a court. Dilapidation, 
 decay or waste^especially when 
 applied to ecclesiastical buildings. 
 OJ latory Plea, a plea which may 
 destroy a particular action, but 
 not affecting the right of action 
 of the plaintiff. Diplo-Hiatics, the 
 science of ancient writings, and 
 the art of deciphering then-i,de 
 termining their aye, etc. Disbar, 
 to revoke a lawyer's license. Dis- 
 claimer, a^renunciation or dis- 
 avowal. DM-ec*of, an_ officer or 
 trustee of a corporation ;a niem- 
 ber of a board of education. Dis- 
 coiiti*i ttg Bills of Merchandise, 
 owing to unsuspected losses, dis- 
 counts afe f-requ-ently made irt 
 addition to the regular discount. 
 If an article is sold at a profit of 
 2 5 % , ano 1 5 % is deducted from 
 the selling price, it is not 20%, but 
 \Q%?i, because the d iscount_ i & 
 calculated on the selling price, 
 while the profit is calculated on 
 the cost. Also if 25% be added and 
 20% be deducted, the^ppare/nt 
 profit is 5 %, when in reality 
 the goods are sold for cost. 
 
 DISMISS. -To remove or send out 
 of court. Dispensation, the per- 
 mission to do something forbid- 
 den; a relaxation of I .iw. Disseis- 
 in, an unlawful dispossession of 
 a person of his lands or tenements. 
 Document Bills, bills with ship, 
 ping documents for goods attach- 
 ed to them given as collateral se- 
 curity available if the bill should 
 not be duly honored. Do-micH, 
 the place where a person has hii 
 permanent abode. Dysrto-my.the 
 act of making bad laws. 
 
 ELEOIT.-A writ directed to the 
 sheriff , ordering him to make 
 delivery of a rnoiety of a party's 
 land and all his goods, beasts of 
 burden excepted. Elorigata, tin 
 return made by the sheriff in re- 
 plevin, that the goods hawp. been 
 removed and cannot be fou.nd. 
 E-ttii-Me-H-t Dottiai-ti, see Domain. 
 
 FEKCE VlEYyEHS.-Offi'cers,u 
 ually supervisors or trustees, 
 whose duties are to settle dis- 
 putes between the owners of ad- 
 joining estates respecting parti- 
 tion fences. Free Po-r*, a port where 
 the ships of all nations may load 
 and unload free of duty, provided 
 the goods are not carried into 
 an adjoining country. 
 
 277
 
 NAMES OP MEN. 
 
 ^ar'oti (Heb.) Lofty, very high. 
 Ab'diel (Heb.) The servant of God. 
 A'bel (Heb.) Vanity, breath. 
 Abi'a*Jiar(Heb.) Father of plenty. 
 Abi'el (Heb.) Father of strength. 
 Abi 'jah ( Heb.) Jehovah is a father. 
 Ab -ner (Heb.) Father of light. 
 A ' bra h am ( Heb.) Father of a multitude. 
 A'bratti (Heb.) Father of elevation. 
 Ab'salotn (Heb.) Father of peace. 
 Ad 'am (Heb.) Man,earth-rnan. 
 A 'din (Heb.) Tender, delicate, soft. 
 Adol ' phus (Sax.) Successful helper. 
 Adoni 'ram (Heb.) Lord of height. 
 Al'an (Slav.) Harmony, a hound. 
 Al'aric (Sax.) All-powerful, all-rich. 
 Al ' ber* (Sax.) All-bright, illustrious. 
 Alexan'derfGr.) A helper of men. 
 Al fred (Sax.) Protecting all, all peace. 
 AI'lani(Slav.) The same as A I an, 
 Allen ) which see-. 
 Alon'zc (Ger.) Same as Alphonso. 
 Al'pheus (Heb.) Exchange 
 AlpHo-n'ce (Oer.) Willina, 
 AI'vah (Heb.) Iniquity. 
 Al'van (Heb.) Unrighteous. 
 Al 'vin, Al'wm (Sax.) Conquering all. 
 A-tnari'ah (Heb.) Jehovah promised. 
 Ar'asa(Heb.) A burden. 
 Atn'brese (&r.) Divme, immortal. 
 Atti'rtii (Heb.) My people. 
 
 A'mes (Heb.) Courageous, strong. 
 Ati'drew (&r.) Man lu, courageous. 
 Atidttmi 'cus (&r.) A conqueror of wen. 
 Ati'seltti l&er.) An heroic defender. 
 A-n'*hrtij)ILat) Praiseworthy. 
 Archela'iw (&r.) Ruler of the people. 
 Archibald (&cr.) Boldness. 
 A'riel (Heb.) Lion of Ood, valiant. 
 A r 'field (Sax.1 Strong as an ea^le. 
 Ar'tcitias (Gr.)Giftcf Mi-nerw or Artemis. 
 Ar'thiwlBrit.) Noble, hioh. 
 A'sa(Heb.) Physician, healer 
 A'saph (Heb.) A collector. 
 Ash'bellHeb.) Fire of Bel. 
 Ash'erfHeb.) Fortunate, happy. 
 Ash'ur (Heb.) Black, blackness. 
 Audits '*us(Lat.) Majestic, exalted. 
 Aitjus'tinc) (Lat.) Belonging to Au 
 Aus'tin ) Justus. 
 laid 'win (Sax 1 .) Courapeous, bold. 
 Bar'-ttabas) ( Hcb.l Son of prophecy, or 
 Bar'naby ) exhortation. 
 BartHol'oniewlHcb.) A warlike son. 
 Basil (&T.) Royal, kindly. 
 Ben 'edict (La.t.) Blessed- 
 Ben'jattiiti (Hcb.)Son of the ripht. 
 Beri'ah (Heb.) In calamity. 
 Ser'-Mard (Sav.) A brave wan. 
 Bcr'tratti (&er.) B-right raven. 
 Bethu'el (Heb.) Man of God. 
 Bon'iface (Lat.) A benefactor. 
 Bri 'ati (Celt.) Stronp. 
 Cadwal'la<ler( Brit.) Valiant in war. 
 
 Cae'sarlLat.) Hairy, or blue-eyed. ' 
 Ca'lcb(Heb.)A do 9 . 
 CaJ'yi-n(Lat.) Bald. 
 Ce'cil (Lat). Dim-sighted. 
 Charles (Sax.) Noble-spiri-ted, marili;. 
 Chris '*epher(Gr.) Bearing Christ. 
 Clar'ence ( Lat.) Illustrious. 
 
 Come 'I ins ( Lat.) Si^tiificatiort uncertain 
 
 Cuth'bert(Sav.) Renowned. 
 
 Cy 'tus ( Pers.) The sun . 
 Dan iel (Heb.) A judae from God. 
 
 Dari 'us ( Pers.) P-reserver. 
 
 Da 'vM (Heb.) Beloved. 
 
 DC-M'IS )(Gr.) Belonyiriji toDio-n^sos^' 
 
 Den 'nisi or Bacchus, goA of wine. 1 - 
 
 Dcx'ter( Lat.) The riyht hand. 
 
 Diotiys'ius(6-r.) The sarne as Denis.'' 
 
 Don'ald (Ceft.) Proud chief. 
 
 Du.n'can (Celt.) Brown chief. 
 Eb'-H(Heb.)Astone. 
 
 Ebctie'zerj Heb.) The stone of help. ] 
 
 Ed 'par (Say.) Successful warrior. 
 
 Ed'wund (Sax.) Successful protect 01. 
 
 Ed 'ward (Sav.)Guardian of property; 
 
 Ed 'win (Sax.) Successfu-l in war. 
 
 Ea 'her* I Sax.) Bright eye. 
 
 EI'bT*( Sax.) All- briflht, illustrious _ 
 
 El 'dred (Sax.) Terrible. 
 
 Elea'zer(Heb.) Whom &od helps. 
 
 E'li (Heb.) A foster son. I 
 
 278
 
 Eli 'ab (Heb.) God is his father. 
 Eli'as (Heb.) Jehovah is my (rod. 
 Eli 'hu(Heb.) Cod the Lord. 
 Elijah (Heb.) Strength of the Lord. 
 Eli'shajHrb.) God triy salvation. 
 Eli'zur(Heb.) God istnyrock. 
 Ettiman 'uel (Meb.) &pd with us. 
 Etie'as (&r.) Cow-mended, Braised. 
 E'noch (Heb.) InstrucUd.initiated. 
 E'-tios(Heb.)Man. 
 E phraini (Heb.) Very fruitful. 
 Eras'+tius ( &r.) Wo r-th y to be loved. 
 Eras'*ii.s (&T.) Amiable, lovely. 
 Er'es* (G-er.) Earnest. 
 E'sau.( Heb.) Covered with hair. 
 E'than {Heb.) Strength, firmness. 
 Eu.9etie'(&r.) Noble, wetl- born. 
 Eus'tace (&r.) Standing fir-m. 
 Ev'an ( Bri-t.) Gracious gift of G-od. 
 Ejce'kiel( Heb.) Strength of (rod. 
 Ez'ra( Heb.) Help. 
 FeTx{Lat.) Happy, prosperous. 
 
 'ditiatid(&eT.) Brave, valiant. 
 Ft nan 'do (Span.) Same as Ferdinand. 
 Fvati 'cis ( Fr.) Free. 
 Fr>*ik,Fraklm ( Fr.) Free. 
 ' -.d 'crick (Ger.) Peaceful ruler. 
 iel(Heb.)Man of G-od. 
 
 ... .la'liel (Heb.) Recompense of God. 
 
 'of'fny (Sax.) Good protector. 
 . o-jic (&r.) A Husbandman. 
 G*r 'aid (Ger.) Strong with the spear. 
 Gid'eon (Heb.) A destroyer. 
 GJI'lfrrtlSax.) Bright as gold. 
 Oiles(Gr.) A little goat. ' 
 God'dard (Ger.) Virtuous, pious. 
 Cod '-frcy ( Sav.) Good p_ rotector. 
 Go 'wi (Sax.) Good in war. 
 O '.9 'ory ( &er.) Watchful . 
 &ti/"/itti( Brit.) Havinagreatfaith. 
 Gusta'vus (Sw.) A warrior, hero. 
 Gu-y ( Fr.) A leader. 
 Hati tiibal (Pu-nic) A 9racious lord. 
 He'ttian ( Heb.) Faith/u.1. 
 Hp->iVy (Ger.) Rich lord. 
 H r'be-rt(&er.) Glory o^the-ar-my. 
 H :r'*ttatt (&cr.) A warrior. 
 H':zeki'ah (Heb.) Strength of God. 
 ' ; l'ary (Lafc) Cheer/ul,tnerry. 
 .li'ratti (Heb.) Most noble. 
 Her 'ace (Lat.JSijtiifjcation u-ncertaiti. 
 , I V ra'*ie(Lat.)Sionificatiotiancertain. 
 iose'a( Heb.) Salvation. 
 w 'ell (Brit) Sound, whole. 
 
 4'ber* (Sax.) Bright, handsome. 
 
 igh( Dutch) Hi9h, lofty. 
 .HiphVey (Sav.) Protector of home, 
 abod (Heb.)frlory has departed. 
 HA'ttHS (Gr.) Ardent, fiery. 
 ltHftiati'ttel(Heb.)&od with u-s. 
 l-n'araw (&er.) A stalwart UOM.Hl. 
 l'ra( Heb.) Watchful. 
 
 r*aac(Heb.) Laughter. 
 
 Isa'iah (Heb.) Salvation of the Lord. 
 
 ls'-rael(Heb.) A soldier of &od. 
 
 Ith'iel (Heb.)G-od is with me. 
 Ja'bex(Heb-) He will cause pain. 
 
 Ja'cob(Heb.) He will supplant. 
 
 James( Heb.) He will supplant. 
 
 Ja'rcd(Heb.) Descent. 
 
 Ja'soti ( Gr.) A healer. 
 
 Jas'per(Pers.) Signification uncertain. 
 
 Jeffrey ( Sax.) At peace with God. 
 
 Jeremi ah ( Heb.) Exalted of the Lord. 
 
 Jerotie'((rr.) Having a holy name. 
 
 Jes'se( Heb.) Wealth. 
 
 Jo'ab ( Heb.) Jehovah is his father. 
 
 Job (Heb.) Afflicted, persecuted. 
 
 Jo 'el ( Heb.) The Lord is God. 
 
 Johtt ( Heb.) Gracious gift of God. 
 
 Jo'tiah (Heb.) A dove. 
 
 Jon 'athan (Heb.) Gift of Jehovah. 
 
 Jo'seph (Heb.) He shall add. 
 
 Josh 'ua( Heb.) Lord of salvation. 
 
 Ju'dah I Heb.) Praised. 
 
 Jul'ian ( Lat) Belonging to Julius. 
 
 Jul'i'iis (&r.) Soft-haired. 
 
 Jus 'tin (Lat.) Just. 
 Ken'el-m (Sax.) Defender of kindred. 
 
 Kc-ft / *ie*h (Gael.) Leader, commander. 
 La'bati( Heb.) White. 
 
 Lam 'bert (Sax.) A keeper of lambs. 
 
 Law'retice ( Lat.) Crowned with laurel. 
 
 Letn'uel (Heb.) Created by God. 
 
 Leon 'ard (Sav.) Brave as a lion, 
 
 Le'opold (Ger.) Bold as a lion. 
 
 Le'vi (Heb.) Adhesion. 
 
 Lew/is(Fr.) Defender of the people. 
 
 Li'-Mus (&r.) Flaxen-haired. 
 
 Li'onel (Lai.) A little I ion. 
 
 Loren'zo ( Ital.) Crowned with laurel. 
 
 Lofc (Heb.) A veil, covering. 
 
 Lit 'bin (Sax.) Beloved friend. 
 
 Lu-'cius (Lat.) Born at break of day. 
 
 Luke (Lat.) Contraction of Lucanus. 
 
 Lu'ther (G-er.) Illustrious warrior. 
 
 Lycur 'gus (Gr.) Wolf-driver. 
 Marachi ( Heb.) Message of the Lord. 
 
 Marcel 'lus (Lat.) Dimin.of Marcu-s. 
 
 Mar'cius [Lat.] Same as Marcus. 
 
 Mar'ciw.Mark(Lat.) A hammer. 
 
 Mar'ttiaduke (Sax.) A mighty noble. 
 
 Mar 'tin ( Lat.) Martial, warlike. 
 
 Mat 'thcw( Heb.) Gift of Jehovah. 
 
 Mahi'as(Heb.)Giftof the Lord. 
 
 Mau '-rice (Lat.) Sprung of a Moor. 
 
 Mer'edtth (Celt.) Sea- protector. 
 
 Mi 'cah ( Heb.) Who is like the Lord ? 
 
 Mi'chael (Heb.) Who is like God ? 
 
 Miles (Lat.) A soldier. 
 
 Mor'pa-H (Brit.) Born on the sea. 
 
 Mo 'ses{ Egypt.) Drawn out of water. 
 
 la 'hum ( Heb.JConsolation, 
 
 Nathan' 1 ' ' 
 
 Nathan 
 
 Neal(L, , 
 
 Nich'olas(Gr.) Victory of the people 
 
 No 'ah (Heb.) Rest, comfort. 
 
 No 'el (Heb.) Born on Christmas day. 
 
 Nor '-ttian (Ger.) Native of Normandy 
 Obadi'ah (Heb.) Servant of the Lord. 
 
 hu-m ( Heb. (Consolation. 
 i'*hati(Heb.) A gift, given. 
 rfhan'iei ( Heb.) The gift of God. 
 sal { Lat.) Dark, swarthy. 
 
 'bed (Heb.) Serving God. 
 
 Octa'viu*(Lat.) The eighth born. 
 
 OI'iver(Lat.) An olive tree. 
 
 Orlati'do ( Ital.) Counsel for the land. 
 
 Os 'car (Celt.) Bounding warrior. 
 
 Os'mutid (Ger.) Protection of God. 
 
 Os'wald (&er.) Power of God. 
 
 Ow'ett (Celt.) Young warrior. 
 
 Ozi'as (Heb.)Stmigth o/th* Lord 1 . 
 Pa* 'rick (Lat.) Noble, a patrician. 
 
 Paul (Lat.)Small, little. 
 
 Pele?(Heb.) Division. 
 
 Pe'*er(Gr.) A rock. 
 
 Phjlati'der(Gr.) A lover of -men-. 
 
 Phile'tnon (Gr.) Loving, friendly. 
 
 Phil'ip (&r.) A lover of horses. 
 
 PHiti'easjHeb.) Mouth of brass. 
 
 Pol'ijcaYp(Gr.) Much frui*. 
 
 Ptol 'ct*9 (Gr.) Mighty in war. 
 
 luiti'titi (Lat.) The fifth. 
 Ralph (Sax.) Helpful in counsel. 
 
 Raph 'ael ( Heb.) The healing of God. 
 
 Ray'ttiond (Ger.) Strong protector. 
 
 Reu'ben( Heb.) Behold -a son! 
 
 Reyn'old (Sax.) Strong ruler. 
 
 Rich 'ard (Sax.) Rich-hearted. 
 
 Rob'crt(Ger.) Bright in fame. 
 
 Rod 'erick(Ger.) Rich in fame. 
 
 Ro'dolpH (Sax.) Aiding in counsel. 
 
 Roo'er(Ger.) Famous with the spear. 
 
 Roland, Rowland (Ger.) Fame of the land 
 
 Ru'dolph (Sax.) Famous hero. 
 
 Ru'fus ( Lat.) Reddish, red-haired. 
 
 Ru.'per*(Sax.) Bright in fame. 
 Sai'soti(Heb.) Splendid sun. 
 
 Sa-w'uel (Heb.) Heard of God. 
 
 Saitl (Heb.) Asked for. 
 
 Sebas'-tiati ( &r.) Venerable, -roverend. 
 
 Si'las(Lat.1 Contraction p/Silvanus. 
 
 Sil vaiius,Sy Iva'nus (Lat.) Living in a wood. 
 
 Silves'tr( Lat.) Living in the woods. 
 
 Sitfi'eon ,Si '-won ( Heb.) Hearing withauept'ct 
 
 Sol'omon ( Heb.) Peaceable. 
 
 Ste'phe-n (Gr.) A crown or garland. 
 Thad 'dens (Syr.) The wise. 
 
 The'obald (Sax.) Bold for the people. 
 
 The'odore(Gr.) The gift of God. 
 
 Theoph'ilu.s(&r.) A lover of God. 
 
 Thotti'as (Heb.) A twin. 
 
 Titti'othy (&r.) One who honors God. 
 
 Tobi'as (Heb.) Pleasing to JcJwvah. 
 
 Tris '*rat ( Lat.) Grave, pensive, sad 
 Ulys'ses(Gr.) A hater. 
 
 Ur 'bati ( Lat.) Courteous, polished. 
 
 Uri'ah (Heb.) Light of the Lord. 
 
 U'-riati (Dan.)A husbandman. 
 Val'entine ( Lat.) Strong, powerful. 
 
 Vic'*or(Lat.) A conqueror. 
 
 Vi'ce-M*(Lat.) Conquering. 
 
 Viv'ian (Lat.)Lively, living. 
 Wai '*cr(Ger.) Ruling thehos*. 
 
 Wil liatti (&er.) Resolute helmet. 
 
 Wi-H'/red (Sav.) W'm peace. 
 Zab'diel(Heb.)Giftof &od. 
 
 Zacche'us (Heb.) Innocent, puna. 
 
 Zachari'ah1(Heb.) Remembenad of 
 
 Zach'ary J the Lord. 
 
 Zcdcki'ah (Heb.) Justice of the lrd 
 
 Zcpha-ni'a>i(Heb.)Hid of the Lord. 
 
 279
 
 NAMES OF WOMEN, 
 
 hjail (Heli) My father's joy. 
 
 A da (Sax.)Ha^'mess,lioift. 
 
 Ad alitie )(&er.) A (rrincess, 
 
 Ad elinej of noble birth. 
 
 Ad'ela(&cr.) The same as Adaline. 
 
 Ad claidc (&T.) The same as Adaline. 
 
 A<Jc lia(Gcr.)7he sarrie as Adaline. 
 
 Ag atha (Or.) Good, kind. 
 
 Ao'ics(Cr.) Chaste, pure. 
 
 Alber *a(Ger.) Feminine of Alber*. 
 
 Alethe'a(C-r.) Truth. 
 
 Al 'ice (C-er.) Noble birth, a princess. 
 
 Almi ra ( AT.) Lofty, noble. 
 
 Alt he 'a (Or.) A healer. 
 
 Am'abeJ (Lat.) Lovely, amiable. 
 
 Atnan;da( Lat.) Worthy to be loved. 
 
 Attte'li a (Ger.) Busy, energetic. 
 
 A tnu (Lat.) Beloved. 
 
 (W.) Angelic, lovely. 
 
 eb.) Grace, alto the same as 
 
 Atitie 
 
 Annette ( Heb.) French form of Anne. 
 
 An-*oitictte'(&r.)Dimin. of Antonia. 
 
 Att*o'tiia(Lat.) Inestimable. 
 
 Arabel'la(Lat.) A fair altar. 
 
 Aupus tafLat.) Feminine of Augustus. 
 
 Aurc'lialLat.) Feminine of Aurelius. 
 
 AUTO 'ra( Lat.) Morning, brightness. 
 
 Azu'ba(Heb-) Deserted. 
 Jar 'bara (Gr.) Foreign, strange. 
 
 Be atrice ( Lat.) Making happy. 
 
 Ber *ha(Sa)f.) Bright, beautiful. 
 
 Blanche! Teut.) White, fair. 
 
 Bridg'et (Celt.) Strength. 
 Camil la(Lat.) Attendant at sacrifice. 
 
 Car oli-ne (Ger.) Feminine of Carolus. 
 
 Cecil 'ia( Lat.) Fern'mine of Cecil. 
 
 Ce'lia(Lat.) Feminine of Goelius. 
 Celes'*i*c(Lat.) Heavenly. 
 Char 'lotte ( Fr.) Feminine of Charles. 
 Chlo'e(Gr.) A green herb, blooming. 
 Clar 'a (Lat.) Bright, illustrious. 
 Cla-ris'saf La*.)A variation of Clara. 
 
 an 'ttu (Ger.) Di m in nt ive of Frances. 
 
 Fau*ti'tia( Lat.) Lucky. 
 
 Flic'ia(Lat.) Happu, happiness. 
 
 Fide'lia(Lat.) Faithful. 
 
 Flo 't-a(Lat.) The goddess of flowers. 
 
 Fl or 'etice (Lat.) Blooming, flourishing. 
 
 Fra 'ccs (Ger.) Feminine of Francis. 
 
 FreJcri 'ca ( &cr.) Feinini-ne of Frederick . 
 rCOTpiati'a(&r.) Femittine of &eor?e. 
 
 Cer 'alditie (Oer.) Feminine of Gerald. 
 
 Oer 'tru.de(&er.) All truth. 
 
 G-race ( Lat.y^&raca, favor. 
 
 Driscd 'da ( Teu.t.) Stone heroine. 
 Han'tiah (Heb.) The same as Anna. 
 
 Har'riet (fter.) Fem. di-mmittive of Henry. 
 
 Hl'c*i(&r.) Liaht, allurin?. 
 
 Hcnriet'*a(Ger.) Fern.dimmntive of Henry. 
 
 Heph'zibah(Heb.) My deliaht in her. 
 
 Hes'terlPers.) A star, good fortune. 
 
 Hila'ria(Lat.) Feminine of Hilary. 
 
 Hono'-ra(Lat.) Honorable. 
 
 Horten'sialLat.) A lady aoddeis. 
 
 Hu.1 'dab ( He b.) A weasel. 
 'da (5av.) Happy, happiness. 
 
 \'nei (Or.) Chaste, pure. 
 
 lre'ne(&r.) Peace, peaceful. 
 
 !s a a b b e e ,', a }(Sp.) Worshiper of Cod. 
 
 Con 'statics (Lat.) Constant, firm. 
 Co'ra(&r.) Maiden, daughter. 
 Corde lia( Lat.) Warm -hear ted. 
 Coriti'-tial&r.) Maiden. 
 Cortie'lia (Lat.) Femini-ne of Cornelius. 
 Cyn 'thial&r.) Belonging to Cwnthus. 
 Deb'orah(Heb.) A bee. 
 De'lia (Or.) Belon^in^ to Oelos. 
 Diatti'a (Lat.) Goddess. 
 Diati 'tda(&r.) Flower of Jove, a. pink. 
 Di tiah(Heb.j Judged. 
 DoVa.(&r.) Aaif*. 
 Dor'casl&r.) A gazelle. 
 i' da(Gr.) 
 
 .) Same as Dorothea. 
 . T . _,. , r . 
 -1 The 9 >(f f &< 
 
 Do 
 
 Bo rot he 'a 
 Dor othy 
 Drusil'lafC-r.) Dewy eyes. 
 :'dith( Sax.) Happiness. 
 Ed 'ia (Heb.) Pleas ure. 
 EI'ea-nor(Sair.) All-fruitful. 
 Eriner(Sa>.) Same as Eleanor. 
 Eli'xa(Heb.)Contrutio7i of Eliiabeth. 
 Eliz'abetH(Heb.) Worshiper of God. 
 El'la(&r.) Contraction of Eleanor. 
 Erieti(Oi-.)Di-minutive of Eleanor. 
 Ej'si<(Sair.) Diminutive of Alice. 
 
 getic, indus 
 
 Elvi'ra(Lat.) White. 
 Em 'clitic liter.) Ener 
 
 Uter.) En 
 
 E-m 'ttielitiej trious. 
 E-m'ily (Lat.) The same as Emel'me. 
 Eti'itia(&er.)ThesaTneas Emelin, 
 Erties 'tme (&er.) Fem.dim. of Erne*. 
 Es ther ( Pcrs.) A Star, good fortune. 
 
 Eth'cl(Sax.) Noble. 
 
 Eudo -ra(&r.) Good gift. 
 Euge'nial&r.) Well-born, noble. 
 Eu. nice (&T.) Happy victory. 
 Euphc'ttiialCrT.) Of pood -rapo-rt. 
 Eva, Eve (Heb.) Life. 
 Evati'o,eli-nc(Gr.) Br'm^iti^ qla.d news. 
 
 Philip 'pa (Or.) Feminine of Philip. 
 Phjj,' fa] (Cr.) A green bouoh. 
 Pol ly (Eng.) Variation of Molly, from Mary 
 Priscil lajLat.) Somewhat old. 
 
 fe'ftf P.'*' F 9 M > P^dence. 
 Ra'chel(Heb.) A ewe. 
 Rcbcc'ca(Heb.) Of enchanting beauty. 
 
 Jane (Fr.) Feminine of Jo 
 Jatie*'(Fr.) Diminutive 
 
 hn. 
 
 of Jane. 
 
 Jaq'ucli-nc( F r.) French fertiin'me of Ja-mes. 
 Jeantiette'(Fr.) French diminutive of Jane 
 Jeii'tia(Heb.) A dove. 
 Jeru.'sha(Heb.) Possessed, married. 
 Jes'sie (Scotch) Diminutive and femol Jesse 
 
 joaii'}f La *^ Femiriifl o( John. 
 
 Jo 'sephie(F-r.) Feminine of Joseph. 
 
 Joyce(Lat.) Sportive. 
 Ju-'dithlHeb-Jfraised. 
 
 Ju.'|ia( Lat.) Feminine of Julius. 
 
 Juliati'a(Lat-) Feminine of Julian. 
 
 Ju.'liet(Fr.) Diminutive of Julia. 
 
 Justi'-na (Lat.) Feminine of Justin. 
 Ka*(&r.) Diminutive of Catharine. 
 
 Kath arme) (Ger.) Pure,- the same as 
 
 Kath'CTitie/ Catharine. 
 
 Keti*'fari (HebJ Incense. 
 
 Kezi'ah (Heb.)Cassia. 
 Lau'ra(Lat.) A laurel or bay-tre 
 
 LaMmt 'da (Lat.) Variation of I 
 
 f Louis. 
 
 Lu'cia 
 
 Lu-ci-H' 
 
 ia I Lat.) Feminine of Lucius. 
 
 -H'da,Li*ci'tia( Lat. (Shinin,), brilliant, 
 Liicre'ttal Lat.) C-ain. 
 Lu'ey I Lat.) Feminine of Lucius. 
 Lyd'iaJGr.) A native of Lydia in Asia. 
 
 Ma' be) 
 
 ontraction of Amabel. 
 
 Mad elme(Fr.) Same as Magdalene 
 Map dalene (Heb.) Belonging to Ma^dala 
 
 Mar'cia(Lat.)Fem.of Maic'ms. 
 
 Mar 'caret (Gr.) A pearl. 
 
 Mari 'a ( Lat.) A foT-m of Mary. 
 
 Mariajine'lFf.) ftom Mar]i andAime. 
 
 Mar ion (Fr.) Familiar firm of Nlarj). 
 
 Mar 'tha(Hcb-) Sorrowful. 
 Ma'ry (Heb.) Bitter, star of the sea. 
 Matil da(Ger.) A heroine. 
 Maud (Ger.)Contraction of Matilda. 
 
 KehU ; ableh Heb -> Bclle(ited atM - 
 
 Mcl'icent (Lat.) A sweet finger. 
 
 Melis'sal&r.) A bee. 
 
 MiTan'Ja(Lat.) Admirable. 
 
 Mir'iatti(Heb.)The same as Mary. 
 
 Mj|Va.(&r.)She who weeps or laments. 
 Man'cy (Enj.) A familiar form of Antie. 
 
 No'ra( Ital.) Contraction of Honora. 
 Octa'via( Lat.) Fami nine of Octaviut. 
 
 Olytn'pia(G-r.) Heavenly. 
 
 Pencl'ope (&r.) A weaver. 
 Per'sisJOr.) A Persian woman. 
 
 M 
 
 Rho , 
 Re's: 
 
 Ros'abel 
 Rosabel 'la. 
 Ros'alic (Fr.) Little blooming rose. 
 Ros'alind (Lat.) Beautiful as a rose. 
 Ros'amond (&CT.) Rosy lips. 
 Roxati'tia(Pers.) Dawn of day. 
 Ruth | Heb.) Beauty. 
 Sabi 'tia ( Lat.) A Sabine woman. 
 Salotne'(Heb.) Peaceful. 
 
 Sal 'va( Lat.) Safe. 
 
 la' h}( Heb -) A princes*. 
 
 Seli'<tia(Gr.) Parsley. 
 
 Sere 'tia (Lat.) Feminine of Serenas. 
 
 SoVhie J ( &T -1 Wisdom. 
 SopMro'-nSal&r.) Of a sound -mind. 
 
 Tab-ithalSyr.) A gazelle. 
 
 Thcodo'ra(&r.)The gift of C-od 1 . 
 
 Theodo sia(Cr) The gift of 0-od. 
 
 There'sa( Or.) Carrying ears of corn. 
 
 Try phe 'na ( Gr.) Delicate, luxurious. 
 
 Trypho'sa(Gr.) Luxurious, dainty. 
 
 I'ricalCer.JRich. 
 
 Ura'tiia(&r.) Heavenly. 
 
 Ur'sula(Lat.) A she-bear. 
 Vale'ria (Lat.) Feminine of Valefius- 
 
 Victo'ria (Lat.) Victory. 
 
 Vi 'da (Erse.) Feminine of David. 
 
 Vi ola 
 
 Lat.) A violet. 
 
 Virgin'ia) Lat.) Virgin, pure. 
 
 Viw'ian (Lat.) Lively. 
 Wilhelitii'tia(sa>r.) Feminine of William. 
 
 Wini'ifred (Sa>r.) A lover of peace. 
 Ze-Mo'bia(Gr.) Life from Jupiter. 
 
 280
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 IM. 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 JAN 14 1980 
 
 ^- 
 
 JAN 1 1 1980 
 ^^^ 
 
 Series 9482 
 

 
 3 1205 00323 533V