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A RESEARCH
ON THE
Eucalypts of Tasmania
AM) THE 1 17
ESSENTIAL OILS
R. T. BAKER, F.L.S., AND H. G. SMITH, F.C.S.
Technological Museum, Sydney
StTY ]
Head before the Royal Society of Tasmania
Communicated by L. Rodway, Esq.. Government Botanist
October 14, 1912
VAIL, Government I'rinter. Hol>,n-t. Tasmania
A RESEARCH
ON THE
EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
AND THEIR
ESSENTIAL OILS
BY
R. T. BAKER, F.L.S., AND H. G. SMITH, F.C.S.
Technological Museum, Sydney
Read before the Royal Society of Tasmania
Communicated by L. Rodway, Esq., Government Botanist
October 14, 1912
JOHN VA.HJ, 'Government Printer, Tasmania
CONTENTS.
PAOK
1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1
2. INTRODUCTION 1
3. SPECIES, WITH THEIR SYSTEMATIC, TECHNLOOGICAL,
AND CHEMICAL DATA ... 10
4. AVERAGE YIELD OF OIL FROM THE SEVERAL SPECIES
OF EUCALYPTUS ... ... ... ... ... ... 67
5. TABULATED RESULTS WITH THE CRUDE OILS, TOGETHER
WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS 68
6. ILLUSTRATIONS
E. UNIALATA. SP. NOV 71
E. RODWAYI, SP. NOV. 71
E. TAENIOLA, SP. NOV 71
COLLECTING EUCALYPTUS LEAVES IN TASMANIA ... 71
7. INDEX TO SPECIES... 71
264623
A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TAS-
MANIA AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS.
By R. T. BAKER, F.L.S., and H. G. SMITH, F.C.S.,
Technological Museum, Sydney.
[Communicated by L. RODWAY, F.L.S., Government Botanist. I
1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
IN the preparation of this paper we have to acknowledge
our indebtedness to Mr. L. Rodway, Government Botanist,
who placed his knowledge of Tasmanian Eucalypts at our
disposal, and gave up much of his time to procuring
material.
We would also like to thank the following gentlemen for
assistance rendered: Messrs. T. Stephens, R. A. Black,
D'Arcy Addison, G. Ellis, and A. H. Higgs.
The collector, Mr. L. G. Irby, met with the greatest
assistance and help from every one in the island with
whom he came in contact in this connection, as did also
Mr. C. Laseron when collecting previously.
2. INTRODUCTION.
The Tasmanian Eucalypts will always possess an historical
interest over their confreres, as it was from Van Diemen's
Land that specimens of the genus were first made known
to science, the honour being conferred on the well-known
" Eucalyptus " of Tasmania E . obliqua, by L'Heritier,
in 1788 the " Stringy-bark colonorum/' as mentioned by
Hooker in the " London Journal of Botany," when
describing this tree under the name of E. gigantea, in
1847. Since that date several famous botanists have
worked at the genus as represented in Tasmania, the late
Sir Joseph D. Hooker giving special attention to it in
his classical work The Flora of Tasmania, published
in 1860.
This investigation is, however, the first that has treated
the subject from a technological point of view. It is
the work of a joint research in botany and chemistry,
consequently the results, as might be expected by work-
ing on so extended a field, are not quite in accord with
past classifications of these Eucalypts.
2 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
The economics of one at least of Tasmania's Eucalypts
are world-wide, those of E. glob u I us, and probably there
has been more literature published in connection with this
species than any other belonging to the whole genus.
In the United States of America it is more cultivated
than any other, thousands of acres being planted with it
as a source of timber-supply ; but its essential oil has made
its name better known than its wood.
However, this research now shows that Tasmania pos-
sesses other trees yielding oil of equal therapeutic value,
and what is of quite as much importance, posses several
other trees yielding phellandrene oils, now so extensively
used in mineral e|*ar?itiii"
The Eucalypts of Tasmania we make out to be as fol-
lows, on a cortical classification:
SMOOTH BARKS OR GUMS
* Enrti/1/ptu.'i (inrrutii. Hook. f.
* Kiirti.li/ptu8 cordata, Labill.
/Jnrd/i/ptu8 globvlus, Labill.
* Kurfifuptus Gunnii, Hook.
* Eiirti/i/ptt/* h'ncfir'K, A. Cunn.
* Kitcalyptus Muelleri, T. B. Moore.
Eucalyptus Perriniana , R. T. B. et H.G.S.
Eucalyptus phlebophylln , F. v. M. et Miq.
Eumff/pfu* regnans, F. v. M.
* Eucalyptus Risdoni, Hook.
* Eucali/pfii* u n'uil a i<i, sp. nov.
* Eumly pfii* >/r/ii(/< ni, Hook.
* Eucalyptus vernimxa, Hook.
Kiirfrfy/tfi/fi r I'M infills, Labill.
HALF-BARKS
Ki/rfiJf//ttti.< /Jrlrgflfrnsis, R. T. B.
Ki/rt//i//>fu>: //-// /////;x. F. v. M. (occasionally).
STRINGY-BARK
Eucalypttu obliqua, L'Her.
HARD, ROUGH BARKS
* Eucalyptus ftodwayif sp. nov.
Eucalypti/* rirtfafa, Sieb.
* Eucalyptus taenioUi t sp. nov.
PEPPERMINTS
Kurfili/pti/x amygdalina, Labill.
* EurriJi/pfi/* rnrrifrrfl, Hook, f.
* Endemic to Tasmania.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 3
This brings the record up to 21, and of these no less
than 12 are endemic, which is a large percentage of the
whole number, and probably due to the great length or
period of isolation of Tasmania from the mainland. No
doubt other endemic species exist, but remain as yet unre-
corded, as much country is not yet opened up.
K-odway, in his " Flora of Tasmania/' estimates 17
species, most of which stand, with the following additions
and alterations. In his list we replace
E '. Sieberiana with E '. virgata,
E . haemastoma with E. Deltgatensis,
E . pauci flora with E . phlebophyUa,
while the following are added as new species :
E. Rodwayi,
E. taeniola,
E, unialata.
E. /incur is, Dehn., is superseded by E. I'm tt iris t A. Cunu.
Records new for Tasmania are
E. Delegatensis,
E. 1* erriniana t
and we determine two species, which had hitherto been
regarded as common to both the mainland and Tasmania,
as now distinct, viz.
E. amygdalina from E. amygdalina on the mainland,
and
E. acervula from E . paludosa.
It will no doubt come as a surprise to Eucalyptologists
to know that the Tasmanian E. amygdalina is not indenti-
cal with the species on the mainland which has for so long
passed under that name; but the error has probably been
caused through various reasons. One, 110 doubt, has been
the want of access to Labillardier's original specimens, or
at least his plate, of the species, or a wider method of
classification, such as this investigation covers. However,
we have refrained from introducing a new name into the
already long nomenclature, and suggest a compromise as
stated under E '. amygdalina.
E . radiata of Hooker's " Flora Tasmania " we have not
been able to place with the mainland tree of that
name, and are disposed to regard the remarks (loc. tit.) as
referring partly to material of E . amygdoHna, E . linearis,
or even E . Bisdoni.
E. Gunnii we consider as endemic to Tasmania, as up to
the present there appears no true evidence of this
" Cider Gum " tree occurring on the mainland.
4 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
Four species previously recorded as Tasmanian are, as
the result of this investigation, found not to exist in the
island. These are-
E. luirnmxt'Htui.
E. Sicberianti,
E. Macarthuri,
E. Maideni.
The variety hi//irririfolia, generally placed with K.
amy(jfl<ilind, we find to belong to E . ///Wow, so that this
latter species, as now understood, includes the varieties
!' . fi/rif/f/dalina, var. h y per ici- folia,
1-1. ///Wo///, var. eh/to,
E. nitida.
Kin'tiltiittu* iiitiiln Hooker figures in his "Flora Tas-
maniae " as a distinct species, and material collected at
Strickland by Mr. L. G. Irby exactly matches his draw-
ings. Many of the botanical features of this tree we find
now also match forms of A'. ///Wo/// that have come to
light since that work was published, and these, together
with their chemistry, show that this Eucalyptus is no
other than E. ///Wo///, although the fruits may be
regarded as an extreme form.
Rodwav's variety 7/wvoo//-//// ot' A'. mminaKt does not
belong to E. glolmlu* as considered by Mueller, nor A.
Maideni as recorded by J. H. Maiden (A.A.A.S.
1902) It is now given specific rank under li
name of E. /////////////. It is worthy of note that
several groups of Eucalypts common on the main-
land have no representatives in Tasmania, as, for instai*
the " Bloodwoods," " Boxes," " Mallees," and the " Iron
Barks " ; and it is also of more than passing interest that
without exception no red-coloured timbers occur in the
whole group of Tasmanian Eucalypts.
Anyhow a high percentage of good timbers obtains
amongst these gums over those of any other State in the
Commonwealth, and only those of stunted growth near
the snow-line are to be discarded as not possessing timber
of economic value in some direction.
Altogether there should be a great future before the
forestry outlook of the State.
As certain groups of Eucalypts (supra) are found to
occur on the mainland only, it would at least be of scien-
tific interest if experiments with these could be carried
out by introducing into cultivation in the island those of
the greatest economic value on the mainland, and record-
ing the results.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. O
The pale-coloured hardwood timbers of Tasmania are
excellent, and have long occupied a front position in the
world's timber markets, but there is one feature worthy
of notice, and that is the utilisation of some of
these for cabinet work, such as E . obliqua and E ' . Dele-
gatensis as " Tasmanian Oak/' To these might be added
the timber of E. Rodwayi, which appears to be of equal
excellence in this connection.
SPECIES YIELDING COMMERCIAL TIMBERS.
Gums
E . acervula (Red Gum).
E. globulus (Blue Gum).
E. Gunnii (Cider Gum).
E. linearis (White Peppermint).
E. viminalis (Manna Gum).
E. Muelleri (Brown Gum).
E. Delegatensis (Gum-topped Stringy-bark
or Tasmanian Oak).
Stringy -barks
E. obhqua (Stringy-bark).
Hard, Furrowed, Compact Barks
E. virgata (Ironbark).
E. Rodwayi (Black Gum).
E. taeniola.
Peppermint
E. amygdalina (Black Peppermint).
The evidence now brought forward in this paper respect-
ing the affinities and differences between the Tasmanian
Eucalypts and identical species or allied forms growing on
the mainland appears to further emphasise the evolution-
ary differentiation of the various species, first brought for-
ward in our work on the Eucalypts published in 1902.
Variation in altitude and climatic conditions, the
result of considerable earth-movement, would naturally
force the species thus separated to endeavour to overcome
this interference, and to adapt themselves to these new
conditions. This environmental change would thus tend
to establish new features and constituents.
For instance, the affinity existing between E ' . amygda-
lina of Tasmania and the form of E . amygdalina growing
on the mainland is evidently close, yet they are not now
identical species, in the present acceptation of such, either
botanically or chemically, and the divergence has gone
sufficiently far for specific differences to be observed.
6 A RESEARCH ON THE EUC\LYPTS OF TASMANIA
This is also the case with K. <t<-errnl(t and K. jMilnf/tnm
and whatever agreement there might have been originally
between these two species they have now diverged suffi-
ciently far to enable constant and well-defined differences
to be established.
Other species, again, in which distinctive characters
cannot be detected between the Tasmanian and mainland
trees, as K. regmin*, K. l)tl< <jnh //x/'x. K. 1'errininmi,
K. o Mi qua, &c., may have remained constant because the
conditions governing their retention in both localities
might have undergone comparatively little alteration
under the new arrangement. It will be observed that
these are species mostly found in somewhat high altitudes,
and growing in both countries under similar conditions.
Although the species supposed to be endemic in Tas-
mania, as K. vtrnU'osa, K. u/-nit/n-n. /:'. /.'W//v////, /;'. AV
doniy <fec., have no very close affinities with mainland
species, so far as at present known, yet it must not be
forgotten that each of them has its nearly related species
with approaching characteristics, and that they all cer-
tainly fall into well-defined botanical and chemical groups,
the peculiarities of which are now well known.
Another point, of a chemical nature, which strongly
supports these suggestions, is that in the oil of only one
species growing in Tasmania does the aromatic aldehyde
aromadendral occur. This constituent is common in the
oils of several species in Eastern Australia, notably the
"Boxes," of which K. //</////>// /<m/ may be considered the
type. These trees are generally lowland species, K.
/it ini/t/i/tiifi particularly being a common species of the
plains on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains. E.
obliqua is common on the mainland as well as in Tas-
mania, and does not appear to be so restricted to a nar-
row range of altitude as many species, consequently it
stood a better chance of survival when the subsidence took
place which formed Tasmania, whilst the more strictly
lowland species were submerged and thus destroyed.
We purpose dealing more fully with this question as it
affects the whole genus, at the British Association meeting
in Sydney in 1914.
With reference to the oils distilled from the leaves of
the several species, these agree in general constituents
with those occurring in the oils of the members of the
main groups, whether from species growing in Tasmania
or on the mainland of course varying in amount as the
botanical characters of the group become more defined.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 7
The occurrence of the terpene phellandrene in the oils
of a majority of the species is a character of some import-
ance, and one which may eventually be shown to have some
significance in determining distribution of species.
The oil of E. Risdoni is specially worthy of mention,
because of the large amount of eucalyptol which occurs in
it, together with phellandrene. It has latterly been the
practice in England, America, and in Europe to demand
oils rich in eucalyptol (cineol) for pharmaceutical purposes,
and the presence of phellandrene has been looked upon
with considerable disfavour. But when we consider that
the medicinal value of Eucalyptus oil was first determined
on oils of the " amygdalina " group, even including that
of E. dives (in which eucalyptol is almost absent), it may
be that the present condemnation of a phellandrene-bear-
ing oil like E. Rixdom is hardly warranted, and is per-
haps, at the least, injudicious. Dr. Cuthbert Hall, of
Parramatta, in 1904, showed that eucalyptol when pure
had very little antiseptic power much less than that of
many other constituents of Eucalyptus oils, including
phellandrene. Dr. Martindale has also recently shown
that eucalyptol has very weak antiseptic power in com-
parison with many other substances. Piperitone, a constit-
uent of the oils of the "Peppermint" group, was shown
by Dr. Hall to be very energetic in its action, and this is
a constant constituent in the oils of E. amygdalina,
and E '. Risdoni. Perhaps, however, the efficacy of Euca-
lyptus oil is more largely due to the mixture of constituents
than to the action of the constituents themselves when
these are isolated in a pure condition. Certainly all is not
yet known about the therapeutic value of Eucalyptus oils,
and the present official conclusions in this respect appear to
us to have been based on insufficient experimental data.
Bearing in mind, however, the reputed efficacy of the other
constituents, it might be well to insist on a minimum of 50
per cent, of eucalyptol in any Eucalyptus oil to be used
for pharmaceutical purposes, and we do not, for several
reasons, suggest a less amount. If this standard is eventu-
ally arrived at, and phellandrene not condemned, then E ' .
Risdoni would be a very good species to exploit for its oil.
The volatile aldehydes in the oil of this species are small in
amount and are not at all objectionable. The above
remarks apply in a lesser degree to the oil of E '. linearis.
If oils similar to E '. Risdoni are eventually recognised offi-
cially, it would be necessary to reduce the standard for
specific gravity to 0'905 at 15 C.
A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
The Tasmaniaii eucalyptol-pinene oils in which phellan-
drene is absent, with the exception of those of E ' . globulu*
and E. rot-data, are inclined to be of lighter gravity than
the " Mallee " oils; this is due to the presence of rather a
larger amount of pinene, and less high boiling constituents
(which ire naturally heavy), but they mostly contain over
50 per cent, eucalyptol. The yield of oil would be, of
course, an important factor governing the commercial possi-
bility of these species for oil-distillation, and for that reason
the yields are given in a separate table.
The oil of E. acervula was found to be of special interest
from a scientific point of view, and from it was isolated a
solid stearoptene belonging to the paraffin series. It is
announced in this paper as a new constituent in some
Eucalyptus oils. The oil of this species also contains a
considerable amount of geraniol and geranyl-acetate.
The strong resemblance between the essential oil of E '.
Gunnii and that of E. riminalis shows a close affinity exist-
ing between these two species. There is rather more phel-
landrene and less eucalyptol present in the oil of E. Gunnii
than in that of E. viminalis, otherwise the oils are similar.
The vernacular names, " Manna Gum " for E. viminalis
and " Cider Tree " for E. '/////////, indicate that a sweetish
sap is common to both trees, and this well-known fact also
points to a strong chemical relationship between them.
Over 50 years ago, Hooker, in his " Flora Tasmania,"
pointed out from botanical evidence the close agreement
between these two Eucalypts, a suggestion which is now
confirmed by the results of this investigation. Although
showing such close affinity both are distinct species, and
although E. viminalis is a common tree in Australia, yet
so far as we are aware E. Gunnii does not occur on the
mainland.
The peculiarities of the oils of the Tasmanian Eucalypts
will be found described under the several species, but we
cannot refrain from again pointing out the remarkable
agreement iii most instances between the oil constituents
of the leaves and the botanical features of the plant. The
practical constancy of constituents in the oils of identical
species, wherever growing, is again shown most distinctly
by the results recorded in this paper, and much trouble
has been taken to secure authentic data to further support
the previous statements concerning this very useful aid
towards the correct determination of the several Eucalyptus
species.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 9
The commercial possibilities of the several species for
oil-production, in comparison with those of the mainland,
can be judged from the results recorded in this paper, but
it might be well to direct attention to the glaucous species,
Eucalyptus Delegatcnsis, which is generally known
throughout the island as " Gum-topped Stringy-bark."
This species is now being used somewhat extensively in Tas-
mania as a timber-producing tree, and it might be well,
therefore, to consider the advisability of utilising the leaves
for their oil, instead of wasting them as at present. The
method of extracting the oil is most simple, and can be
carried out by ordinary labour, nor is there required much
outlay for plant, as one or two 400-gallon iron tanks, fitted
for the purpose, is all that is necessary, provided water is
available. The oil of this species could be used for mineral
separation, for which purpose it is in considerable demand.
The following list summarises the species and their oil
relations :
Eucalypts which yield oils containing over 50 per cent,
of eucalyptol, the principal terpene being pinene :
both phellandrene and piperitone are absent:
E. cor data.
E. globulus.
E. Muelleri.
E. Perriniana.
E. Eodwayi.
E. unialata.
E . ur nig era.
E. vernicosa.
Eucalypts which yield oils containing eucalyptol,
pinene, and phellandrene : eucalyptol between 50
and 25 per cent.:
E. Gunnii.
E. viminalis.
Eucalypts which yield oils containing over 50 per cent,
of eucalyptol, in which the terpene phellandrene
has largely replaced the pinene : piperitone is
present :
E. linearis.
E. Eisdoni.
Eucalypts which yield oils consisting largely of phel-
landrene, and containing less than 25 per cent, of
eucalyptol: piperitone is present:
E . amygdalina.
E. cocci f era.
10 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
E. Delegattnsis.
E. regnant.
K. taeniola.
E. virgata.
E. obliqua.*
Eucalypts which yield oils not readily placed in the
above groups :
E. acervula.
E. phlebophylla.
The altitudes given in this paper can only be considered
as approximate, but this, for all practical purposes, is
sufficient.
3. SPECIES WITH THEIR SYSTEMATIC, TECH-
NOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL DATA.
EUCALYPTUS ACERVULA, Hook. f.
(" Red Gum " of Tasmnn-ia.)
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was originally described by
Hooker in his "Flora Tasmania " (1859), but Mueller.
in his " Eucalyptographia " (1879), places it under E.
Gunnii, another species described by Hooker in the " Lon-
don Journal of Botany " (III. 499. 1844). Bentham, in his
"Flora Australiensis " (1866, Vol. III., p. 244), synony-
mises it under E '. Stiuirtiana, a Victorian species. Maiden,
in A.A.A.S. 1902, p. 377, classifies it as E. Gunnii, Hook.,
var. (icrrrufa, Deane and Maiden, whilst Rodway, in his
" Flora of Tasmania " (1902), gives to it its due specific-
rank.
Remarks. Morphologically the herbarium material has
a resemblance to E. paludota, R. T. B., a mainland species
described in 1898 (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.), and
especially are the fruits alike.
Maiden (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1901), in a paper
on E. Gunnii, Hook, f., places both the mainland E. palu-
dosa, R. T. B., and the Tasmanian E. acervula, Hook, f.,
under E ' . Gunnii.
. The results of this investigation show that these three
are distinct both botanically and chemically.
* In the oil of this species the aldehyde aromadendral replaces
the piperitone
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 11
E. paludosa, R. T. B., has a smooth bark, whilst E.
acervula, Sieb., has mostly a rough bark, and could per-
haps on occasions be classified with the hemiphloiae group
of Eucalypts.
' The tree has usually a very bushy top, and the leaves
are of rather a pendulous growth." (L. G. Irby.) E.
paludosa is a fine typical tree, with stout outstretching
branches and a straight stem . The ' ' sucker ' ' leaves are
very different in appearance, shape, and colour from those
of E . Gun nil, from which species it also differs in the num-
ber of flowers in the umbel, bark, timber, and chemical
constituents.
From our investigations it would appear that the chief
botanical differences between E. actrvula, Hook, f., and
E. paludosa, R. T. B., are the timber and bark and the
chemical constituents.
E. acervula timber is harder, closer grained, and
altogether superior to that of E . paludosa.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material for distillation was col-
lected at Hobart in April, 1912. The average yield of oil
was 0*212 per cent. The crude oil was reddish in colour,
and had an odour resembling geranyl-acetate, which,
together with its appearance, reminded one of the oil of
A T . Macarthuri of New South Wales. The chief consti-
tuents present were dextro-rotatory pinene, laevo-rotatory
phellandrene, eucalyptol, geranyl-acetate, free geraniol,
together with a small amount of an undetermined alcohol,
and its ester, and what is more important from a scientific
point of view, a solid paraffin-like stearoptene, and a paraf-
fin, liquid at ordinary temperatures. The presence of such
a stearoptene in Eucalyptus oils has not previously been
recorded, but it does not appear to be peculiar to this
species, for traces of it in the oils from two New South
Wales Eucalypts have already been detected. It most
probably belongs to the C' n H. 2n + 2 group, as it is a
saturated substance. This solid aliphatic stearoptene is
related to a similar substance found in Rose oil, although
melting at a higher temperature, and it is remarkable that
the principal alcohol in both Rose oil and in the oil of this
Eucalypt is geraniol. The oil of E . Macarthuri, however,
does not contain it. Similar paraffins, with varying melt-
ing-points, have been isolated from the oils of a few other
plants, and in some cases from the oils of their leaves. This
stearoptene, from this Eucalypt, is without doubt from the
1*2 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
oil of the leaves, because the trees were not in flower at this
time of the year. The oil of E. acervula does not agree
entirely in general characters with that of E ' . paludosa of
New South Wales, as the former contains phellandrene and
not much pinene, while the principal constituent in the oil
of E '. paludosa is pinene, and phellandrene does not appear
to occur in it. The esters, too, were not identical in com-
position. It contained, however, about the same amount
of eucalyptol as that of E. acervula, and the paraffin
stearoptene was also found in it, but in much smaller
quantity. The two species may therefore be considered to
be closely related.
The specific gravity of the crude oil at 15 C. = 0'8956 ;
rotation a D = - 1*1; refractive index at 18 1'4756;
and it was soluble in 1 volume 80 per cent, alcohol, but
became turbid with 4 volumes, and remained turbid with
further addition of alcohol in the cold, forming a flocculent
precipitate on standing. On warming the turbid solution
it became clear, but the substance was deposited again on
cooling.
The saponification number of the esters and free acid
was 32 '8 by boiling, and 21'4 in the cold with two hours'
contact, this represents 7*5 per cent, of geranyl-acetate in
the crude oil, and 4 per cent, of another ester if calculated
for an alcohol having a similar molecular weight. The
odour of geraniol in the separated oil, after saponifica-
tion, was most distinct and well marked, and although the
amount of oil at our disposal did not permit of its separa-
tion and purification, yet there is no doubt of its identity,
particularly as geraniol and geraiiyl-art-tatr are such com-
mon constituents in certain classes of Eucalyptus oils.
The amount of free geraniol in the oil was considerable ;
and another undetermined alcohol was also present. A
portion of the crude oil was boiled for two hours with
acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium-acetate in tin-
usual way. The separated oil was somewhat mobile, and
had a marked odour of gerauyl-acetate. The saponifica-
tion number with this esterised oil by boiling was 105'3,
and in the cold with two hours' contact 69'5. This latter
figure represents 24*3 per cent, of ester as geranyl-acetate,
and indicates that 13'2 per cent, of free geraniol was
present in the oil, as well as 6*6 per cent, of another
alcohol, assumed to have the same molecular weight.
It is worthy of notice that over 50 years ago, when this
species was described by Hooker in his " Flora Tas-
maniae," he remarked that " The bruised foliage has a
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 13
much sweeter odour than is usual in the genus." The
discovery of geraniol and its ester in the oil not only con-
firms this remark, but also indicates the constant character
of the chemical constituents.
The acid in the original ester was separated and found
to be largely acetic.
On rectification of the crude oil a little acid water and
rather a larger amount than usual of objectionable smell-
ing volatile aldehydes came over below 175 (corr.).
Between 175-200 C. 42 per cent, distilled; between 200-
228 8 per cent. ; the thermometer then quickly rose to
255 C., and between that temperature and 285 36 per
cent, distilled. These fractions gave the following:
Sp. gr. at Kef. Index
15 C. Rotation a a
First fraction ....... 0-S796 .. -2-6 ... 14659
Second fraction ...... 0-8913 ... -1-2 ... 1-4688
Third fraction ....... 0-9007 ... +4-8 ... 1'4884
The residue, when poured from the still, became solid
when cold; this was boiled in alcohol, and the alcohol
separated while hot. On cooling, a crystalline paraffin-like
substance separated.
To prove the presence of pinene another 100 c.c. of the
oil was distilled, and the added two first fractions gave
32 c.c. distilling below 170 (corr.). This was again dis-
tilled, when 15 c.c. was obtained below 162. This con-
tained some eucalyptol, which was removed by shaking
with 50 per cent, resorcinol. The remaining 9 c.c. of oil
had a pinene odour; its specific gravity at 15 = 0'8594 ;
rotation an + 10; and refractive index at 18 C.
= T4699. A small quantity of phellandrene was still
present, but this did not interfere with the formation of the
iiitrosochloride, which, when purified, melted at the cor-
rect temperature for the pinene compound,
The eucalyptol was determined in the portion of oil dis-
tilling below 195 C., and the result showed that 21 per
cent, of that constituent was present in the crude oil. A
portion of the high boiling constituents was most probably
a sesquiterpene.
Material of this species was obtained at Little Swanport
in June, 1908. The oil was practically identical with that
of the above sample, with the exception that a little more
pinene was present at this time of the year. The specific
gravity at 15 = = 0'898, and the refractive index at 22 Q
14 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
= T4715. The saponification number for ester and free
acid was 34*3, and the ester consisted mostly of geraiiyl-
acetate. The oil contained the paraffin-like substance in
slightly greater amount than the Hobart specimen.
The Stearoptene. When the crude oils of both consign-
ments were dissolved in a large excess of 80 per cent,
alcohol, a copious flocculent substance separated. The tem-
perature of the solution was 18 C. It was filtered through
a hardened filter, washed with alcohol, and the solid fat-
like substance melted on the water bath to separate adher-
ing water and alcohol. The amount of crude material
thus obtained from the oil of the Hobart sample was equal
to 0'764 per cent., and from the Little Swanport material
0-816 per cent. This method naturally wasted the oil, as
only such a small amount of the stearoptene was present.
The portion of the oil distilling above 280 C. became
semi-solid when cold ; this was boiled in alcohol, filtered
boiling hot, and the process repeated three times. On
cooling, the substance separated in flocks. After standing
some time it was filtered off and boiled in acetic ether,
which was found to be a good solvent for the purpose ; on
cooling, the substance separated, most of the impurities
remaining in solution. The stearoptene was but little
soluble in cold acetic ether, but readily in hot. The
crystalline fat-like substance was then boiled in alcohol
with a little animal charcoal, and filtered hot. In was
finally dissolved in chloroform and precipitated by the
addition of alcohol. When thus obtained it differed in no
respect from the corresponding material precipitated
directly from the oil by alcohol.
When finally purified the stearoptene was perfectly
white, of a paraffin-like nature, without odour, easily
melted, and burnt away identically in odour and manner
with ordinary paraffin when similarly heated and ignited.
The melting-point was 55 to 56 C. determined by the
capilliary tube method in water, and in other ways.
Under the microscope it was seen to be crystalline, and
when melted on glass and allowed to slowly cool, the
crystals polarised well in bright colours ; but these crystals
were not very symmetrical, but vermiform, often tending
to the shape of the letter S. When dissolved in carbon
tetrachloride, and bromine dissolved in the same substance
added, the colour was not removed; it was thus saturated.
Concentrated sulphuric acid had no action upon it in the
cold, nor did the usual oxidising mixture of potassium
bichromate in sulphuric acid act upon it in the cold, and
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 15
only slightly on continued boiling. Concentrated nitric
acid appeared to have no action in the cold, and it was
but very slowly attacked on boiling, acting in this respect
similarly to the paraffins themselves. A solution of potas-
sium permanganate in the cold had no action on it after
many days. It thus acted similarly to the solid members
of the paraffin group of the general formula C n H. 2n + 2.
When the alcoholic nitrate from the precipitated oil was
cooled in ice, a further solid substance separated, which
was thought to be more of the same stearoptene ; it was fil-
tered as cold as possible, but the solid, which was removed
quickly, became liquid under ordinary temperatures, and
remained as an oil. It was small in amount, but it is
apparent that at least two members of this group were
present in the oil of this Eucalypt.
EUCALYPTUS CORD ATA, Labill.
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was described by Labillardier
in his " Plants of New Holland," published in 1799.
Remarks. This Eucalypt is endemic to Tasmania, and is
in the fortunate position of having no synonyms. Deane
and Maiden (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1901, p. 125) state
that it grows in New South Wales, but Maiden later (same
Proceedings, same year, p. 551) does not appear to support
this claim. The species recorded for New South Wales
under this name is E ' . pulverulenta, Sims., as maintained
by one of us in a paper read before the A.A.A.S. Hobart
in 1902, and this contention now is supported by investi-
gations made by us since that date. Our researches go to
prove that E. cordata, E . pulverulenta, and E. cinerea are
specifically distinct.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. The oil of this Tasmanian species was
determined some years ago, and the results published in
our work "Research on the Eucalypts " (p. 210). The
yield of oil from leaves and terminal branchlets was large
for a rich eucalyptol-pinene oil, and was equal to 2'32 per
cent.
Eucalyptol was the chief constituent ; pineiie was present,
but phellandrene was absent. The oil was very soluble,
requiring only 1J volumee of 70 per cent, alcohol. The
16 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
saponificatioii number for the esters and free acid was 14'8.
The specific gravity of the crude oil at 15 C. = 0'9138,
and of the rectified oil = 0'9117. The rotation a D =
+ 8'5; and refractive index at 16 = 1'4695. The recti-
fied oil may be considered of excellent quality for phar-
maceutical purposes, judged by the present standard for
these oils.
EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Labill.
("Blue Gum."}
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was described by Labillardier
from trees growing in Tasmania, and recorded in his
" Voyage " (I. 153. f. 13.), published in 1799.
Remark*. Tasmania may be regarded as the home of
f'J. y/obu/ux, and to-day it has such a world-wide reputa-
tion, and is so familiar to botanists, foresters, and the
commercial world generally, that nothing is required here
to mark its identification. It is known the world over.
Its botanical and chemical characters never seem to a It IT
whatever hemisphere it may be planted in.
A '. (//nft u/i/.< has been recorded as far north in New South
Wales as Rylstone (R. T. H.. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,
1896).
CHEMISTRY.
(til. The oil of this species is so well known
that it is quite unnecessary to describe it here. It is now
generally recognised that wherever this species grows the
general characters of the oil are the same. We have deter-
mined this to be also the case with trees of E ' . globulus
growing in New South Wales, and no matter whether these
were growing naturally or under cultivation the oil was
always in agreement with that obtained from Tasmanian
trees. There is nothing unusual, however, about this, nor
is it peculiar to this species. From hundreds of analyses
we have now made from various species, and from
authentic botanical material, it is found that the chemical
characteristics of a Eucalyptus species are some of the
most constant features of the plant, and the determination
of these has now become of considerable aid in the botanical
characterisation between doubtful species and supposed
allied forms.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 17
EUCALYPTUS GUNNII, Hook. f.
r i Cider Tree " or " Cider Gum."}
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was described by Sir J. D.
Hooker in 1844 in the " London Journal of Botany " (III.
499), and later in "Flora Tasmania" (I. 134. t. 27).
Bentham also records it in his " Flora Australiensis "
(1866, III., p. 246), whilst Mueller, in his " Eucalypto-
graphia " (1879, Dec. IV.), gives a very full description,
together with a plate. (See under " Remarks.")
Deane and Maiden treat pretty fully of the species, its
allies and affinities, in the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1901,
and later Maiden devotes special attention to the species
in Proc. A.A.A.S. 1902, which practically covers the
ground of his paper on E. Gunnii, Hook, f., read before
the Linn. Soc. N.S.W. in the previous year. In this paper
a long list of synonyms is given, together with many pro-
posed new varieties.
Remarks. The name E ' . Gunnii was bestowed by Sir J.
D. Hooker on what is known as the " Cider Tree " of Tas-
mania, as shown by his own writings, and repeated by Ben-
tham, Mueller, Rodway, and others; and this point should
be borne in mind when writing on the species.
Now, this " Cider Gum " Eucalyptus, as far as we have
been able to trace, is only found in Tasmania and only
there in certain localities, on the central plateau as far as
we can ascertain but never on the mainland of Australia.
In fact one of us paid a special visit to the Kosciusko
Ranges and their branches to search for it, but so far with-
out success. Of course it may be there all the same,
although museum collectors, settlers, schoolmasters, and
others have all joined in the search, but have so far failed
to locate it.
Whatever tree is now placed under the name it must be
a xtne qua non that it is identical with the " Cider Tree "
of Tasmania, for that was the original intention of Hooker.
His description accords with that particular tree, and
Bentham's reproduction in " Flora Australiensis " (III.,
p. 246) equally so, for it accurately describes the material
in this museum obtained from the Tasmanian " Cider
Tree " by Mr. L. G. Irby, the museum collector, acting
under Mr. L. Rodway 's direction.
Mr. Irby states in this connection: " This tree gets its
local name from a sweet exudation which flows from it at
18 A RESEARCH ON THE EUOALYPTS OF TASMANIA
certain times of the year. This exudation appears to be
just the sap of the tree, for by cutting the bark the sweet
flavour may be tasted at any time. Where wounded the
sap exudes, and crystallises as it flows down the side of the
tree. At this time of the year (May) the ' cider ' will only
flow in very small quantities, and cannot be collected. I
was informed by local residents that to obtain it in any
quantity it is necessary to tap the trees during the spring or
summer months. Like manna, this exudation is of a very
pleasing flavour, and is rather sought after in consequence.
Opossums are extremely fond of it, as also are many birds.
I am informed that at certain times of the year the wattle-
birds appear to almost live on it."
The central figure and " sucker " leaves in Mueller's
plate in the " Eucalyptographia " is a faithful reproduc-
tion of the material in our possession, upon which the
research has been undertaken, and known in the locality
from which it was obtained as " Cider Tree.''
In this latter connection one may quote Mueller in his
"Eucalyptographia": The sap of at least the alpine
rat-/ f ti/ has not an unpleasant taste, and bush people have
converted it into a kind of cider." The variety in this
case is the original species of Hooker, and so regarded by
Bentham, Gunn, Oldfield, and Rodway.
"The fruits to the right in Mueller's plate (lor. dt.)
apparently represent those of K '. I'trrimana, which is quite
a distinct tree, as shown in this paper.
Herbarium material of E. acervula. Hook, f., E. palu-
dosa, R. T. B., and E. camphora, R. T. B., and the Cider
Gum, E '. Gunnii, Hook, f., are all somewhat alike, and on
the morphology of the fruits these species might possibly be
confounded ; and it is probably on these grounds that some
authors have regarded them as varieties of one species, but
when studied on a broad basis of species classification, such
as recommended by us, the differences are too great to
allow of anything but a specific rank in each case. Nor can
we under such a system include such good species as
E. maculosa, R. T. B., E. rubida, H. D. et J. H. M., as
proposed by Maiden (loc. cit.), with their distinct botanical
and chemical differences.
Timber. The timber is pale-coloured, and very hard
and heavy, and Mr. L. G. Irby states that it is almost if
not quite as hard as that of the Australian Ironbarks E.
panicAilata and E. crebra.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 19
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material was collected at Iiiterlaken
in May, 1912, and was distilled in the fresh condition just
as would be done commercially. The average yield of oil
from the leaves and terminal branchlets was 0'387 per cent.
The crude oil was dark -coloured, and had a terpene odour,
together with that of eucalyptol. The chief constituents
in the oil of this species are dextro-rotatory pinene, laevo-
rotatory phellandrene, eucalyptol, some sesquiterpene, and
a small amount of ester.
The crude oil had specific gravity at 15 C. s* 0'9014;
rotation a D = + T5 O ; refractive index at 1.8 =: 1'4752 ;
and was soluble in 4 volumes 80 per cent, alcohol.
On rectification, a small amount of acid water and vola-
tile aldehydes came over below 165 C. (corr.). Between
165-1730 - C. 30 per cent, distilled; between 173-198 C.
52 per cent. ; the thermometer then rose to 254, and
between 254-270 C. 14 per cent, distilled. The fractions
gave the following results:
Sp. CT. at Ref. Index
We Rotation a D . at 18 C .
First fraction 0-8813 ... +5-4 ... 1-4680
Second fraction .... 0'8930 ... -4*2 ... J-4686
Third fraction 0-9377 ... + 8-9 1-5013
The eucalyptol was determined in the oil distilling below
198 and calculated for the crude oil, which was thus
shown to contain 41 per cent, of that constituent.
The saponification number for the esters and free acid
was 6'7. The results of this investigation show the oil of
this species to be quite distinct from that of E . camphor a
of New South Wales. E . Gunnii has no value as an oil-
producing tree, as the yield is small, and the main con-
stituents only of an ordinary nature.
EUCALYPTUS LINEARIS, A. Cunn.
f" White Peppermint." )
BOTANY.
Remarks. It has been customary to regard the smooth-
barked narrow-leaved Eucalyptus growing near Hobart,
and distributed throughout Tasmania generally, as this
species, but in going over the literature and specimens pro-
curable to-day it would seem that such a classification is
'wj-rAi correct.
20 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
Bentham, in " Flora Australiensis " (III., p. 200),
states in connection with this and one or two other species
that " although evidently seen by the authors in bud or
in flower as well as in leaf, are far too imperfectly described
to render their identification possible": and Mueller, in
his " Eucalyptographia," under " E. aftn/f/t/aliiifi," states:
K. linruria, Dehn., seems merely to indicate a variety
remarkable for the extraordinary narrowness of its leaves,
but neither flowers nor fruits occur in authentic specimens,
preserved in the collection of Baron Cesari, who kindly
placed samples of Dehnhardt's original plants at my
disposal."
In Walpole's " Repertorium " (II., 164) the locality is
given as New Holland.
The leaves of this Tasmaman Eucalyptus are narrow,
but not extraordinarily so, certainly not r /'//////////'*, willowy,
as given by Walpole (loc. cit.), and the locality New Hol-
land in 1839 is suspicious that the tree was not from Van
Diemen's Land.
The original description is far too brief for identifica-
tion purposes, and as Dehnhardt's plant was probably a
cultivated one, it seems it is only wasting time to give it
any attention, especially as the original specimen in the
Imperial History Museum of Vienna is in bud only, and
is, therefore, almost worthless from a systematic point of
view.
It is stated that A. Cunningham collected specimens, and
labelled them " K. Hnettri*, Hobart Town, 1819, A.
Cunn./' in which case it might be surmised that this is
the tree ; but this is only a surmise, for the tree going under
the name of E '. amygdalina in Tasmania has very narrow
leaves in some instances, and the name " Hm-nrix " quite
describes them. Maiden (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1902),
under "K. tinearis," states that: "The upshot of my
investigation is that /:'. Uncuria, Dehnhardt, and K. /////-
chella, Desfontaines, are specifically identical. Both were
named from plants raised in Europe. In my Australasian
Association for the Advancement of Science paper I have
put forth a plea for a final investigation by Tasmanian
botanists as to whether a certain Mt. Wellington tree is
identical with E. linearis, Dehn., and, if so, whether it is
con-specific with E '. amygdalina, Labill."
We, however, think there is not sufficient evidence to
prove that the tree now going under the name of E '. lin?ari.<
is that so-called by Dehnhardt and E. pulchella by Desfon-
taines names founded on plants raised in Europe. But
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 21
lather than add another name to the already long list of
Eucalyptus species we have decided to let the name stand,
but give the authorship to A. Cunningham, and this will
accord with his specimen from Hobart (1819) at Kew and
bearing his name, as he has thus a priority claim to the
name over that of the last two authors.
The tree to which these remarks refer is the smooth-
barked, tall, upstanding Gum at the head of Gentle Annie
Falls, Hobart, but it is fairly distributed throughout the
island.
J) ascription of Species. It is a fairly tall tree, with
clean, smooth, yellow or whitish bark, sometimes rough
for a few feet at the base. Sucker leaves opposite or alter-
nate, very narrow, mostly 1 line wide and about 2 inches
long, on filiform rugose branchlets; only midrib showing,
edges thickened. The leaves (normal) narrow, lanceolate,
petiolate, to narrow linear, lanceolate, under 3 inches long
and up to J-inch wide, not shining, venation hidden in the
leaf texture, midrib only showing on the underside, alter-
nate. Peduncles axillary, with few flowers in the head.
Buds clavate, operculum depressed, hemispherical.
Fruits hemispherical, J-inch in diameter, slightly shin-
ing, on a rather slender pedicel, rim red scarcely domed, or
truncate, tips of the valves just exserted.
Timber. Pinkish, fissile, easy to work, and specifically
light, and suitable for indoor work only.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. Material of this species was obtained
from the Springs, Mt. Wellington, and collected in Janu-
ary, 1912, at a time of the year when a maximum yield of
oil might be expected. The average yield of oil from leaves
and terminal branchlets, collected as would be done for
commercial oil-distillation, was 1'8 per cent. The crude
oil was reddish in colour, caused by the small amount of
iron from the still, and had a peppermint odour, due to the
piperitone present. It contained much phellandrene and a
considerable amount of eucalyptol. Pinene was absent,
or present only in very small quantity. The specific grav-
ity of the crude oil at 15 C. = 0'9096; rotation a D =
- 10 - 2; refractive index at 24 (J. = 1*4659; and was
soluble in 6 volumes 70 per cent, alcohol.
On rectification, only a few drops of acid water and vola-
tile aldehydes came over below 173 C. (corr.), at which
*22 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
temperature the oil commenced to distil. Between
173-188 82 per cent, distilled; between 188-290 10 per
cent, distilled, the greater portion (7 per cent.) above
260. These fractions gave the following results:
Sp. err. at Ref. Index
Rotation . F 1: C C Ut24o>
First fraction - l'2 c ... 0'8987 ... 1-4619
Second traction .... + 8-*2 t ' ... 0-9501 l-489
There is evidently a heavy, high boiling constituent in
the oil of this species, which has a right rotation, but it
was not isolated. Saponification number for the esters and
free acid of crude oil = 5 '8.
The eucalyptol was determined in the first fraction by
the resorcinol method ; this amount, when calculated for
the crude oil, showed that 52 per cent, of that constituent
was present.
Material of this species was collected at Little Swanport,
Tasmania, in June, 1908. The oil distilled from this
agreed in characters and constituents with the above.
Average yield of oil -- 1'38 per cent. Specific gravity at
150 c. == 0-9036; rotation a o = - 9'9 ; refractive index
at 24 = 1-4687, and was soluble in 7 volumes 70 per
cent, alcohol. Below 193 C. 77 per cent, distilled. The
eucalyptol was determined in this fraction by the resor-
cinol method, and gave 51 per cent, of that constituent for
the crude oil.
Material for this species was also collected at Nubeena,
Tasrnan Peninsula, in April, 1912. It agreed in general
characters with the oil from the previous consignments,
only at this time of the year rather a large amount of
phellandrene was present, consequently the rotation to the
left was higher ; the eucalyptol was also slightly less in
amount, but still exceeded 40 per cent, in the crude oil.
Average yield of oil = I'l per cent. Specific gravity at
15 C. = 0-9045; rotation a D = - 23' 1; refractive index
at 18 =i 1-4743, and it was soluble in 8 volumes 70 per
cent, alcohol. Below 193 C. 79 per cent, distilled. The
eucalyptol in this portion was determined by the resorcinol
method ; the result showed that 44 per cent, of that con-
stituent was present in the crude oil. The oil of this
species .somewhat closely agrees with that of the form of
/J . amygdalina of the mainland, both in constituents and
physical characters, much more so than with the oil of the
Tasmanian form described in this paper.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 23
EUCALYPTUS MUELLERI, T. B. Moore.
(" Brown Gum." )
BOTANY.
Historical. This tree was first brought under the notice
of Baron von Mueller by Mr. T. B. Moore, who was
anxious to dedicate a species of Eucalyptus to the then
Victorian Government Botanist.
Remarks. From the correspondence now at the Mel-
bourne Herbarium, which we have been able to peruse
through the kindness of Professor Ewart, it is shown that
Baron von Mueller always hesitated to name this species as
distinct from E ' . vernicosa.
There can be no doubt that the two are allied, but E.
vernicosa is a dwarf tree, whilst E. Muelleri is a very fine
specimen of the Tasmanian forests, and yields a first-class
hardwood timber in addition to a eucalyptol oil in its
leaves.
Its economies thus outweigh those of its congener E.
vernicosa, which cannot be ranked as a timber tree, and
thus for commercial reasons alone we think the two should
remain as separate species. We have seen no intermediate
forms between the two.
Timber. The timber was pronounced by Mr. Moore, its
discoverer, as extremely hard, close-grained, tough, and
heavy, and suitable for heavy construction work as well as
furniture, and in this we concur.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. Material of this species was obtained
from Mt. Wellington, at an altitude of about 3000 feet.
It was collected in July, 1908. The principal constituent
in the oil of this species is eucalyptol, accompanied with a
fairly large amount of pinene. Phellandrene was not
present, nor was it to be expected, judging from the
botanical features of the species. There was rather a large
amount of ester for oils of this class, and this appeared to
be largely geranyl-acetate, as it was mostly saponified in the
cold with two hours' contact. The crude oil was of a light-
amber colour, and had an odour resembling the oils of the
group of which E. Smithii may be considered the type;
the usual amount of volatile aldehydes was present, but
these were separated without difficulty on redistillation.
The average yield of oil from leaves and terminal
branchlets was 1'28 per cent. The crude oil had specific-
gravity at 15 C. = 0*9096; rotation a D = + 10'4;
^efractive index at 24 C. = 1/4629, and was soluble in 4
24 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
\olumes 70 per cent, alcohol. The saponification number
of the ester and free acid = 15'3, while in the cold with
two hours' contact it was 11 '7.
On rectification, the usual amount of acid water and
volatile aldehydes were obtained below 166 C. (corr.), at
which temperature the oil commenced to distil. Between
166-1730 44 per cent, distilled; between 173-195 45 per
cent. ; the temperature then quickly rose to 225, and
between this and 252 5 per cent, distilled. These frac-
tions gave the following results:
Sp. gr. at Rcf Ind-x
Rotation a D> YfiPC, at24C.
First traction -(-141 ... 0-9022 ... 1-4585
Second traction... 4- 6'6 ... 0-9141) ... 1-4593
Third traction.... ... 0-931.9 ... 1-4*11
The eucalyptol was determined in the portion distilling
below 195 by the resorcinol method, and 60 per cent, of
that constituent was thus shown to be present in the crude
oil.
The rectified oil was practically colourless, and both
odour and taste were satisfactory. The results obtained
with this oil, and also with those of A'. ///-///V//-/v/ and A'.
nrnirnxfi, show them all to belong to the best class of
eucalyptol-pinene oils, but they suffer from the defect of
containing rather too much pinene, consequently their
specific gravities are reduced below 0*91. which figure is
demanded by the Pharmacopoeia for Eucalyptus oils.
However, considerably more than half of the rectified oils
of these species would consist of eucalyptol, and the sup-
posed defect of specific gravity could easily be remedied
if desired.
Tt is interesting to notice how closely the oil of this
species agrees with that of K. vern'n-nMt. as may be seen
from the following table. The difference in yield is due to
the coarser stems and less expansive leaves of A'.
vernicosa :
h. Mnelli'ri. A', i-rrnicoga.
Eucalyptol-pinene oil, no phel.andrene.
Yield p<T cent... 1-28 0-807
Specific gravity
at 15 C 0-9097 0*9038
Rotation a p ... +10-4 +11-3
Refractive index At 24 C.= 1 4629 At 18 = 1-4651
S.N. esters, &c. 15-3 5-9
First fraction.... Below 173 C.= +14-1 Below 173 = + 16 '7
Second fraction . Below 195 C.= -f 6 6 Below 194 = + 9 4
Eucalyptol 60 per cent. 59 per cent.
AN'I3 THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 25
There was rather more pinene and less ester in E ' . verni-
cosa, but this may be due to difference in the time of year
and location. The only difference worthy of notice is the
larger amount of ester in the oil of E '. Muelleri.
EUCALYPTUS PERRINIANA, R. T. B. e,t H. G. S.
BOTANY.
ll.istaricaL The history of this species can perhaps be
better told by reproducing the following from the museum
collector's letter received from Mr. L. G. Irby when in the
field in search of the material for this investigation:
" Mr. Ellis informed me that many years ago he dug
up some of these small trees, and planted them at his home
on the Dee. At the present time only one of them is still
alive, and it is about 18 inches in diameter, proving, there-
fore, that E . Perriniana attains some size. He states that
Perrin never saw the patch of trees in the bush, but that
he (Ellis) showed him the one he had growing at his house,
and that it was only this one tree that Perrin wrote about.
He told me this scrap of information, although I had not
mentioned the name of Perrin at all. Afterwards I told
him that Mueller had named this tree Perriniana after
Perrin, and the old gentleman was quite surprised, as
he appears to look upon this tree as his own find. I
mention this as it seems to prove that, thanks to Mr. Ellis,
I have come upon the original clump of trees from which
this species was first written up. Indeed, it would appear
that no more are known in Tasmania; at least, not
recorded."
It was really first announced to science by Mr. C. S.
Perrin, F.L.S., Conservator of Forests, Victoria, before
the A.A.A.S. (1890, 557). Mr. Rodway (Proc. Roy. Soc.
Tas. 1893, p. 181) gives additional data concerning the
plant.
Remarks. It appears that no other systematic descrip-
tion of this Eucalyptus has been published except that
given by us in " Eucalypts and their Essential Oils/'
although Rodway (Joe. cit.) gives the authorship to
Mueller. We certainly were under the impression that
Mueller had described it when writing our previous work,
but through the kindness of Professor Ewart we have
been enabled to read all the correspondence that passed
through the Melbourne Herbarium in connection with it,
and also to examine the original specimens of Perrin, and
find that such is not the case.
26 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
The remarks made by Mr. Perrin when exhibiting the
material before the A.A.A.S. in 1890, that " he was of
opinion that the new claimant would be found to be a new
species," are now confirmed, for our investigations show
that it is distinct from any previously described, and is far
removed systematically from K. Gunnii, Hook, f., with
which some affinity has been claimed for it.
The following description of this species is from our
work " Eucalypts and their Essential Oils " :
tft/xt CHI// fir description. A " mallee " or small tree
attaining a diameter of 1J feet and sometimes up to 30
feet in height, with a smooth bark. The broad, expanded
base, from which spring a number of small stems, is very
characteristic of this species. Branchlets terete and glauc-
ous. Leaves also glaucous, variable both in size and shape,
perfoliate, sessile cordate, orbicular, ovate, ovate-lanceo-
late, lanceolate elliptical, decussate, opposite or alter-
nate; venation faintly marked, lateral veins oblique,
spreading, intramarginal vein well removed from the edge.
Oil-glands very numerous. Flowers in short axillary
peduncles mostly, generally in threes, sessile or on a pedi-
cel. Calyx 2 to 3 lines long, 2 lines in diameter, bell-
shaped. Ovary flat-topped. Operculum shortly conical,
edge overlapping the calyx. Stamens all fertile: anthers
parallel, opening by longitudinal slits.
Fruits hemispherical to elongated or cylindrical, up to 5
lines long and under 3 lines in diameter, rim thickened,
capsule sunk.
Timber. A pale-coloured, rather soft, porous timber.
Habitat. There appears to be only one locality known
where this species occurs in Tasmania, viz., that discovered
by Mr. G. Ellis, who showed the tree to Mr. Perrin. It
grows in swampy ground (the same as on Mt. Kosciusko,
N.S.W. B.T.B.), about 2 miles beyond Strickland,
between the Ouse and Dee Rivers, 20 miles from Dee, at
a high elevation (1200 to 1500 feet).
It is the same as that recorded by us on Mt. Kosciusko
in " Eucalypts and Essential Oils ""(p. 20t>).
CHEMISTRY.
Kwntial Oil. This material for distillation was col-
lected at Strickland in July, 1912. The average yield of
oil was 1 per cent. The crude oil was reddish in colour,
due to the iron from the still, for when this red colour was
removed the oil was a light amber tint. It contained a
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 27
considerable amount of eucalypbol : pinene was present in
rather a large amount for a rich eucalyptol oil, and phel-
landrene was quite absent. Volatile aldehydes were pro-
nounced, and these had an objectionable odour, which is
usual with this group of Eucalyptus oils. The odour of
the rectified oil was that given by the members of this
class of eucalyptol-pinene oils generally. It is a very fair
commercial oil for pharmaceutical purposes, although the
piiiene is a little too pronounced. For this reason the
specific gravity borders on the minimum allowed, and the
dextro- rotation is a little too high.
The crude oil had specific gravity at 15 C. == G'9119;
rotation a D : + 8'90; refractive 'index at 15 = 1'4651,
and was soluble in 2 volumes 70 per cent, alcohol. The
saponification number of the esters and free acid was 10/3.
On rectification, a few drops of acid water and volatile alde-
hydes came over below 167 C. (corr.). Between 167-173
18 per cent, distilled'; between 173-194 72 per cent, dis-
tilled ; the temperature then quickly rose to 250 with only
a few drops, while between 250-268 4 per cent, distilled.
These fractions gave the following results :
Sp. gr. at Ref. Index
15 C. Cation a^ &t J50
First fraction 0-8988 ... + 13 '5 ... 1-4619
Second traction.... O9118 ... +8-6 ... 1-4631
Third traction .... 0-9256 ... -f 5 -2 ... 1-4868
The eucalyptol was determined in the portion distilling
below 194 and calculated for the crude oil; 68 per cent, of
that constituent was thus shown to be present. The recti-
fied oil of this species is tinged yellow, as is usual with
most of the oils of this group.
EUCALYPTUS PHLEBOPHYLLA, F. v. M.
(" Cabbage " or " Weeping Gum.")
BOTANY.
Historical. This tree was described by Miquel in 1856
(" Ned. Kruidk. Arch." IV. 140), on behalf of Baron
Mueller, from the Tasmaniaii specimens of Stuart.
Bentham, in his " Flora Australiensis " (Vol. III., p.
201), synonymises it with E. coria-cea, A. Cunningham,
under which species Mueller also places it in his " Euca-
lyptographia " (1879).
Rem.firk8.I.\\ all probability Mueller had not seen speci-
mens of Cunningham's E '. coriacea when he described this
128 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
species in conjunction with Miquel, and so was not
acquainted with the New South Wales and mainland trees
now going under the name of E '. coriacea t that is, Cunning-
ham's and Sieber's tree E. pauciflora of the latter and
so considered he had a new species at the time, for we
know later he placed it under E '. coriacea. Since that date
it has been customary to regard the Tasmanian and main-
land trees as one species ; but the investigation taken in
connection with this paper shows that such is not the case,
and that the two are separate species, and so Mueller was
correct after all. The original name of E. phlebophi/lln
is thus here restored.
Mueller, however, concurs in Bentham's synonymy
(supra) in his " Eucalyptographia," and places Tasmanian
and mainland trees under E . mr'nirm in that book. This
lumping of species, even his own, was characteristic of the
Baron in his later work. Maiden, in his "Critical Revision
of Eucalypts," agrees with Bentham's and Mueller's later
classification. The original description is in Latin, and
therefore does not permit of the finer points of determina-
tion as obtains when given in English.
As far as we have been able to determine, the chief
differences between E. phlebopht/lld, F. v. M., and I-'. <-ri-
A. Cunn., are :
(1) Field Characters: Hooker, in his "Flora Tas-
mania," calls E . phlebophyUa the " Weeping
Gum," with generally spreading limbs and
weeping branches, and branchlets that hang
down 10 or 12 feet, and gives the height from
40 to 50 feet.
E '. coriacea has not this field character, but is
a tall, upstanding tree with large, spreading
branches.
(2) The leaves of E '. phlebophi/lla are rather smaller,
less coriaceous, and the venation by careful
observation will be seen to be different, in that
the lateral veins are not so long, and earlier
anastomise than in E. coriarrti.
(3) The operculum of E. phltbophylla is pointed, as
against the domed form of E . cornirm.
(4) The fruits are larger and " woody " compared
with those of E '. coriacea.
(5) Timber (see infra).
(6) Chemical constituents of the oil.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 29
Maiden, in his paper on the " Tasmanian Eucalypts "
(Proc. A.A.A.S., p. 254), under " E. coriacea," speaking
of its synonym E. submultiplinervis, states : " The material
as far as it goes in the venation of the leaves and their
hooked apices, their length and breadth in the very young
buds, in the calyces and flowers, absolutely match much of
the E. coriacea from New South Wales. Bentham (' B.
Fl.' III. 201) speaks of this variety as a narrow, straight-
leaved variety of the ordinary size. E. phlebophylla,
F. v. M., is also interesting to the Tasmanian
botanist from the circumstance that Miquel (' Ned.
Kruidk.' IV. 140, 1856), who described the species on
behalf of Mueller, gave Stuart's Tasmanian specimens as
co-types. I have examined Stuart's specimen, and it bears,
in Miquel's handwriting, the words ' E . phlebophylla,
M.' (Mueller), with the words ' E . submultiplinervis,
affinis/ cancelled. (Herb., Melb.)."
The " much " (supra) is without doubt this species on
the mainland, and we are able to show that such does exist
on the Continent of Australia. Bentham's remarks (supra)
also describe this species all right. In the light of personal
knowledge it seems strange that this confounding of species
should have lasted so long, for the timbers alone of the two
are different, and the chemical characters are distinct.
Timber. This is not easily confounded with E. coriacea.
It is fairly light in weight, pale-coloured, dresses well, and
in figure is not at all unlike coachwood C eratopetalum
apetalum but has not the characteristic aroma. It would
make a good cabinet timber.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material for distillation was col-
lected at Tunbridge in June, 1912. The average yield was
1 per cent. The crude oil was light olive-brown in colour,
had a terpene-like odour, and consisted principally of
laevo-rotatory pinene ; it also contained phellandrene,
eucalyptol, and eudesmol. This last constituent crystallised
from the high boiling fraction. This is not the first time
that a pinene oil has been distilled from the so-called
" Cabbage Gum," so that the species is common to both
Australia and Tasmania. Oil was first distilled from this
Eucalypt by Mr. Marsden, at Muloon, near Boro, New
South Wales, in February, 1908, and was brought under
our notice by Mr. Farrell, of the Australian Eucalyptus
'Oil Company, on account of its strong odour of turpentine,
30 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
and its low boiling point. It was a colourless oil as it
had been rectified and contained a very small amount of
eucalyptol. It consisted almost entirely of laevo-rotatory
pinene, with a little phellandrene. In September, 1910,
Air. Farrell noted this species growing at Monga, New
South Wales, and he caused it to be distilled, and sub-
mitted the crude oil to us for investigation. The oil was
light olive-brown in colour, had an odour of turpentine,
was very mobile, and besides consisting largely of laevo-
rotatory pinene, contained small quantities of phellandrene
and eucalyptol. Even more pinene was present than in the
Tasinanian oil, but this may be due to the difference in the
time of the year, or partly to the mode of distillation, as
the Monga oil had been distilled from an ordinary pot-
tank still, which naturally does not bring over the high
boiling constituents so completely as when the steam is sup-
plied from a boiler. The Monga oil had specific gravity
at 15 C. =0-8766; rotation a n = 32*5 ; refractive
index at 15 = 1'4702 ; and contained 11 per cent, euca-
lyptol, and over 80 per cent, of the total oil distilled below
1700 c. (corr.).
The oil from the Tasmanian trees had specific gravity at
15 C. = 0-8925; rotation a D = - 22'4 ; refractive index
at 18 = 1'4761 ; and was insoluble in 10 volumes 80 per
cent, alcohol. The saponification number for the esters
and free acid was 3'2. The ester is thus very small in
amount.
On rectification, a very small amount of acid water and
volatile aldehydes came over below 157 C. (corr.).
Between 157-172 C. 66 per cent, distilled; between
172-192 9 per cent. ; the temperature then quickly rose to
265, only a few drops distilling, and between 265-282
20 per cent, distilled, which apparently largely consisted
of a sesquiterpene. These fractions gave the following
results :
Sp. Gr. at Ref. Index
15C. lotationa D .
First fraction ...... 0-8710 ... 35'2 ... T4f)67
Second fraction... 0'88<>9 ... -21'2 ... P468
Tnird fraction.... 0-9418 ... ... 1-5019
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol method
in the portion distilling below 192 C., and when calcu-
lated for the whole oil gave 9 per cent, of that constituent,
The pinene was determined in the first fraction, and an
amount equal to 30 per cent, of the total oil came over
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 31
between 156-157 C. It had a marked odour resembling
ordinary turpentine; specific gravity at 15 C. = 0*8661;
rotation a D 38*1: and refractive index at 18
= T4659. The nitrosochloride was easily prepared with
it, and this melted at the correct temperature. It may be
assumed, therefore, that 50 or 60 per cent, of the oil of
this Eucalyptus consists of laevo-rotatory pinene, and this
is confirmed by both the Monga and Muloon samples.
Whilst the chief constituent of the oil is pinene, that of the
oil of E '. coriacea is phellandrene.
EUCALYPTUS REGNANS, F. v. M.
f" Swamp Gum.")
[SYN. : E. gigantea, Hook. f. (" Fl. Tas."), partim.
E. gigantea, Hook. f. (" Lond. Journ. Bot." VI.
479. 1847), partim. See remarks under E.
obliqua, this paper.]
BOTANY.
Historical. This Eucalyptus was first brought under the
notice of the scientific world by Baron von Mueller in
1870 (Report of Ace. Soc. Viet. 7th Rep., p. 48).
Although included by Mueller under E. amygdalina in
his " Eucalyptographia " when referring to the giant trees
of the Dandenong Ranges, yet he did not give a full
botanical description of it till 1887-8 (" Key to Sys. of
Viet. Plants," p. 236).
Maiden, in his " Critical Revision of Genus Eucalyp
tus " (1905) synonymises E. fastigata, Deane and Maiden
(Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1895), under this species.
^Bf marks. Hooker, in his " Flora Tasmanise," under
" E. gigantea," gives a composite description covering
three species of Eucalyptus, and this is one of them (the
" Swamp Gum "), the other two being E. obliqua (the
" Stringy-bark ") and E . Delegatensis (the " Gum-topped
Stringy-bark ").
This tree is found to occur in Tasmania in similar situ-
ations and gregarious with E . obliqua, as on the mainland
in Victoria, and is one of the trees referred to by Hooker
(loc. cit.) when he states: "This forms a gigantic tree;
and specimens have been felled in the valleys at the base
of Mt. Wellington 300 feet high and 100 feet in girth."
E '. Delegatensis does not occur in the valleys at the base
o" Mt. Wellington.
32 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
In our work on " Eucalypts and Their Essential Oils '
(1902, p. 145), under " E. fa.<f if/at <i," occurs the follow-
ing :
" The authors of this species (Deane and Maiden) are
inclined to regard it as not specifically different from A.
regnans, of Mueller (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1889,
p. 460). We, however, prefer to consider these two
Eucalypts as distinct, for Mueller's description of the
latter species (Report Acclim. Soc. Viet. 1870) is so
very clear and precise that he could hardly have con-
founded the material of E. fastigata when describing E.
regnans. Specimens of E. fastigata were first sent by
W. Bauerlen from Delegate to Baron von Mueller under
the name of " Cut Tail," who hesitatingly named it
/:'. amygdalinciy var., showing that he never associated it
with his E. regnans, a species of his own collecting."
Although written over 10 years ago, our researches since
with these two species have not led us to alter the wording
in any way. In fact, they have brought to light new facts
which substantiate our contention that the two are dis-
tinct.
The material of E. fa*t'ujata now in this museum lias
been collected at Rylstone, Kirkconnell near Bathurst,
Bowral, Monga, and Delegate, and in every case are all
identical. A tree, therefore, with such a constancy <n
characters over such a range should, we think, carry more
than a varietal rank. The material of E. />////>///> has
been obtained from Yarra Junction, Victoria, and now
from Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, and agree in every par-
ticular with each other, and at the same time show a dis-
tinct difference from E. fastigata.
It perhaps would not be out of place if a few notes were
given here that would assist others in the differentiation of
the species.
E. faiftif/dtfi is best detected by its fruits, which liav.-
domed, red-rims, and slightly exserted valves.
E. i-nj mius fruits, although pear-shaped like those of
its congener, have a truncate or counter-sunk rim; and
these two features are the best to distinguish the species
morphologically .
The peduncles are often in pairs in each case. The seed-
ling leaves differ, for in E. raj nans they are very broad,
almost ovate, and in E. iaxtinata lanceolate. The bark
of E. taxt'njata is invariably rough and stringy,
and E. r<-</mms is mostly smooth hence its com-
mon name " Giant Gum " of Victoria. The timbers,
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 33
although both pale-coloured and specifically light, yet have
a specific difference, E. regnans being the more fissile.
Then, again, their ecology is not in accord, for each seems
restricted to its one particular geological formation, and
K. rtgnans is found near water and damp grounds or
sides of gullies, whilst E '. fastigata favours a dry hillside
locality. The two are also chemically distinct.
Habitat. E. regnans, so far as our observations go, is
restricted to Victoria and Tasmania.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material was collected on Mt. Wel-
lington, Tasmania, in July, 1908. One sample of leaves
with terminal branchlets was collected at a height of about
2000 feet above sea-level, and another at about 2500 feet.
This tree is known locally in Tasmania as " Swamp Gum/'
The oils from both consignments were alike, showing that
a difference in altitude has little influence on the secreted
oil. The composition of the oil was also in agreement
with that of E '. regnans, from material kindly sent for dis-
tillation from Yarra Junction, Victoria, by Cuming,
Smith, and Company. This is shown from the appended
results, and is particularly marked with those derived
from the several fractions. The comparative absence of
dextro-rotatory pinene in the oil of E. regnans shows it to
be a species distinct from E. fastigata, irrespective of
botanical differences.
The oil of E. regnans consists largely of the terpene
phellandrene, and contains a fair quantity of the stearop-
tene eudesmol. This substance was obtained in larger
amount than is usual, by increasing the pressure of steam
considerably, after the oil had distilled off in the usual
manner, and allowing the distillate to remain for some
hours in open vessels ; it could then be removed as a
crystalline fat-like mass from the surface of the water,
and purified in the ordinary way.
The presence of eucalyptol was doubtful in the portion
distilling at about 176C., so that this frequent constit-
uent in Eucalyptus oils is only present in traces in that
of E ' . regnans. The ester appears to be almost entirely
geranyl -acetate, as it saponified readily in the cold, ani
the ketone piperitone is also present in small amount. A
considerable portion of the oil consists of high -boiling con-
stituents, probably a sesquiterpene largely ; and this high-
boiling portion soon became solid in the bottle, caused by
the presence of eudesmol.
34 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
The crude oils were reddish in colour, due to the action
of the acetic acid on the iron of the still. On removing:
the colour the oil was of a light-primrose tint. The two
samples of oil had the following character^ :
Altitude 2oOO feet. Altitude 2000 feet.
Yield of oil (percent.) ... 0-823 0-782
Rotation a D 28*4 a D - 31-1
Specific gravity at 15 C. 0-8802 0-8879
Refractive index at 20 C. 1 '4882 1-4901
Soluble In 5 vols. 70/ In 5 vols. 70/
alcoh. by weiernt alcoh. by weight
Eucalyptol Practically absent Practically absent
Eudesmol In quantity In quantity
Phellandrene In abundance In abundance
S.N. of ester and free arid 13-2 S.N. = 15-4
One of these oils was then rectified. The results are
tabulated with those obtained with the oil of this species
from Yarra Junction, in Victoria. Both oils commenced
to distil at 170 C. (corr.)
Tasmanian Oil. Victorian Oil.
170-176C 12 per cent. 10 per cent.
176-190 C 48 per cent. 35 per cent.
190 240 C 10 percent. 4 per cent.
240 280C 23 percent. 45 per cent.
Specific gravity at 15 C., first fraction 0-8532 0-8531
Ditto, second fraction 0-8559 0-85<>
Ditto, third fraction 0-8818 0-8845
Ditto, fourth fraction, bi-ton-
solidification 0'9515 Not taken, soon
solid
Rotation a Dj first fraction 41-8 a Q = - 49-7
Ditto, second fraction 40-2 a D = - 46-4
Ditto, third fraction Lightdidnot Lightdidnot
pass pass
Refractive index at 20 C., first 1-4796 At 19 C. 1 -4761
Ditto, second 1-4821 ditto 1-4801
Ditto,third 1-4852 ditto 1-4851
The higher laevo-rotation of the first fraction over that
of the second fraction, together with other indications that
dextro-rotatory pinene was absent, and these, along with
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 35
the want of eucalyptol, show the oil to be distinct from
that of E. fastigata. (See " Research on the Eucalypts,"
p. 146, for data concerning the oil of that species.) The
saponification number of the Victorian oil was 12'4. The
comparatively small yield of oil from the leaves and
branchlets of E ', r eg nans renders this species of little value
as an oil-producing tree, and quite a number of Eucalypts
are now known which yield phellandrene oils in much
greater abundance.
EUCALYPTUS RISDONI, Hook. f.
(" Blue Peppermint.' 1 )
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was described by J. D. Hooker
in his " London Journal of Botany," published in 1847,
but was synonymised by Mueller under E '. amygdalina in
his " Eucalyptographia " (Dec. V.).
Remarks. Those given in our work on the " Eucalypts
and their Essential Oils " (p. 208) apply equally well
to-day.
They read as follows : " The life history (if one may use
the expression in this connection) of this Eucalyptus is
identical with that of the mainland species E. dives ,
Schau., in that it flowers and fruits when quite a small
shrub, and when all its leaves are in the opposite, sessile,
cordate form. Singularly enough, both Hook. f. and
Schauer founded their species on the shrubby form only,
and in the case of E ' . dives it was not, till shown by this
research that the mature trees became identified, whilst
Hook. f. figures and describes (loc. cit.) what has since
been shown to be the primary stage of growth of his
species, the mature trees of which are recorded by Ben-
tham in his ' Flora Australiensis ' (III., 203) as var. elata
on material collected by Gunn. The dried material
of the early and mature forms of this tree, when compared,
would easily mislead one not acquainted with the trees in
the field. Mueller unites E. Eisdoni altogether with
E. amygdalina, but our results agree with those of J. D.
Hooker and Oldfield, and in no way do we see so close an
affinity between these two trees."
Rodway, in his "Flora of Tasmania," follows Ben-
tham, and records a variety elata. Our investigations,
however, show that the trees growing at the foot of Mt.
Wellington, and regarded by Rodway as var. elata, are
merely taller trees of the species, and differ in minor
respects only, botanically or chemically, from the smaller
trees or shrubs.
36 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
The tree collected by Gunn at Lake St. Clair and upon
which Bentham founded the variety elata, is just possibly
E. Delegatensis.
The variety hi/in-r'n-i folia of E. ainygdalma recorded by
Bentham is found by us to belong to E ' . Risdom .
Mr. T. Stephens informs us that A'. AWo/// only grows
on mudstone formation geologically classed as Upper
Pakeozoic, Permo-Carboniferous.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. The results obtained with the oil of
E. Risdoni are recorded in our work " Research on the
Eucalypts " (p. 209). The yield of oil then obtained was
1'35 per cent. ; saponification number for ester and free
acid = 27' 1; eucalyptol 64 per cent, in the fraction, and
95 per cent, distilled below 198 C. It contained phel-
landrene, and was exceedingly rich in eucalyptol for a
phellandrene-bearing oil.
To enable the present research to be somewhat complete,
we obtained material for distillation of the reputed
E. Kixt?oni, var. elata, from Mt. Wellington, collected in
August, 1912. The results show the oil to be in agree-
ment with that of the ordinary form previously deter-
mined.
We also received material for distillation of the so-calle.{
K. amygdalina, var. In/ iicri'ifolin, collected by Mr. Irby.
near Hobart, at the end of April, 1912, under the kin.l
direction of Mr. Rod way. This also gave results identical
with those of E. RimJoni, and as the botanical features
are also in agreement with that species, we consider it to
be K. Risdoni. The chief characteristics in the oil of
K. Jtixtlo/ii are that it contains over 55 per cent, of euca-
lyptol ; a somewhat large amount of phellandrene; belongs
to the " peppermint " group, as it contains some piperi-
tone ; has a somewhat high saponification number by boil-
ing, and a low one by the cold saponification method :
gives over 90 per cent, distilling below 195 C. ; and has
scarcely any objectionable volatile aldehydes.
The crude oil of E. Rimlimi (supposed variety elata}
from Mt. Wellington was lemon-yellow in colour, and
responded to all the tests and requirements recorded above.
Average yield of oil = T52 per cent. Specific gravity at
15C. = 0-9061 ; rotation a D - 14' 1 ; refractive index
at 18 1'4679, and was soluble in 3 volumes 70 per cent.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 37
alcohol. The slightly larger amount of phellandrene and
correspondingly less eucalyptol at this time, accounts for
the differences in amount of rotation, in gravity, and
solubility to those previously recorded. On rectification,
only the usual amount of acid water and volatile alde-
hydes came over below 173 C. (corr.). Between
173-184 82 per cent, distilled, and between 184-195
11 per cent, distilled. These fractions gave results as
follows :
Sp. gr. at Ref. Index
15 C. Rotation a D . at 18 C.
First fraction 0-8995 ... 16*6 ... 1-4655
Second fraction .... 0-9010 ... 9'3 ... 1-4628
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol method,
the result indicating 58 per cent, of that constituent in
the crude oil. The saponification number of the esters
and free acid by boiling was 21'3; and in the cold, with
two hours' contact, 5'5.
The supposed variety hypericifolia gave a light amber-
coloured oil, having a somewhat pleasant odour; the aver-
age yield was T24 per cent., and the oil agreed in all
respects with the requirements for that of E '. Risdoni.
The specific gravity of the crude oil at 15 C. = 0'9045;
rotation a D = - - 14'6; refractive index at 19 = 1'4660,
and was soluble in 5 volumes 70 per cent, alcohol. The
saponification number of the esters and free acid by boil-
ing was 23 '8 ; and in the cold, with two hours' contact, 3' 9.
It is thus evident that the main ester in the oil of E . Ris-
doni is not geranyl-acetate.
On rectification, only a few drops of acid water and
volatile aldehydes came over below 173 C. (corr.). These
aldehydes had no objectionable odour. Between
173-198 94 per cent, distilled. This had specific gravity at
15 0'8991 ; rotation a D = 15 '4; refractive index at
190 = 1-4641. The comparative absence of high boiling
constituents is worthy of notice.
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol method,
and gave 56 per cent, calculated for the crude oil.
If these results are tabulated it can be seen at a glance
how closely the oils agree in general characters, and, allow-
ing for the slight increase in eucalyptol and Jess phel-
landrene at the time of distillation, with the type of
E. Risdoni also.
38 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
Supposed Variety So-called Variety
elata. hypericifolia.
Yield of oil 1 2 per cent. 1-24
Rotation a D -14-1 -14-0
Specific gravity at 15 C. ... 0*9061 0-9045
Refractive index at 18 1-4679 At 1 9= 1-4660
Eucalyptol 58 per cent. 56 percent.
S.N., hot method 21-35 23-8
S.N., cold method 5-5 3'9
Boiling, between 173-195... 93 per cent. Bet. 173-198 94/
Soluble In 3 vols. 70/ In 5 vols. 70 /
alcohol alcohol
Material of trees growing at Strickland, and thought by
the collector to be K. radiutu, as the fruits were more
clustered than usual, was obtained in August, 1912. The
oil distilled from the leaves of these trees shows them to
be E. Risdoni also, and it responded to all the tests
required for the oil of that species. The yield of oil was
1-5 per cent.; specific gravity at 15 C. ---. 0*9079 ; rota-
tion a D = - 9*9; refractive index at 15'5 = 1'4698;
and was soluble in 5 volumes 70 per cent, alcohol. The
eucalyptol, determined by the resorcinol method, was 58
per cent, in the crude oil. The saponification number by
boiling was 21' 1 ; and in the cold, with two hours' con-
tact, 6' 6. The presence of amyl-acetate in the portion
first distilling was also indicated by the pear odour, after
the aldehydes had been removed, and this odour was fur-
ther intensified after acetylation.
EUCALYPTUS UNIALATA (sp. nov.).
[SYN. : E . viminalis, var. nuK-mcai'im.]
(Plate I.)
BOTANY.
Historical. Maiden, in the A.A.A.S., 1902, records
this Eucalyptus under the name of K. Mauhni, F. v. M.,
but Rodway, in his " Flora of Tasmania," places it under
E. v%minal%9 t var. -mncrocarpa.
Remarks. It is a particularly rare tree apparently, for
after much search by the museum collector, Mr. Irby, only
two trees were found, and those on Mt. Nelson. The
original tree discovered by Mr. Rodway is at Proctor's-
road (Mt. Nelson), 5 miles from Hobart, and is about
30 to 40 feet in height, and about 12 inches in diameter.
" Bark flaky at the butt, smooth above, very similar *o
E. viminalis." Mueller considered it a form of E. glob-
ulus, and J. H. Maiden a form of E. Maideni, F. v. M.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 39
(Rodway, " Fl. Tas.," p. 57). The herbarium material
generally differs in several respects from all those species,
and so we have been induced to record it as a new species.
The buds are in threes, just as in E '. viminalis, and that
is the only resemblance to this species in the inflorescence.
The fruits and buds are distinct in shape from those of
E. globulus and E. Maideni, and what is of greater sys-
tematic importance, the leaves of both forms match neither
of these.
In the angularity of the buds are traces of a resemblance
to E. goniocalyx, but as these mature in the fruit the
angles disappear, but traces remain and form distinct con-
vex ridges extending from the rim to the base, and as
one is generally much more pronounced than the others,
it is upon this character that the specific name is bestowed.
Systematic Description, A tree attaining a height of
30 to 40 feet and a diameter of 12 inches, with a flaky
bark at the butt. Sucker leaves, sessile, opposite, oval at
the first, the lower pairs nearly always so, up to 2 inches
long and 1 inch wide, then cordate, acuminate, up to 3
inches long and 1J inch wide. Normal leaves lanceolate,
falcate up to 9 inches long and 1 inch wide, subcoriaceous,
occasionally shining on the upper surface. Venation dis-
tinct, lateral veins moderately oblique, intramarginal vein
removed from the edge. Branchlets in sucker growth
terete, but angular at first on the others. Peduncles
axillary, flattened, short, thick, J-inch long, three sessile
flowered. Calyx, compressed, angular, under J-inch long;
operculum conical.
Fruit hemispherical, J-inch in diameter, shining, rim
thickened, convex with a very narrow groove below it,
valves well exserted.
Arbor altitudinem 40' attinens, ramulis validis
superne quadrangulatis. Folia opposita sessile
oval v. cordata acuminata 2-3" longa, v. fal-
cato-lanceotata 9" longa, 1" lata, obscure pen-
nivena, vena peripherica a margina remotius-
cula. Pedunculi axillari, brevi 3'" longi, com-
planati 3 flori ; calyx tubus compressus circiter
2'" longus cum operculo conico obtuso.
Fructus hemispherici, vitrei unialata, 6'"
longi; margo orassus valva exserta.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material was collected near Hobart
in August, 1912. It was quite fresh and green when
40 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
received at the Museum. The average yield of oil from
leaves and terminal branchlets was 0*897 per cent. The
crude oil was light-amber in colour, and had an odour
resembling that of the crude oil of K. globuluv. It was
fairly rich in eucalyptol, and contained dextro-rotatory
pinene, while phellandrene was absent. The saponifica-
tion number was somewhat high, and the oil. contained
rather a large amount of high boiling constituents. The
rectified oil had a distinctly yellow tinge.
The crude oil had specific gravity at 15 = 0'9179 ;
rotation a D = + 3'1; refractive index at 18 = 1-4690 :
and was soluble in If volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol. On
the addition of about 10 volumes of this alcohol the oil
became again somewhat turbid, indicating the presence of
traces of the solid paraffin found in the oil of E '. acervula.
On rectification, a small amount of acid water and some
volatile aldehydes, having an objectionable odour, came
over below 170 C. (corr.). Between 170-193 83 per
cent, distilled, and between 193-268 11 per cent, dis-
tilled, mostly above 260. These fractions gave the fol-
lowing results :
8p. BT. at Ref. Index
l.^C. Rotation a D . ftt 18o
First fraction 0-9104 ... + 4-3 ... 1-4632
Second fraction 0-9294 ... ... 1-4909
The eucalyptol was determined in the first fraction by
the resorcinol method, with the result that 62 per cent,
of that constituent was shown to be present in the crude
oil.
The saponification number for the ester and free acid
was ll'l.
EUCALYPTUS URNIGERA, Hook. f.
f" Urn Gum.")
BOTANY.
Historical. J. D. Hooker first, recorded this species in
1847, in his " London Journal of Botany " (VI. 477),
although it had previously been collected by Robert Brown
many years previously.
Remarks. It is a species that is endemic to Tasmania,
and fortunately has no synonyms. The fruits are charac-
teristic, and so the specific name is a good one. Hooker
describes it as small, but Rodway refers to it in his " Flora
of Tasmania " as a " rather tall tree."
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 41
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material for distillation was
obtained at Mt. Wellington, at an altitude of about 2500
feet. It was collected in July, 1908; and this being, the
depth of winter, the yield is probably less than would be
obtained generally, as this species most likely follows the
rule in this respect. The principal constituents in the oil
of this species are dextro-rotatory pinene and eucalyptol,
over 60 per cent, of the latter constituent being present.
Phellandrene does not occur, nor were either eudesmol,
piperitoiie, or aromadendral detected. The ester is pro-
bably geranyl-acetate largely, as the greater portion was
saponified in the cold with two hours' contact. The small
amount of high boiling constituents in the oil of this
species causes it to have a specific gravity below 0'91 at 15
C., while the presence of the pinene in rather large excess
gives a somewhat high dextro-rotation. The rectified oil,
however, is practically colourless almost water-white
and it has, for an ordinary Eucalyptus oil, a very agreeable
odour, and no objectionable flavour. The average yield
of oil from leaves with terminal branchlets was 1'132 per
cent. The crude oil was reddish in colour, as is usual with
oils of this class when the leaves are distilled from iron
digesters. Its specific gravity at 15 C. 0*9088; rota-
tion a D = + 11-8; refractive index at 23 C. = 1'4638;
and it was soluble in 5 volumes 70 per cent, alcohol by
weight.
On rectification, the usual amount of acid water and
volatile aldehydes, from oils of this class, were obtained
below 165 C. (corr.). Between 165-174 C. 54 per cent,
distilled; between 174-193 C. 36 per cent.; the ther-
mometer then quickly rose to 230, and between that
temperature and 246 C. 5 per cent, distilled.
R/ ^ t Sp. Gr. at Ref. Index
&D - Ifio C. at23r.
First fraction +15-7 ... 0'9001 ... 1-4599
Second fraction ... + 6-4 ... 0-9165 ... 1-4602
Third traction ... 0-9285 ... 1-4836
The eucalyptol was determined in the oil distilling below
193 C. by the resorcinol method, which result showed
that 63 per cent, of that constituent was present in the
crude oil. The saponification number of the ester and free
acid = 18'3. In the cold, with two hours' contact, it
was 10-7, equal to 3*7 per cent, of geranyl-acetate if cal-
culated for that ester.
42 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
A portion of the crude oil was rectified by steam. The
product was almost colourless and the odour good, whilst
but little residue remained. The oil thus rectified had
specific gravity at 15 C. = 0'9071 ; rotation a D =
+ 12-1; refractive index at 22 C. =-- 1'4612. A deter-
mination of the eucalyptol by the resorcinol method gave
66 per cent, of that constituent in this rectified oil.
Although the specific gravity is a little low, and the
rotation a little high, yet the oil of this species may be
considered of fair value as a eucalyptol-pinene Eucalyptus
oil.
EUCALYPTUS VERNICOSA, Hook. f.
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was described in 1847 by J. D.
Hooker in " London Journal of Botany " (VI., p. 478) ,
and the name has stood unchallenged ever since.
Remarks. Rodway suggests in his " Flora of Tas-
mania " (p. 58) that it is just possible this species is a
mountain form of K. Mu<l/rri, but we are of opinion that
technology at least wouid be better served if the two were
recognised as distinct species vide note under that species.
' This species has the same form of leaves throughout its
life history, which K. Mitel/erf does not appear to have."-
L. G. Irby.
CHEMISTRY.
K&sent-inl Oil. This material for distillation was
obtained on the Hartz Mountains in May, 1912. It
reached Sydney in excellent condition. The average yield
of oil was 0'807 per cent. The crude oil was but little
coloured, and was rich in eucalyptol. It contained, how-
ever, rather a large amount of dextro-rotatory pinene,
consequently the specific gravity was somewhat low ; this
was also influenced by the remarkable freedom from high
boiling constituents, and no less than 96 per cent, of the
crude oil distilled below 194 C. The terpene phellan-
drene was quite absent in the oil of this species.
The crude oil had specific gravity at 15 C. ---- 0*9038;
rotation a D = + 11'3; refractive index at 18 C.
= 1'4651 ; and was soluble in 1 volume 80 per cent, alco-
hol, but not in 10 volumes 70 per cent.
On rectification, a small amount of acid water, and
rather a large amount of objectionable smelling aldehydes,
came over below 167 C. (corr.). Between 167-172 C. 32
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 43
per cent, distilled; and between 172-194 C. 63 per cent,
came over. These fractions gave the following:
Sp. Gr. at n Ata , Hef. Index
15 C. Dotation a D . a tl8C.
First traction 0-81)67 ... + 16'7 ... 1-4639
Second fraction .... 0-9086 ... + 9'4 ... 1-4640
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol
method in the portion distilling below 194, and when
calculated for the crude oil 59 per cent, of that constituent
was shown to be present.
The saponification number for the esters and free acid
\vas 5'9. The oil of this species is thus one of the oils of
the eucalyptol-pinene group, which oils are found so fre-
quently occurring in the Eucalypts of a certain class.
The oil of this species and that of E '. Muelleri are very
closely related, in fact, almost identical in composition,
as can be seen by referring to the results for that species
recorded in this paper.
EUCALYPTUS VIMINALIS, Labill.
(" Manna Gum.")
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was originally named by Labil-
lardier from a Tasmanian tree, and has retained its specific
status ever since.
Remarks. This tree has also a very wide distribution
on the mainland, where the most common name is " Manna
Gum."
The material here examined corresponds with that from
trees growing on the mainland from which our original
determinations were made, and published in our work
" Eucalypts and Their Essential Oils " (p. 137).
The variety macrocarpa in Rodway's " Flora of Tas-
mania " (p. 57) we have determined as distinct, and
specifically described under the name of E. unialata.
At Alma Tier, Interlaken, are to be found trees growing
amongst E. Gun-mi, but different from that species, and
known locally as " White Gum" evidently considered
by settlers to have affinity with the " Manna Gum," E ' .
viminalis, but yet distinct from the " Cider Gum."
The " sucker " leaves are larger than those of E.
viminalis, and resemble those of E. Gunnii; then, again,
the normal ones are larger and broader than usually
obtain in K . viminalis t whilst the fruits favour the latter
species, as do also the timber and oil.
44 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
It was probably this tree that gave Hooker grounds for
the statement in his " Flora Tasmaniae," under " E.
Gunnii " " sometimes, however, solitary trees may be
found of much greater size, and so like E. viminalis, that
without fruit it is impossible to distinguish it from an
Alpine form of that species."
Mr. L. G. Irby, when collecting in Tasmania, stated in
this connection that this form could always be distin-
guished from normal Gunnii in having longer leaves and
a pale or ashy-coloured bark agreeing with K. rhnintiHs.
whilst E. Gunnii has a blotched appearance.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. This material for distillation was
obtained at Hobart in April, 1912. It consisted of the
leaves and terminal branchlets, collected as would be done
for commercial purposes. The crude oil was of an olive-
brown colour, was fairly rich in eucalyptol, contained
pinene, and resembled in appearance and constitution the
oils of the pinene-eucalyptol group, with the exception
that a small amount of phellandrene was present. This
terpene appears to be a constant constituent in the oil of
K. viminalis, and helps to distinguish the normal form
from closely related species. A considerable quantity of
high boiling constituents was present, consisting largely
of the sesquiterpene. The oil is in consequence somewhat
insoluble in alcohol. The results obtained with the oil
agree most closely with those recorded in the " Research
on the Eucalypts " for E. viminalis of New South Wales,
showing the Tasmanian trees to be identical with those on
the mainland, and thus supporting botanical indications.
The average yield of oil was 0'741 per cent. The
specific gravity at 15 C. = 0'9154 ; rotation a,, =
+ 4'2; refractive index at 19 = 1'4711; and was sol-
uble in 1 volume 80 per cent, alcohol.
On rectification, the usual amount of acid water and
objectionable volatile aldehydes came over below 167C.
(corr.), at which temperature the oil commenced to distil.
Between 167-173 22 per cent, distilled; between 173-194
54 per cent, distilled; and between 194-269 20 per cent,
(the greater portion above 255 C.). These fractions gave
the following results:
Sp. Gr. at Ref. Index
15C. Rotation a D ftt 190
First fraction 0-8969 ... +11-5 ... 1-4626
Second traction ... 0.9088 ... +3-4 ... 1-4629
Third fraction... 0-9308 ... +4-1 ... 1-4932
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 45
The rectified oil was yellowish in tint, resembling in
this respect the oil of E . globulus, K. goniocalyx, &c.
The amount of eucalyptol in the crude oil was 50 per
cent., determined by the resorcinol method in the portion
boiling below 194 C. The saponification number of the
esters and free acid was 9'5, which represents about 3 per
cent, of ester calculated as geranyl-acetate.
Material of the "White Gum" growing at Tnterlaken
was sent for distillation in August, 1912. The leaves and
terminal branchlets were, at this time, largely attacked
with a blight, and the trees were thus not healthy. The
yield of oil was less in amount than that from the Hobart
material, otherwise it agreed generally in characters and
constituents with the oil of this species. The phellan-
drene, however, was present in rather larger amount than
usual, and the eucalyptol somewhat less abundant. There
was a very strong resemblance between this oil and that
of E. viminalis from Moss Vale, New South Wales,
recorded in the " Research on the Eucalypts " (p. 138).
EUCALYPTUS DELEGATENSIS, R. T. B.
[SYN. : E. gigantea, Hook. f. (" Fl. Tas."), partim.
Not E. gigantea, Hook. f. (" Lond. Journ. Bot."
VI. 479. 1847). See remarks under E.
obliqua and E '. regnans, this paper.]
f" Gum-topped Stringy-bark." )
BOTANY.
Historical. This tree was first collected in Tasmania
by Gunn (infra), but was first brought under the notice
of Australian botanists by Mr. T. Stephens, who forwarded
a specimen to Baron von Mueller, who named it for nina
E. haemastoma, Sm. ; and this was recorded in Proc. Roy
Soc. Tas. 1881 (p. 24). Under that species Mr. Maiden
goes pretty fully into the subject of the " Gum-topped
Stringy-barks " of Tasmania in the Proc. A.A.A.S. 1905
(p. 369 onward); also in his " Cr. Rev. Euc." or
E. obliqua (Pt. 2), and again in the Viet. Nat. XVIIL
(p. 127). The species recorded by him (loc. cit.) undei
E. virgata is this species. This particular " Gum-toppec
Stringy-bark " was, however, given specific rank undei
the name of E. Delegatensis, R. T. B. (Proc. Linn. Soc
N.S.W. 1900), from material obtained from Mt. Delegate
N.S.W., its Tasmanian habitat at the time not being
known to the author.
46 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
Remarks. This is now the first definite record of this
tree as a species in Tasmania.
Hooker, in his " Flora Tasmania? " (1859), gives addi-
tional data to his original description of K. <jt<!<tf < /
(" Lond. Journ. of Bot." VI. 479. 1847)), and in this addi-
tional data he includes two other trees besides his original
"Stringy-bark" E. gigantea (K. obliqua). The one he
mentions under the name of " Stringy-bark Gum " (loc.
cit.) growing up to 4000 feet altitude is K. Ddegatensis.
E. obliqua and K. regnunx grow intermixed at lower
elevations, and these are what Hooker evidently refers to
in " Flora Tasmania " : " Specimens have been felled
in the valleys at the base of Mt. Wellington." Hooker's
description of K. gigantea in his classical work must there-
fore be regarded as a composite one, and this is well
brought out by Maiden in his " Critical Revision of the
Genus Eucalyptus " (Vol. I., p. 58), under " K. obliqua,"
This species, K. Dclegatcntit, cannot be included under
E. gigantea, for that name belongs undoubtedly to K.
obliqua, as shown by the original description of Hookar
in his " London Journal of Botany " (1847), and later by
Bentham and Mueller.
Hooker, in his introduction to the genus (" Fl. Tas."),
speaks "of a possibility of his having confounded two
species in that work the ' Swamp Gum ' and ' Stringy-
bark ' under that species." These two are now known
as K . rrgnans and K. obliqua respectively the original of
his description in " London Journal of Botany " will cer-
tainly not match E. Drlrgnh-nxis, for it is not f/i*
" Stringy-bark colonorum " as stated by him.
Again, Hooker's remarks (" Fl. Tas."): "In some
varieties tin- //<>/i//t/ hranrln-x have a fine glaucous-pur /i! i
bloom in t/irff/, especially in Alpine localities; such is the
case with Mr. Gunn's No. 1095, from the banks of Lake
St. Clair, where it forms a forest on one side of the lake
only, to the exclusion of all other timbers "apply to this
species, and not his K . gigantea (E . obliqua), (" Lond.
Journ. Bot," 1847).
The material was first collected for the museum by Mr.
C. F. Laseron in 1908, on Mt. Wellington, where it is ?
very common tree, occurring chiefly above 2500 feet. This
altitude is interesting, as in the original locality from
which the species was described Delegate Mt. it occurs
at an elevation between 4000 and 5000 feet.
Mr. L. G. Irby, the museum collector, personally inter-
viewed Mr. Stephens, in order to ascertain exactly where
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 47
he could find the tree of the so-called E. haemastoma
(supra), in order that his material might be compared
with that upon which this investigation is based. This
" Gum-topped Stringy-bark " proved to be identical with
the material previously sent by Mr. Laseron, and also
with the Mountain Ash trees at Mt. Delegate, New South
Wales, upon which the specific name was bestowed.
Mr. Stephen's remarks (Pro. Roy. Soc. Tas. 1881, p.
24), viz.: "The chief peculiarity of this tree is, that
while the lower part of the butt is clothed with a thick
fibrous bark closely resembling that of the common ' Stringy-
bark ' (E. obliqua), the upper part and the smaller limbs
arid branches are quite smooth, whence its popular name.
The timber is highly prized by splitters, and, for generil
purposes, it is described by many competent authorities
as second only to the ' Blue Gum,' though opinions seem
to differ as to its durability."
It may thus be concluded, from the evidence adduced,
that the ' ' Gum-topped Stringy-bark ' ' of Tasmania grow-
ing at an altitude of about 2500 feet and above is this
species. The fruits vary somewhat in appearance, and
are not always uniform, even for the same tree, the flat-
topped or oval-topped rim of some forms being inter-
spersed with thin-rimmed, countersunk fruits. The chemi-
cal characters of the trees, however, appear to be con-
stant.
Whilst this investigation shows that the botanical and
chemical characters of the mainland and island trees cor-
respond, it may be mentioned en passant that it is the
species recorded by Rodway in the " Flora of Tasmania "
(p. 57) as E. haemastoma, from Mueller's naming. The
timber of this tree is used in Tasmania, and exported
under the name of " Tasmanian Oak."
The species is described and illustrated in Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W., 1900 (p. 305 and Plate XVI.), and this
description again amplified in our work " Eucalypts and
Their Essential Oils " (p. 186), so need not be repeated
here.
E. haemastoma, Sm., as far as we have been able to
ascertain, does not occur in Tasmania.
Habitat. Mr. L. Rodway informs me E. Delegatensis
is common in North -Eastern Tasmania. It is thus widely
distributed in the island.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. Material of this species was collected in
July, 1908, at Mt. Wellington, at an altitude of about.
48 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
2500 feet above sea-level. The principal constituents in
the oil of this species is phellandrene, and both eucalyptol
and pinene are practically absent. The peppermint con-
stituent was present in small amount. The results
obtained with the oil of this species from Tasmania are in
remarkable agreement with those of the oil of E '. Deltga-
tensis, from Delegate Mountain, Southern New South
Wales, collected in February, 1899 ; although the distance
separating these localities is very great. The difference in
the time of the year when the material was collected
naturally influences the physical characters somewhat,
because the principal terpene common to the oil of Euca-
lyptus species is usually present in greatest amount during
the early summer months.
The average yield of oil from leaves and terminal
branchlets was 1'88 per cent. The crude oil was of a
lemon-yellow colour. It had specific gravity at 15 C.
0*8664 : rotation a D = - 48'4 ; refractive index at
24 1-4828 ; and was insoluble in 10 volumes 80 per
cent, alcohol. The saponification numbei for ester and
free acid == 3*1. On rectification, the usual small amount
of acid water and volatile aldehydes came over below 172
C. (corr.), at which temperature the oil commenced to
distil. Between 172-183 C. 65 per cent, distilled;
between 183-234 12 per cent.; and between 234-270 16
per cent. These fractions gave the following results:
Pntl Sp. Gr. at Ref. Imi.-x
n * D - 15 C. at 24 C.
First fraction 54'2 ... 0-8532 ... 1-4777
Sfcond fraction ... 35-6 ... 0-8764 ... 1-4812
Third fraction ... 0-9004 ... 1-4914
The low specific gravity of the high boiling constituents
of the oil of this species is remarkable and most unusual.
The original results with the oil of this species were pub
lished in our work " Research on the Eucalypts " (p. 187V
That they are in agreement with those of the oil from the
Tasmanian trees is shown from the following tabulate
results :
Oil of E. Dtlegatcmi*. Oil if K. Deli-gat en *
(Mt. Wellington. (Mt. Delegate,
Tas., 1908.) N.S.W., 1809.)
Yield of oil l-88percent. 1 76 per cent.
Colour of crude oil Lemon-yellow Lemon-yellow
Phellandrene Abundant Abundant
Eucalyptol Practically absent Practically absent
Piperitone Present in small Present in small
amount amount
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 49
Oil of E. Delvgattwiix. Oil of E. Delegatnusis.
(Mt. Wellington, (Mt.' Delegate.
Tas., 1908.) N.S.W., 1891).)
Specific gravity ; crude oil
at!5 C 1 0-8664 0-8602
Rotation a D ditto 48-4 58'6
Refractire index at '24 .... 1-4828 At 16 = 1-4881
S. N . ester and free acid .... 3-1 3-5
Insoluble In 10 vols. 80/ In 10 voK 80/
alcohol alcohol
-Specificg ravity, first trac-
tion at 15 0-8532 0-8513
Ditto, second fraction 0-8764 0'8712
Ditto, third fraction ... 0-9004 0-9017
It is thus seen that the characteristic features of the
one oil are also shown with the other, and as the botanical
results are also in agreement it is evident that this tree is
common to both Tasmania and the mainland.
Material of the " Gum-topped Stringy-bark " for dis-
tillation was collected at Strickland in August, 1912. The
oil was found to agree in all respects with that of E,
DeJegatenai* from Mt. Wellington and from New South
Wales. It contained the same constituents, practically
the same amounts, and the physical characters of the oil
agreed most closely. The specific gravity at 15 0'8596 ;
rotation a D - - 47'4 ; refractive index at 17 =* 1'4826,
Hiid was insoluble in 10 volumes 80 per cent, alcohol. The
saponification number of ester and free acid was 3'2. The
yield of oil was 1*3 per cent., which is somewhat less than
is usual with this species ; but the time of the year is most
probably answerable for this.
Material of the " Gum-topped Stringy-bark " growing
at Lake Sorell was sent for distillation in August, 1912.
The trees were those originally mentioned by Mr. Stephens
as growing at this locality. These trees are Eucalyptus
Dele gate?) sis, and the oil agreed in all respects with that
from the " Gum-topped Stringy-bark " at Strickland,
also from the same species growing at Mt. Wellington,
and also that from the New South Wales trees of this
species. It contained the same constituents and in prac-
tically the same amounts, and the physical characters
agreed most closely. The specific gravity of the crude oil
at 15 C. == 0-8676; rotation a^ = - 47'7 ; refractive
index at 20 = 1'4819 ; and was insoluble in 10 volumes
80 per cent, alcohol. The comparative constancy in the
characters of the oil of this Eucalyptus species is, from
these results, shown conclusively.
50 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPT8 OF TASMANIA
EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA, L'Her.
[SYN. : E. gigantea, Hook. f. (" Lond. Journ. Bot."
VI. 479. 1847), and
E. gigantea, Hook. f. (" Fl. Tas." 1859), partim.}
("Stringy-bark.")
BOTANY.
Historical. This was the first species of the genus
described, the author being L'Heritier, who recorded it in
1788 in " Sertum Anglicum " (18, t. 20).
Hooker redescribed it under the name of E. gigantea
(" Lond. Journ. Bot." VI. 479. 1847).
Bentham, in his " Flora Australiensis " (Vol. III., p.
204), acknowledged its specific rank, whilst placing under
it as synonyms E. gigantea, Hook. f. E. falcifolia,, Miq.,
and E. nrri'n* t i< F. v*. M. (1866).
Mueller also describes and figures it in his " Eucalypto-
graphia " (Dec. III. 1879).
Remarks. Hooker, when he described his species of
E. gigantea in the " London Journal of Botany " (VI.
479. 1847), was unaware that L'Heritier had described
the species under the name of E. ot>/i(/un, as his (Hooker's)
description (loc. cit.) applies in every detail to this
species, for it is indeed " the Stringy-bark colonorum,
and abundant throughout Tasmania," as stated by him,
and is to-day the " Stringy-bark " of the island.
When writing his "Flora Tasmania " (1859), Hooker,
having, in addition to his own, Gunn's and other collec-
tors' material to work upon, included two other trees
under his original name in his classical work. One grow-
ing intermixed with E. obliqua has since been separated
by Mueller under the name of E. regnans, and the other,
growing at 4000 feet elevation, known as " Stringy-bark
Gum " or " Gum-topped Stringy-bark," was described
by one of us in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. in 1900, under
the name of E. Delegatensis.
These three trees occur at different altitudes, and the
respective species in the above order can be traced in
Hooker's two descriptions (loc. cit). Hooker's reference
that " trees are felled in the valleys at the foot of Mt.
Wellington," in his " Flora Tasmania," evidently refers
to this species and E ' . reg-nans, for they only occur on the
lower elevations there the tree of the higher altitudes is
E. Delegatensis in the same quotation.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 51
[ri this connection the following remarks of Hooker
in his "Flora Tasmania " (p. 132) are interesting:
" In the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania I
find some very valuable notices respecting the Blue Gum,
Swamp Gum, Stringy Bark, Peppermint Gum, Myrtle-
leaved Gum, Ash Gum, Ironwood, Mountain Gum, Weep-
ing Gum, Black-butt Gum, and White Gum. The Swamp
Gum and Stringy-bark are perhaps both referable to my
ft. gigantea, under which two species may be confounded
by me, or the Swamp Gum may be some other species
attaining a gigantic size in damp hollows. Mr. Mitchell
describes the Swamp Gum as so very like the E. globulus
as not to be easily distinguished, but with smaller leaves
and thinner bark, as being the largest of the genus, and
growing twice as fast as ft . glob id as ; he mentions trees
250 feet to the first branch. The Stringy-bark he dis-
tinguishes by its much thicker, fibrous bark; Mr. Milligan,
however, adds in a note that this Stringy-bark is the most
gigantic of all, that it is well named gigantta by me, and
that he has measured a sound trunk 64 feet in girth at 4
feet above the ground, arid 200 feet high to where it was
broken off, and containing 200 tons of timber."
Here we see that Hooker suspects that he has con-
founded two species under his E . gigantea of that particu-
lar work, and indeed he really has, for the " Swamp
Gum " is known as E '. regnans, and " Stringy-bark " (E.
gigantea) as the true E. obliqua; but he has even gone
further, and included by slight references E . Delegatensis
(Gunti's specimens).
His figure (loc. cit.) might pass for any of these three.
Hooker's common name of " Stringy-bark " in the " Lon-
don Journal of Botany " must refer to E. obliqua, for that
is practically the only true " Stringy-bark " in Tasmania.
Baron von Mueller, who certainly gave the subject seri-
ous study, correctly places Hooker's E. gigantea under
E ' . obliqua in his " Eucalyptographia," and, like Hooker,
refers to it as the Stringy-bark tree of Tasmania.
Hooker's description of E . gigantta (" London Journal
of Botany ") faithfully describes E '. obliqua, whilst his
description in " Flora Tasmaniae " is certainly a compo-
site one.
It is a well-marked species, with a wide geographical
range, and is quite constant in specific and chemical char-
acter, whether found in Northern New South Wales on
the mainland, or in Tasmania, where it is the most com-
mon " Stringy-bark."
52 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
It is easy of recognition both in the field and herbarium.
The timber is characteristic, and is closely related to tUe
" Gum-topped Stringy-barks " of Tasmania, E. Delegaten-
>/.s and K '. rryuanx, but the sapwood is very liable to the
attacks of borers, which is not so in the case of E . Dele-
gat ensis.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. Material of this species was collected
in July, 1908, at Mt. Wellington, at an altitude of about
2000 feet; and also at about the same time of the year
at Williams ford, on the West Coast of Tasmania. Both
the crude oils were of a reddish-brown colour, due to the
iron of the still, and both contained the same constituents,
and thus were similar in all characters. The results also
agreed with those obtained with the oil of this species
from Monga, New South Wales, collected in 1898, an- 1
published in our work " Research on the Eucalypts "
(p. 188). The chief constituent of this oil is phellandrene,
and the high boiling aromatic aldehyde (aromadendral)
occurs in SOIIH (juantity. Eucalyptol is present in very
small amount. Both eudesmol and piperitone are absent.
The following are the tabulated results for the crude
oils from the two localities:
Mt. Wellington. Williainsfonl.
Yield of oil 0*66 ]>T n-iit. 0*66 JHT cent.
Phellandrene Abundant Abundant
Aromadendral Pronounced Pronounced
Specific gravity at 15 C .. 0-8836 0-8854
Rotation a D -28-1 -24-2
Refractive index at 24 .... 1 4852 1 4843
Soluble In 3 vols. 80/ In 4 vols. 80/
alcohol alcohol
S.N. ester and free acid.... 8'1 7-2
These results, together with the botanical characters,
indicate that the Tasmanian trees of this species are identi-
cal with those of New South Wales and Victoria.
In August, 1912, leaves for distillation were collected
by Mr. Irby from doubtful trees, which, although growing
amongst E. nhliqua on Mt. Wellington at an altitude of
about 1000 feet, had a smooth top, the "stringy-bark"
only reaching to the branches. The oil distilled from this
material was identical in all respects with that of the
typical E. obliqua. The yield of oil was 0'768 per cent. ;
specific gravity of crude oil at 15 C. 0'8845 ; rota-
tion a D = -28'8; refractive index at 19 = 1'4839, and
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS.
was soluble in 3 volumes 80 per cent, alcohol. The pres-
ence of aromadendral and absence of piperitone in the oil
of E . obliqua is a distinguishing feature, and enables these
trees to be easily separated from all allied forms growing
in Tasmania.
EUCALYPTUS RODWAYI (nobis).
("Apple-scented Gum" or "Black Gum.")
(Plate II.)
BOTANY.
Historical. This species was introduced to the scientific
world by Mr. J. H. Maiden , who recorded it in Proc. Roy.
Soc. Tas. 1902 (p. 83) under the name of K. Macarthuri,
as he considered it to be identical with the New South
Wales tree of that name, his attention having been drawn
to it by Mr. R. II. Cambage, F.L.S., who first saw it at
Deloraine.
Re-marks. It was hoped when this research was under-
taken that this species would be found to be the true K .
Macarthuri, on account of the valuable oil yielded by that
species, but the investigation has proved otherwise. The
species is now fully described here, and is dedicated to
Mr. L. Rodway, Government Botanist of Tasmania, who
has laboured so long and done so much for botanical
research in the island State.
The " sucker " leaves are quite distinct from those of
E. Macarthuri, whilst the fruits, normal leaves, and buds
are, as a rule, smaller. It differs also from that species
in the nature of the bark and timber, as well as chemical
constituents of the oil.
In a botanical sequence it might be placed in the
Hemiphloise group of Eucalypts.
It is a valuable addition to the timber industry of Tas-
mania.
Systematic Description. A large forest tree, specimens
4 feet in diameter being common. Bark more like the Box
barks than any other cortical section of the Eucalypts,
and persistent on the stem and branches. " Sucker "
leaves under 3 inches long and about J-inch broad, oval-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate inclined slightly to falcate,
petiolate, alternate, almost membraneous, same shade of
green on both sides, venation not well pronounced, later il
veins distinctly cbliq'w "*t the base and less so upwards
towards the aper
54 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
Normal leaves petiolate, lanceolate, sometimes falcate up
to 6 inches long, but mostly less than 4 inches, rarely
1 inch wide, mostly about ^-inch wide, rather thicker
than the " sucker " leaves. Venation not specially pro-
minent, lateral veins oblique, intramarginal vein slightly
removed from the e Ige. Peduncles axillary, about J-inch
long, bearing generally under six small flowers, calyx 'n
bud 1 inch long, operculum equal in length, conical
acuminate.
Fruit hemispherical to slightly pyriform, 2 lines in
diameter, rim convex, valves slightly exserted.
Arbor altitudinem saltern 150' attenens, 4'
diemente. Cortex trunco ramisque persistens ;
cortex trunci similis Eucalyptis " Box." Folia
numerosa, ovata v. lanceolate v. falcata, leviter
alternata, petiolata, 3"-4" longa, infra 1 ,
lata; vena non clara, obliqua, pauca, longitud-
ina dua leviter a margine remota. Peduncu-
lus 3-7 floribus. Pedicellus paene 2" longus ;
calyx pyriformis ; operculum non calycem
excedente, semiglobulosum in rostrum fere
conicum, acuminatum. Capsula hemispherica,
2'" lata. Species loco natali " Black Gum "
vocatur.
. Deloraine (R. II. Cambage, F.L.S.). Between
Interlaken and Tunbridge, about 3000 feet, and drops
down the western slopes to quite a low altitude ; also
Strickland (L. G. Irby).
Timber. The heartwood is very pale pinky in colour
to almost white, with quite an ash appearance and texture.
It dresses well with a pleasing sheen, is not heavy, but
fairly hard, fissile, and close-grained. It should prove a
splendid substitute for imported Ashes, being quite equal
to any Australian Eucalyptus classified as Ash by the local
timber world. It is a distinct and important addition io
Tasmanian timbers, and might commercially be called
" Tasmanian Ash."
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. Material of this species for distillation
was collected at Deloraine in June, 1912. Leaves with
terminal branchlets were utilised as would be done for
commercial purposes. The crude oil when cleared was light
olive-brown in colour, and had a terpene odour, together
with that of eucalyptol, but with no resemblance to
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 5t>
geranyl-acetate. It contained pinene as the chief terpene^
and phellandrene could not be detected in it. It
was rich in eucalyptol, over 60 per cent, of the crude oil
being that constituent. The saponification number for
the esters and free acid was only 3'96, representing 1'3&
per cent, of ester if calculated entirely as geranyl-acetate.
The amount of ester in the oil of this species is thus very
small. The average yield of oil was 0'482 per cent. a
comparatively small one for a commercial oil.
The crude oil had specific gravity at 15 C. = 0'9075;
rotation a D = + 10'6; refractive index at 24 = = 1'4653;
and was soluble in 6 volumes 70 per cent, alcohol.
On rectification, the usual amount of acid water and
volatile aldehydes were obtained below 164 C. (corr.), at
which temperature the oil commenced to distil. Between
164-173 33 per cent, distilled; between 173-198 57 per
cent.; between 198-265 5 per cent, distilled. The high
boiling fraction contained a constituent with rotation ta
the right, but it was not isolated. The following res aits-
were obtained with the several fractions :
Sp. Gr. at Ref. Index
160 C . Rotation a D . a( .
First traction ...... 0-8979 ... 4-15-8 ... 1*4629
Second tracti on... 0-9119 ... +8-4 ... 1-4038-
Third fraction ...... 0'9231 ... + 5'2 ... 1*4805
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol method
in that portion of the oil distilling below 198 C. and cal-
culated for the crude oil, which was shown to contain 64
per cent, of that constituent. The rectified oil had a yel-
lowish tinge, a peculiarity often found with the eucalyptol-
pinene oils distilled from the leaves of the smooth-baik
Gums like E. globtduj, E. goniocalyx, &c. Pinene was.
isolated from the first fraction, and proved to be that sub-
stance by the formation of the nitrosochloride, which
melted at the correct temperature.
The oil from the leaves of E. Macarthuri of New South
Wales appears never to contain less than 60 per cent, of
geranyl-acetate at any time, this ester often rising to 75
per cent., and one determination of the oil from the
'* suckers " showed that it contained over 77 per cent, of
geranyl-acetate. Eucalyptol does not appear to occur
in the oil of E. Macarthuri, although pinene is usually
present in small amount.
56 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
EUCALYPTUS VIRGATA, Sieb.
C' Ironbark." J
BOTANY.
Historical. This is the first published record of this
tree in Tasmania, although it was originally described by
Sieber in 1827, from New South Wales material.
It is the same tree as described by us in e< Eucalypts
and Essential Oils " (1902), under " E. virtjatti^' which
was placed by Bentham in his " Flora Australiensis "
(1886, Vol. III.) with E. Sieberiana, who of course had to
work on herbarium material alone.
Remarks. Up to the present time this tree has gener-
ally been regarded as E. Sieberiana by botanists working
on the Tasmanian flora. Its correct systematic position,
however, was latterly suspected by us, for under E. Sie-
berianti (Proc. A.A.A.S. 1902, p. 372), by J. If. Maidm,
occurs this statement: "I give the following Tasmanian
locality for this species as far as I have examined authen-
tic specimens: 'Ironbark,' George's Bay, August, 1878,
Augustus Simson (comm. W. W. Spicer). With shiny
fruits. First labelled E. virgata, Sieb., and then K . Sir-
Jnr'uinn, F. v. M., by Mueller."
From this it appears that Mueller must have associated
these two trees as morphologically very close, thus follow-
ing the determinations of Bentham in his " Flora Aus-
traliensis" (Vol. III., p. 202).
In this connection the following remarks in our work on
" Eucalypts and Essential Oils " are interesting :-
11 Much has been written recently in regard to the identi-
fication of Sieber's tree (vide Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
1896-1900).
" From Sieber's specific name there can be little doubt
but that he intended his description to apply to a small
twiggy Eucalyptus, with exactly the same morphological
characters (as later researches have shown) as the present
' Mountain Ash ' (E '. Sieberiana, F. v. M.), and these
characteristics of the two species are proved by Bentham '-a
note (' B. Fl.' TIT., p. 202), for under 1 E. ' virgata ' he
states: 'I have described this species chiefly from Old-
field's, Woolls', and F. Mueller's specimens; Sieber's
appear to be the same, but they are only in young bud,
and therefore uncertain.'
" There is on the Blue Mountains a dwarf Eucalyptus, or
' Mallee,' the herbarium material of which cannot be
separated from that of the tall tree E '. Sieberiana but
the chemical constituents of each are quite different.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 57
" It is very probable that Oldfield's, Woolls', and Muel-
ler's specimens belong to the tall tree, known as ' Moun-
tain Ash,' and since named by Mueller as E. Sieberiana,
whilst Sieber's specimens no doubt belong to the
dwarf tree or ' Mallee,' and, as Bentham found, quite
impossible of separation in dried material. If this is
correct, then Sieber's tree only differs in field and chemi-
cal characters, and on these we accept Sieber's name for
the mountain shrub which has identical morphological
characters with E ' . Sitbtrtana, F. v. M."
Deane and Maiden at first (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1897,
p. 719) were inclined to regard it as a glabrous form of K.
LuehtLanniana or a pointed operculum form oi K oh iu*i flora,
and to speak as definitely as possible define it as a
glabrous form of E. Lucltmannuina. Later, however
(Proc. A.A.A.S. 1902, Hobart), and in 1907 " Cr. Rev.
G. Eu." (Vol. I., p. 273), Maiden restores the name
E. virgatd, Sieb., placing under it E. obtusi flora, D C.,
and E. xtric.ta, Sieb., which are arranged by Bentham in
his <4 Flora Australiensis " in the following order, 3, 9,
and 32, of his systematic classification of the Eucalypts,
thus showing that he regarded the material he examined of
the three as quite distinct. It seems hardly likely either
that Sieber, having himself collected his two species in the
field, should have given separate names to one and the
same tree, for he was thus able to speak from actual
acquaintance with their field characters, an experience
that is invaluable as regards a knowledge of the Eucalypts.
The discovery, or rather the identification botanicaDy
and chemically, of this tree with the mainland one is of
scientific interest, for whereas the latter, as far as known,
is only a " Mallee " on the Blue Mountains in New South
Wales, in Tasmania it is a medium-sized tree.
Mueller, in his " Eucalyptographia " (Dec. 11), under
" E. Sieberiana," states: "The specific appellation now
offered is also a new one, inasmuch as the original adjec-
tive ' virgata ' is very misleading, because only under very
exceptional circumstances is this usually tall timber-tree
reduced to a virgate or twiggy state; neither is there any-
thing streaked or striped about the stem to justify the
designation ' virgate ' in any other sense of the word."
It would appear now, in view of our increased know-
ledge, that the name is very appropriate, for the Blue
Mountain specimens are all " twiggy or virgate," and the
bark of the Tasmanian tree is " streaked or striped," for
the hard compact bark runs down in streaks or ridges.
08 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
It is quite possible, in fact highly probable, that this
tree occurs farther south than recorded for New South
Wales, and also in Victoria, for it is easy enough to con-
found it with K . SieberidiKi.
It appears that the name " E. Sie.beriana " must now
be deleted from the flora of Tasmania.
An amended description of the original, by Sjeber (D C.
Prod. III., p. 217), is here given, by the addition of
mature fruits, timber, and bark.
tiysttrruitic Description. An average forest tree, attain-
ing over 100 feet (Rodway), branchlets glaucous. Bark
thick, laminated, running down in ridges, friable but no
kino on outer portion, inner portion hard, close, compact,
in cross-section, the duramen difficult to determine from
the normal wood, inner portion fibrous longitudinally.
"Sucker" leaves mostly alternate, petiolate, sometimes
glaucous, thin, oval-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate,
venation distinctly marked, lateral veins not very oblique,
intramarginal veins removed from the edge, 4 to 5 inches
long, up to 1 inch broad. Normal leaves comparatively
small, rarely 5 inches long, mostly from 2 to 4 inches long,
up to -inch broad, lanceolate, shining, subcoriaceous.
Venation inconspicuous, lateral veins well oblique, a few
running from the petiole intramarginal vein removed from
the edge. Flowers on axillary peduncles or in short
panicles, operculum hemispherical, shortly acuminate.
Fruits pyriform without pedicel, i-inch long, J-inch in
diameter, contracted at the top, rim countersunk.
The differences between E. virgata, Sieb., and /:'. 8ie-
IK r'hiim are found principally in the smaller leaves, counter-
sunk rim of the smaller fruits, timber and chemical con-
stituents of the oil of the former. They are rather diffi-
cult to separate, in herbarium material alone.
Timltrr. This is known in the trade as " Tasmanian
Ironbark," but this is not a good name, for it falls below
the qualities of the mainland Ironbarks. The presence of
gum veins detracts from it to a certain degree, but other-
wise it is a close-grained, hard, fairly heavy timber, with
an oak colour. It requires careful seasoning.
CHEMISTRY.
Kxxrnt'ml Oil. This material for distillation was
obtained at St. Marys in June, 1912. The average yield
of oil from the leaves with terminal branchlets was 0'793
per cent. The crude oil was but little coloured, it being
of a light yellowish-brown tint. It had a slight second-
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 59
ary odour of peppermint, due to the- presence of a small
amount of piperitone, and eucalyptol could also be readily
detected: The principal constituent in the oil of this
species is phellandrene, and pinene is probably absent.
Eudesmol was present in some quantity, the high boiling
fraction becoming solid in the bottle after a few hours.
Only a very small amount of ester was determined.
Although the phellandrene shows the laevo-rotatory modifi-
cation to be in excess, yet, judging from the comparatively
small rotation, and the almost entire absence of pinene,
it is possible that the phellandrene of opposite rotation
may be present also. So far dextro-rotatory phellandrene
has not been isolated from Eucalyptus oil. The crude oil
had specific gravity at 15 C. O8883 ; rotation
H D = -20'9; refractive index at 18 = 1'4819; and was
soluble in 3 volumes 80 per cent, alcohol. This compara-
tively ready solubility is due to the eucalyptol and the
eudesmol.
On rectification, the usual amount of acid water
and volatile aldehydes were obtained below 173 C.
(corr.) ; the aldehydes, however, were much less
pungent and objectionable than those from the
oils of the pinene-eucalyptol group. Between 173-198 C.
78 per cent, distilled; the temperature then rose
quickly to 265, only 1 c.c. distilling ; between
265-282 17 per cent, distilled. These fractions gave the
following results:
Sp. Qp. at Ref. Index
15 C. Rotation a D . M ^ c
First traction 0*8713 ... -29'5 ... 1-4782
Second traction
(2^5-282) 0-9421 ... ... 1-5048
The eucalyptol was determined in the first fraction by the
resorcinol method and calculated for the crude oil, which
was thus shown to contain 21 per cent, of that constituent.
The saponification number of the ester and free acid was
only 3'3. The oil of this species has a strong resemblance
to that of the E. v'u-yutn originally investigated at this
museum, and recorded in the " Research on the Euca-
lypts " (p. 194). The large amount of eudesmol causes
the high boiling fraction to soon become solid ; and this
appears to be a distinguishing feature with the oil of
K. viryata, because the oil of E. Sieberiana did not con-
tain eudesmol in the samples tested. The presence of the
eucalyptol in the oil of K. virgata also distinguishes it
from that of E . Sieberiana.
60 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
EUCALYPTUS TAEN1OLA (gp. nov.).
(Plate III.)
Historical. This appears to be the first actual scientific
record of this Eucalyptus.
Remarks. The specimens upon which this species is
founded were obtained by Mr. L. G. Irby at St. Mary's
Pass, Tasmania, where it was found growing amongst trees
of K. riryata, and E. amiigdalimi , LabilL, and from
which he states the species is easily differentiated in the
field from its congeners. The bark is finer-checked than
E. rirgata, running more closely to the " Peppermint "
bark in texture than the latter species.
The leaves, both " sucker " and normal, are much nar
rower than those of K. rir<j<it<i, and of a different appear-
ance altogether. They are long and linear, varying greatly
in length on the same tree, being from 4 to 11 inches
long 7 to 8 inches long being common. It is on the rib-
bony appearance of the leaves that the specific name is
founded.
The fruits, however, are almost identical with those of
E. rtrf/ftta, and yet the general appearance of the tree is
more like that of K. amygdalnm (L. G. Irbv).
Si/xfrttnifir Description. A tree about 40 to 50 feet
high, and 2 feet in diameter, with a " Peppermint " bark.
" Sucker " leaves linear, lanceolate, straight, 4 to 6 inches
long, ^-inch wide, opposite or alternate. Normal leaves
narrow linear to linear, lanceolate, up to nearly 1 foot
long, thin, venation not pronounced, but best seen in
larger leaves, lateral veins very oblique, intramarginal
vein removed from the edge. Peduncles axillary, but
(through the falling off of the leaves) the infloresence
sometimes appears paniculate. Flowers few in the head.
Calyx pyriform ; operculum small, compressed, slightly
pointed.
Fruits pear-shaped, ^-inch long and J-inch wide, taper-
ing into a short pedicel, rim countersunk, valves not
exserted .
Arbor medoicra, attitudinem 40-50' attinens ;
ramusculi teretes, graciles. Cortex trunci in
laminis duris, similiter " Peppermint " generis.
Folia alternata, semi-coriacea, angusta lanceo-
lata v. lineata (taeniola) 12" longa J" lata ;
venis parum insignis acutis obhquis, vena
peripherica a folii margine conspicue remora.
Pedunoulis axillaris, solitariis 5-9 floris pedi-
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 61
cellis vix ullis. Calyx turbinatis, operculura
hemisphericum v. conicum.
Fructus turbinatus, margo contracto, con-
cavo J" longa, J" lata, valvae prorsus inclusae.
CHEMISTRY.
Kssential Oil . The material of this form for distillation
was collected at St. Marys in June, 1912. The average
yield of oil was 0'657. The crude oil was little coloured,
of a terpene odour, and contained much phellandrene,
scarcely any pinene, and a very small amount of eucalyp-
tol. Eudesmol was detected in it. The oil belongs to
the " Peppermint " group, as it contained a small amount
of piperitone, and a considerable quantity of high boiling
constituents was also present. The yield of oil was small,
and for this and other reasons can have little commercial
value. The principal constituent in the high boiling frac-
tion appeared to be the sesquiterpene.
The specific gravity of the crude oil at 15 C. = 0'8864 ;
rotation a D = -27'6; refractive index at 17 = 1'4872,
and was soluble in 5 volumes 80 per cent, alcohol. The
saponification number for the esters and free acid was only
3-0
<o
On rectification, a few drops of acid water, and a little
volatile aldehydes of a not unpleasant odour, came over
below 173 C. (corr.). Between 172-198 68 per cent,
distilled; between 198-265 only 1 c.c. came over; and
between 265-282 26 per cent, distilled. These fractions
gave the following results:
Sp. Gr at Ref. Index
P loo C . Rotation a o ^ 1?0
First fraction 0-8592 ... 45-1 ... 1-4808
Second fraction 0-9408 ...Dextro-rotatory... 1-5029
(265-282) 8 to 10, hut
light did not
pa-s well
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol method
in the portion distilling below 198, and gave a result
equal to 7 per cent, of that constituent in the crude oil.
These results indicate that this form is somewhat closely
associated with the Tasmaniaii E. rircjata. The oil from
the latter, however, contained more eucalyptol and more
eudesmol, while that of K. taeniola had more phellandrene,
as indicated by the rotation figures.
62 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA, Labill.
BOTANY.
Historical. This Eucalyptus was described by Labil-
lardier in his " Plants of New Holland " (1806).
Re marks. This name, E. ant iujdalimi, has 'almost since
the beginning of Eucalyptology been associated with the
Tasmanian flora, for it was from Van Diemen's Land that
Labillardier obtained his specimens. It is, however, with
much reluctance that we announce that we have failed to
find this tree on the mainland of Australia.
The tree passing as E . nintjyilal'ina in the Eastern States
is of medium size with a " Peppermint " bark, opposite,
sessile, cordate-lanceolate " sucker " leaves, medium-sized
lanceolate normal leaves, small hemispherical fruits with a
truncate or depressed rim, and the leaves yielding a par-
ticular oil.
As far as our researches go, trees having these character-
istics do not appear to occur in Tasmania, where the name
was originally ascribed to this species. Thus the trees
going under the name of /:'. <iinii<i(ltilina in Tasmania and
E. amygdalina in Victoria and New South Wales are not
the same.
As, however, the name has become so interwoven with
the Eucalyptus literature of Victoria and New South
Wales in connection with the economics of the tree found
there, it is now almost next to impossible to supersede the
name of the tree of the Eastern States, or at least without
adding to the already long nomenclature of the genus.
That the latter is not Labillardier's tree we are firmly
convinced, and on the following grounds:
(1) The plate of E. <un ij<i<l<ilmu of Labillardier in
his " Plants of New Holland " depicts the
Tasmanian Eucalypt, and certainly not the
mainland one.
(2) The " sucker " leaves of the former are petio-
late, alternate, and the latter opposite, ses-
sile, cordate, obtuse.
(3) The normal leaves of the former are smaller
and narrower.
<4) The fruits of the Tasmanian tree are practi-
cally identical in shape with those of K.
f/ires, Sch., and not hemispherical like those
of the mainland E. amygdalina.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 63
fo^ The oil of the Tasmanian tree closely approaches
in chemical composition that of K. dives,
Sch.
Labillardier's name for the Tasmanian tree must, of
course, stand, as that has priority, and to us it appears
too late in the day to alter the specific appellation of the
other ; but if a systematic distinction is necessary in future,
we would suggest that it might be known, to botanists at
least, as K. amygdalina, var. Australiana. This form is
faithfully figured by Mueller in his " Eucalyptographia,"
and is also illustrated by us in our work " Eucalypts and
Their Essential Oils" (p. 168). The varieties recorded
by Bentham, we find, belong to K. Eisdoni rather than
K. amygdalina.
CHEMISTRY.
Essential Oil. Material of this species known as
l( Black Peppermint" was received from various local-
ities in Tasmania, collected at various times of the year, in
order that definite conclusions might be formed as to the
specific differences between the oil of K. amygdalina of
Tasmania and that of the tree known in New South
Wales and Victoria as E. amygdalina. Although the
general character of the oil of the Tasmanian tree places
it in the "amygdalina group " of these oils, yet it differs
considerably from that of the New South Wales form, and
more closely approaches in constituents and physical pro-
perties the oil of K. dives, with the exception that the
Tasmanian K . amygdalina contains a little more eucalyptol
than does that of E. dives. Commercially the oil could be
utilised for purposes similar to those to which that of E.
dive x is put, but it would not pay to submit it to fractional
distillation in order to separate the eucalyptol portion, as
is now often carried out with the oil of the New South
AVales form, any more than it would pay to do so with the
oil of E. dives. The yield of oil of the New South Wales
form of E. amygdalina is almost twice that obtained with
the Tasmanian trees, and even E. dires appears to yield
a greater quantity of oil than does the E. amygdalina of
Tasmania. The oil of the Tasmanian E. amygdalina
differs from that of the New South Wales form in that it
contains much less eucalyptol, has a very high laevo-rota-
tion, contains more phellandrene, and is much less soluble
in alcohol. The odour of the oil is also much less aro-
matic.
64 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
The following tabulated results give the general char-
acters of the crude oil from three consignments, col-
lected at the localities and on the dates given:
Nubeena, Tasmau
Hobart. Peninsula. Hobart,
(16.4. 1 -2 ) (18.4.12.) (15.6.1-2.1
Yield of oil 1-64 per cent. 2-04 per cent. 1/62 per rent.
Specific gravity at
15 C 0-883 0-8668 0-8848
Rotation a D ... -75-1 -59-1 - 67'3-
Ref. index at 18. 1-4790 At 20 =1 -4767 At 18= 1-476]
Soluble In 1 vol. 80/ 7 vols. 70/ 1 vol. 80/
alcohol alcohol alcohol
Eucalyptol: 12 per cent. 24 per cent. 16 per CHIU.
S.N. of ester and
free acid 3-1 S.N. = 2*9 S.N. = 3'^i
The eucalyptol was determined by the resorcinol method
and although this would seem to indicate the presence o
a larger amount of that constituent, yet the result is mon
accurate than would be the case if determined by th<
phosphoric acid method.
The Nubeena sample contained less high boiling con
stituents than did the Ilobart material, arid consequent 1\
was of less specific gravity. It also contained a littl<
more eucalyptol.
On rectification, nothing distilled below 174 C. (corr.
with either sample. The Hobart (16.4.12) oil gave 5^
per cent, distilling between 174-195 C., and 37 pe:
cent, between 195-255, mostly between 230-240. Th<
Hobart sample (15.5.12) gave 63 per cent, betweei
174-195, and 32 per cent, between 195-245. Th<
Nubeena sample gave 83 per cent, distilling b?tweei
174-195, and 10 per cent, between 195-266.
These fractions gave the following results:
Hobart. Hobart. Nubei-na.
(16.4.12.) (ln.ft.W 0*.4.1-_>. i
First Fractions
Specific gravity
at 1 5 C '. . 8589 866-2 8605
Rotation a D . - 86 '8 -733 - 62 '8
K.'fractive index Atl8=l'4738 At 18= 1 "4729 At20=l'474fr
Second Fractions
Specific gravity
at!5C 0-9191 0-9184 08939
Rotation a,, ... 14-9 - 17'2 -23-9
Refractive index At 18=l-4833 Atl8=l-4823 At 20= 1-482
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 65
The high boiling portions of these oils contained a con-
siderable quantity of piperitone, as is the case with E.
dives \ thus the temperature did not rise much above
255 C.
Besides the above material, sent by the museum col-
lector, we also received the leaves of the " Black Pepper-
mint " from Scottsdale, forwarded by Mr. A. H. Higgs
(6.3.12.). This material gave a yield of oil equal to 2'32
per cent., and this crude oil had the following charac-
ters- Specific gravity at 15 = 0*8765; rotation
a D : -429; refractive index at 23 = 1'4787; soluble
in 5 volumes 80 per cent . alcohol ; had saponification
number for esters and free acid 2'9 ; and contained 20
per cent, eucalyptol. On rectification, 80 per cent, dis-
tilled between 174-193 C. and 13 per cent, between
193-2620.
The fractions gave the following :
Sp. Gr. at Ref. Index
15. Rotation a D at 18 C.
First fraction 0'8599 ... 53-2 ... 1-4779
Second fraction.... 0-9092 ... -7-1 ... 1-4936
The oil distilled from the leaves of the " Black Pepper-
mint " of Tasmania, E. amygdalina, from material all
over the island, is thus seen to have considerable uniform-
ity in composition.
EUCALYPTUS COCCIFERA, Hook. f.
(" Mountain Peppermint."}
BOTANY .
Historical. This tree was described by Hooker fil. in
the " London Journal of Botany " (VI. 477) in 1847, and
afterwards by Miquel, in " Ned. Kruidk. Arch/' (IV.
133), in 1859, under the name of E. daphnoides.
Remarks. It is generally recorded as one of the few
endemic Eucalypts of Tasmania, and as it only occurs
near or on the snow-line does not assume large proportions,
consequently its economics are limited.
66 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
So far, at least, it has not been recorded from the main-
land.
CHEMISTRY.
nfi/rt Oil. Material of this species was obtained
from Mt. Wellington, at an altitude of about 4000 feet. It
was collected in July, 1908. The principal constituent
in the oil of this species is phellandrene, and pinene was
practically absent. Eucalyptol was present only in small
amount, probably not more than 3 per cent, in the first
fraction. Traces of eudesmol were detected when the oil
was first distilled. This oil also contains a small amount
of the " Peppermint " constituent Cpiperitone), and thus
belongs to the " Peppermint " group of these oils, of which
group K. divrx may be considered the type. The chemical
results show K '. cord,/ era to be very closely related to K.
rnrifiri-ii. The yield of oil is somewhat small for a phel-
landrene-bearing Eucalyptus species, and consequently
K . cord fern has no commercial value as an oil -producing
tree.
The average yield of oil from leaves and terminal
brauchlets = 0'609 per cent. The crude oil was of an
amber colour. It had specific gravity at 15 C. = 0*8810 ,
rotation a D 35'8; refractive index at 24 C. =
T4831, and was insoluble in 10 volumes 80 per cent, alco-
hol. The saponification number for the esters and free
acid was only 4'9.
On rectification, a small quantity of acid water and
volatile aldehydes came over below 170 C. (corr.), at
which temperature the oil commenced to distil. Between
170-183 C. 69 per cent, distilled; between 183-235 5 per
cent. ; and between 235-278 20 per cent. These frac-
tions gave the following results:
Si>. Gr. at Ref. Index
Rotation a D . ^j, at 24 C.
First fraction 43-4 ... 0-8561 ... 1-4773
Second fraction.... 25'2 ... 0-8705 .., 1-4813
Third fraction .... ... 0-9199 ... 1-4952
The high boiling fraction consisted largely of a sesquiter-
pene.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS.
67
4. AVERAGE YIELD OF OIL FROM THE
SEVERAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS.
The leaves and branchlets were taken in all cases just
as would be done for commercial purposes, and the leaves
were as fresh as it was possible to obtain them. The aver-
age yield has been given in preference to that of any one
distillation, as this mean more nearly represents the com-
mie rcial production. The percentage amount has been
calculated into weight of oil from 1000 Ib. of material,
for the means of ready reference. The results are all of
our own distillation from Tasmaniaii material. For com-
parative results see the tables for the mainland species
published in our work " Research on the Eucalypts "
(pp. 273 and 284). It will be noticed that much of this
Tasmanian material was collected during the winter
months, at a time of the year when the oil is not so abun-
dant in the leaf; consequently these results may be con-
sidered a minimum yield for the species.
Yield per 1000 Ib.,
Percentage Leaves and Termin- Dates of
Yield. al Branchlets. Colleclion.
2-32
1-90
1-52
1-45
1-38
1-28
1 13
1-01
1-01
897
802
793
764
695
657
609
544
482
387
163
Species.
E. cordata
Number
of
Distil-
lations.
1
E. amygdalina ...
4
E. Delegatensis ...
E. linearis .
4
3
E. Risdoui
E. Mueller!
E. urnisiera
E. Perriuiana
E. phlebophylla.
E. unialata
E. regnans
E. virgata
E. vernioosa ....
E. obliqua
E. taeniola
E. coccil'era .
E. virninalis
E. Rodwayi
E. Gunnii ..
E.acervula..
Ib.
oz.
23
3
31902
i 4-1912
It)
I 51912
( 3-1912
^ 71908
15
3
t 81912
<1 1912
14
8
J(5 -19C8
(41912
13
13
> 31902
141912
12
13
71908
11
5
71908
10
7 1912
10
61912
8
15
81912
8
71908
7
15
61912
7
10
51912
6
15
7 1908
6
9
61912
H
I
71908
S 41912
t 8 1912
4
13
61912
3
14
51912
1
10
41912
68 A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
5. TABULATED RESULTS WITH THE CRUDE
OILS, TOGETHER WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL
CONSTITUENTS.
The full analysis of any particular oil will be found
described under that species. Where more than one result
is given, the figures represent the highest and lowest
obtained by us. Constituents, other than those enumer-
ated, may be present in small amount in many of the oils,
but only those found have been enumerated. Volatile
aldehydes are always present in the crude oils in small
amount, but they are not identical in all the species. The
saponification number includes that of the free acid as
well as the ester. The alcohol used in determining the
solubilities was standardised for percentage of absolute
alcohol by weight. The refractive indices were taken with
a Zeiss Abbe refractometer, and the temperatures given
are those of the circulating water. The yield of oil we
obtained with the several species is given in a separate
table; these results were from green material collected as
would be done for commercial oil distillation. E . globu-
lus is not included in this list, as the oil is so well known ;
for that reason we did not obtain leaves from Tasmania
for distillation.
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS.
69
"30
c I
Chief Constituents Found.
Dextro-rotatory pinene, phel
drene, eucalyjjtol, gerar
geranyl-aeetate, solid and lit
paraffins, sesquiterpene
Phellandrene, eucalyptol, pip
tone, sesquiterpene
Phellandrene, eucalyptol, pip
tone, eudesmol
Eucalyptol, dextro-rotatory ]
ene, esit?r
Phellandrene, piperitone, ses(
terpene
Dextro-rotatory pinene, phel
drene, eucalyptol, esters, ses<
terpene
Eucalyptol, phellaridrene, pip
tonej sesquiterpene
Eucalyptol, dextro-rotatory \
ene, esters
Phellandrene, eucalyptol, aroi
dendral
Eucalyptol, dextro-rotatory \
[
I
1
*r
I
1*
3
B
C (
O +a
A C
o o~~
o
S - ^_S
o o 08 o
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o o "S ^ o
w
ON -2 r
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CC ^_'
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ll
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.tj S3 03
O JO
go Oi cN Oi
GO
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00 CO (M FH CO
S/s|
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i-H
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AO tC t> -u 00 C
___ c
O O
^H r-H -( 00
o o
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** "as Q
fli O tf^ 40
i t"'iT
Oi
+
00 "H
T +
o o ^ oo oo
7 + T 7 +
>O
CO GO 00 O
00
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CO co co Oi
CD >-H
lj$j
Oi CO O Q^ GQ
00 00 *^ 00 GO
1 1
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03
C C
o
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C
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"cS
fcJD c3
*C s g, -S '
3i 33 C
1
Q O
111
pq K w
w
w w
pd fiJ pu Ex]
70
A RESEARCH ON THE EUCALYPTS OF TASMANIA
= 'C
. j,
i
.J. i
i
1 1
1
cL
'S,
Ls^
"S.
=.
s,s
1,
I
i
Chief Constituents Found.
Laevo-rotatory pinene, ph<
drene, eucalyptol, eudesrno
Phellandrene, eudesrnol, pi
tone, esters, sesqulterpene
Eucalyptol, phellnndrene, pi
i-
\
*
IL
c
Eucaly ptol, dextro-rotatory
ene, sesqulterpene
Phellandrene, eucalyptol, pi
tone, eudesinol, sesquiterpe
Eucalyptol, dextro-rottory
ene, esters
Eucalyptol, dextro-rotatory
^
f
L
I
>'
&
Eucalyptol, dextro-rotatory
Mir
EucalyptoJ, dextro-rotatory
ene, phellandrene, esters,
quiterpenr
Phellandrene, eucalyptol, pi
8.
'=
f
|
4-
1
r
c
i
o o
>> S
ll
fc !
O
o
CO
1
I
1
o
fH
c*
c
o
O O
o
|1
2 S
S
a
fefc
1 g
g
s
i
g"
X
?!
111
O
a
*
o"c
V. at
o "o
"o
"c
o
~6
3T
2*
^T
o cc
4f3 *o
N-
^H
-
-
r:
X
oa
O^f
c* eo
So
X
T.
X
-H O<
C^ <-H
(N
i-i Oi
n >;
s s
* 'S
08 oS
ts 08
oe
r
S
^
II
s i
i- X
~. f ^-
c
?2 J
X CO
1
iC
r
OB
X
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.
.
^
B 55
CN <N
"* CO
Oi
W CO
a
CO
"1
CO CO
B & ~
5
t^ CO
CO X
^
o.
f 8
-H C
<N
1|
^ ^
S.&
$>V
fe x
g,
81
&
IF
s s
1 I
o _ o
c
-*-
1 +
7 7-
CO
7
I
7
>>u
<N
O5
O
^ X
a
or.
-t
s
ill
5
1 1
IN
5
8
S
1
& *j
O O
O C
C
C
o
p
s
JT
'>
33
03
S?
f.
I
J c
g
O
93
03
|
c
5
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1 ?
1
3
1 1
'
e
1
?
W W
w
w
W P
W
UJ
tu
W
AND THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS. 71
6. ILLUSTRATIONS.
E. unialata, sp. nov.
1. Abnormal or "Sucker'* leaves.
2. Twig with buds and normal leaves.
3. Branchlets with fruits.
E. Rodwayi, sp. nov.
1. Abnormal or " Sucker " leaves.
2. Twig with buds and normal leaves.
3. Branchlets with fruits.
E. taeniola, sp. nov.
1. Abnormal or " Sucker " leaves.
2. Individual leaf.
3. Branchlet with buds, flowers, and fruits (an unusual
occurrence) .
[All natural size.]
Collecting Eucalyptus leaves in Tasmania.
7. INDEX TO SPECIES.
PAGH
E. ACEKVULA 10
E. COltDATA
E. GLOBULUS
E. GUNNII 17
E. LINEARIS
E. MUELLERI 23
E. PERRINIANA
E. PHLEBOPHYLLA
E. REGNAN8 31
E. RISDONI
E. UNIALATA 38
E. URNIGERA 40
E. VERNICOSA 42
E. VIMINALIS
E. DELEGATENSIS
E. OBLIQUA 50
E. RODWAYI 53
E. VIRGATA 56
E. TAENIOLA 60
E. AMYGDALINA 62
E. COCCIFERA 65
JOHN VAIL,
GOVBBNMENT PEINTEH, TASMANIA
R.T.B. del.
EUCALYPTUS UNIALATA, R.T.B. et H.G.S.
R.T.B. del.
EUCALYPTUS RODWAYI, R.T.B. et H.G.S.
R.T.B. del.
EUCALYPTUS T^ENIOLA, RTB, etH.c.s.
,_Z. vernicosa.
400T) FT. ABOVE SEA LEV!
ON THE HAETZ Mom
TAINS. LEAVES CARRII
2 MILES.
THE SAME THEN
"PACKED," 12 MILES TO
GEEVESTON, THENCE BY
BOAT TO HOBART AND
SYDNEY.
2 CWT, TO THE LOAD.
DRAWING E, Perrinia
12 MILES TO OUHE BRII
THEN 25 MILKS BY HO]
TEAM TO MACQUAI
PLAINS, THENCE BY TR.
TO HOBART AND BOAT
SYDNEY.
COLLECTING EUCALYPTUS LEAVES IN TASMANIA.
RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
CIRCULATION
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
JUN 111974 70
MAY 2 2 : REC 'D2R
MAY 2 2 "
EDUt-PSYCH. LIB
P CJRC
LD 21-32mr-3,'74
(R7057slO)476 A-32
General Library
University of California
Berkeley
R.
O4*>- V*y j.10 J.
A resear0lr on the
: 6462 5
of Tasmania
TP958
B2
UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY