mmmm 
 
 m 
 
University of California Berkeley 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
FOR LIBRARIANS, AUTHORS, BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS, ETC. 
 
 JTJST ZPTJBL, ISH E3D , 
 
 L OF LIBRARIES, 
 
 Institutions, 
 
 IN THE 
 
 THE I'XITED STATES AND BRITISH PROVIDES OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM J. RHEES, CHEF CLERK OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 IT CONTAINS AN HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT, WITH A FULL LIST, OF 
 LIBRARIES, 
 
 COLLEGES AND COLLEGE SOCIETIES, 
 
 ACADEMIES, SEMINARIES, AND HIGH SCHOOLS, 
 
 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE DEAF, DUMB, BLIND, INSANE, 
 
 AGRICULTURAL, HISTORICAL, SCIENTIFIC, MERCANTILE, 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN, AND OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Indicating those Libraries .which have received sets of the United States Government pub- 
 lic documents, &c. 
 
 This List is invaluable to all who have circulars, pamphlets, 
 reports, &c., to distribute. 
 
 This volume contains articles on the construction, lighting, heating, and ventilating of 
 Library Buildings ; the arrangement, classification, and catalogues of books : salaries of 
 librarians ; number of volumes in different languages in public libraries ; number and kind 
 of books most read ; statistical tables, and in fact every species of information which could 
 be collected relative to public libraries and institutions. 
 
 It is the result of several years' labor, and the examination of all the material collected 
 by the 
 
 Smithsonian Institution anfr datanment gfprtenis at Masjpjjt0n. 
 
 IT ALSO CONTAINS ACCOUNTS OF 
 
 WITH THE LATEST STATISTICS ; 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOL, MILITARY, AND OTHER LIBRARIES. 
 
 E3F~ The whole forms a large octavo volume of 700 pages, printed and bound in the best 
 style. 
 
 Price Three Dollars per Copy. 
 
 PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 For copies address the Publishers, or 
 
 W. J. RHEES, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
:F:RO:M: isro. 432 
 
 IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 
 173 & 175 GRAND ST., bet. BROADWAY and BOWERY, 
 
 MAKER OF METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS 
 
 TO THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 EVERY VARIETY OF 
 
 Ic^l, ft^ffyehftlic^, ^ ^fyiiogopfylc^l 
 
 ON HAND, AS 
 
 MECHANICAL POWERS, ASTRONOMICAL AND OTHER DIAGRAMS, in greal 
 
 HYDROSTATIC APPARATUS, variety. 
 
 AIR PUMPS OF ALL SIZES, MAGIC' LANTERNS, 
 
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPARATUS, ACHROMATIC AND OTHER MICROSCOPES, 
 
 GALVANIC BATTERIES, SURVEYING COMPASSES, 
 
 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC APPARATUS, DRAWING INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 A PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 SftlfBill 
 
 WITH 
 
 Thermometers, and other Meteorological Instruments, 
 
 Adopted by and made under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, is given in the 
 Annual Report of the Institution for 1855, by Prof. Henry, and will be famished gratuitously, 
 together with meteorological blanks, &c., on application to the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 PRICE LISTS FURNISHED ON APPLICATION, 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE ARE SENT WITH THE INSTRU- 
 MENTS. 
 
*:;*, 
 
 
 rmtmt 
 
 
 :::*** 
 
AlTACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 
 
 t ^mitjjs0ttiatt f notation, 
 
 FOUNDER, BUILDING, OPERATIONS, ETC, 
 
 PREPARED FROM THE 
 
 REPORTS OF PROF. HENRY TO THE REGENTS, AND OTHER AUTHENTIC SOURCES- 
 
 BY WILLIAM J. RHEES. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 THOMAS McGILL, PRINTER. 
 
OFFICERS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN, Ex-Officio Presiding Officer of the Institution. 
 
 ttOGER B. TANEY, Chancellor of the Institution. 
 
 JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary of the Institution. 
 
 SPENCER F. BAIRD, Assistant Secretary. 
 
 W. W. SEATON, Treasurer. 
 
 WILLIAM J. RHEES, Chief Clerk. 
 
 ALEXANDER D. BACHE, } 
 
 JAMES A. PEARCE, I Executive Committee. 
 
 JOSEPH G. TOTTJEN, I 
 
 REGENTS OF THE INSTITUTION. 
 
 JOHN C. BEECKENRIDGE ~~ Vice President of the United States. 
 
 ROGER B. TANEY Chief Justice of the United States. 
 
 JAMES G. BERRET ,.Mayor of the City of Washington. 
 
 JAMES A. PEARCE, . Member of the United States Senate. 
 
 JAMES M. MASON . . _.Member of the United States Senate. 
 
 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, . ~-~ Member of the United States Senate. 
 
 WM. II. ENGLISH,.^-,.,............ _......... ....., Member of the House of Representatives. 
 
 L. J. GARTRELL ~.,~ ~*~ ,Member of the House of Representatives. 
 
 BENJAMIN STANTON , Member of the House of Representatives!. 
 
 GIDEON HAWLEY _, Citizen of New York. 
 
 RICHARD RUSH ~~..... ~- -~ Citizen of Pennsylvania. 
 
 GEORGE E. BADGER ~~r .~.~~ Citizen of North Carolina. 
 
 COP.NELIUS C. FELTON ,.-, Citizen of Massachusetts. 
 
 ALEXANDER D. BACHE.~..~ ~_~ Citizen of Washington. 
 
 JOSEPH G. TOTTEN - Citizen of Washington . 
 
 MEMBERS EX-OFFICIO OF THE INSTITUTION. 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN President of the United States. 
 
 JOHN C. BRECKENRIDGE. Vice President of the United State?. 
 
 LEWIS CASS ~ - Secretary of State. 
 
 HOWELL COBB-..., . Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 JOHN B. FLOYD...~~- ... Secretary of War. 
 
 ISAAC TOUCEY..~.....~ ~ .. Secretary of the Navy. 
 
 JOSEPH HOLT.. ,. Postmaster General. 
 
 JEREMIAH S. BLACK ~ Attorney General. 
 
 ROGER B. TANEY .Chief Justice of the United States. 
 
 W. D. BISHOP- Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 JAMES G. BERRET ,.,. Mayor of the City of Washington. 
 
 HONORARY MEMBERS. 
 
 ROBERT HARE* Pennsylvania* 
 
 WASHINGTON IRVING ^ New York. 
 
 BENJAMIN SILLIMAN .....Connecticrri 
 
 PARKER CLEAVELAND* Maine. 
 
 A. B. LONGSTREET Mississippi. 
 
 JACOB THOMPSON Secretary of ttie Interior. 
 
 * Deceased. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by WHUAM J. RHEES, in the Clerk's Office of th 
 District Court for the District of Columbia. 
 
Q/l 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Smithsonian Institution has attained a world-wide reputation, and its 
 influence and importance are constantly extending. Its publications are found 
 not only in the public libraries of our own land, but also in those of every other 
 civilized country. Its correspondents include some of the most distinguished 
 cultivators of science of the present day, and it is referred to as a center of infor- 
 mation by those who are interested in the pursuit of knowledge. 
 
 Many persons, however, who visit Washington, are but imperfectly acquainted 
 with the history of Smithson, the great object he had in view, the plans adopted 
 to carry out his intentions, and the results already obtained. It is for the pur- 
 pose of furnishing more definite information on these points that this work has 
 been compiled, from the annual reports of the Secretary, Professor HENRY, to the 
 3oard of Regents, and other authentic sources. 
 
 M367992 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
 
 JAMES SMITHSON, the fouudei 
 of the Institution which bears his 
 name and will perpetuate his mem- 
 ory, was a native of London, Eng- 
 land. In his will he states that 
 he was the son of Hugh, first Duke 
 of Northumberland, and Eliza- 
 beth, heiress of the Hungerfords, 
 of Audley, and niece of Charles 
 the Proud, Duke of Somerset. He 
 was educated at Oxford, where he 
 took an honorary degree in 17^6. 
 He went under the name of James 
 Lewis Macie until a few years after 
 he had left the university, when 
 be took that of Smithson, the 
 family name of the Northumberlands. He does not appear to have had any 
 fixed home in England, but travelled much on the continent, occasionally staying 
 a year or two in Paris, Berlin, Florence, etc. He died at Genoa, in 1828, at an 
 advanced age. He is said by Sir Da vies Gilbert, President of the Royal Society, 
 to have rivalled the most expert chemists in minute analysis ; and, as an instance 
 of his skill, it is mentioned that, happening to observe a tear gliding down a 
 lady's cheek, he endeavored to catch it on a crystal vessel ; that half of the drop 
 escaped, but having preserved the other half, he submitted it to close analysis, 
 and discovered in it several salts. He contributed a number of valuable papers 
 to the Royal Society, and also to the Annals of Philosophy, on chemistry, 
 mineralogy, and geology. His scientific reputation was founded on these 
 branches, though from his writings he appears to have studied and reflected upon 
 almost every department of knowledge. He was of a sensitive, retiring disposi- 
 tion; was never married appeared ambitious of making a name for himself. 
 
(j THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 either by his own researches or by founding an institution for the promotion of 
 science. He declared, in writing, that though the best blood of England flowed 
 in his veins, this availed him not, for his name would live in the memory of man 
 when the titles of the Northumberlands and Percies were extinct or forgotten. 
 He was cosmopolitan in his views, and affirmed that the man of science is of no 
 country the world is his country, and all men his countrymen. He proposed 
 at one time to leave his money to the Royal Society of London, for the promotion 
 of science, but on account of a misunderstanding with the council of the Society 
 he changed his mind, and left it to his nephew, and in case o'f the death of this 
 relative, to the United States of America, to found the Institution which now bears 
 his name. 
 
 Ji]e 
 
 The whole amount of money received from the bequest was $515,169 ; and, 
 besides this, 825,000 was left in England as the principal of an annuity to the 
 mother of the nephew of Smithson. This sum will also come to the Institution. 
 The Government of the United States accepted the bequest, or in other words, 
 accepted the office of trustee, and the Hon. Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, was 
 charged with the duty of prosecuting the claim. He remained in attendance on 
 the English courts until the money was awarded to him. He brought it over in 
 sovereigns, deposited it in the Mint of the United States, where it was recoined 
 into American eagles,' thus becoming a part of the currency of the country. 
 
 At the time of the passing of the act establishing the Institution, in 1846, 
 the sum of $'242,000 had accrued in interest, and this the Regents were authorized 
 .to expend on a building. But, instead of appropriating this sum immediately to 
 this purpose, they put it at interest, and deferred the completion of the building 
 for several years, until over $100,000 should be accumulated, the income of 
 which might defray the expenses of keeping the building, and the greater portion 
 of the income of the original bequest be devoted to the objects for which it was 
 desigued. This policy lias been rigidly adhered to, and the result is, that, besides 
 the original sum, and after all that has been devoted to the building, the grounds, 
 and other operations, there is now on hand, of accumulated interest, $125,000, 
 which has been invested in State stocks. 
 
 The bequest, in the language of the testator, was " to found at Washington an 
 establishment, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, for the increase and 
 diffusion of knowledge among men." According to this, the Government of the 
 United States is merely a trustee. The bequest is for the benefit of mankind, and 
 any plan which does not recognize this provision of the will would be illiberal and 
 unjust. The Institution must bear and perpetuate the name of its founder, and 
 hence its operations are kept distinct from those of the General Government, and 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 7 
 
 all the good which results from the expenditure of the funds is accredited to the 
 name of Smithson. 
 
 It will be observed that the object of the bequest is twofold first, to increase, 
 and, second, to diffuse, knowledge among men. These two objects are entirely 
 separate and distinct, and to view the case understandingly the one must not bo 
 confounded with the other. The first is to enlarge the existing stock of knowledge 
 by the addition of new truths, and the second, to disseminate knowledge thus 
 enlarged among men. This distinction is readily acknowledged by men of science, 
 and in Europe different classes of scientific and other societies are founded upon 
 it. The will makes no restriction in favor of any particular kind of knowledge, 
 and hence all branches are entitled to a share of attention. Smithson was well 
 aware that knowledge should not be viewed as existing in isolated parts, but as a 
 whole, each portion of which throws light on all the others, and that the ten- 
 dency of all is to improve the human mind, and to give it new sources of power 
 and enjoyment. A prevalent idea, however, in relation to the will is, that the 
 money was intended exclusively for the diffusion of useful or immediately practi- 
 cal knowledge among the inhabitants of this country, but it contains nothing 
 from which such an inference can be drawn. All knowledge is useful, and the 
 higher the more important. From the enunciation of a single scientific truth 
 may flow a hundred inventions, and the more abstract the truth the more im- 
 portant the deductions. To effect the greatest good, the organization of the In- 
 stitution should be such as to produce results which could not be attained by 
 other means, and inasmuch as the bequest is for men in general, all merely local 
 expenditures are inconsistent with the will. These were the views expressed by the 
 Secretary, Professor Henry, and constantly advocated by him. They were not en- 
 tertained, however, by many, and consequently difficulties have been encountered 
 in carrying them out. A number of literary men thought that a great library should 
 be founded at Washington, and all the money expended on it; others considered a 
 museum the proper object; and another class thought the income should be de- 
 voted to the delivery of lectures throughout the country ; while still another was 
 of opinion that popular tracts should be published and distributed amongst the 
 million. But all these views were advanced without a proper examination of the 
 will, or a due consideration of the smallness of the income. The act of Congress 
 directed the formation of a library, a museum, a gallery of art, lectures, and a 
 building on a liberal scale to accommodate these objects. One clause, however, 
 gave the Regents the power, after the foregoing objects were provided for, to 
 expend the remainder of the income in any way they might think fit for carrying 
 out the design of the testator. The plan they have adopted is to stimulate all 
 persons in this country capable of advancing knowledge by original research to 
 labor in this line ; to induce them to send their results to the Institution for 
 examination and publication; and to assist all persons engaged in original 
 investigations, as far as its means will allow; also to institute, at the ex- 
 pense and under the direction of the Institution, particular researches. This 
 plan has been found eminently practicable, and by means of it the Institution has 
 
8 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 been enabled to produce results which have made it favorably known in every 
 part of the civilized world. 
 
 As an evidence of the above assertion, the following facts are given in a late 
 report of the Eegents to Congress : 
 
 " The Institution has promoted astronomy, by the aid furnished the researches 
 which led to the discovery of the true orbit of the new planet Neptune, and the 
 determination of the perturbations of this planet, and the other bodies of the 
 solar system, on account of their mutual attraction. It has also aided the same 
 branch of science by furnishing instruments and other facilities to the Chilian 
 Expedition, under Lieutenant Gilliss, and by preparing and publishing an ephe- 
 meris of Neptune, which has been adopted by all the astronomers of the world. 
 It has also published maps, and instructions for the observation of eclipses. It 
 has advanced geography, by providing the scientific traveler with the annual 
 lists of occultations of the principal stars by the moon, for the determination of 
 longitude ; by the preparation of tables for ascertaining heights with the barome- 
 ter; and by the collection and publication of important facts relative to the topo- 
 graphy of different parts of the country, particularly of the Valley of the Missis- 
 sippi. It has established an extended system of meteorology, consisting of a 
 corps of several hundred intelligent observers, who are daily noting the phases of 
 tt e weather in every part of the continent of North America. It has imported 
 standard instruments, constructed hundreds of compared thermometers, barometers, 
 and psychrometers, and has furnished improved tables and directions for observ- 
 ing, with their instruments, the various changes of the atmosphere, as to tempera- 
 ture, pressure, moisture, etc. It has collected, and is collecting, from its observers, 
 an extended series of facts, which are yielding deductions of great interest in regard 
 to the climate of this country, and the meteorology of the globe. 
 
 " The Institution has advanced the science of geology, by its researches and 
 original publications. It has made a preliminary exploration of the remarkable 
 region of the Upper Missouri River called the " Bad Lands," and has published 
 a descriptive memoir on the extraordinary remains which abound in that locality. 
 It has assisted in explorations relative to the distribution in this country of the 
 remains of microscopic animals found in immense quantities in different parts of 
 the United States. It has made important contributions to Lotany, by means of 
 the published results of explorations in Texas, New Mexico, and California, and 
 by the preparation and publication of an extended memoir, illustrated with col- 
 ored engravings, on the sea-plants of the coast of North America. It has pub- 
 lished several important original papers on physiology, comparative anatomy, 
 zoology, and different branches of descriptive natural history ; and has prepared 
 and printed, for distribution to travelers and others, a series of directions for col- 
 lecting and preserving specimens. It has advanced terrestrial magnetism, by fur- 
 nishing instruments for determining the elements of the magnetic force, to 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 9 
 
 various exploring expeditions, and by publishing the results of observations made 
 under its direction at the expense of the Government. 
 
 " The Institution has also been instrumental in directing attention to American 
 antiquities, and has awakened such an interest in the subject as will tend to the 
 collection of all the facts which can be gathered relative to the ancient inhabi- 
 tants of this continent. It has also rendered available, for the purposes of the 
 ethnologist and philanthropist, the labors of our missionaries among the Dacotahs, 
 by publishing a volume on the language of this tribe of Indians ; and has done 
 good service to comparative philology, by the distribution of directions for col- 
 lecting Indian vocabularies. 
 
 " It has established an extended system of literary and scientific exchanges, 
 both foreign and domestic, and annually transmits between the most distant 
 societies and individuals thousands of packages of valuable works. It has pre- 
 sented its own publications, free of expense, to all the first class libraries in the 
 world, thus rendering them accessible, as far as possible, to all persons who 
 are interested in their study. No restriction of copyright has been placed on 
 their republication, and the truths which they contain are daily finding their way 
 to the general public through the labor of popular writers and teachers. The 
 distribution of its publications, and its system of exchanges, has served not only to 
 advance and diffuse knowledge, but also to increase the reputation, and conse- 
 quently the influence, of our country to promote a kindly and sympathetic feel- 
 ing between the New World and the Old, alike grateful to the philosopher and 
 the philanthropist. 
 
 " These are the fruits of what is called the system of active operations of the 
 Institution ; and its power to produce other and continuous results is only limited 
 by the amount of the income which can be appropriated to it, since each succeed- 
 ing year has presented new and important fields for its cultivation. All the an- 
 ticipations with regard to it have been more than realized/' 
 
 The following extract from a speech delivered in the House of Representatives, 
 February 27, 1855, by one of the Regents, Hon. William H. English, of Indiana, 
 gives an excellent and comprehensive view of the condition of the Institution : 
 
 * * * " Look at the financial department, where corruption would most 
 likely exist, if it existed at all, and you will find the gratifying fact that it has 
 been so judiciously managed, that, after paying all the current expenses, the funds 
 and property are this day worth double the amount of the original bequest. Where, 
 sir, in this age of extravagant expenditures of public money and deficiency bills 
 will you find a parallel to this ? The Regents are authorized to expend all the 
 accruing interest ; but so far from doing so, they have, by husbanding their re- 
 sources, and by constant watchfulness over the disbursements, actually saved the 
 sum of 8125,000, which they have now on hand to apply as a permanent addition 
 to the principal. What, then, is the result ? A magnificent building, of ample 
 dimensions, has been erected, at a cost of 8300,000. Books, apparatus, and other 
 articles have been provided for the library, museum, laboratory, and gallery of 
 art, worth 885,000. Lecturers have been employed, original researches have 
 
10 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 been made, many valuable and scientific works published and distributed, the 
 current expenses entirely paid, and yet the principal is increased $125,000^ 
 And of the interest expended, I have yet to hear where one dollar was devoted 
 to an improper purpose. Does this look as if the Institution was badly managed? 
 If I am asked what the Institution has done to carry out the object for which it 
 was designed, I reply (hat it has already done much although yet in its infancy. 
 The building is just completed, and it is not to be expected that a great establish- 
 ment, which is to exist as long as this Government itself, is to be built up in a 
 day. The foundation is being laid deep and wide, and the noble work is grad- 
 ually but surely advancing." 
 
 An act of Congress, dated August 10, 1846, provides " that the President and 
 Vice-President of the United States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Postmaster 
 General, the Attorney General, the Chief Justice, and the Commissioner of the 
 Patent Office of the United States, and the Mayor of the City of Washington, 
 during the time for which they shall hold their respective offices, and such other 
 persons as they may elect as honorary members, be and they are hereby constituted 
 an l establishment/ by the name of the ' Smithsonian Institution/' for the in- 
 crease and diffusion of knowledge among men.' 7 
 
 The law also provides for a " Board of Regents," to be composed of the Vice- 
 President of the United States and the Mayor of the City of Washington, during 
 the time for which they shall hold their respective offices, three members of the 
 Senate and three members of the House of Representatives, together with six 
 other persons, other than members of Congress, two of whom shall be members of 
 the National Institute, in the City of Washington, and resident in the said city ; 
 and the other four shall be inhabitants of other States, and no two of them from 
 the same State. 
 
 The Establishment exercises general supervision over the affairs of the Institu- 
 tion. 
 
 The Board of Regents conducts tho business of the Institution, and makes 
 annual reports to Congress. 
 
 The Secretary of the Institution is elected by the Board. 'His duty is to take 
 charge of the building and property, discharge the duty of librarian, keeper of 
 the museum, etc., and has power, by consent of the Regents, to employ assist- 
 ants. 
 
 All laws for the protection of public property in Washington apply to the lands, 
 buildings, and other property of the Institution. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 11 
 
 The Smithsonian building stands on a part of a tract of public land denom. 
 inated "the J/c/-7," and the grounds extend from Seventh to Twelfth streets, east and 
 west, and from the canal to B street, north and south, comprising about fifty-two 
 acres. The center of the building is directly opposite Tenth street, and the site 
 is about twenty feet above the average level of Pennsylvania avenue. 
 
 The style of architecture is that of the last half of the twelfth century, the latest 
 variety of the rounded style, as it is found immediately anterior to its merging into 
 the early Gothic, and is known as the Norman, the Lombard, or Romanesque. The 
 semi-circular arch, stilted, is employed throughout in doors, windows, and other 
 openings. 
 
 It is the first edifice in the style of the twelfth century, and of a character not 
 ecclesiastical, ever erected in this country. 
 
 The main building has in the center of its north front two towers, of which 
 the higher reaches an elevation of about 150 feet. On the south front is a 
 
 massive tower 37 feet 
 square and 91 feet high. 
 On the northeast corner 
 stands a double coinpanile 
 tower, 17 feet square and 
 117 feet high; at the 
 southwest corner an oc- 
 tagonal tower, in which is 
 a spiral stair case. There 
 are nine towers in all. 
 
 The entire length of 
 the building, from east to 
 west, is 447 feet. Its 
 greatest breadth is 160 
 feet. The east wing is 
 82 by 52 feet, and 42 
 feet high to the top ot' its 
 battlement; the west 
 wing, including its pro- 
 jecting apsis, is 84 feet 
 by 40, and 38 feet high, 
 and each of the connect- 
 ing ranges, including its 
 cloister, is 60 feet by 49 
 The main building is 205 
 feet by 57, and, to the 
 top of the corbel course, 
 
 NORTH CENTRAL TOWERS. 58 feet high. 
 
12 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 The building is erected in a very substantial manner. The foundation walls 
 under the main central towers are 12 feet thick at bottom, gradually diminishing 
 to five feet six inches at the surface of the ground, and are sunk eight feet deep. 
 The thickness of the walls of the main building above the water table is two feet 
 and-a-half in the first story, and two feet in the second, exclusive of buttresses, 
 corbel courses, &c The walls of the wings are two feet thick ; of the central towers 
 three feet and a half thick in the first story, diminishing to two feet in the highest 
 story. The roofs are slated. The face of the building is finished in ashlar, laid 
 in courses from 10 to 15 inches in height, and having an average bed of nine 
 inches. 
 
 The material employed is a lilac gray variety of freestone, found in the new red 
 sandstone formation where it crosses the Potomac, near the mouth of Seneca 
 Creek, one of its tributaries, and about twenty -three miles above Washington. 
 When first quarried it is comparatively soft, working freely before the chisel and 
 hammer } but by exposure it gradually indurates, and ultimately acquires tough- 
 ness and consistency, that not only enables it to resist the changes of the atmos- 
 phere, but even the most severe mechanical wear and tear. 
 
 The corner-stone of the building was laid with Masonic ceremonies, on the first 
 of May, 1847, in the presence of President Polk, his Cabinet, and an immense 
 concourse of citizens and strangers. The Grand Master of Masons, who performed 
 the ceremony, wore the apron presented by the Grand Lodge of France to Wash- 
 ington, through La Fayette, and used the gavel employed by Washington when 
 he laid the first corner-stone of the Capitol of the United States. An oration was 
 delivered by the Hon. George Mifflin Dallas, the first Chancellor of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, and now United States Minister to Great Britain. In the course of his 
 remarks Mr. Dallas said: " When, at no distant day, I trust, it shall be seen 
 that within the walls of this building the truths of nature are forced by persever. 
 ing researches from their hidden recesses, mingled with the stock already hoarded 
 by genius and industry, and thence profusely scattered, by gratuitous lectures or 
 publications, for the benefit of all when it shall be seen that here universal 
 science finds food, implements, and a tribune art her spring to invention, her 
 studio, and her models ; and both shall have throngs of disciples from the ranks 
 of our people, emulous for enlightenment, or eager to assist then the condition of 
 our legacy will have been performed, and the wide philanthropy of Smithson have 
 achieved its aim." 
 
 The design, by James Renwick, Jr., of New York, consists of a main center 
 building, two stories high, and two wings, connected by intervening ranges; each 
 of these latter having, on the north or principal front, a cloister, with open 
 stone screen. 
 
 The first story of the main building consists of one large room, 200 feet by 50, 
 and 25 feet high, the ceiling of which is supported by two rows of columns ex- 
 tending the whole length ; at the middle of the space corresponding to the prin- 
 cipal entrances are two wing walls, by which, with the addition of screens, the 
 whole space may be divided into two large rooms, with a hall extending across the 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 13 
 
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 a lit 
 
 
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 Ili^ll! 
 
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14 
 
 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 THE LECTURE ROOM. 
 
 building between them. This story may be used for a library or a museum, or 
 for both, as the wants of the Institution may require. It is finished in a simple 
 but chaste style, and has received general commendation. It is one of the most 
 imposing rooms in this country, apart even from adaptation to its purposes. 
 
 The upper story is divided into three apartments without pillars a lecture- 
 room in the middle, and two rooms, each 50 feet square, on either side. The 
 one on the east is for apparatus, and for meetings of societies, committees, &c. ; 
 that on the west is now occupied by Stanley's Indian Gallery and other collections. 
 
 The whole arrangement of the upper part of the building is made with a view 
 to afford facilities for meetings of associations, which have for their object the 
 promotion, diffusion or application of knowledge. If at any time the space 
 now occupied by the lecture-room should be required for other purposes, the seats 
 and gallery may be removed, and the partition walls, which are unconnected with 
 the roof, may be taken down, and the whole upper story converted into a large hall. 
 
 Ji)e JLectyfe 
 
 The optic and acoustic properties of the lecture-room are unsurpassed by any 
 apartment, intended for the same purpose, in the United States. As has been 
 observed, it is situated in the second story of the main building; it is one hun- 
 cRd feet in length, and, by occupying part of the towers, a width of seventy-five 
 feet has been secured. The ceiling is twenty-five feet high, smooth and unbroken. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 15 
 
 with the exception of an oval opening above to admit light on the platform. It 
 thus powerfully reflects the sound of the speaker's voice to the hearers, and being 
 so low, this reflection blends with the original sound and simply re-enforces it. 
 The general form of the room is fan-shaped, the speaker being near the handle 
 of the fan, on one side of the room. The walls behind and near "him are smooth 
 lath and plaster, giving a powerful but short resonance, which strengthens 
 his voice. Not being parallel, they reduce the reverberation, but send the sound 
 out from the speaker, to increase the volume of his voice until it reaches the fur- 
 thest part of the gallery. The multitude of surfaces directly in front of the 
 speaker gallery, pillars, stair-screens, and the seats of the audience prevent 
 reverberation. The scats are curved, so that each spectator faces the platform ; 
 and the floor is also curved, so that the back seats rise above the front not 
 quite so much as is required by thepanoptic curve of Professor Bache, but as much 
 as the size of the room will allow. The gallery is in the form of a horse-shoe. The 
 architecture of this room is due to Captain Alexander, of the corps of Topo- 
 graphical Engineers, who va- 
 ried the plan until the required 
 conditions were, as nearly as 
 possible, fulfilled. The room 
 will scat fifteen hundred persons, 
 and when crowded will contain 
 upwards of two thousand. Prof. 
 Henry presented a valuable 
 paper on acoustics to the Ameri- 
 can Association for the. Advance- 
 ment of Science, at its meeting 
 in Albany, August, 1856. It 
 gives an account of the princi- 
 ples on which the Smithsonian 
 lecture-room was constructed, 
 and the result of the observations 
 made by Capt. Meigs, Prof. 
 Bache, and Prof. Henry, in rela- 
 tion to the new rooms in the 
 extension of the Capitol. It 
 was published in the transac- 
 tions of the Association, and 
 in the Smithsonian Report for 
 1856. 
 
 The room in the second story 
 of the south tower is used for the 
 meetings of the Board of Re- 
 gents. The offices of the Secre- 
 REOP.XTS- ROOM. tary are in the north tower, im- 
 
16 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 mediately in front of the lecture room ; the library is at the west end ; the natural 
 history department, chemical laboratory, exchange, and publication rooms, at the 
 east end of the building. 
 
 In the room used by the " Regents" and the "Establishment" as a hall for their 
 meetings, are now deposited the personal effects of James Smithson. Here may be 
 seen his trunks, umbrella, walking-cane, sword, plume, riding-whip, a set of silver 
 plate, a miniature chemical laboratory which he used when travelling, thermome- 
 ters, snuff box, scales, candlesticks, &c. 
 
 Hanging in this room is an original painting by Bergham, a rural scene, 
 the property of Smithson, a marble head of St. Cecilia, by Thorwalsden, &c. 
 
 There are also likenesses of Chief Justice Taney, Chancellor of the Institution, 
 Hon. Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, and Senator Pearce, of Maryland, distin- 
 guished alike for their devotion to the interests of the Institution, of which they 
 have been Regents from its organization, and for their valuable public services. 
 
 Jfye JLS 
 
 This portion of the establishment has been well filled by purchase, donation, 
 the copyright law, and exchange. It now contains 25,000 very valuable vol- 
 umes, and is rapidly becoming of much value in its special sphere of usefulness. 
 In relation to it, the Secretary, in his report for 1855, says : 
 
 " It is the present intention of the Regents to render the Smithsonian Library 
 the most extensive and perfect collection of transactions and scientific works in 
 this country, and this it will be enabled to accomplish by means of its exchanges, 
 which will furnish it with all the current journals and publications of societies, 
 while the separate series may be completed in due time as opportunity and means 
 may offer. The Institution has already more complete sets of transactions of 
 learned societies than are to be found in the oldest libraries in the United States, 
 and on this point we speak on the authority of one of the first bibliographers of 
 the day. This plan is in strict accordance with the general policy of the Institution, 
 viz : to spend its funds on objects which cannot as well be accomplished by other 
 means, and has commended itself to those who are able to appreciate its merits, 
 and who are acquainted with the multiplicity of demands made upon the limited 
 income of the Smithsonian fund. In a letter, after a visit to Washington, the 
 bibliographer before alluded to remarks : ' My previous opinions as to the judicious- 
 ness of the system pursued by the Smithsonian Institution, in every respect, were 
 more than confirmed. I hope you will not change in the least. Your exchanges 
 will give you the most important of all the modern scientific publications, and 
 the older ones can be added as you find them necessary. The Library, I think ; 
 should be confined strictly to works of science/ ' 
 
 Besides books, the Library contains engravings, maps, music, and other articles 
 connected with the art of printing. The collection of engravings and works upon 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 17 
 
 THE LIBRARY. 
 
 the history of art is believed to be one of the choicest in the country. It was 
 made by an American gentleman distinguished as a scholar no less than as a 
 statesman, with a special design of illustrating the process and resources of the 
 art of engraving, in all its branches, from its early masters to its present time. 
 This collection contains some of the best works of nearly every engraver of much 
 celebrity. There is one portfolio of the works of Albert Durer, containing twenty 
 engravings on copper and two on iron by his own hand and among them most 
 of his best and rarest works ; about sixty fine copies on copper, including the 
 famous seventeen by Marc Antonio ; thirteen different portraits of Durer, and a 
 large number of wood cuts engraved by him or under his inspection. Another port- 
 folio contains a large collection of the etchings of Rembrandt, including some of 
 his most beautiful pieces, particulary the " Christ Healing the Sick," an early 
 and fine impression. There is a portfolio of two hundred engravings and etchings, 
 by Claude Lorraine, Hollar, and Bega; a portfolio of superb portraits by Nanteuil, 
 Wille, Edelink, and others, among them a first impression of the " Louis XIV in 
 
18 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 armor/' by Nanteuil ; a portfolio of prints from the old Italian masters, comprising 
 many that are extremely rare ; and another from the old German masters, containing 
 about one hundred prints, many of them scarce and of great beauty. There are, 
 besides, five portfolios of sheet engravings, including very choice prints. Among 
 them are thirty r one which are valued by Longhi at fifteen hundred dollars. 
 
 Among the galleries and published collections, are the " Musee Royal," in two 
 volumes folio, proofs before the letter, a superb copy ; Denon's " Monumens des 
 Arts du Dessin," in four volumes folio, of which only two hundred and fifty copies 
 were published ; Baillie's Works, one hundred plates, folio ; Thorwaldsen's 
 Works, four volumes, folio ; Hogarth's Works, folio, and the German edition in 
 quarto ; The Boydell Gallery, two volumes, folio ; Boydell's " Shakspeare Gal- 
 lery," a remarkably good copy, containing many proofs before the letter, numerous 
 etchings and several progressive plates ; Claude's " Liber Veritatis," an original 
 copy, three volumes, folio ; The Houghton Gallery, two volumes, folio ; Cham- 
 berlain's Drawings in the Royal Collection, one volume, folio; Rembrandt's 
 Drawings, one volume, quarto; Da Vinci's Drawings, one volume, quarto; 
 " Galerie de Florence ;" Angerstein Gallery ; Ancient Sculpture, by the Dilet- 
 tanti Society; Perrault's "Hommes Illustres;" Sadeler's Hermits; " Theuer- 
 dank," a fine copy of the very rare edition of 1519 ; Meyrick's Armor ; Hope's 
 Ancient Costumes, and more than one hundred volumes besides, mostly in folio 
 or quarto, either composed entirely of valuable engravings, or in which the text is 
 published for the sake of the illustrations of fine or decorative art. 
 
 The collection of critical and historical works, in the various departments of 
 the fine arts, comprises several hundred volumes of the best works in the English, 
 French, German, and Italian languages, including whatever is mostly needed by 
 the student of art in all its branches. 
 
 The Library is open to the public from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. daily, except Sunday. 
 
 The busts in the Library represent the Hon. Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice 
 of the United States and Chancellor of the Institution ; Robert Fulton, Com- 
 modore Decatur, Joel Barlow, Thomas Jefferson, Daniel Webster, Milton, Thor- 
 walsden, and Benjamin Hallowell. 
 
 The visitor will find in the Reading-room, which adjoins the Library, the 
 leading periodicals, and particularly the scientific journals published in the world. 
 
 In this room may be seen a portrait of Smithson, representing him in the 
 costume of a student of Oxford, which was probably painted when he was not 
 more than twenty years of age. This portrait was purchased for thirty guineas, 
 for the Institution, by the Hon. Abbot Lawrence, from the widow of John Fitall, 
 a servant of Smithson mentioned in his will. There is also in possession of the 
 Institution a medallion of Smithson, in copper, taken in after life. 
 
 On the west porch, adjoining the Reading-room, are several idols from Central 
 America, presented to the Institution by E. G. Squier, late United States Minis- 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 19 
 
 THE READING ROOM. 
 
 ter to Nicaragua. The largest statue, carved in black basalt, was obtained from 
 the Island of Momotombita, in Lake Managua, where there was a temple or sacred 
 place. The figure with the sphinx-like head-dress is also from the same locality. 
 One or two of the other statues, by the Indians of the Pueblo of Subtiava, near 
 Leon, having been buried a great number of years, and the locality carefully con- 
 cealed, they are somewhat mutilated. A small group of these monuments exists 
 in the depths of the forest midway between Leon and the Pacific, which is still 
 secretly visited by the Indians for the performance of dances and other rites 
 pertaining to their primitive religion. The small figure resembling some animal 
 couchant was, until very recently, preserved on a remarkable rock on the side of 
 the volcano of Omatepec, and regarded with high veneration by the Indians. It 
 was only after many years of search that the priests were able to find and remove 
 it. The granite vase, distinguished by the ornaments called grecques by Hum- 
 boldt, (and which characterize the ruins at Mitla, in Mexico,) was dug up near 
 the city of Nicaragua. The spot had been a cemetery of the ancient inhabitants. 
 
20 
 
 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 Another relic of the same material, and with a like style of ornament, accompanies 
 the vase, and was found in the same neighborhood. It seems to have been de- 
 signed as a pedestal for a small statue. There are also several vases, in which 
 the bones and ashes of the dead were packed after the decomposition of the flesh 
 or after burning. 
 
 The largest and most elaborate monuments in Nicaragua exist in the little 
 Island of Pensacola, near the base of the extinct volcano of Momobacho. They 
 weigh a number of tons each, and are distinguished as being wrought from blocks 
 of sandstone a material which is not found on the island. Two of the statues 
 of the Smithsonian collection are from the Island of Zapatero, in Lake Nicaragua, 
 where once existed one of the most imposing aboriginal temples of the country. 
 Here, among the ruins of the teocalli, or high-places of the former inhabitants, 
 were found entire statues, besides the fragments of many others, several broken 
 sacrificial stones, etc. 
 
 The Smithsonian Institution is now in possession of the best collection of the 
 larger North American and European mammalia, both skins and skeletons, to be 
 found in the United States. In birds it is only second to the collection of the 
 Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences the latter being without doubt the 
 most extensive and perfect now extant. Of fish the Smithsonian has a greater 
 number than is to be found in any cabinet, except that of Professor Agassiz. 
 
 THE MUSEUM. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 21 
 
 LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 It should be understood that the Smithsonian Institution does not enter upon 
 grounds already occupied, and therefore it is not an object to collect specimens 
 promiscuously, or those usually found in other museums. Hence the collection of 
 this Institution is not attractive to the general visitor and curiosity seeker; but the 
 student of natural history will here find much that will be sought in vain else- 
 where. Duplicate specimens are often exchanged for those in other collections, 
 and all the objects are open for the study and examination of those engaged in 
 this line of research. Applications for such facilities are numerous, and have al- 
 ways been granted. The preparation of most of the important papers on natural 
 history published within a few years in this country has been aided in this way 
 by the Institution. 
 
 The act of Congress establishing the Institution provides as follows : 
 
 SEC. 6. That, in proportion as suitable arrangements can be made for their reception, all 
 objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, 
 and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging, or hereafter to belong, to the United 
 States, which may be in the city of Washington, in whosesoever custody the same may be, 
 shall be delivered to such persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive 
 them, and shall be arranged in such order, and so classed, as best facilitate the exam- 
 ination and study of them, in the building so as aforesaid to be erected for the Institution ; 
 and the Regents of said Institution !?hall afterwards, as new specimens in natural history, 
 geology, or minerology, may be obtained for the museum of the Institution, by exchange of 
 duplicate specimens belonging to the Institution, (which they are hereby authorized to 
 make,) or by any donation, which they may receive, or otherwise, cause such new specimens 
 to be also appropriately classed and arranged. 
 
22 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 Under these provisions, tlie Institution has received and taken charge of such 
 government collections in mineralogy, geology, and natural history as have been 
 made since its organization. The amount of these has been very great, as all the 
 United States Geological, Boundary and Railroad Surveys, with the various topo- 
 graphical, military, and naval explorations, have been, to a greater or less extent, 
 ordered to make such collections as would illustrate the physical and natural his- 
 tory features of the regions traversed. 
 
 Of the collections made by thirty government expeditions, those of twenty-five 
 are now deposited with the Smithsonian Institution, embracing more than five- 
 sixths of the whole amount of materials collected. The principal expeditions thus 
 furnishing collections are the United States Geological Surveys of Doctors Owen, 
 Jackson, and Evans, and of Messrs. Foster and Whitney ; the United States and 
 Mexican Boundary Survey ; the Pacific Railroad Survey ; the Exploration of the 
 Yellow Stone, by Lieutenant Warren ; the Survey of Lieutenant Bryan ; the 
 United States Naval Astronomical Expedition ; the North Pacific Behring Straits 
 Expedition ; the Japan Expedition, and the Paraguay Expedition. 
 
 The Institution has also received, from other sources, collections of greater or 
 less extent, from various portions of North America, tending to complete the 
 government series. 
 
 The collections thus made, taken as a whole, constitute the largest and best* 
 series of the minerals, fossils, rocks, animals, and plants of the entire continent 
 of North America, in the world. Many tons of geological and mineralogical 
 specimens, illustrating the surveys throughout the West, are embraced therein. 
 There is also a very large collection of minerals of the mining regions of Northern 
 Mexico, and of New Mexico, made by a practical Mexican geologist, during a period 
 of twenty-five years, and furnishing indications of many rich mining localities 
 within our own borders, yet unknown to the American people. 
 
 It includes, also, with scarcely an exception, all the vertebrate animals of North 
 America, among them many specimens each of the Grizzly, Cinniman, and Black 
 Bears ; the Panther, Jaguar, Ocelot, and several species of Lynx or Wildcat ; 
 the Elk, the Mexican, Virginian, White-tailed, Black-tailed, and Mule Deer; the 
 Antelope, Rocky Mountain Goat and Sheep; several species of Wolves and 
 Foxes, the Badger, Beaver, Porcupine, Prairie Dog, Gopher, and also about seven 
 hundred species of American Birds, four hundred of Reptiles, and eight hundred 
 of Fishes, embracing Salmon, Trout, Pike, Pickerel, White Fish, Muskalonge, 
 Bass, Redfish, &c. 
 
 The greater part of the Mammalia have been arranged in walnut drawers, 
 made proof against dust and insects. The birds have been similarly treated, 
 hile the reptiles and fish have been classified, as, to some extent, have also been 
 the shells, minerals, fossils, and plants. 
 
 The Museum hall is quite large enough to contain all the collections hitherto 
 made, as well as such others as may be assigned to it. No single room in the 
 country is, perhaps, equal to it in capacity or adaptation for its purposes, as, by 
 the arrangements now being perfected, and denoted in the illustration, it is capa- 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 23 
 
 ble of receiving twice as large a surface of cases as the old Patent Office hall, and 
 three times that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. When 
 completely fitted, and specimens finally placed, the whole, taken together, will 
 present a most imposing appearance. 
 
 Congress,, in March, 1857, made an appropriation for the construction of suita- 
 ble cases in the Smithsonian hall to contain the collection of the South Sea Ex- 
 ploring Expedition and others belonging to the Government. These will soon 
 be transferred and appropriately arranged. The immense collection already in 
 the Smithsonian Institution, although accessible to naturalists, and in constant 
 use by them, has, for want of these cases, not been fully displayed to the 
 public. 
 
 In the Museum hall may be seen a meteorite, the largest specimen in this 
 country next to the Texas meteorite at Yale College. 
 
 It was brought to this country by Lieutenant Couch, of the United States 
 Army, he having obtained it at Saltillo. It was said to have come from the Sancha 
 estate, some fifty or sixty miles from Santa Rosa, in the north of Coahuila ; 
 various accounts were given of the precise locality, but none seemed very satisfac- 
 tory. When first seen by Lieutenant Couch, it was used as an anvil, and had 
 been originally intended for the Society of Geography and Statistics in the city of 
 Mexico. It is said, that where this mass was found there are many others of 
 enormous size ; but such stories, however, are to be received with many allow- 
 ances. Mr. Weidner, of the mines of Freiberg, states, that near the southwestern 
 edge of the Balson de Mapimi, on the route to the mines of Parral, there is a 
 meteorite near the road of not less than a ton weight. Lieutenant Couch also 
 states, that the intelligent, but almost unknown, Dr. Berlandier, writes in his 
 journal of the Commission of Limits, that at the hacienda of Venagas, there was 
 (1827) a piece of iron that would make a cylinder one yard in length, with a 
 diameter of ten inches. It was said to have been brought from the mountains 
 near the hacienda. It presented no crystalline structure, and was quite ductile. 
 
 Prof. J. Lawrence Smith, of the Medical Department of the University of 
 Louisville, gives the following account of this meteorite : " It weighs 252 pounds, 
 and from several flattened places I am led to suppose that pieces have been de- 
 
 .METEORITE FROM COAHUILA. MEXICO. 
 
24 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 tached. The surface, although irregular in some places, is rather smooth, with 
 only here and there thin coatings of rust, and, as might be expected, but very 
 feeble evidence of chlorine, and that only on one or two spots. The specific 
 gravity is 7.81. It is highly crystalline, quite malleable, and not difficult to cut 
 with a saw. Its surface etched with nitric acid, presents the Widmannstattian 
 figures, finely specked between the lines, resembling the representation we have of 
 the etched surface of Hauptinannsdorf iron. Schreibersite is visible, but so in- 
 serted in the mass that it cannot be readily detected by mechanical means. Hy- 
 drochloric acid leaves a residue of beautifully brilliant patches of this mineral." 
 
 Prof. Smith, in a lecture on meteorites at the Smithsonian Institution, published 
 in the Annual Report for 1855, advocates the theory of their lunar origin. 
 
 The Apparatus-room contains a large and valuable collection of instruments, 
 prominent among which is the munificent donation of Dr. Robert Hare, of Philadel- 
 phia, who, when he resigned the Chair of Chemistry in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, which he filled with honor to himself and his country for nearly thirty years, 
 presented to the Smithsonian the instruments of research and illustration collected 
 and used by himself during his long and successful scientific career. The gift was 
 important, not only on account of its intrinsic value, but also as establishing a pre- 
 cedent which should be frequently observed by others. Besides the above, there is 
 a full set of pneumatic instruments, of superior size and workmanship, constructed 
 expressly for the Institution, by Mr. Chamberlain, of Boston; a set of ingenious 
 
 THE APPARATUS ROOM. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 25 
 
 instruments for illustrating 
 wave motion ; a large electri- 
 cal machine; Page's Electro- 
 Magnetic instrument, &c., 
 There is also in this room a 
 large Fresnel Lens, such as 
 is used in light-houses, and 
 various instruments for the 
 illustration of light, heat, 
 sound, dia-magnetism, etc. 
 
 GERMAN STEAM ELEC- 
 TRICAL MACHINE. 
 
 The Institution has just 
 imported from Carlsruhe, 
 Germany, a HYDRO-ELEC- 
 TRIC machine which was 
 constructed byC. Eisenlohr 
 expressly to order. The 
 effects which can be pro- 
 duced by this machine, are 
 wonderful. 
 
 It consists principally of 
 a tubular steam boiler rest- 
 ing upon glass columns, to 
 secure insulation. The 
 boiler is to be about two- 
 thirds filled with the purest 
 water, which is then heated, 
 and the pressure of steam 
 required is equal to six at- 
 mospheres. The steam at 
 this high pressure is allowed 
 to escape through very small 
 openings. The electricity is 
 thus produced by the friction 
 of the particles of water 
 against the inner surface of the orifices of the jet pieces, through which the steam 
 issues. The least quantity of oil will destroy the friction, and prevent the devel- 
 opment of electricity. This machine gives a constant succession of sparks, and 
 charges a battery of sixteen large jars in thirty seconds. 
 
 HARE'S ELECTRICAL MACHINE. 
 In the apparatus-room, the most prominent object is a large electrical machine 
 
 GERMAN STEAM ELECTRICAL MACHINE. 
 
26 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 on an elevated platform. This instrument was constructed by Dr. Robert Hare, 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 HAEE'S ELECTRICAL MACHINE. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 27 
 
 THE PICTURE GALLERY. 
 
 Hie &iiieHj of 
 
 Besides a library, a museum, lectures, etc., among the earliest plans was 
 the formation of a Gallery of Art, and, in accordance with this, a large room 
 was devoted to this purpose. It was also determined that for .the purpose of 
 encouraging art, artists might exhibit their pictures here free of expense. 
 The feature of this gallery is the very interesting series of portraits, mostly 
 full size, of over one hundred- and fifty North American Indians, with sketches 
 of scenery, deposited by the artist who painted them, Mr. J. M. Stanley. These 
 portraits were all taken from life, and are accurate representations of the 
 peculiar features of prominent individuals of forty-three different tribes, in- 
 habiting the Southwestern prairies, New Mexico, California, and Oregon. The 
 faithfulness of the likenesses has been tested by a number of intelligent 
 persons who have visited the gallery, and have immediately recognized among 
 the portraits those of the individuals with whom they have been personally 
 acquainted. The artist expended in the work of obtaining these pictures ten 
 years of his life, and perseveringly devoted himself to the task in the face of diffi- 
 culties and dangers which enthusiasm in the pursuit could alone enable him to 
 encounter. 
 
 The catalogue of the pictures will be found in the appendix. 
 
 In this room is also deposited a marble statue, a copy of the celebrated work 
 of art in Rome, the " DYING GLADIATOR." It was executed by an English sculp- 
 tor, Jno. Gott. 
 
 On the grounds near the Institution is a small building resembling a co f tage. 
 which is the above establishment. It principally consists, to secure an equable 
 temperature, of an under-ground room, inclosed within two walls, between which 
 
28 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 a current of air is allowed to pass, in order to prevent dampness. It has been 
 supplied with a set of apparatus for determining the continued variations in di- 
 rection and intensity of terrestrial magnetism. By a very ingenious application 
 of the photographic process, the invention of Mr. Brooks, of England, the instru- 
 ments are made to record, on a sheet of sensitive paper moved by clock work, 
 their own motions. First, to determine the variations of direction of the horizontal 
 magnet ; a steel bar, strongly magnetized, is suspended by several fibers of un- 
 twisted silk, so as to have perfect freedom of motion in the horizontal plane, and 
 from a gas-light, kept perpetually burning, a single ray of light is thrown upon 
 the concave mirror permanently attached to the magnetic bar, and consequently 
 oartaking of its movements. This ray of light is reflected and brought to a focus 
 . f he surface of a revolving cylinder, moved by clock work, on which the photo- 
 gru .'C paper is placed. When the magnet is at rest, the pencil of light is sta- 
 tionary, and consequently traces on the moving paper a simple straight line ; but 
 vs'hen the magnet is disturbed by the terrestrial perturbations, its oscillations are 
 recorded by the motion of the pencil of light in a curved or zig-zag line. 
 
 'JL -egister the intensity or strength of the magnetic force, another bar magnet 
 is suspended by two parallel silk threads, about an inch apart, descending from 
 two hooks fastened to the under side of a plate attached to the ceiling, or some 
 other support. The plate is then made to revolve through an arc of a circle, until, 
 by the force of torsion, the magnet is deflected from a north and south to an east 
 and west direction. It is thus kept yi a state of equilibrium between the force of 
 ^rsion of the threads, tending to turn its north end around still further to the 
 south ; and the magnetism of the earth, on the other hand, tending to bring it 
 back to its north and south direction. If in this position the magnetism of the 
 earth becomes stronger, it will prevail, and the north end of the needle will turn 
 ard the north. If the magnetism of the earth diminishes in intensity, the 
 f torsion will prevail, and the same end will move toward the south. These 
 motiou>. as in the case of the other magnet, are recorded by a beam of light on 
 the paper surface of the revolving cylinder. But, besides the change of direction 
 of the horizontal needle, a magnet, so supported as to be free to take any position, 
 is latitude will arrange itself -with its end dipping toward the horizon. The 
 ^mouu^ ol rhis dip, or variation, varies also in different places, and at different 
 times ; and to record these changes a bar is supported in the direction of the mag- 
 net north and south, on two knife edges, like the beam of a balance. Any change 
 which takes place in the position of a magnet thus arranged is recorded by a 
 mirror attached to the prolongation of the axes on which the bar turns. 
 
 It is proposed to keep these instruments constantly in operation, for the purpose 
 of comparing results with observations of a similar character in different parts 
 of the work 1 and also for the purpo? i furnishing a standard to . hich the ob- 
 servations ade at various points } ; o Coast Survey, and the differ, it scientific 
 . which are now in - .ross in the western portions of th United 
 -iy be referred, and v a which they may be compared. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 29 
 
 On account of the delicate and peculiar nature of the apparatus employed, the 
 Magnetic Observatory is not accessible to the public. 
 
 Observations are made at 7 A. M., 2 and 9 P. M. every day, of the barometer, 
 thermometer, psychrometer, the direction of the wind, clouds, amount of rain, etc. 
 These observations are carefully computed, together with those received from the 
 Smithsonian corps of observers in every part of the country ; and the material 
 is thus accumulating for a valuable work on the meteorology of the United States. 
 Blanks, instructions, and tables are furnished gratuitously to persons who will 
 make observations. Instruments are supplied when requested, but at the expense 
 of the parties ordering the income of the Institution being, as yet, insufficient 
 to meet such and other like desirable outlays. 
 
 THE GREAT BAROMETER. 
 
 The instrument noticed in the hall, near the entrance, is a Sulphuric Acid Bar- 
 ometer, constructed by James Green, 173 Grand st., N. Y., expressly for the In- 
 stitution. 
 
 The glass tube is 240 inches long, and f ths of an inch in diameter, and is enclosed 
 in a cylindrical brass case of the same length, and 2 inches diameter. The glass 
 tube is secured in the axis of the brass case by a number of cork collars, placed 
 at intervals, which while they prevent all lateral displacement of the tube, enable 
 it to be moved upwards and downwards for the adjustment of the zero-point. 
 
 The reservoir consists of a cylindrical glass bottle of four inches in diameter, 
 with two openings at the top ; one in the^ axis to admit the lower end of the long 
 tube, which is tapered to about one-half of the general diameter, the other to 
 transmit the varying pressure of the atmosphere. 
 
 The scale for reading the elevation is divided into inches and tenths, and by 
 means of a vernier, moved by a rack and pinion, the variations can be measured 
 to a hundredth of an inch, and estimated to a still smaller division. 
 
 The drying apparatus, placed between the external air and the interior of the 
 reservoir, consists of a tubulated bottle with two openings, containing chloride of 
 calcium, and connected with the reservoir by an india-rubber tube, by which ar- 
 rangement the air is deprived of its moisture. 
 
 To ascertain the temperature of the column of the liquid, two thermometers are 
 attached, one at the top and the other near the bottom. 
 
 The advantages of the use of sulphuric acid are 
 
 1st. That it gives off no appreciable vapor at any atmospheric temperature; 
 and 2nd. That it does not absorb or transmit air. 
 
 A full account of this instrument is given in the proceedings of the American 
 Association, for the advancement of science, published by Jos. Lovering, Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., 1857, p. 135. 
 
 On the top of the high tower of the Smithsonian building, and also on the 
 grounds connected with it, may be seen a number of RAIN GAGES. 
 
 Several forms of this instrument have been used, but the one which has been 
 found the best, under all circumstances, is shown in the annexed fi gure. 
 
30 
 
 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 It consists of 
 
 1. A large brass cylinder a, b, c, c?, two 
 inches in diameter, to catch the rain. 
 
 2. A smaller brass cylinder e, f y for 
 receiving the water, and reducing the 
 diameter of the column, to allow a greater 
 accuracy in measuring the height. 
 
 3. A whalebone scale s, s, divided by 
 experiment, so as to indicate tenths and 
 hundredths of an inch of rain. 
 
 4. A wooden cylinder w, w y to be in- 
 serted permanently in the ground for the 
 protection and ready adjustment of the in- 
 strument. 
 
 To facilitate the transportation, the 
 larger cylinder is attached to the smaller 
 by a screw-joint at e. 
 This instrument is made by James Green, New York, and is sold for $3 00. 
 Several hundred of these gages have been distributed by the Institution and U. 
 S. Patent Office. 
 
 On one of the towers may be seen an ANEMOMETER, or self-registering in- 
 strument, for denoting the direction and velocity of the wind. This apparatus 
 was constructed for the Institution, by Dr. Charles Smallwood, of Montreal, pre- 
 cisely like one he has in use at his observatory in that city. 
 
 The system of international exchange, planned and perfected by the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, has become very important in its results. In fact, it is now 
 the principal medium of communication between the scientific and literary associa- 
 tions of the Old and New World. Lately the number of societies availing them- 
 selves of these facilities has largely increased including, among others, nearly 
 all the State Agricultural Societies of America, publishing transactions. This 
 result has been produced by circulars which the Institution issued, to make 
 this system more generally known Copious returns are being constantly re- 
 ceived from the societies abroad ; and an intercourse is thus established which 
 cannot fail to produce valuable results, both in an intellectual and moral point 
 of view. The packages from the Smithsonian are admitted duty free to all 
 parts of the Continent of Europe a certified invoice of contents by the Sec- 
 retary being all that is required to pass them through the Custom Houses. On 
 the other hand, all packages addressed to the Institution arriving at the ports 
 of the United States, are admitted, without detention, duty free. Thus it will be 
 observed that the system of exchange is the most extensive and efficient that has 
 ever been established in any country. Its effects on our national character and rep- 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 31 
 
 . 
 
 utation can scarcely be too highly estimated ; for its influence, though silent, is 
 felt in every part of the globe where science and literature are cultivated. 
 
 Several of the ocean steam navigation and a portion of our inland forwarding 
 and transportation companies, in acknowledgment for the benefits they have re- 
 ceived, as also to mark their high appreciation of the efforts of the Institution 
 to promote knowledge, have carried the freight to and from Washington free of 
 charge. We are pleased to record this fact, so honorable to the parties interested, 
 and trust all their co-laborers will speedily follow their excellent example. 
 
 In the first report presented by Professor Henry to the Regents, he urged as a 
 leading feature of the operations of the Institution, the publication of memoirs and 
 periodical reports, the result of the labors of those engaged in original research. 
 The advantages of this plan were stated as follows : 
 
 " In the first place it will serve to render the name of the founder favorably 
 known wherever literature and science are cultivated, and keep it in continual re- 
 membrance with each succeeding volume, as long as knowledge is valued. A 
 single new truth, first given to the world through these volumes will forever 
 stamp their character as a work of reference. The contributions will thus form 
 the most befitting monument to perpetuate the name of one whose life was de- 
 voted to the increase of knowledge, and whose ruling passion, strong in death, 
 prompted the whole bequest intended to facilitate the labors of others in the same , 
 pursuit 
 
 THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 
 
32 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 " Again, the publication of a series of volumes of original memoirs will afford 
 to the Institution the most ready means of entering into friendly relations and 
 correspondence with all learned societies in the world, and of enriching its library 
 with their current transactions and proceedings. But perhaps the most important 
 effect of the plan will be that of giving to the world many valuable memoirs, 
 which, on account of the expense of the illustrations, could not be otherwise pub- 
 lished. Every one who adds new and important truths to the existing stock of 
 knowledge, must be of necessity, to a certain degree, in advance of his age. Hence 
 the number of readers and purchasers of a work, is often in the inverse ratio of 
 its intrinsic value, and consequently authors of the highest rank of merit, are 
 frequently deterred from giving heir productions to the world on account of the 
 pecuniary loss to which the publication would subject them. When our distin- 
 guished countrymen, Bowditch, contemplated publishing his commentaries on La 
 Place, he assembled his family and informed them that the execution of his design 
 would sacrifice one-third of his fortune, and it was proper that his heirs should be 
 consulted on a matter which so nearly concerned them. The answer was worthy 
 the children of such a father. ' We value/ said they, t your reputation more 
 than your money.' Fortunately in this instance the means of making such a sac- 
 rifice existed ; otherwise one of the proudest monuments of American science could 
 not have been given to the world. In a majority of cases, however, those who are 
 most capable of extending human knowledge are least able to incur the expense of 
 its publication. Wilson, the American ornithologist, states in a letter to Michaux, 
 that he has sacrificed everything to publish his work. 1 1 have issued/ says he, 
 * six volumes, and am now engaged on the seventh ; but as yet I have not received 
 a tingle cent of the proceeds/ The following remarks, which are directly to this 
 point, occur in an address on the subject of natural history, by one of the most 
 active cultivators of this branch of knowledge : ( Few are acquainted with the fact 
 that from the small number of scientific works sold, and the great expense of the 
 plates, our naturalists not only are not paid for their labors, but suffer pecuniary 
 loss from their publications. Several works on the different branches of zoology, 
 now in the course of publication, will leave their authors losers by an aggregate 
 of $15,000. I do not include in this estimate works already finished one, for 
 instance, the best contribution to the natural history of man, extant, the publica- 
 tion of which will occasion its accomplished author a loss of several thousand dol- 
 lars. A naturalist is extremely fortunate if he can dispose of two hundred copies 
 of an illustrated work, and the number of copies printed rarely exceeds two hun- 
 dred and fifty." 
 
 The Smithsonian publications are presented to learned societies, public libraries, 
 and other institutions in all parts of the world, and can be purchased by indi- 
 viduals, at about the cost of paper, printing, and binding. If circumstances 
 admitted, the Regents would give a much more extended circulation to their 
 publications ; but their limited means prevent it. The fact must not be lost sight 
 of that this is only one of their many operations. The cost of the publication by 
 government of the Patent Office Report is more than quadruple the whole in- 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 3S 
 
 come of the Smithsonian Institution. Each memoir is printed separately, and 
 with a separate title and paging, so that it can be distributed to persons most in- 
 terested in its perusal as soon as it comes from the press, without waiting for the 
 completion of the volume to which it belongs. In this way the author is enabled 
 to present a full account of his discoveries to the world, with the least possible 
 delay ; while, by the rules of the Institution, he is allowed to publish an abstract 
 of his paper in the proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement 
 of Science, or in those of any properly organized society. The number of copies 
 of the Smithsonian publications distributed is greater than that of the transactions 
 of any scientific or literary society ; and, therefore, the Institution offers the best 
 medium to be found for diffusing a knowledge of scientific discoveries. Every 
 memoir published is issued with the stamp of approval of a commission of compe- 
 tent judges ; and, in order to secure a cautious and candid opinion, the name of 
 the author, and those of the examiners are not made known to each other unless 
 a favorable report is given ; and in this case, the names of the commission are 
 printed, as vouchers for the character of the memoir, on the reverse of the title 
 page. This plan secures an untrammeled expression of opinion, while it induces 
 caution on account of the responsibility which it involves. 
 
 RULES OF DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The following rules have been adopted for the distribution of the quarto vol- 
 umes of the Smithsonian Institution : 
 
 1. They are to be presented to all learned societies which publish transactions, 
 and give copies of these in exchange to the Institution. 
 
 2. To all foreign libraries of the first class, provided they give in exchange their 
 catalogues or other publications, or an equivalent in their duplicate volumes. 
 
 3. To all the colleges in actual operation in this country, provided they furnish 
 in return, meteorological observations, catalogues of their libraries and their stu- 
 dents, and all other publications issued by them relative to their organization and 
 history. 
 
 4. To all States and Territories, provided there be given, in return, copies of 
 all documents published under their authority. 
 
 5. To all incorporated public libraries in this country, not included in any of 
 the foregoing classes, containing more than 7000 volumes ; and to smaller libra- 
 ries, where a whole State or large district would be otherwise unsupplied. 
 
 6. Separate memoirs are sometimes presented to minor institutions. 
 
 There is one part of the Smithsonian operations that attracts no public atten- 
 tion, though it is producing, it is believed, important results in the way of diffusing 
 knowledge, and is attended, perhaps, with more labor than any other part. This 
 is the scientific correspondence of the Institution. Scarcely a day passes in which 
 communications are not received from persons in different parts of the country, 
 containing accounts of discoveries, which are referred to the Institution, or asking 
 8 
 
34 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 questions relative to some branch of knowledge. The rule was early adopted to 
 give respectful attention to every letter received, and this has been faithfully ad- 
 hered to from the beginning up to the present time. 
 
 These communications relate to a great variety of subjects. Any topic which 
 strongly excites the attention of the public at a given time, such as the announce- 
 ment in the papers of a wonderful discovery, or an important invention which 
 promises to introduce extensive changes in the useful arts, is sure to bring upon 
 the Institution an increase of labor in the way of correspondence. The ordinary 
 inquiries addressed to the Secretary relate to the principles of mechanics, electri- 
 city, magnetism, meteorology, names of specimens of plants, minerals, insects, and, 
 in short, to all objects or phenomena of a remarkable or unusual character. 
 
 Requests are frequently made for lists of apparatus, for information as to the 
 best books for the study of special subjects, hints for the organization of local 
 societies, &c. Applications are also made for information by persons abroad rela- 
 tive to particular subjects respecting this country. When an immediate reply 
 cannot be given to a question, the subject is referred, by letter, to some one of the 
 Smithsonian co-laborers, and the answer is transmitted to the inquirer, either 
 under the name of the person who gives the information or under that of the In- 
 stitution, according to the circumstances of the case. In relation to this subject 
 we quote from a recent report of Prof. Henry. 
 
 " There is no country on the face of the earth in which knowledge is so gener- 
 ally diffused as in the United States ; none in which there is more activity of 
 mind or freedom of thought and discussion, and in which there is less regard to 
 what should be considered as settled and well-established principles. It will not, 
 therefore, be surprising that the Institution should be called upon to answer a 
 great number of communications intended to subvert the present system of science, 
 and to establish new and visionary conceptions in its stead, and that numerous 
 letters should be received pertaining to such objects as the quadrature of the 
 circle, the trisection of the angle, the invention of self-moving machines, the 
 creation of power, the overthrow of the Newtonian system of gravitation, and the 
 establishment of new systems of the universe. 
 
 " Many of these communications are of such a character that, at first sight, it 
 might seem best to treat them with silent neglect ; but the rule has been adopted 
 to state candidly and respectfully the objections to such propositions, and to en- 
 deavor to convince their authors that their ground is untenable. 
 
 "Though this course is in many cases attended with no beneficial results, still 
 it is the only one which can be adopted with any hope of even partial' good. In 
 answering those who persist in declaring that the present received laws of mechan- 
 ical action are erroneous, and that they have discovered new and more correct 
 generalizations, they are requested to prove the truth of their assertions by pre- 
 dicting new and important phenomena, the existence of which may be immedi- 
 ately tested either by experiment or observation. It is not enough that the new 
 system explains facts which we know, for this would be merely exhibiting old 
 knowledge under a new form, but it should point out in the way of deduction 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 35 
 
 new facts which have hitherto escaped the eye of the observer or the scrutiny of 
 the experimenter. 
 
 " It is to be regretted that so many minds of power and originality in our 
 country should, from defective scientific training, be suffered to diverge so widely 
 from th$ narrow path which alone leads to real advance in positive knowledge. 
 Providence, however, seems in some measure to vindicate the equality of its dis- 
 tributions, by assigning to such, a double measure of hope and self-esteem, which 
 serves them instead of success and reputation." 
 
 "The faithful attention to the correspondence of the Institution, imposes a serious 
 labor on the Secretary and his assistants. Beside the correspondence above men- 
 tioned, there is that which relates to the reception and publication of the me- 
 moirs ', to the lectures ; to particular branches of research ; to the almost innu- 
 merable inquiries as to the character of the Institution ; to applications for its 
 publications ; to the printing, engraving, binding, transportation, payment of ac- 
 counts ; and to the exchanges of the " Contributions to Knowledge/ 7 
 
 " All the letters received are bound in volumes, and a copy of every answer is 
 carefully preserved, the whole thus forming a permanent record of all the trans- 
 actions of the Institution, as well as a history of the topics of scientific interest 
 which have particularly occupied the public mind during any given period. The 
 exposition of this labor, which has been increasing from year to year, will be a 
 sufficient answer to the question which is sometimes asked, as to what the ofiicers 
 of the Institution find to do/' 
 
 With reference to this part of the operations of the Institution, the Secretary 
 has presented the following views in his reports : 
 
 " Public lectures have become one of the characteristics of the day, and next to 
 the press perhaps tend, more than any other means of diffusing knowledge, to 
 influence the public mind. The liberal price paid by the Lowell Institute, and 
 some of the associations in our large cities, induces men of reputation to devote 
 themselves to the preparation of popular lectures. In some parts of the country 
 a number of adjacent cities or villages enter into an arrangement by which the 
 same lecture may be repeated, in succession, at each place ; and in this way the 
 amount paid becomes sufficient to call forth the best talent. Popular lectures ap- 
 pear better adapted to present literary and historical facts, and to give informa- 
 tion relative to subjects of art and of morals, than to impart a knowledge of scien- 
 tific principles. These require more attention and continuous thought than can 
 be generally expected from a promiscuous audience. Hence the scientific lecturer 
 frequently aims at a brilliant display of experiments, rather than to impress the 
 mind with general principles. 
 
 " Local lectures are too limited in their influence to meet a proper interpretation 
 of the will of Smithson ; yet they were ordered by Congress-, and are calculated 
 to do more good in this city than in any other part of the Union. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 " In selecting lecturers, the consideration of mere popular effect has not been re 
 garded. The persons chosen have been such as to give weight to the lecture, and 
 to reflect credit on the Institution. The object has been to give instruction rather 
 than amusement to improve the public taste rather than to elicit popular ap- 
 plause. The Institution, to be respected, must maintain a dignified character, 
 and seek rather to direct public opinion than to obtain popularity by an opposite 
 course. 
 
 " The moral effect which the lectures have on the city of Washington cannot be 
 otherwise than beneficial. When the weather is favorable, the room is every 
 evening crowded before the hour of commencement with an intelligent audience. 
 The lecturers have generally been persons from a distance, who have expressed 
 surprise to find such a large and respectful attendance in a city which is com- 
 monly thought to be exclusively devoted to politics and amusement. The plan of 
 inviting gentlemen of reputation and influence from a distance, renders the Smith- 
 sonian operations familiar to those best qualified to appreciate their value, and 
 best able to give a correct account of the character of the Institution in their own 
 districts of country, as well as to vindicate its claims to the confidence and 
 friendly regard of the public. The results of this course, and the distribution of 
 the volumes of Contributions to colleges and public libraries, it is hoped, will so 
 establish the Institution in the good opinion of the intelligent and influential part 
 of the community, that it may bid defiance to the assaults of those who are ignorant 
 of its true character, or are disappointed in not sharing its honors without the 
 talents or the industry to win them." 
 
 In the report of the Committee on Or- 
 ganization, of the first Board of Regents, 
 January 25, 1847, the nature of the 
 duties of the Secretary are set forth, and 
 the importance of his position duly con- 
 sidered. It is stated that inasmuch as 
 the Chancellor being a Regent, can re- 
 ceive no salary for his services, it results 
 almost necessarily that the Secretary 
 should become its chief executive officer. 
 The charter seems to have intended 
 that he should occupy a very responsi- 
 ble position ; granting as it does to the 
 Secretary, in conjunction with the Chan- 
 cellor, the power to determine the ne- 
 cessity and the amount of appropriations 
 made for the purposes of the Institution. 
 The Committee stated that in their opinion "upon the choice of this single 
 
 PROFESSOR HENRY. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 37 
 
 officer, more probably than on any one other act of the Board, will depend the 
 future good name, and success, and usefulness of the Smithsonian Institution." 
 
 One of the first resolutions adopted by the Board of Regents was the following : 
 
 "Resolved, That it is essential for the advancement of the proper interests of 
 the trust, that the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution be a man possessing 
 weight of character, and a high grade of talent ; and that it is further desirable 
 that he possess eminent scientific and general attainments ; that he be a man 
 capable of advancing science and promoting letters by original research and effort, 
 well qualified to act as a respected channel of communication between the Insti- 
 tution and scientific and literary individuals and societies in this and foreign 
 countries : and, in a word, a man worthy to represent, before the world of science 
 and of letters, the Institution over which this Board presides." 
 
 It was with these feelings and opinions that the Board of Regents selected 
 Professor JOSEPH HENRY, of the College of New Jersey, Princeton, to fill the 
 office of Secretary. He accepted the appointment, entered at once upon his labo- 
 rious and responsible duties, and has since given to them all his time and 
 thoughts. 
 
 The views he held were not at first generally understood, but they are now 
 appreciated and concurred in by those who have examined the subject, and who 
 believe that Smithson did not intend to limit the influence of his bequest to one 
 locality or nation, but designed, as is well expressed in the words of John Quincy 
 Adams, " to spread the benefits to be derived from the Institution not only over 
 the whole surface of this Union j but throughout the CIVILIZED WORLD." 
 
 The grounds around the building were laid out by the distinguished horticul- 
 turist and landscape gardener, Downing, but he died while engaged in the prose- 
 cution of his plans. 
 
 "We are indebted to the editor of the " Rural New Yorker," for the following 
 remarks relative to this subject, and for the representation of the marble monu- 
 ment recently erected to his memory : 
 
 When the sad tidings of the death of Andrew Jackson Downing was announced, 
 many hearts were stricken, and many countenances saddened. Every lover of rural 
 life and rural taste, felt that a friend, a brother, and a leader had fallen. The homes 
 of hundreds, from the foundation stone to the gable point, spoke of the departed 
 even the trees and flowers of the garden, told a tale of sadness. The furniture in 
 our parlors, the books in our libraries, spoke too plainly to our wounded hearts 
 of the loved and lost. Scarcely a city or village in our country but presented 
 some monument of his skill and taste, something to remind the people how great 
 and irreparable was their loss cottages whose simple yet elegant adornings taught 
 how truly taste may be independent of wealth ; windows tempting the eye from 
 loveliness within, to the glorious prospect without ; stately trees that seemed to 
 guard like sentinels the sacred precincts of home, and village churches whose walls 
 
38 
 
 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 and spires spoke of religion to the heart. 
 It was at once proposed, in all parts 
 of the country, by Horticultural and 
 other Societies, that some suitable monu- 
 ment should -be erected to the memory 
 of Mr. Downing, and in 1852, the 
 American Pomological Society ap- 
 pointed a committee to superintend this 
 work. The design adopted by the com- 
 mittee was furnished by Calvert Vaux, 
 of Newburgh, N. Y., the late partner 
 of Mr. Downing, and the work executed 
 by Robert Launitz, an eminent sculptor 
 of New York. The monument was 
 erected in the grounds of the Smithson- 
 ian Institution, at Washington, and it is 
 worthy of remark, that Mr. Downing 
 was engaged in laying out and beautify- 
 ing these grounds at the time of his death. 
 The committee made their final report 
 at the Pomological meeting in Sep- 
 tember, 1856. The funds were supplied 
 by friends of Mr. Downing, in Philadel- 
 phia, Newburgh, Boston, Washington, 
 Louisville, Buffalo, and Rochester. 
 
 The principal design of the monument " 
 consists in a large vase resting on a ped- 
 estal, the whole executed of the finest 
 Italian marble. The pattern of the vase 
 is taken from an antique of the chastest 
 
 school. The vase is four feet in height, DOWNING MONUMENT. 
 
 and measures three feet in diameter on its upper rim. The body is ornamented 
 with rich arabesque; acanthus leaves surround the lower part. The handles 
 rest on heads of satyrs, (the tutelar gods of groves and woods.) The pedestal, 
 resting on a carved base, and being surmounted with a carved cornice, has on each 
 side deep panels, relieved by carved mouldings. Each of the panels contains 
 an inscription ; that upon the Northern Front reads as follows : 
 
 THIS VASE 
 Was erected by his Friends 
 
 IN MEMORY OP 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON DOWNING, 
 Who died July 28, 1852, aged 37 years. 
 
 He was born, and lived, 
 And died upon the Hudson River. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 39 
 
 His life was devoted to the improvement of the national taste 
 
 in rural art, 
 an office for which his genius and the natural beauty amidst 
 
 which he lived had fully endowed him. 
 His success was as great as his genius, and for the death of few 
 
 public men, 
 
 was public grief ever more sincere. 
 When these grounds were proposed, he was at once 
 
 called to design them ; 
 but before they were completed he perished in the wreck of the 
 
 steamer Henry Clay. 
 
 His mind was singularly just, penetrating, and original. 
 His manners were calm, reserved, and courteous. 
 
 His personal memory 
 belongs to the friends who loved him ; 
 his fame to the country which honored and laments him. 
 
 Inscription upon the Southern Front : 
 
 " The taste of an individual, 
 as well as that of a nation, will be in direct proportion to the 
 
 profound sensibility 
 with which he perceives the beautiful in natural scenery." 
 
 " Open wide, therefore, 
 the doors of your libraries and picture galleries, 
 
 all ye true republicans ! 
 
 Build halls where knowledge shall be freely diffused among men, 
 and not shut up within the narrow walls of 
 
 narrower institutions. 
 Plant spacious parks in your cities, 
 
 and unclose their gates as wide as the gates of morning to the 
 whole people." 
 
 [Downing 's Rural Essays. 
 
 Upon the Eastern Front is inscribed : 
 
 " Weep no more, 
 
 For Lycidus your sorrow is not dead, 
 Sunk though he be beneath the wat'ry floor, 
 So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed, 
 And" yet anon repairs his drooping head, 
 And tricks his beams, and with new spangled ore 
 Flames in the forehead of the morning sky ; 
 So Lycidus sunk low, but mounted high 
 Through the dear might of Him that walked the waves." 
 
 Upon the Western Front is this Inscription : 
 
 I climb the hill from end to end, 
 
 Of all the landscape underneath 
 
 I find no place that does not breathe 
 Some gracious memory of my friend. 
 
40 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 ' Tis held that sorrow makes us -wise, 
 Yet how much wisdom sleeps with thee, 
 Which not alone had guided me, 
 
 But served the seasons that may rise ; 
 
 And doubtless unto thee is given 
 
 A life that bears immortal fruit, 
 
 In such great offices as suit 
 The full grown energies of Heaven. 
 
 And love will last as pure and whole 
 
 As when he loved me here in time, 
 
 And at the spiritual prime 
 Re-waken with the dawning soul. 
 
 On the Base of the Pedestal is the following : 
 
 THIS MEMORIAL 
 Was erected under a resolution passed at Philadelphia, 
 
 in Sept., 1852, by the 
 
 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 of which Mr. Downing was one of the 
 
 original founders. 
 
 MARSHALL P. WILDER, President. 
 
 The whole monument with its granite plinth is nine feet four inches in height, 
 and cost $1,600. 
 
 Joboeh 
 
 From the top of the highest tower, a magnificent, and by far the finest view of 
 Washington and surrounding country is presented to the spectator. The city ex- 
 tends from northwest to southeast about four miles and a half; and from north- 
 east to southwest about two miles and a half. Its circumference is fourteen miles. 
 The avenues, streets, and open spaces, contain 3,604 acres, and the public reserva- 
 tions 513 acres. The city is encompassed by a fine range of hills, forming a 
 natural amphitheatre and covered in part with trees and underwood. 
 
 The following are the principal objects that present themselves to the view : 
 
 On the west is seen the Washington Monument, which has now reached a height 
 of 175 feet. Further on, is seen the National Observatory, which is two miles 
 from the Capitol. Georgetown, with its churches, college, &c., are seen in the 
 distance to the northwest, and nearer are the President's House, the Treasury 
 Department with its colonnade, on the right, and " Winder's building" used by 
 the Pension Office and by bureaus of the War and Navy Departments, to the left. 
 
 Columbia College may be seen on one of the most commanding eminences of 
 the hills at the north of the city, and a little to the east the marble tower of the 
 new U. S. Military Asylum is plainly visible. The tall and beautiful steeple of 
 the 5th Baptist Church, and also the spire of the Catholic Church, will be ob- 
 served in the north. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 41 
 
 The observer will recognize the Patent office and General Post office to the 
 northeast. 
 
 The City Hall and Unitarian Church, both of yellow color, and Trinity Epis- 
 copal Church, built of red sandstone similar to that used in the Smithsonian edi- 
 fice, are at the northeast. 
 
 Directly east is the Capitol of the United States, its magnificent proportions and 
 commanding position constituting it the most prominent as it is the most inter- 
 esting object in the landscape. 
 
 At the southeast are seen the ship houses and tall chimneys of the Navy Yard, 
 and more towards the south on the neck of land at the junction of the Anacostia 
 or East branch with the Potomac, are the Arsenal and the Penitentiary. 
 
 The Potomac river lies along the south of the city, and adds greatly to the 
 beauty of the view- Alexandria, a city of 10,000 inhabitants, can be seen about 
 six miles to the south. 
 
 At the southwest is the Long Bridge which connects Washington with Virginia, 
 and on the commanding position, elevated more than 200 feet from the river is 
 Arlington, the residence of George Washington Parke Custis, Esq. 
 
 THE GATEWAY. 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 WITH SKETCHES OF SCENERY, ETC. 
 
 PAINTED BY J. M. STANLEY. 
 
 The collection embraced in this Catalogue comprises accurate portraits painted 
 from life, of forty-three different tribes of Indians, obtained at the cost, hazard, 
 and inconvenience of a ten years' tour through the South-western Prairies, New 
 Mexico, California, and Oregon. The descriptions are by Mr. Stanley himself. 
 
 1. CO-WOCK-COO-CHEE, OR WILDCAT. (Painted Dec. 1842.) 
 
 A Seminole Chief, and one of the most celebrated of his tribe ; possessed of much vanity 
 and an indomitable spirit, he has won for himself an exalted name and standing among his 
 people. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Florida war, he was a mere boy; but he shouldered his rifle, and 
 fought with so much courage and desperation, that he was soon looked up to as a master- 
 spirit. This gathered a band of warriors about him, who adopted him as their chief leader. 
 At the head of this party he became a formidable enemy of the United States troops, and 
 gave them much trouble during that campaign, and probably would never have fallen into 
 the hands of the whites, had he been able to procure food and ammunition for his band : 
 being reduced to a state of starvation, he was obliged to surrender, and, by treaty stipula- 
 tions with the United States Government, was with his people removed west of the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 2. AL-LECK TUSTENUGGEE. (Painted Dec. 1842.) 
 
 This chief is at the head of the Mikasukie band, and during the Florida war was one of 
 the most active among the Seminoles. 
 
 3. NOKE-SUKE TUSTENUGGEE. (Painted Dec. 1842.) 
 
 A Seminole Sub-chief of the Mikasukie band. A warrior of distinction, and Al-leck Tus- 
 tenuggee's aid. 
 
 4. AL-LECK TUSTENUGGEE, NOKE-SUKE TUSTENUGGEE, CUDJO, and GEO. W. CLARKE. 
 
 (Painted Dec. 1842.) 
 
 Cudjo is a negro Interpreter, who served the United States during the Florida War ; an3 
 Geo. W. Clarke is Seminole Agent. 
 
 5. TUSTENUGGEE CHOP-KO, OR THE BIG WARRIOR. (Painted Deo 1842.) 
 
 A Seminole Mikasukie Sub-chief, and one of the most distinguished warriors of his tribe. 
 He is six feet three inches in height, and well proportioned, and is esteemed one of the best 
 ball players among his people. His countenance indicates any thing but intelligence or 
 shrewdness ; on the contrary, it exhibits evidence of a capacity to commit any act, however 
 cruel and atrocious, at the bidding of his chief. 
 
 6. CHO-CO-TE TUSTENUGGEE, (Painted Dec. 1842.) 
 
 A Sub-chief, of some note as a warrior, bnt abandoned and dissipated ; he is painted in 
 the costume in which he presented himself, with a bottle of "fire water" in his hand. He 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 43 
 
 possesses au amiable disposition, and is passionately fond of joking, which has acquired for 
 him the celebrity of punster to the band. 
 
 7. HAL-BURTA-HADJO, OR ALLIGATOR. (Painted Aug., 1843.) 
 
 A Seminole Chief, celebrated for his prowess as a warrior. His name has been frequently 
 before the public, as the instigator and perpetrator of many atrocious murders, during the 
 Florida campaign. He has suffered much from sickness since his removal, and looks de- 
 jected and careworn. 
 
 8. COT-SA OK TIGER. (Painted Dec., 1843.) 
 
 A Seminole Warrior, and son of Alligator. 
 
 9. SEM-I-WOC-CA. (Painted Sep., 1843.) 
 
 Represented as about crossing a small stream, with a corn-basket under her arm. She is 
 attired in the costume peculiar to the Creek and Seminole women. Their dress consists of 
 calico, of a coarse, cheap kind, worked to the depth of from twelve to fifteen inches from 
 the bottom with different colors, in various devices. 
 
 The artist found it exceedingly difficult to get the women of this tribe to sit for their pic- 
 tures, owing to the opposition of their chiefs, who do not consider them worthy of such an 
 honor. 
 
 10. OPOETH-LE-YO-HOLO. (Painted July, 1843.) 
 
 Speaker of the Upper Creeks. This man holds the rank of principal counsellor, or 
 speaker of the councils, over which he presides with great dignity. His influence is so 
 great, that questions submitted to the council are generally decided according to his will ; 
 for his tribe consider him as the organ of their chief, and suppose he only speaks as he is 
 directed. 
 
 11. OPOETH-LE-YO-HOLO. (1843.) 
 
 Represented in the manner in which he paints himself when going to war. One would 
 hardly recognize this celebrated chief in this disguise. He insisted on being thus painted, 
 and it was with difficulty that he was afterwards induced to wash his face, and sit for a 
 portrait which his friends would be able to recognize. See No. 10. 
 
 12. A CREEK BUFFALO DANCE. (Painted Aug., 1843.) 
 
 This dance is enacted every year during the season of their busk, or green-corn dances ; 
 and the men, women, and children all take an active part in the ceremony. They invest 
 themselves with the scalp of the buffalo, with the horns and tail attached, and dance about 
 in a circle, uttering sounds in imitation of the animal they represent, with their bodies 
 in a half-bent position, supporting their weight upon their ball-sticks, which represent the 
 forelegs of the buffalo. 
 
 13. TUSTENUGGEE EMATHLA. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 This is a fine looking man, six feet and one inch in height, and well proportioned, of 
 manly and martial appearance and great physical strength, and is well calculated to com- 
 mand the respect of a band of savage warriors. He is generally known by the name of 
 Jim Boy. Tustenuggee means " warrior;" and Emathla, " next to the warrior." 
 
 He is and always has been a firm and undeviating friend of the whites : he led a party 
 of seven hundred and seventy-six warriors to Florida, and endeavored, first as mediator, to 
 induce the Seminoles to abandon the bloody and fruitless contest in which they were en- 
 gaged, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 14. TO-MATH-LA-MICCO, OR THE LITTLE KING. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Upper Creeks. Distinguished only as a warrior, he was elected to 
 the chieftainship through the instrumentality of Opoeth-le-yo-holo, who has great influence 
 over him. He is painted in the attitude of holding a red stick, which is invariably carried 
 
44 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 by him during the ceremonies of the busk or green-corn dance. It is emblematical of the 
 red-stick or late Creek war. 
 
 Possessing no merit as an orator or counsellor, his will is easily swayed by his speaker. 
 He is mild and amiable in his disposition, and much beloved by his people. 
 
 15. TUCK-A-BACK-A-MICCO, OK THE MEDICINE-MAN OR PHYSIC-MAKER. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 This is the great Medicine or Mystery Man of the Creeks ; his fields of corn are cultivated 
 by the people of the town in which he resides, and a salary of five hundred dollars per 
 annum is allowed him from the treasury of the nation, for his services. 
 
 They suppose him to be indued with supernatural powers, and capable of making it rain 
 copiously at will. 
 
 In his town is a building of rather a singular construction, used during their annual busk 
 or green-corn dances as a dancing-house. It is of a circular form, about sixty feet in 
 diameter and thirty feet high, built of logs ; and was planned by this man in the following 
 manner : 
 
 He cut sticks in miniature of every log required in the construction of the building, and 
 distributed them proportionately among the residents of the town, whose duty it was to cut 
 logs corresponding with their sticks, and deliver them upon the ground appropriated for 
 the building at a given time. At the raising of the house, not a log was cut or changed 
 from its original destination ; all came together in their appropriate places, as intended by 
 the designer. During the planning of this building, which occupied him six days, he did 
 not partake of the least particle of food. 
 
 16. TAH-COO-SAH-FIXICO, OR BILLY HARDJO. (Painted Aug., 1843.) 
 
 Chief of one of the Upper Creek towns. He is a merchant or trader among his people ; 
 also, has an extensive farm and several negro slaves, which enable him to live very com- 
 fortably. He is much beloved and respected by his people. The dress in which he is painted 
 is that of a ball-player, as they at first appear upon the ground. During the play they 
 divest themselves of all their ornaments, which are usually displayed on these occasions, for 
 the purpose of betting on the result of the play : such is their passion for betting, that the 
 opposing parties frequently bet from five hundred to a thousand dollars on a single game. 
 
 17. CHILLY McINTOSH. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 An Upper Creek Chief. This man is a brother of Gen. Mclntosh, who was killed some 
 years since by his people, for negotiating a treaty with the United States Government, con- 
 trary to the laws of his country. Chilly was pursued by the same party who massacred his 
 brother, but succeeded in making his escape by swimming a river, which arrested his pur- 
 suers. 
 
 18.-KEE-SEE-LAH AND AII-SEE-HEE. (Painted Aug., 1843.) 
 
 Daughters of Opoeth-le-yo-holo. The latter is commonly denominated the Young Queen. 
 The remaining figure on the right is a half-breed and the wife of a white trader. 
 
 19. COO-WIS-COO-EE, OR JOHN ROSS. (Painted Sept., 1844.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Cherokees. Mr. Ross has been for a number of years at the head 
 of his people, which fact is sufficient evidence of the high estimation in which they hold 
 him as a man capable of discharging the responsible duties devolving upon the office. Mr. 
 R. is a man of education, and as a statesman would do honor to the legislative halls of any 
 country. His hospitality is unbounded; from his soft and bland manners, his guests are at 
 once made to feel at home, and forget that they are far from the busy scenes of civilization, 
 and surrounded by the red men of the forest. His house is the refuge of the poor, starved, 
 and naked Indian ; when hungry, he is sure to find at the abode of this exemplary man some- 
 thing wherewith to appease his hunger, and if naked, a garment to cover his nakedness, 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 45 
 
 Of his private and political history much might be said ; but we leave it to those who are 
 more competent to the task, and able to do him that justice due to so eminent a man. 
 20. KEETH-LA, OR DOG. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 Commonly called Major George Lowry, Second or Assistant Chief of the Cherokees; an 
 office which he has filled for a number of years with much credit to himself and the entire 
 satisfaction of his people. He is about seventy years of age, speaks English fluently, and is 
 an exemplary Christian. 
 
 He is painted in the attitude of explaining the wampum, a tradition of the manner in 
 which peace was first brought about among the various Indian tribes. (See No. 27.) 
 21. STAN WATIE. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 A highly gifted and talented Cherokee. This man is a brother of Boudinot, who was mur- 
 dered some years since for his participation in negotiating with the United States the New 
 Echota treaty, (which has caused so much internal dissention among the Cherokees,) con- 
 trary to the laws of his country. Stan Watie was also one of the signers of that instrument, 
 but has thus far escaped the horrible death that befell his brother. He is reputed to be 
 one of the bravest men of his people. During the session of the International Council, at 
 Tah-le-quah, in June, 1843. he sat for his portrait; he was surrounded by hundreds of his 
 enemies at the time, but did not manifest the least symptoms of fear during his sojourn. A 
 biography of this man's life would form a very interesting volume. 
 
 22. THOMAS WATIE. (Painted 1842.) 
 
 Brother of STAN WATIE, a fine-looking man, but abandoned and dissipated. He is a 
 printer by trade, and speaks English fluently, and writes a good hand. 
 
 23. YEAH-WEE-00-YAH-GEE OR THE SPOILED PERSON. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 This man was one of the signers of the first treaty made with the Cherokees by the United 
 States Government, during the administration of General "Washington. 
 
 24. OH-TAH-NEE-UX-TAH, OR CATCHER. (Painted 1844.) 
 A Cherokee Warrior. 
 
 25. CHARLES McINTOSH. (Painted 1842.) 
 
 A Cherokee half-breed, about twenty-three years of age, little known among his people 
 until December, 1842. He then distinguished himself by killing a man upon the Prairies, 
 by the name of Merrett, an escaped convict from the jail at Van Buren, Arkansas, who with 
 his brother was under sentence to the State Prison, had escaped, and fled to the Prairies, 
 where they carried on a sort of land piracy, robbing and murdering all travellers whom 
 chance threw into their power. 
 
 26. WE-CHA-LAH-NAE-HE, OR THE SPIRIT. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 Commonly called John Huss. A regular ordained minister of the Presbyterian denomi- 
 nation, and speaks no English. He is a very pious and good man. 
 
 27. INTERNATIONAL INDIAN COUNCIL. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 This council was conven3d by John Ross, at Tah-le-quah, in the Cherokee Nation, in the 
 month of June, 1843, and continued in session four weeks. Delegates from seventeen tribes 
 were present, and the whole assemblage numbered some ten thousand Indians 
 28. THREE CHEROKEE LADIES. (Painted 1842.) 
 
 29. TWO CHEROKEE GIRLS. (Painted 1842.) 
 30. CADDO COVE, CADDO CREEK, ARKANSAS. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Gov. P. M. Butler and party on their return from the council with the wild Indians. 
 31. VIEW OF THE ARKANSAS VALLEY FROM MAGAZINE MOUNTAIN. (Painted 1844.) 
 
46 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 32. NATURAL DAM IN CRAWFORD COUNTY, ARKANSAS. (Painted 1844.) 
 33. VIEW OF DARDANELLE ROCK ON THE ARKANSAS. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 34. ISH-TON-NO-YES, OR JAMES GAMBLE. (Painted 1843.) 
 Chickasaw Interpreter. A young man of education, and speaks English fluently. 
 
 35. WA-BON-SEH, OR THE WHITE SKY. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Prairie Band of Potowatomies, residing near Council Bluffs. This 
 chief is a bold and sagacious warrior, but possesses no merit as an orator ; his will is sub- 
 mitted to his people through his speaker, a man possessed of great powers of oratory. 
 Many of his war exploits are of a thrilling and exciting nature. 
 
 36. OP-TE-GEE-ZHEEK, OR HALF-DAY. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 
 Principal Speaker and Counsellor of the Potowatomies. This man is justly celebrated 
 for his powers of oratory. By his dignity of manner, and the soft and silvery tones of his 
 voice, he succeeds admirably in gaining the most profound attention of all within hearing. 
 At the council which he attended in the Cherokee nation he attracted universal attention, 
 both from his eloquence and the singularity of his dress, the style of which he probably ob- 
 tained from the Catholic missionaries residing upon the frontier. 
 
 37. NA-SWA-GA, OR THE FEATHERED ARROW. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of a band of Potowatomies, residing on the waters of Little Osage Elver ; 
 he is distinguished as a bold warrior. 
 
 38.-T-THOMAS HENDRICK. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Stockbridges. Of this tribe but few are living, and they have 
 united themselves with the Delawares, with whom they cultivate the soil in common. This 
 man speaks good English, and is very affable in his manners. 
 
 39. JIM GRAY. (Painted 1843.) 
 Principal Chief of the Munsees, a small tribe residing among the Delawares. 
 
 40. SHAB-A-NEE. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 An Ottawa Chief. This man is well known throughout the northern part of Michigan and 
 Illinois, his people having formerly occupied and owned the soil in that region. During the 
 late war he was one of the most prominent actors, and one of Tecumseh's counsellors and 
 aides-de-camp. He says he was near Tecumseh when he fell, and represents him as having 
 been stabbed through the body with a bayonet by a soldier : he seized the gun with his left 
 hand, raised his tomahawk, and was about to dispatch him, when an officer, wearing a chapeau 
 and riding a white horse, approached him, drew a pistol from his holster, and shot him. He 
 and the remaining few of his people reside with the Potowatomies, near Council Bluffs, on 
 the Missouri. 
 
 41. SAUSH-BUX-CUM, or BEAVER DRAGGING A LIMB. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 A Chippewa Chief. This man is chief of a small band of Chippewas, residing in Poto- 
 watomie country ; these are more advanced in civilization than those living on the Northern 
 Lakes ; they are not unlike the Potowatomies in their manners and customs. 
 
 42. CAPT. KETCHUM. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 A Delaware Chief. 
 
 43. SECOND EYE. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 A Delaware Chief. 
 
 44. RO-KA-NOO-WIIA, THE LONG TRAVELLER. (Painted 1843.) 
 Commonly called Jim Second Eye, Head War-Chief of the Delawares. 
 Some years since, a small band of Delawares, while on a hunting and trapping expedition 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 47 
 
 on the upper Missouri, were surprised by a large party of Sioux, who fell upon them and 
 murdered all but one of the party, who succeeded in making good his escape and return to 
 his people. Second Eye immediately started with a small force to avenge the death of his 
 warriors ; after traveling several weeks, they fell in with the identical party who committed 
 the depredation. The Sioux, anticipating an attack, retreated to a deep ravine in the moun- 
 tains in order to defend themselves more advantageously. Second Eye, perceiving the many 
 disadvantages under which he labored, but having an indomitable spirit, determined to sur- 
 mount all obstacles, and obtain that vengeance which the death of his warriors loudly called 
 for. He waited until all was quiet within the ravine, raised the war-whoop, rushed madly 
 upon them, and massacred the whole party ; he having with his own hands cut off the heads 
 of sixteen Sioux, which he threw to his warriors to scalp. 
 
 He speaks some English, and is frequently employed by the United States and Texas as 
 a " runner" to the wild Indians, with whom he carries on a very successful trade. He de- 
 rives his name of Long Traveler from the fact that he has crossed the mountains to Oregon, 
 and has visited Santa F6, California, and the Navahoe Village. 
 
 45. AH-LEN-I-WEES. (Painted 1843.) 
 A Delaware Warrior of distinction in his tribe. 
 
 46. CAPT. McCALLAH. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Texan Delawares. This man is very influential among his people ; 
 he also exerts a great influence over the wild Indians, and his presence is considered indis- 
 pensable at all councils convened either by the United States or Texas, for the purpose of 
 negotiating treaties. 
 
 47. PA-CON-DA-LIN-QUA-ING, OE ROASTING EARS. (Painted 1843.) 
 Second or Assistant Chief of the Texan Delawares, and Principal Orator and Counselor. 
 
 48. WAH-PONG-GA, OE THE SWAN. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Weeahs. Once a powerful tribe, but now reduced to the small 
 number of two hundred warriors. They formerly resided in Indiana, and are at present 
 located with the Piankeshaws, about forty miles south of Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri. 
 
 49. QUAH-GOM-MEE. (Painted 1843.) 
 Principal Chief of the Shawnees. 
 
 50. SHAC-EE-SHU-MOO. (Painted 1843.) 
 An hereditary Shawnee Chief. 
 
 51. PAH-QUE-SAH-AH, OE LITTLE TECUMSEH. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 A son of Tecumseh. He has none of the extraordinary traits of character for which his 
 sire was celebrated, and is of very little note in his tribe ; he was in the battle in which his 
 father fell. 
 
 52. KEOKUK. (Painted May, 1846.) 
 
 Head Chief of the Sacs and Foxes. Keokuk is in all respects a magnificent savage. Bold, 
 enterprising, and impulsive, he is also politic, and possesses an intimate knowledge of human 
 nature, and a tact which enables him to bring the resources of his mind into prompt ope- 
 ration. His talents as a military chief and civil ruler are evident from the discipline which 
 exists among his people. 
 
 This portrait was painted in the spring of 1846, on the Kansas River, where he, with his 
 people, were temporarily residing after their removal from the Desmoines River. 
 
 53. SAC CHIEF, AND FOX BRAVE. (Painted May, 1846.) 
 
 54. KEP-PEO-LECK, OE RED WOLF. (Painted May, 1846.) 
 
 55. SAC WAR CHIEF, IN WAR PAINT. (Painted May, 1846.) 
 
 56. WIFE AND DAUGHTER OF BLACK HAWK. (Painted May, 1842.) 
 
48 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 57. MEDICINE DANCE OF THE SACS. (Painted May, 1846.) 
 
 The Medicine Dance of the Sacs is performed once every year, for the purpose of initia- 
 ting the mystery or medicine-men into this sacred custom of their tribe. 
 
 58. THE CHIEFTAIN'S GRAVE. (Painted, Jan. 1851.) 
 
 A form of burial practised by many tribes inhabiting the borders of Missouri and Iowa. 
 59. FLIGHT OF A MOUNTAIN TRAPPER. (Painted 1851.) 
 
 The flight of a Mountain Trapper from a band of Black-Foot Indians, constitutes an in- 
 cident in the life of Capt. Joe Meek, the present marshal of Oregon Territory. He was a 
 native of Ohio, and early in life enlisted in the service of the American Fur Company as a 
 trapper; in which service he spent eighteen years in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 This picture represents one of the many thrilling incidents in his life, characteristic of the 
 trapper and pioneer. Finding himself pursued by a large party, he hoped, by the aid of a 
 well-bred American horse, to escape a personal encounter; but the Indians taking advan- 
 tage of the broken country, soon overtook him, and were showering their arrows at him 
 while in full pursuit, using their horses as a shield. Joe, reserving his fire for a favorable 
 moment, selected the war-chief who was foremost, and, with well-directed aim, hit both 
 horse and rider, which caused them to abandon the pursuit. 
 
 Joe was one of the early pioneer residents of Oregon, and one of its first representatives 
 under the provisional government. 
 
 60. THE TRAPPER'S ESCAPE. (Painted 1851.) 
 
 Joe is seen in the middle ground of the picture, waving his gun in exultation at his lucky 
 escape. 
 
 61. BLACK FOOT INDIANS IN AMBUSH, AWAITING THE APPROACH OF AN EMIGRANT PARTY. 
 
 (Painted 1852.) 
 
 A composition characteristic of Indian warfare. 
 
 62. TECHONG-TA-SABA OR BLACK DOG. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Osages. A man six feet six inches in height, and well proportioned, 
 weighing some two hundred and fifty pounds, and rather inclined to corpulency. He is 
 blind of one eye. He is celebrated more for his feats in war than as a counselor ; his 
 opinions are, however, sought in all matters of importance appertaining to the welfare of 
 his people. The name Black Dog was given to him from a circumstance which happened 
 when on a war expedition against the Comanches. He, with his party, were about to sur- 
 prise their camp on a very dark night, when a black dog, by his continued barking, kept 
 them at bay. After several ineffectual attempts, being repelled by the dog, Techong-ta-saba 
 became exasperated, and fired an arrow at random, hitting him in the head and causing in- 
 stant death. By this name he is familiarly known to the officers of the army and white 
 traders in that section of country 
 
 63. SHU-ME-CUSS, OR WOLF. (Painted 1843.) 
 A nephew of Black Dog, and a warrior of distinction among his people. 
 
 64 CROW-SUN-TAH, OR BIG SOLDIER. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 An Osage Chief and Brave ; is about seventy years of age, vigorous and active. He 
 together with a number of his tribe, were taken to France some years since by a 11 American 
 citizen for the purpose of giving exhibitions of their various dances. 
 
 65. NE-QUA-BA-NAII. (Painted 1843.) 
 An Osage Warrior. 
 
 66. CHA-PAH-CAH-HA, OR EAGLE FEATHER. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 An Osage Warrior. His head-dress is composed of the skin from the head of a buffalo, 
 with the horns attached. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 49 
 
 67. THE OSAGE MIMIC. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 This picture is painted from an incident that took place in my studio at Tah-le-quah, in 
 the Cherokee nation, during the session of the International Council, in 1843. 
 
 I was often absent for a short time, sketching, and listening to the various speeches made 
 in council. My door being of rather a rude construction, fastened only by a common wooden 
 latch, all Indians who chose had free ingress. Among those who paid me frequent visits, 
 was an Osage boy, about seventeen years of age, by the name of Wash-cot-sa, an hereditary 
 chief, possessed of an amiable disposition and inquiring mind. He seemed to observe every 
 thing going on in my studio, and would endeavor to imitate any thing done by me. On one 
 occasion I had been absent for a short time, and during the interim he and one of his com- 
 panions sauntered in ; and finding themselves alone, he concluded to try his hand at painting. 
 He assumed the palette and brushes, placed his subject in a favorable position, and had 
 made some few chalk -marks upon the canvass, when I entered ; he immediately discovered 
 me, and, dropping the palette and brushes and pointing to the canvass, said it was pe-shee 
 very bad. I endeavored to induce him to return to his work, but to no purpose. 
 
 68. AN OSAGE SCALP-DANCE. (Painted 1845.) 
 
 All tribes of wild Indians scalp their captives, save the women and children, who are 
 treated as slaves, until ransomed by the United States Government. 
 
 On returning from the scene of strife, they celebrate their victories by a scalp-dance. 
 The chiefs and warriors, after having painted themselves, each after his own fancy, to give 
 himself the most hideous appearance, encircle their captives, who are all placed together. 
 Thus stationed, at a tap on their drums they commence throwing themselves into attitudes 
 such as each one's imagination suggests as the most savage, accompanied by yells, for the 
 purpose of striking terror into the hearts of their captives. 
 
 This picture represents the scalp-dance of the Osages around a woman and her child ; 
 and a warrior in the act of striking her with his club, his chief springing forward and ar- 
 resting the blow with his spear. 
 
 69. KI-HIOCA-TE-DAH, OB PASSING CHIEF. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Quapaws. Once a very powerful and warlike tribe, but now reduced 
 to a small number ; they reside with the Senecas. This chief is represented by the agent 
 as being a very good man, and possesses the entire confidence of his whole people. 
 
 70. WOHUM-PA, AN IOWA CHIEF, AND THIS ARTIST. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 It was with much difficulty that I induced this chief to sit for his portrait. I was anxious 
 to paint one of his warriors upon the same canvass with him ; to this he objected, saying 
 that they were no good, and that chiefs only were worthy of such a distinguished honor ; he 
 insisted on being painted in the act of shaking hands with me, so that when the Great Father 
 (the President of the U. S.) saw it, he might know that he was a friend of the white man. 
 He is a great warrior, his arms bearing evidence of this fact, having been pierced with balls 
 and arrows in several places from the hands of the Sioux. He was very particular as to the 
 correct imitation of the painting on his blanket, which is to him the history of his war ex- 
 ploits. The hands represent the scalps taken from the heads of his enemies. I tried re- 
 peatedly to get some of his warriors to sit, but they could not be induced to do it without 
 the consent of their chief. Such was their fear of him, that they dared not enter my of sdio 
 while he was present without his invitation. 
 
 71. KA-SA-ROO-KA, OB ROARING THUNDER. (Painted 1842.) 
 Principal Chief of the Wichetaws. or Pawnee Picts. 
 
 72. NASH-TAW, oa THE PAINTER. (Painted 1842.) 
 Second Chief of tt- Wichetaws or Pawnee Picts, and a brother of Ka-sa-roo-ka, 
 
50 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 73.-RIT-SA-AH-RESCAT, OK THE WOMAN OF THE HUNT, AND BRACES OR BABY. (Painted 1842.) 
 Wife of Nashtaw, and Child. 
 
 74. BIN-TAH, THE WOUNDED MAN. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Caddoes. He derived his name from the fact of his having been 
 wounded in the breast by an Osage ; he wears a piece of silver suspended from his nose, as 
 an ornament. 
 
 75. AH-DE-BAH, OR THE TALL MAN. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Second or Assistant Chief of the Caddoes. Painted in the act of striking the drum. 
 
 76. SE-HIA-AH-DI-YOU, THE SINGING BIRD. (Painted June, 1843.) 
 Wife of Ah-de-bah, seated in her tent. A view on Tiwoccany Creek, Texas. 
 
 77. HA-DOON-COTE-SAH. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 A Caddo Warrior. 
 
 78. JOSE MARIA. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Anandarkoes. This Chief is known to the Mexicans by the name 
 of Jose* Maria, and to the Caddoes as lesh. He has fought many battles with the Texans, 
 and was severely wounded in the breast in a skirmish with them. 
 
 79. KA-KA-KATISH, OR THE SHOOTING STAR. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Wacoes. This man is justly celebrated for his powers of oratory, 
 being probably one of the greatest natural orators now living among the Indians. At the 
 council held upon the River Brazos, he was the principal speaker ; and by his dignity and 
 grace of manner succeeded in gaining the attention and respect of these wild and untutored 
 sons of the forest, whose implicit confidence he enjoys. 
 
 80. CHO-WE, OR THE BOW. (Painted 1843.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Natchitoches. This man had a brother killed by the Texans, some 
 four or five years since, while on a hunting expedition, whose death he afterwards avenged 
 by taking the scalps of six Texans. 
 
 81. KEECHE-KA-ROOKI, OR THE MAN WHO WAS NAMED BY THE GREAT SPIRIT. (Painted 1844.) 
 Principal Chief of the Towocconies, and acknowledged Chief of the allied tribes of Texas. 
 
 82. KO-RAK-KOO-KISS. (Painted 1844.) 
 A Towoccono warrior. 
 
 S3. KO-RAN-TE-TE-DAH, OR THE WOMAN WHO CATCHES THE SPOTTED FAWN. (Painted 1844.) 
 A Keechie Woman, wife of Ko-rah-koo-kiss. 
 
 84. KOT-TAN-TEEK. (Painted 1844.) 
 Principal Chief of the Keechies. 
 
 85. A BUFFALO HUNT. (Painted 1845.) 
 On the South-western Prairies. 
 
 86. POO-CHON-E-QUAH-EEP, OR BUFFALO-HUMP. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 Second Chief of the Hoesh Band of Comanches, and head war-chief of all the Comanchcs. 
 This Chief wa.s painted at a council of the wild Indians on the head-waters of Red River. 
 87 PO-CHON-NAH-SHON-NOC-CO, OR THE EATER OF THE BLACK BUFFALO HEART. (Painted 1844.) 
 One of the principal warriors of the Hoesh Band, or Honey -Eaters. 
 
 88 WIFE OF PO-CHON-NAII-SHON-NOC-CO. (Painted 1844.) 
 89. 0-HAH-AII-WAH-KEE, THE YELLOW PAINT HUNTER. (Painted 1844.) 
 Head Chief of the Ta-nah-wee Band of Comanches. 
 
 90. NAII-MOO-SU-KAH. (Painted 1844.) 
 Comanche Mother and Child. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 51 
 
 91. A COMANCIIE DOMESTIC SCENE. (Painted 1844.) 
 A Sleeping Warrior. Landscape on the head-waters of Red River. 
 
 92. -A COMANCIIE GAME. (Painted 1844.) 
 
 This game is played exclusively by the women. They hold in their hand twelve sticks 
 about six inches in length, which they drop upon a rock ; the sticks that fall across each 
 other are counted for game : one hundred such counts the game. They become very much 
 excited, and frequently bet all the dressed deer-skins and buffalo-robes they possess 
 
 93. JOSE MARIA VIGIL ZUAZO. (Painted 1852.) 
 
 94. CARLOS VIGIL, EX-GOVERNOR OF PUEBLO. (Painted 1852.) 
 
 95. JUAN ANTONIO VIGIL. (Painted 1852.) 
 
 96. JOSE AHAYEA. (Painted 1852.) 
 97. JOSE 'DOMINGO HERURA. (Painted 1852.) 
 
 98. BLACK KNIFE. (Painted 1846.) 
 
 An Apache Chief, reconnoitring the command of General Kearney on his inarch from 
 Santa Fe to California. 
 
 99. VIEW ON THE GILA RIVER. (Painted 1851.) 
 
 " About two miles from camp, our course was traversed by a seam of yellowish-colored 
 igneous rock, shooting up into irregular spires and turrets, one or two thousand feet in 
 height. It ran at right angles to the rkrer, and extended to the north and south, in a 
 chain of mountains, as far as the eye could reach. 
 
 "One of these towers was capped with a substance many hundred feet thick, disposed in 
 horizontal strata of different colors, from deep red to light yellow. Partially disintegrated, 
 and lying at the foot of the chain of spires, was a yellowish calcareous sandstone, altered 
 by fire, in large amorphous masses. In one view could be seen clustered the Larrea Mex- 
 icanna, the Cactus, (King) Cactus, (Chandelier) Greenwood Acacia, Chamiza, Prosopis Odo- 
 rata, and a new variety of Sedge." 
 
 " For a better description of the Landscape, see the sketch by Mr. Stanley." Lieut. Col. 
 W. Emory 1 's report to the Secretary of War. 
 
 100. PIMO CHIEF. (Painted 1846.) 
 
 101. PIMO SQUAW. (Painted 1846.) 
 
 102. MARICOPA CHIEF AND INTERPRETER. (Painted 1846.) 
 
 103. SHASTE SQUAW. (Painted 1847.) 
 A slave to the Clackamus Indians. 
 
 104. ENAH-TE, OB WOLF. (Painted 1848.) 
 A young Umpqua Warrior. 
 
 105. TE-TO-KA-NIM. (Painted 1848.) 
 Klameth Chief. 
 
 106. ENISH-NIM . (Painted 1848.) 
 Wife of Te-to-ka-nim. 
 
 107. YELSTO. (Painted 1848.) 
 
 A Callapooya. 
 
 108. STOMAQUEA. (Painted 1848.) 
 Principal Chief of the Chinooks. 
 
 109. TEL-AL-LEK. (Painted 1048.) 
 Chinook Squaw. 
 
 110. QUATYKEN. (Painted 18W.) 
 
 111. DR. JOHN MCLAUGHLIN. (Painted 1848.) 
 
 Former Chief Factor of the Hon. Hudson's Bay Company, and founder of Oregon City. 
 
 112. QOV. P. S. OGDEX. (Painted 1848.) 
 Hon. Hudson's Bay Company, Oregon. 
 
52 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 113 OREGON CITY. (Painted 1848.) 
 114. WA-SHA-MUS. (Painted 1847.) 
 Principal Chief of the Willamette Falls Indians. 
 
 115 MARY AND ACHATA. (Painted 1847.) 
 
 Willamette Falls Squaws. This group belongs to the great family of Chinooks, or Flat- 
 Heads. 
 
 116 WILLAMETTE FALLS. (Painted 1848.) 
 117 CASINO. (Painted 1848.) 
 
 This Chief is one of the Tlickitack Tribe, and the principal Chief of all the Indians in- 
 habiting the Columbia River, from Astoria to the Cascades. In the plenitude of his power 
 he traveled in great state, and was often accompanied by a hundred slaves, obedient to his 
 slightest caprice. The bands over whom he presided paid him tribute on all the furs and 
 fish taken, as also upon the increase of their stock, to support him in this affluence. 
 
 He was the petted chief of the Hudson's Bay Company, and through him they are un- 
 doubtedly much indebted for the quiet ascendancy they always maintained over these 
 tribes. 
 
 It is said that on visiting Fort Vancouver, his slaves often carpeted the road, from the 
 landing to the fort, with beaver and other furs, a distance of a quarter of a mile ; and that 
 on his return, the officers of the Hudson Bay CoApany would take the furs, and carpet the 
 same distance with blankets and other Indian goods, as his recompense. He is now an old 
 man, having outlived his prosperity and posterity, to see a once numerous people reduced 
 to a few scattered lodges, which must soon disappear before the rapidly growing settlements 
 of the adventurous pioneers. 
 
 118. PEO-PEO-MUX-MUX, OR YELLOW SERPENT. (Painted 1847.) 
 
 Principal Chief of the Walla- Wallas, commonly called by the Hudson's Bay Company, 
 Serpent Jaune. 
 
 119. TE-LO-KIKT, OR CRAW-FISH WALKING FORWARD. 
 
 Principal Chief of the Cayuses, and one of the principal actors in the inhuman butchery 
 of Wailetpu. Was hung at Oregon City, June 3d, 1850. 
 
 120. SHU-MA-HIC-CIE, OR PAINTED SHIRT. (Painted 1847.) 
 
 One of the chief Cayuse Braves, and son of Te-lo-kikt, and one of the active murderers of 
 the Mission family. 
 
 121. TUM-SUC-KEE. 
 
 Cayuse Brave. The great ringleader and first instigator of the Wailetpu massacre was 
 hung at Oregon City, June 3d, 1850. 
 
 122. WAIE-CAT-ONE THAT FLIES. 
 
 Cayuse Brave and son of Tum-suc-kee. This man, though young, was an active partici- 
 pator in the massacre of Dr. Whitman, and committed many atrocities upon the defenceless 
 captives. He escaped the ignominious death which awaited those not more guilty than 
 himself. 
 
 123. 
 
 Massacre of Dr. Whitman's family at the Wailetpu Mission, in Oregon, 29th of November, 
 1847. 
 
 124. 
 
 Abduction of Miss Bewley from Dr. Whitman's mission. 
 
 125. CASCADES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 126. SALMON VISHERY ON THE HEAD-WATERS OF THE COLUMBIA. 
 127. MOUNT HOOD. (OREGON.) 
 .28. TIN-TIN-METZE. (Painted 1847.) 
 A Nez Perce" Chief. 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 53 
 
 129. KEOK-SOES-TEE. (Painted 1847.) 
 
 A Pelouse Brave. 
 
 130. VIEW ON THE PELOUSE RIVER. 
 
 131. PELOUSE FALLS. 
 
 This beautiful cascade is situated about nine miles from the junction of the Pelouse with 
 Snake River, and is estimated at three hundred feet in height. According to an old tra- 
 dition, the Great Spirit caused this barrier to rise, to prevent the salmon from passing to a 
 band of Indians living on its head-waters, with whom he was displeased. 
 132 VIEW IN THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 133. VIEW ON THE COLUMBIA. 
 135 THE ARTIST TRAVELING IN NORTHERN OREGON IN THE MONTH OF DECEMBER. 
 
 136. VIEW OF MOUNT HOOD. 
 137. CASCADES OF THE COLUMBIA. 
 
 138. THE GREAT DALLES BASIN. AND VIEW OF MOUNT HOOD. 
 139. SE-LIM-COOM-CLU-LOCK, OR RAVEN CHIEF. (Painted 1847.) 
 
 Commonly called Ugly Head. Principal Chief of the Spokanes, or Flat-Heads, residing on 
 the waters of the Spokane River. 
 
 140. KWIT-TEAL-CO-KOO-SUM. (Painted 1847.) 
 
 Big Star Chief, a medicine-man of the Spokanes. Whenever a person is sick, this tribe 
 supposes that the spirit has left the body, and hovers invisibly in the air, until it can be 
 charmed or brought back through the agency of the medicine-man. To accomplish this 
 end, the patient is placed in a sitting posture, enveloped in a buffalo-robe, or other covering, 
 having only the top of the head exposed. 
 
 The medicine-man then commences dancing and singing around the patient, gesticulating 
 mysteriously, and often clutching in the air with his hands, as if in the act of catching 
 something. The spirit is supposed to be attracted by the chant, and to hover near the 
 aperture at the top of the lodge ; and the dance is often continued for an hour before it 
 can be caught. It is then pressed and rubbed, as the medicine-man pretends, through the 
 patient's skull, whose recovery, if not soon effected, he supposes to be thwarted by his 
 having caught the spirit of some other person ; and it then becomes necessary to undo his 
 work by setting it at liberty, and repeating the performance until the right spirit is caught. 
 141. KAI-MISH-KON, OR MARKED HEAD. 
 
 Spokane Chief. 
 
 142. KAI-ME-TE-KIN, OB MARKED BACK. 
 
 Spokane Brave. 
 
 143. PA-SE-LIX. 
 
 Spokane Squaw. 
 
 144. TIN-TIN-MA-LI-KIN, OB STRONG BREAST. 
 145. HI-UP-EKAN. 
 
 Stony Island Brave. 
 
 146. LAH-KIES-TUM. 
 Stony Island Squaw. 
 
 147.-SO-HA-PE. 
 Stony Island Brave. 
 
 148. WAH-PUXE. 
 
 Chief of the Priest's Rapid. 
 
 149. KO-MAL-KAN, OB LONG HAIR. 
 
 An Okanagan Medicine-man. 
 
 150. SIN-PAH-SOX-TIN. 
 
 Okanagan Squaw. 
 
 151. VIEW ON THE SPOKANE RIVER. 
 152. J. M. STANLEY, THE ARTIST. Painted by A. B. Moore, 1851. 
 
54 
 
 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 LIST OF INDIAN TRIBES REPRESENTED. 
 
 Nos. 
 
 SEMINOLES 1-9 
 
 CREEKS 10-18 
 
 CHEROKEES 19-33 
 
 CHICKASAWS 34 
 
 POTOWATOMIES , 35-37 
 
 STOCKBRIDGES 38 
 
 MUNSEES 39 
 
 OTTOWAS 40 
 
 CHIPPEWAS 41 
 
 DELAWARES 42-47 
 
 WEEAHS 48 
 
 SHAWNEES , 49-51 
 
 SACS AND FOXES 52-58 
 
 BLACK FEET 59-61 
 
 OSAGES 62-68 
 
 QUAPAWS 69 
 
 IOWAS 70 
 
 WlCHETAWS, OR PAWNEE PlCTS 71-73 
 
 CADDOES 74-77 
 
 ANANDARKOES 78 
 
 WACOES 79 
 
 NATCHITOCHES... 80 
 
 Nos. 
 
 TOWOCCONIES 81-82 
 
 MEECHIES 83-85 
 
 COMANCHES 86-92 
 
 PUEBLOS 93-97 
 
 APACHES 98-99 
 
 PIMOS 100-101 
 
 MARICOPAS 
 
 SHASTES 103 
 
 UMPQUAS 
 
 KLAMBTHS 105-106 
 
 CALLAPOOYAS 107 
 
 CHINOOKS 108-109 
 
 CLACKMUS 110-113 
 
 WILLAMETTE FALLS INDIANS 114-116 
 
 TLICKITACKS 117 
 
 WALLA-WALLAS 118 
 
 CAYUSES 119-127 
 
 NEZPERCES 
 
 PELOUSES 129-138 
 
 SPOKANES 139-144 
 
 STONY ISLAND INDIANS 145-147 
 
 OKANAGANS 148-151 
 
CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PAINTINGS 
 
 BELONGING TO THE 
 
 GOVEBNMENT COLLECTION.* 
 
 1. STING IOWAY 
 
 2. SHING-YAW-BA-WUS-SEN, The Figured Stone 
 
 3. MISH-SHA-QUAT, The Clear Sky Chippeway Chief. 
 
 Painted by C. B. King from a drawing by Lewis, 1827. 
 
 4. PE-A-JUK A Chippeway (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 5. 
 
 6. AM-EIQUON, Wooden Ladle (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 7. MO-NEE- KAW, He who goes under ground 
 
 8. 
 
 9. TU-GO-NIS-CO-TE-YEH, Black Fox Cherokee Chief (King, 1828.) 
 
 10. EESH-TAH-HUM-LEAH, Sleepy Eye Sioux Chief, from the band called the Sipsetongs. 
 
 11. MOOS-E-OM-O-NEE, The Walking Iron Wah-pee-ton Sioux (By S. M. Charles, 1837.) 
 
 12. LA-KEE-TOO-ME-RA-SHA, Little Chief Pawnee (King, 1837.) 
 
 13. WAH-RO-NE-SAH, The SurrounderOtoe (King, 1837.) 
 
 14. WAH-KE-ON-TAW-KAH, Big Thunder Chief of the MedanaKanton Sioux. ..(King, 1837.) 
 
 15. HAW-CHE-KE-ONG-GA, He who kills Osages Missouri (King, 1837.) 
 
 16. O-WAN-ICK-KOH, Little Elk Winnebago (A. Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 17. 
 
 18. , Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 19. GA-DE-GE-WE, Spotted Second Chief of the Chippeways, 54 years old (King, 1835.) 
 
 20. WAA-KANN-SEE-KAA, Rattlesnake Winnebago (Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 21. NAA-GAR-NEP, The one who sits at the head Chippeway Chief.. (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 22. [See 42.] GENERAL PUSH-MA-TA-HA Choctaw Chief 
 
 23. MENAWEE A great Warrior and Creek Chief 
 
 This chief commanded the party that killed Gen. Mclntosh, and was one of the few that saved themselves 
 from the defeat at the Horse-shoe, by swimming the river, after being badly wounded in the head. 
 
 24. MISTEPE Yoholo Mice's son, a Creek (King, 1825.) 
 
 25. NAA-SHE-O-SHUCK, Roaring thunder Sac of Mississippi, son of Black Hawk. 
 
 (King, 1837.) 
 
 26. YOOSTO, Spring Frog 
 
 27. YOHOLO-MICO Creek Chief M (King, 1825.) 
 
 28. A Creek warrior 
 
 29. - A Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 30. I-AU-BEANU A Chippeway (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 31. PAH-GUE-SAH-AH Son of Tecumseh (Shaw.) 
 
 32. TAH-COL-A-QUOT A Sac 
 
 33. [See 77.] KEOKUK, Watchful Fox Chiocook Sac 
 
 34. PAW-A-SHICK, To dash the icater off A Fox Chief (Cooke, 1837.) 
 
 35. COL. JOHN STEDMAN or STIDHAM King, 1825.) 
 
 36. WEA-MATLA Seminole War Chief (King, 1826.) 
 
 37. KEE-SHESWA, The Sun Fox warrior (King.) 
 
 * These Paintings are arranged on the east and southeast walls of the Picture Gallery. 
 
56 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 38. TAH-RO-HOTJ, Plenty of meat loway (King, 1837^ 
 
 39. AP-PA-NOOSE-O-KE-MAW, A chief when a child Sac (Cooke, 1837.) 
 
 40. CA-TA-NE-CAS-SA, Black Hoof Shawnee Chief. 
 
 41. PAH-SHE-PAH-HOW, Stabber First Chief of the Sankys ; a Sac (King.) 
 
 42. [See 22.] GENERAL PUSH-MA-TA-HAW Choctaw Chief. 
 
 43. 
 
 44. KAI-POL-E-QUAH, White-nosed Fox A Fox Chief 
 
 45. ZE-WA-DIN, The North TFtwZ Chippew ay Chief.. (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 46. WA-CHA-MON-NE, Partisan loway (King, 1837.) 
 
 47. WHESH-LAUB, The Sweet (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 48. TIA-MAH, The bear whose scream makes the rocks tremble Fox Chief. 
 
 49. WAU-TOP-E-NOT, The Eagle's Bill Fox (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 50. NAHETLUC-HOPIE, Little Doctor Creek Chief (King, 1825.) 
 
 The red spots on his dress mark the balls that he received when he was surprised in his hut. The three 
 lower balls were lower than marked in the picture. The paint on the face is commemorative of the 
 same event, as the blood ran from his nostrils and mouth. 
 
 51. COOSA-TUSTENUGGA Creek Chief (King, 1825.) 
 
 52. KEE-ME-ONE, Rain A Chippeway (King, 1827.) 
 
 53. OpOTHLE-YoHOLO Principal Chief of the Creek deputation to Washington in 1825. 
 
 (King, 1825.) 
 
 54. AT-TE-COURE, The Young Reindeer Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 55. O-TYA-WA-NIM-EE-HEE, Yellow Thunder Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 56. A-NA-CAM-O-GUSH-IA Chippeway Chief from Rainy Lake (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 57. WAA-KAWN, The Snake Winnebago (Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 58. HOO-WAU-NEE-KAW, Little Elk Winnebago orator of the Car-ray-mau-nee family. 
 
 59. O-CHEE-NA-SHINK-KAA, The man that stands and strikes Winnebago. 
 
 (Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 60. PA-SHE-NINE, The good marksman Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 61. WA-HE-KANS-HE-KAI Winnebago (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 62. WADTZ-HE-DOO-KAANA Chief of the Winnebagos ,....(Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 63. MI-CO-A-NA-PAS Second Chief of Seminoles ; owns 70 slaves (King.) 
 
 64. NO-WAY-KE-SUG-GA, He who strikes two at once Otoe (King, 1837.) 
 
 65. WAI-KEE-CHAI, Crouching Eagle Sanky Chief ; Fox (King.) 
 
 66. CAW-TAA-WAA-BEE-TA, The Snagled Tooth .' 
 
 67. YAHA-HAJO, Mad Wolf Creek Chief (King, 1825.) 
 
 68. FOLKE-TUSTE-NAJO, Craggy Black Clay Seminole War Chief (King, 1826.) 
 
 69. JOHR RIDGE Cherokee Chief. Secretary to the Creek delegation to Washington, 1825. 
 
 (King.) 
 
 70. SELOTA Creek Chief; a distinguished warrior ; fought under General Jackson. 
 
 (King, 1825.) 
 
 71. TUSKIE-HU-TUSTENUGGE, Little Prince Creek Chief (King, 1825.) 
 
 72. JACK-O-PA, The Six Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 73. 
 
 74. LE-SHAW-LOO-LA-LE-HOO, Big Chief Pawnee Loup (King, 1837.) 
 
 75. NAU-KAW, Wood Of the Cor-ray-mau-nee family. Principal Chief of Winnebago dep- 
 
 utation, 94 years old 
 
 76. DON VINOENTE GUERRERO, former President of the Mexican Republic a distinguished 
 
 chieftain 
 
 77. [See 33.] KEO-KUK, Watchful Fox First Chief of Sankys (King, 1829.) 
 
 78. 
 
 79. PEE-CHE-KER, Buffalo Chief of Chippeways 
 
 80. APAULI-TUSTENUGGE Creek Chief. (King, 1825.) 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 57 
 
 81. MOU-KA-USH-KA, Trembling Earth Sioux of Missouri ; died in Baltimore Oct. 25, 1837 
 
 (Cooke, 1837.) 
 
 82. A-MISK-QFEW, The Spoon Menomina War Chief (King.) 
 
 83. A Chippeway Chief. (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 84. OLOE, Ox Mahara 
 
 85. TO-CA-COU, He that gives the first wound Sioux of Missouri (Cooke, 1837.) 
 
 86. HA-SA-ZA, Elk's Horn Sioux of Missouri (Cooke, 1837.) 
 
 87. AMMOI, He that comes for something Yancton Sioux (King, 1837.) 
 
 88. MAH-XE-HAH-NAH, Great Walker loway Chief (King.) 
 
 89. PES-KE-LECARO Chief of the Republican Panis 
 
 90. AU-PANTAX-GA, Big Elk Mohas Chief; a great orator 
 
 91. MAN-CHOUSIA, White Plume Kansas Chief. (King.) 
 
 92. TERRE-KI-TAN-AHU 
 
 93. IS-CA-TA-PE, Wicked Chief Great Panis (King.) 
 
 94. CHOU-CAPE-OTOS, Half Chief . (King.) 
 
 95. A-SHE-AU-KOU, SunfishSa.G Chief (King, 1837.) 
 
 96. MAR-KO-ME-TA, Bear's Oil ' 
 
 97. RAUT-CHE-WAIME 
 
 98. [See 143.] RED JACKET Seneca Chief (King, 1828.) 
 
 99. TEUS-QUA-TA-WA, Open Door 
 
 100. (Cooke.) 
 
 101. NE-O-MOU-NE, Walking Rain loway (King, 1837.) 
 
 102. WAA-PUA-TAA, Playing Fox Prince of the Foxes (Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 103. NAU-CHE-WING-GA, No Heart loway (King, 1837.) 
 
 104. PEE-MASH-KA, Fox winding in his course Chief of the Foxes ; (King;) 
 
 105. WAH-BAWN-SEE, Causer of Paleness Principal Chief of the Potawotamies. (King, 1835.) 
 
 106. WA-PELLA, The Prince fox (King, 1837.) 
 
 107. HOLATO-MICO, Blue King Seminole War Chief. (King, 1826.) 
 
 108. WE-KE-ROO-TAU, He who exchanges , 
 
 109. COR-BA-MAP-PA, Wet Mouth Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 110. MA-HOXG-GA Osage (King, 1830.) 
 
 111. HEHO-TUSTEMJGGE, Deer Warrior Seminole Partisan War Chief (King, 1826.) 
 
 112. ES-ME-BOIN Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 113. CUT-TAA-TASE-TIA Fox (Ford from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 114. PA-NAN-SE, Shedding ElkS&c (King, 1827.) 
 
 115. CATOOUSE Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 116. A Sioux Chief 
 
 117. O-KEE-MA-KEE-GUID, The chief that speaks A Chippeway 
 
 118. GOVERNOR HICKS Head Chief of the Seminoles (King, 1826.) 
 
 119. WAA-XA-TAA Grand Chief of the Sioux (King, 1826.) 
 
 120. KIS-TE-KOSH, One leg off Fox brave (Cooke, 1837.) 
 
 121. A Fox Chief (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 122. OCAN-GEE-WACK Chippeway Chief (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 123. KAI-KEE-KAI-MAIH, All fish Chief of Sankys (King.) 
 
 124. OCHIO-FIXICO, (war name,) CHARLES CONXELLO, (English name) Creek Chief. 
 
 (King, 1825.) 
 
 125. SHE-TAH-WAH-COE-WAH-MEXE, The sparrow that hunts as he walks A Sioux (King.) 
 
 126. TSHI-ZHUN-KAU-KAW, He who runs with the deer Of the Day-kau-ray family. Winne- 
 
 bago Chief 
 
 127. WAU-KAUN-HAH-KAW, Snake Skin Of the Day-kau-ray family 
 
 128. ARTOWAY, PADDY CARR Creek Boy 
 
58 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 129. NO-DIN, Wind Chief of Chippeways (King.) 
 
 130. CHOU-MAN-I-CASE Otoe, half chief; husband of Eagle of Delight 
 
 131. RANT-CHE-WAI-ME, MA-HA-KA, Female Flying Pigeon, Eagle of Delight 
 
 132. WA-EM-BOUSH-HAA Chippeway from Sandy Lake 
 
 133. MUCH-A-TAI-ME-SHE-KA-KAIK, Black Hawk (King, 1837.) 
 
 134. IOWAY 
 
 135. MAJOR TIMPOOCHY BARNARD A Creek Chief (King, 1825.) 
 
 136. MAUCH-COO-MAIM loway (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 137. KI-HE-GA-MAW-SIIE-SHE, Brave Chief Omahaw. (King, 1837.) 
 
 138. LEDAGIE Creek Chief (King, 1835.) 
 
 139. WE-KE-ROO-TAW, He who exchanges Otoe (King, 1837.) 
 
 140. KAA-KAA-HUXE, Little Crow (King from Lewis, 1826.) 
 
 141. 
 
 142. TOMA-HAKE-TAKE, The warrior who speaks first (1826.) 
 
 143. [See 98.] RED JACKET Seneca Chief. 
 
 144. KEOKUK, Watchful Fox, and Mu- SEN-WONT, son of Keokuk, Long-haired Fox. 
 
 (King, 1827.) 
 
 145. CHIPPEWAY SQUAWS (1826.) 
 
 146. CHIPPEWAY SQUAW AND CHILD (King from Lewis, 1827.) 
 
 147. TSCHUSICK (King, 1827.) 
 
 OTHER PAINTINGS. 
 
 M. GUIZOT, the celebrated statesman of France, painted by Healy. 
 
 A BATTLE SCENE. 
 
 THE MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS. 
 
 A CARDINAL. 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN EVANS. 
 
 A TURKISH SULTAN. 
 
 The Paintings in the Apparatus Room are rough sketches to illustrate lectures. The 
 largest represents an ancient Indian mound near Marietta, Ohio ; another the Mosque of 
 St. Sophia, at Constantinople ; another the English Houses of Parliament ; and scenes in 
 Egypt, Turkey, &c., &c. 
 
 LIST OF BUSTS DEPOSITED IN THE INSTITUTION. 
 
 ROGER B. TANEY, JOHN MILTON, WILLIAM NORRIS, 
 
 ROBERT FULTON, BENJAMIN HALLOWELL, CLARK MILLS, 
 
 STEPHEN DECATUR, THORWALSDEN, AMOS KENDALL, 
 
 JOEL BARLOW, FRANCIS P. BLAIR, Miss FAIRFIELD, 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON, JOHN C. SPENCER, Miss HAMPTON. 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER, MARTIN VAN BUREN, 
 
GUIDE TO THE MUSEUM. 
 
 Museums are collections of miscellaneous objects and relics capable of illustrating the 
 distant or the past. The word is of Greek origin, and literally signifies a place sacred to 
 the Muses the patron deities among the ancients of the various arts and sciences. 
 
 The British Museum, the largest in the world, was opened to the public on the 15th of 
 January, 1759, and is therefore a century old. It has been the recipient, however, of im- 
 mense donations from the Government, and numerous bequests from individuals. 
 
 The collection now in the Smithsonian Institution is of very recent origin, and is remark- 
 able for its extent and value, considering that no special appropriation has ever been made 
 by the Government for its increase. All that has been done has been to pay the necessary 
 expenses of keeping it in order, and for the preservation of the specimens. The objects 
 have been chiefly collected under the direction of the officers of the various Exploring and 
 Surveying Expeditions, and have formed only an incidental part of their duties. A large 
 number, however, have been presented by the correspondents of the Institution. 
 
 The collections made by the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N., 
 1838-42, are supposed greatly to exceed those of any other of similar character ever fitted 
 out by a foreign government, no published series of results comparing at all in magnitude 
 with that issued under the direction of the Joint Library Committee of Congress. 
 
 A full list of all the Expeditions from which specimens have been received will be found 
 in the Smithsonian Report for 1858, (page 52,) copies of which are furnished gratuitously 
 by the Secretary to those specially interested in the subject. 
 
 In the arrangement of the specimens, strict scientific accuracy has been sacrificed to 
 convenience, and this remark will apply to this work, which is intended only for the popu- 
 lar reader. Catalogues which will give descriptions and scientific names of all the articles 
 of natural history, will be published in due time by the Institution. The student will find 
 in the volumes of the Report of the Pacific Railroad and Mexican Boundary Surveys, espe- 
 cially, accurate accounts of most of the specimens here exhibited. 
 
 The notes in relation to the specimens are from the highest authorities the reports of 
 the various Expeditions having been consulted, as well as the guides to the British Museum, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 On entering the hall, turn to the left, and examine 
 
 CASE 1. 
 
 This contains a number of interesting animals. No. 41 is the Prairie Wolf or Coyote, 
 from the Colorado. 
 
 These animals are able to mate an incredible amount of noise, -which has no resemblance to the bark of a dog. 
 They sneak about during the day, but at night there are no bounds to their impudence. They will steal pro- 
 visions literally from under your nose. They do not attack men unless wounded. 
 
 Nos. 42, 43, 44, Foxes. ..45, Wolf.. .46, Common Fox. ..47, Jackall...48, Chili Fox. ..49 and 50, 
 California Porcupine. ..51, Arkansas Fox. ..52, Egyptian Porcupine. ..53, Fox. ..54, Cross 
 Fox. ..55, Cross Fox from Salt Lake. ..56, Prairie Wolf, Platte River. ..57, Fox of Tierra del 
 Fuego, very bold and fierce. ..58, Fox. ..59, Gray Wolf.. .60, Gray Wolf, Platte River, the 
 common Wolf of North America. .61 and 66, Peccaries or Mexican Hogs. This animal is rarely 
 found alone. It emits an odor like that of the skunk. ..62, 63, 64, and 65, Ant Bears, or 
 Ant-eaters, from the Cape of Good Hope, etc. 
 
 The Ant-eaters are remarkable for their long cylindrical tongues, covered with a glutinous saliva, by means 
 of which they entrap and devour the insects upon which they live. The tongue is nearly twice the length of 
 
60 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 the whole head and muzzle together, and when not extended is kept doubled up in the mouth, with the point 
 directed backward. It is very slothful and solitary. The female bears but a single young one at a birth. They 
 are Very rare, and seldom seen even in their native regions. The Indians eat their flesh. 
 
 CASE 2. 
 
 Fishes. Among these are the Sticklebacks, which the California Indians catch in sum- 
 mer, and dry for winter use.. ..Trout, or River Bass.. ..Sun fishes. 
 
 CASE 3. 
 
 Upper Shelf. The many-colored Wrens of Chili. ..The Diamond Bird, very valuable on 
 account of its skin. ..Robins from Australia. ..Blue Birds from India... Red-crested Manakin 
 of Brazil. In the middle of the shelf is the Superb Warbler of Australia.. .The Gold-crested 
 Wren... The Black Cock and the Crowned Cock of Malacca. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Cocks from Malacca. Notice especially the Wild or Jungle Cock of Asia. 
 
 Lower Shelf. The Silver Pheasant of China. 
 
 This Pheasant is remarkable for the extraordinary leugth of its tail feathers, which no visitor can fail to 
 admire. This noble bird is considered a rarity even in Pekin, its native district being one of the coldest and 
 most mountainous provinces of China. 
 
 English Pheasants. ..Australian Turkeys. ..The Argus Pheasant of Malacca. ..The Lyre-tailed 
 Pheasant of Australia. ..The Helmeted Hornbill...The Rhinoceros Hornbill of Malacca. 
 
 This strange horny excresence is in reality extremely light, being cellular. The Horn bills feed on mice, small 
 birds, reptiles, &c., which, throwing them in the air and catching them in the throat, they swallow whole. 
 
 CASE 4. 
 
 Against the Wall. Fishes from California, Mexico, &c. 
 
 CASE 5. 
 
 EAST SIDE Upper Shelf. Pigeons and Doves. 
 
 WEST SIDE Middle Shelf. Here are some of the choicest specimens in the whole Museum, 
 nnd worthy of special attention. The rare Birds of British Guiana, South America : 
 Among these, No. 6, the Bearded Manakin. ..9, Black Headed Creeper. ..5, Mocking Bird... 
 11, King Humming Bird. On another stand, notice No. 4, the Bell Bird, the rarest in the 
 collection. ..No. 5, the Quya....No. 12, Female Amethyst Humming Bird with nest.... 
 No. 11, the Tucan... The Emerald, Sapphire, Longbill, and other Humming Birds. 
 
 There is no group of birds so interesting to the ornithologist or to the casual observer as the humming birds; 
 at once the smallest in size, the most gorgeously beautiful in color, and almost the most abundant in species of 
 any single family of birds. They are strictly confined to the continent and islands of America, and are most 
 abundant in the Central American States. There are believed to be nearly 400 species. Their food consists 
 almost entirely of insects. The humming, from which they derive their name, is produced by the whirring of 
 the wings. 
 
 Middle Shelf. The celebrated BIRD OP PARADISE from New Guinea. ..The Blue-Headed 
 Shrike or Butcher Bird from the Philippine Islands. ..Blue-Backed Shrike from India... 
 Burmese Shrike from Malacca. ..Cayenne Shrike. ..Brazil Shrike... Black-throated Shrike from 
 Feejee Islands. ..The Common Jay, &c. 
 
 Many years ago, when rice was dear in Eastern China, efforts were made to bring it from Luzon, where it was 
 abundant. At Manilla there was, however, passed a singular law, to the effect that no vessel for China should 
 be allowed to load with rice unless it brought to Manilla a certain number of cages full of the little ' butcher 
 birds," we.l known to ornithologists. The reason for this most eccentric regulation simply was that the rice in 
 Luzon suffered much from locusts, and these locusts were destroyed in great numbers by butcher birds. In 
 our sublime and superior common sense such a law appears trivial. Yet if we could calculate the vast amount 
 of money annually lost to this country by insects, caused by the wanton and wicked destruction of birds, it 
 might not seem so very trifling after all. It might be even found to be advantageous to import or raise 
 large quantities of insectivorous birds. 
 
 EAST SIDE Lower Shelf. Regent Oriole of Australia. ..Red-breasted Meadow-Lark of 
 Chili. ..Black Cassican of Tierra del Fuego... Australian Shrike of New South Wales, &c. 
 
 WEST SIDE. Cassicans, Crows, and Meadow-Larks from Brazil and Australia. The beauti- 
 ful 1 black birds at the north end are the Satin Birds. 
 
 CASE 6. 
 Fishes. 
 
 CASE 7. 
 
 EAf.T SIDE. Humming Birds from Chili, Brazil, &o. 
 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. Kingfishers frjm the Sandwich and Cape de Verde Islands, 
 Australia, Malacca, Brazil, &c...Goat Suckers or Night Jars. ..Great Ibyan of Brazil. 
 The Kingfishers, of all British birds, have the most brilliant plumage. The classic name of this beautiful 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 61 
 
 bird was Halcyon, and the phrase "Halcyon Days," as applied to times of unusual prosperity, is said to have 
 been derived from the notion, for which there was no foundation, that the bird hatched its eggs in a floating 
 nest, and that during its incubation there was always a calm at sea. 
 
 WEST SIDE Middle Shelf. Blue-winged Thrush. ..Sunbirds, representing in the Old World 
 the Humming Birds of the American Continent. 
 
 Of this group, distinguished by their long, slender bills, and by the curious structure of their tongues, 
 which are long, and usually divided into threads or filaments like a brush, it has been remarked that it is among 
 the most interesting of the animal world. Among those in the case may be enumerated the Hoopoes and Sun- 
 birds, the males of which have beautiful plumage, and sing agreeably; they are most common in the warm 
 regions of the Eastern Hemisphere; the Honey-Eaters of Australia, whose tongue is terminated by a bunch of 
 delicate filaments, admirably adapted for licking up the sugared sweets of the flower-cups; and the Creepers, 
 Nut-hatchers, Wrens, and other small birds that feed on insects, chiefly obtained by striking the bark of trees. 
 But far the most interesting of the tenuirostres are the exquisite little Humming Birds. 
 
 EAST SIDE. Megalophus of Brazil, very curious.... Fly Catchers. ..Bird of Paradise.... 
 the Rifle Bird, &c. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Thrushes and Wrens from all parts of the world.. ..Red Toucan of Brazil, 
 very rare... Green and Blue Tanagers. 
 
 CASE 8. 
 
 Fishes. 
 
 CASE 9. 
 
 Parrots, inhabitants of all parts of the world except Europe. ...Parroquets, Cockatoos, 
 (large white birds;) Aracans, Toucans, Cuckoos, from New South Wales and Brazil princi- 
 pally. ...The Funereal Cockatoo is dressed in mourning suit. The Woodpecker of Brazil, on 
 the middle shelf, west side, is worthy of notice, also the Toucans and Aracans. On the 
 lower shelf are Trogons...Tamatia...Barbets, or Puff Birds. 
 
 CASE 10. 
 
 Fishes, mainly collected by Pacific Railroad and Mexican Boundory Expeditions. 
 
 CASE 11. 
 
 Kites... Hawks. ..Buzzards.. ..Falcons, the most courageous in proportion to their size of all 
 birds of prey. 
 
 The most remarkable is the Peregrine Falcon, formerly used in the sport of hawking. These falcons were 
 very expensive; the use of them was permitted only to persons of rank, and to injure one of their nests, even on 
 one's own grounds, was a crime severely punishable- Their power of wing is almost incredible. A case is re- 
 corded of a falcon flying 1.350 miles in 24 hours, or nearly sixty miles an hour. When flown at a heron or any 
 other bird, their plan was to chase the bird, mount above it, and then swoop down upon it. To do this in. a 
 proper manner they required training. 
 
 The beautiful birds at the north end with long tails are the Peacock Trogons. At the same 
 end, east side, is the Caracara Eagle. On the lower shelf are Owls from Australia, Brazil, 
 &c. The one with wings extended, is from Malacca. 
 
 CASE 12. 
 
 Fishes. 
 
 Table Case, between Cases 11 and 13, is filled with Eggs of Eagles, Hawks, Owls, Wood- 
 peckers, Cuckoos, &c. 
 
 CASE 13. 
 
 Fishes. Observe the singular Hippocampus^ or Sea-Horse, from Ofa Point Comfort, Va. 
 Also the same from California. 
 
 At the EAST EXD OF THE HALL we see two cases containing Birds and Animals, mounted 
 by the skilful taxidermist, J. G. Bell, of N. Y., and exhibited by him at the World's Fair, 
 as specimens of his art. 
 
 The DOOR leads to the taxidermist's or preparation room, where Mr. C. Drexler is en- 
 gaged in mounting animals for the Smithsonian Museum. Any persons having a pet bird 
 or animal which they desire to preserve, can have it beautifully mounted by Mr. Drexler, 
 at a moderate charge. 
 
 Ball struck by lightning. 
 
 This ball was attached to the top of a lantern placed on the top of the old dome of the Capitol, in which it was 
 proposed to use the Drummond light for illuminating the city. The experiment failed, and a stroke of 
 lightning left its mark on this ball, which is here exhibited. 
 
62 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 Cinnabar or Vermilion, the ore from which mercury or quicksilver is obtained. 
 
 This specimen, from California, weighs 400 pounds, is very rich in mercury, and was exhibited in the World's 
 Fair as a rample of the mineral wealth of the Pacific State. The mines of Almaden, in Spain, are the most cele- 
 brated. Mercury boils at 670 and becomes solid at 40 below zero. 
 
 CASE 14. 
 
 We have here a great collection of Rattlesnakes. Every species may be seen, and from 
 all parts of the country. 
 
 It was proposed, in the early days of our history, to adopt the rattlesnake as our national emblem, but the 
 eagle was selected in preference. 
 
 Window between Cases 14 and 15. Specimens of American Woods. 
 
 Table Case. Specimens of Palaeontology, or fossil remains of plants and animals dug 
 out of the earth. 
 
 These singular and interesting fossils are from Nebraska, a district called " Mauvaises Torres" or Bad Lands. 
 The valley is 90 miles in length and 30 in breadth. Its most depressed portion is 300 feet below the general 
 level of the surrounding country. All over the surface thousands of abrupt, irregular, prismatic, and columnar 
 masses are standing, extending to a height of one or two hundred feet. It resembles a large city. It is an im- 
 mense cemetery of extinct animals, the bottom of what was once an extensive lake. The specimens are Mam- 
 malia, and Chelonia or Turtles. There are two remarkable species of Rhinoceros differing from any remains of 
 this animal found in other parts of the globe. These are the first discovered in America. A full description of 
 these fossils has been written by Dr. Jos. Leidy, of Philadelphia, and published in the Smithsonian Contributions 
 to Knowledge. 
 
 CASE 15. 
 
 Serpents. 
 
 CASE 16. 
 
 EAST SIDE Upper Shelf. The most prominent object is (No. 43) the Bald Eagle or 
 White-headed Eagle. It has its wings extended. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin thus speaks : " For my part, I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen as the represent- 
 ative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral character ; be does not get his living honestly. You may have 
 seen him perched on some dead tree, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the labors of the Fishing 
 Hawk ; and when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish, and is bearing it to his nest for the support of its 
 mate and young ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him. With all this injustice, he is never 
 in good case, but like those among men who live by sharping and robbing, he is generally poor. Besides he is 
 a rank coward ; the little King-Bird, not bigger than a Sparrow, attacks him boldly, and drives him out of the 
 district. He is therefore by no means a proper emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America, who 
 have driven all the King-Birds from our country." 
 
 Next in order are Duck Hawks... Black-capped Hawks... Prairie Falcons. ..Pigeon Hawks... 
 Sparrow Hawks. 
 
 The Sparrow Hawk was in high estimation among the Egyptians; and their god Osiris was worshipped under 
 this name. 
 
 Middle Shelf. No. 39, The Golden Eagle, or the Ring-tailed Eagle. 
 
 The Golden Eagle is held by the American Indians, as it is by almost every other people, to be an emblem of 
 might and courage ; and the young Indian warrior glories in his eagle plume as the most honorable ornament 
 with which he can adorn himself. A warrior will exchange a valuable horse for the tail-feathers of a single 
 eagle. 
 
 Swainson's Hawk. ..Brown, Baird's, Red-shouldered, Red-bellied, Broad-winged Hawks. 
 
 Lower Shelf. OWLS, rapacious nocturnal birds, inhabiting all parts of the world except 
 
 Australia. There are specimens of the Barn, Prairie, Burrowing, Pigmy, Short-eared, 
 
 Long-eared, Saw-whet, Snowy, Great Horned, Mottled, Great Gray, Barred, Sparrow, and 
 
 other Owls. 
 
 The Burrowing Owl is the constant companion of the Prairie Dog, (see case 30,) and lives in perfect harmony 
 with him in his underground quarters. 
 
 " Looking at some of these wise-looking birds, with their big round heads, docked bodies, and goggle eyes, one 
 could almost believe the story of the cockney sportsman, who, having shot something that he saw flying over- 
 head, as he and a companion were passing through a churchyard in the evening, cried out in horror as he picked 
 it up fluttering beside a tombstone, " Oh, Jack, I have shot a cherub!" 
 
 CASE 16. 
 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. Blue-backed, Sharp-shinned, and other Hawks.... The Bald 
 Eagle. 
 
 Middle Shelf. American Bald Eagle. ..Western Red-tailed Hawk, the most abundant 
 species west of the Rocky mountains. ..Rough-legged Hawk. ..Black, Marsh, and Sparrow 
 Hawks. ..The Golden Eagle, very rare. This bird preys on lambs, fawns, &c, 
 
 Lower Shelf. Turkey Buzzard... Mexican, White-tailed, Swallow-tailed, Marsh, Fish, 
 
THE SMITSSON1AN INSTITUTION. 68 
 
 and other Hawks. ..Mississippi Kite. ..Black Kite. ..Gray Sea Eagle... Northern Sea Eagle... 
 the California Vulture, the largest species in Western United States. 
 
 Four of these Vultures were seen to drag off the body of a grizzly bear weighing 200 pounds, a distance of 
 six hundred feet. It is inferior in size only to the gigantic Condor of South America. 
 
 CASE 11. 
 
 Serpents. 
 
 CASE 18. 
 
 EAST SIDE Upper Shelf. Red and yellow-shafted Flickers. ..Chuck-Will's- Widow... 
 Whip-poor-will. ..Wood, and other Pewees... Olive-sided and other Fly-Catchers, which catch 
 their insect prey flying. ..King Birds. 
 
 The Scissor-tail or Swallow-tailed Fly-Catcher or the Texas Bird of Paradise, is an exquisitely beautiful and 
 graceful bird. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Swallows. ..Thrushes... Warblers. ..Stone Chat, &c. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Finches... Sparrows... Cross-bills... Oregon Snow-Bird. ..Buntings. 
 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. Cuckoos. ..Woodpeckers. ..Sapsuckers... Humming Birds. 
 
 The feathers of the Red-shafted Woodpecker are highly prized by the Indians on account of their beauty and 
 rarity. They ornament their head dresses with them. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Warblers. ..Red Birds. ..Tanagers. Notice especially the California Ant- 
 eating Woodpecker. 
 
 Found in every portion of the country. They are very gay and sociable, and make a great deal of noise. In 
 the fall this species has the curious and peculiar habit of laying up provisions against the inclement season. 
 Small 'round holes are dug in the bark of the pine and oak, into each one of which Ls inserted an acorn, and so 
 tightly is it fitted or driven in that it is with difficulty extracted. The bark ol the pine trees, when thus filled, 
 presents at a short distance the appearance of being studded with brass headed nails. Stowed away in large 
 quantities in this manner, tLe acorns not only supply the wants of the Woodpeckers, but the Squirrels, Mice, 
 and Jays avail themselves likewise of the fruits of its provident labor. The nest is hollowed out from the 
 body of a tree or some decayed branch, and varies from 6 inches to 2 feet in depth. The eggs, 4 or 5 in number, 
 of a pure white, are placed at the bottom of this cavity, resting on the soft bed of dust and chips which 
 have there fallen during the labor of excavation. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Nut-hatchers. ..Titmice. ..Wrens. ..Shrikes, or Butcher-Birds. 
 
 They derive their name from the manner in which they treat the insects, young frogs, &a, DJI which they 
 feed, often impaling them on thorns, and tearing them to pieces at their leisure. 
 
 Sky-larks. ..Grosbeaks. ..Finches. ..Creepers. 
 
 CASE 19. 
 
 Serpents. 
 
 CASE 20. 
 
 EAST SIDE Upper Shelf. Cardinal Grosbeaks. 
 
 The Cardinal Grosbeak is also called the " Red Bird" and the " Virginia Nightingale." With the most 
 brilliant plumage, it unites the sweetest song. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Partridges... Prairie Hens... Ptarmigans. 
 
 Large numbers of Ptarmigan are sent from Norway to London every winter. The birds are caught in snares, 
 and kept in a frozen state for the dealers. One dealer will buy and sell 50,000 Ptarmigans in a season. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Golden Plovers, or Bull-heads... King Plover. ..Piping Plover. ..The largest 
 is the Black-bellied. 
 
 These birds prefer bare places, ropose on the ground, and never perch at night or roost on trees. Inhabits the 
 entire American continent. 
 
 Kill-deer, one of the few birds of our country known to all classes and ages of the 
 people. 
 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. Jays. ..Crows... Ravens. 
 
 The Raven is the largest bird of the crow kind. It is found in all climes, and its age is said at times to reach 
 one hundred years. It sustains equally the warmth of the sun at the equator and the cold of Iceland ; it feeds 
 on everything, and is highly venerated in some countries. 
 
 Orioles. ..Arctic Blue Bird. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Cock of the Plains, or Sage Cock. ..Oregon Cocks... Grouse. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Snipes... Buff-breasted Sandpiper, a little bird of remarkable and handsome 
 plumage. ..Marbled Godwit, a great favorite with sportsmen for shooting.. .Long-billed Cur- 
 lew, abundant in. every part of the United States, 
 
64 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 CASE 21. 
 
 Reptiles. ..Notice tbe Mexican Horned Frog. 
 
 This curious animal will live for months without food. Quite recently there were two live specimens received 
 at the Smithsonian Institution, in a letter from Huntsville, Texas. When taken out of the envelope, they ap- 
 peared flattened and lifeless, but a few moments in the fresh air made them very lively, and they can now be 
 seen in the taxidermist's room. 
 
 CASE 22. 
 
 EAST SIDE. Upper Shelf. Sea Ducks. 
 
 Middle Shelf. River Ducks. ..Mallard, or Green Head. ..Black Duck, the largest, and 
 finest for eating... Pintail, Sprigtail, English, Blue- winged, Green-winged, Red-breasted 
 Teals. ..Sora... Common Rail, or Ortolan. 
 
 The most abundant and most universally known bird of its genus, inhabiting the United States, and every- 
 where known as the " Bail." The specimens from California are precisely identical with others from the banks 
 of the Delaware river. 
 Lower Shelf. Wild Turkeys... Mexican Turkeys. 
 
 Among the most beautiful of known birds. The feathers exhibit reflections of metallic bronze, gold, green, 
 and blue. 
 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. Shoveller. ..Spoon-bill Bald-pate. ...American and English 
 
 Widgeons. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Teals. 
 
 Lower Shelf. White Crane. ..Whooping Crane. 
 The White Crane is one of the rarest birds to be found in collections. 
 Sand-hill or Brown Crane, or Stork, from California. 
 
 In the early settlement of that country, one of these cranes sold from $16 to $18 in the San Francisco market, 
 to take the place of the turkey at the Christmas dinner. 
 
 CASE 23. 
 Frogs. 
 
 Here are also the Hyla, or Tree-Frogs, which have the power of walking; on polished surfaces, and of attaching 
 themselves by their feet to, and walking with their bodies suspended on the under side of. the smoothest leaves. 
 
 CASE 24. 
 
 EAST SIDE Upper Shelf. The Gulls. ..The Laughing Gull... Franklin's Rosy Gull.... 
 Hooded, Bonaparte's, Kittiwake, and Yellow-billed Gu'ls. 
 
 The most beautiful are known by the dark-colored hood or cowl which envelopes the head in summer. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Fishing Ducks. ..Goosander... Sheldrake, or Fish Ducks. ..Red-breasted 
 Merganser... Smew. 
 
 Lower Shelf. American Geese... Canada Goose... Hutchins' Goose... Brant. 
 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. The Terns. ..Marsh, Caspian, Royal, Elegant, Cabot's, Havell's, 
 Sooty, Arctic, Roseate, and other Terns, 
 
 Mostly found on the sea-coast and bays, are much on the wing, and are remarkable for their easy and buoyant 
 flight. 
 
 The Frigate Pelican, or Man-of-War Bird. 
 
 Its power of flight is not excelled by any other bird . Very tyrannical. 
 
 Middle' Shelf . Fishing Ducks. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Rough-billed and Brown Pelicans. The American Swan, equally abund- 
 ant on all parts of the continent. The young bird is brown. ...Trumpeter Swan, very large 
 and powerful. ..Cormorants. 
 
 PELICAN. "In the Gulf of California, a small black gall follows the pelican incessantly on its flight, and as 
 th< lat*er plunged into the sea after fish, the gull would immediately alight by its side. The pelican, emprging 
 from vufc water to discharge the fluid collected in the gular sac, would drop its bill, when the fish partially pro- 
 truding from between its mandibles, the gull would seize upon one and drag it out, as his share ol the booty. 
 Although this feat is of hourly occurrence, the pelican never offers the least resistance, or shows any anger or 
 impatience at the intrusion or impudence of his little neighbor, who, like a tax-gatherer, follows him through 
 life, an evil inevitable." 
 
 CASE 25. 
 
 Frogs. 
 
 CASE 26. 
 
 This case contains a number of interesting specimens. No. 67, Alligator from Florida... 
 68, Sea-cow from the Amazon river. ..69, 70, 71, 75, 79, Sea-Leopards, or Seals. 
 The brain of the seal is well-developed, and the degree of sagacity and attachment shown in domestication for 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 65 
 
 they are very easily tamed, and taught to perform tricks is. evidence of superior intelligence. Cuvier tells 
 offtieal who would raise himself erect, and take a staff in his flippers, like a sentinel. At the word of command, 
 he would lie down on his right side or his left, according to order, or tumble head over heels. He gave a paw 
 when requested, like a dog, and protruded his lips for a ki>s. 
 The Roman Emperor Augustus always earned the skin of a sea-leopard as a protection against lightning. 
 
 Nos. 72, 73, 76, Albatrosses, the largest sea-birds known. 
 
 They will swallow a salmon of 4 or 5 pounds -weight. They never attack other sea-birds. 
 
 " If the Eagle is called the king of birds, the Albatross ought to be called the queen, so queen-like and stately 
 is her course on the wing, and so dignified, mild, and unfearing is her expression when captured. When on the 
 wing it is the very beau-ideal of beauty and grace. This glorious bird is the most beautiful and lovable object 
 of the animate world which the adventurer meets with in all the South Pacific." Rev. H. T. Cheever. 
 
 No. 74, Saw-fish. ..No. 78, Skull of a Sea Leopard. ..No. 80, American Beaver, a splendid 
 specimen of this interesting animal, whose habits and history are familiar to all.. ..No. 81 is 
 a part of a tree cut by the Beaver. ..No. 82, Porpoise or Sea Hog. 
 
 Porpoises swim in shoals and drive the mackerel, herrings, and salmon before them, pursuing them up the 
 bays, with the same eagerness as a pack of dogs after a hare. In some places they almost darken the sea as they 
 rise above water to take breath. In fine weather they leap, roll, and tumble about in the most sportive manner. 
 The oil procured from the fat surrounding the body of the Porpoise is of the purest kind, and the skin, when 
 tanned and dressed, is used for wearing apparel, and for coverings for carriages. As an article of food, the flesh 
 is highly esteemed. It is the great dainty of the Greenlanders, and he quaffs its oil as the most delicious of 
 draughts. 
 
 The large fish near the east side of the case is a STURGEON, and the one near it, with the 
 fin on. its lack, is a SHARK, both caught in the Potomac river. 
 
 CENTRE OF THE HALL, EAST END. 
 
 Case of specimens of Silver, Lead, and Copper Ores, from the mines of the Sonora Ex- 
 ploring and Mining Company, Tubac, Gadsden's Purchase, New Mexico... Specimens from 
 the mines of New Granada. ..Gold, Silver, Galena, &c., from various parts of the world. 
 
 Raised Model, representing the Geology of Switzerland. 
 
 The large case contains a magnificent and unique collection of Birds' Nests and Eggs... 
 Notice especially in the upper part, the Oriole Nests. ..Marsh Wren Nests. ..The green eggs 
 of the Catbird. ..Eggs of Chuck- Will's- Widow.. ..Humming Birds' Nests, very rare and 
 valuable. These nests readily bring a high price at any time... .Night Hawk's Eggs. ...In 
 the lower part, the Pelican Nest and Eggs. ..Loon Eggs.. .Alligator and Ostrich Eggs. ..The 
 largest egg is that of the Giant Fossil Bird, of Madagascar. 
 
 Though probably extinct, the species may be in existence in the unknown interior of the Island, as is be- 
 lieved by the natives. This egg is 12}^ inches long by % inches wide, the shell one-tenth of an inch thick. 
 
 Notice in this part of the hall the Meteorite described on page 23 of this volume. 
 Next visit the WEST END OF THE HALL, and commence on the south side at 
 
 CASE 28. 
 
 No. 1, Wolverine or Glutton, from Salt Lake, very fierce and cunning. ..No. 2, Jaguar, or 
 American Tiger. 
 
 The following narrative shows the character of this animal : " In 1825, near Santa Fe, N. M., a lay brother, 
 after having made confession and concluded his prayers, entered the sacristy. There he was terror-stricken on 
 opening the door and seeing himself face to face with a Jagnar. In a moment the poor man was in the clutches of 
 the beast, which dragged its victim into a back corner to finish the bloody work. The guardian of the convent 
 hearing the noise hurried to the room, and had scarcely become aware of what had happened when the animal 
 leaped upon his second victim and despatched him. After a while several other men attempted to open the bloody 
 sacristy, but not without meeting a similar fate, for the first one opening the door was immediately slain. After he 
 had killed four victims, the roaring of the Jaguar attracted the people of the convent, and by boring a hole in the 
 door they finally succeeded in shooting the dreadful monster. The convent where this occurred is on the banks of 
 the Rio Bravo, which, after freshets, overflows the islands in front of the town, and all the animals living in the 
 thickets are driven up. This animal entered the garden of the convent, and thence, by a small door accidentally 
 left open, the sacristy." 
 
 No. 3, Three American Wild Cats, from the Sonorian Mountains near Fort Yuma...4, 
 Young Black Bear, from Warsaw, Illinois. ..5, Red Wild Cat, from Washington Territory... 
 6, Canada Lynx, from Medicine Bow Creek, near Fort Laramie...7, Grizzly Bear, from 
 Medicine Bow Creek, near Fort Laramie...8, Skin of Bush Goat, of Africa. ..9, Skin of Red 
 Buck Deer, of Africa. ..10, Black Orang-Outang, of Africa, female. ..11, Skull, hand, and 
 foot of the Chimpanzee, of Africa. ..12, Rope made from grass on the Gold Coast of Africa... 
 13, Sankywin Monkey, from Demarara, Guiana. ..14, Hooraway Monkey, from Demarara, 
 Guiana...l5, Ground Monkey. ..16, Ring-tail Monkey. ..17, Ground Monkey. 
 
 CASE 29. 
 
 Fishes from the China seas. 
 
66 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 CASE 30. 
 
 EAST SIDE Upper Shelf. Bats, from New South Wales, &c... Sloth, from British Guiana, 
 rare. ..Gophers, of California, etc., very destructive to the products of the farm and garden... 
 Salamanders. ..Prairie Dogs. 
 
 These are almost the only inhabitants of the high, dry prairie land destitute of every form of vegetation ex- 
 cept grass. A Prairie Dog, however, is always fat. They are known to all western travelers, and found in im- 
 mense numbers on the overland route to California. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Common Mink, the pest of farmers one has been known to kill 30 chickens 
 in a night. Weasels. ..Pine Martens, or American Sable. 
 The Ornithorynchus Paradoxus, or Duck Bill. 
 
 This is an extraordinary animal, and when it was first described, and even after its skin was received in Eng- 
 land, naturalists hesitated to believe in its existence. It is a native of Australia, where it is called Water-mole. 
 It lives almost entirely in the water. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Kaccoons.... Opossums. ...Skunks. ...Wood-Chucks. ...Ground Hogs. ...Musk 
 Rats, found over the whole country. 
 WEST SIDE Upper Shelf. Vats. 
 Middle Shelf. Musk-Rats. ..Weasels. ..Armadillos. 
 
 The Armadillo is gifted with extraordinary strength sometimes elevating a weight placed on his back of an 
 100 pounds. It rolls itself up like a ball, and sleeps nearly all day. It is much sought for as food. It is inoffen- 
 sive, and can be handled with impunity. Armadillos never attempt to bite, nor has nature given them any 
 other means of defence than the ease and rapidity with which they avoid danger by burrowing. Their food 
 consists of fallen fruits, roots, and worms; but they do not reject carrion, and have been known to penetrate 
 into human graves. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Bassaris Astuta, Civet Cat. 
 
 Called Squirrel Cat by Texans. Lives among rocks and trees. It is easily tamed, and makes a mild and play- 
 ful pet. It is something between fox and raccoon sole representative in the New World of the genets, civets, 
 ichneumons, &c., of the Old. 
 
 CASE 31. 
 
 Toads. 
 
 Window Case. Woods collected by Exploring Expedition. 
 
 CASE 32. 
 
 Upper Shelf.... Squirrels of various kinds. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Hares. ..Rabbits. ..Prairie Dogs. ..Mice. ..Moles. ..Rats. 
 
 Lower Shelf. Badgers... Ground Hogs... Beaver. 
 
 The Agouti of the West Indies is the largest quadruped indigenous to these islands. They live exclusively on 
 vegetables. 
 
 Hoary Marmots. ..W r ood Chucks. ..Civet Cats, &c. 
 
 CASE 33. 
 Star-fishes. 
 
 Window Case. Plaster Casts or Medallions. 
 
 CASE 34. 
 
 Corals. 
 
 This is one of the most complete and beautiful collections extant, and has been arranged by Prof. J. D. Dana, of 
 Yale College. 
 
 Middle Shelf. Crystals of Sulphur, Feldspar, and Lava, from the craters on the Sand- 
 wich Islands, collected by the Exploring Expedition. 
 
 In procuring these specimens there was great risk. The persons walked over a crust of only two or three in- 
 ches of black lava, beneath which was a mass which lighted a pole instantaneously when pierced through it. 
 
 CASE 35. 
 
 Sepia, or Cuttle-Fish... Nautilus, and other Mollusks. 
 Window Case. Woods. 
 
 CASE 36. 
 
 Corals. 
 
 Every branch of Coral may be considered as a tree or plant, all the buds of which are animated polypes. 
 Sponges. 
 As to the true nature of these extraordinary substances, naturalists are not altogether agreed. They are 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 67 
 
 usually placed in the animal kingdom, and erected into a distinct class of radiata, called Porifera, analogous in 
 some respects to the zoophyta. What is seen here is, however, only the skeleton of the living being, which is 
 but a thin gelatinous substance. 
 
 CASE 37. 
 
 Palaemons... Prawns or Shrimps. ^.Galatheidae, a group of Crustaceans. 
 Window Case. Woods. 
 
 CASE 38. 
 
 Corals and Sponges.. ..Notice the Sea Mushroom. 
 
 It has a beautiful stony cell, consisting of a thick round plate several inches in diameter, with numerous thin 
 vertical plates rising from it, and radiating from its centre. 
 
 The Brain-stone, so called from its resemblance to the human brain. 
 Some of the coral reefs are known to be one thousand miles long and more than three hundred broad. 
 
 CASE 39. 
 
 Crustacea... Dromidise, &c. 
 
 CASE 40. 
 
 Crustacea. ..Ocypodes, &c. 
 
 NORTH SIDE OP THE HALL. 
 
 CASE 41. 
 
 Fishes. ..Abranchiates, &c. 
 
 CASE 42. 
 
 Crabs. 
 
 Window Case. Plaster cast of Old Sarum, Wiltshire, England. ...Relics from Nicaragua. 
 
 The small figure representing an animal couchant was regarded with great veneration by the Indians. See 
 page 19. 
 
 CASE 43. 
 
 Exotic Birds. 
 
 CASE 44. 
 
 Fishes, Bonaparte Collection. 
 
 Window Case. Stone Sphynx from Egypt, presented to E. DeLeon, Consul General o.f 
 the U. S., by the British Consul General. 
 
 CASE 45. 
 
 Wild Muscovy Duck... Black- winged Goose of Chili. ..Sandwich Island Goose... Loggerhead, 
 Antarctic, Upland, Bustard Geese. ..Black Swan of Australia. ..Penguins. ..King Penguin is 
 a great thief. 
 
 They occupy the same place in the southern hemisphere that the Auks do in the northern. 
 
 Penguins are said to unite in themselves the qualities of men, fowls, and fishes. Like men, they are upright; 
 like fowls, they are feathered ; and like fish, they have fin-like instruments that beat the water before, and 
 serve for all the purposes of swimming. From 30 to 40,000 Penguins have been seen at a time. They are arranged 
 when on shore in as compact a manner and in as regular ranks as a regiment of soldiers, and are classed with the 
 greatest order, the younger birds being in one situation, moulting birds in another, setting hens in a third, and 
 so on. They will stand still and be knocked down without making any effort to escape. 
 
 Kiwi-kiwi. 
 
 It is much like the Penguin. Whilst at rest it h as the singular habit of resting on the top of its bill, which is 
 its most characteristic position. The natives hunt it for its skin for dresses. 
 
 Window Case. Woods. 
 
 CASE 46. 
 
 Fishes. 
 
 CASE 4T. 
 
 Exotic Birds. .. Ducks. ..Gannetts... Booby. ..Frigate Pelican, or Man-of-War Bird. 
 The Booby is so stupid that he will sit still and be knocked on the head on the shore or a ship. They are 
 much persecuted by the Man-of-War Bird. 
 
68 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 CASE 48. 
 Fishes, Paraguay Expedition. 
 
 CASE 49. 
 
 Birds from Sandwich Islands, Tierra del Fuego, Chili, &c... The Oyster-Catcher. ..Noddy.,. 
 Wandering Albatross... Stormy Petrels, or Mother Carey's Chickens. 
 
 CASE 50. 
 
 Serpents and Reptiles. 
 
 CASE 51. 
 The Ibis. 
 
 The red bird is the Scarlet Ibis, worshipped by the Egyptians, one of the most celebrated birds of antiquity. 
 New Holland Crane. ..Brazilian Cranes... Tookaroo, a rare species of Crane. 
 
 CASE 52. 
 Reptiles from Brazil, and from the Paris Museum. 
 
 Between Cases 52 and 53. The identical dress worn by Dr. E. K. KANE, the celebrated 
 American Arctic Explorer, and brought by him to this Museum. We quote the following 
 from the account of his travels : 
 
 "The clothing or personal outfit demands the nicest study of experience. Rightly clad, ha is a lump of de- 
 formity, waddling over the ice, unpicturesque, uncouth, and seemingly helpless. The fox-skin jumper, or kape- 
 tah, is a closed shirt, fitting very loosely to the person, but adapted to the head and neck by an almost air-tight 
 hood, the nessak. Underneath the kapetah is a similar garment, but destitute of the hood, which is a shirt. It is 
 made of bird skins, chewed in the mouth by the women until they are perfectly soft, and it is worn with this 
 unequalled down next the body. More than 500 auks have been known to contribute to a garment of this de- 
 scription. The lower extremities are guarded by a pair of bear-skin breeches, the nannooke. The foot gear con- 
 sists of a bird-skin sock, with a padding of grass over the sole. Outside of this is a bear skin leg. 
 
 In this dress, a man will sleep upon his sledge with the atmosphere at 93 below our freezing point. The only 
 additional articles of dress are, a fox's tail held between the teeth to protect the nose in a wind, and mitts of 
 seal-skin well wadded with sledge straw." 
 
 Dr. Kane, however, had to add to the dress described " furs and woolens, layer upon layer, inside, like the 
 shards of an artichoke, till he was rounded into absolute obesity." 
 
 CASE 53. 
 No. 18, Big Horn, or Mountain Sheep. 
 
 Found on rocky sierras and other places where the want of water forbids the existence of every other 
 ruminant. 
 
 No. 19, Mountain Sheep, from Fort Tejon, Cal...No. 20, Kangaroo, U. S. Exploring Ex- 
 pedition. ..No. 21, Guanaco or Llama a young one of No. 25. ..No. 22, Virginia Deer, from 
 Medicine Bow. ..No. 23, Black-tailed Deer, from California. ..No. 24, Black-tailed Deer, from 
 Oregon. ..No. 25, Guanaco or Llama. ..No. 26, Black-tailed Deer, from California. ..No. 27, 
 Prong-horn Antelope, from Yellowstone River. ..No. 28, A young Elk...Nos. 29 and 30, Vir- 
 ginia Deer. ..No. 31, Patagonia Deer...Nos. 32, 33, 34, 35, Musk Deer, from New Holland... 
 No. 36, Kangaroo. ..No. 37, Antelope, from Cape of Good Hope...Nos. 38, 39, 40, Musk Deer. 
 
 CASE 54. 
 
 Serpents and Reptiles from South America, Central America, and the North Pacific. 
 
 Next examine the large table case in the middle of the west end of the room, in which is 
 a fine collection of Sea-esgs and Star-fishes. Notice particularly the specimens at the 
 east end with their curious teeth... Echinidse, or Sea Urchins or Sea Eggs. 
 
 These are found generally on sandy shores, and prefer quiet and secluded pools. Some make excavations in 
 solid rock. Their food consists of sea-weeds and small crustace*. 
 
 The Star-fishes. 
 
 Their structure is that of a number of tough, leathery rays diverging from a central disk. In this disk is the 
 mouth, which opens into a stomach filling the disk and branching off into the raya. The various forms are innu- 
 merable. They are found in every climate. 
 
 The most interesting, however, are the comatula. or sea-wigs, They have a branch-like structure, like that of 
 a gorgon's head; but what makes them peculiarly interesting is, that they ere the recent representatives of a 
 tribe of sea-animals now all but extinct, although found in immense abundance in a fossil state. These curious 
 animals of a former era are called crinoideae, and they were so numerous that Prof. Forbes says the remains of 
 their skeletons constitute great tracts of the dry land as it now appears. 
 
 The structure of the shell of the echinus, which consists of a number of pentagonal pieces fitting together, the 
 method by which it is increased by a calcareous secretion from the body of the animal, and the mechanism by 
 which the spines are attached, are subjects of great admiration among naturalists. The interior structure is 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 69 
 
 very simple, consisting only of a powerful and muscular mouth armed with strong teeth, and of an intestinal 
 tube wound twice round the inside of the shell. 
 
 All are not of a globular shape. Some are so depressed as to be popularly known as Sea-Pancakes. 
 
 Lizard-tailed Star-fishes, or Brittle Stars. 
 
 In the lower part of the case are fine specimens of Turtles. 
 
 They have the faculty of falling to pieces, or at least of throwing off the ends of their rays when siezed or oth- 
 erwise alarmed. 
 
 UPPER GALLERIES. 
 
 EAST END, NORTH SIDE. Geological and Mineralogical collections, not yet arranged 
 for public exhibition. 
 
 CASE 63. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE. Human Skulls from the Feejee Islands, New Zealand, California, Mexico, 
 North American Indians, &c. One of the Skulls is of Vendovi, the Feejee Chief and Mur- 
 derer. 
 
 There are 150 skulls in this case, which is one of the most interesting in the collection, and calculated to ex- 
 cite feelings very different from those experienced in examining any other specimens. 
 
 Window Case. Skull of an Elephant. 
 
 The other cases in this gallery are devoted to Skulls and Skeletons. They are not ar- 
 ranged for exhibition. 
 
 The large mounted skeletons in the windows are those of the Ostrich and the Lama. 
 
 WEST GALLERY SOUTH SIDE. 
 
 One of the most extensive and curious ethnological collections in the world. Passing to 
 the eastern extremity of the gallery commence at 
 
 CASE 70. 
 
 Specimens from the North American Indians, including Head Dresses. ...Canoes.... 
 
 Feather Blankets Water-Baskets Indian Cradles Water-Bottles of the Utahs 
 
 Indian Pillow, stuffed with Buffalo hair. ..Bows and Arrows... Pipes, &c., &c. 
 
 Among the most interesting articles are specimens of the Calumets or Pipes of Peace, and the Wampum Belts. 
 The bowls of these pipes are always made of one particular kind of stone of a cherry red color, brought from a 
 quarry which the Indians believe consists of a huge army of Red Men whom the Great Spirit turned at once 
 into stone. The shaft is usually young ash. Wampum is the Indian name for ornaments manufactured by 
 the Indians of parti-colored shells, which they get on the shores of fresh-water streams, and file and cut into 
 bits of half an inch in length, and perforate, giving to them the shape of pieces of broken pipe stems, string on 
 deer sinews and wear on their necks, or weave ingeniously into war belts. Wampum was used as a circulating 
 medium instead of coin. 
 
 CASE 71. 
 
 Collections made by the U. S. Exploring Expedition in the Feejee Islands... Cannibal 
 
 Cooking Pots. 
 
 The Feejees are Cannibals. The flesh of women is preferred to that of men, and that part of the arm above 
 the elbow and the thigh are regarded as the choicest parts. So highly do they esteem this food, that the 
 greatest praise they can bestow on a delicacy is to say that it is as tender as a dead man. 
 
 Vessel for mixing oil. ..Fishing Nets of twine, from the bark of the Hibiscus. ..Flute of 
 Bamboo, and other musical instruments. ..Paddles. ..Mask and Wig worn' in dances. ..War 
 Conch, blown as the sign of hostilities. ..Fishing Spears. ..War Clubs... Feejee Wigs. 
 
 The usual sign of mourning is to crop the hair, and as they are very vain, and the hair takes a long time 
 to grow again, they use a wig as a substitute. 
 
 Native Cloth, worn as a turban on the head. 
 
 None but Chiefs are allowed to wear this. The more the hair is distended, the greater is their pride. Bar- 
 bers are very important personages, and are employed on all occasions. 
 
 Between Cases 71 and 72. Feejee Spears. ..Feejee Drum. 
 
 Made of a hollow trunk of a tree. It is sounded by beating on the inner side with a mallet. It is said its 
 sound may be heard from seven to ten miles. 
 
 CASE 72. 
 
 Feejee Islands. Likus, or Petticoat worn by the Feejee Women... Sunshades, made of a 
 
70 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 single Palm-leaf.. .Pillow of Wood. ..Basket. ..Shell Ornaments, made of Trochus Shell... 
 Armlets. ..Necklaces. ..Headbands of Feathers. ..Baskets. ..Fans of Cocoa-nut leaves. ..Native 
 Cloth, from bark of Paper Mulberry. ..Floor Mat, from the leaves of the Pandanus... Neck- 
 lace of human teeth. ..Fish Vertebrae... Braided Cord of the husk of the Cocoa-nut. ..Feejee 
 Oracle, kept in the Temple and consulted by the Priests. 
 
 This Oracle is generally covered with scarlet and white seeds stuck on with gum. It is hollow, has an ear on 
 one side, and a mouth and nose on the other. 
 
 The figure like an idol, with a wooden plate at the top and hooks at the feet, is a contri- 
 vance used by the Feejees to save provisions from the attacks of the Feejee rat, which is a 
 great pest. ..Sea-slug, or Biche de Mer, a great article of trade. ..Model of Canoe, showing 
 the peculiar style of construction with the outrigger.. ..Hair combs, pins, &c. 
 
 The mode of wearing the comb is an indication of rank. None but the king wears it in front. The lower orders 
 wear it behind the ear. 
 
 Whale's tooth... Female Dress. 
 
 The usual price of a wife is a whale's tooth, and this once paid, the husband has the entire right to the person 
 of the wife, whom he may even kill and eat if he feels so disposed. 
 
 The women's dress is quite becoming and graceful. It is a kind of fringe made of cocoa-nut leaves, cut intc 
 slips about a foot long, and tied by one end to a string, which goes around the middle. It has a light ant' 
 elegant appearance, and yields to any portion of the body, yet never becomes entangled or out of order. 
 
 CASE 73. 
 
 Samoan or Navigator Islands. Specimens of Tapa, or native cloth. 
 
 The tapa is often printed in colors. The natives form tablets of pieces of large cocoa-nut leaves. One sideo 
 the tablet is kept smooth and even, and upon this cocoa-nut fibres are sewed, so as to form the required pattern 
 which is, of course, raised upon the surface of the tablet. These tablets are wet with a piece of cloth well soakei 
 in the dye, after which the tapa, which for this purpose is well bleached and beautifully white, is laid upon them 
 and pressed into close contact. The dye is made from herbs and roots, and is of various colors. 
 
 Fishing Nets. ..War Clubs. ..Shell-bead Necklaces. .. Flute... War Conchs... Fans. ..Baskets... 
 Pillows of Bamboo. ..Paddles. ..Spears made of iron wood, pointed with the sting of the ray- 
 fish, which, on breaking off in the body, causes certain death. ..Bows and Arrows used for 
 catching Lupi, or Pigeons. 
 
 Much time is devoted to capturing and taming these birds, which maybe seen in almost every house, and evep 
 in their canoes, where perches are erected expressly for them. 
 
 Mats. 
 
 Among the mats are some of as fine texture and as soft as if made of cotton. These are solely possessed by 
 the chiefs, and are considered as their choicest treasures, and are so much coveted that wars have been made to 
 obtain possession of them. 
 
 CASE 74. 
 
 Sandwich Islands. Tonga or Friendly islands. Pieces of the rock on which Capt. Cook, 
 the celebrated navigator, was killed. ..Adzes of Cassus Shell. ..War Clubs. ..Native Cloth... 
 Pestles for pounding Kalo... Quoits. ..Fans. ..Raw Cotton, raised in Hawaii. ..Shells and Feath- 
 ers worn as ornaments. ..Fishing-lines and Hooks. ..Gourd Shells. ..Bowls in which Ava, the 
 national drink, is prepared. 
 
 The avals a root of a pungent and intoxicating nature. Young girls chew it up and spit it into a wooden 
 bowl; afterwards a small quantity of water is added to it, the juice is strained into cups made of cocoa-nutshells, 
 and all drink it. No business is done in the day till the king drinks his ava. 
 
 Bowls from which the food called Poi is eaten. 
 
 Kalo is the invaluable article of food. It is the bread of the Islanders. When made into pot, it is the national 
 dish. The kalo is cooked, then pounded up, water added, and a paste formed, which is allowed to ferment, and 
 js eaten with one or two fingers, according to its consistency. 
 
 Native Pelava, from human hair, and sea-horse tooth, a neck ornament. ..Combs. ..Feather 
 Cape worn on public occasions by King Kamehameha when a youth. Presented by him to 
 Com. Bolton in 1839. 
 
 The birds "Oo," from which these splendid feathers were taken, have but two feathers of the kind, one under 
 each wing. It is a very rare species, peculiar only to the higher regions of Hawaii , and is caught with great care 
 and much toil. Five of these feathers wero valued at $1.50. It is computed that a million dollars were expended 
 on the manufacture of a cloak like this for Kamebameha. The bunches of feathers are still received in payment 
 of a tax to the king. They are afterwards made up into head-bands for the ladies, but few can afford to wear 
 them. Mantles of these feathers are not now to be seen, the cost and labor of procuring them being so great. 
 Specimens of these birds can be seen in Case 5. 
 
 Feather Staff, an ensign of rank. ..Wooden Dishes of curious forms. ..Canoes. ..Combs... 
 Cinctures, the dress worn by women of Tongatabu. 
 
 CASE 75. 
 Kingsmill, Marquesas, and Washington Islands. These are included in what is known 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 71 
 
 as Micronesia. Native Ropes from the bark of the Cocoa-nut. ..Wooden, Pearl, and other 
 Fish-hooks. ..Breast Plate. ..Shell Adzes, from Disappointment Islands... Cuirass of Rope... 
 Beads of Wood and Shell. 
 
 Long strings of beads or braided hair are worn round the body at times a hundred fathoms in length. 
 The hair is taken from female slaves. The beads are manufactured by the old men who are beyond doing any 
 other labor made of cocoa-nut and shell, ground down to a uniform size. 
 
 Ear rings worn by the Chiefs of the Marquesas. ...File or Rasp of Shark's skin. ...A Vir 
 gin's Head band. ..Wooden Dish like a boat, from Raraka... Spears. ..Helmet of a skin of Por- 
 cupine Fish. ..Images of green stone. 
 
 Around the necks of the Chiefs is hung their " HEITIKI," made of a stone of a green color, which isheld very 
 sacred, and which, with their <{ MEARA," a short cleaver or club, is handed down from father to son. This Heitiki 
 has some resemblance to a human figure sitting with crossed legs. 
 
 Weapons armed with Shark's teeth. ..Pieces of wood worn in dances. ..Cap of Pandanus 
 leaves... Mats, 
 
 Made from the leaves of the Pandanus. the yellow from the young leaves, and the brown from the old; which 
 are prepared by beating them with a mallet to render them pliable. To the yellow mats, the greatest atten- 
 tion is paid. Oil impregnated with the odor of the flowers of the Pandanus, and the distilled water, are highly 
 esteemed, both for their color and their medicinal use as stimulants. 
 
 Stilts used bj Marquesas Islanders... Beautifully carved Adzes and Clubs. 
 
 CASE 76. 
 
 New Zealand. Paddles. ..Spears. ..Blanket Mats woven by hand... Baskets... Dressing-box 
 of a Chief ...Prow of a War Canoe. 
 
 This was considered very sacred, and obtained with great difficulty. It belonged to the chief Kiwikiwi. 
 
 Shell and Wood Fish-hooks... Tinder-box... Flaxen Yarn. 
 
 The manufacture of the hemp is altogether performed by the women. 
 
 War Cloak of dog-skin, called "Topuni." This was worn by Pomare, the chief.... Stone 
 Adzes. ..Chisel of Tortoise Shell... Cincture and Ornament of human hair...Flute.Mats of 
 all kinds. ..Bows and Arrows. 
 
 CASE 11. 
 
 Deception Island South Shetland. Mats, blankets, &c. 
 
 WEST GALLERY NORTH SIDE. 
 
 CASE 78. 
 
 Egyptian Mummies. 
 
 Mummies were embalmed in Egypt in several ways, the most perfect of which was to draw the brain through 
 the nostrils, partly with a piece of crooked iron, and partly by the infusion of drugs. They then with a knife 
 make an incision in the side, through which they extract the intestines; these they cleanse thoroughly, washing 
 them with palm wine, and afterwards covering them with aromatics. They then fill the body with powder of 
 pure myrrh, cassia, and other perfumes. Having sewn up the body, it is covered with natron (a kind of soda) 
 for the space of seventy da?s. It is then washed, closely wrapped in bandages of linen previously dipped in gum, 
 and returned to the relations, who enclose it in a case of wood made to resemble a human figure. The utmost 
 care was taken to affix marks to each mummy, by which it might be known again. 
 
 These specimens are 3,000 years old. 
 
 CASE 79. 
 
 Mummy from Oregon of a child... Peruvian Mummies, from Arica. 
 
 Believing, as they did, in immortality and the resurrection of the body, the Peruvians were very careful in 
 burying their dead. They had a mode of embalming peculiar to themselves, which consisted of exposing the 
 body to the intense cold of the high peaks of the mountains till it became quite dry and withered. Then, if the 
 deceased were an Inca, he was buried with great state in his family tomb. He retained his proper apparel, and 
 his treasures were buried w thbim. 
 
 The custom of the Peruvians to bury their treasures with them, made the discovery of a tomb of some 
 consequence to the early Spanish settlers. In 1576, a Spanish soldier, says Prescott, found in one such tomb, af- 
 terwards visited by Baron Humboldt, a mass of gold worth a million of dollars ! The tombs in Central America 
 are now being searched for golden images and treasures in the same manner. 
 
 CASE 80. 
 
 New South Wales. Weapons. ..The Boomerang, a flat stick, three feet long, two inches 
 wide, by three-fourths of an inch thick, curved or crooked in the centre, forming an obtuse 
 angle. 
 
 This possesses the peculiar property, owing to its shape, of returning to the spot from which it was thrown, If 
 the object aimed at was missed. 
 
 The Womerah, a throwing stick, about three feet long, with a hook at the end for throw- 
 
72 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 ing spears and darst, with which the Australians hit a mark 200 feet distant. ..Shields made 
 of thick bark of the gum tree. 
 
 Theee are called hiclemara, are of a peculiar oval shape, about three feet long by six or eight inches wide, with 
 a handle. 
 
 Curious Carved Figure from the root of a tree. 
 
 The New Zealanders have no images of worship, and no temples. The numerous grotesque images sculptured 
 by the people are not regarded as representations of divinities. These images are often placed on the roofs of 
 houses as decorations. 
 
 Mask worn by tiie South Sea Islanders. 
 
 Siamese Shirt, a net work of grass, which prevents the outer dress from touching the 
 skin. 
 
 The Clearance of Brig Argyle, of Baltimore, at Canton, 1889 a fair specimen of a Chi- 
 nese business paper. ..Chinese Umbrellas... Hat of Leaves. ..Shoes taken from the feet of a 
 Chinese Woman, at Macao, by Dr. Wessels, 1830. 
 
 All Chinese Women pride themselves on their goat-like hoofs, and have contempt for a natural foot. It is 
 difficult for strangers to get a sight of these deformities. 
 
 Chinese work in Stone House, Boat, &c... Chop-sticks, used to eat food. 
 
 In China, the poorer classes eat boiled rice only, mixed with dried fish. Dogs and cats are considered delica- 
 cies above the reach of the poor. Rats, mice, and other vermin are eagerly sought after. 
 
 Chinese Fans. ..Compass. ..Japanese Crape, Silk, Cotton. ..Cloak of Kangaroo Skin, worn 
 by the natives of New Holland. ..Cord from Kangaroo Hair. ..Japanese Gold and Silver 
 Coins. The smallest coin is called "Cash," in value one-twelfth of a cent. ..Japanese Letter 
 and Book, said to be an interesting novel. 
 
 Reading is a favorite occupation with both sexes, and books innumerable, profusely illustrated, are printed. 
 
 Japanese Pills. 
 
 MEDICINE. The famous Dosia Powder, which, when introduced into the ears, nostrils, and mouth of a rigid 
 corpse, renders the limbs perfectly flexible. 
 
 CASE 81. 
 
 WEST SIDE. East Indies. Model of a Malay Prao, or armed vessel, used by the Pirates 
 of Borneo. The Malays are mostly seamen. ..East Indian Arrows, poisoned with gum of 
 the Upas. ..Malay Blow-Pipe, a long tube employed for projecting poisoned arrows... Arrows 
 with Flint Heads, from Tierradel Fuego... Malay Daggers, great variety. ..Bows. ..Paddles... 
 Shields. ..Spears. ..Coins from the East Indies. ..Harp from Sooloo. 
 
 EAST SIDE. Leaf from a Brahmin's Book. ..Leaf from a Siamese Book. ..Ordinary Walk- 
 ing Dresses of the ladies of Lima, Peru. 
 
 However fitted this dress may be to cover intrigue, it is certainly not adapted to the display of beauty. A more 
 awkward and absurd dress cannot well be conceived. It is by no means indicative of the wearer's rank, for fre- 
 quently this disguise is ragged and tattered, and assumed, under its most forbidding aspect, to deceive or carry on 
 an intrigue, of which it is almost an effectual cloak. In this dress it is said a wife will pass her own husband 
 when she may be walking with her lover, and the husband may make love to his wife, without being 
 aware it is she. 
 
 Chilian Poncho, the common Pading Cloak of the Spanish Americans. ..Chilian Bridles, 
 Stirrups. ..Mexican Matchlock Gun. ..Mexican Spurs. ..Head-dress of Atahualpa... Earthen 
 Ware of the ancient Peruvians Jars, Bottles, &c. from the Temple of Pachacamac, near 
 Lima. ..Belts of Bark Cloth, from the Ascension Islands. 
 
 CASE 82. 
 
 WEST SIDE. Siam. EAST SIDE. Japan. Dresses, very handsome... .Gongs. ...Drums... 
 Flutes. ..Photograph of his Majesty, PHRA BARD SONDETH PHRA PARAMENDR, MNHA MONG- 
 KUT PHRA CHOMKLAN CHAUYDHUA, the Major King of Siam and its dependencies, ..Swords... 
 Daggers... Trays for fruit inlaid with Pearl. 
 
 The Japanese have the orange, lemon, fig, plum, cherry, and apricot. 
 
 Tea-service. ..Shears. ..Fans. ..Cloths... Silk. ..Loo-Choo Pipes, ..Cups and Saucers... Chow 
 Chow or Refreshment Boxes. ..Tobacco. 
 
 The Loo-Cboo islands belong to Japan. Tobacco is raised extensively, and smoking is a universal habit. Saki 
 is an intoxicating and strong liquor, distilled from rice, which is used as a drink. At a Loo Choo dinner there 
 are 24 courses, soup constituting eight. 
 
 Window Case. A Chinese Plow. 
 
 The plowing is done while the fields are flooded, and is only intended for breaking up alluvial ground. It is 
 drawn by the water ox or buffalo, the beast of burden in China. 
 
 CASE 83. 
 
 Japan. Silks, Crapes, &c., of every variety. 
 The silks are equal to any in the world. The finest are made by criminals of high rank, who are confined upon a 
 
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 7* 
 
 small, rocky, and unproductive island, and made to support themselves by their labor. These silks cannot b* 
 exported. All their silks and calicoes are uniformly 18 inches in width. 
 They have no sheep or goats, and do not make woolen fabrics. 
 
 Waiters. ..Small Porcelain Polls . .Mirrors. ..Domestic Utensils : bowls, jars, cups, shovels, 
 ladles. ..Magnificent Spears. ..Swords; mountings of gold ; scabbards of shark's skin...Biche 
 de Mer... Mats... Nails... .Needles... Saws... .Chisels. ..Planes.... Agricultural Implements. ..Ja- 
 panese Shells. ..Japan Printing Implements, Blocks, Ink, &c.... Paper from the bark of the 
 Mulberry, exceedingly soft and flexible, used for handkerchiefs. It endures folding, and 
 lasts longer than ours. ..Models of Japanese Sanctuary, Houses, &c. 
 They upe no glass for windows, but oiled paper or cloth. 
 Umbrellas made of Bamboo, and covered with a vegetable oil. 
 
 These are perfectly water proof, and can be used for a long time without injury. 
 
 All the articles of superior quality are put by the Japanese" merchants into boxes of white cedar. Inferior 
 articles are wrapped in paper. 
 
 The Japanese possess one art in which they excell the world this is in lacquering wood work. In this op- 
 eration they select the finest wood of fir or cedar to be covered with varnish which is made from the gum of 
 the rhu* oemiao, a tree abundant in their country. 
 
 The Japanese also excell all other nations in the quality of their porcelain and swords. 
 
 They do not know how to cut or polish precious stones, but have a substitute, called syakfdo in which vari- 
 ous metals are so blended and combined that they resemble fine enamel. This is used for ornamenting 
 girdle clasps, sword hilts, boxes, <fcc. 
 
 CASE 84. 
 
 Amazon Expedition. Costumes of the Savages of Ucayali river, trimmed with feathers, 
 teeth, &c... Ants' Nest, used for spunk. ..Leg and Wing Bones of a Bird. ..Tobacco from river 
 Madeira. ..Tongue of a Fish. ..Necklace of Berries... Minerals, Woods, Gums, &c...Bats... 
 Lizards. ..Tiger Cats. ..Skins. ..Curious Brazilian Wasps' Nest, in which honey is stored up... 
 Birds. ..Axes. ..Drums... Grass from which the Guayaquil hats are made... Sarsaparilla Roots... 
 Blow-gun or Pucuna of the Indians. 
 
 It is made of any long, straight piece of wood, generally a species of palm. The pole is divided longitudi- 
 nally: a canal hollowed out along the centre of each part, which is well smoothed and polished; the two 
 parts are then fastened together with twine, and the whole covered with wax, mixed with some resin of the 
 forest, to make it hard. A couple of boar's teeth are fitted on each side at the mouth end, and one of the 
 curved front teeth of a small animal is placed on the top for a sight. The arrow is made ~f light wood the 
 wild cane, or the middle fibre of a species of palm leaf which is about a foot in length, and of the thickness 
 of an ordinary lucifer match. The end of the arrow which is placed next to the mouth is wrapped with a 
 light, delicate sort of wild cotton, and the other end, very sharply pointed, is dipped in a vegetable poison, pre- 
 pared from the juice of the creeper, mixed with strong red pepper. ^V ith this instrument the Indian will kill 
 a small bird at thirty or forty paces. They never discharge the pucuna at a snake, for fear of the gun being 
 made crooked like the reptile. 
 
 Hammock made of the fibres of the budding top of a species of palm. 
 
 The tree is very hard, and is defended with long, sharp thorns, so that it is a labor of a day to cut a top, 
 split the leaves into strips of convenient breadth, and strip off the fibres, which are the outer covering of the 
 leaves. One top usually yields about half a pound of fibres : and when it is considered that these fibres have to 
 be twisted, a portion of them dyed, and then woven, it will be seen that the Indian is poorly paid when he re- 
 ceives tor a hammock 12 cents. 
 
 Hymeneal Bracelets. 
 
 An Indian cnnnot take a wife until he has passed his arms at least ten times through long stalks of the 
 palm tree filled intentionally with large, venomous ants. When muffled in these terrible mittens, the Indian 
 is obliged to siug and dance before every cabin. 
 
 India Rubber. 
 
 Gathered between July and January. 
 
 The tree is tall, straight, and has a smooth bark. It is sometimes eighteen inches in diameter. The milk is 
 white and tasteless, and may be swallowed with impunity. A gash is made in the bark, and a small clay cup 
 stuck to the tree beneath the gash. In about four hours the milk ceases to run, and each wound has given 
 from 3 to 5 table-spoonsfull. The milk is then poured into earthen vessels and smoked. After it is prepared, 
 it is nearly as white as milk, and gets its color from age. An industrious man can make 16 pounds of rubber 
 a day. 
 
 CASE 85. 
 
 Monrovia, Africa. Specimens of Negro Manufactures: Cloths, Bags, Hammocks, 
 Paddles, Head-Dresses, Fans, Bricks, Shoes, &c... Water Jars, used by the women of 
 Cape Palmas... Native Harp. ..Amulets. 
 
 CASE 86. 
 
 Unoccupied. 
 
 Attached to the iron railing, designed and manufactured expressly for this Institution at 
 the well-known establishment of E. W. SHIPPED, 3022 Market street, Philadelphia, which 
 protects the upper gallery, is a splendid collection of Horns and Antlers of Elks, Deer, &c. 
 
CATALOGUE OF WOEKS OF AET. 
 
 WEST WING, FIRST FLOOR, BETWEEN THE MUSEUM AND THE LIBRARY. 
 
 COMMENCING AT THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE ROOM. 
 
 t. PORTRAIT OP JOHN TYLER, President of the U. S., born 29th March, 1790. By Healy 
 
 2. MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS. Artist unknown. 
 
 3. CHRIST HEALING THE SICK. Etching by Rembrandt. 
 
 4. FULL-LENGTH PORTRAIT OF GUIZOT, Prime Minister of Louis Phillippe, a celebrated 
 
 French Statesman. Painted by Healy from life. 
 
 5. PORTRAIT OF HON. WM. C. PRESTON, of S. C. By Healy. 
 
 6. GROUP IN PLASTER, designed to ornament U. S. Capitol, but not used. By F. Pettrich. 
 
 7. UNFINISHED PORTRAIT OF GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, President of the U. S., born 24th 
 
 Nov., 1784, died 9th July, 1850. This was commenced a few days before Gen. Tay- 
 lor's death, and is the last sketch taken of him. By Vanderwort. 
 
 8. BUST OF HON. JAMES L. ORR, born 12th May, 1822. Speaker of the House of Repre- 
 
 sentatives, 35th Congress. 
 
 9. GIRL FISHING. By F. Pettrich. 
 
 10. BUST OF BENJ. HALLOWELL, for many years Principal of a noted Boys' School in Alex- 
 
 andria, Va. By Bailey, a pupil of the school. 
 
 11. F. PETTRICH, ARTIST, AND HIS FAMILY. 
 
 12. BUST OF CLARK MILLS, the artist who designed and cast the Jackson Statue and the 
 
 Washington Statue, in the city of Washington. 
 
 13. SLEEPING CHILD. Design by F. Pettrich. 
 
 14. BUST OF WM. NORRIS, the locomotive and engine builder, in Philadelphia. 
 
 15. BUST OF FRANCIS P. BLAIR, formerly editor of the " Congressional Globe." By C. Mills. 
 
 16. BUST OF CHARLES DICKENS, the celebrated novelist. 
 
 17. PORTRAIT OF CAPT. JOHN EVANS, one of the earliest American merchants. Painted by 
 
 Copley. 
 
 18. A BISHOP OF ENGLAND IN OLDEN TIME. Name and artist unknown. 
 
 19. MOORISH BATTLE PIECE. Artist unknown. 
 
 20. BUST OF DANIEL WEBSTER, the illustrious statesman, born 18th January, 1782, died 
 
 24th October, 1852. 
 
 21. BUST OF MARTIN VAN BUREN, President of the U. S. Pettrich, artist. 
 
 22. BUST OF HON. JOHN C. SPENCER. 
 
 23. SLEEPING GIRL. Pettrich. 
 
 24. BUST Miss FAIRFIELD. By C. Mills. 
 
 25. BUST Miss HAMPTON. By C. Mills. 
 
 26. BOY HUNTER. Pettrich. 
 
 27. BUST OF DR. WM. DARLINGTON, of Westchester, Pa. One of the most noted American 
 
 botanists. 
 
 28. DESIGN FOR CAPITOL. 
 
^9 &m *t*tf 
 
 -4*-4 yJt MI |- J -4 J 4 
 
 V^l ^f 'J**4 
 
 mum 
 
 OFFICE, 11J3 <3c 
 
 0fM^toforh 
 
 
 CAPITAL STOCK, (all paid in) 
 SURPLUS, over, - - - - 
 
 $1,000,000 
 400,000 
 
 This Company continues to Insure Buildings, Merchandise, Ships in Port and their Cargoes, 
 Household Furniture and Personal Property generally, against loss or damage by Fire* 
 on favorable terms. 
 
 LOSSES EQUITABLY ADJUSTED AND PROMPTLY PAID. 
 
 THIS COMPANY HAS AGENTS IN ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 IDIIREOTOIElSi 
 
 CHARLES J. MARTIN President. 
 
 A. F. WILLMARTH Vice President. 
 
 WILLIAM G. LAMBERT Firm of A. & A. Lawrence & Co. 
 
 GEORGE C. COLLINS " Sherman, Collins & Co. 
 
 DANFORD N. BARNEY " Wells, Fargo & Co. 
 
 LUCIUS HOPKINS President Importers' and Traders' Bank. 
 
 THOMAS MESSENGER Firm of T. & H. Messenger. 
 
 WILLIAM H. MELLEN " Claflin, Mellen & Co. 
 
 CHARLES B. HATCH " C. B. Hatch & Co. 
 
 B. WATSON BULL " Haskell, Merrick & Bull. 
 
 HOMER MORGAN 
 
 LEVI P. STONE 
 
 JAMES HUMPHREY late 
 
 GEORGE PEARCE 
 
 WARD A. WORK 
 
 JAMES LOW 
 
 I. H. FROTHINGHAM late 
 
 CHARLES A. BULKLEY 
 
 CEPHAS H. NORTON 
 
 ROE LOCKWOOD 
 
 THEODORE McNAMEE late 
 
 RICHARD BIGELOW 
 
 CURTIS NOBLE 
 
 GEORGE D. MORGAN 
 
 OLIVER E. WOOD 
 
 ALFRED S. BARNES 
 
 GEORGE BLISS 
 
 AMOS T. DWIGHT 
 
 LYMAN COOKE 
 
 LEVI P. MORTON 
 
 JOHN B. HUTCHINSON 
 
 CHARLES P. BALDWIN 
 
 JOHN G. NELSON late 
 
 HENRY A. HURLBUT 
 
 JESSE HOYT 
 
 WM. STURGIS,JR 
 
 JOHN R. FORD 
 
 SIDNEY MAPON , late 
 
 <iKO T. STEDMAN 
 
 CYRUS YALE, JR 
 
 WM. 11. FOSD1CK 
 
 DAVID I. BOYD 
 
 F. II. COSSITT 
 
 LEWIS ROBERTS 
 
 SAMUEL B. CALDWELL 
 
 J. MILTON SMITH, Secretary. 
 JOHN McGEE, Asst. Secretary. 
 
 Stone, Starr & Co. 
 
 Barney, Humphrey & Butler. 
 
 ' George Pearce & Co. 
 
 [ Ward A. Work & Son. 
 
 1 James Low & Co., Louisville. 
 
 ' I. H. Frothingham & Co. 
 
 ' Bulkley & Co. 
 
 ; Norton & Jewett. 
 
 ' R. Lockwood & Son. 
 
 ' Bowen. McNamee & Co. 
 
 ' Doan, King & Co., St. Louis. 
 
 Condit & Noble. 
 
 ' E. D. Morgan & Co. 
 
 < Willard, Wood & Co. 
 ' A. S. Barnes & Co. 
 
 ' Phelps, Bliss & Co. 
 
 [ Trowbridge, Dwight & Co. 
 
 Cooke, Dowd, Baker & Co. 
 
 1 Morton, Grinnell & Co. 
 
 J. C. Howe & Co., Boston. 
 
 ' Baldwin, Starr & Co. 
 
 Nelson & Co. 
 
 Swift, Hurlbut & Co. 
 
 ' Jesse Hoyt & Co. 
 
 ' Sturgis, Shaw & Co. 
 
 ' Ford Rubber Co. 
 
 ' Mason & Thompson. 
 
 ' Stedman, Carlile & Shaw. Cincinnati. 
 
 ' Cyrus Yale, Jr., & Co., New Orleans. 
 
 Wm. R. & Chas. B. Fosdick. 
 
 < Boyd Brothers & Co., Albany, N. Y. 
 
 < Cowsitt, Hill & Talmadge, Memphis. . 
 L. Roberts & Co. 
 
 ' Brewer & Caldwell. 
 
 CHARLES J. MARTIN, President. 
 A. F. WILLMARTH, Vice Pratt. 
 
Ifye Sirobei* 
 
 GROVER & BAKER'S 
 
 CELEBRATED 
 3UE I 
 
 HAVING GREATLY INCREASED THEIR FACILITIES FOR MANUFACTURING THEIR CELEBRATED 
 
 WITH ALL THE RECENT IMPROVEMENTS, OFFER FOR 8ALB 
 
 NEW STYLES, AT REDUCED PRICES. 
 
 It is no longer questioned that these Machines are the best in use for Family Sewing. 
 
 They 
 
 HE^E, FEnLH,., G-^TIHIEIR,., .A-HXTD S TITOS, 
 
 In the most superior manner, and are the only machines in the market that are so well and 
 simply made, that they may be sent into families with no other instructions than are con- 
 tained in a circular which accompanies each machine, and from which 
 
 May readily learn how to use them, and keep them in order. They make upwards of 
 Ufiftoeia. lEXvizaLclx-ecSL Stitc3btos A. 3VEiaa.TJ.to, 
 
 And will do the sewing of a family cheaper than a seamstress can do it, even if she works 
 
 at the rate of 
 
 OAK CENT AN HOUR. 
 
 Is there a husband, father, or brother in the United States, who will permit the drudgery 
 of hand sewing in his family, when a Grover & Baker Machine will do it better, more expc- 
 ditiously, and cheaper than can possibly be done by hand ? 
 
 Offices of Exhibition and Sale. 495 Broadway, New York; 18 Summer st., 
 Boston; 730 Chestnut street, Philadelphia; 181 Baltimore street, Baltimore ; 
 58 West Fourth street, Cincinnati; 336 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 Agencies in all the principal Cities and Towns of the 
 
 States. 
 
 SEND FOR A CIRCULAR. 
 
" My object is to call attention to the fact, that a Policy of Life Insurance is the cheapest and safest mode of 
 making a certain provision for one's family." BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 " One should insure in health, as sickness may suddenly overtake the most robust, and disqualify him for 
 insurance." 
 
 ' Life Insurance the best investment. If long lived, the insured obtains a good interest on the premium 
 paid, in cash dividends, and in most instances a very large return for a small outlay. In case of death, there is 
 a great advantage over Savings Banks." 
 
 " The average length of human life is only thirty-three years. Of 500 persons, only one lives 80 years : and 
 of 100, only 6 live 65 years." 
 
 ZSTEW ENGLAND 
 
 tm mstnuutoe 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. PTJKELY MUTUAL. 
 
 BRANCH OFFICE, 110 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 Accumulated Capital $1,110,622.21 
 
 After paying Losses over 600,000.00 
 
 And Dividends (in cash) over- - - - 500,000.00 
 
 WILLARD PHILLIPS, PRESIDENT. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 CHARLES P. CURTIS. SEWELL TAPPAN A. W. THAXTER, JR. 
 
 MARSHALL P. WILDER. CHARLES HUBBARD. GEORGE H. FOLGER. 
 
 THOS. A. DEXTER. WILLIAM B. REYNOLDS. PATRICK T. JACKSON. 
 
 B. F. STEVENS, SECRETARY. 
 
 The surplus is divided among all the policy holders, in CASH, thus affording a 
 good and certain rate of interest upon the outlay of premiums, and avoiding the 
 large and unnecessary accumulations of unpaid dividends of uncertain tendency, 
 and erroneously called capital. 
 
 One-half of the first five annual premiums on life policies loaned to insurers if 
 desired ; the remaining half may be paid quarterly. 
 
 The premiums are as low as those of any reliable Company. 
 
 1^" This is the oldest American Mutual Life Insurance 
 Company, and one of the most successful, and is purely Mutual, 
 dividing all the Surplus Profits among all the Insured. 
 
 Insurance may be effected for the benefit of married women, beyond the reach 
 of their husbands' creditors. Creditors may insure the lives of debtors. 
 
 Blank forms of application for Insurance, or the Company's Pamphlet, con- 
 taining the charter, rules and regulations, also the annual reports, showing the 
 condition of the Company, and information concerning Life Insurance generally, 
 will be furnished by addressing the 
 
 Metropolitan Bank Building^ HO Broadway, cor. Pine St. 
 
 JOHN HOPPER, 
 
 Agent and Attorney. 
 
 THIS COMPANY HAS JUST DECLARED A DIVIDEND OF $335,763, PAYABLE 
 (IN CASH) TO ALL HOLDING POLICIES. 
 
I. M, SINGER & CO.'S 
 
 IMPROVED 
 
 8SWIM 
 
 iEOi^x 
 
 r-A-iNriA 
 
 (UNDER THE NATIONAL HOTEL,) 
 
 388 
 
 These Machines are superior for all manufacturing pur- 
 poses. They are more desirable for all kinds of family 
 sewing ; capable of doing a greater variety of work ; per- 
 fectly simple, easily kept in order, and are much cheaper, 
 because they earn more money. They are just the machines 
 for every family. We invite all to call at our Office, No. 388 
 Pennsylvania Avenue, and examine them and their work. 
 The great economy in using such a machine will at once 
 become apparent. Explanations given to all. 
 
 Circulars, illustrating all of SINGER'S SEWING MACHINES, 
 with specimens of their work, furnished to all or sent to 
 any address. 
 
 A good assortment of THREAD, NEEDLES, TWIST, and 
 other machine findings kept on hand by 
 
 I. M. SINGER & CO., 
 
 Central Office, 458 Broadway ', New York. 
 WILLIAM H. GLOVER, AGENT, 
 
 Washington City, D. C. 
 
 SAMUEL P. HOOVER'S 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 BOOT, SHOE, AND TRUNK 
 
 No. 320 Fenna, Av., between 9th and 10th sts. 
 WASHITOTOF, B. G, 
 
 AT ALL TIMES ON HAND 
 
 OF 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 Ladies 7 and Gentlemen's Traveling Trunks, 
 
 VALISES, CARPET AND LEATHER BAGS, ALL QUALITIES, CHEAP FOR THE 
 CASH, AND CASH ONLY. 
 
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HORACE WATERS, Agent, 
 
 No. 333 BROADWAY, N. Y., 
 
 PIANOS, MELODEONS, ALEXANDRE ORGANS, 
 
 Organ Accordeons, Martin's celebrated and other Guitars, Violins, Tenor Viols, Violincellos, 
 
 Accordeons, Flutinas, Flutes, Fifes, Clarionets, Triangles, Tuning Forks, Pipes and 
 
 Hammers, Violin Bows, best Italian Strings, Brass Instruments for bands, 
 
 Piano Stools and Covers, and all kinds of Musical Instruments. 
 
 SHEET MUSIC, from all the publishers in the United States ; Bertini's, Huntin's, and 
 Modern School, and all kinds of Instruction Books for the above Instruments; Church 
 Music Books; Music elegantly bound; Music Paper, and all kinds of Music Merchandise, 
 
 AT THE LOWEST PRICES. 
 
 NEW PIANOS, at $175, $200, $225, $250, and up to $800; SECOND HAND PIANOS, 
 from $25 up to $160 ; NEW MELODEONS, $45, $60, $75, $100, and up to $200 ; SEC- 
 OND HAND MELODEONS, from $30 to $80 ; ALEXANDRE ORGANS, with five stops, 
 $160; nine stops, $185 and $255; thirteen stops, $250, $275, and $300; fifteen stops, 
 $320 and $375. A liberal discount to Clergymen, Churches, Sabbath Schools, Seminaries, 
 and Teachers. The Trade supplied at the usual trade discounts. 
 
 PIAJSFOS, MELOBEOSFS, AOT OR&AFS. 
 
 The HORACE WATERS PIANOS AND MELODEONS, for depth, purity of tone, and 
 durability, are unsurpassed. Prices reasonable. Second Hand Pianos and Melodeons from 
 $25 to $150. 
 
 " The Horace Waters Pianos are known as among the very best." Evangelist. " We can 
 speak of their merits from personal knowledge." Christian Intelligencer. "Waters' Pianos 
 and Melodeons challenge comparison with the finest made any where in the country." Home 
 Journal. 
 
 " We have two of Waters' Pianos in use in our Seminary, one of which has been severely 
 tested for three years, and we can testify to their good quality and durability." WOOD 
 & GREGORY, Mount Carroll, III. 
 
 " H. WATERS, Esq. Dear Sir : Having used one of your Piano-Fortes for two years past, 
 I have found it a very superior instrument. ALONZO GRAY, 
 
 Principal Brooklyn Heights Seminary.'' 
 
 " The Piano I received from you continues to give satisfaction. I regard it as one of the 
 best instruments in the place." JAMES L. CLARK, Charlestown, Va. 
 
 " Your Piano pleases us well. It is the best one in our county." THOMAS A. 
 LATHAM, Campbellton, Ga. 
 
 The Horace Waters Pianos are built of the best and most thoroughly seasoned material. 
 We have no doubt that buyers can do as well, perhaps better, at this than at any other 
 house in the Union." Advocate and Journal. 
 
 11 Our friends will find at Mr. Waters' store the very best assortment of Music and of 
 Pianos to be found in the United States, and we urge our southern and western friends to 
 give him a call whenever they go to New York." Graham's Magazine. 
 
 WAREROOMS, 333 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 SCHOOL, BELL. 
 
 77,000 issued in seven months! The unprecedented sale of this book has induced the publisher to add some 
 36 new tunes and hymns to its present size, without extra charge, except on the cheap edition. Among the 
 many beautiful tunes and hymns added maybe found: " I ought to love my mother." " Oh, I'll be a good 
 child, indeed I will." These, and eight others from the Bell, were sung at the Sunday-School Anniversary of 
 the M. E. Church, at the Academy of Music, with great applause. The Bell contains nearly 200 tunes and 
 hymns, and is one of the best collections ever issued. Price 12c ; $10 per hundred, postage 2 cents; bound 20 
 cents: $15 per 100, postage 4 cents. Elegantly bound, embossed guilt, 25 cents; $20 per 100. It has been intro- 
 duced into many of the Public Schools. 
 
 The BELL is published in small numbers, entitled Anniversary and Sunday School Music Books, Nos. 1,2,3, and 4, 
 in order to accommodate the million. Price s2 and .<3 per 100. No. 5 will soon be issued commencement of 
 another book. Also, Revival Music Books. Nos. 1 and 2, price'>l and 2 per 100, postage 1 cent. More than 
 300,000 copies of the above books have been issued the past eighteen months, and the demand is rapidly increas- 
 ing. Published by 
 
 HORACE WATERS, Ag't, 333 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS 
 
 AND 
 
 STATUES OF WASHINGTON CITY, 
 
 THIS COLLECTION CONSISTS OF 
 EMBRACING 
 
 EVERYTHING OF INTEREST TO A STRANGER, 
 
 With a description of the same, neatly put up in a gilt case, which can be found at any of 
 
 our Bookstores. 
 
 THIS WORK NO STRANGER SHOULD BE WITHOUT. 
 
 1600 PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS ! ! ! 
 
 UNABRIDGED 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 ipB fitted 
 
 IjOO Pictorial Illustrations. 
 
 We have just issued a new edition of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, containing Fif- 
 teen Hundred Pictorial Illustrations, beautifully executed. 
 9,000 TO 10,000 NEW WORDS IN THE VOCABULARY, TABLE OF SYNONYMS, BY 
 
 PROF. GOODRICH, 
 
 in which MORE THAN Two THOUSAND WORDS are carefully discriminated, forming a fuller 
 work on English Synonyms, of itself, than any other issued, besides Crabb, and believed to 
 be in advance of that. 
 
 TABLE GIVING PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF 8,000 DISTINGUISHED PERSONS 
 
 OF MODERN TIMES, 
 
 Peculiar use of Words and Terms in the Bible, with other new features, together with ALL 
 THE MATTER OF PREVIOUS EDITIONS, 
 
 Comprised in a Volume of 175O pages. 
 
 Sold by all Booksellers. 
 
 <. & . JllUtltl A Jl, 
 
 SPRINGFIELD., MASS, 
 
PERRY 
 
 VEGETABLE FAIN KILLER, 
 
 THE GREAT FAMILY MEDICINE OF THE AGE!!! 
 
 TJIKJEJT 
 
 SUDDEN COLDS, COUGHS, Ac., 
 
 WEAK STOMACH, 
 
 GENERAL DEBILITY, 
 
 NURSING SORE MOUTH, CANKER, 
 
 LIVER COMPLAINT, 
 
 DYSPEPSIA OR INDIGESTION, 
 
 CRAMP AND PAIN IN THE STOMACH, 
 
 BOWEL COMPLAINT, 
 
 PAINTERS' COLIC, ASIATIC CHOLERA, 
 
 DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY, 
 
 TAKEJV 
 
 FELONS, BOILS, AND OLD SORES, 
 
 SEVERE BURNS AND SCALDS, 
 
 CUTS, BRUISES, AND SPRAINS, 
 
 SWELLING OF THE JOINTS, 
 
 RINGWORM AND TETTER, 
 
 BROKEN BREASTS, 
 
 FROSTED FEET AND CHILBLAINS, 
 
 TOOTHACHE, 
 
 PAIN IN THE FACE, 
 
 NEURALGIA AND RHEUMATISM. 
 
 CURES 
 
 The PAIN KILLER is by universal consent allowed to have won for itself a reputation 
 unsurpassed in the history of medical preparations. Its instantaneous effect in the entire 
 eradication and extinction of PAIN in all its various forms incidental to the human family, 
 and the unsolicited written and verbal testimony of the masses in its favor, have been and 
 are its own best advertisement. 
 
 The ingredients which enter into the PAIN KILLER, being PURELY VEGETABLE, 
 render it a PERFECTLY SAFE and efficacious remedy taken internally, as well as for 
 external applications, when used according to the directions. The slight slain upon linen 
 from its use in external applications, is readily removed by washing with a little alcohol. 
 
 This medicine, so justly celebrated for the cure of BO many of the afflictions incident to 
 the human family, has now been before the public about EIGHTEEN YEARS, and has 
 found its way into almost every corner of the world ; and wherever it has been used, the 
 same opinion is expressed of its real medicinal properties. 
 
 In any attack where prompt action upon the system is required, the PAIN KILLER is 
 invaluable. Its almost instantaneous effect in RELIEVING PAIN is truly wonderful, and 
 when used according to directions is true to its name, 
 
 It is, in truth, a FAMILY MEDICINE, and should be kept in every family for immediate 
 use. Persons traveling should always have a bottle of this remedy with them. It is not 
 unfrequently the case that persons are attacked with disease, and before medical aid can be 
 procured, the patient is beyond the hope of recovery. Captains of vessels should always 
 supply themselves with a few bottles of this remedy before leaving port, as by so doing they 
 will always be in possession of an invaluable remedy to resort to in cases of accidents and 
 sudden attacks of sickness. It has been used in 
 
 and never has failed in a single case, where it was thoroughly applied on the first appearance 
 of the symptoms. 
 
 Obtain a copy of the PEOPLE'S PAMPHLET, which contains full directions for ueing 
 the PAIN KILLER, together with a brief sketch of the first introduction of the medicine, 
 recommendatory notices, certificates, &c., &c. 
 
 The present form, (adopted July 1, 1854,) in which the Pain Killer is put up, is a flat 
 panel bottle (four sizes) with the words "DAVIS' VEGETABLE PAIN KILLER" blown 
 in the glass, on one side of which is a miniature likeness of Perry Davis, the original in- 
 ventor of the medicine ; on the opposite our note of hand, to counterfeit which is held to be 
 forgery by the laws of theJJnited States. These labels are finely executed steel engravings, 
 and the increased cost attending the execution and printing of the same, is incurred for the 
 protection of the public against counterfeits, to which a less expensive style is liable. 
 
 To those who have so long used and proved the merits of our article, we would say that 
 we shall continue to prepare our Pain Killer of the best and purest materials, and that it 
 shall be every way worthy of their approbation as a family medicine. 
 
 PRICES, 121 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents, and 1$ per Bottle. 
 
 BEWARE OF COUNTERFEITS AND IMITATIONS. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND PROPRIETORS, 74 HIGH ST., PROVIDENCE, R. I. 
 

 WM:. 
 
 498 Seventh street, two doors above Odd-Fellows' Hall, 
 
 Has the Depository in this city of the Publications of the American Bible Society ; Meth- 
 odist Book Concern ; Robert Carter & Brothers ; Gould & Lincoln ; Presbyterian 'Board ; 
 American Tract Society ; Evangelical Knowledge Society ; American Sunday School Union ; 
 Massachusetts Sabbath School Society ; and all the principal Religious Publishers. Also, 
 a great variety of Historical and Miscellaneous Works, Hymn Books, Bibles, and Prayer 
 Books, in plain and superb bindings ; attractive and choice Juvenile Books, suitable for 
 Gifts and Sunday School Libraries ; School Books, Blank Books, Staple and Fancy Sta- 
 tionery ; Pocket Knives, Porte-Monnaies, Portfolios, Writing Desks, Gold Pens, &c. 
 
 FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE OFFICE 
 
 J. O. LEWIS, 
 
 Life and Fire Insurance on the best terms. Capitals very large, and parties par- 
 ticipate in the profits. 
 
 THE WHOLESALE DEPOT OF 
 
 WHICH IS CURING SO MANY OF THE AFFLICTED. 
 
 THOS. E. LLOYD. 
 
 CHAS. C. TUCKER. 
 
 TUCKER & LLOYD, 
 
 AGENTS FOR PROCURING 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 LAND WARRANTS AND REAL ESTATE, 
 
 Land Warrants bought, sold, and located. Collections made throughout the United States 
 and Canadas. Titles to Western Lands examined, and Taxes paid for non-residents. Old 
 Land Patents purchased, and titles to land granted for military services, and other claims 
 for real estate, investigated and prosecuted. 
 
 Office, No. 474 Seventh st, opposite City Post Office, 
 
 D AILE Y , M 
 
 No. 352 Pennsylvania Avenue, 
 
W. G. METZEROTT'S 
 
 SIXTEEN BEAUTIFUL STEEl ENGBAVWCS, 
 
 Comprising all the Public Buildings and places of interest in the District. 
 PRICE $1. FOR SALE AT ALL BOOKSTORES. 
 
 JEROME !>. 
 
 AGENT FOR BUYING AND SELLING REAL ESTATE, 
 
 AND FOR 
 
 iJ\Ii!2) &L&3J23 
 
 OFFICE : 
 ROOMS OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, 
 
 OPPOSITE BROWNS' HOTEL, 
 
 M^ISTTJAJL 
 
 OF 
 
 k libraries, Sfirdefes, ani|nstitoti0ns t 
 
 IN THE 
 
 United States and British Provinces of North imerica. 
 
 Historical and Statistical, with a full list of Colleges, Societies, Associations, 
 &c., &c., invaluable to Authors, Booksellers, Publishers, &c. One large octavo 
 volume of 700 pages, printed and bound in the best style. PRICE, THREE 
 DOLLARS. 
 
 11! f I f II 
 
 With twenty-three illustrations, 8vo., 74 pages. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS. 
 Address WM. J. RHEES, Washington, D. C, 
 
WASHINGTON MEDALLION PEN! 
 
 Merchant, Lawyer, Physician, Clergyman, Editor, Author, 
 Mechanic, and Farmer, 
 
 And those who are to fill these professions hereafter SCHOOL CHILDREN you daily have 
 occasion for writing some much, some but little ; but be it much or little, you find it a 
 task. If you would be relieved of much of the annoyance that you now experience in 
 writing, procure the 
 
 WHICH IS THE OJYL.Y STEEL fEJV MANUFACTURED IJV AMERICA. 
 
 The following from the Boston 
 Traveler and Daily News speaks of 
 the quality distinctly enough to 
 make further commendation unne- 
 cessary : 
 
 The WASHINGTON MEDALLION PEN. 
 We wish to call the attention of our 
 readers to this Pen. We have given 
 it a thorough trial, and do not hesi- 
 tate to recommend it as the very 
 best article that we have ever held 
 between our thumb and finger. It 
 is as soft as a quill, and yet suifi- 
 ciently firm, and it makes, when 
 necessary, the finest hair line. It 
 is a satisfaction to work with it; 
 and if our paragraphs are ever in- 
 correct or dull, or our spelling bad, 
 it will not be this Pen's fault. 
 Boston Traveler, Jan. 14. 
 
 WASHINGTON MEDALLION PEN. 
 This favorite and purely American 
 Pen appears to be coming into uni- 
 versal use, and is likely soon to dis- 
 place the foreign article altogether. 
 We have never used a metallic Pen 
 of so much delicacy and elasticity, 
 that runs so smoothly, lasts so long, 
 or front which the writing fluid 
 flows so exactly in the right quantity, 
 as the WASHINGTON MEDALLION. 
 They are now used at most of the 
 Government offices, and the sale, we 
 are pleased to know, it enormously 
 large and increasing. 
 
 The following letter, the original 
 of which we have seen, from one 
 who well understands the use of the 
 pen, is a high commendation. 
 Daily News, Jan. 25. 
 
 Letterirom Jas. Buchanan. 
 
 WHBATLAND, 
 Tuesday, Jan. 20, 1857. 
 MY DEAR SIR : Many thanks for 
 the box of Washington Medallion 
 Pens. I find them better than most 
 of the English Pens I have used, 
 and I heartily wish the manufac- 
 turer success. The facts you state 
 are quite interesting, and I shall 
 retain them in my memory. I had 
 not the most remote idea that we 
 paid England $1,000,000 annually 
 for steel pens. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 To THE SECRETARY 
 
 Of the Washington Medallion, 
 Pen Co., 58 Cedar St., N. Y. 
 
 These Pens have been used for 
 more than a year in the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, and give entire 
 satisfaction. 
 
 If you have any curiosity 
 to try these PENS, enclose two 
 stamps to the 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 HWIi0n |ltn Co., 
 
 No. 58 CEDAR STREET, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Patron's Ticket of the first series of 100,000 gross has been drawn. The number is 
 83,384. On presentation of the ticket bearing that number at the Office of the Company, 
 58 Cedar street, New York, the holder will receive ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS. The second 
 series is now being issued. 
 
THE 
 
 ftlMSI 
 
 PHILP & SOLOMONS, 
 
 AGENTS FOB THE "METROPOLITAN MILLS." 
 
 ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND AMERICAN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Foreign Books and Periodicals 
 
 IMPORTED WEEKLY. 
 
 "Z ~VI SITING- 
 
 ENGRAVED AND PRINTED 
 
 PRINTING, PUBLISHING, & BOOKBINDING. 
 
 ENGRAVED AND PRINTED EXPEDITIOUSLT. 
 
 
 FOR THB EXHIBITION OF 
 
 aa 
 
 CHOICE EiiGRAVIIiiS a HBOMO-UTHOGRAPHS 
 
 AS PUBLISHED. 
 
 NO. 332 PENNSYLVANJ 1 AVENUE, 
 
 Between 9th and 10th Streets, 
 
WASHINGTON : 
 
 S. E. Corner Seventh and F streets, 
 
 OPPOSITE PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 CINCINNATI : 
 
 N. E. Corner Fourth and Vine Sis., 
 
 OPPOSITE POST OFFICE. 
 
 CONSTANT PERSONAL ATTENTION GIVEN IN U. S. PATENT OFFICE TO ALL PENDING BUSINESS. 
 
 REFER BY PERMISSION TO 
 
 Hon. JOHN MCLEAN, U. S. Supreme Court, Hon. SAMUEL INQHAM, Ex-Gov. Conn., Comm'r of Customs. 
 
 Messrs. GALES A SEATON, Washington, D. C. Hon. J. H. B. LATROBE, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 "VST. D. SHEPHERD, 
 
 lillllffi AB& flmMIOBIB. 
 
 CORNER OF SEVENTH AND D STREETS, 
 
 DEALER INT PLAIJ AIVD FA1CY STATIONERY, 
 
 $tj}0ol mtfr Collegiate fei 00fes, 
 
 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND ARTISTS' MATERIALS, WRITING DESKS, PORT- 
 FOLIOS &c., FANCY GIFT GOODS, 
 
 ALL STANDARD AUTHORS, &c. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
 
 The undersigned, formerly an Examiner of Patents, and a member of the Board 
 of Appeals under the late Commissioner of Patents, Hon. JOSEPH HOLT, having 
 RESUMED the practice of his profession, attends to procuring American and Euro- 
 pean Patents. 
 
 Inventors can also have their inventions examined prior to making an applica- 
 tion/or a patent , by sending a pencil sketch, &c.,for a fee of five dollars. 
 
 THOMAS H. DODGE, 
 
 Counsellor at Law and Advocate in Patent Cases, 
 
 464f SEVENTH STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 J. DENNIS, J R ., SOLICITOR OF PATENTS, 
 
 PRACTICAL MACHINIST, MANUFACTURER AND DRAUGHTSMAN. 
 
 Having had twenty years' experience in building and operating machinery for manufacturing Cotton, Silk 
 Wool, Steam Engines, Printing Calico, <fec., with ten years' experience in procuring patents, tenders his services 
 to inventors to make examinations of their inventions from a rough sketch or drawing and limited description, 
 (which may be forwarded by mail,) and compare them with the inventions in the Patent Office, and give ar 
 opinion, whether the invention is patentable or not, for a fee of $5, and save the inventor the expense of apply- 
 ing for a patent, which usually costs $60, exclusive of the cost of model, and only about two-fifths of the patents 
 applied for are granted. His experience in making drawings of, building, and operating machinery, enables 
 him to understand an invention from a rough drawing and limited description, and to comprehend the points 
 in which the invention differs from those already patented, with the greatest facility; or for a similar fee, he 
 will make an examination and give an opinion as to which is the best patented machine for any purpose. He 
 also prepares drawings, specifications, caveats, and assignments, or procures copies from, or attends to any busi- 
 ness connected with the Patent Office. Counsellors in patent cases can have an opinion by stating the points in 
 their case, and arguments prepared with the proper authorities cited to sustain the same, with depositions if 
 necessary. He will also attend as Counsellor or Advocate in patent causes in any Court. N. B. All communi- 
 cations considered strictly confidential. Rejected applications carefully examined for $5. Appeals from the de- 
 cisions of the Commissioner of Patents taken to one of the Judges of the Circuit Court for a moderate fee. Cir- 
 culars containing important information for Inventors and Patentees forwarded to any person desiring them. 
 Office, 371 F st. north, opposite the south front of the Patent Office, near $th St., Washington, D. C.