UELIC HEALTH LHJKAkt BRARY IVERSITY OP kUfORNiA W o C 0) •2 2 in -n OJ 0) *« - C^ £ ■ " o O 5 ^ — (0 c Q. E 2 rt -c — >- CO c "D ■— c if — 3 ■— 0) -Q 3 E -Q O (jj - £ o if m 4) ^3 "O REPORT PUB^.v. BATHS AND PUBLIC COMFORT STATIONS, BEING A Supplementary Keport to the Inquiries Into the Tenement House Question in the City of New Yoek, Pursuant to Chapter 479 of the Laws of 1894, BY THE MAYOR'S COMMITTEE OF NEW YORK CITY. OFTH-e UN1VER<^;"^ Y OF TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE APRIL 9, 1897. WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO. STATE) printers. ALBANY AND NEW YORK. 1897. uv'^ PUBLIC ■ HEALTH MBRAPf V-. State of New York, No. C^G. IN ASSEMBLY April 9, 1897. Report on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. City of New York. The Mayor's Committee PuiiLic -^ Baths and Public Comfort Stations. [• 105 East 22D Street, New York, March 25, 1897. ) To the Assembly : I have the honor to submit herewith a Report on Pubhc Baths and Public Comfort Stations, being the report of a Committee appointed by His Honor the Mayor of New York, to take under advisement the above subjects and report to Iiini, with a view to the best methods of action for the cities of the State. In the subject matter, it is supplemental to the inquiries into the Tenement House Question in the City of New York, pursuant to Chap- ter 479 of the Laws of 1894. Respectfully submitted, W. H. TOLMAN, Secretary. 1GG388 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter I'ajce- I Illl i-{)croation ") \I 'I'lic Spray Batli and Spi-ay Batlis in tiic rnl)lic Schools (il» \'I I Mnnicipal Baths in Anicnoa 77 VlII Municipal System of Foroig-n Baths 8.1 I X 'I'lic Administration of Enro]>oan Ba.ths 14S X rnl.lic Laundries 104 X I IMihlic ( 'omfort Stations 174 XII Kccommondatious of tho ^L-iyor"s (jommitteo: — I'lans and Studios for (a) Ba,th on a Sito lOOx.'O fool lOS (1)1 rroiMiS(>d Bath for Tomiikins S(iuarc. including a Munici- ]ial Laundry and Two I'ulilic Comfort Stuitions 204 (ci I'ndor.iiround Public Comfort Stations: City Hall Park 21?, (Jrooley Square Park, Thirty-third StrtM^t and Broad- way 217 .Sufijiostions for (a) ( "halots for tho Parks 214 (b) Stations T'ndor tlio Klovat(>d Railway Stairs 21.") (c) Struct\u-cs ^Vithin the Area IiinK> and the l>e:id Wall i>f Buildings -'If^ XIII Bibliograi.hy -10 c LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Proposod Bath for 'I'oinpkiiis y(iua.ro, N'<'\v York City. Swinmiing Pool in tlic Baths of Diocletian. Hall iti tho Baths of Caraoalla. I-'ront of Proposod Baths on a Site 100x50. Bathroom on the Flwitjiug- Hospital of the St. John's Guild. The " Ring." one fonii of the Spray or Shower Bath at the People's Baths. The I'eople's Baths, 9 Centre Market Place. First-class Swimming Pool, Ilornsey Road, Islington, London. Swimming I'ool for Women, Hornsey Road, Islington, London. Amateur Swimming Club, rx)indou. Newport, England, Swimming Pool as a Gymnasium. Swimming Pool, Brookline Public Baths. First Floor Plan, Brookline I'ublic Baths. Brookline Public Bath. Yonkers Public Bath. Deptford, England, Public Baths, Washhouses and Municipal Buildings. S-horeditoh, England, Public Bathhouse and Public Library. Opening Exercises of the Pul)lie Baths at Essex Road, Islington, London. (Jround Plan of Birmingham's Latesit Public Bath. Ijauudrj' Hung up to Dry in One-Room Apartment. Household Effects of a Family Living in One Room. Mangling Room, Hornsiey Road Laundry, London. Drying Room, Hornsey Road I.,aundry, Ix>udon. Proposed Public Comfort Station for Greeley Squai'e. Underground Lavatory (interior). Charing Cross, London. Suggested Public Comfort Stations under Ww Klevjiled Si airways. Suggested Public Comfort Station, within area line. Cottage Baths, Brighton, England. Proposed Public Comfort Station for Parks. Plan of Basement Floor of Proijosed Baths, on a site 100x50. Plan of Ground Floor of Proposod Baths, on a site 100x50.. Plan of Upper Floor of Proposod Baths, on a site 100x50. Longitudinal Section of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50. Cross Section of Proposed Baths, on a site 100x50. Newington. England, Public B.iths and Washhouses. PREFACE. ADVISORY STATUS. The Mayor's Coniniittee, whose final report is herewith pre- sented, was appointed by his Honor, the Mayor of New York City, Wilham L. Strong, in July, 1895, as an Advisory Committee, to continue the study of the subject of Pubhc Baths and PubHc Comfort Stations, upon wliich it had already reported to the Committee of Seventy as its sub-committee on this special subject. This pre- liminary report had been accepted and approved by that Committee, and was published by 'it in pamphlet form. In pursuance of this study, as requested by the Mayor, the Committee became so deeply impressed with the imperative necessity of an adecjuate municipal provision of I'aths and Public Comfort Stations for New York City, that it collected the latest and best information in relation to these matters, so that New York might have the latest system of Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. New York claims the honor to have had the first public bath in the United States using the spray or rain water system, for hot and cold water, of^cn the year round. This public bath was made possible by the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, who erected a bathhouse, where a nominal fee of five cents was charged for its maintenance. SUCCESSPIFL OIIJECT LESSON. Since August 17, 1891, the People's Baths, under the care of this Association, have been a successful object, lesson, having fur- nished 401,000 baths, more than 90 per cent, of which have been ])aid for by those who have used them. The oj)eration of a public 10 Mayor's Committke on Public Baths. bath, being clearly a mnnicipal function, should not be left to the care of a private philanthropy. The Committee is deeply sensible of the interest which Mayor Strong has shown in its work. The results of two years' studv are presented in the accompanying report, and the Committee mav be allowed to state that the following plans and studies suggested and formulated by the Committee have been favorably received: 1. The Board of Health of the Health Department has the honor to have approved, August 20, 1895, a full set of plans and specifica- tions for a bathhouse, to be built on a city lot 100 by 50 feet, 2. The same Board has also approved one hundred Public Com- fort Stations. UNDERGROL'XD PUBLIC COMFORT STATIONS. 3. General C. H. T. Collis, Commissioner of Public Works, has likewise approved a full set of plans and specifications for a public bath, which was intended to have been located in Tompkins Square. He has also approved two underground Public Comfort Stations, one to be located in the City Hall Park, the other in the small park in Greeley Square. 4. The passage of mandatory legislation, March 25, 1896, appropriated $200,000 for buildings for Public Baths and Comfort Stations. , The action of Mayor Strong in naming an Advisory Committee on Baths has been since followed by the Honorable Josiali Quincy, the Mayor of Boston, and the Honorable Emory N. Yard^ the Mayor of Trenton. WORTHY MEiMORIAL. In the age of Augustus, the Roman who stood nearest the Emperor did not consider it beneath his dignity to present a public bath to his city. In these days, when wealth is abounding on every hand, and men and women are desirous of leaving a worthy memorial. Preface. 11 f what larger social service could be rendered than the erection and equipment of a public bath? If such a benefaction was honored in the days of Rome, surely there are merchant princes in our American . cities whose public spirit will make possible a monument to the lasting honor of their own municipality. ACKNOAVLEDGMENTS. The Conmiittee begs to acknowledge the cordial co-operation of the Board of Managers of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and would especially extend its thanks to the firm of Messrs. Cady, Berg & See, architects and engineers, for their expert advice and for the plans and studies. It would also express earnest acknowledgments to the Mayors and public ofificials of English and Continental cities, who have placed at the disposal of the Committee plans, drawings, special reports and expert advice, particularly H. ]\Iontague Bates, Principal Clerk to the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London ; Job Cox, Super- intendent and Engineer of the Baths Department, City of Birming- ham, and Chief Engineer Andreas Meyer, of Hamburg. (Signed.) WILLIAM GASTON HAMILTON, MOREAU MORRIS, WILLIAM HOWE TOLMAN, Committee. Report on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. CHAiTJCR I. Introductory. FRBE: PUBiaC BATHS. Hon. William L. Strong, Mayor, Nczu York City: Sir. — Your Committee takes pleasure in submitting the accom- panying report, in accordance with your request of June 25, 1895, " to continue investigation regarding baths and lavatories and see if some means cannot be devised for erecting and trying at once some of the recommendations of the Sub-Committee of the Committee of Seventy." It is needless to mention the imperative necessity of a sufficient number of free pul)lic l)aths in a great city like New York. The fact that there is not a single municipal public bath open the year round in New York is significant. New York and other American cities are far behind those of Europe, especially London, Birmingham. Glasgow, Paris and Berlin, in the municipal provision which is made for the comfort and welfare of all the component parts of their citizenship. There are numerous indications that American cities are pro- ceeding to take under advisement these provisions for public comfort, and it is particularly gratifying to your Committee that the movement in many cases came from the impulse which you have given to civic betterment in New York City. GRKAT PHILAXTHROPIES. This report to your Honor may seem to have been delayed unduly, indicated by the fact that the press and individuals have had so much interest in the subject of Baths, that they have made specific infjuiry of you when it would appear, but it should be brought to 14 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. your notice that the subject entrusted to your Committee had to be studied from the very beginning, and the great volume of information was sought from English and Continental cities; in other words, outside of the reports of baths made possible by a few great philan- thropies, there was no information to be derived from the cities of the I'uited States. Accordingly your Committee put itself in com- munication with Mayors and other offtcials in the capital cities of England and Europe ; the courtesy of their replies and the wealth of illustrative material sent it, has placed it in a position to present to you a digest of the latest, hence the best, experience of the civilized world. From a study of this experience your Honor can satisfy him- self on the soundness of the conclusions and recommendations of your Committee. At this point attention should be directed to the following tabu- lation for the city of London as an evidence of the provisions of that municipality in response to popular demands for baths. It will be noted that this study was made in 1892, and indicates the extensive provisions made for the city of London alone. Public Baths and Wash Houses, 1891-2. LOCALITY. Battersea Bentioiulsey Bleoinsbury Clielsea Greenwich Hempstead Islington Kensinfjton Lewisham Paddington Poplar Kotherliitlie St. George-in-the-Kast St. George, Haunver Sqiiaio St. Giles, Caiiiberwtili •St. Martiii-in-tlie-fiel(ls .St. Maryleboiie St. Pancras St. Margaret and St. .John . Whitcchapel St. James, Westminster ... Total Cost of water. £258 2(52 237 372 327 412 405 185 214 134 830 251 411 899 158 385 382 £6,122 Bathers. Not stated. 118,368 '92-93 Not stated. Baths not then Not stated. 93,623 Baths not then Not stated. 92,045 '92-93 179,784 116,738 '93-94 • Not stated. 74,038 240,508 Batlis not then 57,111 142,607 117,882 Not stated. 131,6117 107,257 Washers. Not stated. 24,947 '92-93 Not stated, opened. Not .stated. Not staled, opened. Not stated. Ni)t stated. 19,639 9,293 '93-94 N(-t stated. Not stated. 44,789 opened. 35,340 38,959 ()6,182 Not stated. 20,563 49,171 1,474,718 308,883 Introductory 15 PAUT OF AVISUOiM. It should be stated at this point that your Connnittee means by a pubHc bath an estabhshment under the control of the municipality, where a hot or cold bath may be obtained at any time during the year. Such a public bath may be free or fees may be charged, the latter practice obtaining in nearly all of the cities of the world. If the city provides the plant, those using it should pay for that privilege. This is the part of wisdom, because the idea of charity should be mainly eliminated from a public bath, and the operating expenses will be nearly met by the fees. The present law provides for a free public bath, but a fee may be charged for the use of towels and soap; a certain part of each bath, say 15 or 25 per cent., may be absolutely free. NEW YORK'S NEEDS. There are not more than four public baths under the control of cities in the United States; but that your Honor may realize that the conditions are not much worse in New York than in some of the other large municipalities, and that the needs are none the less im- perative, an excerpt from the Seventh Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Labor is submitted. " New York. — (i) Starting from the corner of Centre and Worth, along Centre to Leonard, along Leonard to Baxter, along Baxter to Canal, along Canal to Centre, along Centre to Hester, along Hester to Mulberry, along Mulberry to Spring, along Spring to Elizabeth, along Elizabeth to Canal, along Canal to Bowery, along Bowery to Worth, and along Worth to Centre. " (2) Starting from the corner of Broome and Broadway, along Broadway to East Houston, along East Houston to Elizabeth, along Elizabeth to Prince, along Prince to Marion, along Marion to Spring, along Spring to Crosby, along Crosby to Broome and along Broome to Broadway." Population of the Slum Districts Canvassed. CITY. June 1, 1890. (Eleventh Census.) April 1, 1893. Baltimore 16,878 17,637 27,462 1.5,409 18,048 19,748 28,996 17,060 Cliicacfo New York Philadelphia Total 77,386 83,852 IG Mayou's Committee on Puhlic Baths. Nl'MBKK AND PkU CkXT. OK F.V.MII.IKS .\.M> I.NUI \ IDUAI.S IN Hoi'.SK.S OR Tknkmknts Havini; ano Nor Having Bathrooms. Population of Houses or Tene> nients having Bathrooms. Population of Houses or Tenements not having Bathrooms. city. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Fami- lies. Indi- viduals. Fami- lies. Indivi- duals. Fami- lie.s. Indivi- duals. Fami- lies. Indivi- duals. Baltimore Chiciigo New York Philadelphia 296 110 138 560 1,663 748 1,.^88 3,080 7.35 2.83 2.33 16.90 9.21 3 79 6.51 16.05 3,732 16,385 3,771 1 19,000 5,774 1 27,108 2,753 13,980 92.65 97.17 97.67 83.10 90.79 96.21 93.49 81.95 Number and Pkk Cent, op Fa.milies and Individuals in Housk.s or Tknk.mknts Havino VVATKK-ct.oSKis OR Priviks. Population of Houses or Tene - ments having Water-closets. Population of Houses or Tenements having I'rivies. CITY. Number. Per cent. Number. ' Percent. Fami- lies Indi- viduals. Fami- lies. Indivi- duals. Fami- lies. Indivi- Fami- Indivi- duals, lies. duals. Baltimore j 486 Chicago 1,027 New York '2,797 Philadelphia 1,006 2,637 5,492 14,716 5,473 12.07 14.61 26.46 27.81 47.31 50.75 30.37 32.08 3,542 2,854 3,115 2,307 15,411 14,256 14,280 11,587 87.93 73.54 52.69 69.63 85.39 72.19 49.25 67.92 17 B.VTHUOOMS FOR 48«» HOUSES. An additional investigation, comprehending 480 honses in the New York shun (hstricts canvassed, was made in order to ascertain how many persons in each Iiouse were compelled to use the same bathrooms, water-closets and privies. ( )iit of a total of 480 houses visited for this ])urpose in New York, but 17 had l)athrooms. The average numl)er of ])ers()ns to a l)athro(HU in tlie houses having bathrooms was 8.14 in New York. The table itself shows the details for each specified number "of jiersons to a ])athroom in each house. It should be borne in mind that these figures refer only to the houses having bathrooms, 96.67 ])er cent, of tlie houses investigated in New York being entirely without such acconunodations. The average luunber of persons compelled to use the same water-closet or privy Tne Swimming Pool in the Baths of Diocletian, in Classic Rome. In this establshment 3,200 bathers could be accommodated at once. The proposed hcth at Tompkins Square would have accommodated 96 at one time. It was stated, on the authority of Pliny, that for 600 years Rome needed no medicine but the public baths A Hall in the Baths of Caiacalla (Rome), A.D. 212. 1,600 bathers could be accommodated at one time. One Hall in the Baths of Diocletian was made by Michael Angelo into the Church of S. Maria de gli Angeli. Introductory. 17 was 10.52 persons in Xew York. This average, although for but a small portion of the slum district of New York, is thought to be fairly representative of the whole. The table relating to bathrooms follows : NiMitKU OP Peusoxs to -v Bathroom. 3 or under 4 -. 2 4 or under 5 3 5 or nniler 6 2 6 or nndcr 7 3 7 or un< 23 56 " (( li << it 24 94 (( a '< (( (1 25 120 1 '' Yes. 5 Free. 26 889 2 " tt 7 II 27 210 2 " a 15 II 28 20(i 1 "■ " 15 " 29 121 1 " 11 12 " 30" 270 3 ti IC 2 11 31" 61 None. " None. None. None. 32 126 1 " ■ i< Paid lor. 33 150 2 Bathing Accommodation Pkovidkd uy Lodgino-Houses— Continued. December 26, 1894. Lodgers allowed. Number of bath liibs. Number of showers. Bath tubs, etc , with hot water. Average use daily. Free or paid for. 41 42 77 103 None. (1 None, None, None. 43 107 >i (< ,i ' ,247 235,659 343,898 378,297 440,166 508,796 575,244 3ti0,808 261,335 216,248 134,967 81,889 50,313 14,529 3,895,755 Females. 8,494 18,406 60,354 68,049 98,155 203,515 238,253 246,924 253,580 140,235 102,507 96,178 82,591 22,218 1:5,173 5,511 1,058,143 Total. 59,779 88,480 232,601 303,708 442,053 581,812 678,419 755,720 828,824 501,043 363,842 312,426 217,558 104,107 63,486 20,040 5,553,898 JOHN PATON. While it is true that there are in New York no free public baths except the floating baths in the summer, yet there are opportunities for the people to secure cleansing baths entirely or partly free of cost, but these opportunities are made possible by philanthropic societies. The first public bath in the United States was opened in New York City, 9 Centre Market place, by the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. The remarkable success of these baths was due largely to the great interest of the then president of the Association, John Paton. In his own words: " The only free baths in the city are those maintained by the Corporation, and consist of swimming baths in the harbor, open during the hot months. It is only necessary to glance at the hundreds of sewers pouring out their disgusting streams into the salt water of the docks, and see that while these city baths may aflford amusement and pleasure to thousands during the hot season, the water is always Public Baths of New York. 47 impure and often filthy in the extreme. Such bathinj:^ is not cleansing, and it may be doubted if it is not often positively unhealthy."* Deeply impressed with the belief that cleanliness of person is not only elevating in its effects upon the mind and morals, but also necessary to health and to the warding off disease, the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor discussed for many months the subject of public baths. SPRAY SYSTE5M. After long consideration of the plans in use in other countries, it was decided to try the spray or shower-bath system as followed in Vienna. This is simply a gentle shower of water, the temperature and force easily regulated by the bather, the water at once running off into the sewers. In this way the most perfect cleanliness is insured, and all risk of infection or communication of contagious disease, such as must be almost inseparable from the use of the ordinary bath- tub, is avoided. Another distinct advantage of this spray system is the great economy of water, at least six persons being able to bathe in the same quantity as would suffice for one tub bath. INDUSTRIAli CENTRE — SOLIDITY. " The People's Bathhouse " stands in Centre Market place, near Broome street, in the midst of a large tenement-house district, and adjacent to an industrial centre where a mechanical and laboring population of a cosmopolitan character is constantly employed. It is substantially constructed of brick and iron, two stories in height, and presents an attractive appearance. The walls are of white enamel brick, strong iron beams support the floors, the roof and bathrooms are of iron. Brick, cement and slate have been much used in the interior, and light-colored bricks compose a facade as striking as it is ornamental. The building is set off by many cheerful windows and an expansive arch spans the doorway. The sanitary appliances are complete. Designed for the accommodation of both sexes, the baths on the main floor are equally divided, nine spray baths being allotted * Public Baths, by John Patou, late president of the New York Asso- ciation for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Read before the Evan- gelical Alliance in Chicago, 1893. 48 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. to each. There is one general entrance, but separate waiting--rooms, one for men and the other for women ; from these each in turn goes to the baths, which- are completely shut off from the adjoining com- partments. In the rear of the main section there are three bathtubs, two for females and one for males, the former principally used by mothers with young children. The basement contains nine spray baths. They are all reserved for males and constructed precisely similar to those on the main floor. The engine is especially strong and durable, and a powerful boiler heats the water for the whole building. Croton water is used and also an artesian well, sunk within the building, which insures a full supply, never failing and pure. Im- proved laundry machinery and ventilating apparatus are also placed in the basement, and all towels in use are washed upon the premises. Every inch of space is economized. The whole structure is a model in its way and a compact embodiment of architectural and mechanical skill. Solidity is its great characteristic and a glance at the building will convince any one that it is certainly well adapted for perennial baths. A large skylight gives light to the bathrooms above, there is gas for those below, and the most improved methods of sanitary engineering have been adopted and skillfully executed. The fine appearance of the exterior is matched by the comfort and attractive- ness manifested within. All idea of patronage is avoided and the bathhouse as it stands is both an ornament and a pride. A bather occupies his compartment for twenty minutes. This is ample time for a comfortable bath. He receives a towel and a cake of soap and the fee of the bath is five cents. A mother with little children counts as one, and so much is this privilege appreciated that the tubs are in constant use the year round. , AMERICAN HOUSE3WIFE. The management is excellent. Cleanliness and economy are strictly observed, and an atmosphere of comfort pervades the estab- lishment. The floors and walls are as clean and bright as the kitchen of an American housewife, and the brass work shines like her tins. A competent matron cares for the women. A man of experience looks after the men. The police authorities have kindly detailed an officer as a regular attendant and perfect order is maintained. First-class Swimming Pool, Hornsey Road, Islington (London). Size of pool, 132 X 40 feet; fees, 12c. for first class and 4c. for second-class. The swimming pool affords splendid opportunities for recreation. Swimming Pool for Women at the Hornsey Road, Islington, London, Baths. At this establishment for the year ending March 31st, 1896, 92,190 persons used the private baths, 179,034 the swimming pools and 30,420 the laundry. The receipts from the above amounted to £4,224 los. 3d ($20573.37). : T4ITl!in.Tl'tllld)tiltll!tlllM.^^. WTO in[]iraths for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1896, are submitted, EXPENDITURES FOR PEOPLE'S BATHS, 1895-1896. 1895-96. Salaries. Gas. Fuel. Incidentals. Engineer's supplies. October, 1895 November . . . December .. . Januaiy, 189(J Februai-y . . . March April May June July August September . . Total . . . 9!305 3()5 305 305 305 305 305 310 310 310 310 310 ?3,685 $18 87 18 50 '34 62 16 25 13 87 14 50 13 75 15 12 33 62 $72 00 88 50 68 72 43 00 00 25 102 00 $179 10 I $445 75 $52 3:J 50 20 26 21 23 24 40 44 52 37 39 19 93 10 55 88 30 55 32 73 90 17 $428 01 $6 15 2 75 287 4 75 11 47 8 73 2 ()4 11 30 1 87 4 33 $56 86 1895-96. Soap. Repairs. Total expenses. Total receipts. October, 1895 . November . . . . December . . . . January, 1896. February March April May June July August September . . . . Total $34 00 34 66 75 54 $143 54 $20 57 36 30 42 00 24 04 $122 91 $363 54 359 81 446 43 348 54 488 67 384 18 455 64 471 78 409 96 405 19 542 31 385 12 $5,061 17 - $226 60 248 85 218 75 200 15 193 70 265 70 320 85 453 20 537 65 681 20 649 (50 389 70 $4,391 95 50 Mayou's Committee on Public Baths. Cost of operation for the last j-ear beyond receipts from batli- ers — cliarge five cents for batli *. . §609 22 Greatest number in any one month 14, 644 Greatest number bathed in any one day 1, 074 Arerase number bathed per month for the whole period 6,531 Average number batlied per day for the Avhole period 215 Average number batlied i>er day for the four Avinter months, 1895-6 (closed two days for repairs) 153 Receipts from bathhouse ?4,391 95 Receipts from donations 34 (i2 Total receipts ?4,425 97 Expenditures 5, 061 17 , Debit balance $635 20 NUMBER OF BATHERS FROM DATE OF OPENING IN 1891, THUS DIVIDED. Men 295,387 Women 54, 462 Children 51, 803 Total 401, 652 NUMBER OF BATHERS, AUGUST 17, 1891, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1895. 1891. Men. Women. .Children. Total. August 17 to Se]>teiuber 30 5,188 1,301 4,015 10,504 1891-2. October, 1891 November .. .. December Jaiiuiiry, 1892 Febriinry March April May June July August September . .. Total .... Men. ,721 ,484 ,845 ,669 ,878 ,120 ,098 ,684 ,482 ,483 ,216 ,042 42,722 Women. 246 159 164 150 161 188 359 375 1,421 2,271 1,477 489 7,460 Children. 581 311 315 243 318 284 460 695 1,723 2,341 1,420 567 9,258 ToUl. 2,548 1,954 2,324 2,062 2,357 2,592 3,917 4,754 9,626 13,095 9.113 5,098 59,440 Public Jjatiis of Xkw York. 51 1892-3. October, 1892 Novoml>er December Janiuirv, 189o. Fcbniaiv March . April May June Jnl.v Auj^ust September Total . Men. ,603 ,256 ,668 ,191 ,167 ,Xo6 ,.->17 ,112 ,159 ,635 ,876 52,624 Women. 348 209 212 195 194 301 342 553 1,214 1,986 1,992 721 Children. 8,267 385 230 265 206 209 :V29 476 754 l,3.5ti 1,527 1,247 754 7,738 Total. 4,3:56 2,695 3,145 2,." 92 2,. 570 3,4S6 4,335 6,419 9,729 12,097 10,874 6,3.51 68,629 October, 1893 November December January, 1894 February March April May June July August September . . . Total .... Men. 4,076 3,018 3,2.38 2,899 2,712 4,355 4,905 5,649 8,949 8,768 6,389 4,950 59,908 Women. 420 292 300 321 281 455 572 783 2,1«3 2,58ti 1,716 868 10,757 Idren. Total. 609 5,105 580 3,890 527 4,065 485 3,705 362 3,355 663 5,473 723 6,200 943 7,375 1,826 12,938 1,488 12,842 993 9,098 673 6,491 9,872 80,537 1S94-5. October, 1894 November December January, 1895 February March April May June July August September Total .... Men. 4,801 3,248 3,516 2,352 3,345 4,197 4,824 6,795 8,127 8.003 9.476 6,833 Women. 752 432 39:! 259 288 446 528 1,096 1,579 2,076 3,035 1,697 Children. 651 450 514 377 493 681 758 1,097 1,340 1,394 1,777 1,104 Total. 6,204 4,130 4,423 2,988 4,126 5,:^24 6,110 8,988 11,046 11.473 14,288 9,634 65,517 I 12,581 | 10,636 88,734 52 Mavok's Committee ox Tublic Baths. 1895-6. October. 1895 Noveiubrr Deceiiilier Jjinuaiy. 1896 February March April May June July August September Toral .... Men. 3,867 4,149 3,751 3,416 3,313 4,205 5,368 7, 294 8,183 10,092 9,426 6,364 69,428 Women. 472 588 458 430 387 528 774 1,324 2,048 2,919 3,024 1,144 14,096 Children. 534 546 474 459 419 539 844 1,226 1,314 1,633 1,445 b51 10,284 Total. 4,873 5,283 4,683 4,305 4,119 5,272 6,986 9,844 11,545 14,644 13,895 8,359 93,808 Expenses. Receipts. Deficit. Total number of bathers. 1891 . lJ^91-2 1892-a 1S93-4 1894-.-) 1895-(J $667 81 5.077 75 5,106 86 5,293 31 5,152 91 .").0(il 17 I $424 55 I 2,794 00 I 3,206 10 I 3,801 00 I 4,105 25 i 4,391 95 I ?243 26 2.283 75 1,840 7(5 1,492 31 987 66 009 22 Total I !!;20.359 81 | $18,842 85 | .?7.51G 90 ^1 I I 10.504 59,440 08,029 80.537 88,734 93.808 $401,652 BARON DID HIKSCH. Shortly after the People's Baths, those of the Baron de Hirsch Fund were opened, where also the spray system is used. The estab- lishment is open for Jews and Christians, and is supported by the Baron de Hirsch Fund. These baths occupy the first floor and base- ment of a house at the corner of Henry and Market streets, and upon them have been expended $14,500. The cost of the plant was $1 1 ,000. The charge for bathing is five cents for adults and three cents for children. There is no charge for the pupils of the Baron de Hirsch English and Trade Schools. Total number of bathers who have paid, from date of opening to January i, 1895 (three years) Men .. . Women Total. 159.323 39.985 199.308 Childfcii: No record kept. Free: riipils of Baron de Hirsch JEnglisli and Trade schools. 1'lbliu Baths ok New Youk. 53 MONTH. Men. Women. Total. .laiui.'iry, 18n."» | 'j:, i i.t Ft'l.iuai-y M:irch | Ai-ril May Juno I July I August I September I i Total I I 2G7 :i,n-i2 2,714 1 2<;2 2.97tj 3,1.S8 1 .•'.(;4 :',..".2 .■{.2(;9 1 421 ;}.r.90 1 4,yr)0 1 72:! .-..(JT9 1 U,148 1 1,11.". 7,2(;.*i G,7(M> 1 1,42.-. 8.1:',1 «j,i4y 1 1,092 7.241 4,7r.i 1 1 92."> n,G8G 4U,66G 1 1 6,594 47,260 In 1895-6, a total of 57,779 baths were taken. In the months of April and September the baths were closed for four days on account ■of Jewish holidays. The annual cost, including rent (over and above all receipts), is $1,200. Number of paid attendants, 3; greatest number of bathers in any one month, 9,235, July, 1894; greatest number of bathers in any one day, 712, September 30, 1894. RIVKRSIDK BATHS. The baths of the Riverside Association, 259 West Sixty-ninth street, were opened February 20, 1895. There are thirteen baths of the rain water or spray system. Each compartment is built of corru- gated iron below and wire netting above, affording light and ventila- tion. Each bather is allowed twenty minutes and is furnished soap and towel, at the cost of five cents. The fee to the members of the Association is one cent. On March 15, 1895, Turkish and hydriatic baths w-ere added. Rain baths (since the date of opeuiug) 48. 515 Turkish baths 5, 716 Hydriati'ic baths 7, 185 Total baths up to October 31, 1896 r.G. 416 The facilities of the Riverside Baths are about three hundred bathers daily. The De Milt Dispensary also supplies baths at five cents, soap and towel furnished. The baths, consisting of six sprays and one 54 Mayor's Committee ox Purlic Baths, tub bath, were opened in 1891 at a cost of $3,400. Xone of the baths are free. Only two afternoons and evenings a week are reserved for women. From November i, 1892, up to 1895, tliere were bathed 34,618 men and 3,442 women, a total of 38,060. In 1895, 15.826 persons bathed, and in the ten months of 1896 to November i, 13,247, making a grand total of 67,133 baths in four years. During the three weeks of 1896 the baths were undergoing repairs, so that the numbers were considerably curtailed. FI.OATIXG HOSPITAL,. The Floating Hospital of the St. John's Guild gave salt water baths to 3,084 babies, 4,575 children, and 855 women, a total of 8,514, on its fifty-seven trips in the bay in the summer of 1896. This made a total of 49,554 baths since the establishment of the hospital in the summer of 1887. It contains twenty-three children's and four women's spray baths, two deep tubs for children and four sm.all tubs for babies. These baths are supervised by trained nurses, and are, of course, free. AVAYFARER'S LODGE. The Wayfarers' Lodge on West Twenty-sixth street only gives a bed on condition of a bath. This is usually taken very willingly, carbolic tar soap being supplied. There are seven shower baths, and the temperature of the water can be regulated at the bather's pleasure. From September i, 1895, to September 30, 1896, inclusive, the num- ber of baths taken was 9,262. On March 1 1 last the Department of Public Charities established a " Lodging-house for Homeless Men." A bath is compulsory for every lodger, and the results have been pronounced very beneficial. There are eight baths of the ordinary spray or shower bath form; the stalls are about two and one-half feet wide, thus providing a separate bathing place for each man. CHAPTER ^V. Swimming Clurs and the Swimming Bath as a Means of Recreation. LACK OK KECREATION. New York City is by no means so well supplied with means of recreation as its public-spirited citizens could desire. In the winter, while the well-to-do man can find enjoyment in his library or at a club, and numberless entertainments are open to his purse, the work- ing man has often only the saloon to which he can turn to-get society. The free libraries here are few and far between, though always well patronized. In the summer for the poor man there are the parks and the Free Floating Baths. The extent to which these baths are used shows how much they are appreciated, even when the luxury of a swim is only able to be indulged in in water befouled by sewage such as that of the adjacent rivers. But there are many who do not care to use the floating baths who would dearly enjoy a plunge in a com- fortable swimming bath, and would be prepared to pay a small sum for it. SEABOARD CITY. Much of the amusement provided in the city is not truly " recrea- tion," which is a recreating of the body and mind so that the man or woman feels like a new being afterwards, and is better fitted to enter again on the work he has to do. Of the recreative effects of swim- ming enough cannot be said. The invigorating effect of a cold plunge on both body and mind is as beneficial as it is pleasant, while as an exercise swimming is both useful and agreeable. New York city especially needs to encourage swimming. Being a seaboard city, many lives are annually lost by drowning which could be saved if either the person to whom the accident happens or some onlooker were able to swim. The deaths by drowning for the last three years were : 56 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. January . . Februaiy . March .... April May June July August . . . September October . . November December Total. 1893. Accident Suicide 31 34 28 20 14 9 190 Accident. Suicide. G 16 17 26 35 31 26 21 5 201 1895. Accident. Suicide 5 3 9 16 26 32 30 33 26 12 12 209 1 14 i POLICEMEN. In addition to death many accidents occur, and it would seem that our policemen might with advantage be given instruction in the art of swimming and in life-saving methods, that they might not hesitate for fear of risking their lives in attempting to rescue drowning persons. Much more was done by the city in the past in this matter than it is doing to-day. In i8o6 the Humane Society of New York re- solved to devote a portion of its care to the resuscitation of persons apparently dead from drowning. It accordingly provided several sets of apparatus and appointed physicians to take charge of them and give the necessary medical aid. 312 DEATHS FROM DROWNING. In 1 868 the number of deaths from drowning had so largely increased, averaging 212 per annum, that a committee was appointed by the Board of Health to see if something could not be done in the matter. As a result, lessons in the rescue and resuscitation of drowned persons were given to 819 policemen, of whom ninety-two were sergeants; an illustrated pamphlet was issued and apparatus placed at twenty-four points on the water front. The apparatus con- sisted of a grapnel or a drag, a pike, a ladder, and a float attached to a heaving line. During the five months previous to January 18, 1869, no fewer than twenty-five persons were rescued from drowning The Swi.MMiNc 1>atii as Ubcreation. 57 by the agencies of the Board. During 1869 it was reported that the hves of 180 persons had been saved. The number of rescue stations was extended, and the apparatus maintained in good order. In 1870 it was reported that a large numl)cr of Hvcs had been saved, and poHcemen stationed at the ferries, ferrymasters, boatmen, and others united in the opinion that the hfe-saving apparatus was an inchspen- sable necessity. In 1872 the appropriation for maintenance of the life-saving apparatus was $300. Nearly one-third of the a])i)aratus had yielded to wear and tear. In 1873 ^^''^ Board of Health reported that " The usefulness of the apparatus would doubtless be enhanced if the persons regularly employed at the ferries and steamboat land- ings were instructed and expert in its use, as well as in the resuscita- tion of persons rescued from the water." In 1874-75 ^he apparatus was carefully overhauled and redistributed to points where it was most needed. The necessary exposure of the apparatus subjected it to rough usage, causing more injury than would result from honest wear and tear. No memoranda of the lives saved had been kept, though it was believed that they were so numerous as to warrant the Board in extending the apparatus more generally along the water front. Since that date no attempt was made to keep the apparatus in repair, and it was gradually lost, stolen or worn out, until it all disappeared, and it is now many years since any such apparatus furnished by the Health Department has been upon the docks and excursion boats. SLIPPER BATHS. Compared with the private bath, the public swimming bath is a comparatively late institution. While the English Baths and Wash- houses Act dates from 1846, provision for swimming baths was not made until an amendment was made to the act in 1878. Previous to that time the public, or, rather, the male portion of it, bathed in the rivers and streams. This arrangement, though suited to small towns and villages, was not adequate to the needs of a large and growing urban population, and advantage was quickly taken of the permission to build swimming baths at the corporate expense. These baths are naturally most frequented in the summer time, and the attendance falls off in the winter much more than in the slipper baths. In spite 58 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. of this, the numbers using the swimming bath usually exceed the numbers using all other kinds of baths. To take a few cities : BiriniusliatiQ (5 baths) Bradford (2 baths) Burnley Coventry Liverpool (7 baths) London : Bow (1895-6) Islington (1894-5) Kensington St. Giles and St. George, B]oomsbHry»(1894) ... St. James, Westminster, (1H94) Salford, 4 establishments (1891-2) Swimming Baths. Men. 242,989 89,198 33,851 53,463 332,861 49,468 197,641 53,943 9,818 31,617 99,126 5,305 1,309 4,398 8,027 3,231 26.760 5; 949 1,990 3,670 Children. 55,750 52,653 Other Baths. Men. 110,181 79,535 11,383 16,753 108,653 48,663 122,371 40,950 36,000 66,764 41,671 AVomen. 15,838 13,061 5,ti35 10,883 12,494 28,576 9,249 10,959 24,495 6,434 JUST FOR FUN. These figures will suffice to show the greater popularity of the swimming bath. The cleansing value of the bath is small, and some of the bathers go " just for the fun," even when they cannot swim. Incidentally cleanliness is aided, for it is understood that the bather must attend to that as a preliminary, and often a cleansing-room with douches is attached, the warm douche to be used before bathing and the cold after. Sometimes there are two douche rooms, for adults and children respectively. In almost every bath a cold shower is provided. The swimming bath is usually fitted with various appliances for the bathers' enjoyment. There are diving boards at various heights, and lately chutes are being placed in many of the new baths, from which the diver slides headforemost into the water. The gradual deepening of the baths — generally from about three feet to six feet six inches — affords the means of enjoyment to both swimmers and non-swimmers, giving confidence to many to learn to swim. Pro- vision is now frequently made for the game of water ]>(>1(). which is hotly contested and greatly enjoyed by all the participants, and, on occasion by spectators. The Swimming Bath as Rfxueatiox. 59^ SWIMMING liCSSONS. The London School Board has done a great deal to encourage the children under its care to learn to swim. Tickets signed by the head teacher, and stamped with the name of the school, are issued to those who can afford it at one penny (two cents) each, but to those who are too poor a special voucher is given freely, the Board redeem- ing them when a sufftcient numljcr has been presented. i\Iany youngsters are not satisfied with getting a free ticket, which they can only have once a week, but manage to pay for a bath at the id. rate in addition. The time spent in learning swimming counts as part of the regular school hours. 10,000 SWIMMERS — FABIAN CHAL.L.KNGE SHIELD. Swimming instruction is given at most of the baths by competent instructors. The charge of 6d. per lesson or 5s. per course of twelve (12 cents and $1.25 respectively), as at Edinburgh, is a very usual one, children paying half price. In 1895 the London Schools Swimming Association taught over 10.000 boys and girls to swim — many of the class who would not otherwise have seen the inside of a swimming bath. The Association is worked entirely by school board teachers, who not only give their services voluntarily, but are often out of pocket in defraying the many expenses entailed. Nearly three hun- dred schools are afifiliated to the Central Council at the low fee of is. per annum. These schools are situated all over the London postal district and are grouped into suitable branches, of which there are now twenty-two, each school communicating with the Central Coun- cil through the Branch Secretary. Each branch sends one repre- sentative to the Central Council for every six schools affiliated. Hoxton has eleven schools which pay 2s. 6d. af^liation fee to the branch, which pays their afifiliation fee to the Central Council. A very pretty first-class certificate, designed by Walter Crane, is awarded to every boy swimming a hundred yards, and to every girl swimming fifty yards, an examination fee of 3d. being charged. The " Daily Chronicle " Challenge Shield is held for one year by the boys' school having the largest number of these certificates, compared with the number above the age of ten years on the roll of the school. The " Fabian " Challenge Shield is held by the girls' school fulfilling the 60 ]Mayou's Committee ox Public Baths. same conditions. The event of the 3'ear is the Central Championship Cempetition, and leaders in the swimming' world agree that it is the best all-around show ever given by children, the diving and the competition of four boys' teams and four girls' teams for the Life Sav- ing Society's medals and certificates being especially commended. FAULTY SWIMMING. Teachers are encouraged to learn to swim b}^ the granting of certificates to all who can dive (optional for ladies), swim one hundred yards (ladies fifty yards), part to be done on the back, and satisfy the judges of their power to teach swimming and life-saving. Candidates are expected to answer questions on the theory and method of teach- ing, and to criticise faulty swimming, as well as to be able to effec- tively rescue by any two of the four methods and to know thoroughly the resuscitation drill on the Sylvester method. Examiners are ap- pointed by the Southern Counties Amateur Swimming Association, the Life Saving Society and the London Schools Swimming Association. In 1895 the London Schools Swimming Association expended £86 2s., while its income was only £59 9s. 6d. Subscriptions amounted to £20 9s. 6d., the remainder of the receipts coming from affiliation fees, sale of tickets and programmes at the annual compe- tition, etc. The Association provided medals for the branch, cham- pionship at a cost of £22 19s. 8d. in 1895, but all the trophies are given by interested friends. MFE-SAVING Cli.VSS. Mr. Charles Newman, who was formerly at the Battersea Baths, taught the Board school boys there free of charge, and he is now doing the same at the Westminster Baths. He gives about 1,700 lessons yearly, and turns out about one hundred swimmers eacli year. Unfortunately, he had to turn many boys away for the simple reason that they had had nothing to eat. ]\Iany deaths which were put down to cramp in the legs were more properly attributed to cramp in the stomach, and Mr. Newman, therefore, dared not let the lads enter the water, much as they would have enjoyed it. ]\Ir. Newman also ar- ranged a life-saving class, which won warm approval from Coroner Thk Swi.M.MiNc; r.Aiii AS Kkcukation. 01 Hicks, who had so often witnessed the sad resuhs of a lack of this knowledge on the part of a riverside population. SWIMMING CLUnS. To promote the interests of swimmers clubs were very early formed, and now there is scarcely a bath which is not used by at least one, and often by cjuite a number of these clubs. A reduction is usually made, club members being admitted for 4d. and 4|d., where other bathers are charged 6d. For this and other club benefits, a fee, usually about los. 6d. per annum, ($2.60) is charged, the entrance fee varying from 2s. 6d. to £1 is. Most of the clubs are affiliated to the Amateur Swimming Association, and only amateurs may belong to them. The accepted definition of an amateur is as follows: "An amateur is one who has never competed for a money prize, declared wager, or staked bet; who has never taught, pursued or assisted in the practice of swimming or any other athletic exercise as a means of pecuniary gain, and who has not knowingly or without protest taken part in any competition or exhibition with anyone who is not an amateur." A swimmer ceases to be an amateur and becomes a professional by "(a) Engaging in swimming or any other athletic exercise — or personally teaching, training or coaching any other person therein — for pecuniary gain. " (b) Selling, realizing upon, or otherwise turning into cash any prize won by him. "(c) Accepting remuneration for swimming in public, or by being employed for money or wages in a swimming bath or else- where as an attendant on swimmers." NOVICE. A novice is one who at the time of competing has never won a prize in a similar class of open competition, /. e., winning a prize for plunging, object diving, etc., or in any other branch of sport, will not disqualify the winner from competing as a novice in a swimming race proper, or vice versa. This rule does not apply to prizes won at school. Honorary members are admitted on different conditions, but are usually not allowed to vote, though given all other club privileges. •62 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. OTTER Clil'B. Subscribing members liave to be proposed and seconded by club members. A ballot is taken at the next committee meeting, and a small minority can exclude, in one club one black ball in four, in another one in hvc. The management of the club is usually vested in a President, one or more Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretary, a Committee of about ten members and a Captain. All but the last are always elected annually, though usually eligible for re-election. The Captain is sometimes elected, sometimes (as in the Otter S. C, London), the captaincy is swum for in open water, the time and place being chosen by the Committee, and the distance being i.ooo yards. The votes of two-thirds of the members in one club, or in some cases of the Committee alone, though then with the right of appeal, can expel a member for ungentlemanly behavior. SPLASH AND NEATNESS — CROCODlliE RACE. Prizes are offered by the clubs for proficiency in swimming, diving, etc., and the annual entertainment is frequently a very brilliant afifair. Bootle held two such contests last year, one club getting the Mayor to preside. The other festival was held by the boys from the schools, who paid for the use of the baths. The Otter Swimming Club held its annual entertainment on October i, 1895, at the St. George's, Buckingham Palace Road, baths. The programme in- cluded.inter-club high diving, limited to three entries from each club. Points were given for correctness of position on the board, neatness of take-off, of position in the air, and of entering the water, avoidance of splash and neatness of coming to the surface. Each competitor was allowed two dives, and the highest aggregate won. Two prizes were given. The next event was a 360 yards (12 lengths) team race. Each man of each team swam sixty yards; the second stated when the first had finished, the third waited until the second fitiished, and so on; the team whose si.x men completed the 360 yards first won the race, and each man received a prize of a silver-mounted paper knife. Four prizes were offered for a ninety yards invitation and club handi- cap. There were six men in each of six heats, the final being swum by the first in each heat. A prize of a silver cigarette and match-box case was offered to the wiiuicr of a tliirty yards clothes linndicap. TiiK Swi.\i.Mi.\<; Haiii as Kkcukatiox. 03 Following this was a display of diving, ornamental and trick swim- ming by two members of the club who were pupils of the instructor. Then came a sixty yards hurdle handicap in three heats, for which three prizes were offered. The next event was a life-saving demon- stration, under the directorship of Mr. (Jeorge J. Strickland (Otter S. C. and Life Saving Society). The demonstrators were teams of members of the London Schools Swimming Association, and all the details of release and rescue and of resuscitation were fully given. A water polo match between Cambridge University (Past and Present) and the Otter S. C. followed, and the last event was a sixty yards inter-club crocodile race, tor which a silver match box was offered to each of the f«Hir members of the winning team. There were sixteen entries. Admission tickets cost 2s. (50 cents), but admission at the doors was 2s. 6d. (60 cents). A charge of 3d. (6 cents) was made for the programme. These club contests bring the swimming bath into popular favor as a means of recreation, and the attendance is greatly increased. Almost every provincial town has its club. Burnley in 1894-5 sold 4,500 club tickets in packages of 100 each, at a reduction of 25 per cent. The Dolphin Club was responsible for 8,237 of an attendance of 37,170 at the Manchester Road Baths at Bradford. Eighteen clubs use the Hornsey Road, Islington, baths. Three committee rooms are provided for their benefit, and can be used on special occasions as dressing-rooms. Westminster gives the greatest possible facilities for clubs, quite a number, including several ladies' clubs, making it their headquarters. Some of the clubs are formed of employes of a single firm, the employers figuring as presidents or patrons. Thus the Blomfield House Swimming Club, the holders of the City of London Bath Championship and the Junior Water Polo Championship, with head- quarters at the Westminster Baths, is composed of employes of Messrs. Waterlow & Sons, wholesale stationers. The employes of Messrs. j\Iaple, the furniture manufacturers and dealers, form the Clarence S. C, and use the Fitzrov Baths. 64 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. ladies' days. The swimming bath is not yet so popular with ladies as with gentlemen. There are several reasons for this. The expense is greater, and the incumbrance of a bathing dress involves greater diffi- culty in learning to swim. The "ladies' days" are inconvenient to many, and some times no evening hours are allotted to them, so that very little opportunity exists for practice. Of twelve events at the Portsmouth Swimming Club's Nineteenth Annual Festival, swum in the sea ol¥ South Parade Pier, four were for ladies. In a hundred yards challenge race for the Connaught Salt Water Challenge Trophy, there were only three entries, and only two for another trophy, though in each case two other prizes were offered. Eleven entered for a hundred yards open handicap. Many of the new swimming baths afford a good length for these races. The*Hornsey Road First-class Baths are 132 by 40 feet, with a second-class bath 100 feet by 35 feet, and a ladies' bath 75 feet by 35 feet. The festivals give enjoyment to numerous onlookers, as many as 2,000 having been seated at the Westminster Baths. DIVES. PATH^VAYS, RAFTS — GRAXITE TOAVER. The little island of Jersey, with its 52,000 inhabitants, 30,000 of whom reside in the commercial town of St. Heliers, early felt the need of bathing accommodation. The loss of life around the rugged and dangerous coast was so great that as early as 1865 the Jersey Swimming Club was formed to encourage the acquisition of the art of swimming. For years this club maintained the whole of the dives, pathways, rafts, life-boats and other necessary appliances, with very little assistance from the local authorities. The public generally shared in all these benefits, though not more than one in four who availed themselves of the comforts provided by the club contributed in any way. The club was incorporated in 1893 and obtained a lease of the foreshore at La Collette for twenty-one years at a nominal rent. The efforts to obtain a permanent bathing place, more suitable to ladies and available at all states of the tide — the rise and fall is as mucli as forty feet in spring tides — were finally successful in 1895, when the I lavre-des-Pas Bathing Establishment was opened. This batliing pool is but a short distance from the shore, and is so con- O,-- THE * •F?SITY OF 'FORNAX The Swimming 1>ath as Kecukatio.n. 65 structed as to be flushed at every tide, and it is fitted with sluices for cleaning purposes. The sides of the pool, which covers about three acres, are mostly of solid rock blasted to slope, but here and there a strong, wide stone wall has had to be built from rock to rock. At the shore side rises a massive granite tower, built on solid rock. Inside it a band stand and round the inside of the wall are built commodious dressing boxes, with lavatories and shower baths attached. On the top of the dressing boxes is a wide gallery. There is every possible convenience for divers, and a shallow place for learners. In fact, it is an ideal bathing place, and is a credit, not only to the club, but to the whole island. The pool is only used by gentlemen from 8 to lo a. m., being reserved for ladies from 6 a. m. to 7 p. m., with the ex- ception of these hours, and on Sundays from 6.30 a. m. to 9.30 a. m. Admission is free to lady members, gentlemen members paying id. and non-members 3d. for a single bath or 2s. 6d. for twelve tickets. Swimming instruction is free to members, but a charge of 3d. per lesson of a quarter of an hour is made to non-members, twelve lessons costing 2s. 6d. Separate dressing-rooms are provided, with the usual fittings. The bathing for the day being over, the establishment lends itself admirably to band promenades in the summer evenings. In the winter the pool is used for yacht sailing. The establishment has proved very successful, and in 1895 £50 of the original cost was paid off. The £3,000 required was raised by means of debentures bearing interest at the rate of 2^ per cent, per annum. Some 15,000 persons paid admission in the season of 1895, and there was every reason to anticipate a substantial increase in 1896. liA COLiIiETTE. The bathing place at La Collette is open free and non-members are allowed to the full extent of the accommodation provided. It is proposed to erect here a similar establishment to the one at Havre- des-Pas, at a cost of £2,000, which is to be raised at 3I per cent, per annum, so as to give give gentlemen the same opportunities now provided for ladies. The club now comprises 135 ladies and 188 girls under sixteen; 239 gentlemen and 113 boys under sixteen; 57 life and 3 honorary members. A total of 753. . 5 66 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. The fees per annum are: Ladies 8s. Girls (i2 to 16 years of age) 6s. Girls (under 12 years of age, including the use of the new pool) 4s. Gentlemen 5s. Boys (under 16 years of age) 2s. Boys (under 7 years of age, including the use of the new pool) 4s. Subscriptions are payable in advance on January i of each year. The club hold annual swimming matches, at which prizes are given. Certificates of proficiency in swimming are awarded, and every efifort made to encourage this art, so valuable to a water-sur- rounded people. POLICE. In this country the municipal provision of swimming pools is a comparatively late institution. The need arose when the rapid growth of cities left no streams or pools where the small boy could strip and bathe undisturbed by the police. New York's first floating bath was opened in 1870, and Philadelphia's first bathhouse in. 1885. Chicago has had a public swimming bath for the first time this year, but already a second and third are talked of. In neither of these cities is any attempt made to heat the bath, which is only kept open during the summer months. KO TOWELS. In Philadelphia there arc six swimming baths in different parts of the city, and the attendants at each are a man, a woman and a policeman. The baths are 38 by 107 feet. They are open from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m. week days and from 6 to 9 a. m. Sunday. Women's days are Alondays and Thursdays; other days are reserved for men. Tlic building is cleaned twice a week, and the water in the tank changed twice a day. Tiicre is always a constant change of water, as it is running in and out continually, the depth being from three The SwiMMiNc IJaiii as Kkcuka iion. G7 to six feet. The pool is sometimes divided and warnings posted to prevent accidents. No towels are allowed to be left at the bath, each bather being supposed to provide his own, though this is rarely done, the participants preferring to " dry off." Bathing trunks are provided at the modest charge of three cents. It will be noticed that of the 1,879,662 baths registered, only 32,416 were taken by women and girls. There were fully five times as many boys as men, and girls as women. The season of 1896 lasted from June 15 to September 26. The number of bathers at the various bathhouses was as follows: NAME OF BVTH HOUSE. Male. j Female. Total. Boach aud Laurel streets | 402,894 | 13,086 415,980 174,261 321,401 479,333 68,8.84 419,803 EiirJith and MiiHin j 170.843 3,418 Thirty-second and Ridjre avenue | 318,177 3,224 Twenty-seventh aud Master | 472,845 6,488 Thirty-third and South 66, 306 2, 578 Twelfth aud Wharton 416. 181 | 3, 622 1 Total 1,847,246 1 32,416 1,879,662 1 1 BATHI\G POOL. The bathhouses cost $8,000 each to erect. The cost of main- tenance and repairs is $400 per year, and $600 a year superintendent's salary. A new bathhouse has just been erected at Second and Cum- berland streets at a cost of $15,102.95. The building is the hand- somest of its kind in the country. Unlike those of the other city bathhouses, the bathing pool is roofed over. The building is con- structed of brick and stone and the pool is 35 by 90 feet. This bath- house will be opened for the first time next year. Before the opening of the public bathhouses for the season of 1896, Dr. Edwin J. Houston, President of the National Swimming Association, made an arrangement with Chief Eisenhower, of the Bureau of City Property, to give a lecture on swimming at each one of the various pools, at which the members of the N. S. A, would assist him by giving exhibitions of the different swimming strokes, best methods of saving life in drowning accidents, how to resuscitate the apparently drowned, and in other ways instruct and educate the 68 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. boys in these useful matters. The lectures created a great amount of public interest. Boys who had learned to swim had pointed out to them the most common faults in swimming; many who knew nothing of the art previously learned to swim. At the conclusion of each of the lectures referred to a number of the boys who displayed profi- ciency in swimming were allowed to compete for prizes, given by the National Swimming Association, comprising gold, silver and bronze medals, for the first, second and third in the final heat. Dr. Houston hopes eventually to see swamming take a place in the educational cur- riculum in the schools of our large cities, and to further this end is. trying to create a strong public interest in the sport. CHAPTER VI. The Spray Bath, and Spray Baths in the Puhlic Schools. The bathing estabh'shment is now not up-to-date which has not spray baths in place of the old-fashioned tub. rose: shower. The original form of the spray was the old rose shower, which was common in the early part of the century. About 1880 a great demand for a cheap and quick form of bath produced various im- provements in the spray bath. The Hemenway Gymnasium, at Har- vard University, contained a shower-room ten feet by twelve feet, with appliances for giving lateral, vertical and descending showers. In 1883 Mr. Robert J. Roberts, physical director of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association, to obviate the fall of water on the head, which was held to be dangerous, invented the ring-shaped rain shower, which has been named after him. It was first used in the Boston Young Men's Christian Association Gymnasium, then new. SPniNKLBRS. In 1889 Dr. Simon Baruch, of New York, in an editorial in the Philadelphia " Medical Times and Register," urged the construction of public rain baths as a simple and cheap means of bathing those who had no facilities at home. At the Social Science Convention, Saratoga, in September, 1890, Dr. Baruch presented plans for rain baths and described their working. On his advice the New York Juvenile Asylum substituted for its plunge bath a system of sixty- eight sprinklers, twenty inches apart, connected by pipes near the ceiling. By this means 280 children are now bathed in one hour, where formerly it was only possible to bathe eighty, and only one- eighth of the quantity of water is used. In November, 1890, Dr. Baruch explained to the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor the working of the spray bath and its adaptation to a public bathing establishment. As a result, a building committee was appointed and the People's Baths were constructed. 70 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. first-class tubs. In Germany private spray baths are being introduced into all the municipal bathing establishments, and a smaller charge is usually made than for the tub bath. The use of a shower bathroom is often compulsory previous to entering the swimming bath. England has not taken up the system, though showers are often placed as an adjunct to first-class tub baths, or to swimming baths. The superiority of the spray bath over the tub is evident to any one who comes to the question with an unprejudiced mind. COAL. MINKK. The tub is extremely difBcult to keep clean, needing special preparation for each bather, and even then skin diseases are some- times transmitted. A coal miner or engineer taking a tub bath v^^ould very soon soil the water so that absolute cleanliness would become an impossibility without a change of water. With the spray it is very different. The bather soaps himself standing in a rain of warm water falling with some force, and scrubs and cleans himself perfectly in a short time, the soiled water passing away immediately. The outlay for tubs is avoided, as well as the cost of their wear and tear. The cost of the spray fittings is out of all proportion to this expense. The time required is very much less in the spray bath than in the tub bath, because the mechanical efifcct of the descending stream aids the removal of dirt. The economy of water is enormous, only half the amount being used, and the economy of space is almost as great. The tonic effect of the spray is very valuable, stimulating the skin, and thus providing protection against subsequent exposure, especially if the temperature of the w^ater is gradually lowered. LO^V COST. The low cost at which the spray bath can l)e given makes it pre-eminently successful as a popular batii. The People's Baths average an expense of a little over five cents a bath, and in Germany, ov,ing to cheaper labor and accommodation not being quite so private Till'; Si'KAV I»ATii. 71 as here, the cost is much lower. It is thought that a bath double the size of the People's Baths would pay expenses at a charge of five cents per person. Where this small fee was thought inadvisable, the expense to the city would be a comparative trifle, compared to that for either tub or swimming baths. The basements of our public schools, which arc, in many cases, very little used, are peculiarly fitted for the establishment of spray baths for the school children. Where the basement is used as a play- ground, a roof garden playground might be substituted, and so a double advantage secured. UNWASHED CHILDREN. The credit of the initiation of this movement belongs to Gottin- gen, a city of 21,000 inhabitants, in Hanover, Germany. A great reform had been made in school affairs, giving the most approved methods of heating and ventilation in large, hygienically-constructed buildings. But the thought came, of what avail were all these hy- gienic arrangements if to these buildings were admitted dirty chil- dren, with all kinds of infectious germs? Considering the matter, the almost complete lack of bathing facilities for the scholars, and espe- cially for the girls, was spoken of. Except during the open bathing time during the summer months, by far the greater portion of the children went unwashed, except for face and hands, and especially was this the case with those above the age of ten. Indeed, a subse- quent census of a higher grade school in Gottingen, containing 860 scholars, showed that only 145, or 17 per cent., were bathed in tubs at home, these being mostly the younger children, while i per cent, of the others bathed at private establishments. The remaining 700 children were practically without the means of obtaining a full bath from one year's end to another. The basements of the schools were empty, there was a good water supply and drainage, all necessary arrangements for heating and excellent janitors. A consultation with the city architect proved its practical)ility at an estimated expense of $166.60 for one school. The common council granted $238 for the purpose. The cost, exclu- sive of building alterations, as asphalting and drainage channels, was: 72 Mayou's Committee on Public Baths. Reservoir, with fittings $6i 88 Furnace 40 46 Water pipes, douches 71 40 , Tubs and fittings 11 90 Total $185 64 A room sixteen feet ten inches by eight feet three inches vvas fitted up as a bathing-room and another of the same size as a dressing- room. Both rooms have asphalt floors, which are laid where neces- sary with wooden bath mats or cocoa matting. The walls of the bathroom are cemented. There are three douches, with shallow tubs of five feet two inches in diameter underneath. The water is kept at a temperature of 84 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit, and may be used on very hot days as cool as 75 or yj degrees Fahrenheit. About 5,000 gallons of water are used for seventy children. FEW CHILDREN. The baths were ready for use early in 1885. No compulsion was used, and at first only a few children went down, but after two months about 75 per cent, took part in the bathing. Each scholar who wishes receives a bath once a fortnight, on one of the four full days during the time school is open. The class which bathes studies some lesson which does not require the presence of the whole class. From six to nine children, according to size, go down at once, and when they have had time to undress, a second set are sent down. The first set step under the douches, two or three under each douche, and when they have bathed the others are ready to take their places. Thus the douches are kept in use, and the time occupied is compara- tively small, a class of fifty-one boys bathing in fifty minutes. Girls and younger children take rather longer. The disturbance of lessons is not so great as was feared. Only a few children are absent at any one time and these can be easily controlled — the boys by the janitor, the girls and younger children by the janitress. The latter under- took to assist the little ones, who stood sadly in need of such help. A towel is brought by each bather, whilst bathing caps and petti- coats were supplied to the larger girls. TllK SlKAV liATII. 73 Precaution is taken to avoid cold immediately after bathing. The children go back to warmed classrooms and cool off gradually, bathing not being allowed half an liour before school closes. aUICKNESS AXD WILLI XGXKSS. " The quickness and willingness to learn after loathing, the edu- cation of the sense of cleanliness, the furtlicrance of the health of the children, are such important and real results of the arrangement," says School Director Personn, " that I cannot but express to the city authorities the wish that, if possible, similar bathing establishments might be introduced into the other public schools." Already it had been found that parents sent cleaner and tidier children to the handsome new school buildings; now their pride made them anxious tliat neither the janitress nor their fellow scholars should see ragged or dirty underclothing. There are few families so lost to all better feelings that this has no effect, and in those where drink has driven the sense of honor away, charity must give clothes to the poor children. Up to date about forty cities have followed Gottingen's example, at a cost for water of one-quarter of a cent in Germany and one-fifth of a cent in Switzerland. The city of Posen erected a spray bath in the basement of the third public school is 1894. Dressing acconmiodation was provided for sixty scholars. Nine sprays were provided, and it was estimated, from the experience of Carlsruhe, that each spray could be used five times in an hour, and that it would be possible to bathe from two to four children at a time under each spray. Thus an hour would be ample for each class. As the school contained 1,500 scholars, fifteen hours would suffice to bathe the whole number. OXE BATH A WEEK. Estimating one bath per week to each scholar, there would be an annual expense of about 800 M. ($190) for the necessary water and gas, and for heating and lighting in the winter months. The use of gas for heating the water had proved very successful in other cities, obviating the necessity of an engineer to look after the fires. There would be no other expenses, as the teachers could supervise the work of bathing their children. 74 Mayor's Committee ox Pup.lk; Baths. Tlie cost of introduction of these baths in pubhc schools is in- considerable in view of their h}gienic importance. Posen estimated the initial expense as follows: Alterations to building ^7(^3 Fixing gas and water i)i])es 428 Fittings for bath 333 Total $1,524 A Munich school bath, having sixteen separate bathing cabins, placed in a room with two communicating open dressing-rooms, has been found equal to affording a bath a week to 1,664 children. The bath fixtures, etc., in this case were put in at a cost of $450. ADOLPH STRASSE. Altona intends to place spray baths in all its public schools. One has already been erected as an experiment, in the Adolph Strasse school. This school consists of a center bviilding and two wings. One wing contains a boys' school of thirteen classes with 953 pupils; the other a girls' school of thirteen classes with 938 pupils. The spray is situated in the center building. Stuttgart has lately introduced the baths in two of its public schools. There are seventeen sprays in the Roman school, and dress- ing accommodations for fifty-one scliolars. Thirteen sprays are pro- vided in the Jacob school. The city of Brunswick has also lately introduced spray batlis into some of its high schools, and they have proved very beneficial. BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The proposal to introduce spray baths into a Rosttm public school first came up in the early part of this year. A plan was sketched by Dr. Hartwell, director of physical training in the Boston public schools, for bath and dressing-rooms in the new Paul Revere schoolhouse at the North End, and in another new school at the West End. Dr. Hartwell's plan was used as a basis for securing estimates for cost of plumbing, asphalting, etc. The ])lan called for The Si'KAY Hath. 75 a room 40 by 58 feet, divided by partitions into twenty-eight bathing cabins and three dressing-rooms, placed at riglit angles to the bath- rooms and opening into it. Allowing each bather ten minutes in a bathing cabin, and ten minutes in a dressing-room before and ten minutes after entering the bathroom, 104 children, or two school classes, could be bathed in an hour, and 2,000 children in a week, providing the bathing cabins are kept occupied. With tlie asphalt floors, granolithic partitions, "Gegenstrom " bath fixtures and rubber curtains on brass rods in front of each dressing cabin, the estimated cost of fitting up the bath and dressing-rooms would be $2,600. Lfc:UAI. QUESTIONS. The School Board on May 12 referred the matter to the Com- mittee on Schoolhouses, who reported on September 22 unfavorably. Their objections in part were: " Your Committee hesitate to take the position that it is the duty of the school authorities to bathe the chil- dren in the public schools because they may not be clean, for if this be granted, we see no reason why we should not clothe them if they be improperly clothed, or feed them if not properly nourished at home. But, outside of the legal questions involved, your Committee do not believe that it is in the interest of public health to place these washhouses in the basements of our public school buildings, to there accumulate the uncleanliness which may be brought in on the bodies of the children. More or less of foul odors must necessarily come from this practice, and your Committee feel that the suggestion that eventually these washhouses be used for the general public is not in the interest of proper sanitation." To this a member replied that, " One would infer that tlie new Paul Revere schoolhouse was not to be connected with the sewer at all. One w^ould think that the accumulation of filth was to be kept there in the building It is perfectly absurd to say that it is impossible in the basement of a public school building, built as you have to build them in that section of the city, that a bathhouse cannot be provided from which no odor whatever can arise. If we must have foul odors, let us have them in the basement and not in the schoolroom. It is not a washhouse at all, by the way, but simply bathing- facilities in the basement of a school building." TO Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. The matter was referred to the Committee on Hygiene, who re- ported in favor of the baths on October 13. A long discussion was chiefly devoted to the question of the expediency of the introduction of baths. It was said that the Board had been at work trying to put in proper ventilating apparatus in the schools to do away with unclean odors, in one school spending $4,500 for this purpose; but they could not get rid of the odors. The order to provide bathing accommoda- tion in the Paul Revere schoolhouse was passed by a vote of 11 to 8. SIPT. SNYDER. In this city the advisability of providing baths in school base- ments was mooted in the preliminary report of the Sub-Committee on Public Baths and Public Comfort Stations. Mr. C. B. J. Snyder, Superintendent of School Buildings, has planned to leave room in the basement of a new East Side school for which ground has been condemned, but no further move has been made in the matter. CHAPTER VII. Municipal Baths in America. YON KICKS. The first city in the United States to establish a municipal bath,, supplied with hot and cold water and open all the year round, was Yonkers. This city raised a fund of $20,000 and a site was purchased. Plans were prepared for a floating bath on this site, but by reason of tlie hig-li cost of this style of bath and the necessary expenses of dredging, approaches, main entrances, etc., the funds on hand were not sufificient to carry them out. The fact that the bath could be used but a few months each year, together with the increasing pollution of the river with sewage, also had considerable weight with the Com- mittee and the plan was finally abandoned. S. L. COOPER. About this time a gentleman from Yonkers saw the People's Baths and induced the Committee and Mr. Cooper, Commissioner of Public Works, to pay them a visit. The new baths opened on Labor Day are modeled after the People's Baths and are 25 by 53 feet. They were designed by Hon. S. L. Cooper, Commissioner of Public Works. The front is of cream-tinted pressed brick and the trimmings of Tuckahoe marble. The main portion of the building has only one story with a high basement. The inside walls, iron work, etc., are painted in white enamel, so as to be easil}^ washed out with a hose. At the front, separated from the baths, is the office, with waiting-rooms for men and women. The janitor's apartments are on the top floor. The outer walls are hollow, and there are two large ventilating skylights. The floor of the bathroom is laid with grano- lithic material on heavy beams. The boiler, which is to furnish the hot water and also the heat in winter, is in the basement in the rear. There are thirteen shower baths and one tub bath for men, and seven shower baths and one tub for women. The shower baths are divided into dressing and bathroom, each about four feet square. The cost 78 Mayor's Committee ox Public Batds. was: Land, $2,000; building and equipment, $9,400; total, $11,400. Five cents is charged for towel and soap, and twenty minutes is allowed to each bather. Up to the present time the bath has been well patronized and has proved a complete success. It is proposed to build a second bath next year, BUFFALO. Buffalo has erected spray baths, which were opened on New Year's Day, 1897. The building is 68 feet long and 30 feet wide. The principal part of the structure is only one story high, but the front part is two stories, and contains the living apartments of the bath attendants. There are fourteen separate shower baths and six shower baths in one large compartment, these latter showers being intended for the use of children. Besides these there is a bathtub, which can be used by mothers bringing children too small to bathe under the showers. A washroom containing three laundry tubs and a drying closet, heated with steam coils and connected with a vent shaft, is a part of the arrangement. There is also a waiting-room and an office from which towels and soap are issued. The soap used is powdered, and only enough for one bath is issued to each person. The exterior of the building is of very hard clinker brick and Medina sandstone. Owing to the limited amount ($8,000) appropriated for the purpose, it was found necessary to exercise the strictest economy in designing the building. BATHS FREE. This bath is entirely free, no charge being made for soap or use of towels. It is estimated that about sixty baths an hour can be given in the building. The interior of the bathing apartment has no plaster, the walls being all of brick, the floors of concrete, and the ceilings of timber. The partitions of the baths are of slate, carried by iron fram- ing. The part of the building containing the bathing apartments is lighted and ventilated by overhead skylights. The bathhouse is heated by steam and fitted with automatic apparatus, so that hot water is supplied to the showers at all times at a uniform temperature, wliirli ran never be so hot as to scald the bather. MuNicii'Ai. llAiiis IN America. 70 DUNKIRK. This little place, with only 10,000 population, intends to have a bathing- establishment. It is proposed to have twelve spray baths. The movement, initiated by the local Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, has been endorsed by the Common Council, and the baths will be proceeded with at once. BOSTOX. Free warm baths were opened at the Charlesbank Gymnasium recentlv and have been highly appreciated. So great is the need of a warm bath that visitors come from all over the city and from Cam- bridge and Medford, and more or less from all the surrounding towns. One day 174 people used the baths, and usually there are a great many visitors every pleasant day. Small cakes of soap cost tw-o cents, and towels are supplied free of charge, whether the visitor buys soap or not. Some people go regularly twice a w'eek and there are new- comers about every day. The Charlesbank Gymnasium w^as the first open-air gymnasium in the w^orld and is supported by the city, though run by the IMassa- chusetts Emergency and Hygiene Association. In June, 1896, $65,000 was appropriated for a new bathhouse, to be open all the year round. Mayor Ouincy appointed a Bath Committee, consisting of Mr. R. G. Woods, Mr. E. Billings, Prof. E. M. Hartwell, physical director of the schools, Mrs. M. M. Kehew% Miss Pingree, Mr. M. W. Myers and Councilman Ryan. A site has been chosen on Dover street, near the corner of Har- rison avenue. The plan calls for a building 43 by 1 10 feet. On the first tioor are separate waiting-rooms for men and women, together with laundry and engine-rooms in the rear. On the second floor are separate bathrooms for men and for women. In the front part of the building there is a third floor containing an apartment for the manager of the baths and his family. There will be fifty baths, including seventeen for women, giving thus capacity for bathing 150 people per hour. The steam supply for all purposes in the building is to be furnished from the boiler- room of the fire department repair shop, situated just at the rear of the bathhouse lot. 80 Mayor's foMMiTricE on Piklk" Baths. BROOKLINE, MASS.— SPE^CIAL. NEE^DS. Massachusetts provides by statute for the erection and main- tenance by towns or cities of pubhc baths, which may be wholly or partly self-supporting. Brookline took advantage of this and ap- pointed on April 1 1, 1895, a committee to examine the subject. The committee not only considered the special needs of the town, but made a thorough investigation of several of the best bathing estab- lishments in this country and abroad, and afterwards selected a loca- tion and prepared plans. In a population of 16,000 there are many persons who do not have access to bathrooms in the houses in which they live, and there was not in Brookline, as is the case in larger cities, any bathing establishment, public or private, where they could obtain warm baths. Nor was there any good open air bathing. The little swimming bath on Boylston street, in the brook, in 1895 was less used than in any previous season, owing, among other causes of dissatisfaction, to the bad condition of the water and the muddy bottom, and not a dozen boys learned to swim. The accommoda- tions, too, are very inadequate to the needs of the population. DOLPHINS. The location of the new baths is the center of population of the town, close to its principal playground and its new high school. The building is a handsome, well-lighted, well-ventilated T-shaped build- ing, covering 8,000 square feet. It is of brick with Roxbury stone foundations. Above the main entrance, chiseled into a large stone table supported by dolphins, are the words, " Brookline Public Baths. The Health of the People the Beginning of Happiness." To cater to those people who cannot or will not see the advan- tages of the shower bath, a few slipper baths are provided, there being fifteen rain baths and three slipper baths. The sides of the rain baths are to be lined with marble, and eacli bath is to have a dressing-room. DR. E. M. HARTWBIiL. The swimming bath is 80 by 26 feet, the depth of the water varying from three to six feet. Fifty dressing-rooms with granolithic floors, and fitted with lock and key, are located around three sides. They are entered from the outside corridor, so that the walk around the Deptford (London), Public Baths, Wash-houses and Ivlunicipal Buildings under the same roof. This combination enables each department to effect a saving in initial cost. Shoreditch (London), Public Bath hou<:es and a Public Library under the same roof. Estimated cost, $150,000 Opening Exercises of the Public Baths at Essex Road, Islington (Lon- don). The dedication of public baths is an occasion of civic innportance, instanced by the presence of the Rt. Hon George John Shaw Lefevre, M.P , President oi the Local Government Board ; Mr. Cohen, M P. for East Isling- ton, and Sir Albert K. Rollit, M.P. for South Islington ^ \ CHfcN Lani The Ground Flan of the latest Public Bath for Birmingham England. Note that the building will contain a branch of the Public Library. This city now operates five other baths. • ' I ^ rj .\ OF Mr.NicirAi. Katiis in A.mkkica. Si swimming; tank, and the water itself arc kept clear of mud and dirt. The bath itself has a bottom of adamantine mosaic, the sides being lined with English white-glazed brick. A gallery for spectators runs all around the swimming bath over the dressing-rooms. In addition there is a steam laundry for the towels and tights, toilet-rooms, and a room about ninety by thirty feet upstairs that may be fitted up later as a gymnasium. A special feature found in two of the best and most recently completed bathing establishments of Europe (at Stuttgart and Hamburg) is the addition of a passageway in rear of the dressing- rooms that surround the swimming tanks, as well as in front of them. This feature has the hearty approval of Dr. E. M. Hartwell, Director of Physical Training in Boston Public Schools, and has obvious ad- vantages, not only in convenience, but in keeping clean the passage- way around the swimming tanks and consequently the water, a most important point, while also securing better ventilation for the dress- ing-rooms, and better order among the bathers. A smaller swimming tank, twenty-two feet by ten feet, is pro- vided for swimming when the larger bath is empty or floored over. The walls and ceilings throughout the building are plastered; the trusses supporting the roof over the swimming bath are to be of hard pine planed. Very large skylights in the roof, windows on the end gable and in the gallery will furnish an abundance of light and air; provision for electric and gas lighting is also made. The water, constantly changing, is from driven wells, and is heated by steam as it enters, the temperature being equalized and sustained by artificial means. The surface will be constantly swept by a superficial current of fresh water from one end of the tank, thus removing any floating impurities. The cost of the building, exclusive of land, was $40,000, voted by the town. The bath was opened on New Year's Day, 1897, and systematic instruction in swimming will be given to the 3,000 school children of the town. The annual expenses for maintenance are estimated at from $4,500 to $5,000, to be largely offset, probably, by fees for use. 6 82 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. philadelphia. An association was chartered in March, 1895, as the Public Baths Association of Philadelphia. A lot of 60 by 40 feet, at the southeast corner of Berlin and Gaskill streets, in the heart of Phila- delphia's poorest district, has been purchased at a cost of $5,750, and plans for the first building are complete. Some of the features are taken directly from the People's Baths of New York, some from those in London. While the proposed building is to be nearly twice as large as the People's Baths of New York, the cost of its construction will be about the same, and it is hoped that the large accommoda- tions — 1,000 baths per day — will make the receipts nearly equal to the running expenses. The first story of the Gaskill Street Baths will be devoted to men, the second to women; each has a separate entrance and waiting- room, both the entrances being overlooked by a common ofitice. The interior is to be of glazed brick, iron, ground glass and concrete. STEAM DRYERS. Connected with this institution there will be a public laundry where, for a small sum, separate washtubs, steam dryers, mangles and ironing tables, may be hired by women who have no place in their contracted rooms to do their family washing. The towels from the bathhouse will also be washed here. A high basement is utilized for this purpose. Accommodations for ten workers will be provided. There are to be fifty-seven rain bathrooms, more than half being for men. Five tubs will be provided for the use of children and women who may not care to use the shower bath. This should give a capacity of more than 1,000 baths per day. The building will cost not less than $29,000, exclusive of the cost of the ground. The Association has on hand, after paying for the land, the sum of $3,643.70, and provisional promises conditioned on the raising of the full sum needed of a considerably larger amount. CHICAGO— CITY COUNCIL. The Municii)al Order League of Chicago urged the adoption of a system of public baths, and a connnittee was appointed, consisting of Dr. Gertrude Gail Wellington, Dr. Julia Lowe and Dr. Sarah MiMcirAi. I?ATHs IN Amkuica. 83 Hackett Stevtiison. In March, 1893, an appropriation of $12,000 was secured from the finance Committee of the City Council, and the " Carter H. Harrison l'>ath " was opened in the following January. It is a handsome structure of pressed brick and brown stone, 25 feet wide by no feet deep. In the basement are the laundry and two furnaces, one for heating- the building, the other for heating water for tlie baths. In the front of the main floor is a waiting-room sixteen feet square, seating forty people. Beyond this are the bath- rooms, with necessary toilet accommodations. There are sixteen shower and two tub baths, and a plunge twenty by thirty feet. This last has not been a success, owing to its small size and to the aversion of people to sharing so small a body of water. Allowing twenty-five minutes to each bather, the capacity of the bath is 2,600 persons a week. Two minutes are allowed for undressing after entering the bathroom, when the water is turned on for eight minutes. One min- ute's notice is given before the water is turned ofif, to allow time for a rinse-off. Fifteen minutes are allowed for dressing. Women are allowed to use the baths two days a week, men using them the remainder of the time. For women the temperature is 105 degrees, and on other days 100 degrees. Many people resort to this bath, not only for the purpose of cleanliness, but for relief from rheu- matism and other diseases, with, as they claim, good results. The bath cost $10,856, and is run at a cost of about $3,500, the total expenses for each bath averaging three and four-fifth cents. Since opening to June, 1896, 226,538 baths have been given, 49,189 to women and girls. In July, 1896, the remarkable number of 11,250 baths wxre recorded. NKE^DLK BATHS. In the summer of 1896 the Douglas Park Natatorium and Gym- nasium was opened. There are two pools, the one for men, 55 by 120 feet, three to eight feet deep, with 117 dressing-rooms. The women's pool is 55 by 60 feet, two and one-half to seven feet deep and has seventy-five dressing-rooms. The baths are open to the air. Every bather, before entering, must use the shower bath, the simple shower and needle baths being both in use. There are six at each pool, separated by rubber curtains. The water for these and also for the pools is warmed. 84 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. A new shower-bath estabHshment will be in operation, it is ex- pected, by January, 1897. An appropriation of $12,000 has been made by the city. At first it was proposed to have two wings for men and women, but the appropriation being insufficient, the baths will be used on two days by women, and by the men on the remaining five days. The building is on Wentworth avenue, between Thirty- eighth and Thirty-ninth streets, and is 50 by 100 feet. The exterior is of buff pressed brick and terra cotta, and the interior in hard wood and oil. There will be thirty-two shower baths, and a free laundry with dryers and steam w^ashers. NETVARK, N. J. Newark is following the example of Chicago and foreign cities in placing spray baths as an adjunct to a swimming bath. The pool is 28 by 50 feet, and is from three to five feet deep. At the rear are eight spray baths, three feet by six feet. There are thirty-six dressing- rooms, four feet by three feet. The building is of brick, with brown- stone trimmings, and will cost $7,500. TRENTOX, X. J. Trenton, after discussing the question and getting plans, finally decided, owing to the financial stringency, to erect the baths in Mr. Thomas Terradell's Industrial Building, and then turn them over to him for future maintenance. CHAPTER VIII. Municipal System of Foreign Baths. typical. instance3s. From the foregoing part of the report, it will be clearly seen that the provision for baths in American cities is totally inade(iuate. In the leading English and Continental cities these provisions arc made as a matter of course, and a few typical instances have been chosen. The general system of baths is the same, and in no case are they free. From a careful study of the following pages, it will be noted that the operating expenses are nearly met in almost every case by fees.* IIIRMIXGHAM, EXGLAXD — BEST IN ENGLAND. The city of Birmingham, wath a population of 487,897 in 1893, or about the same as that of Boston, possesses four complete sets of well-appointed public baths, and one open-air swimming bath. Two of the public baths have a Turkish bath attached to them. The baths are very efficiently managed, the latest improvements having been introduced at the older baths, while the Monument Road Baths are among the best in England. The sites for two additional suites of baths have been purchased, and building will be proceeded with at once. There is no public washhouse now in Birmingham; the first and only one, erected at the Kent Street establishment, was closed in 1870, and a Turkish department provided in its place. The towels and other articles used at the several bathing establishments are washed by machinery at the Kent Street Baths, under the charge of one laundress employed by the Committee. She engages all the assistance she requires, and upwards of 50,000 articles are washed per annum at a cost of is. 2d. per dozen. The following tables will give some idea of the extensive work carried on by the Birmingham baths: *Iu the following accounts of En}?lisli batlis, the money is not changed to American, as this can be readily done at sight in a sufficiently accurate manner by multiplying by five ($4.87=£1); the German mark is taken as equal to 23.8 cents; the Noi-\\'egiau crown to 26.8 cents. For greater con- venience, temperature is always given according to the Fahrenheit scale, and the metric measures and weights are clianged to those in general use here. 86 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. c iT ,_, ■^ -oej C5 — — ■ O CXJCO t-lO •^ . o "!5 OS 00 5 — 00 w „ ^ < i s S a =t? P "3 '^ a <) CO «'*'* of e»t>i- 00 -rH <^ S w ^ ■» irj""""' ^ Z^ ^ NQOg \^ p a H o ;z; 1— ( w t3 a D3 D H HH p is &q Pm X! W Q 2 2 i5 <1 rt " ^£ J3 W H Q » ;2; i 03 <1 02 _• OQ I- OO O —i to O I- O I eceoeoioo ^ O I- O 00 go ?/ l^ .*- ^.f >— «f-«5Ot'»0J t'OJCSOOO [0 ?5MQ0t- ■* ?»0050 (/} O ?7 to O COC3»-»C3t* [1-^ oMot* mo?*-"Oaao Igo ^C5 -» «> i-ilO 00 _-^ h s; = M o a o fl a >» « 3 2 d § R Q. X u 41 M O SS3 H ft 88 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. «; Cm n O p H O t— I CO < ;- 2i o ■5 £ s. d. 411 13 81 5 11 00 ** *-< inojo 00 oc 100 coco 1 oco in to ooo c:to •3« to t- 00 ! S •d : a • ^ : g 1 ; : ' : 1 . B a; E a: "to ., ~ "O in in 000 00 1 C-. 1 e» 3 1 ^ c 00 1 J'. S2 ISi ■w K Ire 1 ^° 06 otia t-5 CO 1e u ^ : M — . 00 0-* 1 i^ OS JC-.0 ICCO t- —in 00 -ret 8 ^^ \ i TJ 00 ; on : »C5 CO to in ■*2 t-00 000 CO in co»» 0D« in to s 1 CO©-* 0—1 e3 ' 00 1 in-T oox Iff a3 occ 1 eo eoin 05in moo o ©» o — ^ .-■ciC/OoaoosoaoiN tC OO ^ CD -T t- I- (- O 00 00 31 COOT t-O O I- « lO « " ~5firo"0» Ci''-'0^'CO "-1 1 " =i5 5i " =^? ^- ^ a ■"Pi ^< m B a> ^ C ^ 13 1) s fi ■5 5 *- m £"5 i 3 « qj CDS- 90 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. I— I Q a ;?; a CO 3 1 TO Tl- TOO t- I '^ X ,— o (- TO 1 O 1 o to 1 t~ 1 O 1 to I- » C5 00 0J to a ^o 1 c 1 CO 1 X S TO ^ TO « <- to c C TP TT X i »-« TO Tf -— »-' 1 o S s c o ^^ <; 1 ^ 1 tO-fC! ■:> 1 -T irt 1 O" ,, Ci to p? {- 1 3 OOO (^ •£ o tn a IT "O 1 to-- — X 1 o 5 •o e TOO C 1 . o c- - X 51 — •^ to p '^ TO ■w ■" (- A o !K .!_ M t* O (?1 |a= i 30 ■ > ■c 1 i3 ^ CO ■n a: X, 3h to £ g 3 ca CA !B OB c« r a .a 9 I V > c < o o c . - i . 1 * o •5 i , 1 u J- tn t- U L. H 3 D 1 ) H ti ■c u 3 £ » •1 Municipal System of Foreign Baths. J) I BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. Kent street. Date of opening. Cost of buildings, iiiclmliiig fur- nishiiif;;, but ex- clusive of ma- chinery, etc Cost of Itiiilers, eiioine.s, punipinii niacliiiiery, beat iufi arrangements and sinking wells, etc May 12, 1851 £17,201 Woodcock street. Notthwood street. Aug. 27, 1860 M'cli 5, 1862 £7,647 4,410 About 300 yards of this land was re- ed for future sold. extension. 2,440 About 850 yards regerv First-class swim-| minjr bath 86 ft. 6 in. long by 38 ft. wide. Second-class swimming bath. Dressing boxes, bi. . 87 ft. long by 35 ft. wide 22 dressing 40 dressing 24 dressii First-class baths. Private hot and ) cold water or > slipper baths.. ) Second- class } hatha S 38ft.longbv 14 ft. wide". Dressing boxes, 6. 80 It. long, 35 ft. 6 in. wide. £9,638 1,245 Moniunent road. .Small Heatli. M'ch 1, 1883 .July 9, 1883. 02 ft. long by 31 ft. wide. Dressing boxes, 48. 68 ft. long, 32 ft.; 9 in wide. boxes, andiboxes and acconimoda-jaccominoda- tions for 75 tions for 75 without dressing boxes. Men's 30. Women's 6. Men's 24. Women's 7. without dressing boxes. boxes, ac- commoda- tions for 75 without dressing boxes. £19,969 4,272 80 ft. long by 32 ft. 9 in. wide. Dressing boxes, 50. 68 ft. long by 32 ft. wide. Acconirao- dation for 120 bathers Men's. 16. Men's, 21 Women's, ti. VVomen's,4. Men's, 16. I Men's, 22. Women's, 8.,Women's,4 Men's, 17. Womeu's,4 Men's, 17. Women's, 7 £600 Cost of sink- ing a well for a pro- po.sed suite of baths on a reserve por- tion of park land £1,350. Cost of erec- tion of a water tower, water tank, gas engine and deep water pumps £785. 133 ft. long, 72 ft. wide. 92 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND— (Confiiiuet?). Kfut street. Woodcock street. North wood street. Monniuent road. Small Heath. Date of opening. May 12, 1851 Aug. 27, 1860 M'ch5,1862 M'ch 1, 1883 July 9, 1883. Turkish bath de- partment 1 depart- ment, con- structed in 1879 out of old build- ings former- ly used as a public work- house, and consisting or 14 dressing rooms, 2 hot rooms, 1 shampooing room , 1 plunge bath, 1 large cool- ing room, etc. 1 depart- ment, con- sisting of 18 dressing rooms. 3 hot rooms, 1 shampob- ing room, 1 plunge bath, 1 large cool- ing room, etc. SCALE or CHARGES FOR ADMISSION TO THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS. First Class Swimming Bath: Single tickets Gd. Book of 2a tickets Ss. Members of Swimming Clubs 4s. Sd. First Class Private Bath: Warm bath, with two towels '">d. Cold bath, with two towels 3d. Second (lass Private Baths: A\'arm bath, with one towel 3d. Cold bath, with one towel Id. .Ml .Mf'ii'Ai. Svsi'K.M (»!■ I<""uiti;i«:.\ I'.atiis. '.CJ Sliowi'i- liiitlis ;ii-t> incliult'd in the ;il»uv»' named (-liar^jcts, aiul soap tablets are supplii'd at Id. extra. Turkish liatli 1 )('i»artii)('iit. iiicludiii;:- sliaiiiiiuoiiij,' and tlio iiso oC a l»rivalc drt'ssiiii; room. Hot rooms (tlirt'ci, louiip' and smoke rooms, noodle douelio, sliower and plnnj^e hjitli, one sliillin.^. i,i\ i:i{iMM>i„ i;n<;i, AM) — (U'i'.N \iii maths. The prcsont Maths Committee was elected in November, 1892. The mcml)crs found the property committed to their charge in a much neglected condition. An entirely new system was immediately adopted. A careful inspection of all the baths and washhouses was made, and various hygienic and other improvements introduced. So great was the popularity of the lUirlington Street Open-air Baths, built by the new conmiittee, that it was decided to look out for sites for more open-air baths in other populous districts of the city. In the course of 1896 the Committee expected to supply heated salt water to the Burlington Street Baths, The Committee was not con- tent with providing public baths, but has erected standpipes in crowded districts to supply salt water to the doors of the people, and this has enabled many mothers to give their children salt water baths at home. Liverpool was probably the first city in England to own its public baths. A building was purchased from a private bathing es- tablishment in 1794 at a cost of about £4,000, and about £1,000 was expended on alterations. These baths were removed in 1820 to make way for docks, and it was not until 1828 that new baths — the Pierhead Baths — were opened. Owing, among other things, to a treacherous foundation, the structure cost £24,481 up to the date of opening, and has continued to cost a large amount annually. Since 185 1 the question of reconstructing these baths has been periodically before the Committee, but small repairs only have been made, suffi- to keep the bath going. Several of the baths, including the ladies' swimming pool, are in such a dangerous condition that they are not used. The Committee has, without any sacrifice of efficiency, shortened the hours of labor of its employees, and studied their comfort, and this with a saving of £1,000 on the cost of administration. 94 Mayou's Committee on Public Baths. fresh "water baths. The scale of charges varies according to the location of the baths, and the acconnnodation provided. Cold fresh-water baths are given at id. upwards, at five of the baths, but are not much favored even at this rate. Private warm baths and swimming baths range from 2d. to is. 6d. and vapor baths cost is. to 2s. In 1893 the Committee decided to issue swimming club con- tracts, giving the holders the privilege of bathing in a stated bath two evenings per week, from April i to October 31 (sixty-two baths) for the sum of 5s. per contract, equal to under one penny per bath, not less than twenty-five tickets being issued to one club. In 1895 775 of these contracts were issued, but were only used 20,295 times, less than half the number to which the holders were entitled. ANNUAL CONTRACTS. Annual contracts were issued, for the first time, in 1893, at the sum of £1 IS. each. In 1895 184 of these were issued and were used 16,812 times, or an average of just 91 times. In 1894 the same privi- leges were extended to any of the city's permanent employes for the sum of 7s. 6d. but were not very largely availed of. Only forty-three of these contracts were issued in 1895, and these were used only 1,443 times, or less than thirty-four times by each holder. Special tickets for the use of schools are sold in packages of 250 at one-half penny each, entitling the holders to bathe in a body in charge of a responsible person in the second-class plunge in any establishment except the Pierhead, between 7 and 8 a, m., and 5 and 6 p. m. Mondays to Fridays, and between 7.30 and 9 a. m. Saturdays, but arrangement must be made with the Superintendent what time each school may bathe. The number of these bathers was 38,500 in 1895, a large increase on previous years. In addition to this, penny and two-penny school tickets are issued, and 64,792 were used in 1895, making a total of school bathers of 103,292. EXPERIMENT, The Baths Committee has now resolved (as an experiment) to grant free plunge baths to children attending schools within half a mile of the Margaret Street Baths, and this will undoul)tcdly educate the children in habits of cleanliness, and tend to make them regular visitors in the future. Municipal System of Foreig.x Baths. 95 IT. O ja -tJ 35 01 if -a a <- 1 a > « 2; t^. — m 1 ^■r '"~ •& ,_ : ' b water one p bath. water, water. water. e bath r, private water. l)onse OI e bath, fresh § 'A " 'f- ci CO 4* r" ^ J = _a M aj -a , -! tt -« . .&■ .a u ■t. ti M c— =F'7a'"«J ^ ^'^ « 2; 4) «) 0) s ~ 9^ -• ^'Z '-' s ;i. fa fe p^ aH''""?:CH '■^-^^-^ -w--^ ^^"^-'^ .'^.—'^-^-S <6 ft. 6 in.x27ft. ft.x27ft. Two )rivate plunges. x40ft. One 43 One 40x27 ft. fl.6in. by 34 ft. t. One 62 e 18x18 ft. t. One 51 ue 40 ft. X inxSOft, 1 t.8iu.x32 le 35x9 ft-, in. x28 ft, ft. 9 in. +» One 84x34 f x34 ft. On One 52x38 f x38ft. 0; 8 ft. 6 in.. One 61 ft. 8 in. One 63 f ft. 1 in. Oi One58ft. 9 3 in. One 3 xl3 ft. 6 in ■ H coo — ' •^ •«j' ~ Sd5 ift I- «> 0/ rt c!oi Ox^ •sji^ns JO Jdqmnn • '* -# CO o ; pa« papiAOJd sjv 1 lo lo o CO S9snoq-qs«4i ajaqAV "-I Ch t4 ; 1 : 1 o O O C •sqjBq jaqio p-a K O ^ (M rH CO ^ '-' •8qj«q i-H CD -* rH C > ift t^ jaddifs 9j«Aiaj 1-1 O O) ■<* -^ CO CO ■ CO • -^ 05 cq • CO t^ t- ■-♦ i-i 00 t- oc 00 oc ift 1* l-\ t^ t- 1-1 rH Ol 00 00 00 00 Sniaado jo o^vq rH (T rH * 15 CO ic "-1 ift (n O CO "^ rH O CO O 1ft rH O •JSO.T 1H}0X in 3; £i 00 ^ O ■^ 00 Ift O o ^ "I o> CO rH TT 1ft t- -^ t- CO t^ -H t^ •* xT ^"^ ^ ■^ (M rH rH (M J "^ o o;^ rH O o o , s * «ft o £,-v o m O -rH ', ; o rH — .. rH rH •eqis ;o isoq a CO O a: -^ o t- Cvl o • ; -^ ri O p J a o 1ft 1ft t^ , a ^ t- I- u c '~L * ift_ 31^ • D -T d fi r-^ rH~ CO '• I ; ; r2 IS • g B 42 a > c 1 K : a * -J 1= "S S XL ?* i £ b K 0} 13 PC 1* - niinstei e street §D i 1 a o *> txj a g « H 5 J: o a S 5 S" O S i? ^ » fa M 11 96 Mayou's Committee on Public Baths. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR 1895. ESTABLISHMENT. Pierheafl Cornwallis stret-t... Marjjaret slroct Wesliniiistir road.. Steble street Lodge Lane BuiToiiuhs Gardens. Fiederiok street Builiujiton street — Incidental Total Receipts. £ 1,153 1,723 829 825 1,024 l,Ui6 1,03") 266 12 2 15 9 17 5 8 11 8,025 48. 5d. Expenditures. £ 8. d, 1,081 18 9 1,458 13 11 844 12 9 1,058 4 7 1 , 182 3 2 1,246 19 5 1,457 7 5 425 4 3 75 12 6 38 15 5 8,869 128. 2d, Excess of I Excess of expenditures : receip's over over receipts. expenditures. d.i 15 12 5 232 12 3 l.-)7 11 U 80 3 8 421 10 158 15 4 *75 12 6 38 15 5 £ s. d. 71 12 8 264 12 2 1,18012s. 7(1. 336 48. lOd Total excess of expenditures over receipts, £844 7s. 9d. NUMBER OF BATHERS DURING THE YEAR 1895. Men. Pierhead Martinet street Cornwallis street .. Lodge Lane Westiiiinsler load.. Steble street Burrougbs Gardens Total Private baiiis. 3,744 12,345 25,815 18.207 18,218 13,924 16,400 108,653 Plunge ballis. 45,649 49,953 66,751 45^568 49,265 41,544 34,131 332,861 Women. Private baths. 168 1,396 4,372 1,030 874 492 2,551 Plunge batbs. 8,027 10,883 8,027 Total. 49,561 63,694 104,965 64,e05 68,357 55,960 53,982 460,424 LIMITED TO BOYS. The Free Open-air Swimming- Bath at Burhngton Street, hmited to boys under the age of fifteen years, was opened on July 8. The water w^as not heated, but, notwithstanding this, the bath was well patronized. During the months of July and August the average weekly attendance was over i6,ooo. The class to which these boys belong is evident from the fact that nine-tenths of them come without shoes or stockings. ♦ Closed. From Municipality atui County, Buffalo, iV. V. Laundry hung up to dry in the house of a family living in one roonn. The Gilder Committee of 1894 state that out of 255,033 people coming with- in the scope of their inquiry only 306 had access to bath-rooms in houses where they lived From Mitiiicif-aliy ami Crutity, Bujf.i'.o, .V. )'. The household effects of a family living in one room. A Public Laundry would remove the congestion, by enabling the family in question to do tne laundry work outside of the so-called home. Mangling Room, Hornsey Road Laundry (London). Charge for use of the laundry, first hour, 2c.; second hour, 3c ; each succeedinfy hour, 4c. 30,420 women used the laundry for the year ending March 31st, 1896. Drying Room, Hornsey Road Public Laundry (London). It is calculated that one hour will suffice for the laundry work of a family of five people. New York has no public laundries MuMcirAL Svs'iKM ui- Foreign Baths. 97 I.ONn<)\, ENGLAND. In " Municipal " l.Dndon over half a niilli(^n ])Oun(ls, or two and a half million dollars, is invcstc*! in public baths and laundry estab- lishments, which cost £i 10,000 yearly to maintain. Besides the par- ishes of which details arc j;ivcn the followinp^ have baths and wash- liouses in operation : 7 98 Mayor's Committek on Public Baths. i" 3 C3 1- ; ^ aj CO J." '^f = -5 in -* t^ 3 & j—\ « -K' -«=> i-i cS 0: ■ ■ r-( ^v~ — , -i^ "-I '^ >-*-v-w. 1 u CO "^-^ ~"^ ; a ~ -J P cS i-i = ^^ C 11 &-^=^ ^x. Sic E t^ ^ •/> £ CO r ~ — **^ <=> ^ S CO S- - I c: 3 -^ cZ' CO > «5 .:2 Ci OJC» --v~ -^..s^ ,-wA^ .^-^ .~-^ -^■^ ^^ -^^^ ^ 'd 'O ~ r^ — rs^ — -^ •CO __. CO •-* _: —'^ c5 O CO c to o CO o CO a CO ~ CO a o ■^ 2 '•^ o "" o ■^ 'TZ ^ _ CO ^ *- CO -M-B -*^ ^ ■^'Tl -»^ "C CO •^ r^ -S bo -^;? 5 Si r*- 1-H — (M -OtN -::« c r3<-< -r a -c ^' f' S^ =^ M ^ tfl -^ fcl "^ T* tc 9 S ^3 0) - ® a -2.S ^ a 1 "t, — ■'u S •E a 'u a oi '72 a l^-g "^"S f^'i f^fe t- °-> OD CO m CO ^ GQ 02 -y I-H ^ o o CO t~ , , . 1 GQ * -3< (M o o OJ os its » »o o o 05 CO o" CO o (£ ■A -T Ol o 00 o 00 axi^ l-H ^-H »-H *-H i "ir. ■ ' ra ,^^^ , , a o "r 3^ « it; - ■a ^ > o 3.)- s S *-! ^ ~ o X^ o ^ W u s- a a W •; i ■^ n •^ ^ CO CO t' ;= r- i .5 7: (fi ^ »: 1 a s 0^ - S ^ U X ■- = it .- :o cs S ' ff cs O c ~ 1^ cc M CO II MuNKH-AL Systk.m f)K FoiJKioN Batiis. 09 Besides tliese i)arishes, the following have comniissioners ap- pointed and bathhouses in course of erection: Bethnal Green, Clerk- cnwcll. ]:)eptford, 1-ulham. Hackney, Lanil)eth, Katclifif and Shore- ditch. I'ollowing arc details of some of the more imi)ortant London baths: ST. MARY, STRATFOIIIJ, IIOAV. The X'cstry voted to establish baths and washhouses on October 30, 1888, and the baths were opened on July 27, 1892. The initial expenses were: £ s. d. Land 4,270 o 10 Buildings 29,887 3 7 Engineering plant 6,599 ^ ^ Furniture, utensils and fittings 1,130 i i Total 41,886 5 6 For this, five loans, aggregating £42,000, were obtained from the London County Council at 3^ per cent, interest. In 1895-6 £1,904 of the princi])al was repaid, and £1,228 3s. 6d. interest. The debt will be entirely liquidated in 1922, the loans being repayable in from ten to thirty years. The accommodation provided is as follows: First-class swim- ming pool, water area 90 feet by 30 feet (charge 6d.), with 52 dressing boxes. Second-class swimming pool, water area 86 feet by 30 feet (charge 2d.), with 71 dressing boxes. Fifteen men's first-class private baths; warm, 6d.; cold, 3d. Thirty men's second-class private baths; warm, 2d.; cold, id. Four women's first-class private baths; warm, 6d.; cold. 3d. Eight women's second-class private baths; warm. 2d.; cold, id. STEA3I DRIVEN. The public laundry has forty washing troughs and forty drying horses, together with steam driven wringers and mangles, ironing stoves, tables and other conveniences. The charge is i.kl. per hour, which includes a plentiful supply of hot and cold water. In 1895-6 100 Mavok's Committkk o\ PruLic I>aths. there were 25,711 washers, ag^ainst 27,639 for the previous year, a decrease of 1,928, caused by the fine weather, but the number 01 iLours occupied was 98.505^ against 97,673, an increase of 632^ hours. Of these 25,711 women, 4,975 only stayed one hour, 1,873 o'''^^ ^"tl one- hah' hours, and 2.523 two hours, while 142 stayed twelve hours. The following" sunmiarizes the number of baths taken in the three full years during which the baths have been open: Private baths (meu) Priv.-ite baths (women) Swiiuiuiug baths (men) Swiu)ming baths (women) Vapor batlis Spray baths Family tickets, vapor balhs Family tickets, men's private baths Family tickets, men's swimming baths... Family tickets, women's private baths. .. Family tickets, women's swimming baths Club barbers School bathers Boai-d school bathers Total 1895-96. 1891-95. 1893-94. 48.66.3 39,723 36,485 12, 494 9,881 10, .515 4'J,468 35,045 54,066 3,231 1,?58 633 24 40 56 36 48 92 21 3.816 3,569 2,910 5,146 4,671 5,647 1,139 898 988 268 348 546 3,794 3,609 2.147 7,2:32 3,320 2,018 9,425 3,411 3,;i80 144,757 105,921 119,483 It should be noted that the summer of 1894 was exceptionally cold and the winter following the severest for years. The working expenses were: Wages and salaries Coal Kates and taxes Water Gas Soap and soda Repairs Printing and advertising. Insurances Oil, etc Acconntant Fogaliateineiit Statement rating retnrns. Sundries Toliil 1895-6. £ 8. 1,076 10 46.) 17 380 r, 3.3'> li 94 6 32 t 9 109 \A 5 48 12 6 4S 27 li 4 11) 10 36 17 2 2,6(54 3 7 1894-5. £ s. 1,054 :{ 486 4 3S0 5 296 16 100 II 1 51 7 1 81 65 17 5 4S 10 10 2 2 49 19 9 2,626 16 11 1893-4. £ 8. d. 1,042 12 2 455 8 2 312 1 8 2(i5 6 8 99 46 !• 11 7 1 78 19 2 69 7 6 40 10 10 10 .■S 5 36 1 2,461 18 4 MUXICIPAL SVSTKM OK FoUKKlN Ha'IIIS. 101 RECEIPTS FROM BATHERS AM> WASHERS, SALE OF SOAP, SODA, ETC. £ s. (1. lSiYA-4 2. 420 12 (» | 189r>-G. 1894--) 2,024 18 2 f 6. d. 2.04.-) 10 [) CHELSEA. Clielsea Pul)lic Hatlis were only opened in 1893, and have been well i)atronized. The nnnibcr of bathers in 1894-5 was 93,913, and the charges are 2c\. and 6d. It is now proposed to ereet another set of baths with washhouses at Kcnsal Town. The land has been ])ur- chased and plans drawn up. The cost is estimated at £12.700. The Commissioners propose to utilize heat obtained from a patent furnace which will consume the waste products of the district. This will mean a saving of £3,000. Washhouses have not yet been established. RECEIPTS. Year ending Year ending March 25, 1895. March 25, 1894. From bathers £ s. d. 1 f s. d. 1,213 15 10 1 1,121 4 3 4 15 6 1 11 10 1 17 7 1 14 1 16 10 1 1 From rents From iuterost From weiphiui? machiue Total 1 1,221 5 9 1,133 18 4 EXPENDITURES. Year endin sr Y'ear ending March 25, 1895. March 25, 1894. £ S. d. £ s. d. 1 131 18 6 95 17 6 1 355 12 559 1 1 122 6 6 110 12 7 1 378 3 8 306 6 8 1 274 14 8 259 9 4 1 1,542 10 1,.322 16 13 3 49 4 8 49 3 1 127 1 2 1 23 3 11 24 8 4 2S 15 137 19 10 22 18 9 6 5 2.929 19 4 2,999 1 2 Insuranco, rates, taxes Repairs and maiuteuauce of buildings. . . . (rast Coal Water Salaries and wages Furniture I'rintiug and stationery Soap ;uid soda Towels, bathing drawers, etc Sundries | Total I I 1((2 Mayou's Oommittek on Public Baths. greenavich. Baths and washhouses were established in 1850. Last year over 90,000 persons used the baths, though a falHng off of 18,000 in numbers was caused by the opening of the Woolwich Baths and the cold season. Charges are from id. to 6d., and the baths are open in summer from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m., Saturday until 10 p. m., Sunday from 7 to 10 a. m. Loans were taken as follows : August. 1850 £7. 000 October, 1851 2, SCJ March, 1877 2, 000 Jul}', 1892 1 . 000 ^larch. 1893 500 Total 18,000 Of this amount £11,854 has been repaid. The receipts for the year ending March 25, 1896, were: £ s. (1. Bathors 9G9 1 Washers 52 12 11^4 Soap 45 4 5 Rents It) 11 Sale of old materials 4 90 Total 1, 087 17 5^ Expenditures for corresponding period were: f s. d. 8alai-ii's and wafres 709 16 4 Fuol 2:!4 13 9 (i:is (i2 4 Chandlery and soap 62 12 7 Kates, taxes and insurance 42 11 Furniture and utensil.s 10 R<'I>aii"s and maintenance 170 IS 10 I'rintinj;, stationery and advertisiuj: 36 12 5 Pctly cash 12 18 7 Total 1.342 3 10 Mu.vicii'AL System of F()itKn;N Hatiis. lo:? ISLINGTON — mow Y I'KOFITS. Tlic Parish of St. Mary, Islington, only adopted the Baths and Washhouses Acts in August, 1889, but the Commissioners appointed went to work with a will, and Islington now has tiiree extremely fine public baths. The Caledonian Road Baths were opened in May,. 1892, and the llornsey Road Baths in July, 1892. The need for such establishments was evident by the fact that up to March 31, 1895, 1,002,735 bathers and 169,515 washers were accommodated, a total of 1,166,323 persons, while the receipts from these sources amounted altogether to £16,666 17s. 7d. The Tibbcrton Square Baths were only opened in April, 1895, so no figures can be given. It will be noticed that a large payment is made for water. London does not possess its own water-works, so the public baths have to help pay the heavy profits the water companies make. The increase in the number of women swimmers is the more remarkable as the total attendance fell off, owing to the unfavorable season. School Board children are admitted at the low price of id., and for the year ending March 31, 1895, 6,952 visited the Caledonian Road Baths, and 14,240 the Hornsey Road Baths. DARKLY FIFTY WOMEN. Each of the establishments has a washhouse connected with it. At first the women were slow in taking advantage of the many con- veniences provided. Barely fifty women used the laundry at Hornsey Road the first week, but since then the numbers have reached 1,100 in a single week. The whole accommodation is often taken up, and sometimes a number of women are waiting their turn. The orisfinal cost of the building's was as follows: Purchase of site Erection of huildinfj Engineering and machinery . .. Architect, surveyor and clerk of works Furnishings and fittings Electric lif^ht installation Compensation for disturbance. Total Caledonian-rd. £ S. d. 7,614 8 6 14,154 16 1 3,502 18 3 1,556 1 3 365 1 5 Hornsey-rd. £ 8. d. 2,189 4 3 24,199 12 2 5,948 11 9 2,458 2 1 402 5 11 1,317 19 50 Tibberton-sq. .'7,193 5 6 36,565 15 2 £ 8. d. 6,063 13 6 21,672 4,994 2,195 2 10 34,924 16 4 104 Mayou's Committkr on Public Baths. ACCOMMODATIONS PROVIDED. Caledonian-rd. Homsey-rd. Tibberton-sq. Swimuiiiig linths : Area first class Area second class Area women's. 90X30 ft. 75X25 ft. 132x10 ft. 100 x35 ft. 75x25 ft. 93 71 47 74 34 49 90x30 ft. 94x:--0ft. 50x20 ft. DressiiiK boxes: First class Second cla«s Women's Private hatLs: Men's 42 16 26 58 Women's 33 Washing stalls 63 Depth, all baths, 3 feet 6 inches to 6 feet 9 inches. WORKING EXPENSI^S, YEAR ENDING MARCH 31. 1895. Wages and disbniseraents Rates, taxes and insurance Coal and coke Water Gas Soap, sod:., 9 20 8 53 8 3 120 9 43 11 8 60 17 1 27 11 36 6 59 16 120 15 ,5 2,710 17 10 4 ,123 19 6i RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1895. Caledonian road. Homsey road. Private iia tbs £ s. d 861 4 4 782 1 644 13 2 20 13 7 7 12 3 152 19 6 £ ■ 8. d. 1,119 8 2 Swimming baths Lanndi'y 1.981 11 2 545 1 IV;; Soap, snda, etc., sold Hire of bath 34 9 71.; 46 13 ~ Hire of ball Sunilries 7 7 Total 2,^69 3 10 3,730 10 8 Loss on the year 241 14 39:'. 8 10».; MUNHIPAL SVS'I'K.M OF FdKKICN I'lA THS. 105 NUMBKR OF liATllHKS WOK TilK YKAltS 1893-1 AND 1894-5. Caledonian Road. Tear eiidiiiff March 31, Tear ens iMivat.' hatl.s 46,292 10.863 19,318; 11,475 First-class swimminc hatlis 13, .".60 561 23,6:<4 [ 822 .Second-class swiiiiiiiing halhs 56,724 i 3.417 57,596 1,629 15,657 Hornsey Road. Year endintr March 31, 189.5. Year eiidiug March 31, 1894. Men. Women. Men Women. 25,987 35,734 63,166 64,191 2,. 520 13,844 5,792 16,5190 24,209 33,. 575 76,350 77,8.55 2.315 Second-class private baths First-class swimminj; batlis Second-class swiminiiijf liaths 13,135 7,208 11,388 Total 189,078 39,146 211, 96J 34,046 PRIA'ATE HOT AND COLD BATHS. First Clas.<^ — Hot, Gd.; cold or shower, 3d. Including- soap, use of flesh brush and two towels. Second Class — Hot. 2d.; cold or cold shower. Id. SWIMMING BATH. First Class— Od.; boolvs of trvvelve tickets. 4s. Cd. Second Class — 2d. NUMBER OF WASHERS. Year en. linjr 31st Ahiicli, 189.5. Tear ending Slst March, 1894. Caledoniau road. 39,. 540 31,480 H«rn8ey road. 33,004 27,079 Charge: First hour, Id.; second hour, VM.; every succeeding hour, 2d. IOC) Mayou's CoMMnTioi-: ox Puulic Baths. KENSINGTON, LONDON. Kensington opened public batlis in i88S, at a cost of nearly £60,000, divided as follows : £ s. d. Site 18, 443 ir. 11 Building works 31,52(3 8 3 Engineering works 12, 927 15 8- Completion of and fitting up men's second class swimming bath in 1889 1 , 838 11 11 Total 59, 730 11 9 Eig-lit loans, amounting altogether to £59,700. were obtained, those for the site repayable in fifty years, for building work in thirty years and for engineering work in twenty years. More than a quarter of these loans have already been repaid. The accommodation includes: Men's swimming batha. Size. Depth. Water capacity. Dressing compart- ments. First class Secoud class Third class 87x46 V;; ft. 50x31 H ft. 61x2434: ft. 61^x22.14 ft. .3 ft. 7 in.xei^ ft. 3 ft. 2 iu.x5 ft. 7iii. 3 ft. 7 in.xSft. 7iii. 3 i'l. 2 iu.x5 ft. 7 in. 126,000 gals. 44,000 gals. 43,000 gals. 40,000 gals. 50 35 52 VVoiiieii'is Rwiraming batlj 31 Private baths. First class. Second class. Third class. Total. Men's 13 7 "*"'26" 34 47 Women's 27 Total 20 90 34 74 Charges vary from id. for a third-class cold, and 2d. for warm or swinmiing bath, to 3d. for a first-class cold. 6d. for a warm, and 8d. for a swinnning bath. Reduction on ([uantities of swimming tickets taken, w hich are transferrable. reduce the cost of a first-class swim to 6(1. if ten tickets are taken and to 5d. if one buys one hundred tickets. The laundry contains sixty washing compartments, with the Municipal Svstk.m of Foreign I4aths. 107 usual CDuvenieucc.'^. and rifty-five (Irving' horses. It is open from 8 a. ni. to 8 p. ni. all the year round at a charge of i^d. per hour. The first eleven months, 13.950 women attended for 38,709^ hours. In 1889-90, the numbers increased to 31,113 women and 84,352 hours, while in the year ending March 25, 1896, 55,550 women stayed 123,703] hours. Of the total number, 16,037 women stayed only one hour, and 16,147 two hours. The average time was 2\ hours at an average charge of 3 2-5d. per head. The receipts of the baths and washhouses for the year ending March 25, 1896, were: f s. (1. Bathers 1,495 15 8 Washers 785 18 9'^ Soap sold to bathers 17 18 4 Swimmiiif? entertainments 9 9 Use of weigh bridge 1 i G Soap, soda, bhio, starch, etc., sold to washers 14 7V^ Old stores 1 6 Total L'. :J25 4 5 The expenses for the same period were: £ s. d. Rates, t^a.xes and insurance 448 1 7 Salaries and wages 1 , 563 3 6 Water 501 17 Gas 168 5 6 Fuel 601 13 8 Soap, soda, blue, starch, etc 31 7 3 Brushes and brooms 16 12 10 Engineer's requisites 44 3 3 Furniture 9 4 7 Printing, stationery and advertising 79 2 Ivepairs and maintenance 253 13 10 Various small expenses 24 7 10 Total 3, 741 12 10 The number of bathers, though not equal to the best recorded, showed an increase over the previous year: 108 Mayor's Committke on Pt'blic Baths. 1^92-3 1893-4 1894-5 1895-6 Men. Swimming bath. 52,537 65,319 47.400 53,943 Private baths. 36,912 39,939 37,273 40,950 Women. Swimming bath. 5,642 5,065 4,4S5 5,949 Private baths. 9,185 9.475 8,202 9,249 Total. 104,276 119.798 97,3t'.0 110,091 LEAVISHAM, L,OXDO\. Tlie Lewisliam Baths, unlike most of the Enghsh pubhc baths, for the first two years after opening yielded a small profit on the working expenses. For the eleven years during which they have been in operation there has been an average deficit of £351 os. 6d. The Commissioners have had the floors of the first-class swimming bath relaid during the winter, and helped to swell the receipts by let- ting the halls for entertainments. The Ladywell Baths are also used for a gymnasium in the winter. Women are admitted to the first- class swimming pool at the Forest Hill Bath on Wednesdays from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m., and on Fridays and Saturdays from 10 a. m. to I p. m., and to the Ladywell Baths on Tuesdays from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m., on Thursdaws from 1 1 a. m. to 6 p. m.. aiul on Saturdavs from 10 a. m. to I p. m. The remainder of the time, from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m., week days, is given to the men. The loans of £28.200 for the erection of the baths were obtained from the old ]\Ietropolitan Board of Works (the predecessor of the London County Council) at 3.I per cent. The annual installments at present amount to £1.073 ^^- ^d. and the interest for 1895-6 was £634 19s. 8d. The buildings actuallv cost for construction: Ladywell, £14,581 i6s. 5d.. and Forest Hill, £13,801 3s. 6d. Municipal System of Foukign Haths. 109 RECEIPTS 1X)K YKAR ENDING MAHCH 25, 1896. From hatluTS Sain of soap taltlets Hire of hatliiiitr drt'sses Hire of ext ra towelH Hire of 8wiinmii)u; baths for enter tiiiiiiiuMitH and connnittee rooms for meetiiiijs Salo of slate slabs and old brick wall Ladywell baths. £ 8. 887 5 9 11 23 1.5 1 19 Total 1,119 17 1 Forest Hill baths. £ 8. d. 542 8 5 4 19 6 17 5 10 17 4 86 4 4 651 15 5 Total. £ s. d. 1,429 13 10 11 10 9 41 10 2 16 5 274 5 8 9 5 1,771 12 6 WORKING EXPENSES FOR YEAR ENDING .MARCH 25, 1896. Coal and fuel — Gas - Water Repairs and maintenance Soap and soda Soap tablets \Va>ies Rates, taxes and insurance .. Towels (1009 ® 6s. 4id. per dozen). Layin;! and removing winter floor- ing, inchiding repairs District surveyor's fees New platform (first-class liall) Painting and varnishing swimming baths Enlarging artistes' room New vertical boiler and connections to hall Covering boilers and pipes with asbestos Re-seating boilers and fixing new stack pipes New greenhouse (balance) New water supply Clerk's salary Printing, stationery, advertising and general ex|)ense3 Ladywell baths £ 114 61 232 117 16 3 19 5 8 422 16 123 13 1. d. 4 11 3 9 1 6 11 10 7 9 26 8 11 9 12 6 14 19 3 82 14 8 31 18 7 72 10 19 1 10 413 14 Total j 1,765 3 11 Forest Hill baths. £ s. 94 5 50 5 173 I 110 5 3 4 2 16 390 2 119 15 13 8 20 10 6 4 12 6 31 3 4 8 19 11 49 2 3 16 3 4 1,087 14 11 Total. £ s. 208 5 111 6 405 5 228 1 7 3 8 4 812 18 243 7 d. 4 1 5 9 3 3 2 26 16 46 19 5 14 5 14 19 3 113 IS 31 18 7 72 10 28 1 9 49 2 3 16 3 4 413 14 50 79 2,981 18 IQ The deficiency thus amounted to £1,210 6s. 4d. Of this amount £413 14s. od. was an extraordinary expenditure for new water supply, while other structural alterations should not strictly be included in working expenses, but be charged to capital account. 110 Mayor's Committep: ox Public Baths. i\UMBER OF BATHEES, 1895-6. Ladywell 59,125 Forest Hill 39,«I8 Male. Total 98,943 Total. 111,423 SCALE OF CHARGES. Fir.st-Cl;i.ss Swimming Bath, each (adults) First-Class Swimmiiiii Bath, per dozen Fir.st-Cla.ss Swimming Bath, children under 12, accompanying adult Second-Class Swimming Bath, each Second-Class Swimming Bath, children attending public elemen- tary schools First-Class Private Bath, each First-Class Private Bath, per dozen Second-Class Private Bath, each Season tickets Season tickets, children under 12 Private schools and swimming clubs, on production of club mem- bership or school card Visitors (admitted to gallery of First-Class Swimming Bath)... Hire of bathing dresses or drawers Extra towel Soap MARYLEBONE, LONDON. This parish erected baths and washhouses in 1848 at a cost of £23,671. The annual average cost (£3,200) slightly exceeded the receipts from bathers (£2,750). For the year ending Alarch. 1894, the receipts were £3,097, working expenses, £2,957. There were 153,000 bathers and 36,000 washers. The establishment comprised four swinnning baths and 105 private batlis. The average annual receipts from washers were £850, accommodation being jirovided for sixty-one workers. The laundry was fitted tip with drying horses, ironing stove with irons, tables and blankets, mangles and hydro- extractors. The baths had become so inadeciuate. and obsolete that several clubs had had to go elsewhere. The building is being entirely £ s. d. 6 5 4 2 1 6 5 2 1 1 10 6 4 () 2 1 1 1 MUMOII'AL SySTK.M W FoUFACS liATHS. Ill rebuilt and reconstructed and the C'onuiiissioncrs intend that it shall be complete in all respects, with internal arranj^enients of the most approved character, hut at the same time iiothini^: cxtravag^ant in desic^n or detail is to be permitted. Tlie ornamental tiles in the old buildings will be made use of as^ain. The cost will be £43.800. The building- will not be entirely comi)leted before March i, 1897. PADDIXGTOX. LONDON. The Paddington Baths were erected in 1874, and the entire amount borrowed will be repaid by 1902. The bicycle craze afforded a means of utilizing the large swimming bath in the winter as a cycle school. During the year 1895-96 the Commissioners paid off £400 still owing for extra washing compartments, and erected a washer at a cost of £42. An extra charge of £250 for water, an increase of 50 per cent., was made by the water-works company. The summer of 1895 was unusually warm, and this, with the fact that the Marylebone Baths had been pulled down to erect a larger building, caused an increase of the receipts over the previous year of £671 2s. 72^1., and an increase of £55 12s. od. over 1892-93, the best previous year. Cost. . erect on Average annual cost. Avera?e annual receipts from bathers. Accommodation. YEAR OF OPENING. Number of il""]^!^ baths. : P'^f^^^^ 1 Lowest charges. 1874 £56,529 £4,021 £3,680 ^ 4 STTimminy; ( 96 private. 229 96 ( 2(1. swimming. < 2d hot nd. cold. RECEIPTS FOR YEAR ENDING MARCH, 1896. £ s. d. Bathers 3, 218 9 1 "Washers 616 3 2'^ Soap, etp 91 19 7 Hire of hall 211 :? 6 Hire of rooms 109 9 2 Other receipts 1.54 7 Total 4.401 .3 1% 11- MaV(M:"s ("OMMITTEK ON PlULIC JiATII.S. EXPENDITrRES FOR YEAR ENDING MARCH, 1896. £ s. d. Repairs aiul mnintcuaiu-p of l)inl(liu^' 743 2 Salaries and wages 1 , 341 12 2 Rates, taxes and insurance 462 14 10 Water 630 8 8 Gas and electricity 208 6 10 Coal and coke 559 7 2 Soai) and soda 36 12 8 Trinting, stationery and advertisements 48 11 5 Engineer's supplies 18 7 8 Towels 113 4 4 Brushes 16 4 6 Nariuus expenses 92 13 2 'J'otal 4, 271 5 5 NUMBER OF BATHERS AND WASHERS. ■XEAR. Swimming baths. Private baths. Total number of bathers. Wa.shers . 1892-3 1893-1 81,490 104,483 73,625 98,371 99,305 102,189 99,109 117,858 180,795 206,672 172,734 216,229 19,853 18,110 1894-5 1895-6 20,450 19,814 Among those who took swimming baths were 4,125 children from the Board schools, who paid id. each. I'OPL.VU, LONDON. Poplar Baths were opened in 1852, so that the annual repayment on loans now amounts to only £315, and the interest in 1895-6 was £129 los. I id. Charges vary from id. to is. for baths, and iki. per hour in the laundry. The cold season of 1894 resulted in a considerable falling off in the receipts and numl)er of l)athers. which was, however, retrieved the following year. In 1894-5 substantial repairs were undertaken in the second-class swimming bath and five new porcelain first-class private baths were added. The Commissioners reconmiend considerable alterations in the laundry, w liich needs a new and sul)stantial flooring. It is desired to replace the old, worn-out hand wringer l)v a steam- driven one, as the labor of working a wringer by hand is far too Copyright, iSg7, by the Mayor s CommitUe. Proposed Undetground Public Comfort Stations, Greeley Square. It will be noted that the park effect will not be disturbed, but at the same time a much needed public convenience will be supplied. -a £ MUMCII-AL SVSTKM OK FOUKION IJaI'IIS. 113 heavy for women. A steam washing machine for tlie towels, and a new mangle were also reqnired if the lanndry was to be brought up to modern standards. The receipts for the past two years were as follows: 1894-5. 1895-«. £ s. d. - £ s. d. I»oplar School Swimming Club 23 2 23 2 Toplar School Girls' Swimming Club T9 19 10 10 London School Board 6 10 11 2 13 8 OlluT bathers 1,384 10 1,C88 14 11 WashtMS 347 17 3 315 3 Total 1.78110 2.040 3 7 The expenditures for the same period were : 1894-5. £ ^. d. Salarii's and wages 1, 003 4 5 Repairs and maintcuaucc 257 18 Coal and coke 291 8 5 Water 165 17 8 Gas SO 2 3 Rates, taxes and insurance 53 13 6 Printing and stationery 32 15 Soap 30 10 Towels 51 18 Brushes, brooms, etc 18 2 Uniforms 10 19 11 Ironmongery 19 1 7 Small expenses 20 14 1 Total 2,036 3 1885-6 . £ s. d. 1,040 6 10 170 7 2 219 13 9 145 10 51 8 6 54 11 24 13 37 14 1 20 7 30 14 2 15 5 22 6 3 23 1 11 1,855 13 8 The numbers using the establishment for the same period were: Bathers: lsw-5. 1895-6. Men 78,970 92,914 Women 6,517 7,718 Children 12. 610 16, 990 Total 98,103 117,622 Washers 10.025 9,244 Number of hours worked 55, 65S 50, 424 8 114 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. ST. GBORGK, HANOVBR SQUARE, LONDON. The Davies Street Baths were erected in 1855, at a cost, including washhouse accommodation, of £16,000. The average annual cost is £4.320, while the avcra'.:;'c' annual receipts froin K>athcr.s are only £1,486. There is one swinmiing pool and forty-seven private batlis. The laundry provides accommodations for thirty-six washers at an annual average cost of £671. The Buckingham Palace Road Baths were rebuilt in 1890 at a cost of £45,238. To meet the great demand for hot water it was found desirable that the boilers should all be interchangeable for steam and hot water. Steam injectors are used to warm the swimming baths. The laundry is placed in the rear at the top of the building, being reached by an elevator. The flooring was strengthened for the hydro- extractors, and additional rivets placed in the girders to prevent vibration. RECEIPTS FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 25. 1895. Receipts from bnfhers Soap sold to bathers Keceipts from washers Soap and sot la «ohi to washers Total 1,737 16 3 Buckingham Palace road. 3,104 5 6 EXPENDITURES FOR THE YEAR! ENDING MARCH 25. 1895. Wages and divilnirseiiients Rents, rates, taxes and iiisuranue Coal and coke Water Hiip[tly Gas . . Soap and soila ^^ainteIKluee «l' huildin purchased at £1 each. Washiii;; i)laccs with wringiuf; machines, dryiuK closets, nian.cles and irons: For the first two lionrs, I'id. per hour; for each subsociuent hour, 2(1. per hour; for each hall'-iiour. Id. ST. .I\>II0S, VVKSTMINSTIOH. I,<>M><>\. Tn 1846 "An Act to Encourag-c the Establishment of Public Ikilhs and Washhouses " was passed. This act is perniissive in char- acter, and provides means for the establishment of baths and wash- houses in such towns and parishes wliose members determine to avail themselves of the privilege by local taxation. The act was passed in August, and in December the Vestry of St. James decided to adopt the act and Iniild a bath and washhouse. The action was significant because at that period local municipal life was not par- ticularly vigorous. In addition, no experience offered any guide as to the cost of such buildings, the necessary means of providing the desired accommodations, the extent to which such facilities would be used. The same difficulty confronted St. James as New York: namely, the great difficulty of securing a site, as almost all available land had been taken. However, loans were placed and a building was erected in 1852, containing a laundry with fifty-six compartments, forty-five washing baths for men, fourteen for women, and a swim- ming bath forty feet by thirty feet. The building was opened in June and from that time to the end of the year 74,643 bathers and 8,600 washers used the establishment. In 1853, ^^^^ numbers rose to 108,008 bathers and 32,648 washers. The pressure was so great for improved accommodations, espe- cially for women, that the plant was extended in 1861. As a proof that cleansing baths were demanded, in 1865 the maximum attend- ance was reached, when 160,480 tickets were issued to bathers and 70,057 to washers. As conveying the idea of the extent to which this bath has been used, the following tabulation is eloquent: Cost of erecting (in 1851) and furniishing, and extending (in 18G1)) the establishment £21,000 Amount borrowea and repaid £21 . 000 Interest 13, 062 Total £;u. 002 118 Mayou's Committke on I'iblic Baths. Total payiiiciits from the pi. or rate £;,4.!)71 Less suriilus receipts -pajd at various times by the commis- sioners in relief of the poor rate i>. 'ATiO Net charge on the jjoor rate (spread over a period of 47> y«ars) £2o. 621 Number of tickets issued to washers from the 14th of Jiuk', lSr)2. to the olst of December, 1892 2. <>.-)! . :{0B Number of bath tickets issued during the same period 4.r);',n.4l3 Total number of tickets issued <>. (; 6 id From washers 741 14 s Soap sold 46 14 2 Use of extra towels 1 l ."> ;i Total 1,740 10 11 EXPENSES FOR YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31. 1893. £ s. d. Wages and salaries 772 6 Repairs and maintenance 992 5 (i Rent 78 Itiil.es, taxes and insurance 93 18 ."> Mr.NICIl'AI. SVSTKM OF FoKKKJN I>ATHS. 121 £ s. d. ■Water 189 5 C. <;as 77 (; M Coal and coke 634 2 4 Soap and smln 14 17 .". Towels r)2 1 -J n Itubber coixls 32 !."> ti Vant)us disbursemciits 3S S r» Total 3,07n i:{ 2 WKSTMIXSTKH, LONDON. The first Westminster Public Baths were opened in 1851, and were only tlie fourtli of their lss, 20 for men, 8 for women. SCALE OF CHARGES. s. d- First-class swimming or private baths 6 Second class swimming bath 3 Second-class private bath 2 AVHITECHAPEL, LONDON — TWO POOLS. This establishment was opened in August, 1878, and is under the control of seven commissioners. The private baths are eighty-nine in nnmljcr. The public laundry comprises thirty-eight washing com- partments, with tlie necessary tubs, wringers, mangles and drying chambers. The charge of the laundry is three half-pence an hour, and the washhouses are open on week days only, throughoitt the year, from eight in the morning until eight at night. It was not until 1886 that swinnning i)0()ls were opened at an expense of £5.639 i6s. id. As usual there are two ])ools; the first class, 100 feet by 32 feet, the second class, 53 feet by 28 feet. Municipal System of Foreign Baths. WIIITECHAPEL (GOULSTON STREET). 123 1878. 1879 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884 1885. BatluTs; — i First cla.sN 4 ,;)!»(» 15,2:47 19,917: 18.991 19,344 19,714 22, 8.56'22, 249 Second class 21 .77()!49, 912 63,134 64,5l9l68,07;i 66,92ti 75,5(i7 76,249 Totals. Washer.s . . 26,766 5,624 6.-., 149 83, 051 83, 51(il87, 4 17 86, 640 98, 363 ;6, 964 28, 321 29,82427,693 25,681,24,442 98,489 23,461 1886. 24,737 79,535 104,272 21,960 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890-1. 1891-2 1892-3. 1893-4. Bathers : — I i First cla.ss ! 25,771 25,952 27.372 29.208 30,7^4^ 30,048 29.726 Second elas.s j 84,115j 88,411 93,647 98,4c3 103,913 102.441 99,338 Totals '109,886 114,363 121,019 127,611 134,697|132,4g2|l29,0f)4 Washers 20,956 21,826 21,018 20,595| 20,563 18,730 17,256 1894-5 21,908 73,433 95,341 11,32& NUMBER OF B.^THERS USING THE SWIMMING BATHS. 1889-90. 1890-1. 1891-2 1892-3. 1893-4 1894-5 Women's gecond class. Men's second class Women's first class Men's first class 45,175 530 37,127 38^629 317 38,120 2,277 1,181 34,586 25,512 415 609 36,181 32,145 1 44,845 1 j 30,824 j 33,444 323 23,. 360 1,142 Totals 82,832 1 77,066 73,459 59,447 1 75,669 58,269- RECEIPTS OF BATHS AND WASHHOUSES FOR THE PARISH OF ST. MARY, WHITECHAl'EL, FROM MARCH 25, 1893, TO MARCH 25, 1895. Receipts from warm baths Receipts from wash- houses. Receipts from sale of soap. Receipts from swimming baths. Receipts from swimming clubs. Receipts from bathing dresses. Interest on deposit. Total receipts from all sources. 1893-4 £1,559 1894-5. £1,149 £.541 352 £24 16 £841 546 £388 368 £136 89 £7 6 £3,496 2,526- 124 MaYOU'S CO.M.MITTKK OX Pui.LlC l^ATIIS. EXPENDITURES FOR BATHS AND WASHHOUSES FOR THE PARISH OF ST. MAi;V. WI II rFCH.XPKT., FHO.M MARCH 25. 181)3. TO MARCH 25, 1895. Repairs, flttliiK**. maintenance, etc. c d o i V a ti u 1 u 00 3 CO — |i B cu C o — S.2- OS a 1- a o 3 '5 X tt— ' a< a 1 01 it •o B f .£ *c JB CO "Z s 1^ Is s x '" X a « « T3 oi to o 11 < « •a /. a* u s is B 2 a n s 1 5 lb ce X T 03 •a '5 c 2 a S 1 1893-1 £2r>4 £ 32 £ 113 £ 42 i 4-22 £ 251 236 £ 917 762 £ 632 472 £ 174 115 £ £ £ 32 32 £ 134 112 £ 399 376 £ 26 56 £ 152 95 £ 3,506 3,681 1894-5. £135 750 86 KniXBURGH, SCOTLAND. At the E(linl)urg]i Baths a charge of 2d. is made to each visitor. Lessons in swimming- are given at a charge of 6d. each lesson, 5s. for twelve, to adults; 3d. each lesson for boys and girls, 2s. for a course of twelve lessons. There are two swimming pools, the small first-class one being reserved for women on Mondays, \^^ednesdays, Fridays and part of Saturday. Special arrangements are made for School Board children at reduced rates at fixed hours. PRIVATE PLUNGE BATHS. s. ti. Reserved si>ecial, first-class, each person 1 o First-class, each person G First-class, twelve tickets 5 Second-class, each person H Second-class, twelve tickets 2 f, SWIMMING BATHS. s. d. First-class, each adult person 4 First-class, twelve tickets ^ <> First-class, boys and girls under 14 years .'> First-class, twelve tickets 2 d Second-class, each adult person 2 Second-class, twelve tickets 1 Sofond-class, boys and cirls under 14 years i\-> SfT'ond-class, twelve tickets 1 Restricted charge for school children l Use of bathinff pants, per pair 014 Use of bathiuR costume 1 Use of bathing cap 04 MUNICITAL h^YSTKM OK FoUIOION BaTHS. 125 GLASGOAV, SCOTLAND. Glasgow is not satisfk'il with providint; public baths for the use of its citizens, but aims to create a demand for these necessities of cleanliness and health. It was actually proposed to teach everybody swinnning- <;ratuilously. and for this purpose to establish small, prop- erly-eciuipped teaclniim" pools in every school. As the same l)athers and washers come with great regularity, it was estimated that the numbers using the baths and vvashhouses were only about 5,000 swimmers, 5,000 hot bathers and 3,000 washers. This does not repre- sent a \'er\- large pro])ortion in a city of 700,000 population. Another suggestion made was to erect smaller washhouses throughout the city. Experience proves that a supply of public facilities for washing clothes creates a demand even in localities where every tenement has its own washhouse and drying court. ( )f the washers more than half reside within tiie radius of a ((uartcr of a mile and very few outside the half-mile limit. TKADE. I'p to 1895 the Corporation had undertaken to wash linen of families at its establishments at reasonable rates, employing for this purpose thirty-two washers and ironers. The receipts in 1894-5 were £1,378 4s. id. ; expenses, £1,130 4s. id., leaving a net surplus of £248. The l^'actory and Workshops Act of 1895 introduced certain regula- tion in laundries " carried on by way of trade or for the purposes of gain," which would have involved considerable expense. This the Corporation was unwilling to undertake. For this reason, and also on advice that the power to carry on such a business for profit was not legally besto\yed on the city by the Act of Parliament providing for the erection of baths and washhouses, it was resolved to discon- tinue employing assistance, and in future only to have the towels, etc., used at the baths done by the Corporation's employes. ilm; Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. ?2r » o£ t--, iHci — X t- X ^^' dec <=n t- ,; — ia — « ■-■ w^toi-i T -tfttte*^ "CO" S'* a .2 s» o£ . a s«^ ■ a oc „ ''i^ .= o «,??•= 00 i:3^ eo . 3 -JD ^^ «-i (D a f- o O CC *-" i-> «o Soo be:: 3^ go ?5"M OW OOOttO !• «o;cn <-iO 00 IJ 0.1; .- ft- C b C m 0-S c^ Moo o o,a ^ ^ sr ►< <., I. = a - c r •^ <« « <«<«•—■ ffi ^ c c 4) g CGi-9 MUNICII'AL SySTKM of FOREIGN BaTHS. 127 SCALE OF CIIAKGES. Swimmiuj? pools: s. d. Adults (I 2 Hoys and jrirls under 13 years i Women, tAvclve tickets 1 (i Koys Mini .irii'ls, twtlvf tickets it Season tickets: Men, six months, April 1 to September 3t) 10 Men, t\velve months, .January 1 to l>ecemher ;n 12 <> Women, six months, April 1 to September 30 3 W'omen, nine months, March 1 to November 30 4 Swimming club members, thirteen tickets for the price of twelve. Use of Pools (to clubs) between 9 and 10 p. m. Larpe pool, one night weekly, 40 bathers 6 8 For each additional bather 1 Small pool, one night weekly, 24 bathers 4 For each additional bather 1 Private liot batlis: Men, first-class, each bather G Men, second-class, each bather 4 Tickets in i)arcels of twelve each, tirst-class 4 6 Tickets in parcels of twelve each, second-class 3 W'omen, each bather 3 Women, tickets in parcels of twelve 2 3 W.ashhouses: For use of stall, wringing and drying appliances, hot and cold water, per hour 2 Use of washing board 1 RFX'EIPrS FROM BATHERS, 1894-1895. Greenhead. Woodside. Cranston Hill. Townhead. Gorbals. Total. £ 8. d. 916 8 8 £ 8. d. 105y 5 4 £ 8. (1. 814 7 11 £ s. d. 1030 7 7 £ 8. d. 1472 1 11 £ 8. d. 5292 11 5 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. Year. Bathers. Washings. Receipts. Expenditures. 1891-2 514,233 510,449 546,024 527,313 162,. =158 170,687 173,327 197,035 £ s. d. 9,722 1 9.629 4 4 9,640 13 8 10,288 £ s. d. 12,449 4 1 11,420 9 6 11,218 12 10 1892-3 1893-4 1894-5 12,294 128 Mayor's Committer on Public Baths. The decrease in the number of bathers in 1894, as compared with the preceding year, is due to the unfavorable weather. Notwith- standing this, the revenue showed an increase, owing to the extra- ordinary increase in the number of washers. How largely the tem- perature of the air affects the number of bathers may be seen from the following table lor the months of June to Xovember, 1891: Weekly average trmporatures ] 70° Corresi)on«liug with weekly receipts from ponds . June. July. Au^st. September. October. t 70° 67° 66° 64° 63° 60° 590 58° 57° 51C 48° £135 £125 £97 £98 £96 £68 £66 £48 £35 £26 £20 Not. 47° DEFICir PROVIDKI) FROM ASSESSME.NTS. f s. d. £ s. (1. 1891-2 2. TTG 4 1893-4 1 , r)78 1892-" 1.791 5 2 1894-5 2.(H)6 UERIilX, GERMANY. Berlin has earned well-merited commendation for the excellence of its baths, but it does not yet consider the provisions made suffi- cient, and has four large city baths and several river baths in process of erection. Though there is, as would be expected, a deficit on the river baths, the city derives a small profit from the baths taken alto- gether. The following is the balance sheet for 1894-5: RECEIPTS. By river baths ?9, 605 By city baths: (a) Moabit !«11,916 (b) Schillingsbriicki" 1S.4U7 30.323 Berlin Society for People's Baths 900 Total HO, 828 CADd- BCR&»OCC. Copyright, iS-q-j, by the Mayoj's Committee. Suggested Public Comfort Stations, to be located under the stairwav of the Elevated Railroad Stations. Each station could be sufficiently large to accommodate some of the utensils o* the street-cleaning department -Tcti roR Public ConroRi jw CAwBtlKXli"- Copyright, iSgy, by the Mayor's Committee. Suggested Public Comfort Station, to be located within the against dead walls. Each policeman's post should contain at Public Comfort Station, thus affording a convenience for letter carri sweepers and policemen, thereby removing the necessity of util saloons, a usage which is in violation of the law area line, least one ers, street izing the MUNICII'AL SyST1;.\I <»F FoUICKJN liATMS. 121) EXPENDITURES. River baths $12,447 City baths: (a) Moabit $11,620 (b) Srhillin.irsl>nick(> ll.tiTI Total $38,138 Surplus ^.600 $40,828 I. River Baths. CITY ORPHAN ASYLU-M. There is usually a considerable deficit on these baths, caused by the large nuniberof free cards given. The Poor Commission and the City Orplian Asylum issued 22,696 of these cards in 1894-5, which were used on an average sixteen times. The previous year 20,380 cards were used an average of twenty times each. Besides this, children from several institutions are admitted free without tickets. There was a large increase in the number of bathers in 1893 in consequence of the warm weather, and there would probably have been a surplus, but the baths had to be closed a month earlier than usual on account of the cholera, and the wages of the attendants were paid in full. The season 1894-5 was a bad one, and there was a delay of two months in opening two of the baths. The prices had been reduced in many of the baths, and there were many expensive repairs. The largest attendance in 1894 was 23,775 in the seventeen baths on July 24th; 16,183 men and 7,592 women; this was 1,561 more than the best day — July 8th — of 1893, when 22,214 people bathed in seventeen baths. Two more new baths are about to be opened, and will largely increase the acconnnodation already provided. The number using the river baths in the season of 1894 was as follows: 1894. 1893. Free. On pay- ment. Total. Free. On pay- ment. Total. Men: 01(1 liathinj; establishments New batliiiigestablisliments ^^'omeIl : 01(1 bathing establislinients New bat hi ng establish men ts 185,372 59,566 89,295 22,061 108,944 184,876 82,502 72,589 294,316 244,442 171,797 94,650 240,634 60,780 94,330 20,44ti 125,918 246,496 9i,917 71,257 3(56,552 307,276 187,247 91,703 Total 356,294 448,911 805,205 416,190 536 588 ^^'^ T^^ 130 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. _4) a> ■ "u a •»A[aMX '^ * '35 m .si 1 m " ei • 1 ^ d •ouo ' CI 1 "■' -Si" ■SJ'»9/Lfl jspan 1 ^ : e- — 00 •ggi c"Sfc o-. —1 .= O ;, °8JtO^ {>l ^ t- t- I- : 00 jaAO " n •*A o . TO •SJ«9.£ffI en • ■^ 5l o o japiin '"' ; *"* ^3 H £ O 1 ^ acL, CO . cc 00 gi. •sj'Be.ftI oo . CO 5d CO • oj O 0) >53 ^CL, t- ■ in m a t- ■sjvaXf-x O • 05 •^=3 oi : 1- JSAO tn 30 . T1< , — • fS •sjBaJCf't 1 ■"J" • c» a! O « -2 japan 13 ^3 _ .J= CO : • il 5^, •SJ«9.t{.I 1 £- • C» ■^ JS„- S3 O J9A0 o ^ T-< ill ■O 01 » «*S ' "aO'S 5 "^ 'Et3 :m3 •s5 ■ a s "c " 4* Si ucc a J id3 :5S ■ j: 1) • a! .2 C 4) «; oj t ^ .^ j< ~ y t c a Cm .3 I. ^ :3 ;r :S -^ i ^11 — - « * 3 '5 2 t, D 1) rofit on swiiumiug instruc- tion By loan of towels, etc. : (a) In swimmiiifihall (b) In otlier baths By storing private towels, bath- ing drawers, etc By profit on soap and sea salt . .. By rent of dwellings to employes By other recei pts Total Moabit. Schillingsbriicke. 189-1-5. $11,042 45 162 55 363 63 25 97 183 26 62 40 ""75'43 189.3-4. 1891-5. 1893-4. $10,531 32 $17,306 66 139 11 I 138 87 84 $11,915 69 395 94 16 60 139 53 52 66 "196 $11,277 06 576 15 134 72 155 6 $10 ,973 16 73 84 356 18 7 88 S5 50 '2< 46 116 41 2 73 $18,406 83 $11,644 16 WORKING EXPENDITURE. Moabit. Schillingsbriicke. 1894-5. 1893-4. 1894-5. 1893-4. $3,923 27 2,999 14 540 02 2,680 36 529 94 357 14 147 27 "iisio $3,727 43 3,055 60 574 42 2,464 73 419 45 350 84- 138 25 $4,849 87 3.064 01 598 30 3.238 47 911 34 641 36 172 35 278 16 316 75 $3,347 61 2,343 25 560 06 Water 2,316 57 Maintenance of biiiMings and 121 07 378 66 160 25 125 dozen towels 269 54 437 97 I'ota! $11,620 24 11,915 69 $11,000 26 11,277 06 $14,070 61 18,406 83 $9.6t!5 44 11,644 16 $295 45 $276 80 $J,336 22 $1,978 72 MUNICII'AL SysTIOM OF FoKEIGN BaTHS. 13.3 • COST OF WATKIl. The increase in the cost of the water at the Moabit baths was due to the fact that it was found impossible to use the deep wells, and the city water had to be used entirely. Two new wells are to be made and it is exjiectcd tliat thrcc-cjuarters of the water can then be ob- tained from this source, while formerly, on account of the great quantity of iron in the water, it has only been possible to use two- thirds of the well water. It is estimated that the cost of the wells will be covered within a year by the lessened cost of the water. Of the amount spent at this establishment for maintenance, $216 was for tiling the walls of tlie two cleansing-rooms attached to tlic swimming bath. The following was the attendance at the baths for the last two vears: Moabit. Schillingsbrucke. 1894-5. 1893-4. 1894-5. 1893-4. Men. Women. Men. Women Men. Women. Men Women. Slipper bath (first class) Slipper bath (sec- ond class) Douclie batli (first class) Donche b.itii (sec- ond class) Swimming bath : Over 14 Under 14 9,384 42,414 3,056 20,821 46,619 18,700 2,633 22,157 431 2,510 10,408 9,606 12,667 42,513 3,639 13,940 46,884 18,052 5,143 24,827 2,733 9,080 7,654 9,247 57,824 6,972 69,229 82,986 30,481 2,457 33,795 165 7,743 14,692 10,872 8,91^ 39,550 3,576 33,317 53,824 18,065 3,165 24,234 111 3,520 9,417 4,392 Total 140,994 47,745 137,695 49,437 256,739 69,724 157,250 44,839 MOABIT H.VTHS — ART OF S^VIMMIIVG. The Moabit Baths were first opened on November i, 1892. A severe winter followed. The attendance, 1893-4, showed a good in- crease. In 1894-5 the increase in prices previously alluded to caused a decrease in the number of first and second-class slipper baths, and of first-class douche baths taken. The unfavorable winter of 1894-5 also influenced the baths badly, so that there was only the very small increase of less than i per cent. The average attendance per day was 134 Mayor's Committkk ox Publk; Baths. 517, while in 1893-4 it was 512. During the months of January to March, 1895, the numbers using the swimming bath were 9,477 men and 1,854 women, and formed 34.7 per cent, of the total number of baths taken, while in 1894 the numbers were higher, 11,119 "^^^^ ^^^ 1,952 women, but the percentage was smaller — 33-6. The best attendance was on the Saturday before Whitsunday, May, 12, 1894, when 2,635 persons bathed — 1,352 in the slipper baths, 482 in the douche baths and 801 in the swimming baths. The Saturday before Whitsuntide, May 20, 1893, 2,145 people bathed, so that this showed an increase of 490 or 22.8 per cent. The least number of baths given was on January i, 1895 — 124 — against 88 taken on January 5, 1894. During the }ear 1894-5 swimming instruction was given to 363 per- sons — 155 men and 158 women, while in 1893-4 268 persons, of whom 143 were men and 125 were women, were instructed in this art. On January i, 1895, women received the privilege of using the swimming bath on ^Monday evenings from 6.30 to 9, while before they had only been allowed the use of it from 10.30 a. m. to 12 m., and from 2 to 4 p. m. on week days. Owing to the colder weather no com- parison can be made. From January to March 1,854 women used the swimming bath, compared to 1,952 who used it in 1894, but on the twelve evenings when it was open to them there was a total attend- ance of 419, or an average of thirty-five per evening. The baths are open at 6 a. m. from April to September, at 7 a. m. during March and October, and at 7.30 a. m. from November to February. They close on Saturdays at 8 p. m. ; on Sundays, in the summer, at noon, in the winter at i p. m., and on other days at 8 p. m. BERLIN SWIMMING LEAGUE. The Moabit Baths were built with a view to both suitableness and durability. Two-thirds of the swimming bath is set apart for swimmers, and there are two spring boards. The bath can be en- tirely emptied in eight hours and can be refilled in live hours. There are two cleansing cells for adults and children. Each contains two head douches, one ray douche, one washbasin and two tubs for the feet Tepid water can be used before entering the swimming bath, but only cold must be used afterwards. On February 24, 1895, ^'^e Berlin Swimming League gave a grand entertainment in the bath, MUMCH'AL SVSTIOM OK FoRBION BaTHS. 135 consisting of swimming' and diving. The hall was decorated with flags for the occasion, and there was a very large attendance, includ- ing many of the city's representatives. Four swimming clul)s use the baths one evening a week each. The first-class douches contain an extra ray douche of cold water, besides the head douche. Each doucheroom is subdivided into dressing and bathrooms. Originally the water used was limited to ten and one-half gallons, but this did not work well, and with the present unlimited use no more water is actually used. Douches with tepid water are provided in the slipper bath. The rooms used for washing and drying the linen, etc., have the latest improvements. SCHILLINGSBRliCKE BATHS. The Schillingsbriicke Baths were only opened on Saturday, June 24, 1893, so that it is not possible to properly compare the at- tendance with previous years. The time of opening and the situation of the establishment were very favorable, so that it soon outstripped all similar establishments. The greatest attendance was on the Satur- day before Whitsunday, May 12, 1894, when 4,502 baths were taken — 1,599 slipper baths, 1,238 douche and 1,665 swimming baths. During the previous period of nine months the largest attendance was on Easter Eve, March 24, 1894, when there were 3,278 bathers — 1,413 slipper baths, 826 douche and 1,039 swimming baths. On Christmas Eve there was the large attendance of 2,711; of whom 1,125 took slipper baths, 987 douches and 599 swimming baths. On thirteen Saturdays the attendance was between 2,000 and 3,100, and the at- tendance was usually over 1,000 on Saturdays. The least number of bathers in 1894-5 was 166 on January i, 1895, as compared with 107 on January i, 1894. The average number of bathers per day was 894 in 1894-5, and only 738 in the nine months of 1893-4 during which the establishment was open. DEEP -WELLS. Few establishments in Germany can compare with these baths. City water is used almost exclusively, as it was found impossible to use the deep wells, on account of the quantity of iron contained in the water. It is particularly remarkable that the swimming bath was so 136 Mayou's Committee ox Public Baths. well attended, as the winter was very unfavorable and nine river baths are situated near by. Of 139,000 who visited the swimming bath. 54,000 (39 per cent, or an average of 300 per day) attended during the winter months. A number of swimming clubs use the baths twice a week regularly tliroughout the winter. Swimming was taught to 260 persons — 155 men and 105 women — in 1894-5, as compared with 117 persons — 90 men and 27 women — who learned in the season of 1893-4. 'Flic doucheroom of the swimming bath is divided into two parts, one for adults and one for children. The use of the hall was given free to a swimming club for entertainments on October 21, 1894, and March 17, 1895. The rise in prices in the slipper and first-class douche baths re- sulted in a decrease in both men's and women's first-class slipper baths, and, compared with the corresponding period of the previous year, a slight decrease in women's second-class slipper and first-class douche baths. The men's douche baths liav shown an increase of 50 per cent, and the women's of 52 per cent. On Saturday there are frequently more than 700 baths given in the men's department. The greatest numbers were 899 on December 24, 1894, and 1,040 on May 12, 1895. There are only forty-one cells for men and the pres- sure on them is very great. On Saturday and Sunday three of the women's cells are used for men. The extraordinary success of the douche baths, built after a plan recommended by Prof. Lassar,' has proved their suitability to the needs of a working class population of small means. The accommodations for washing the linen, etc., used are the very best, being an improvement on the Moabit Baths. MrNU'ii'Ai. SvsTioM oi' FoKicuJN IJatiis. i:{( c ^ ^ > J « p 0) -J c :: c cftOHO •0Jn8B9ld IV Xbp Xa-B uiSaq oj 5^3(0!) XiqjuoK aouj Sr: jo; jv»X J I B q - a n o joj poo3 8)9^311 qn|0 a a! lA in ■sqiBq 9l3u!S -r t- -J3 ■;> o -T O^ ^ — . — m f oooo o 3 5 o o Z ^"2 C 3 « <» c c o o •=='-'55' ^^* J3 u t. 4) £ =. au :j a&3 3 ■-.■-. c o xxQQ 61 W) D 3 t. t. jziSi c c £3 C 3 S ? O ££ E ? S* Sac iC tit '"H a c c c .= !c S 2 !a a ■fc-* -fc^ *J 4^ OJ Si Si <^ 3S D 138 Mayor's Committre on Public Baths. Sea salt and soap baths are also given. For one pound of sea salt 4 cents, and for one pound of soap 7 cents additional are charg-ed. ?. Baths of the Berlin Society for People's Baths. When these two baths were built the city contributed $26,000 and gave the site. In the two years 1893-4 and 1894-5 the Society paid into the city treasury each year $900, amounting to 3^ per cent. on this outlay. In 1894-5 the income was $12,323.79, the previous year it was $12,538.89, showing a decrease of $215.10. The surplus at the two establishments was as follows: Oranienburg baths. Alt und Neu KiJlln baths. 1894-5 $1,892 10 1,489 87 ^617 18 908 74 1893-4 Increase, $402 23 Decrease, $291 5& The Society proposed to turn the baths over to the city, but it was thought that too much alteration would be required to fit them to the needs of municipal public baths. ORANIENBURG. The opening of the Schillingsbriicke City Baths, combined with the unfavorable season, caused a considerable decrease in tlie attend- ance at the Alt and Neu Kolln Baths, especially in the slipper bath establishment, while the Oranienburg Baths showed a fair increase. The attendance at the baths for the years 1893-4 and 1894-5, was as follows : Oranienburg Baths. Alt und Neu Kolln Baths. 1894-5. 1893-4. Increase or decrease. 1894-5. IBM A Increase or i«-«-4. decrease. Slipper l)iitlis: Mcu 61,146 25,692 33,059 989 258 58,500 24,463 28,895 1,122 234 +2,646 + 1,229 +4,164 —133 +24 54,718 23,726 29,798 616 161 59,665 —4,947 27,033 —3.307 Douclie baths : Men 30,701 841 440 — '.t03 —225 S(;h<>l;irs -27^ Total 121,144 113,214 +7,930 109,019 118,680 —9,661 MuNiciTAL System of Foreign liAiiis. \:VJ IIAMIIVKO, UL:KM AW— <;itASllUUOK. VEDUIOl., DIL.I.I<:. As in all cities the earliest hatlis in Hamburg were river baths. The first building erected in connection with these baths was put up in 1847 iri the Grasbrook, and since then has been greatly enlarged and removed to the Veddel, costing altogether $32,249. There is dressing accommodation for 405 men, including twenty-five private cells, and for 486 women, including 156 private cells. In 1889 there were 160,000 men and 111,000 women bathers. In 1864 another bath was opened on the Alster, for men and boys. The swimming pool is 347 feet 9 inches long by 91 feet 10 inches wide and varies in depth up to 10 feet 6 inches. With the extensions in 1890 this bath cost $33,087. There is accommodation for 100 in private dressing- rooms and 264 in the common dressing-room. A charge of 5 pfen- nigs (just over one cent) is made for a steamboat journey to and from this bath, but the bath itself is free. A third river bath was erected in 1869 on an artificial island in the x'Mster at a cost, with improve- ments in 1883, of $9,996. The water here varies from 6 feet 6 inches to 8 feet 6 inches. The bathing place is especially frequented by boys. Dressing accommodation for 555 bathers is provided, including twenty-eight private rooms. In 1876 a fourth bathing establishment was erected in the Bille. This bath has a superficies of 44,132 square feet and contains 105 private dressing-rooms and other accommoda- tions for sixty-six bathers. The cost was $1 1,900. A swimming bath for women and girls was erected in the Bille in 1885, and since it was very much more frecjuented than had been expected, was enlarged in 1888. The total cost was $9,758. The water varies from 3 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 3 inches. There arc sixty-four private rooms and accommodation for 136 additional bathers. In the summer of 1886 this bath was used by 116,063 women and girls. PATRIOTIC SOCIETY. In 1855 an establishment was opened on the Schweinemarkt by the Patriotic Society. The site for this building was given by the city, and the water supplied by the city free, being afterwards, on account of the high situation of the establishment, used for flushing the city sewers. This building was the first in Germany erected after the English model. The cost was $49,028. Tnere arc twenty-four 140 Mayor's Committke ox Pt'rlic Baths. tirst-class and twenty-five second-class women's slipper baths. These are 6 feet 6 inches by 5 feet 9 inches in size, and the partitions are 6 feet 6 inciies hig'li. The first-class baths are fitted with douches. There are also two rain baths. Stalls are provided for thirty-three washers. According- to statute only 4 per cent, interest was allowed and the surplus went toward the extinction of the share capital. In 1880 the entire capital was paid back, but the city allowed the Society to continue working the establishment, on condition that it built a second, and still later a third, the same conditions applying as to the first. A building was erected on the Schaarmarkt in 1881 at a cost of $74,970. It contained a swimming bath, 67 feet 3 inches by 27 feet 1 1 inches, the water varying in depth from 3 feet 7 inches to 7 feet 3 inches. The tcm])erature is maintained at 72.5 degrees Fahrenheit by steam pipes. There are besides seven first-class and thirteen second-class men's slipper baths, and the same number of slipper l)aths for women. The use made of these two establishments in 1891 to 1894 was as follows: Schweinemarkt. Schaarmarkt. Number of bathers. Hours of washir g. Number of bathers. Number of swimmers. lagi 132,198 89,. 570 107,105 112,218 24,284 15,987* 17,. 51:4 17,550i 8.-.,. 572 57,773 62,214 65,185 69 j 655 1892. 45,659 1893 1894 63,113 103,944 CHOIiKRA. The great decrease in the use of the baths in 1892 was caused by the outbreak of cholera. The city paid the company for the use of coal to sterilize the water used, by boiling and afterward cooling to recjuired temperature. The large number using the swimming baths in 1894 was consccjucnt on a 50 per cent, retluction of prices in this department. The following is a statement of the working ex])enses for 1893 and 1894: .MrMcirAL Systicm of Fokeign Baths. 141 INCOME FOR 1893 AM) 1894. Sohnmnenarkl and Schaarmarkt Baths. 1893. Schweine- markt. By batlurs $9,569 78 Bv swiiuiiier.s By \v anliers ! By i>rolit on soap i By profit on .sea s.ilt , By interest By e.xtra towels, swimming girdles, etc- By swiiiimiug instnution... Total 833 64 31fi 77 27 fjfi 18 02 91 57 Scha&rmarkt. $5,248 14 3,767 87 ""i48"36 10 28 37 54 101 15 Schweine- markt. Schaarmarkt. $10,031 96 835 50 ! 316 47 ; 24 54 183 41 $10,857 34 $5,477 97 3,652 09 "'i6G'26 15 14 463 84 97 58 $9,313 28 $11,391 88 ! $9,872 88 EXPENDITURE FOR 1893 AND 1894. Interest on loans Salaries Fuel Soap, soda, etc. . Gas Printing Artisans' work. . Divers repairs... Divers payments . Small expenses. . Gronnd rent and i nsnranee 1893. Schweine- niarkt. $3,792 53 1,410 29 97 07 345 84 79 32 608 5t) 174 50 28 46 65 14 Schaar- markt. 1894. Schweine- markt. $586 3,618 1,277 73 358 102 445 215 18 124 ,822 12 ,322 50 98 07 342 55 69 72 404 49 248 04 222 65 24 57 65 14 Totals $6,60171 $6,819 23 $(5,619 85 Schaar- markt. $714 00 3,606 10 1,449 90 107 12 418 20 119 43 310 84 72 35 277 01 12 94 124 34 $7,212 23 AXOIU DIRT. Ill 1893 a third bath was erected in the suburb of Eimsbiittel, on tlie Schiiferkampf. This contains sixty slipper baths — twelve first- class and twenty-eight second-class for men, and seven first-class and thirteen second-class for women. Each bathroom is 6 feet 11 inches long by 6 feet 8 inches wide and the height is 9 feet 10 inches second class and 1 1 feet 6 inches first class. The swimming' pool is 39 feet 4 inches wide, 63 feet 4 inches long, with a capacity of 105,668 gallons. 142 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. There are fifty-three wooden dressing-rooms, each 4 feet 7 inches by 4 feet I inch, and fourteen lockers. The dressing-rooms are entered from the corridor so as to avoid dirt. Every bather has to use the douche bath before entering the swimming pool, and a shallow tub is provided for the feet. The temperature of the hall in the slipper baths is maintained at 79 degrees Fahrenlieit, the other rooms at 'J2 degrees Fahrenheit. This bath is managed by the Society which manages the other two baths, the Society receiving city water free and paying interest on the $90,440, cost of erection. Both slipper and swimming baths are opened from 6 a. m. to 9 p. m. from April to September, 7 a. m. to 9 p. m. during March and October, and from 8 a. m. to 9 p. m. from November to February. Sundays and holidays they are opened at the usual time, but close at noon. Half an hour is allowed to each bather, and towels and bathing dresses are provided. In the slipper baths mothers may take a child under eight years of age in with them. The prices for baths at either of these three places are as follow: SLIPPER BATHS (MEN AND WOMEN). First-class (two towels) $ 12 First-class (sixteen tickets, not good on Saturdays after 5 p. m.) . . 1 G7 Second-class (one towel) 07 Second-class (sixteen tickets, not good on Saturdays after 5 p. m.) . . 95 Sea salt baths, first-class .•!(! Sea salt baths, second-class 31 SWIMMING BATHS. Without towel, but including bathing drawers ^^ 04 One year, not iuclud'ing washing of bathing apparel 5 95 Half year, not including washing of bathing apparel 3 09 Boj's under 14, without towel, but including bathing drawers. .. . 02^ Boys under 14, one year, not including washing of bathing ap- parel 2 86 Boys under 14, half year, not including washing of bathing ap- parel 1 tiT Use of towel 01 Keeping and clc-anslng of bathing ;i]>iiarcl. jn-r inonrli 07 Swimming instruction, quarter year 1 19 RX^GVLATBD TK.MI'ERATl RE. In 1893 the municipality erected a public douche in St. Pauli, which was leased to the same society which operates the baths pre- Municipal Systkm of J-^iukicn liATiis. 14o viously nientioncd. This bath is open all the year round, from 6 a. in. to lo p. ni. in the summer and from 8 a. m. to lo p. m. in the winter, closing on Saturdays at 12 noon. A charge of 10 pfennigs (2i cents) includes the use of towel and soap. The bath is built after the pattern of the I'rankfort-on-.Main Baths, and contains accommodations for ten men and four woiucn. The douche apparatus is separated from the dressing-room by a rubber curtain, but this, not proving satisfac- tory, is to be replaced by an iron door. In the douche cell there is a deepening in the center, a seat which lifts up and is fitted with a hard rubl)er cushion and a soap dish. The water strikes the bather at an angle of 45 degrees, and the temperature can be regulated at pleasure. At first the water allowed was limited to thirteen gallons, but this was not a success, as the apparatus frequently went wrong. Under the present system only the same quantity is averaged, though no limit is made. Twenty minutes is allowed to each bather, and 5 pfennigs, just over one cent, charged for any excess of that time. The towels used are washed in the basement, where the heating apparatus is. On account of the cholera epidemic just before the opening of the baths, it is arranged to heat the water of the Elbe to boiling point, and then by mixing with city water and cooling, reduce the tempera- ture to 112 degrees Fahrenheit, and yj degrees Fahrenheit. The average attendance at St. Pauli during 1893, the opening year, was 147 per day; in 1894 there were 48,138 bathers, or an average of 132 per day. Provision is made for 450 bathers. The greatest attendance was on July 7, 1894, when 597 people bathed. Among the bathers there are few^ workers, the attendance coming largely from the small tradesmen class. GOTHENBURG, SAVEDEN, The first public bath in Gothenburg dates from 1802. At present there are two public baths, the " Renstromska Badanstalten," opened in 1876, and the " Renstromska Badanstalten i Majorna " (Majorna is a suburb of Gothenburg), opened in 1892. Besides these, there are three river baths in the Gota Elf, open to the public from I\Iay to September. All these establishments are maintained partly from city appropriations and partly from the funds belonging to the city, named " Renstromska fonden " after their founder, Sven Renstrom, a merchant. 144 Mayor's Committee on Purlic Baths. The cost of the establishments was: For the Renstromska, Badanstahen, $93,808.33 ; for the open-air baths, about $800 eacli ; for the baths at Majorna, $27,033.13, divided as follows: Building $15, 716 37 Boilers, heating and ventilating apparatus 4, 589 92 Batliing fixtures 4,013 51 Furniture 1,288 37 Plans and drawings 4(14 44 Insurance 68 68 Superintendence 482 40 Judicial siu'Vcy 81 74 Gas and colce 139 16 Water 88 71 Sundries 97 S3 Tdtal $27,033 13 The open-air baths are free. The receipts at the other baths for the last few years were as follows: RENSTKOMSKA BADANSTALTEN. CLASS OF BATHS. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. First class Second class $7,382 19 4,483 49 3,029 41 $7,382 03 4,285 10 3,045 69 $7,524 61 4,471 02 2,885 15 $7,562 75 4,511 06 3,083 08 Total $14,895 09 $14,712 82 $14,880 78 $15,156 89 RENSTROMSKA BADANSTALTEN I Class of baths. Slipper Baths: First-class Second-class Third-class Russian baths: Second-class Third-class Shower baths Baths for school children: At 10 ore (2'A cents) At 5 OH' Other baths MAJORNA. 1894. 1893. ?194 37 !fl7G 68 418 08 355 64 437 71 466 18 198 10 14S 20 199 73 104 .S2 38 40 9 41 17 04 21 79 GS 85 67 90 172 89 192 61 'i'otal receipts ?1 , 745 23 $1,603 23 Cottage Baths, Brighton (England). It is the plan that a large number of small baths shall be located in the industrial quarters, instead of the erection of one large bathing estaolishment Copyright, 1S97, by the Mayor's Committee . Among the recommendations of the Committee is the duplication or extension of the Public Comfort Stations in the Parks The extensions should be in the shape of chalets or other ornamental buildings. O THE UNIVERSITY OF Municipal System of Foreign Baths. 145 The following arc the operating expenses for 1894 at tlie Rcn- stromska Badanstalten : Siil.'irirs ?4,451 08 Furl 2. 302 ] 1 Water 2. 220 79 Light inir ' 81S H4 Washin;: of towels, etc 1, 109 S2 ReiKiiirs ami maintenance 2, 339 88 Printing and stationery 52 94 Soap 47 46 'IVlephoue 4G 01 Cleaning and sweeping 98 99 Medical attendance and medicine 86 59 lusm'ance and taxes 121 52 "Written off for depreciation of furnitui'e and linen 295 00 Sundries 69 95 Total ?14, 120 98 At Majorna for 1894 the operating expenses were $1,926.51, while the cost of operating the river baths for the same period was $411.82. Following is a table showing the average income and average operating expenses per bath in cents: YEAR. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. c5 < Average Operating Expenses. per Bath Given. r^nts. 13.23 13.41 13.23 13.36 Cents. 4.01 3.89 3.78 3.61 ■s "a 3 611 3 i, Cents. 2.07 Cents. 2.00 Cents. .74 Cents. 1.05 1.96 1.81 1.01 1.08 1.98 1.76 .65 1.07 2.06 1.76 .53 1.12 m a d c Cents. 2.84 3.29 3.22 '2.57 Cents. 12.71 13.04 12.46 11.65 No account is kept of the number visiting the open-air baths, but it is estimated that they are used by at least 80,000 people in the course of the season. Every person taking an ordinary warm bath is permitted to take with him a child under eight years of age, without extra admission, and two children under the age of twelve may use the same bath upon paying the usual fee. The baths taken at the two bathing establishments were as follows: 10 146 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. — I o» in (N o •?> lO ^- » CJ IC 0* Ci ?D t- o» o ira o> s» «o w on--* 00 cT tn lA ^^ act-. IT'* 52J H hJ H 00 O « E- ooo^ejc«to« ..-; •Tl' C3 T-i O O^ 5D 00 W " OC O T< r-Tt-Tw — " (N OS ©J >0 O o» ■* c» ej -"S" «D f-i C: t» W CD I- o C5 o 30 u; o> CO t- W C. .n O »-" ccw « OO CO T-Toc «D t- in — . — . «no ^ 1° 00 I OO •-•OOlfflCl CC «C O « TT in Tf o — 00 m -"I o o iTs o •"* in CD ^ ^} O 00 ^ I- t- oc '- in N i- X W CD CD Sooin ^ CD -il »-. 00 CTl 7» OJ O O -H TT GO X OJ in « »-l i-« m in CD i- — • I- M CD O -^ »-^ cd'o" JJS ;>7 ♦-•r? M in : ■- §■ 2 C8 ■S5 « c , •=« rt K l-X! ■n s r: WccP't, H MuMt'irAL System of Foreign Baths. 147 liK.NSTItO.MSKA BADANSTALTEN I MAJORNA. 1RB4. 1893. Slijiiu'i' Imllis, liisl -class h- houses, Horiisey road. PurcLase of site and erection of baths, etc., Tibberton square. Purchase of site and erection of baths, etc, Tibberton sqnaie. Purchase of site and erection of baths, etc., Tibberton s(iuar«. Of this sum £5,467 los. id. of the principal had been repaid up to March 31, 1895, and also interest to the amount of £6,876 19s. id. (less income tax). This leaves a capital sum outstanding of £92,182 9s. lid. The Administration of European Baths. 151 For tlie year cndinij;- March 31, 1895, the payments of principal and interest were as follows: Repayment of loan. Interest. £ S. (1. £ .?. d. CaliHlonian road 747 t> 869 5 4 Hornsoy nvad 1 , HJS 8 1 , .300 19 5 TibluM-tou s.|uan- 4.".0 711 10 (> Total 2,74.j 7 5 2,887 15 3 SLIGHT SUHPLtS. The income from the baths usually hardly meets working ex- penses, although occasionally there is a slight surplus. Any deficit, and the amount required to meet payments of principal and interest, comes out of the rates. As the loans are paid ofi the tax becomes less until, when all the loans are paid off, a very small annual payment is necessary to cover the working expenses. In the Parish of St. James, Westminster, which erected baths in 1851, the total charge on the rates, for site, erection of buildings and maintenance since erection, has only been £26,621. This, spread over a period of forty-five years, amounts to £592 or $2,890 per annum; and for this well-appointed cleansing baths and washhouses have been maintained, and a swim- ming bath has lately been opened. The rules and regulations at the baths differ very little, and those of the St. Margaret and St. John, Westminster, baths may be taken as an example of many others: FIRST-CLASS PRIVATE BATHS. ^^'arm or cold baths 6d. RULES AND REGULATIONS. Attention is directed to the printed by-laws. Each bather is provided with a bath of the desired temperature, with the use of two clean towels. Half an hour is allowed to each bather from the time of entering and leaving the bathroom. Bathers will please ring the bell should they require the attendant. The admixture of any chemical except soap with the water in the bath is strictly prohibited. l.~)2 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. If soap and extra towels are required they can be obtained at the pa\- office at a cliarge of id. each article. (Please see that you get a ticket for same.) The attendants are not allowed to supply soap or extra towels. Please avoid talking in the bathroom, as it distracts the attention of the attendant, and when quitting the bathroom, leave the door open, the water in the bath, and the towels on the seat. Bathers unable to wait their turn may have their tickets endorsed by the money-taker for use another day, but no money can be returned, nor will the ticket be available for another day except so endorsed. Water-closets are provided. No smoking or drinking spirituous or malt liquors allowed in the building. Dogs are not allowed within the building. No employe is allowed to take any gratuity whatever, on pain of dismissal. No disorderly conduct, indecent or offensive language allowed in the building. Do not remain in the bath whilst hot water is being supplied. Bathers committing willful damage, interfering with the comfort of another or interrupting any of the servants in their duty, will be proceeded against under the by-laws for the full penalty of 40s. By Order of the Commissioners, (Signed.) CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. SECOND-CLASS PRIVATE BATHS. Warm bath 2d. Cold Id. RULES AND REGULATIONS. Attention is directed to the printed by-laws. Each bather is provided with a bath of the desired temperature, with use of one clean towel. (Extra towels can be had if desired by purchasing an extra towel ticket at the pay office.) TiiK ADMiMsriiAiioN OF Elroi'BAN Baths. 153 Half an hour is allowed lo each bather from the time of entering and leaving the bathroom. No smoking' or drinking spirituous or malt liquors allowed in the building. The admixture of any chemical or other preparation except soap with the water in the bath is strictly prohibited. Soap and extra towels can only be obtained at the pay ofifice, at a charge of id. each article. (Please sec that you get a ticket for the same.) The attend- ants are not allowed to supply soap or extra towels. Bathers are requested to decide as to the temperature of water they require before the attendant leaves the bath, as the calling out of numbers is likely to cause confusion. To avoid talking in the bath- room, as it distracts the attention of the attendant, and when quitting the bathroom to leave the door open, the water in the bath and the towels on the seat. Bathers unable to wait their turn may have their tickets endorsed by the money-taker for use another day, but no money can be returned, nor will the ticket be available for another day except so endorsed. Water-closets are provided. Dogs are not admitted within the building. No person employed in the establishment is allow^ed to take any gratuity whatever, on pain of dismissal. Bathers are particularly asked not to stand on the towels. Bathers committing willful damage, or interfering with the com- fort of another, or interrupting any of the servants in their duty, will be proceeded against under the by-laws for the full penalty of 40s. No disorderly conduct, indecent or offensive language allow^ed in the building. By Order of the Commissioners, (Signed.) CHARLES NEWMAN, Supcrintoidcnf. 154 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR BATHERS — SWIM- MING BATHS. Half an hour only is allowed to each bather. No bad language or whistling allowed. Do not spit in the water. No smoking or drinking intoxicating liquors allowed. Leave the building directly you are dressed. Return your towels and hired drawers to the bath attendant on leaving. i Diving from the boxes is strictly forbidden. Soap must not be used in the swimming bath. Any person who shall wilfully offend against the foregoing rules and regulations will be immediately expelled, refused admittance on a future occasion, and proceeded against for the full penalty of 40s. The Commissioners are not responsible for articles lost by bathers in the establishment. By Order of the Commissioners. NOTICE TO COMPETITORS — SWIMMING BATHS. 1. Do not fail to wear bathing drawers under your costumes. 2. Do not enter the water between the different heats or events. 3. Do not interfere with the valves, bath fittings or furniture. 4. Do not shout or make unnecessary noises, as it distracts the attention of the bath attendant. 5. Do not stand or loiter round the sides of the bath before the heat or event you are to compete, but walk in the dressing-room until notified. 6. Do not stand or loiter round the sides of the bath after you have competed, but proceed to your dressing-room, unless otherwise requested. (Signed.) CHARLES NEWMAN, Siif^i-rintcndcut. The ADMiNiS'i'iJAiioN (*v EruorKAN Haths. in.") SWIMiMING — CERTIFICATE OF FROFICIENCY. THIS IS TO Cl-.k ril\' tlKit aged , residing- at , has acquired tlie art of Swimming, under my tuition, and is proficient in Westminster Baths, London, S. W. 189 . INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PROPER USE OF THE WATER CHUTE. 1. Get yourself into position by the use of the ropes. 2. Do not hold the sides of the chute while sliding. 3. Keep the head well down and the body stiff. 4. Do not run down the chute. 5. Not more than two persons must use tlie chute at one time. 6. Do not crawl up the chute. NOTICE TO CLUB, SCHOOL AND SPECIAL TICKET HOLDERS. All club and school tickets must have tlie name of the club or school issuing the same, written or stamped across the face of such tickets before presentation at the pay office, and they, and also special book tickets, must be shown to the money-taker, who will, previous to the issuing of towels, stamp such tickets with the official date stamp. Club and school tickets are not transferable, and will only be accepted from bona fide members of the clubs and scholars of schools having permission to use them; any other person presenting them will not be admitted, and the clul) or school issuing the same will not be allowed further concession. iMembers of clubs must, if required, produce their cards of mem- bership before using the swimming baths. All school bathers must be in charge of a master or mistress, and under proper control. Members of clubs are respectfully asked to assist the manage- ment by leaving the baths directly after practice, in order to allow others to bathe. 15C Mayou's Committee ox Public Baths. rolo practice not allowed without permission of the Superin- tendent. , By order. HOW TO SAVE LIFE FROM DROWNING IN A BATH- NEWMAN'S METHOD. Approach tlie person (if possible) from behind, grasp by or near the waist, the position of the arms, together with the weight of the drowning person, will cause you to sink. Immediately your feet touch the bottom of the bath, you will find that though you are under water, the drowning person will not only be on or above the surface, but that you will be able to walk to the side of the bath and deposit your burden with comparative ease and safety. This method only applies where a person has to be rescued in the deep end of the bath, and may be successfully accomplished by a non-swimmer. TO RESTORE THE APPARENTLY DROWNED — MODE OF PROCEDURE. Place the patient on the side of the bath, face downwards, and, 1. Loosen the bathing drawers at the waist. 2. Stand astride the patient wath your face towards the head, lock vour fingers together under the abdomen and raise the body as high as possible without lifting the head or toes from the ground, at the same time jerking the body of the patient in order to remove mucus and water from the windpipe. 3. Turn the patient on his back and slightly raise the upper portion of the body by placing something under the shoulder blades; cleanse the mouth and nostrils, open the mouth, draw forth the tongue and secure it by an elastic band or string under the patient's chin. 4. Proceed to draw the air into tlie lungs by grasping the pa- tient's arms above the elbows and draw them up gently until they meet above the head, bring them down again and press firmly against the sides of the chest whilst an attendant is, at the same time gently pressing the abdomen; repeat these actions alternately until there is The Administuation of Eikoi-kan Baths. 1.17 some perceivable effort by the patient to breatlie, remembering that it may be an hour or more before your efforts prove successful. During these operations the patient's hands and legs may be rubbed briskly, and smelling salts placed to the nostrils. 5. When the patient connnences to breathe, induce circulation and warmth by rubbing the body with warm cloths or briskly with your hands. Hot-water bottles may also be put to the soles of the feet. 6. When the patient can swallow, give hot coffee, milk or brandy. PHOVIXCIAL. BATHS. As an illustration of the by-laws governing provincial baths, those of Birmingham are annexed, having been copied by many other cities. In some places the penalty attached to violation of the rules is higher; in Coventry, for instance, it is £5 ($25). " 2. Every person resorting to the public baths shall, before being admitted to any bath or bathroom, obtain, by payment, from the authorized money-taker, a ticket whereon shall be stated, in addi- tion to such other particulars as the Town Council may from time to time direct, the class or description of bath to which such person shall be entitled to be admitted, and every person shall, on being admitted to use any bath, deliver to the bath attendant, or other servant em- ployed thereat, such ticket of admission as shall have been issued by the authorized money-taker. " 3. Every bather in the swimming and plunging baths shall wear bathing drawers, costume, or bathing dress, and such drawers, costume, or dress must be made of material that will not discolor the water. " 4. No bath attendant, officer, or servant employed at the public baths, other than a duly authorized money-taker, shall receive from any person resorting thereto any payment for the hire or use of any articles, or for any purpose whatsoever, without the knowledge and consent of the Superintendent. CLOSETS AND BOXES. " 5. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, by forcible or improper means, seek admission to any bathroom or compartment which shall be occupied by any person using a separate bath. 158 Mayou's Committee ox Public Baths. " 6. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, by forcible or improper means, seek admission to any swimming bath at any time when such swinmiing bath or the dressing-rooms, closets, boxes, or compartments attached thereto shall be occupied by the full num- ber of persons authorized to use, at one and the same time, such swim- ming bath, or dressing-rooms, closets, boxes or compartments. WAITING. " 7. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, by forcible or improper means, seek admission to any bathroom or dressing- room before any person who, by priority of payment, shall be entitled to prior admission to such bath, but each person shall be admitted consecutively in the order indicated by the number on the tickets of admission. " 8. A person resorting to the public baths shall not use any bath of a higher class or description than that of the bath for which he shall have obtained a ticket of admission. " 9. Every person resorting to the public baths shall, while wait- ing on the premises for admission to any bath or bathroom, remain only in such portion of the premises as shall be set apart as a waiting- room for intending bathers, and no person shall be admitted to any other part of the establishment, excepting to that for which he shall have obtained a ticket. " 10. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, after using any bath or Cjuitting any bathroom, dressing-room or compartment, loiter or remain, without reasonable excuse, in any passage leading to or from any bath or bathroom. "11. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time after being admitted at any swimming bath, or while occupying any dressing-room, closet, bo.x, or compartment attached thereto, enter or seek admission to any other dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, when occupied by any person, without the consent of such person, or otherwise knowingly intrude upon or interfere with the privacy of any other jjerson using such swimming bath or occupy- ing any dressing-room, closet, box or compartment attached thereto. "12. A person resorting to the ])ublic baths shall not, at any time after being admitted to or while occupying any bathroom or The Ad.mimsi'uatiox <»r EritorEAN Baths. 159 compartment coiUainini::^ a scj)aratc batli, enter or seek admission to such bathroom or comj)artment wlien oeeiipied by any person, without the consent of such person, or otherwise knowingly intrude upon, or interfere with the privacy of any person occupying any adjoining bathroom or compartment. MAN OR BOY. " 13. A man or boy above eight years old resorting to the jjublic baths shall not enter or use any bath which shall be appointed or appropriated for the use of any w^oman, or girl, or child under eight years old. " 14. A woman or girl, or child under eight years old resorting to the public baths shall not enter or use any bath which shall be appointed or appropriated for the use of any man or boy above eight years old. TURKISH BATH. " 15. A person shall not knowingly occupy any private bath- room or any dressing-room in the swinuning or plunge bath for a longer period than thirty minutes, nor any dressing-room in the Turkish bath department for a longer period than two hours, unless such person shall, upon demand being made by the Superintendent (or by the bath attendant acting upon his instructions), pay to such Superintendent a sum equal to the amount previously paid by such person as a charge for admission to such bathroom or swimming bath. " 16. Every person resorting to the public baths shall, at all times, exercise reasonable and proper care in the use of any bath or bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment. " 17. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time, carelessly or negligently break, or injure, or improperly inter- fere with the due and efificient action of any lock, cock, valve pipe, work, or engine or machinery in connection with any bath, or care- lessly or negligently injure any furniture, fittings, or conveniences of any bath, bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment. "18. A person resorting to the public baths shall not, at any time, carelessly or negligently injure or destroy any towel or other linen, or other article supplied for his use. 160 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. :»iai-t liquor. " 19. A person resorting to the public baths, and any officer or servant or other person employed thereat, shall not, at any time, introduce into the building any spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or smoke or drink any malt liquor therein. " 20. A person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while being on the premises, use any indecent and offensive language, or behave in an indecent and offensive manner. "21. Any person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while being upon the premises, by any disorderly or improper conduct, disturb or interrupt any otlicr person in the proper use of any bath, bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, or any of^cer, servant, or person appointed or employed by the Town Council, in the proper execution of his duty. " 22. A person resorting to the public baths shall not cause or allow any dog belonging to such person or under his control, to enter or remain in any bath, bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, or in any passage leading to or from any bath or bathroom. " 23. A person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while being in any swimming bath, use any soap or other sul)- stance or preparation whereby the water in such swimming batli may be rendered turbid or unfit for the proper use of bathers. " 24. A person resorting to the public baths shall not wilfully and improperly foul or pollute the water in any separate bath or in any swimming bath, or wilfully or improperly soil or defile any towel, bathing drawers, or bathing dress supplied for his use, or any bathroom, dressing-room, closet, box or compartment, or any furni- ture or article therein. " 25. A person resorting to the public baths shall not at any time, while suffering from any cutaneous, infectious or contagious disease, enter or use any swimming bath or any separate bath. " 26. A person resorting to the public baths, and any officer or servant employed thereat, finding any article which may have been left in any bathroom, or dressing-room, or in any other part of the establishment, shall, immediately after finding such article, deliver O TllK Ad.MIN'ISTUAIIoN t»F Kl UOI'KAN liATIIS. 101 the same to the Supcrintc-iuKiit (or other person authorized to receive such articles I, who shall (luri'upon register a description of the same and all particulars relating thereto in the book kept for that purpose, and any person losing such article shall, upon giving satisfactory proof thereof, receive such article from the Superintendent (or other person authorized to receive such articles) u])(jn entering his or her name in the book referred to. PEXALTIES. "2". Everv person resorting to the ])ul)lic baths who shall ofTend against any of the foregoing by-laws shall be liable for every offense to a penalty of forty shillings ($io). " Provided, nevertheless, that the jtistices before wdiom any com- plaint may be made or any proceedings may be taken in respect of any such offense may, if they tliink fit, adjudge the payment, as a penalty, of any sum less than the full amount of the penalty imposed bv this bv-law. (Signed) E. O. SMITH, l^ozi'u Clerk." COLD UATH CHKAPEK. The Baths and Waslihouses Act stipulates that the number of baths for the laboring classes in public baths and waslihouses shall not be less than twice the number of baths of any higher class if but one, or of all the baths of any higher classes, if more than one, in the same building. In practice this is usually, but not always, adhered to. There are generally two classes of baths; the first-class price for both slipper and swimming baths is most commonly 6d. Second- class private baths are 3d. and 2d. in different establishments. A cold bath is usually cheaper. For a second-class swinmiing bath also, 3d. or 2d. is charged ; the latter charge is usually where a private dressing- room is not provided. Extra charge is made at the baths for the loan of bathing costumes or caps, soap, etc. A special rate is often made for school children and clubs. The following are the forms of appli- cation for these rates in use at the Westminster Baths: 11 H')'2 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. APPLICATION FOR SPECIAL TICKET BOOK — CLUB. Questions. Answers to be ^,'iveu by Secretary of Club. Name of Club Headqtiarters Number of members Name and address of Secretary Entrance fee and subscription First or second class The club must provide a rubber or some suitable stamp, and stamp across on the face of each ticket the name of the clul), and the secretary must sign his name below such stamp mark. Attendance by arrangement with Superintendent. Xo allow- ance made for untised tickets. Club tickets are not transferable, and will not be available for use unless the foregoing rules are cotnplied with. Signature of Secretary (Signed) CHARLES NEWMAN, Superintendent. SCHOOL. Questions. Answers to be given by Head Master. Name of school Where situated Name of Head Master or Mistress Number of books required First or second class The Head Master or Head Mistress must provide a rubber or some stamp and stamp across the face of each ticket the name of the school and sign his or her name below such stamp mark. Attendance by arrangement with Superintendent. No allow- ance made for unused tickets. Boys must be in charge of a Master and under proper control. Tickets will not be available for use unless the foregoing rules are complied with. Signature of Head Master (Signed) WARRINGTON ROGERS. C/rrA-. CHARLES NEWMAN. Superintendent. Thk Administration (»f European Baths. 1G'.^ Careful accounts arc kept, and well tabulated, so that each year's report gives very full information as to the number using the baths, receipts and expenses. German baths, though efficiently controlled by the municipality, are often, as at Hamburg, managed by a private society, which is allowed only a fixed rate of interest, any surplus going to the benefit of the city. Where, as at Berlin and Ciiemnitz, the city operates its own baths, they are under the management of a committee of the city council. At Gothenburg the river baths are managed by the city financial board, the two other bathing establishments by special committees under the citv's control. CHAPTER X. Public Laundries. The Baths Commissioners are also the authority for the public washhouse, usually built in connection with the baths themselves, though sometimes, as in Liverpool, it may occupy a separate building. MAXGLING— STKAM ^VRINGER. One of the newest and best appointed washhouses in London is that at the Hornsey Road, Islington, baths. Every effort is made here to discourage the professional washerwoman, the charge being one penny the first hour, three halfpence the second, and 2d. every succeeding hour. If mangling only is done, a charge of 6d. an hour is made, the high rate being to ])revent tlie underselling of the poorer women who eke out a living by taking in mangling. The dirty linen is usually brought in perambulators or rolled up in large bundles. Each woman receives from the lady clerk a ticket, on which her name and the time of starting are set down. This' ticket is handed by the visitor to one of the female attendants within the laundry, who in her turn fastens it upon one of the drying horses, the number on which corresponds with the number on the washing-tub the woman is entitled to use. There are fifty washing-tubs, so that number of people can carry on their work at the same time. The whole accom- modation is often taken up, and sometimes as many as thirty women are waiting outside for vacancies, a circumstance which would seem sufificient to justify the Commissioners in their scheme for extending the laundry. At the tub tlie washer is supplied with footboard, pail, copper stick, washing board, and has three taps under her command for the supply of hot and cold water and steam. From the tub the washer takes her linen to the steam wringer, which, making about 800 revolutions to the minute, draws out the water in a remarkably short space of time. After a few minutes in the wringer the clothes are then removed to the drying horse, heated by steam pipes from below, and from the drying horse they are carried to an adjoining PlKMC T^AINMUIKS. 165 room, where tlie mangling^ and inniinq- complete tlie work. The English mangle is a machine similar to tlie hand wringer, but used for pressing clothes after drying. 'J'he rollers are most commonly of wood, and the machine is turned by hand, or, in these large laundries, bv steam. The polish given to the clothes saves the necessity of ironing sheets, i)illow slips, towels, or. indeed, any linen that is not shirred or pleated. When the work is finished the woman takes her ticket to the lady clerk at the door, who makes up the time and charges the required amount. Besides the public laundry Hornsey Road has an establishment laundry in the basement, and here some- times 5.000 towels are washed in a single day. NKW SYSTK.M. The I'Vederick Street Baths and Washhouse, opened in 1842 in Liverpool, was the first establishment of the kind in Great Britain. When reconstructed in 1854 it was made a w^ashhouse only, other baths having been provided. Three other baths in Liverpool contain washhouse accommodation. At the Lodge Lane washhouse great improvements were made in 1894-5 in the drying apparatus. Form- erlv the clothing was put into six chambers, each subdivided so as to give a certain amount of space to each washer, and left to bake dry in a temperature of 180 degrees for two hours. The new system is drying by hot air in motion, so that a natural drying is obtained and the clothing is in no way damaged. The chambers are now arranged so that each person's clothing is under lock and key, thus obviating the thefts so common under the old system. It is probably owing to these alterations that the washhouse lost a great deal of its custom, many of the regular washers having bought their own washing requi- sites and not being then willing to go back. The decrease in the Bur- roughs Garden estal:)lishment was attributed to the demolition of unsanitary property in the neighborhood, and the consequent re- moval of many of the washers. Edinburgh washhouse authorities, having regard to the fact that a mother cannot leave young children at home alone, and often has no one to look after them while she comes to the public washhouse, graciously permit each washer to bring two children, but on the condition that thev shall not be allowed access to the engine-room. 166 Mayou's Committkk on Puiu.ic Baths. Usually no children arc allowed. l^dinhurG^h also permits to its washers the use of private hot and cold baths, with showers, on pro- duction of the deposit ticket, at the rate of 2d. an hour or part of an hour. Washers have to deposit one shilling on entering, and must leave the stall and appliances used by them clean and ready for immediate use. PRICES. The prices do not vary much and are generally less for the first two than for subsequent hours, as it is reckoned that most of the women will get through their private washing in that time. In spite of this, the average time worked is three and one-half hours at St. James, Westminster, baths. The scale of charges at St. Margaret and St. John, Westminster, is as follows: PUBLIC BATHS AND WASHHOUSES. SCALE OF CHARGES. LAUNDRY AND WASHHOUSE DEPARTMENT. K. d. \ 8. d. 1 hour 1^1 7 hours 1 1 2 hours 3 Tn'onrs 1 2 2i hours 4 i 8 hours 1 3 3 lioiirs 4^1 8^ hours 1 4 3^ bours 6 I 9 liours 1 5 4 hours 7 I 9^ hours 1 6 4+ hours 8 j 10 hours 1 7 5 hours 9 lOA hours I 8 5i hours OKI 11 hours 1 9 6 hours 11 Hi hours 1 10 6i hours 1 12 hoors Ill X. B. — Persons exceeding any of the above periods more than five minutes will be charged the full hour or half-hour as the case may be. At the Liverpool washhouscs the charges for washing and dry- ing (including use of dolly tul) and maiden) are: One hour only, one penny per liour; if for two or more hours together in one day, then for every hour, including the first, tliree half-pence per hour. Following are the rules at the Westminster washhouse. It will be noticed that it has been found necessary to exact 3d. caution money before allowing a washer to enter, a sufficient evidence that the washhouse is used by a poor class of people. IMnLic Laundiuios. kit RULES AXn REGULATIONS FOR WASHERS — WHICH WILL P.K STRICTLY ENFORCED. 1. The \\ashli(jus(.'s arc open from 8 a. ni. to 8 p. m. (Sundays and bank holidays excepted), and all washers are requested to leave the buildinp^ in a proper and orderly manner innncdiatcly at the hour of closinj^. 2. The charges for the use of sej)arate \vashin,c^ compartment, steam (Iryinfi;- horse, mangle, tables and irons, are as under: One hour i |d. Two hours ;^(\. Two and a half hours 4d. Three hours 4^d. Three and a half hours 6d. And for every succeeding half-hour, id., and should the hour or half-hour be exceeded by more than five minutes, it will be counted for as a half-hour. TICKETS. 3. Every washer before entering the washhouse shall procure admission tickets at the pay office, her name and time of entrance will be written thereon by the money-taker; one of such tickets must be handed to the attendant, who will admit the bearer in the order of entrance to an unoccupied compartment. The other ticket the washer must retain for production to the money-taker upon leaving,, in order that the proper charge may be made. 4. See that the correct time is put on your ticket at the time of entrance, as no alteration can afterwards be made. 5. Your ticket must not be placed upon the drying horse until yo^jr clothes are ready to be dried, and must not remain on the horse after the clothes are dry. uKYiNU hokse:. 6. One drying horse only is allowed to the use of each washer, and if it is found that a drying horse is being used without having previously obtained a ticket for same, or that a washer is using I(j8 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. another's ticket, the clothes of the person so usin_q" the same will be removed from the drying horse and detained until another ticket has been obtain eil from the j^ay office. 7. The time occupied from enterinc^ until leaving, will have to be strictly paid for; washers should, therefore, be careful to make the best use of their time. 8. Washers, upon the completion of tlieir work, must take their tickets to the attendant, who will enter upon the ticket the time occu- pied by the washers; the money-taker will then make the charge and receive payment, without wdiich the clothes will be detained. 9. Starch is only to be made and used in the washhouse, where tables, etc., are provided for the purpose. 10. Washers must not unnecessarily slop the floors, or waste the water or steam. No wet clothes must be placed in the mangles. Washers must use the greatest caution in the use of the mangles and hydros, the engineer or the attendant will advise when necessary. POOD, BONNETS, SHAAVL.S. 11. Xf) f(^(id. bonnets, shawls, etc., are to be placed upon the tables; pegs and shelves are provided for the purpose. 12. No washer is allowed to bring clothes into the building in a state of vermin, or those that have been used by persons suffering from infectious or contagious diseases, unless and until such articles have ])cen disinfected and purified, to the satisfaction of the sanitarv authorities. 13. Soap and soda may be obtained from the attendant at fixed prices. 14. No indecent, insulting or ofTensivc language is allowed to be used, and any washer who shall wilfully obstruct or interfere with another, or who, by her actions, is likely to create a disturbance, will be immediately expelled, and will be refused admittance in the future. 15. No children will be admitted. 16. Washers must not oflfer gifts or money to the attendants, the receipt of which subjects them to dismissal. 17. Water-closets are in the building. 18. Washers are, for their own comfort, re(|uesteil to see that these rules and regulations are strictly carried out, but if. upon rejiort, l*ui?r,i(; LArNinuES. 1G9 it is found that any waslK-r refuses, or lias refused to do so, she will not he a.qain admitted to the huildinj:^. By Order of the Commissioners. Washers are strietly forl)id(Ieu to Ijrinjj:- spirituous or malt liciuors into tlie buildint;-. Washers must deposit ^d. with tlie money-taker previous to entering the washhouse. WASIIHOUSE DEPARTMENT NOTICE. You are not allowed the use of tlie mangle for more than one ]i<)ur at a time. MA\t;LK AND IKO\. You are not allowed to mangle and iron at one time. You must finish in tlie washhouse before you begin to mangle and iron, and if you are found to be having the use of both depart- ments at one time, or that you are using the ticket of another person, \ou will 1)0 charged accordingly, and, in default of payment, your clothes will be retained tmtil payment is made for the time so occupied. If you lose your ticket you are liable to be charged from the time the washhouse is opened, viz., 8 a. m. By Order. (Signed) C. NEWMAN, Supcri)itc)idcuf. Liverpool's regulations for its washhouses will serve as an exam- ])le of provincial re((uirements. The caution money here is greater, 6d. 1. I'lach {KTson taking a ticket thereby engages to perform and abide by all the following regulations, and is admitted only on such conditions. ONE PK.\NY. 2. The charge for each compartrnent and the conveniences for between the women by the occasional contact. They learn from each other; they give and take; they assist each other in many ways. The public washhouse might be said to be the beginning of communal life in strictl\- household matters. Just as much of the washing of working peo]')le is better done in a central, well-e(|uipped building, supported conjointly by the people through the rates, instead of each separate little home being thrown into commotion by soap-suds and wet linen, so might other domestic arrangements, especially cooking, be placed upon a communal basis. CHAPTER XI. Public Comfort Stations. drinks with meals. One of the first surprises, and a very disagreeable one, of the man who has spent all his life in foreign cities, on coming to New York, is the entire absence of those conveniences he meets with at home every five or six blocks. He has not been accustomed to rely on saloons, for he is most likely in the habit of taking what he cares to drink with his meals. Lately the closing of saloons on Sunday has made the question a very important one in this city. The provision of public comfort stations may lead to the discouraging of the glass, taken often when not greatly desired, to recompense the saloon keeper. So far back as 1866 the need was realized. The Citizens' Association of New York organized a committee for sanitary inquiry, consisting of such well-known men as Hamilton Fish, John David Wolfe, Edward S. JafTray, John Jacob Astor, August Belmont, and others, to inquire principally as to the high deathrate at that time. The doctors who reported to them as to the measures to be taken to remedy this called attention to the necessity of public comfort stations, and said, " This scandalous want is regarded with concern by medical advisers; but considered simply as a cause of indecency and a public nuisance it should be obviated by suitable municipal care and provision, or by private enterprise, in preparing needed plans and structures." One of the Sanitary Inspectors employed at this time said: " Public urinals are also necessary in large cities. As constructed in Paris they disfigure the public thoroughfares and oflFend public decency; but such places might be built in the rear of small stores, thus removing every objectionable appearance." NEJWSPAPERS. In the same year the engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Health reported: " There has been considerable discussion as to the propriety of erecting, in difTerent parts of the cities of this district. I'riiMC ( Nt.Mi'oitr S'lAi'ioNs. 175 public urinals and water-closets. (Jf this necessity there is no doubt; the question is, where they shall be located and how they shall be con- structed. I)uildinp;-s could be erected in the few jniblic squares with these conveniences, and of suflficicnt extent to afford some shelter in cases of sudden rain, with small withdrawing:;" rooms for men and women, which should be under the charp^e of a keeper who might be paid sufficiently by the profits on the sale of newspa]:)crs." An act was passed by the New York Legislature April 23, 1867, authorizing the Croton Aqueduct Department " to locate, erect, and establish public urinals within the boundaries of any street, avenue, public place or thoroughfare in said city, as it may from time to time deem advisable, and connect the same by drains or suitable pipes witli any adjacent sewer." The department was also to provide for the maintenance and cleanliness of these places. A penalty of $50. or lliree months' imprisonment, was laid down for any one convicted of defacing or defiling the constructions, the money to help pay the debt incurred in the erection of Croton Aqueduct. ASTOR PLACE. In 1868 drawings were made for two public comfort stations, one at Astor Place, and the other at the corner of Broadway and Park Row, but as the appropriation was insuflficient for both, only the first was proceeded with. This convenience for both men and women was opened for use in May, 1869. From its first opening it showed the imperious necessity for some such provision. In June 986 men visited it during the thirteen hours it was open on a single day. In August the men's division was enlarged by moving the partition toward the women's part, but without reducing the closet accom- modation of the latter. With this enlargement the male frecjuent- ers continued to increase, so that at least 300,000 made use of the convenience up to the close of 1869. The greatest number of women using their division was twenty-five in a single day. The engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Health reported: " Of the necessities of such edifices both for men and women there can be no doubt, and of the appropriateness of this locality for one. But, as one where there should be many, it undertakes tlie relief of too large a population and J 7(1 MaVOU'S Co.MMri'TKK ON VVUIAC 1'ATHS. district, and is too small. The attempt to keep the men's division clean by the once-a-day supervision of a woman, and by structural means guard against misuse, and the closing of the building evenings, have been mistakes. In the opinion of your Engineer, it has been clearly proved, by the experience of the urinals in Astor Place and City Hall I'ark, that these indispensable structures should have some competent person in charge while they are in use, as at our frequented hotels; that these accommodations should be of the best character, tending rather to bring up the sense of decency in the users than degrade it. in an educational point of view well-kept public urinals may serve as powerful assistants to the Board of Health, as examples of what can be done to render such structures comfortable and in- otifensive; they will introduce among our lowest classes habits of cleanliness and self-respect that will improve the condition of our tenement houses." CITY PARKS. In 1870 the convenience in Astor Place was remodeled and placed under the care of a keeper. The Department of Parks during the year erected urinals in the city parks. The Board of Piealth thought that the health and comfort of the public demanded that the number should be largely increased, that they should be erected in all parts of the city, and be constructed for the accommodation of women and children as well as men. They believed there was no doubt as to the propriety of erecting water-closets and urinals and the only question was, where, and in what manner they should be erected and constructed. It was suggested that there was a special need for these conveniences along the river fronts, and that the matter should be laid before the Department of Docks. In 1872 the convenience at Astor Place was transferred to the care of the Department of Public Works. Subsequently it was found to occupy too public a place; it fell into disuse and was removed. In 1882 an act was passed which consolidated into one act the special and local laws affecting New York City; Section 347 of this act repeated the main part of the act of 1867 previously mentioned, but the powers there bestowed on the Croton Aqueduct Department were transferred to the Conmiissioner of Public Works. ^^'^-^-^ ^'VERs ri^ OF ITY '4kiORMh. riuMc CoMioitr Stations. 177 IIIM. I'Olt >ll':\ VM> UO^II'.N. In 1894 the City \'ii;ilancc Lcag:uc drew up iIk- following- peti- tion, which was extensively signed: " To the Legislature and Govenior of the State of Nezo York: " We, the undersigned, residents and citizens of the State and City of New York, in view of the fact that this city is almost entirely without public water-closets and lavatories, and that this state of affairs is a menace to public health, as well as an offense to delicacy and modesty, and that we regard a sufficiency of these as absolutely necessary, do hereby petition the State authorities to grant power to the government of the City of New York: " To construct public water-closets and urinals in all the squares and parks, and in the tenement-house districts at every fourth street." A bill was introduced in the State Legislature in 1895 making it mandatory on every city or incorporated village with four thou- sand or more inhabitants to erect in convenient public places suit- able structures, each containing not less than two public urinals and one public closet, so that there should be in each city two such structures for each thirty thousand inhabitants thereof, and in each such village two such structures, and the number of structures for men and women were to be equal. The local board of health was to take charge of these conveniences, which were to be free, and main- tained at the expense of the city or village. This bill failed to pass. With the exception of the provisions made by the Department of Public Parks, there are no water-closets or urinals provided by the city. What are the accommodations in the parks at present? In re- sponse to this inquiry, the Secretary of the Department sent the following communication : City of New York, Department of Public Parks, 49 AND 51 Chambers Street, January 21, 1895. W. H. ToLMAN, Esq., Secretary, etc.: Dear Sir. — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your communi- cation of the i6th inst., and in reply thereto, I submit herewith a list 12 ITS Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. of the public urinals and water-closets provided by the city in the parks : Men's cottages. Women's collages. Urinals. Ccutral Park 11 i 7 2 8 2 1 3 1 2 Iliverside Park Mount Morris Park Citv Parks 16 East River Park Total 21 15 18 The cottages specified above afiford accommodations to from four to eight persons, the urinals from two to eight persons. In the new parks north of the Harlem river, the only accommodations of the nature referred to are in the buildings on the parks, no cottages or urinals having been especially erected for the purpose. Should you desire a list of the buildings in the new parks open for this purpose, the same will be furnished with pleasure. Very respectfully, (Signed) CHARLES DeF. BURNS, Secretary, D. P. P. There was no improvement in these conditions during the six- teen months following, as will be seen by a letter of more recent date: City of New York, Department of Public Parks, The Arsenal, Central Park, May 2, 1896. Mr. William II. Tolman, Secretary, Mayor's Ccviiinittee, Public Baths, etc., 105 East Tzveiity-sccond Street, A'czv York City: Dear Sir. — Replying to the inquiry contained in your favor of the 1st inst., I beg to advise you that the conditions of January 21, 1895, with regard to park urinals and accommodations are practically unchanged at this date. Very respectfully, (Signed) WILLIAM LEARY, [ Secretary. Public Comfort Stations. 17!) Accompanying this letter we submit a summary of the city parks and their area in acres: City parks Area Jn acres. Abiugdon square -202 Hatfery 21.190 Boach stroo-t ■. .038 Bowling Greeu . 517 Bryant 4.775 Boston road, One Hundred and Sixty-fourth street .060 Boston road, One Hundred and Sixty-ninth street .160 Central 839.921 Canal street .318 Christopher street . 139 City Hall 8.239 Cooper Union . 239 Cedar 17.470 Duane street . 108 East river 12.546 Five Points . 114 Fourth avenue 5 . 630 Fulton avenue and One Hundred and Sixty-seventh street .200 I'ulton avenue and One Hundred and Seventieth street .950 Washing towels 1 13 4 Gas 1 2 3 Water 1 .5 3 Miscellaneous 1 3 9 Total 64 13 4 Suiplus 32 3 6 96 16 10 £ s. d. Interest on loan. June 12. 1893, to March 31, 1805 09 9 4 Principal repaid 44 Total 113 9 4 TARKHURST ROAD CONVENIENCE. Receipts. Men: f s. d. 366 tickets for lavatory at 2d 3 1 13, 108 tickets for water-closet at Id 54 12 4 Women : 44 tickets for lavatory at 2d 7 4 5, 278 tickets for water-closet at Id 21 19 10 Total 80 6 Deficit 25 1 1 105 1 7 Expenses. £ s. d. Wages of attendants (men's) 44 3 7 Wages of attendants (women's) 28 8 7 Uniforms 2 11 10 Tickets and ticket holders 10 12 8 Brooms and brushes > 11 10 1 Chandlery 1 1 f> Pi:blic CoMFoitP S'lA ri(»Ns. isT £ s. .1. Washing towels 1 *> •> (Jaslittinc: 1 ^'■' <> (Jrts 1 ^ '•) Water 1 "> 10 Mi?ceU; ni^-ius I H 3 Total 105 1 7 Inleri st on loans 19 2 1 For the first convenience a loan of £1,300 was obtained from the London County Council at 3.^ per cent. ; for the second a loan of £2.400. Both conveniences were designed In- the Chief Surveyor of the Vestry. Besides these conveniences Islington has forty-two public urinals with 188 compartments, all free. In the year ending March 31, 1895, the cost was as follows: £ s. d. Masons and paviors' work 2-") 2 2 Paintinjr and repairs and provision of automatic tlushlu^ appar- atus throughout Parish 160 Water for flushing 184 1 3 Smiths' work and repairs 9 17 2 Plates and sinks 4 9 3 Notice tablets 9 17 4 Acknowledgment for sit es 12 Total. 393 19 2 The conveniences and urinals are managed by ih.e Works Com- mittee of the Vestry, the Finance Department checking the receipts. The Parish of Chelsea, London, with less than 100,000 inhabit- ants, contains seventeen urinals and two underground conveniences. The cost of maintaining the former during the financial year 1893-4 was £1,579 los. lod., and in 1894-5, £934 lis. 4d. This included thorough repairs to one urinal, while another was removed and re- constructed on a new site. Patent automatic flushing tanks had been fitted to all these conveniences and were reported to be working well, and using less water with equal efftciency. The second latrine was designed and built by the men in the direct employ of the Vestry at a cost of £625. The receipts and expenses for these underground conveniences were as follows: 1S8 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. Sloane Square. World's End. No. using. Receipts. Working expenses. No. using. Receipts. 1893-4 58,709 62,200 £262 13 2 267 12 7 £262 7 10 272 1 1,750 18,635 £7 9 1 1894-5 78 18 1 The figures given for 1893-4 at the World's End convenience are from date of opening, February 5, to March 25, 1894. St. George, Hanover Square, has a population about equal to that of Chelsea, and has now three latrines, a fourth being in course of construction. Some idea of the accommodation provided may be gathered from the following: Date of open- Cost. Accommodations. Men. Women. No. 01 ing. a . t. » an a Water closets. Lavatories. at ^•5 Lavatories. D ^ £ 8. d. 1 1891 1,434 2 8 13 5 1 2 1893 7,378 15 8 72 24 paid aud 2 free. 2 with 6 basins each. 2 8 1 with two basins and two ])rivate with basiu aud walor-closet. 3 1894 995 10 6 14 6 3 4 2 4 6,473 32 12 6 12 4 marull: arch convemence. The cost of the first convenience includes outlay for an orna- mental cast-iron clock tower with clock and four dials. The second and largest is built on a site at the Marble Arch granted by the Gov- ernment (Jfiice of Works. It is built underground of brickwork faced inside with ivory-white glazed bricks. It is surrounded above the ground level by a handsome balustrade of solid Portland stone. There are four entrances, two from the road and two from Hyde Public Comfort Stations. l> in TotiiiUliiig, five. Ul.aixUd. ill. 15s. and 10s. per week. 9s. i>er week. 8 a. ni. to 8 p. m. 9. 30 a. m. to 9.30 p. m. Bradford reports thirty-five urinals in the year ending August 31, 1894, as against thirty-two in the previous year. Arrangements were made for four more, and negotiations pending for one in the workhouse grounds. The urinals are under the care of the Sanitary Committee of the Town Council. Brighton, for the year 1894-5, reported the working expense of its lavatories to be £560 lis. iid., receipts, £700 us. 3d., a very favorable state of affairs. Burnley, with a population of over 60,000, spent £260 on its conveniences in the year ending Alarch 25, 1894, and £435 in the following year. Croydon, with 80,000 population, spent £255 5s. 3d. on new urinals in the year 1893-4, and the following for working expenses of both drinking fountains and urinals: £ s. d. lloat of sites 14 liepairs to urinals 27 9 6 Hose 2 2 9 Ironmonger, etc 5 16 9 Gas 4 18 11 New fountain and repairs 7 6 Wages 88 5 8 Total 136 8 1 ^' OFTHE UTvllVERSlTV OF . . Public Comfoijt Stations. 193 Sheffield's account for these conveniences for the year 1894-5 was as follows : URINALS. £ s. d. Acknowledgments for priviloge to erect urinals 3 1 Pluiiibiug and ivpairs 4G 14 10 WatL>r and gas 320 12 10 Total 370 8 8 WAITING ROOMS. Receipts. Pitzalan square: £ s. d. £ s, d. Use of men's lavatories 122 17 10 Use of women's lavatories 142 6 1 265 3 11 Moorhoad: Use of men's lavatories 66 18 3 Use of women's lavatories 50 5 5 117 3 8 Total 382 7 7 Payments. Fitzalan square: £ s. d. £ s. d. Wages of attendant 46 16 Rates, taxes, gas and water. 47 12 6 Washing towels, repairs, etc 25 12 10 120 1 4 Moorheadj Wages of attendant 1 41 12 Gas and water 17 17 11 Cleaning material, repairs, etc 13 15 9 73 5 8 Total 193 7 ALiTONA. In Germany the accommodation provided is very siinilar. Altona has erected chalets for ladies, with a notion store in the front, this making it possible for ladies to enter without embarrassment, as the entrance is always through the shops. BERLIN — PRIVATE CONTRACTOR. Berlin has 146 urinals with 735 compartments. Every day they use 971,000 gallons of water or 354,900,000 per year, at a cost of $3,190. Lately the city has been experimenting with an oil closure 13 194 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. system, which would take the place of flushing. For this a mixture of petroleum and rapesced oil has been used. The oil being com- paratively light rises to the top and keeps down all disagreeable odors. The saving is said to be considerable. The city has not yet decided to adopt the system altogether, but is investigating it. The urinals were introduced at a very early date, but, of course, only provided for men. In 1877 two conveniences for women were opened in schoolhouses, and one in the playground of a schoolhouse. The use of these was free, except that in each establishment one closet was only to be used on payment of a small " tip " to the attendant. These con- veniences were not much used, and a private contractor established five others in rented rooms for both men and women. Each estab- lishment contained accommodation for from six to eight persons. The enterprise failed for lack of support, partly due to the places not being sufficiently noticeable. In 1879 the contractor obtained per- mission to erect conveniences in various public places; and the neces- sary water was freely granted. There are now twenty-two such places, with accommodations for both sexes. The city has made a very advantageous agreement with the contractor, by which he turns over 10 per cent, of the net income to the city, and at the expiration of the agreement the conveniences become the property of the city. A fee of 10 pfennigs (2.38 cents), first class, and 5 pfennigs, second class is charged. In the first-class toilet is a washbasin, towel and mirror, which are absent in the second class. An extra 5 pfennigs is charged for clean towel, soap, comb and brush. No one is allowed to remain longer than fifteen minutes in a compartment. Seven of the establishments are open all night, the remainder from 7 a. m. to 1 1 p. m. The attendant receives 33 cents for either day duty (7 a. m. to II p. m.) or night duty (10 p. m. to 8 a. m.). BRUNSWICK. Brunswick, with 75,000 inhabitants, has only two municipal pub- lic comfort stations in two of the larger market places. The usual fees are charged. The urinals, the numbers of which are continually increasing, are everywhere free. Appropriation Actual Cost. $142 SO $142 38 628 32 598 12 1,951 60 1,777 86 Public Comkokt Stations. 195 chemnitz. Chemnitz provides for a population of 139,000 three latrines. The first, for both men and women, was erected in 1890 at a cost of $1,140. For the use of either closet or urinal there is a fee of 5 pfennigs (1.19 cents). Automatic paying machines are placed at the door of each compartment. In 1892 this establishment was used by 7.830 persons, in 1893 by 7.172, in 1894 by 7,078, in 1895 by 6,618. Two other conveniences were built in 1895 at a cost of $640 and $950 respectively. In addition there are twenty-six public urinals, for the use of which no fee is charged. These are partly water flushing, partly oil disinfection; the latter method has proved very successful. The management and control are vested in the City Building Department. For 1894 the cost was as follows: Erection of new urinal Cleansing and disinfecting urinals Water for flushing dre:sde:n. Dresden has twenty-nine public conveniences for men, one of which can be used as a lavatory by women, for which a small fee is paid to the attendant. A second public lavatory for women is erected on city property and leased to a contractor for $72 yearly; he charges a small fee for the use of it. A joint stock company for hygienic purposes has erected eleven latrines for both men and women. There are two classes, the first containing tw'o closets for each sex, and the second, one each and a urinal. The usual fees are charged and there is an automatic registering apparatus. The company does not guar- antee a dividend, as the income has never been high enough, HAMBURG. Hamburg contains a number of urinals and water-closets for free use. Several of them are built casematelike into the lining wall of deep-lying landing places. Besides these, a limited liability company for hygienic purposes has established conveniences on city grounds, parks, etc., \those use it obtained free. The buildings are of iron and contain the usual acconunodation at 10 and 5 pfennigs. 196 Mavou's Committee ox Public Baths. LEIPZIG. Leipzig's urinals are in the form of little houses built of iron or corrugated sheet metal; they have an open entrance protected by a screening wall and contain as a rule, three, rarely seven, standing places, the use of which is free of charge. They are lighted by gas, furnished with intermittent water rinsing, and connected with the city's sewer system. Lately, patented oil closures have been intro- duced into them. Disinfection is accomplished by the use of diluted carbolic acid. The City's Economy Inspection cares for and main- tains these places. There are also twenty-one conveniences contain- ing seven urinal stands, one closet for men, and two (with facilities for washing) for women. The attendant stays in the women's depart- ment and has to go around the building when summoned by a bell. Two establishments have lately been erected after a Vienna model and contain six urinals and one closet for men and three closets for women. The attendant stays in the middle of the establishment and does not need to go outside of the building to the men's department. They have patented oil closures instead of water rinsing, and are lighted by gas and heated by coke stoves. The cost of such an estab- lishment, including foundation walls and sewer connection, is a little over $2,000. The use of the urinals for men, and one closet for women is free, for the other accommodation the usual charges are made. The urinals are always kept open; the closets from 7 a. m. to 8. p. m. in summer, and from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. in winter. The attendants are elderly women, usually widows, who receive either $1.19 a week wages and the receipts, in consideration of which they take care of the cleaning and closing of the houses and furnish the necessary linen, or they have a weekly wage of $1.90 and turn over the receipts to the city, which then furnishes the linen. An automatic numbering machine gives the necessary control. All of the establishments have proved to be of practical value, and are willingly patronized by the people. MUNICH. In Munich the urinals are generally separated from the closets, and are pavilion-shaped, with an octagonal base. As there is a great waste of water, the oil closure system is to be tried. The conven- iences for both sexes are always under the same roof, but with sepa- Public Comfort Stations. 197 rate entrances. The attendant's room in the center gives an oversight to both departments. There are no conveniences especially for women, nor is it proposed to erect any. It is projected to put urinals into each convenience. Posen supplies the usual German accommodation at the ordinary charges. Onlv two conveniences in Strassburg have water-closets. There is no charge except to women, who pay lo pfennigs (2.38 cents). A furth.er convenience more liberally provided with water-closets is shortly to be erected. Stuttgart is just introducing public comfort stations, to be built by the same contractor Leipzig employed. AUSTRIA. Austrian cities follow German models. Vienna has 178 urinals with 798 compartments, besides a number of conveniences. It was the first city to introduce the oil closure system, which has proved very satisfactory, and is now being generally adopted throughout Europe. Cracow, with 66,000 population, has no water pipes, and hence no public conveniences with water rinsing apparatus. Graz is erecting three public comfort stations to supersede the urinals and closets at present in use. Laibach has a number of urinals and plain, unpretentious closets, for which no fee is charged. Besides these there are little houses with class divisions. In each class is one water-closet and a urinal with permanent water rinsing for men, and a water-closet for women. There is also an attendant's room. All these places are city property and are managed by the city. Milan, Italy, contains two public comfort stations. One on the Via S. Croce accommodates ninety persons and cost $5,790. The other, on the Via Cherubini, provides for sixty-six persons. These are free, and no account is kept of the number using them. SWEDEN. Gothenburg, Sweden, has no lavatories, but there are sixt-een public water-closets, for which no fee is charged. The cost for main- tenance in 1894 was $580.68. There are, besides, about 200 urinals. CHAPTER XII. Recommendations of the Mayor's Committee. Plans for a Public Bath on a site loo by §o feet. MAYOR'S COMMITTEE. According- to the law quoted page 31 the Board of Health is to determine how many public baths will be necessary. President Wilson, in behalf of the Board, determined upon the general vicinity of sites for seven baths, and requested the Mayor's Committee to submit him plans and studies for a lot 100 by 50 feet. When ordering the plans he stipulated that the city was not to be called upon to pay for them unless they met the approval of the Board. This request was made in April, 1895; July 8 the Committee had the pleasure of forwarding the following communication: New York, July 8, 1895. Hon. Charles G. Wilson, President Board of Health, New York City: My Dear Sir. — Since my last report to you, I have the honor of informing you that the Mayor appointed Messrs. Hamilton, Archi- bald, Morris and Tolman a " Mayor's Committee on Public Baths and Lavatories," with a view of continuing investigations and seeing if some means cannot be devised for working and trying at once some of the recommendations of the Sub-Committee of the late Committee of Seventy. In pursuance of his Honor's request, the above gentlemen met for reorganization July i. Mr. William G. Hamilton was chosen Chairman; Dr. Moreau Morris, Vice-Chairman, and W'illiam H. Tolman, Secretary. The Mayor's Committee, therefore, submit for the consideration of your Board the accompanying studies and plans for a public bath on a city lot 100 by 50 feet. We should state, in accordance with your request of April, 1895, for studies and plans for a public bath, that we at once conmiunicatedv with our architects, Messrs. Cady, Berg & See, and would respectfully rcconnnend : Kk('().mmi:.\i>ati().\s of tjik Mavou's Committee. 199 (i) That Messrs. Cady, Berg Si See be appointed architects of such pubHc baths as your Board shall determine, because their plans embody the wishes of the Committee, and their experience in the construction of public baths in the City of New York has been crowned with success. By this means your Board may avail itself of the studies of the Committee and the knowledge which is the result of successful experience. SITES. (2) That the accompanying plans shall regard a public bath to be built in the vicinity of Tompkins Square, and shall be the first of a series of five others to be located in the vicinity of 1. Washington and Carlisle streets. 2. Chatham Square. 3. Essex Market. 4. Tompkins Square. 5. Fifty-eighth street and Eleventh avenue. 6. One Hundred and Tenth street and Second avenue. It should be stated that these very sites had been recommended by a member of your own Board in a report to you, and had been selected entirely independently of the Committee. (3) It is the urgent recommendation of the Committee, a fact which is confirmed by the practice of the best English and Con- tinental baths, that a fee should be charged for the use of, say 75 per cent, of the baths, with the remainder free, as a bath is not a charity to be enjoyed for the mere asking, whereby the recipient loses his independency, but should be a municipal provision for cleanliness on the payment of a fair charge; then the user retains his independency. Respectfully submitted in behalf of the Committee, . (Signed) WM. HOWE TOLMAN, Secretary. The rcpoit was received by the Board and deemed of so great importance tliat it was referred to a special committee. After careful deliberation the matter was reported to the Board, and the following action communicated to the Committee: 200 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. approval. Health Department, New York, August 21, 1895. Wm. Howe Tolman, Esq., Secretary, etc., 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York: Dear Sir. — At a meeting of the Board of Health of the Health Department, held August 20, 1895, the following resolution was adopted: " Resolved, That this Board hereby approves of the plans for a public bathhouse recently submitted to it by the Mayor's Com- mittee on Public Baths, Water-closets and Urinals, as prepared by Messrs. Cady, Berg & See, architects and engineers." (Signed) EMMONS CLARK, Secretary. (A true copy.) In the plans and studies for the first bath, the Committee were obliged to follow the general principles of the People's Bath in Centre Market Place, adding the latest experience of the European models. The Committee also availed themselves of the experience of their architects in the construction and planning of hospitals and other public buildings, hence a composite study was secured that will be perfectly suited to American needs and conditions. CAPACITY. Describing the details of the proposed bath, it will be seen that this bathhouse furnishes eighty baths, of which forty-tvvo are for men, fifteen for boys, and twenty-three for women. Those for men and boys are so arranged that their proportions can be reversed at times when a large number of boys will be present. These baths will further meet the needs of those for whom the bathtub ratlier than the spray is desirable, three tubs being located in the mezzanine story and eleven in the second story; provision is also made for separate baths for men who are too filthy to be admitted to the public baths. DEPAHTMEXTS. Besides these subdivisions there is a general division of the house into male and female departments. The moment one enters the Recommendations of the Major's Committee. 201 house, one passes either into the male or female waiting-room, which are separated by a central office and partition of glass and ornamental iron, so located that one person controls both entrances, as well as all the entrances to baths, stairways, etc.; thus, no one can enter or leave the building, or its baths, without being seen from this point. This separation applies not only to the bathers, but to employes as well, as no person can pass from the male to the female departments, or the reverse, without passing through this central office or con- trolling point on the main floor; the economy of this arrangement in the administration of the baths is evident; for, at times when there are few bathers present, one person can control all parts of the building. The baths themselves are constructed of iron, marble and un- breakable glass, the iron being finished in white enamel. Each indi- vidual spray bath has two compartments, one a dressing-room, and the other for the bath itself. The floors throughout are of solid masonry, no iron beams being used, to prevent cracking due to their expansion ancl contraction. The floor of each bath compartment has sunk into it a little marble foot bath ; each bath and apartment will have separate drain to main sewer, this for cleanhness as well as hygienic reasons. Excepting the fourteen tub baths, the baths themselves will for the most part be '' rain showers " or " ring showers " (the latter arranged so that water will not strike the head, and preferred usually by women). The material, and the manner in which it is used, will greatly aid in the maintenance of cleanliness; the partitions being of heavy rolled glass (with wirework imbedded in it), the necessary framework, and door of metal, finished in white enamel. The foot of the glass partitions is to be finished in strong enamelled wirework for ventila- tion, while the tops of the compartments will be covered with the satne material, allowing the free play of light and air, but preventing thievery. The solid masonry foundation permits the use of white vitrified tiling for the floor, without danger of cracks or open joints; and it has the further important value of furnishing a series of masonry passageways, which will be used for the plumbing and ventilating pipes, and will give the engineer easy access to them, while keeping all parts separate. 202 Mayor's Coi^mittee ox Public Baths. No plunge baths or double baths of any kind will be used for easily understood hygienic reasons. This bath, as planned, should readily accommodate one million bathers per year, if kept open as required by law, and properly admin- istered. PUULIC LAVATORY FOR ME\, The plans of the Committee contemplate ample provision for free public water-closets and urinals, in all parts of the city, but it has been deemed wise to not await their completion, but to make a start in this building. A free lavatory containing water-closets, urinals and wash sinks, has been provided in the basemicnt, accessible directly from the street. The water-closet seats wall be so arranged that they cannot possibly be stood upon. Of course ample water-closets, urinals, wash basins and sinks are provided for the employes also, in each department of baths, and all located for convenience of access. AD^HNISTRATION. The administrative parts of the building consist of the engine and boiler-rooms, which are placed in the basement, and from which by means of the brick passages already alluded to above the engineer can readily control all of the main and branch lines of plumbing, as well as all parts of the heating and ventilating apparatus and air ducts. The laundry is placed on the second floor, where the best light and air will be obtained. The circular office or central controlling point is built in the main waiting-room, not only giving simple and convenient control of it, as previously mentioned, but making a central point from which keys, towels, soap and other supplies can be given out. CONTUOIj of BATH13RS. Each bather should be allowed twenty minutes per bath; sand glasses (which are reversed when he enters) indicating to the attend- ant when the bather's time has expired. We think it would be advisable in the first building to be built to try experimentally the several systems of controlling the quantity and temperature of water allowed each bather, viz.: Recommendations of the Mayor's Committee. 203 First. To build a certain number of baths where the bather him- self will be allowed to control both the temperature of the water and the quantity used. Second. To build some baths where the bather can control the temperature of the water, but where the quantity of hot water is limited. Third. To build some baths where the bather will have no con- trol over the water supply in any way. The attendant to fix the tem- perature and the quantity from a central point outside of the baths. In each case, however, the piping and faucets would be so ar- ranged that under no possible conditions could a bather scald himself. We would recommend the heating of the water by the German or " Gegenstrom " system. HEATING AND VENTILATING. The heating and ventilating will be in general on the principle of drawing down the fresh air through the large air shafts in the rear (which would be built high above the neighboring structures), by means of fans and electric motors; regulating its temperature by blowing through plenums, with steam coils under the control of the engineer, and then forcing it to the various parts of the building, in general at a height of about five feet above the floor. The velocity of the incoming current will be so regulated to the various parts, as to avoid any possibility of feeling a draught, and yet the air wnll be constantly changed in every part. The exhaust would be near the ceilings of the rooms, connecting into branch exhaust ducts provided for that purpose; the branches all connecting to the large duct on the second floor, where a fan and motor would draw the air out of the building. In winter the exhaust fan would not be used, but the air allowed to escape by natural means, using only the inlet fans to force in the fresh air. All of these ducts would be controlled by the engineer with locking adjusting dampers, to prevent unequal supplies of air, or unnecessary exhaust of same. 204 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. de:sign. The design of the interior has been planned to make the waiting- rooms, as well as the main bathing halls, very attractive by its abun- dance of windows and skylights, and its light reflecting surfaces. It will everywhere suggest cleanliness and light, and no possibility of hidden disease germs. The exterior is in classic style, admitting of sufficient ornamenta- tion to be attractive, but retaining the dignity and massiveness neces- sary to prevent its appearing insignificant or trivial, in comparison witli the higher and probably more prominent buildings adjoining. The material would preferably be marble, although the design would be carried out as well in limestone or other light masonry. Whatever material is used, however, should be light in color. PROPOSED BATH FOR TOMPKINS SQUARE. March 25, 1896, the Act quoted on page 31 became a law. The Mayor was very anxious that aggressive measures should be taken at once and proposed a conference between the Commissioner of Public Works and the Committee, since that department was charged with the initial steps. SPECIAL. MEETING. April 22 a special meeting of the Mayor's Committee was held at the office of Mayor Strong, in accordance with his request that, the Committee should meet the Honorable the Commissioner of Public Works, in order to discuss the proposed bath and public comfort station. The salient points of the Committee's work were presented to the Mayor and the Commissioner, who both expressed themselves delighted with the work, particularly commending it for its practi- cability and business-like character. General Collis requested the Secretary to place at his disposal the recommendations desired by the Committee, in order that he might get the necessary authority from the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. He also signified his willingness to avail himself of the services of Messrs. Cady, Berg & See, the consulting architects of the Committee, and requested plans and drawings of a proposed bath to be located in Tompkins Square, the latter site having been suggested by Mayor Strong as a desirable location for the first public bath. Recommendations of thk Mayor's Committee. 205 plans accepted. In accordance with the official request of the Commissioner of PubHc Works, the Committee met at the office of General Collis, May 1 8, and presented plans for the first public bath and two under- ground public comfort stations, with the accompanying recommenda- tions of the Committee. The entire Committee was present, and, in addition, Messrs. Cady and Berg. The Commissioner accepted the plans and arranged that the Committee, with the architects, should meet the Board of Estimate and Apportionment at the Mayor's office the following morning, ^lay 19, at 11 o'clock. Agreeable to that request, the Mayor's Committee, with the architects, met at the Mayor's office, and were requested by him to accompany him to the Comptroller's office, as the meeting of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment would be held there. The Committee was informed by the Comptroller that the Board had so much business which they must discuss that it would be impossible to reach any consideration of the plans for a public bath and public comfort stations at that meeting: The following report was submitted in accordance with the re- quest of Commissioner Collis for plans and specifications: New York, May 18, 1896. Commissioner C. H, T. Collis, Commissioner of Public Works: My Dear Sir. — In accordance with your request of April 22, for plans and recommendations for a public bath, the Mayor's Com- mittee would most respectfully recommend that the first public bath be built in Tompkins Square, and that two underground public com- fort stations be built, one in the City Hall Park, at the corner of Mail street and Park Row, and the other in Greeley Square, at the junction of Broadway and Sixth avenue and Thirty-second street. For these we herewith present four sets of plans which have been prepared by Messrs. Cady, Berg & See, under the guidance of and after constant consultations with the Committee, and we further recommend that Messrs. Cady, Berg & See be appointed the archi- tects and engineers to carry out these structures. The following list of accommodations to be provided and a description of the plan is most respectfully submitted: 206 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. FREE PUBLIC BATH. The accommodations in this building are for bathers, as follows: A waiting-room for men and boys, with seats for more than one hundred; also a waiting-room for women, with seats for over fifty. In the men's baths there are on the main floor twenty-eight rain baths, and fourteen more rain baths on the second floor, where there are also ten tub baths for men, while there are on the main floor seventeen rain baths for boys, making in all sixty-nine baths for men and boys. The plan is so arranged that the proportions of boys' and men's baths can be reversed at times when most men are at work and public schools are not in session. The provisions for women are seventeen rain baths on the main floor, and ten tub baths on the second floor, making in all twenty- seven baths. The object of providing some tub baths is for such women and men as cannot stand showers. This number of baths should readily provide for more than one million bathers a year. In connection with these baths will be built the necessary laun- dry conveniences for washing towels, also the engineering depart- ment for providing the steam, hot water, electric lighting, and for running the ventilation. All the baths (except those w^ith bathtubs) will have dressing- rooms in front so arranged that the clothing cannot be wetted while bathing, while the bath, or rear compartments, will have either " rain " showers or " ring " showers (the latter arranged not to strike the head, and preferred generally by women). „ FOOT BATHS. In each bath floor will be sunk a marble foot bath. Each set of compartments will be arranged to drain separately and to prevent the water from splashing from one bathroom into adjoining compart- ments or bathrooms; this for cleanliness as well as hygienic reasons. The j)artitions of the compartments will be composed of heavy rolled glass, with wire bedded in it, the necessary metal parts being painted with enamel paint. The doors will be of light metal, painted with enamel jiaint. Recommendations of the Mayor's Committee. 207 At the foot of the glass partitions will be enamelled wirework in slate frames, to promote thorough ventilation ; the tops of the com- partments will be covered with heavy enamelled wirework to pre- vent thieving. The seats and all similar parts are made movable for cleanliness. It will be noticed that the floors of the baths, throughout the main floor, arc on solid masonry. This is done to avoid cracking due to the expansion and contraction of iron beams, which would otherwise take place. Having solid masonry for a foundation, vitrified tile can ])c used for a flooring, witliout any danger of cracking or opening of joints. Then, too, these masonry foundations furnish a series of brick passages, which will be utilized for plumbing pipes and for ventilation system. In connection with each set of baths, there will be ample conven- iences in the way of water-closets, urinals, washbasins, etc., for men, women and boys. ADMINISTRATION. The administration parts of the building consist of the engine and boiler-rooms, which are placed in the basement, and from which, by means of the brick passages, the engineer can readily control all of the main lines of plumbing, as well as the heating and ventilating apparatus and air ducts. The laundry is placed on the second floor, where the best light and air will be obtained. A circular office is built in the main waiting-room in connection with the partition dividing the male and female waiting-rooms (ofBce and partition similar to those enclosing banking-rooms, and about seven feet six inches high, of glass and iron). This office is so located that one person can control both of the main entrances (male and female), and all of the entrances to the various baths, staircases, etc. No one can enter or leave the building without being seen from here, excepting, of course, those using the public comfort stations and the public laundry. 208 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. separation op males and females. The plan has been drawn with a view of entirely separating- males from females the moment they enter the building. The plan arranges this not only for the bathers, but also for all employes. No person in any part where there are females (whether bathers or employes) can go to any part where there are males, or vice versa, without passing through the central controlling office on the main floor, CONTROL. OP BATHERS. In order to avoid too many attendants, we think it will be neces- sary to allow each bather, excepting those in bathtubs, to control his own hot and cold water faucets so far as the degree of heat is con- cerned. In each case, however, the piping and faucets would be so arranged that under no possible conditions could a bather scald himself. This can be readily and economically accomplished by using the well-known German Gegenstrom System of heating the water. In this system no steam is wasted, but only the actual amount needed to heat the water while in use is consumed. Outside of each bath, however, will be placed cocks under the control of the attendant, to shut of? entirely the supply, both hot and cold, in case a bather attempts to overstay his time limit when the baths are crowded. In the case of the tubs, the attendant will control the quantity and temperature in order to avoid waste of water. HEATING AND VENTILATING. The heating and ventilating will be in general on the principle of drawing down fresh air through the large fresh air. shafts (which would be built up high above any other part of the structure), by means of fans and electric motors, regulating its temperature by blowing through plenums with steam coils under the control of the engineer, and tiien forcing it to tlie various parts of the building, in general blowing it in at a height of about live feet above the floor and so arranged as to avoid all draughts. The cxiiaust would be in branch exhaust ducts provided for that purpose, the branches all connecting to tlie large exhaust duct in the * ^ /» Re5COMmi:m»ations of tiik Mayou's ('o.m.mittki:. 200 roof, where a fan and motor would exhaust the air and blow it out of doors. In winter the exhaust fan would not be used, but the air allowed to escape by natural means, using only the inlet fans to force in the fresh air. All of these ducts, as well as the ceiling lights and skylights, wouUl be controlled by electricity from the engine-room, with locking dampers, to prevent unequal supplies of air or unnecessary exhaust of same. Speaking tubes from all parts to the engine-room will give the engineer a thorough knowledge of the wants of the building at all times. DESIGIV. The design of the interior has been planned to make the waiting- rooms, as well as the main bathing halls very cheerful, and with an abundance of light. Everything will be carried out with a view to the avoidance of dust or dirt, and so arranged that any part can be hosed out thoroughly at any time. The exterior is in the style known as Italian, and has been made very simple and dignified. This style has been selected so as to be able to keep the building as low as possible, making it unobtrusive and not obstructing the sunshine and air of the park. It, however, will have sufficient dignity and massiveness not to appear insignifi- cant or trivial in comparison with the higher buildings on the avenue. The material should preferably be of light stone, as this at once suggests the idea of purity and cleanliness, and accords well with the style chosen, best bringing out its lines and detail. The piazzas running along each side form a connection between the designs of the ends, and at the same time give a shady place for settees, where people can rest; while at the end of the piazza drinking fountains for public convenience will be provided. LOCATION. The bathhouse will be least obstructive in the park by placing it on the center of the east side of Tompkins Park, immediately adjoin- ing Avenue B. The entrances for men and boys, that is, to the baths and to the men's public comfort station, would be from the avenue. Those for women, to the baths, laundry and public comfort station, 14 210 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. would be from the park side, the approaches so arranged as to be screened by shrubbery. Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Committee, (Signed) WM. H. TOLMAN, Secretary. When it became known that the Committee proposed to locate the first bath in Tompkins Square, a general protest was made, on behalf of the inhabitants of that part of the city. It was claimed that the park space was altogether too small as it was, and that it would be a serious loss to invade the park by the location of a building devoted to public purposes. The protest was so strong, and the points so well taken, that, after a conference with the Mayor, it was decided to withdraw all recommendations for the location of a bath in Tompkins Square. The Committee pointed out to His HoYior the Mayor that it was compulsory to indicate some park for the location of the bath, as no latitude for a choice was given by the mandatory law on public baths. In justice to his Honor, the Committee should state that the law on public baths being mandatory, it was necessary to select some park, and Tompkins Square seemed the most desirable. Tlie proposed building for Tompkins Square would have pro- vided for more than a bath, as it contemplated a public laundry and a public comfort station. From a description of the plans and the front elevation, it will be noted that such a building would have been an architectural addition to any city as well as serving the special object for which it was designed. The law being mandatory with reference to the location of baths in the pu])lic parks only, and as there was no public park in which a bath could be constructed that would meet the wants of that portion of the tenement-house population for which these baths were emi- nently intended, it was seen that no further action could be taken without additional legislation, which would allow the purchase of property Ijy the city or the securing of proper locations by condemna- tion proceedings. Recommendations of the Mayor's Committee. 211 PLANS I'OR UNDERGROUND PUBLIC COMFORT STATIONS. The Committee has given the subject of lavatories or places of iniblic comfort much thought, and the Chairman of the Committee has made personal study and inspection of the lavatory systems of the cities of Europe and England. It is firmly believed that when the American public are conversant with the latest practice on the subject they will not be behind Europe in their introduction, especially as it is contrary to law for the public servants of the city to frequent, while on duty, drinking places, about the only places now providing con- veniences for public comfort. In our opinion the most approved system is the underground " latrines " as now adopted by the City of London; they are clean, inodorous, hidden from view, and attractive, and frequented by all ranks of society, and are provided for both men and women in sepa- rate places. It is customary to make a charge of a penny for the use of the closets, and two pence for the use of towels and soap in the lavatories, the urinals being free. With the small charge these places are quite self-supporting, and your Committee asks that the experi- mental places suggested may be carried on in all particulars as far as possible as are those in London in the matter of management. The report of the City of London Commissioners of Sewers shows the working of ten establishments in the small area of the City of London, which has a day population of 262,000, as follows : 212 Mayou's Committee on Puhlic Baths. ^O —1 xo CO t- ^^ ^^ ^H ^ sit^OiM'-i — OClO-^ o. •*eceoeoM?5coi-(tH o M H r-^ C50^ -HOtNCO'tOJ • " i-H »H rH 5 a CO •inco-*r-(cocco>no5 « '53 to ,-1 >-( i-H >-( iH o 05'^im;n-*oio^i-0 « « ^ 00 ic5 00 in in -^ i^ ^ "O >^ ■^OTC<|-^i-ieO(M-- CO IM N (M IM N Ol iM IM ■ ■BJU'Bp neqiV 1 a 00^^^ _^^„ .,H a- oooc®oco*o 3 ® CO S ^ s oo o o o o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO d o rH en>nin-^QO i« ^ * * o ^ i« S.S in OOS0500C o o o 3 incct^t-coo50^coo (M CO '^ -^ 1-- -* C5 t- m o 6 to c ^ o c^i •* >ft i^ CO -* «o -^ o o COi-l'-l'-t »H — i-o CO 05 ;co So c 00 00 00 P C 00 1— ( 00 • 00 ^OOl-H < c • 00 ^ ;S CO ~ — c-i 00 ,-M a "c g^gC^rH^ ' jT Hi oi C >.2 ^^c^-Sd =<^ a c c a^"c « ? "S "i* ji 1 2 S e c^S t^^ 2^ =-S §3 3 ^ a C c : c 3 5 y ^OPC^ 3P 5 C Kecommiondations of tiik Mayor's Committee. 213 Since then latrines have opened at Crutched Friars, Aldgate, Billingsg-ate Market and Cannon street, all in the city area. The last-named latrine cost £2,389. It appears from the latest published returns that the receipts and expenditures for three years ending December, 1892, when nine con- veniences only were in use, were as follows: Receipts £6,752 Expenditures (including- gas, wages, water, repairs, etc.) £6,944 It will be seen that these conveniences are almost self-supporting, and it is hoped in the course of time that they will become a source of profit, besides paying interest on capital outlay. UIVDERGROUND LATRINES. Another great advantage of these underground latrines is that the old-fashioned and unsightly conveniences are gradually disap- pearing from the streets. In addition to water-closet accomoda- tions these conveniences provide free urinals. It is estimated that 9,000,000 use the urinals per annum, and 697,300 the water-closets. Their economy, efficiency and utility, must therefore be manifest, and the Commissioners' efforts fully appreciated. Your Committee suggests that two underground places of public comfort be built ; one at the south end of the City Hall Park, and one at the small park between Broadway and Sixth avenue, and between Thirty-second and Thirty-third streets. These will serve as object lessons. If as successful as those in London, w^e believe many more will be built in other locations, as necessity may suggest, being almost hidden from view, light, clean and thoroughly ventilated and, if cared for as they are in London, thev will soon commend themselves to the common sense of the public. To meet the wants of the public where underground places may not be available, the Committee presents plans for urinals with self- flushing apparatus, to be placed on properties belonging to the city, or which may be acquired for the purpose, but most earnestly recom- 214 Mayor's Committee on Puklig Baths. mends that the underground places of puljHc comfort be used whcre- ever practicable, to the exclusion of all other kinds. Experience demonstrates that it takes some small time before these places are fully appreciated by the public, but it is merely a question of time. PARK SHELTERS. With the exception of the provisions made by the saloons in New York City there is practically no provision for public comfort stations outside of the few shelters in the pu1)lic parks. July lo, 1895, ^ formal request was made to the Committee by the Board of Health, in accordance with the following resolution: " That the Committee appointed by His Honor the Mayor, on Public Baths, Lavatories, etc., be and is hereby requested to prepare plans for public lavatories and water-closets in the streets and public places in this city for the accommodation of women as well as men, and for additional accommodations in the public parks." The Committee at once instructed the architects to prepare plans and studies for underground public comfort stations, as well as those to be located under the elevated stations and within the area line of buildings on the sidewalk. The plans were submitted and, after a conference with President Wilson, several changes were made in order that his ideas might be embodied. The Board of Health re- ferred the matter to a special committee, which in turn reported to the Board, and October 2, 1895, the following communication was received : William Howe Tolman, Ph. D., Secretary, 105 East Twenty-second Street, Nezv York: Sir. — At a meeting of the Board of Health of the Health Depart- ment, held October i, 1895, the following resolutions were adopted: PLANS APPROVED. Resolved, That this Board approves of the report submitted by the Mayor's Committee on Public Baths, Water-closets and Urinals, and the accompanying plans made by Cady, Berg & See, architects and engineers, and recommends that the President appoint a com- mittee of one from this Board to obtain the necessary funds, and to procure one hundred of these stations at once, and to select and lease the necessary sites. Recommendations of tiik Mayor's Committer, 215 Resolved, That the Mayor's Committee be ref|uested to submit the necessary working- drawings, specifications and estimates for one hundred such stations. Resolved, That the Secretary of this Board communicate with the Board of Commissioners of Public Parks and request them to co-operate with the Mayor's Committee and this Board in carrjing out the suggestions contained in the report relating to stations in the smaller and larger parks. Resolved, That Commissioner George B. Fowler be and is herel)y appointed a committee of one, under the above resolution, to represent this Board. (Signed) EMMONS CLARK, Secretary. (A true copy.) Commissioner Fowler manifested his great interest in the matter by meeting with the Committee and frequent consultations with the architects, in order that the whole matter might receive careful atten- tion. The Committee was particularly anxious to make provisions for the comfort of public servants, especially the policemen, when early in October the Secretary was authorized to present to Com- missioner Roosevelt the following statement: It is proposed ultimately to establish on each policeman's post a station containing a water-closet and urinal. For the immediate present, however, only one hundred of these stations will be put in various parts of the city, experimentally. EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The stations will be built of iron, roofed over, and so arranged that where placed against the side walls of buildings no part of the interior can be seen from the windows or any part of the house. They will be entered from the street side. Where they cannot be placed against houses, they will be placed on street corners of wide streets or under elevated railroad stairs. The height from sidewalk to top of cornice in each case will be eight feet six inches. The width of each station — or the projection out from the house — will be four feet. The length of each station or the part coming against the brick wall of the house, will be six feet ten inches, where the station 210 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. contains both a water-closet and a urinal, or four feet four inches where it contains a urinal or water-closet only. The stations will be so arranged that they cannot possibly be- come a nuisance to property owners. Where stations are placed against the brick walls of houses, inside of the area line, the city would pay a moderate rental. Where the owner of the projierty would be willing also to keep the station clean, the city would pay an additional amount for such service. Each roundsman should ascertain — AVAILAIILE SITES. First. How many available sites there are on his post where a combined water-closet and urinal station (six feet ten inches long) could be placed against a house, inside of the area line, where the landlord would not object. He also should report with the site the annual rent demanded, and whether the landlord is willing to keep the station clean and the annual cost thereof. Second. Report similarly available sites for urinal stations only (four feet four inches long), yearly rent demanded, and if willing to keep same clean, yearly compensation for such service. Third. Report available street corners where a combined water- closet and urinal station (four feet wide by six feet ten inches long), • placed near the curb, would not obstruct pedestrians. Fourth. Report available street corners where urinal stations only (four feet wide and four feet four inches long) could be placed near the curb without obstructing pedestrians. Fifth. Report all available sites where combined water-closet and urinal station (four feet wide and six feet ten inches long, eight feet six inches high) can be placed under elevated railroad stairs. October 8, the Committee, in compliance with the resolution of the Board of Health, passed at the meeting on October i, accepting their report and plans, requested Messrs. Cady, Berg & See to pre- pare the necessary working drawings and specifications for each of the four varieties of public comfort stations called for by the Board of Health. CONFERENCE. Ajiril 22, 1895, a conference was called by Mayor Strong between the Committee and the Commissioner of Public Works, to whom Recommknoations of tiik Mayou's C'oMMn"ri:r:. 217 the building- of tlie public comfort stations was entrusted, in accord- ance with the last law. General CoUis expressed himself as satisfied with the studies of the Committee, and signified his willingness to avail himself of the services of the Committee's architects, and requested the necessary recommendations, in order that he in turn could secure the necessary authorization from the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. May i8 the plans and studies were submitted to the Commis- sioner at his office, at which meeting the plans were accepted by him. At a meeting of the Board of Estimate held in July the plans were subjected to a criticism by Commissioner Styles, of the Park Depart- ment, and, on motion of the Comptroller, the whole matter of under- ground public comfort stations was referred to the Parks Department, with a request that they should report to the Board of Estimate, In connection w^ith the building for the proposed bath in Tomp- kins Square, provision would have been made for two wings, one containing sixteen water-closets, twenty urinals and three washbasins for men, and the other, fourteen water-closets and four washbasins for women. GREELEY SQUARE. In the recommended underground public comfort stations, one in the City Hall Park, the other in the small park in Greeley Square, the plans submitted provide for making these stations of masonry so far as practicable. The ceilings to be entirely of mason work, so as to avoid the expansion and contraction of iron beams, and the consequent possibility of dampness and leaks. The ceilings of these stations will be kept well down, as shown on the sections, so as to leave sufficient height above to fill in with earth and loam, so as to be able to retain the appearance of the park, and not lose any of the verdure or breathing space now existing. Each station will, of course, be made thoroughly damp-proof and water- tight. The entrances for men and women will be located at opposite points of the parks as shown on the plan, and will be screened by shrubbery and ornamental iron railings, which will also run around the park. The ventilation will be by means of electric exhaust fans, which will draw the air from everv water-closet bowl, as well as from over 218 Mayor's Committer on Public Baths. every water-closet and urinal. It is then blown out through an orna- mental shaft, on top of which an electric light will be placed. In connection with this station will be a room for the male and female attendant, also rooms for coal and heating apparatus. Where the sewer level would be above the plumbing fixtures, these will dis- charge into a tight cesspool sunk below the floor, and the matter in the latter will be pumped out and into the sewer at regular intervals. A small electric pump will be provided for this purpose. The walls, like those in the bathhouses, will be of light glazed brick, the partitions of water-closets similar to those of the baths, all wired glass, and all arranged to avoid dust and to give tlie utmost light and cleanliness to the place. It should be stated that this wired glass is sufficiently opaque to provide proper privacy. CHAPTER XIII. Bir.LFOGRAPIIV. Aachen (Germany). — Public Baths. "Aix-la-Chapelle and Envi- rons," pp. 33-35. Aachen (Germany), Stadtbauamt Abteilung Hochbau. — Letter and matter regarding public baths, -etc., December 10, 1895. Allsop, Robert Owen. — Public Baths and Washhouses. 98 pp. ill., London, 1894. Altona (Germany). — Tarifif, description (with plans) and tickets of Altona Baths. Altona (Germany), Magistrat der Stadt. — Letter regarding baths and lavatories, March 12, 1896., Amateur Swimming Association (England). — Form of Application for Championship Competition. Amateur Swimming Association (England). — Swims and Swim- mers; notes on the Association's meetings, etc., from London paper. Amateur Swimming Club (London, England). — Rules, Fixtures and Programme of the Twenty-eighth Annual Costume Enter- tainment, Monday, October 21, 1895; also letter from A. C. Parker, Hon. Sec, April 2, 1896, giving information as to accom- modation usually provided for swimming clubs. Baruch, Simon, M. D. — A Plea for PubHc Baths, with an inexpen- sive method for their hygienic utilization. 45 pp. ill.; reprinted from " Dietetic Gazette," May, 1891. Baruch, Simon, M. D. — Letter criticising the Committee's report as to a large bathhouse and the introduction of tubs. Berlin (Germany). — Die Stadtische Volksbadeanstalt in Moabit. See " Festschrift zur XXXV Hauptversammlung des Deutscher Ingenieure," Berlin, 1894. 220 Mayor's Committer ox Puhlic Baths. Berlin (Germany), Magistral hiesiger Koniglichen Haupt- unci Resi- denzstadt. — Letter regarding Public Bath and Lavatories, February i8, 1896; also reports on the City Baths, 1893-4 and 1894-5. Berlin (Germany). — Oel pissoir von Beetz. " Technische Mitthei- lungen und Anzeigen," November i, 1895. Berlin (Germany). — Tariff, blank reports, etc., of the Berlin Public Baths. Berlin (Germany). — Ueber Anlage und Betrieb von Bediirfniss- Anstalten fiir Manner und Frauen, with plans; also Oelver- schliisse bei Pissoiren; both by Rudolf Protz, Sub-Director of the Berlin Public Lavatories; together with detailed estimates of cost of Berlin conveniences and urinals, and poster. Birmingham (England), Baths Department. — Letters from Superin- tendent and Engineer, J. Cox, regarding public l)aths, January 21, June 20 and September 30, 1896. Birmingham (England). — Biographical Sketch of* ^Ir. Job Cox, Superintendent of the Corporation Baths; with portrait. Birm- ingham " Owl," January 10, 1896. Birmingham (England) Borough of. — Public Baths and Open Bathing Places; by-laws for their management, use and regu- lation. 1885. Birmingham (England), City of. — Corporation Baths; details and particulars of the several bathing establishments, 1894; rules for the baths. Title page of report, January, 1896. Birmingham (England), City of. — Corporation Baths; with interior photograph of the oldest bathing institution. Birmingham " Faces and Places," 1893; pp. 40 and 43-45. Blomfield House Swimming Club (London, England). — Pro- gramme of Annual Costume Entertainment, Monday, October 28, 1895. Bootle (England), Borough of. — Public Baths and Gymnasium; Annual Reports, sixth and seventh, 1894 and 1895 ; also time and price of admission for classes. Letter from J. Farmer, Town Clerk, January 20, 1896, regarding work. Boston, City Council. — References to Public Baths. Inaugural ad- dress by Josiah Quincy, Mayor; p. 36. Hir.i.iocjKAriiv. 221 Boston, City of, Department of Parks. — Elevation of Bathhouse in Marine Park. Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of Com- missioners, for the year ending January 31, 1895. Boston (Mass.). — Letter from John Mullaly, Superintendent Bath- house, West Boston Bridge, September, 1896, and letter from Samuel F. Hubbard, Superintendent North End Union, August 7, 1896, re Baths in a Boston Public School. Boston (Mass.). — Report on Bathhouses for 1895. Twenty-fourth Amuial Report of the Health Department, for the year 1895. Bradford (England), Borough of. — Baths and Washhouses. Report of the Committees of the Council, 1894; pp. 83-85. Breslau (Germany), Magistrat der Koniglichen Plaupt- und Resi- denzstadt. — Letter and matter regarding public baths, etc., No- vember 20, 1895; also returns for 1894 and 1895; rules, time and instructions to attendants. Brighton (England), Borough of. — Public Baths; by-laws for their management, use and regulation, 1874; also statistics of cottage baths, and letter from W. Boiling, ex-Mayor, in reference to cottage baths, September 22, 1896. Brighton (England). — Letter regarding Public Baths from F. J. Till- stone, Town Clerk, March 24, 1896. Brockton (Mass.). — Letter from William S. Bamford; September 4, 1896. BrookHne (Mass.). — Baths, Bathing and Swimming for Soldiers; by H. Lincoln Chase, Assistant Surgeon Massachusetts \'olunteer Regiment. (Reprinted from the Boston " ]\Iedical and Surgical Journal " of August 27 and September 3, 1896.) Also letters from ]\Ir. Chase; September 26, October 29 and November 24, 1896. BrookHne (Mass.), Special Committee. — Report on Improved Public Bathing Facilities; October 24, 1895; circular of opening of baths, December 28, 1896. Brunswick (Germany), Der Stadt Magistrat. — Letter regarding Public Baths, etc., November 26, 1895. Number of baths, charges, etc. Budapest (Hungary). — Book, pamphlet, letter, etc., regarding Pub- lic Baths; December, 1895. 222 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. Buffalo (N. Y.).— The Buffalo Free Bath. The "Engineering Record;" September 19, 1896. Burnley (England), County Borough of. — Baths manager's report; March 25, 1893, and March 25, 1894. Annual Report, Four- teenth, 1893, p. 61; also Annual Report, Fifteenth, 1895, p. 63. Burnley (England), County Borough of. — Letter from William G. Fullalove, Town Clerk, January 20, 1896, regarding work; also Rules and Regulations relating to Corporation Baths, 1895. Chemnitz (Germany). — Letters from Biirgermeister Gerber, Febru- ary 26, 1896 (with date of first bath, number, cost, etc., of Public Baths and Public Lavatories), and July 21, 1896. Also letter from Department of School Affairs as to school baths, Septem- ber 24, 1896. Chemnitz (Germany). — Public Baths. "Bericht der Bauverwaltung," 1888, pp. 4, 6, 16, and 19-22; and 1890, pp. 6, 18, and 19; also " Bericht iiber die Verwaltung und den Stand der Gemeindean- gelegenheiten," 1894 and 1895. Chemnitz (Germany). — Reference to Public Lavatories. " Bericht der Stadtbauverwaltung," 1888, p. 7, and 1890, pp. 7 and 14. Chicago (111.). — Letter from Dr. Gertrude G. Wellington, September 2, 1896; letter from Joseph Downey, Commissioner of Public Works, November 7, 1896. Chicopee (Mass.), Dwight Manufacturing Co. — Letters from Carroll D. Wriglit, United States Commissioner of Labor, and J. W. Cumnock, Agent Dwight Manufacturing Co., as to provisions made for baths; September 9 and 15, 1896. Clarence Swimming Club (London, England). — Programme of Fifth Annual Entertainment, Thursday, October 17, 1895. Coventry (England), City of. — Public Baths; by-laws for their man- agement, use and regulation, 1893; also letter from Town Clerk, Lewis Beard, regarding baths; January 20, 1896. . Croydon (England), County Borough of. — Baths and Additions. Abstract of Receipts and Expenditures, 1894; p. 2. Croydon (England). — Queries and replies regarding the baths; cir- culars of time, price, etc., and letters from Samuel Jacob, Town Clerk, January 20, 1896, and E. Mawdesley, Town Clerk, Sep- tember 7, 1896. 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Frankfort-on-jMain (Germany). — Letter from the Mayor, May 20, 1896. Gerhard, William Paul. — Some Recent Public " Rain " Baths in New York City. Glasgow (Scotland), City of. — Corporation Baths and Washhouses; Reports for 1891 and 1892. Glasgow (Scotland). — Letter from J. Lang, City Chambers, regard- ing various details of Public Baths, date of first bath, number of baths, etc., January 31, 1896; also letter from W. Thomson, Su- perintendent Corporation Baths and Washhouses, with statistics, etc., of public baths, February 10, 1896. Gothenberg (Sweden). — Letter from Gustav Svanberg, Commis- sioner of Trade, Policy and Finance, giving date of first bath, ■ cost, number, etc., February 14, 1896. Gothenberg (Sweden). — Statistical abstract of the baths served in the Renstromska Badanstalten; average operating expenses of the same; also small ground plan, tariff of baths, tickets and pamphlets concerning baths. 224 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. 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No- tices of baths, scale of prices, tickets, reports, 1890-94, etc. Hamburg (Germany). — Specifications and Conditions for Building a Casement, with Closet and Urinal Acconmiodation, on the Hop Market. Harrogate (England). — An illustrated Account of Harrogate; Its Baths, Waters and Environs. Harrogate as a Health Resort (illus.). Also letter from William Bennett, Engineer and Super- intendent of Wells and Baths, September 25, 1896. Hartford (Conn.). — Letter from John K. Williams, August 22, 1896. Hartwell, Edward. — Letter, July 7, 1896, on date of introduction of rain baths in the L^nited States. Huddersfield (England), Borough of. — Public Baths: By-laws and regulations, 1871. Letter from F. C. Lloyd, Town Clerk, re- garding Public Baths, January 21, 1895. Jersey City (N. J.), People's Palace. — Letter from J. Lester Wells, Secretary People's Palace, August 26, 1896, with illustration of swimming tank and exterior of building. Jersey (England), Swinmiing Club. — Annual Report, 26th to 30th, 1892-96, and programmes of 29th and 30th animal swimming matches, 1894-95; rules and regulations. o^?Ml^ BlBLIOGRAl'IIY. 225 Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — " Jersey," by Archibald Sin- clair. " Swimming," January i6, 1896. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Letters from A. F, Grellier, Hon. Sec, March 24 and June 15, 1896; with manuscript account of the club since its formation. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Rules and regulations, pro- grammes, application and entry forms for competitors, tide tables, cuttings from " Jersey Times," August 19 and 20, 1895, and January 23 and March 7, 1896. Keith, James, C. E. — Patented Systems of Heating Water (illus.); also illustration of Stafford Corporation Baths, with method of heating Turkish baths. Konigsberg (Germany), Magistrat Koniglicher Haupt- und Resi- denzstadt. — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, etc., December 4, 1895. Rules, price, etc. Krakau (Austria), Magistrat der Haupstadt. — Letter concerning Public Baths, November 23, 1895. Laibach (Austria). — Letter regarding Public Baths, etc., December 4, 1895. Leipzig (Germany), Rath der Stadt. — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, etc., November 22, 1895. Description of bathing- house and cost of erection, receipts and expenditures; also People's Douche Baths. Life-Saving Society (England). — Annual Reports of the Central Executive Committee, 1892-93 (with prospectus for 1894); 1893-94 (with prospectus for 1895); 1894-95 (with prospectus for 1896). Liverpool (England), Borough of. — Public Baths and Washhouses, sundry statistics, 1893; scale of charges, etc.; also reports of the Engineer and Chief Superintendent of Baths and Washhouses, November 20, 1895, and January 15, 1896. London (England), County Council. — Returns of baths and wash- houses in the County of London, 1848-88. London (England), " Local Government Journal." — Architecture, Building and Engineering. New Baths and Washhouses. July 30, 1892. : 15 226 Mayor's Committee ox Public Baths. London (England), Schools Swimming Association. — Report, 1895; Programme of Championship Races and Entertainment, Octo- ber 2, 1896; circulars of same; claim for first-class certificates. London (England), Bethnal Green, Parish of. — Letter from Robert Voss, Vestry Clerk, September 14, 1896. London (England), Bow, Parish of St. Mary, Stratford. — Report of the Commissioners for Public Baths and Washhouses, 1894, 1895, 1896. London (England), Chelsea, Parish of. — Baths and Washhouses. Report, 38th, 1893-94; pp. 19, 20, 40-43, and Report, 39th, pp. 44-48 and 182-185. London (England), Chelsea, Parish of. — Letter from M. T. Holland, Vestry Clerk, January 20, 1S96, regarding the work. London (England), City of. — Latrines. Works and Proceedings of the Commissioners of Sewers; p. 25; 1894. London (England), City of. — Specifications for underground latrine in Cannon street; also letter from H. Montague Bates, Principal Clerk to the Commissioners of Sewers, February 27, 1896. London (England), City of. — Underground Latrines; returns pre- pared by Clerk and Engineer, by order of Streets Committee. 1892 and 1893. London (England), City of. — Underground L^rinals, etc. Returns prepared by the Principal Clerk and Engineer by order of the Streets Committee; from the first opening up to December 31, 1889. London (England), Clerkenwell, Parish of St. James and St. John. — Letter from R. E. Paget, Vestry Clerk, September 9, 1896. London (England), Fulham, Parish of. — Letter from J. H. Dense- low, Clerk to the Vestry, January 24, 1896, regarding Public Baths and Lavatories. London (England), Greenwich, S. E. — Letter from Alfred Budds, Clerk to the Commissioners, September 9, 1896. Also accounts of Commissioners for the year ending March 25, 1896. London (England), Hackney, Parish of. — Letter from George Gro- cott, Vestry Clerk, September 12, 1896. Bibliography. 227 London (England), Hoxton Schools Swimming Association. — Bal- ance Sheet for 1895, and circular containing rules and hints on swimming. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Description of a Visit to the Baths. Reprinted from " London," April 18, 1895, with illustrations. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Letter from William F. Dewey, Vestry Clerk, regarding public baths and lavatories, January 2^, 1896, and letter from D. McMonnies, Acting Clerk, September 9, 1896. Public Baths and Wash- houses: Abstract of receipts and payments of the Commission- ers, 1889-92, 1893-94. Programme of the opening of Public Baths, 1892 and 1895. Leaflet of the Plornsey Road Baths and Public Laundry. London (England), Islington, Parish of St, Mary. — Public Baths and Washhouses. Annual Reports, 35th, 1891, p. 66; 37th 1893, p. 62; 38th, 1894, p. 9; 39th, 1895, PP- ix S"d Ixi. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Urinals. An- nual Report, 35th, 1891, p. 51. London (England), Kensington, Parish of St. Mary Abbotts. — Let- ter from Henry E. Mayfield, Clerk to the Commissioners, Octo- ber 9, 1896. Report of the Commissioners of Public Baths and Washhouses for the year ending March 25, 1896. London (England), Lewisham, Parish of. — Public Baths and Wash- houses; Report of Commissioners, 1888; Abstracts of Ac- counts, 1894 and 1896; time and price of admission to the baths; Report of Board of Works, 1893-94. London (England), Newington, Parish of St. Mary. — Letter from L. J. Dunham, Vestry Clerk, February 14, 1896. London (England), Paddington, Parish of. — Report of the Commis- sioners for Public Baths and Washhouses. 1891-92. London (England), Paddington, Parish of. — Report of the Commis- sioners for Public Baths and Washhouses for the year ending March 31, 1896. Annual Report of the Vestry, June, 1896. London (England), Plumstead, Parish of. — Letter from E. Hughes, Town Clerk, September 9, 1896. 228 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. London (England), Poplar, Parish of. — Reports from the Commis- sioners and General Abstracts for the years ending March 23, 1895, and March 28, 1896. Also letter from Joseph S. Freeman, Clerk to the Baths Committee, September 22, 1896. London (England), Shoreditch, Parish of St. Leonard. — Letter from H. Mansfield Robinson, LL. D., Clerk to the Baths Commis- sioners, October 2, 1896; also Competition for the Proposed New Public Baths and Library. London (England), St. George, Hanover Square, Parish of. — Public Conveniences; leaflet with costs, charges, etc., January 14, 1894. Letter from G. Livingston, Surveyor, regarding Public Lava- tories, where first erected, number, etc., February 2, 1896. London (England), St. George, Hanover Square, Parish of. — Report of Commissioners of Baths and Washhouses to Vestry, 1894-95; also Abstract of Accounts of same year and letter from Louis C. Mountstephen, Clerk, February 11, 1896, regarding their Public Baths (where first erected, etc.). London (England), St. George, Hanover Square, Parish of. — Report of the Commissioners for Public Baths and Washhouses, on completion of new baths and washhouses, 1890. Also Laws, Orders and Regulations for the management of baths and wash- houses. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Circular of Information regarding Public Lavatory, New Oxford street. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Letters regarding Public Baths from H. C. Jones, Clerk to the Board, January 20 and September 11, 1896; also leaflet on Baths and Washhouses. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Public Urinals. Annual Report, 1893, p. 53. London (England), St. Giles-in-the-Fields and St. George, Blooms- bury, Parishes of. — Baths and Washhouses. Lists of Joint . Vestry, etc., 1894, p. 16. London (England), St. James, Westminster, Parish of. — Statement relating to Public Ba-ths and Washhouses, with special reference to New Swimming Bath, July, 1893. Also report of Commis- sioners, 1895. Bibliography. 229 London (Enp^land), St. Martin's-in-the-Ficlds, Parish of. — Public Baths and Washhouscs; Statement of Receipts and Expendi- tures. Annual Report, 38th, 1893-4, pp. 75-79. London (England), St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Parish of. — Statement of Receipts and Expenditures by Commissioners, 1893, and schedule of laundry, and sample tickets. Letter from 11. Bald- win, Superintendent, February 4, 1895, with information regard- ing the building containing the laundry and baths. London (England), St. Marylebone, Parish of. — Public Baths and Washhouscs; instructions to architects for rebuilding, March 20, 1894, note on cost, etc.; also letter from O. L. Marchant, Clerk to the Baths Committee, September 9, 1896, and Abstract of Cash Received and Paid, 1895-96. London (England), Strand District Board of Works. — Return showing Public Latrine Accommodations in large towns and populous districts in England, etc., March, 1889. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — Letter concerning Washhouscs and Swimming Baths from C. Newman, Superintendent Westminster Baths, March 7, 1896. Rules and regulations, notices, returns, classes, tickets, etc. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — Opening of the New Coroner's Court, Public Mortuary and Underground Conveniences. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. Margaret and St. John. — Westminster's Progress; the largest baths in London, etc. Cutting from " Morning Leader," London, Au- gust 22, 1893. London (England), Whitechapel, Parish of. — Public Baths and Washhouscs, 1894 and 1895. London (England), Woolwich. — An expert on Woolwich Baths. Cutting from " Kentish Independent," October 14, 1893. Lowell (]\Iass.). — Reference to Public Baths. Annual Report, 18th, of Board of Health, pp. 34-39. Luton (England), Borough of.— Abstract of Accounts, 1893-94. Baths Account, p. 4. 2.^0 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. Luton (England), Borough of. — By-laws for the management, use and regulation of Public Baths. See By-Laws of the Borough of Luton, 1877-91, p. 109. Madgeburg (Germany), Der Magistrat der Stadt. — Letter, Novem- ber 22, 1895. Milan (Italy), IMunicipio de. — Letter from the Mayor regarding Baths and Lavatories, February 24, 1896. Milwaukee (Wis.). — Letters from Walter Kempster, M. D., Com- missioner of Health, June 6, 1896, and Fred. Schneider, Secre- tary, Board of Public Works, June 9, 1896, as to ]\Iilwaukee's bathing facilities. Morris, Moreau, AL D. — " More about the Public Rain Baths." " Sanitarium," July, 1896. Munich (Germany), Der rechtskiindigen i. Biirgermeister der Kgl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt. — Letter regarding Public Baths, December i, 1895. National Cash Register Co., Dayton (Ohio). — Letters from John H. Patterson, President, September 12 and 23, 1896, with account of bath accommodation provided for the company's employes. National Swimming Association (England). — Prospectus for 1896. New Orleans (La.), Morris Public Bath. — Letter from James R. Bowling, Superintendent, June, 1896, and cutting from " The Daily States," Monday, May 21, 1896. Newport, Mon. (England), County Borough of. — Kane's new system of Public Baths, with descriptive plan. Baths and gymnasium, list of classes, etc., 1895-96. Letters from James Kane, Super- intendent Public Baths, October 30, 1895, and August 22, 1896. New York City, Commissioner of Public Works. — Rules and Regu- lations for Public Baths. New York City, Committee of Fifty. — Leaflets in English, German, Italian and Yeddish, " What Municipal Reform has Done for You," October 25, 1895. New York City. — Deaths by Drowning (Accident and Suicide), 1893-95, with letter from President Charles Wilson of the Board of Health. Bibliography. 231 New York City, Fifth Avenue Swimming School, Bath and G)m- nasium. — Letter from Proprietors, Dr. C. A. Bode and P. J. H. Daly, card of invitation, and circulars of information. New York City Tenement-house Committee. — Public Baths, Tene- ment-house Committee Report. Albany, 1894, p. 47. New York, State of. — Petition blank to Legislature respecting Pub- lic Lavatories. Nizza Marittima (Italy). — L'Elettricita applicata al Risanamento dcll'Abitato. " L'Ingegneria Sanitaria," February, 1894. Otter Swimming Club (St. George's Baths, Buckingham Palace Road, London, S. W.). — Letter from Charles W. Bland, Hon. Secretary, March 21, 1896. Also Diary for 1895, election form, programme of annual entertainment, report and balance sheet for 1894, and list of officers, fixtures and rules for 1895. Philadelphia. — Letter from Henry C. Gill, Acting Secretary to the Mayor. Number of baths taken in the summer of 1S95 in six city baths. Letter from Hazlehurst & Huckel, architects of ]\Iodel Bathhouse, Second and Cumberland streets, October 3, 1896, with description of bathhouse. Philadelphia Public Baths Association. — A short account of the Public Baths Association, its organization and objects, charters and by-laws, 1895. Philadelphia, Public Baths Association. — Public Baths of Philadel- phia, by Sarah D. Lowrie, Sec. of Association. " The Citizen," January, 1896, pp. 249-251. Philadelphia, Social Science Department of Civic Club. — Municipal Public Baths, report by Mrs. Frances Howard Williams, Decem- ber 15, 1895. "The Citizen," January, 1896, pp. 251-252. Portsmouth (England), Swimming Club. — Programme of the Nine- teenth Annual Swimming Festival, August 5, 1895. Posen (Germany). — Anlage eines ofifentlichen Brausebadcs auf dem neuen Markte. " Bericht iiber die Verwaltung und den Stand der Gemeinde-Angelagenheiten in der Stadt Posen," 1894-95, p. 142. Posen (Germany), Magistrat der Provinzial-Hauptstadt. — Letters regarding Public Baths, etc., October 31, 1895, and January 21, 1896. 232 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. Providence (R. I.), Narragansett Machine Co. — Articles on Public Baths. " The Gymnasium " for August, 1890, and April, 1893. Providence (R. I.) — Reference to Public Baths. Inaugural address of Edwin D. McGuinness, Mayor, p. 15. Richmond (England). — Cost of building and maintenance of Public Baths. Roberts, Prof. Robert J., Physical Director, Boston Y. M. C. A. — Hints on Bathing and the Roberts Rain Shower. One Hun- dred Health Hints. Rome (Italy). — Specifications of Latrines approved by the Common Council and Provincial Deputation, 1872. Salford (England), County Borough of. — Diagram of Blackfriars Street Baths, showing fluctuation in number of bathers. Ap- pendix, pp. 24-25, Annual Report, 1892. Sheffield (England), City of. — Public Baths and Washhouses. Ab- stract of Accounts, March 25, 1895, pp. 17-19. Sheffield (England), Town Clerk's Office. — Letter from Mr. Herbert Bramley, Town Clerk, January 29, 1896. Strassburg (Germany), Biirgermeister-Amt der Stadt Strassburg i. Els, — Letter regarding Public Baths, etc., February i, 1896. Also tickets of admission. Stuttgart (Germany). — Das Schwimmbad, vom Kommerzienrat Leo Velter; ill. " Hygienischer Fiihrer," pp. 191-200. Stuttgart (Germany). — Letter and matter regarding Public Baths, Lavatories, etc., from the Oberbiirgermeister, November 4, 1895. Troppau (Austria). — Letter on Public Baths from Dr. Emil Rocho- wanski, February 18, 1896. Vacher, Francis. — Public Baths and Cheap Baths for the People; two papers on baths provision and construction; 22 pp.; ill. London, 1879. Vienna (Austria). — Oel Pissoirs, ohne Wasserspiilung, geruchlos. (An account of the oil disinfection system of Wilhelm Beetz.) vWashington (D. C). — Letter from W. R. Stevens, Superintendent Bathing Beach, August 28, 1896. Worthing (England). — Description of proposed alterations to the Municipal Bath; also letter from Edward J. Dean, forwarding same. BiBLiOGUAriiY. 233 Yonkers (N. Y.). — Letter from Hon. S. L. Cooper, Commissioner of Public Works, November 3 and December 11, 1896. York (England), City of. — Public Baths. " Year Book of General Information," 1894-95, pp. 123-126. PLANS, DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS. Altona (Germany). — Ground plan, section, front and side elevations of Sternstrasse baths. , Berlin (Germany). — Elevations and ground plans of (i) convenience for men and women ; estimated cost, M. 5,000, in wood. (2) Con- veniences for men and women; estimated cost, M. 8,000, in iron. (3) Rotunda conveniences for men and women ; water arrange- ments shown. (4) Seven compartment urinal. Birmingham (England). — Ground plans of the five public ])aths; also map of city showing the position of the baths. Boston (Mass.). — Plan, with transverse and longitudinal sections, of bathhouse for men and boys, sketched by George R. Tolman. Brighton (England). — Photographs of the new swimming bath and of cottage baths. Chemnitz (Germany). — Ground plan of convenience for men and . women. Dresden (Germany). — Ground plan, section and elevations of a river bath in the Elbe for boys. Ground plan, section and eleva- tions of a city bath. Elevation and plan of urinal with seven compartments. Frankfort-on-Main (Germany). — Swimming baths, plan of basement, mezzanine and ground floor, longitudinal and transverse sec- tions. Douche bath, elevation, section, basement and ground floor plans. Graz (Austria). — Plans and sections of an ordinary, and of an oc- tagonal urinal. Also elevation, section and ground plan of con- venience for both sexes. Hamburg (Germany). — Ground plan, section and details of erection of casement urinal on the Hop Market, 1889; elevations, plans and sections of a projected urinal on the landing place at the Hohenfelder Bucht, 1891; of another projected urinal on the landing place near the Kuhmiihlc, 1891, and of a urinal on the Graskellerbriicke, 1893. 234 Mayor's Committee on Public Baths. Jersey (England), Swimming Club. — Photograph of Havre-des-Pas bathing establishment. Konigsberg (Germany). — Basement and ground plans and longi- tudinal sections of municipal douche baths, 1895. Krakau (Austria). — Elevation and ground plan of convenience for men and women on the Sudplatz. London (England), City of. — Plans of underground convenience at Cannon street for men and women. London (England), Deptford. — Elevation, ground and first floor plans of Public Baths, Washhouses and Municipal Offices. London (England), Greenwich, S. E. — Photographs of exterior of baths and of second-class swimming bath. London (England), Hackney. — Photograph of exterior of baths. London (England), Islington, Parish of St. Mary. — Ten photo- graphs of Hornsey Road Baths, showing swimming baths, pri- vate baths, washhouses, entrance, etc., and one showing first- class men's swimming baths. London (England), Newangton, Parish of St Mary. — Plan and pro- cess reproduction of front elevation of public baths and wash- houses. London (England), Shoreditch, Parish of St. Leonard. — First pre- miated design for proposed new Public Baths and Library, show- ing elevations and ground plans. London (England), St. Giles District Board of Works. — Plan of underground convenience for men and women at Tottenham Court Road. London (England), St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Parish of. — Plan of refuge and underground convenience with sections. London (England), Westminster, United Parishes of St. jNIargaret and St. John. — First and second-class swimming baths, exterior of baths and portrait of Charles Newman, Superintendent. Munich (Germany). — Plans, sections and elevations of people's douche baths (octagonal) on the Bavaria Ring; and of two other douche baths, one octagonal. Elevation and plan of uri- nal, seven-compartment. Elevations, sections and plans of two public conveniences for men and women. Bibliography. 235 Newport, Mon. (England). — Photographs of swimming bath, bathers and gymnasium. Plans and elevations of ladies' chalet, combining shop and lavatory. Posen (Germany). — Plans, elevations and section of proposed octa- gonal people's douche bath. Plans, elevation and sections of conveniences for men and women, two in 1890, one in 1892 and one on the old market place. Plan of urinal on the Sapielsa- Platz. Providence (R. I.), Narragansett Machine Co. — Plan of Gymnasium, showing arrangement of bath. Rome (Italy). — Plans and elevations of six types of urinal, and of a latrine approved by the Council of Hygiene. Strassburg (Germany). — Proposed people's douche baths, to cost M.29,000; plans, elevations and sections. Also plans, elevations and sections of people's baths on the Academie-Platz; cost M.35,000. .Worthing (England). — Basement and ground plan of Worthing Public Bath, as in 1896, and with proposed alterations. Yonkers (N. Y.), — Elevations of public baths on Vark and Jefferson streets and in rear, plans of living rooms, first story and cellar, longitudinal and cross sections. INDEX. Accominotlation iu proposed bath 100x50, 200; of proposed bath In Tomp- i kius Square, 109. Aldermen, Board of, given power to grant permits for newspaper stands, 182. Altona, chalets for ladles, 193; school baths at, 74, Amateur, defiuitiou of, 61; Swluiming Association, Gl; Swimming Associa- tion, Southern Counties, GO. Andrews, A. D., Commissioner Police Department, letter from, 181. Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, G9; baths of, 33, 47; co-operation of 11; erects bathliouse, 9. Astor, John Jacob, on ISGG Committee of Sanitary Inquiry, 174. Astor Place convenience, cai"e of, transfeiTed to Public Worlis Depart- ment, 176; public comfort station, 175. t Augustus, age of, public baths, 10. Austrian conveniences, 197. Baruch, Dr. Simon, 69. Bates, II. Montague, Principal Clerk to the Commissioners of Sewers of the City of London, 11. Bathers, number of, at floating baths, 46. Bathhouse Commissioners, Municipal, 38. Bathing and Washing Association, People's, 33; Association, Metropolitan, of the City of New York, 34; habit growing, 24. Bath Legislation regarding New York City, 33. Baths and Comfort Stations, organization of Mayor's Committee on, 27. Baths and Washhouses Act, England, 33; floating, 66; floating, author- ized, 34; floating, cost of, 35; floating, first two erected, 34; floating, location of, 45; floating, number of bathers, 46; floating, I'egulations of, 45; number of persons having access to, 22; per family in the Fif- teenth Assembly District, 24; provision for, inadequate in American cities, 85; public, should be paid for, 199; slipper, 57. Belmont, August, on 1866 Committee of Sanitai-y Inquirj', 174. Berlin, Germany, city public baths, 128; cost of water at Moabit baths, I 133; douclie baths at public baths, 142; Moabit baths, 133; number of bathers at city public baths, 134; number of river bathers, 129; origi- nal outlay on city public baths, 132; public baths, 128; public laun- dries, 164; receipts and expenditures at river baths, 128, 129; receipts and working expenditure of city public baths, 132; river baths, 129; scale of charges at river bath, 130; Schillingsbrucke baths, 135; Society for People's Baths, 138; Swimming League, 134; urinals and conveniences, 193. 238 Index. Bibliography, 219. i ~'l Bill giving monopoly of public conveniences, 182; to make public con- veniences mandatory, 177, Billings, E., on Boston Bath Committee, 79. Birmingham, England, attendance of bathers, 85; baths, rules and regula- I tions, 128; cost of baths, 86; public baths, 85; public conveniences for women, 191; receipts and expenditures of public baths, 86, 87; scale of . charges. 92; Turkish bath, 149. Blomfield House Swimming Club, 63. Board of Aldermen given power to grant permits for newspaper stands, 182. Board of Commissiioners of Public Parks requested to co-operate with Mayor's Committee, 215 Board of Estimate and Apportionment, 217; and bath aiypropriation, 38; and Mayor's Committee, 169; and public baths, 39. Board of Health, 205; and life-saving apparatus, 56; and public baths, 34, 38; approves plans for bathhouse, 10, 80; approves public comfort sta- tions, 10, 215; demands increase of urinals, 177; Metropolitan, and public urinals, 174; Metropolitan, engineer reports on urinals, 174; pleads for establishment of free public baths and washhouses, 34; recommends warm baths, 35; reports universal patronage of free baths, 34; requests plans for public conveniences, 215; to determine number of public baths, 199. Bootle baths, how managed, 149. Boston, Bath Committee appointed, 10; baths in public school, 74; Charles- bank Gymnasium, free baths ajt, 79; public baths, 35, 78; Y. M. C. A. Gymnasium shower bath, 69. Bradford baths, how managed, 149; swimming club, 64; Turkish bath, 149; urinals, 192. Brighton, lavatories, receipts and expenses, 192. Brookfield, William, Commissioner of Public Works, 46. Brookline public bath, 80. Brooklyn, baths first authorized, 36. Brunswick, school baths at, 74; urinals and conveniences, 194. Bryant, Sanitary Insijector, .T. D. (1873), 36. Buffalo, municipal baths, 78. "Bureau of Public Comfort," 31. Burnley baths, how managed, 149; conveniences, 192; swimming clubs, 64. Burns, Charles De F., Secretary Depai'tment of Public Pai'ks, letter from, , 177. Cady, Berg & See, architects and engineers, 10, 199, 216; architects of Mayor's CommLttee, 198, 204; prepare plans for baths, 204; requested to prepare drawings of public comfort sfta/tious, 216. Cady, J. C. & Co., architects, 29. Capacity of batlis on site 100x50, planned by the Mayor's Committee, 200. Carlisle and Washingrton streets, vicinity recommended for public bath, 29, 199. Index. 239 Carlsrulie, school baths at, 73. Caution money from washers, 165, 166. Char},'«'s for baths in England, 1G6. Charit'itvs !uul Correct ions, I'rcsldent of the Department of. a Municipal Bathhouse Commissioner, 38. Oharli'sbank Gymnasium, Boston, free baths at, 79. Chatham Square, vicinity recommended for public bath, 29, 199. Oheiiinitz baths, 103; conveniences, 195. Chicago, Carter H. Harrison, bath, 83; Douglas Park Natatorium and Gymnasium, 83; Municipal Order League, 82; swimming bath, 66. Ciholera affects use of Hamburg baths, 140; as affecting bath water, 143. Citizens' Association of New York, 174. Oi'ty and Suburban Homes Company, 25. City Hall Tark, as site for uudergi-ound public comfort stations, 10, 205, 213, 217; public urinal, 174. City Vigilance League pertioniiu'nt. Board of, 217; and bath appropriation, 38; and Mayoi-'s Committee, 204; and public baths, 38. E o ff^ /I .ii E .f-.^ — IV*i5ti^: ■ j ^^%t WM ^ ^^ a. en o bJI (D OFTHE UNIVERSITY OF "■^.p^LIFORlil^ Index. 241 European mcKlols of baths, 200. Fauix?, John P., Socrotary of Conmiititoc of Sovoutj', ami of St. John's (liiilcl, 28; seleet.s Sub-Conimittof on Baths and I>avatories, 29. I'\'tU>ra.tion of Ohurehos and Christian Worlvoi-s in New York City, 24; rent statistics of, 2~). Fiftc^Mitli Assembly District, li.iths ])cr f;iiiiily in, 21; parlvs urf,'<'Utiy iwhhI- ed, 25; public bat lis and lavatories urgently demanded in, 25; rent per vooni ill, 2(^. I'Mftii ^\■a^l, floating bath to be located in, 37. Kifty-eishth StreeL and Eleventh Avenue, vicinity recommended for pub- lic bath, 20. 109. I'ish. Haniliion. on Committee of Sanitary Inquiry, 174. I-'loatin.i,' Ilosnital, St. John's Guild, baths of the, 53. I'cnvler. Commissioner George B., of the Health Department, 215. l-'rankfort-on-^Iain batlis, 143. l''i'tM> public bat lis an imi>erative necessity in New York, 13. Gejrenstrom bath fixtures, 75; system of heating water, 202, 208. German baths, how managed, IfiS; conveniences, model for Austrian, 197; system of heating v.aicr, 202, 208. (Jerniany, public conveuieuces, 193; spray bath in, 70. Gildn", Richard ^^'atson, Chairman Tenement House Committee of 1894, 1894, 22. (Jlasgtvw Scotland, deticit provided from assessments, 128; number of bathers and washers, 127; public baths, 125; receipts and expendi- 'tures at baths, 127; scale of charges at baths, 127; temperature as affecting receipts at baths, 128; washliouses, 125. (I'othenburg, average oi>erating expenses of baiths, 145; batihs, how man- aged. 1G3; cost of public baths, 144; Majorna baths, number of bathers, 147: public baths, 110; receipts and operating expens<^s of public baths, 144, 145; Kenstromska Badansitalten, number of bathers, 140; urinals and conveniences, 197. Giottiiugen, baths in the public schools, 71. (xraz, Austria, public conveniences, 197. Greeley Square as site for underground public comfort station, 10. 204, 217. Hamburg, (iermany, baths, how managed, 103; cholera affects use of baths, 140; Company for Hygienic Purposes, 195; Eimsbuttel baths, 141; Patriotic Society, 139; receipts and expenses of baths, 141; river baths, 139; scale of charges at baths, 142; Schaarmarkt baths, 140; Schweine- ' niarkt baths, 139; St. Fauli douche baths. 142, 143; swimming batJis at, 81; temperature of baths, 142; urinals and conveniences, 195; water boiled on account of cholera, 143. Hamilton, William Gaston, 11; Vice-President of the Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor, 29; Chairman Sub-Committee on Baths and Davatoi-ies, 29; Chairman Mayor's Committee on Baths and Comfort Stations. 32. 19S. Harrison Carter H., Bath of Chicago, 83, 16 242 Index. HaptwcLI, I>r. lO. M., Director of physical training in the Boston public scliools, 79, 80, 81. Ilavro-des-Pas, Joi-sey, bathinj^ cstablishmout, Gi. Health, Board of, 216; and life-saving apparatus, 56; and public baths, 34; approves plans of Mayor's Committee, 200, 214; demands increase of urinals, 177; pleads for csitahlishmeul; of free public baths and waslihouses, 34; recommends warm baths, 35; repoi-ts universal 'l>atrouage of five baths, 35; requests plans for public conveniences, 214; to determine number of public baths, 199. Healtli Department approves plans of ISIayor's Committee, 214; letter from, 200; reports on batlis in lodging-houses, 17. Health, Metropolitan Board of. and public urinals, 174; engineer reports on • public urinals, 174. ! Health Daws, thoroughness recommended by Committee of Seventy, 28. Heating and ventilating proposed bath 100x50, 203; Tompliins Square pro- posed bath, 208. Hebrew Sheltering Orphan Asylum, baths in, 30. Hedges, Job E., letter from, 31. Ilemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Universilty, shower room, 69. Hicks, Coroner, of London, 60. Hirsch, Bai"on de. Fund Baths, 52. Hodgman, Abbott, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 21. Home rule and public conveniences, 182. Houston, Dr. Edwin J., President of the National Swimming Associa- tion, 67. Hudson River, location for floating bath, 37. Humane Society, care for cases of drowning, 56. .Taffray, Edward S.. on 1866 Committee of Sanitary Imiuiry, 174. Jersey Swimming Club, 64, 65. Kehew, Mrs. M. M., on Boston Bath Committee, 79. King, David H., Jr., 29. Kiosks as public conveniences, 182. La CoUette bathing place, Jersey, 65. Laibach, Austria, urinals and conveniences, 197. Lassar, Prof., 136. Laundries, how administerod, 164; scale of charges, 166. Laundry in proposed bath, 100x50, 202; in i>roiX)sed bath in I'oinpkins Square, 210; money-taker's daily account. 171; municipal, advantages of, 172. Lavatories, cliarges made, 24; in foreign cities, 24; public. riToinniended l)y Tenement House Coniiiiittee of 1894, 24; urgently demanded in Fif- teenth Assembly District, 24. Leary, William, Secivtary Department of Public Parks, letter Intm. 17S. Ty«'gisla.tion, bath, regarding New York City, 33; on public batlis, 10; on public conveniences, 176. r.( !.'lslntui-e, petitioned for public conveniences, 177, Index. 248 Leipzig, Ueruiauy, coiiveulenices, IDtJ; Efoiiuniy Inspcctiou, UMI; urinals aud eon veil ieuces, 196. Letter carriers affoctefinition of, 61. O'Donohue, .Joseph, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 21. Oil closure system for urinals, 193, 194, 195, 196. 197. One Hundred and Tenth Street and Second Avenue, vicinity recommended for public bath, 29, 199. Ottendorfer, Oswald, of Tenement House Commission of 1884. 21. Otter Swimming Club, London, 62. 63. Park. East Side, location for bath, 43; public, as location for baths man- datory, 210. Parks. Board of Commissioners of Public, requested to confer with Mayor's Committee, 215. Parks, city, area in acres, 179; small, favored by the Committee of Seventy, 28; urgently needed in Fifteenth Assembly District, 24. Parks, Commissioner of Public, and structures for public comfort, 42. Parks. Department of Public and site for bath, 44; and structures for public comfort, 42; er^'ts urinals in city parks, 177; plans of comfort stations referred to, 217; President of, 43; provision of public con- veniences, 177; Paton. John. President Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 46. People's Bathing and Washing Association, 33. People's Baths, 9, 28, 29, 47, 69. 200; model for Yonkers, 77; numl)er of bathers, 50; receipts and exiienses, 49. Permissive act to establish free public baths, 38. Personn, School Director, of Gottingen, 73. Philadelphia, bathhouses, 66; plans for public bath, 82; Public Baths Atao- ciation of, 82. i Pingree, Miss, on Boston Bath Committee, 79. 246 Index. Plans and studies approved by city authorities, 10; drawings and photo- . gi-aphs, 233; for public baths, 41. i Platform of Committee of Seventy, 31. Police Department and lack of public conveniences, 180, 181. Portsmouth Swimming Club, G4. Posen, Germany, public conveniences, 197; school baths at, 73. Preliminary Report Sub-Committee on Baths and Lavatories, 2'J. President of the Department of Charities and Correction, a Muui(ii)al Bathhouse Commissioner, 38. Professional, definition of, 61. Proposed bath on site 100x50, accommodation, 200; capacity, 200; design. 204; heating and ventilating, 203; laundry, 202; public lavatory, 202; water supply, 203. Public bath defined, 15; laws summarized, 36, 37, 38; movement in New York gives impulse to other cities, 13. Public Baths Association of Philadelphia, 82. Public baths, establishment of, favored by Committee of Seventy, 28; free or paid, 15; impei'ative need of, 17; municipal, in America, 15; permis- sive act, 41; plans, 43; should be partly free; 31; sites for, 30; small charges recommended, 23; urgently demanded in Fifteenth Assembly District, 24. Public Ohai-ities, Department of, baths at, 54. Public comfort station in Tompkins Square proposed bathhouse, 210. Public comfort stations, proposed underground, 217; undei-ground, recom- mended, 205. Public comfort, structui-es for the promotion of, 41. I Public conveniences, charge for, 210; proposed, 217; provision of, inade- quate, 180; undex'ground, 183. Public Health Act, London, 184. Public lavatory in proposed bath on site 100x50, 202. Public schools, baths in, 71. Public "Works, Commissioner of, 36; and public baths, 41, 35; confers with Mayor's Committee, 204, 216; in charge of public conveniences, 176. Public Woa-ks, Depai-tment of, 36; to control floating baths. 36. Quincy, Hon. Josiah, Mayor of Boston, appoints bath committee, 10. 71). Rain baths, the principal bath maintained by benevolent organizations. 24. Rapid transit favored by Committee of Seventy, 28. Recorder of New York, a Municipal Bathhouse Commissioner, 38. Recreation, lack of, in New York City, 55. Reichardt, Anthony, of Tenement House Commission of 1884, 21. Rent per room in Fifteenth Assembly District, 26; statistics of Federation of Churches and Christian Workers, 25. Resuscitation of drowned person.s, 1.56; lessons in, given to police, 56. Index. 247 liivcrsidc Associ.ilioii, baths of tho, 53. K(>l»orts, IJobort J., physical director Boston Y. M. G. A., 69. Home, gifts ot i)iiblic baths by citizens, 10; numerous baths, .3.j. Roosevelt, Theodore. President Police Department, 215; letter from. ISO. Uoundsmeu retiucsttMl lo rejjort available sites for public comfort stations, 216. Kules and rejrulations for bathers, 1.">1; for washers, 167. Ryan. Councilman, on Boston Bath Commltitee, 79. < Saloons ipi\)vide comfort stations, 214; the only public convenience now providtil, 214. Schools, public, baths recommended in, 30; measures favored by Com- mittee of Seventy, 29. Schools Swimming Association. Ix>ndon, 60. Second Assembly District, bath for, 38. Second Avenue and One Hundred and Tenth Street, vicinity recommended for public bath, 30, 199. Separaition of State and Municii)al elections favore:iths at the, ."3. Wellington, I>r. (Jertnide Gail, of Chicago. 82. Index. 249 Wilson, Hon. Charles G., Prcsidoiit of the Ilcnllli I)('|i;iiMiim'Ii1. ((nit'crs with Mayor's roiiunittoo, 214; report on Iciliis in ioiij,'-inj,' iionscs. 18; roqucsts plans for l>aths. 198. Wingate, Charles F., of Tenement House Coniniission of 1SS4, 21. Wolfe, John David, ou ISdO Ci>niinitto<' of Sanitary Incpiiry, 174. Woods. R. (J., (m Boston Hath Coinujittce, 79. Wort.liin.L', Tiirlvish Latii. 14!». Wright, Cari-oll D., Oomuiissioner of Labor, report on slums, 15. Yard, Hon. Emory N., Mayor of Trenton, appoints l)atli eommittoe. 10. Youkers ahead of New York City in pul)lic l»allis. UO; inniiicijial l)allis. 77. 17 RETURN 202 Main Library ^TJTONT RH LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE (C ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. Books may be Renewed by calling 642-3405 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW ^•- 0^ 1937 HECHiUED OCT 9 1996 CIRCULATION DEFT REClfl 2 Mi m n JUNl ; ,', :. M AR 1 » 200{ FORAA NO. DD6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720 PUBLIC MtALIM UUKAKT U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES <:DMMfiTT71D