Bl'BLE CLASSES 
 
 he Licruor Frok 
 
 ; ; :-. ..'.;: V-,!, ; r.; ; ).; 
 
 HV 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
ELECTIVE STUDY COURSES 
 FOR ADULT BIBLE CLASSES 
 
 The Liquor Problem 
 
 BY 
 
 NORMAN E. RICHARDSON 
 
 In Collaboration with 
 
 The Scientific Temperance Federation, Cora Frances Stod- 
 dard, Secretary ; The Temperance Society of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, Deets Picket, Research Secretary; 
 Harry S. Warner, Catherine Lent Stevenson, William 
 E. Johnson, Arthur J. Davis, and others. 
 
 Approved by the Committee on Curriculum of the Board 
 of Sunday Schools of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 
 HEl^RY H. MEYER 
 
 THE METHODIST BOOK CONCERN 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI 
 
Copyright, 1915, by 
 NORMAN E. RICHARDSON 
 
 The Bible text printed with each lesson under the heading, The Scripture 
 Reference, is taken from the American Standard Edition of the Revised Bible, 
 copyright, 1901, by Thomas Nelson & Sons, and is used by permission. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION v 
 
 AUTHOR'S PREFACE vii 
 
 LESSON I. THE MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUSNESS OF THE 
 
 LIQUOR PROBLEM i 
 
 LESSON II. THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOI 12 
 
 LESSON III. THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL UPON RACE 
 
 WELFARE 23 
 
 LESSON IV. CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC ......... 32 
 
 LESSON V. THE SALOON AND THE SOCIAL EVIL 43 
 
 LESSON VI. THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND THE PUBLIC 
 
 SCHOOL 53 
 
 LESSON VII. ALCOHOL THE ENEMY OF LABOR 63 
 
 LESSON VIII. THE POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF THE LIQUOR 
 
 INTERESTS 73 
 
 LESSON IX. How DRINK INJURES THE HOME 84 
 
 LESSON X. THE USE OF ALCOHOL A SOURCE OF POVERTY 95 
 LESSON XL THE SOCIAL PHASE OF THE SALOON 105 
 
 LESSON XII. SOME PAST FAILURES AND THE LESSONS 
 
 THEY TEACH 115 
 
 LESSON XIII. AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES 125 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY: SOME OF THE BEST BOOKS 
 ON THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 136 
 
 INDEX 138 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 With the introduction of specialized courses of study and 
 instruction into the Sunday schools, a new day has dawned 
 for the churches of Christ in America. And the rising sun 
 of that new day is already high above the horizon, when 
 adult Bible classes are free to choose for themselves from 
 a larger number of study courses planned and written with 
 the interests and needs of adult groups especially in mind. 
 This happily is the situation at present, with the number 
 and variety of courses rapidly increasing. 
 
 Among the special interests that appeal most strongly to 
 adult groups organized for study and service under the 
 banners of the Christian church and its modern Sunday 
 school are the burning social and community problems around 
 which center the political and reform movements of our 
 time. And among these the liquor problem, in its social and 
 religious bearings, must continue to hold a central place until 
 that glad day, now rapidly approaching, when the manu- 
 facture and. sale of intoxicating liquors shall forever be 
 forbidden throughout the length and breadth of our fair 
 republic. 
 
 The course of study presented in this little textbook on 
 The Liquor Problem is based on the principles set forth in 
 the Bible passages presented in connection with the separate 
 lessons. In its subject matter it presents the latest and 
 most dependable conclusions of modern scientific inquiry 
 concerning the physical and social evil effects of alcoholic 
 beverages. The author, Norman E. Richardson, occupies the 
 chair of religious pedagogy in the Boston University School 
 of Theology, and is a member of the Board of Sunday 
 Schools of the Methodist Episcopal Church and Chairman 
 of its Committee on Curriculum. In the preparation of these 
 studies in outline by the Committee on Curriculum Professor 
 
vi INTRODUCTION 
 
 Richardson had an influential part, and in preparing the 
 lessons on the basis of this Committee outline he has availed 
 himself of the resources of information and of the coopera- 
 tion generously afforded by the leading temperance and social- 
 welfare organizations of the country. Specific credit for this 
 cooperation is given in the author's preface. 
 
 We commend this course on The Liquor Problem to 
 organized adult Bible classes in the firm confidence that its 
 study cannot fail to further an intelligent Christian attitude 
 toward this gigantic evil of American community and national 
 life. The course is arranged in a series of thirteen lessons 
 intended to cover a period of three months of class study, 
 but it may profitably be expanded to cover either four or 
 six months at the option of the class. Similar courses on 
 International Peace, Poverty and Wealth, and other kindred 
 subjects are in process of preparation. 
 
 HENRY H. MEYER, 
 Editor Sunday School Publications. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 November, 1914. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE 
 
 In the preparation of this course of lessons, the author has 
 received valuable assistance from the Scientific Temperance 
 Federation, Mrs. Emma L. Transeau having read the manu- 
 script, carefully verifying all of the facts, and Miss Cora 
 Frances Stoddard having prepared the material for the 
 lessons on 'The Effect of Alcohol on Race Welfare." The 
 Temperance Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 through its research secretary, Mr. Deets Pickett, contributed 
 many helpful suggestions. Mr. Harry S. Warner, whose 
 book on ''Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem" is a 
 standard work on that subject, contributed the lesson on 
 "The Social Phase of the Saloon," and Mr. Ernest H. 
 Cherrington, editor of the "American Issue," the one on 
 "An Amendment to the Constitution of the United States." 
 Dr. W. Stewart Whittemore, M.D., Mrs. Katherine Lent 
 Stevenson, and Mr. William E. Johnson, were freely con- 
 sulted in connection with the preparation of the lessons on 
 "The Physical Effects of Alcohol," "Crime and the Liquor 
 Traffic,"" and "How Drink Injures the Home." Many of the 
 practical suggestions, pointing out "What Our Class Can Do," 
 were offered by Mr. Arthur J. Davis, State Superintendent 
 of the Massachusetts Anti-Saloon League. Grateful acknowl- 
 edgment of the assistance of Mr. Raymond F. Piper is also 
 expressed. 
 
 The first suggestion that such lessons be prepared and 
 introduced into the Sunday schools came from Mr. Philip 
 A. Goold, then a student in Boston University. The first 
 lesson was written by him. 
 
 If the adult Bible classes in large numbers spend three 
 consecutive months in studying the facts concerning this 
 gigantic evil and do their part in hastening the adequate 
 ratification of the proposed amendment to the Federal Con- 
 stitution, the prayer of the author will have been answered. 
 Let us put an anti-liquor party in power ! 
 
 NORMAN E. RICHARDSON. 
 
 Boston University, August 17, 1914. 
 
LESSON I 
 
 THE MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUS- 
 NESS OF THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 O Jehovah, thou God to whom vengeance belongeth, 
 Thou God to whom vengeance belongeth, shine forth. 
 Lift up thyself, thou judge of the earth: 
 Render to the proud their desert. 
 Jehovah, how long shall the wicked, 
 How long shall the wicked triumph? 
 They prate, they speak arrogantly: 
 All the workers of iniquity boast themselves. 
 They break in pieces thy people, O Jehovah, 
 And afflict thy heritage. 
 They slay the widow and the sojourner, 
 And murder the fatherless. 
 And they say, Jehovah will not see, 
 Neither will the God of Jacob consider. 
 Consider, ye brutish among the people; 
 And ye fools, when will ye be wise? 
 He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? 
 He that formed the eye, shall he not see? 
 He that chastiseth the nations, shall not he correct, 
 Even he that teacheth man knowledge? 
 Jehovah knoweth the thoughts of man, 
 That they are vanity. 
 
 Blessed is the man whom thou chastenest, O Jehovah, 
 And teachest out of thy law ; 
 
 That thou mayest give him rest from the days of adversity, 
 Until the pit be digged for the wicked. 
 For Jehovah will not cast off his people, 
 Neither will he forsake his inheritance. 
 For judgment shall return unto righteousness; 
 And all the upright in heart shall follow it. 
 Who will rise up for me against the evil-doers? 
 Who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? 
 
 Psalm 94. 1-16. 
 
THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the 
 Spirit against the flesh ; for these are contrary the 
 one to the other; that ye may not do the things that 
 ye would. But if ye are led by the Spirit, ye are not 
 under the law. Now the works of the flesh are 
 manifest, which are these: fornication, uncleanness, 
 lasciviousness, idolatry, sorcery, enmities, strife, 
 jealousies, wraths, factions, divisions, parties, envy- 
 ings, drunkenness, revelings, and such like ; of which 
 I forewarn you, even as I did forewarn you, that 
 they who practice such things shall not inherit the 
 kingdom of God. Galatians 5. 17-21. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 
 The liquor business a poiver to be reckoned with 
 
 The liquor problem challenges the attention of every patriot, 
 particularly if he prays : "Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be 
 done in earth as it is in heaven." A fulfillment of that 
 prayer means, among other things, a State, a nation, a world 
 without the evils which can be traced to the saloon. Men 
 may hold different views as to the solution of the problem, 
 but no man who looks thoughtfully at the facts can doubt 
 the magnitude of the liquor traffic and the peril which it has 
 become to American life. It involves large numbers of 
 men, enormous quantities of raw materials, and vast sums 
 of money. It affects the economic, social, and political life 
 of all the people, and it is so organized as to use its influence 
 and power to further its own definite purpose to increase 
 its markets and profits. 
 
 Where it is sold 
 
 To appreciate the size of the business we must know some- 
 thing of the making and selling of liquor. There are ap- 
 proximately one hundred and seventy-five thousand places in 
 the United States where liquor is sold, including saloons, 
 restaurants, hotels, clubs, etc. Over thirty per cent of these 
 places are saloons. They aggregate an owned and rented 
 
MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUSNESS 3 
 
 capital of about $1,000,000,000 and employ about two hundred 
 thousand men. 
 
 A Titanic disaster 
 
 The Titanic carried down fifteen hundred and three people. 
 But the liquor business destroys that number of men and 
 women every eight days in the year. At least one man in 
 every seven and one-half men who die in the United States 
 loses his life as the direct or indirect result of drink. 
 
 Vice and poverty 
 
 Conditions in and around the average saloon, dance hall, 
 summer resort, hotel bar, and liquor-selling cafe show that 
 they breed vice as well as poverty. On this point the testi- 
 mony of the liquor trade itself, as stated in the North Amer- 
 ican Wine and Spirit Journal, March, 1913, runs as follows : 
 "Some of the drinking places found in nearly all the large 
 cities are a blot upon American civilization. . . . Many de- 
 pend upon the debauching of women as a source of indirect 
 revenue." 
 
 Liquor making 
 
 There are in the United States twenty-three hundred and 
 seventeen liquor-making establishments with a total capital of 
 over $770,000,000. Their economic importance is best shown 
 by the number of wage-earners employed. It is shown in 
 the "Abstract of the United States Census," 1910, that "in 
 this respect the brewery industry ranks twenty-fifth among 
 the industries listed and the distillery industry forty-third/' 
 This gives them a comparatively low place from the view- 
 point of economic importance as is shown by the following 
 table : 
 
 For each $1,000,000 invested 
 
 Ladies' clothing industry employs.... 1,180 workers 
 Men's clothing industry employs 870 workers 
 
4 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Boot and shoe industry employs 884 workers 
 
 Lumber and timber products employ.. 590 workers 
 
 Bread and bakery products employ.... 454 workers 
 
 The average industry employs 358 workers 
 
 Liquor-making industry employs 81 workers 
 
 Liquor consumption 
 
 In the United States during the year ending June, 1912, 
 2,128,452,226 gallons of liquor were consumed, an average of 
 21.98 gallons for each man, woman, and child in the country, 
 or about one hundred and twenty gallons for each average- 
 sized family. Since a great many people do not drink at all, 
 those who do must have consumed far more per capita and 
 per family than this. It is alarming to notice the rate of 
 increase of this consumption per capita. It was 4.17 gallons 
 in 1840; 4.08 gallons in 1850; 6.43 gallons in 1860; 7.7 in 1870; 
 16.72 in 1890; 17.76 in 1900; 19.85 in 1905. 
 
 The cost of drink 
 
 A very conservative estimate of the direct annual cost of 
 drink is $1,750,000,000. Compare this with other expenditures : 
 $165,000,000 Church Expenditures, 1906. 
 $233,778,000 Potatoes (farm value). 
 $290,430,728 Panama Canal (up to November I, 1912). 
 $426,250,434 Public Schools, 1910. 
 
 $654,804,624 United States Government Expenditures, 1912. 
 $737,876,000 Printing and Publishing, 1912. 
 $1,000,000,000 Iron and Steel, 1906. 
 $1,484,889,647 Cattle on Farms, 1910. 
 $1,750,000,000 Liquor Cost, 1911. 
 
 Wages and raw materials 
 
 What part of the money spent for liquor pays for wages 
 and for raw material? 
 
MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUSNESS 5 
 
 $100 spent by the consumer for 
 
 Automobiles will pay in wages $23. 10 
 
 and use up materials worth 62.50 
 
 Women's clothing will pay in wages 23.00 
 
 and use up materials worth 61 . 10 
 
 Men's clothing will pay in wages 20.70 
 
 and use up materials worth 57. 90 
 
 Boots and shoes will pay in wages 20.60 
 
 and use up materials worth 69.60 
 
 Paper and wood pulp will pay in wages 17.20 
 
 and use up materials worth 69.80 
 
 Average industry will pay in wages 18.60 
 
 and use up materials worth 65.90 
 
 Malt and distilled liquors will pay in wages 8.90 
 
 and use up materials worth 26.80 
 
 The evidence is conclusive that neither the laborer nor the 
 producer of raw material can afford to let the making of 
 liquor replace the many industries which surpass it in per 
 cent paid for labor and for raw material. 
 
 The indirect cost of drink 
 
 The magnitude and seriousness of the liquor business are 
 seen in its indirect effects. In addition to the money paid 
 over the bar, the liquor traffic "holds up" society in many 
 other ways. One hundred and fourteen million five hundred 
 thousand bushels of grain and forty-four million three hun- 
 dred thousand gallons of molasses that might be used to 
 satisfy normal demands for food are annually made into 
 liquor. The strength and ability of about three hundred 
 thousand men are wasted in making and selling intoxicants ; 
 and besides this they are needed to develop natural resources 
 and to carry on beneficent industrial enterprises. The drink- 
 ing man's highest mental and physical efficiency is impaired 
 by this indulgence in alcoholic drinks. The moderate 
 drinker's losses are from eight to ten per cent. Industrial 
 
6 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 accidents, sickness, and death from this cause cut down the 
 labor force of the community. Hospitals, poor-houses, insane 
 asylums, and prisons are from ten to fifty per cent fuller 
 because of alcoholics. Society is thus called upon to pay 
 millions of dollars to support and care for the wretched 
 products of the liquor business. This indirect cost exceeds 
 $1,000,000,000 annually, and is easily twice as great as the 
 amount received by the national, city, and town governments 
 from liquor licenses and taxes. 
 
 Policy of the liquor traffic 
 
 The allies of the liquor traffic are legion in number and 
 are often found in the most unexpected quarters. The large 
 number of men with whom the trade has business dealings 
 (buying from them all kinds of commodities from grain 
 and bottles to steam engines and fire insurance) are in- 
 fluenced to take sides with them. It appeals to them as 
 "good business" to do so. The United States Brewers' 
 Association has formed as many of these men as they can 
 reach into "business men's associations" and leagues for 
 political purposes. These organizations under different names 
 in various States publish license campaign papers, send out 
 literature, and hold rallies. The value of such work to the 
 liquor interests is far greater because the ordinary citizen 
 knows nothing of the true purpose and backing of these 
 leagues. A typical letter sent out by such a body, The Manu- 
 facturers' and Merchants' Association of New Jersey, clearly 
 implies a boycott of the business man who fails to pay his 
 dues: 
 
 "We are again calling upon you for your dues for 
 membership in The Manufacturers' and Merchants' 
 Association of New Jersey. We are about preparing 
 our yearly report to be presented to the members and 
 brewers of the State, and we do not wish to hand in 
 your name to the brewers as a delinquent member of 
 the association. You are doing a yearly business with 
 the brewing industry which is seeking to support itself 
 
MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUSNESS 7 
 
 through this organization against the Anti-Saloon 
 League." 
 
 Newspapers allies of the liquor traffic 
 
 With few exceptions the newspaper which publishes liquor 
 advertisements is to be looked upon as an ally of the trade, 
 for the large revenue from this source is promptly withdrawn 
 whenever the editor prints news items or editorials which 
 reflect unfavorably upon the traffic. In the spring of 1910 
 the Boston Herald was thus disciplined because of its advo- 
 cacy of a temperance measure pending in the Massachusetts 
 Legislature. 
 
 Municipal licenses as allies of the liquor traffic 
 
 New York City annually receives $12,800,000 and Chicago 
 $7,000,000 from municipal licenses. One of the bad results 
 of this system is the practical bribing of voters to favor 
 "license" at the polls. The senior deacon of a Massachusetts 
 church votes for license, saying, "How can our town pay its 
 bills if we cut off this source of revenue?" Because of the 
 indirect cost of the liquor business, the deacon's argument is 
 "penny wise and pound foolish." But the point here is that 
 he is a useful ally of the liquor interests. 
 
 Organisations allied to the liquor traffic 
 
 All over the country the trade has formed local, State, and 
 national organizations, cooperating to guard its interests 
 by educational campaigns and political activity. The most 
 important national associations with which the smaller bodies 
 are affiliated are 
 
 The National Retail Liquor Dealers' Association, 
 The National Wholesale Liquor Dealers' Association, 
 The National Liquor League of the United States, and 
 The United States Brewers' Association. 
 
8 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Educational campaigns of liquor interests 
 
 Practically every liquor men's organization has a publicity 
 department. The work of The United States Brewers' Asso- 
 ciation is typical of what is being done by other such bodies. 
 The report of its publicity committee and a "Literary Treat- 
 ment of the Liquor Question" take up more than half of 
 their three-hundred-page year book for 1913. The same 
 association publishes "The Text Book of True Temperance," 
 which for more than three hundred and twenty pages pleads 
 for the extended use of and sale of beer and light wines. 
 It contains frequent errors and perversions of fact, and 
 misinterprets many of the statistics which it does not mis- 
 quote. Moreover, it has been sent free to a great many public 
 libraries in cities and small towns as a trustworthy work on 
 temperance. Even at the Boston Public Library it was ac- 
 cepted, catalogued, and placed on the shelves beside reliable 
 volumes on the subject, until persistent remonstrance called 
 attention to the errors it contained. It was finally removed, 
 but it still remains in many libraries. 
 
 Political aggressiveness 
 
 This educational work is largely for political ends. The 
 main objects of the organization of the "wet" forces are to 
 get a license vote, elect men to office whom they can "influ- 
 ence," defeat unfavorable legislation, and secure favorable 
 legislation. When Theodore Roosevelt was Police Commis- 
 sioner of New York city, he said, "The most powerful saloon 
 keepers controlled the politicians and the police, while the 
 latter terrorized and blackmailed all other saloon keepers. If 
 the American people do not control it, it will control them." 
 
 Use of attorneys and publicity bureaus 
 
 The work of the national liquor associations and leagues is 
 shown in the following quotation from The Northwestern 
 Liquor and Tobacco Journal: 
 
MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUSNESS 9 
 
 "The National Wholesale Liquor Dealers' Associa- 
 tion and the National Brewers' Association employ 
 high-salaried attorneys to protect their interests at the 
 State Legislatures and in Congress. They maintain 
 at great expense a publicity bureau, sending out tons 
 of literature treating the economic side of the prob- 
 lem. They assess themselves thousands of dollars 
 to defray this expense. Their respective political 
 bureaus spend an untold amount of money to prevent 
 drastic legislation." 
 
 The need of personal interest and united effort 
 
 The magnitude and danger of the liquor business are 
 apparent. Its forces are moving forward together with a 
 definite program of extension. The moral forces must also 
 get together and move forward behind a definite program 
 of equal magnitude if they are sincere and intelligent in 
 their opposition to the saloon. The liquor traffic will end in 
 America whenever the American citizens really want it to 
 end, that is, whenever they are sufficiently in earnest to do 
 something about it, not one minute before. The challenge 
 comes to each man in the questions: "What are you going 
 to do about it?" "To what extent do you feel an individual 
 responsibility?" 
 
 The opinion of safe and intelligent leaders 
 
 Intelligent leaders in the fight against the Liquor Business 
 have thus described it: 
 
 "The liquor traffic is national in its organization, 
 character, and influence. It overflows the boundaries 
 of States and refuses to be regulated or controlled. 
 It is a federal evil; a national menace, top powerful 
 for State authority, requiring national jurisdiction 
 and treatment. It beggars the individual, burdens the 
 State, and impoverishes the nation. It commercializes 
 vice and capitalizes human weakness. It impairs the 
 public health, breaks the public peace, and debauches 
 the public morals. It intimidates and makes cowards 
 of public men. It dominates parties and conventions. 
 It cajoles, bribes, or badgers the makers, interpreters. 
 
io THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 and administrators of law, and suborns the public 
 press. 
 
 "It claims for itself a special right and privilege 
 asserted by no other interest in all the land, however 
 great or powerful; a right and privilege utterly in- 
 compatible with free government, the right and privi- 
 lege to infract municipal ordinances at will, to violate 
 and break legislative resolves and enactments, and to 
 set aside the constitutional provisions of sovereign 
 States, however solemn and sacred. Refusing all 
 domestic regulation and control, it leaves the Amer- 
 ican people but two alternatives the abject surrender 
 of their inherent right of self-government or its 
 national annihilation. Between such a choice free 
 men cannot hesitate." 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 To what extent will liquor manufacturers and dealers de- 
 velop their business if no opposition confronts them? 
 
 To what useful ends could the three hundred thousand 
 men now employed in the liquor business be employed? 
 
 If a "hard drinker" should substitute coffee and water 
 for alcoholic drinks, how much less would it cost him in a 
 year? 
 
 What could he do with his savings? 
 
 Would the change be injurious to him in any way? 
 
 Would it be easier for him to remain temperate if there 
 were no saloons? 
 
 What responsibility has a Christian man for the character 
 of the public sentiment in his community relative to the 
 saloon ? 
 
 How could it be made profitable for newspapers to refuse 
 liquor advertisements? 
 
 Suggest political plans for the extermination or curtail- 
 ment of the liquor business: (i) in your community, (2) State, 
 (3) nation. 
 
 Do the present liquor laws represent public sentiment on 
 this question in your community? 
 
 How can that sentiment be elevated? 
 
MAGNITUDE AND SERIOUSNESS 11 
 
 What is your answer to the Psalmist's question: How long 
 shall the wicked triumph? 
 
 Can a man dominated by the spirit of Christ be engaged in 
 the liquor business? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 Bring out clearly these three points: 
 
 The magnitude of the liquor business: capital invested, 
 men employed, raw material used, methods used for self- 
 protection and development, vast sums of money spent by 
 consumers, allies. 
 
 The nature of the liquor business: relation to poverty and 
 vice, relative economic inferiority, indirect burdens placed 
 upon the community and state, its physical, mental, and 
 moral injury to the individual. Social and political corrup- 
 tion. 
 
 Ignorance, indifference, and lack of cooperation on the 
 part of those voters who are responsible for public opinion 
 and laws permitting this business to thrive. Ultimately the 
 saloon or the nation must be overthrown. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Find out how many saloons in our community are owned 
 or controlled by brewers. 
 
 Find out how much money is invested in the liquor busi- 
 ness: (i) in our community, (2) in our State. How much is 
 spent for drink in our community? How much of this 
 money leaves the community? 
 
 Investigate the influence of liquor advertisements upon the 
 attitude of the local newspapers toward the liquor business. 
 
 NOTE: It is very important that a permanent committee 
 be appointed to keep carefully, permanently, and systemati- 
 cally the facts brought out in the investigations made from 
 week to week. 
 
LESSON II 
 
 THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF 
 ALCOHOL 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 And when he had brought him down, behold, they 
 were spread abroad over all the ground, eating and 
 drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil 
 that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, 
 and out of the land of Judah. And David smote 
 them from the twilight even unto the evening of the 
 next day : and there escaped not a man of them, save 
 four hundred young men, who rode upon camels and 
 fled. I Samuel 30. 16, 17. 
 
 In the twenty and sixth year of Asa king of Judah 
 began Elah the son of Baasha to reign over Israel in 
 Tirzah, and reigned two years. And his servant 
 Zimri, captain of half his chariots, conspired against 
 him. Now he was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk 
 in the house of Arza, who was over the household in 
 Tirzah : and Zimri went in and smote him, and killed 
 him, in the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of 
 Judah, and reigned in his stead. I Kings 16. 8-10. 
 
 And every man that striveth in the games exerciseth 
 self-control in all things. Now they do it to receive 
 a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible. i Cor- 
 inthians 9. 25. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 The origin and nature of alcohol 
 
 Yeast is a microscopic plant. It is a fungus growth, not 
 being able to make its own food like ordinary plants, but 
 living upon the food materials of others. When the yeast 
 plant comes into contact with sugar, it feeds upon it, chang- 
 ing the sugar in such a way that carbonic acid gas and 
 alcohol are left in its place. If it were unable to throw off 
 
 12 
 
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 13 
 
 this waste material, its vital processes would become clogged 
 and death would result. In fermentation, yeast is the active 
 agent. But when a bottle of cider or grape juice, for instance, 
 has fermented until it contains twelve per cent of alcohol, 
 the yeast plant dies, being poisoned by the waste material it 
 has thrown off. Thus alcohol, like the excretions of lower 
 plants and animals, is a poison to those of a higher order. 
 It is present in malt and distilled as well as fermented 
 liquors. 
 
 Is alcohol a stimulant? 
 
 Dr. Henry S. Williams, after long and careful observations 
 upon the influence of alcohol, says : 
 
 "The traditional role of alcohol is that of a stimu- 
 lant. It has been supposed to stimulate digestion and 
 assimilation; to stimulate the heart's action; to stimu- 
 late muscular activity and strength ; to stimulate the 
 mind. The new evidence seems to show that, in the 
 final analysis, alcohol stimulates none of these activi- 
 ties ; that its final effect is everywhere depressive and 
 inhibitory (at any rate as regards higher functions) 
 rather than stimulative ; that, in short, it is properly 
 to be classed with the anesthetics and narcotics. The 
 grounds for this view should be of interest to every 
 user of alcohol ; of interest, for that matter, to every 
 citizen, considering that more than one thousand mil- 
 lion gallons of alcoholic beverages are consumed in 
 the United States each year." 
 
 A custom based on ignorance 
 
 It was while people w*ere ignorant of the final and real 
 effects of alcohol that this injurious custom of alcoholic 
 drinking grew to such gigantic proportions. Through igno- 
 rance and error men have mistaken for real strength a 
 feeling which to their temporarily blurred judgments seemed 
 like that of strength. Dr. John J. Abel, of Johns Hopkins 
 University, says that "both science and experience of life 
 have exploded the pernicious theory that alcohol gives 
 any persistent increase of muscular power. The disappear- 
 
i 4 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 ance of this universal error will greatly reduce the consump- 
 tion of alcohol among laboring men/' Men have thought 
 they were working faster, with greater accuracy, and better 
 while those of sober judgment who watched them could 
 detect a marked decrease in efficiency. The misinterpreted 
 feelings due to alcohol have made possible the enormous 
 growth of a really harmful custom. 
 
 This feeling further defined 
 
 What is supposed to be stimulation is the effect of the 
 poison in paralyzing in part or in whole the higher centers 
 of control whose function is to keep all the activities in 
 coordination. The man who staggers may feel that he is 
 making superb headway. His power to appreciate a lack 
 of coordination in the movements of the muscles has been 
 taken away. His feeling of elation may cause him to wear 
 a smile on his face or even to boast of his happiness to every 
 one he meets. But the cool, sober judgment of those who 
 know condemns his conduct as pathetically ridiculous. 
 
 The narcotic effect of alcohol 
 
 The greatest effect of alcohol is registered in the central 
 nervous system. The small amount contained in a glass or 
 two causes the face to become somewhat flushed, leads one 
 to talk more freely and to act as though at greater ease. 
 Natural shyness or diffidence is gone, and in its place come 
 boldness and loquacity. Greater confidence in both physical 
 and mental ability is expressed. ' The former sense of 
 propriety is lulled to sleep. The higher mental faculties that 
 control the animal impulses become dull and ineffective. The 
 self-restraint that is necessary in the conduct of a true gentle- 
 man or gentlewoman, the sensitive appreciation of the higher 
 good, and the power to bring oneself into harmony therewith 
 ebb away as the quantity of alcohol taken is increased. In 
 its extreme effect upon these higher centers of self-control, 
 debauchery and lewdness are seen. Intoxication may cause 
 
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 15 
 
 one to think his actions heroic, for he judges them by his 
 feelings. The sober man knows they are hellish. 
 
 Alcohol is the enemy of the blood 
 
 "If ordinary air, containing twenty per cent oxygen, is 
 mixed with pure blood, ten per cent of the oxygen will 
 disappear, but with five per cent of alcohol added to the 
 blood only four per cent of the oxygen will be taken up. 
 The blood is the home of the red and white corpuscles. The 
 red corpuscles, little, flattened disks, only one thirty-two- 
 hundredths of an inch in diameter, cause waste matter to be 
 burned up, producing heat. The white corpuscles, or leuco- 
 cytes, one twenty-five-hundredths of an inch in diameter, 
 help to clean the body of waste matter and disease germs. 
 If a pneumonia germ enters the body, the white blood cor- 
 puscles surround it and swallow it. Hence, they are called 
 phagocytes, or cells which devour. They are assisted in 
 fighting disease by substances in the blood which are poisonous 
 to disease microbes. These substances are called opsonins. 
 The amount of opsonins grows less in bad health. If the 
 finger is cut, the 'matter' which appears in time is composed 
 of the dead bodies of the white blood corpuscles which have 
 been destroyed in fighting the germs of infection. The 
 white blood corpuscles do not like poison, and when even 
 small quantities of alcohol are taken, they are repelled, 
 driven out of the blood vessels, and if the finger is cut, are 
 unable to make their way through the flesh quickly. If they 
 do make their way into the blood vessels again to fight 
 disease germs, they are sluggish, unable to succeed, and 
 sickness follows." It was found in the Pasteur Institute of 
 Paris that in almost every case the failures to check the 
 development of hydrophobia in persons sent to the Institute 
 occurred in alcoholic patients." 
 
 Loss of the powers of discrimination 
 After thus showing the baneful effects which come to one 
 
16 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 who uses a small amount of alcohol, Dr. W. Stewart Whitte- 
 more, a graduate of the Harvard Medical School, goes on 
 to say: 
 
 "If his indulgence in alcohol continues, his powers 
 of discrimination are next impaired. He will invite 
 any stranger that happens along to drink with him, 
 and he will intrust his money and his belongings to 
 this chance acquaintance as he would to his most 
 intimate friend. In his increasing loquacity he will 
 tell anything that happens to come into his mind, and 
 in this way many a business secret or family skeleton 
 has been betrayed. Distinctions between right and 
 wrong fade out in his mind. A previously moral man 
 will commit acts when in this condition which he 
 would never think of doing ordinarily, and which he 
 may regret deeply when sober. He may become sud- 
 denly quarrelsome or vicious to such an extent that 
 he will strike those who are dear to him." 
 
 Description of the drunken state 
 
 At this stage the power of control of the muscles is 
 seriously interfered with. The movements of arms and legs 
 are uncertain and awkward. Gestures are exaggerated, the 
 hand shakes as it reaches for the glass and the man is 
 unable to stand steadily or walk straight. Sometimes a 
 peculiar recklessness comes over the partially intoxicated 
 man and he will attempt the most absurdly dangerous feats. 
 A man in this condition was seen deliberately to take a 
 hundred pound cake of ice and drop it down two flights of 
 stairs. If anyone had chanced to walk through the hall 
 below at that moment he would have been killed instantly. 
 
 "Eventually the man's speech becomes thick and incoherent, 
 his powers of sight and hearing are impaired, and he sinks 
 into a deep stupor which is frequently preceded by nausea 
 and vomiting. In this stage the spinal cord shares in the 
 depression which we have noted in the brain. The man 
 slumps from his seat to the floor, limp and helpless, to sleep 
 off the effects of the drug. If very large doses have been 
 taken he may remain unconscious ten or twelve hours. 
 
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 17 
 
 Occasionally a drinker will take so much whiskey or other 
 form of hard liquor that he never regains consciousness. In 
 such cases death is due to the paralysis of that very important 
 portion of the brain called the medulla, where the vital 
 functions, such as breathing, are regulated and controlled. 
 
 The effect of habitual drinking 
 
 "The man who becomes acutely intoxicated once may 
 recover entirely at the end of forty-eight hours. How is it 
 with the man who repeats the process week in and week out? 
 A slow but permanent impairment of the higher brain func- 
 tions becomes noticeable. In the majority of cases the first 
 evidence of this is the gradual decline of the power of 
 originality. The ability to invent, to open up new avenues 
 of business activity or of science, which constitutes the 
 highest form of mental activity, is the first to be lost. 
 
 "As time goes on there appears noticeable diminution in the 
 power to concentrate the attention upon one thing for any 
 length of time. The habitual drinker's mind acts as if con- 
 tinually fatigued. Thus it is not surprising that business 
 ability diminishes because the very factors which contribute 
 to the making of a successful business man are constantly 
 being undermined. Judgment and ability to reason clearly 
 become things of the past to the chronic alcoholic." 
 
 Alcohol the enemy of the heart and blood vessels 
 
 Fatty degeneration of the heart is frequently the result of 
 alcoholic drinking. It acts as a direct poison on the heart's 
 muscles and so causes the muscle fibers to become slightly 
 swollen in appearance; there is an increase of the fibrous 
 tissue between them and, later on, they become impregnated 
 with particles of fat. This is accompanied by dilatation of 
 the heart, and subsequently weakening of the valves. The 
 increased work put upon this organ as an effect of the use 
 of alcohol also causes its degeneration from sheer exhaustion. 
 Alcohol causes the small blood vessels to dilate and stay 
 
i8 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 distended, for they have lost their power to relax, and it 
 also weakens the arteries and veins, which are apt to rupture. 
 
 Alcohol and the muscles 
 
 In injuring the blood, making it incapable of performing 
 its natural function, alcohol becomes the enemy of the 
 muscles. It hinders their being built up by the absorption of 
 food. It interferes with the carrying of oxygen to the 
 muscles and the removing of waste matter so that waste 
 outruns repair. The muscles of the hard drinker become 
 soft and flabby while their strength is correspondingly 
 diminished. 
 
 Alcohol as a household remedy 
 
 In a carefully prepared statement Captain Richmond Hobson 
 says: 
 
 "The greater liability to disease in drinkers is true 
 as to pneumonia, typhoid, and, broadly speaking, to 
 all diseases. So the idea that you need alcohol, or 
 that it is a legitimate household remedy, has been 
 entirely exploded. Henceforth, I believe, when laws 
 are drafted for the various States, legislators will not 
 make any exception to the use of alcohol, or alcoholic 
 beverages, even for use for medicinal purposes. You 
 can wipe out its use for medicinal purposes without 
 loss." 
 
 Alcohol the ally of disease 
 
 Statistics of H. Dillon Gouge, public actuary, South 
 Australia, for the years 1890-92, show that the average number 
 of weeks of sickness per member in accident insurance 
 societies writing only abstainers, was 1.2 weeks. The average 
 number of weeks in general societies was 2.3 weeks. The 
 average duration of the time of sickness in abstaining 
 societies was 6.4 weeks, and in general societies 10.9 weeks. 
 In abstaining societies, the loss by death was .6 per cent; 
 in general societies 1.3 per cent. 
 
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 19 
 
 Abstinence and longevity 
 
 At 30 years of age, the average insured man may expect 
 to live 35 years longer; the abstainer may expect to live 38.8 
 years longer. At 40 years of age, the average insured man's 
 expectation of life is 27.3 years; the abstainers, 30.1 years, 
 an advantage of about eleven per cent for the abstainer 
 (R. M. Moore, Actuary). 
 
 Experience of the New York Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, 1875-1889, showed that among insured abstainers the 
 death rate was only seventy-eight per cent of the expected 
 rate; among non-abstainers it was ninety-six per cent (Van 
 Cice). 
 
 Deaths due to drink 
 
 Joel G. Van Cise, Actuary of the Equitable Life Assurance 
 Society of the United States, says : 
 
 "The experience of the Sceptre Life Assurance 
 Society, Ltd., for the twenty years from 1884 to 1903 
 inclusive gives the following figures: For abstainers, 
 expected deaths, fourteen hundred and forty; actual 
 deaths, seven hundred and ninety-two ; being fifty-five 
 per cent of the expected deaths. Non-abstainers, 
 expected deaths, twenty-seven hundred and thirty; 
 actual deaths, eighteen hundred and eighty, or 
 seventy-nine per cent of the expected." 
 
 The Scottish Temperance Assurance Company, for the 
 same period, showed the relation of actual to expected 
 deaths was twenty-six per cent higher for non-abstainers 
 than for abstainers. 
 
 In the case of both companies the difference as between 
 abstainers and non-abstainers is remarkable, the percentage 
 of the death rate to expected being about fifty per cent 
 higher with non-abstainers than with abstainers. Surely it 
 is true that "in the tug of war between life and death, drink 
 pulls on the graveyard end." 
 
 Drink's toll from the prime of life 
 In the vital statistics of Basel, Switzerland, for 1892-1906 
 
20 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 alcohol is given as one cause of death in ninety-one per 
 cent of men forty to fifty years of age dying of liver cirrhosis ; 
 in forty-three per cent of deaths from digestive diseases; in 
 thirty per cent of deaths from pneumonia; in twenty-three 
 per cent of deaths from diseases of the circulation ; in twenty- 
 five per cent of kidney disease. 
 
 Alcohol and suicide 
 
 According to the United States Mortality Reports, twenty- 
 three per cent of the suicides in the United States are sup- 
 posed to be due to intemperance. During the years 1900- 
 1908 it is estimated that eleven thousand, nine hundred and 
 eighty-six persons killed themselves because of alcohol. 
 
 Alcohol and the individual 
 
 In concluding his article on Alcohol and the Individual, 
 Dr. Henry S. Williams says: 
 
 "So I am bound to believe, on the evidence, that 
 if you take alcohol habitually, in any quantity what- 
 ever, it is to some extent a menace to you. I am 
 bound to believe, in the light of what science has 
 revealed: (i) that you are tangibly threatening the 
 physical structures of your stomach, your liver, your 
 kidneys, your heart, your blood-vessels, your nerves, 
 your brain; (2) that you are unequivocally decreas- 
 ing your capacity for work in any field, be it physical, 
 intellectual, or artistic; (3) that you are in some 
 measure lowering the grade of your mind, dulling 
 your higher aesthetic sense, and taking the finer edge 
 off your morals; (4) that you are distinctly lessening 
 your chances of maintaining health and attaining 
 longevity; and (5) that you may be entailing upon 
 your descendants yet unborn a bond of incalculable 
 misery." 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 What part has ignorance of the effects of alcohol had in 
 the spread of the drinking custom? 
 
 Show how deceiving are the effects of alcohol. 
 How has science demonstrated this deceptiveness? 
 
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 21 
 
 Can the effect of alcohol be rightly described as stimulating ? 
 
 How is the body's protection against infection impaired by 
 the use of alcohol? 
 
 What is the real nature of the seeming stimulation which 
 results from drinking alcoholic beverages? 
 
 What is the nature of alcohol? How is it produced? 
 
 What effect does drink have upon length of life? 
 
 Describe the state of intoxication. 
 
 What is the result of alcohol upon the heart, the muscles, 
 the blood, the blood-vessels? 
 
 To what extent is alcohol a good household remedy? 
 
 How does abstinence influence longevity? 
 
 Sum up the physical effects of alcohol under five heads. 
 
 In your opinion should the laws that guard the public 
 health make liquor-selling a crime? 
 
 What would have been the result if the Amalekites, after 
 having destroyed Ziklag, had remained as free from alcohol 
 as are the Russians, German, French, and English troops to- 
 day? 
 
 How did it happen that King Elah lost his life so easily 
 at the hands of Zimri? 
 
 What is the highest motive that one can have in abstaining 
 from alcoholic drinks? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Show clearly the real nature of alcohol. 
 
 Then point out its effect upon the various parts of the 
 body, especially the nerve centers and brain. 
 
 Take time thoroughly to discuss the deceptive nature of 
 the feelings produced by alcohol. 
 
 Emphasize the effects of drinking beer and wine as well 
 as the stronger beverages. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Send to the Temperance Society of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, Shawnee Building, Topeka, Kansas, for a list 
 
22 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 of practical experiments showing vividly the effects of alcohol 
 on health, which can be laid before the class and the Sunday 
 school. 
 
 See to it that the moderate or occasional drinkers among 
 the friends of the class members are supplied with facts 
 concerning the effects of moderate drinking. Write the 
 Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull Street, Boston, 
 Mass., for literature for distribution. 
 
 Have "Public Health" the subject to be discussed at the 
 monthly meeting. Get a Christian physician to show the 
 effects of liquor upon the health of the community. Have 
 a member appointed to look up the local public records 
 showing causes of deaths in our own community. Present 
 the facts to the class. 
 
LESSON III 
 
 THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL UPON 
 RACE WELFARE 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 And there was a certain man of Zorah, of the 
 family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah ; and 
 his wife was barren, and bare not. And the angel of 
 Jehovah appeared unto the woman, and said unto her, 
 Behold now, them art barren, and bearest not; but 
 thou shalt conceive, and bear a son. Now therefore 
 beware, I pray thee, and drink no wine nor strong 
 drink, and eat not any unclean thing: for lo, thou 
 shalt conceive, and bear a son ; and no razor shall 
 come upon his head ; for the child shall be a Nazirite 
 unto God from the womb : and he shall begin to save 
 Israel out of the hand of the Philistines. Then the 
 woman came and told her husband, saying, A man 
 of God came unto me, and his countenance was like 
 the countenance of the angel of God, very terrible ; 
 and I asked him not whence he was, neither told he 
 me his name : but he said unto me, Behold, thou shalt 
 conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine 
 nor strong drink, and eat not any unclean thing; for 
 the child shall be a Nazirite unto God from the 
 womb to the day of his death. Judges 13. 2-7. 
 
 Woe unto them that are mighty to drink wine, 
 and men of strength to mingle strong drink; that 
 justify the wicked for a bribe, and take away the 
 righteousness of the righteous from him ! 
 
 Therefore as the tongue of fire devoureth the 
 stubble, and as the dry grass sinketh down in the 
 flame, so their root shall be as rottenness, and their 
 blossom shall go up as dust ; because they have 
 rejected the law of Jehovah of hosts, and despised 
 the word of the Holy One of Israel. 
 
 Isaiah 5. 22-24. 
 
 23 
 
24 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 THE LESSON 
 The saloon is harmful to human life 
 
 Every institution of society ultimately stands or falls by 
 its effect on human life. The saloon will be no exception. 
 Already it receives treatment different from that of any 
 other selling agency. Meat markets, grocery and dry goods 
 stores are not hedged about with the restrictions which are 
 peculiar to the saloon. The fundamental difference lies in 
 the fact that what the saloon sells has possibilities of harm 
 in it, that it is detrimental rather than beneficial to human 
 life. 
 
 High value placed upon human life 
 
 The valuation placed upon human life has probably never 
 been as high as now. It is this that is the inspiration of 
 practically all movements for peace, for social betterment 
 and justice. "A sound race" is the keynote of the work 
 for social purity, for wisdom in marriage, for the study and 
 prevention of feeble-mindedness, epilepsy, idiocy, and insanity. 
 
 Alcohol and Race Degeneracy 
 
 The relation of alcohol to race degeneracy has been 
 receiving increasing attention in recent years. For a long 
 time physicians have often observed in the families of 
 drinkers, especially when the drink habit has been conspicuous 
 for more than one generation, signs of physical or mental 
 weakness. Efforts have been made to ascertain the extent 
 of the interrelation of degeneracy and alcoholism by studying 
 the parentages of defective children, or, reversing the process, 
 by studying the children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents. 
 
 The idiot, the feeble-minded, and the epileptic 
 
 By the first method, for instance, Dr. Shuttleworth, a 
 famous English specialist, in an article in the British Journal 
 
EFFECT UPON RACE WELFARE 25 
 
 of Inebriety, January, 1909, reported that of twelve hundred 
 cases of idiocy and feeble-mindedness at the Royal Albert 
 Asylum thirteen and one-quarter per cent were attributed 
 to alcoholic parentage. Nineteen per cent of the admissions 
 for epilepsy at the Craig Colony for Epileptics, in New 
 York, in 1911, had alcoholic heredity, according to the annual 
 report. 
 
 A heavy drinker and his children 
 
 A few instances are on record where to parents of normal 
 children one defective child was born known to have had 
 its beginning when one or both parents were under the 
 influence of alcohol. Dr. Schweighofer, in the Archives of 
 Internal Medicine for October, 1912, recorded a case where 
 a normal woman married a normal man and had three normal 
 children. After his death, she married a heavy drinker, and 
 had three children. One became a drunkard, one was infantile. 
 Both contracted tuberculosis, which had never before been 
 in the family. The third child was a social degenerate and 
 drunkard. By a third marriage, again to a sober man, the 
 mother again produced sound children. Other similar cases 
 have been reported. 
 
 The children of "abstainers," "moderates" and 
 "drinkers" 
 
 Dr. Laitinen, of the University of Helsingfors, collected 
 statistics for the 1909 International Congress Against Alcohol- 
 ism, as to the vitality and physical condition of twenty 
 thousand and eight children in fifty-eight hundred and forty- 
 five families. The families were classified according to the 
 habits of the parents as "Abstaining/' those who had never 
 taken alcohol, or at least not since marriage; "Moderate," 
 those who took no more alcohol than corresponds to one 
 glass of four per cent beer daily; and "Drinkers," those 
 who drink daily more than the equivalent of one glass of 
 
26 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 four per cent beer. The child mortality in the three groups 
 ran as follows: 
 
 Children Mis- 
 died carriages 
 Per cent Per cent 
 
 Abstaining families 13-45 I-O7 
 
 Moderates' families 23.17 5.26 
 
 Drinkers' families 32.02 7.11 
 
 A comparison of the weight and development of the 
 living children 
 
 Comparing the weight and development of the children 
 who lived, it was found that the average weight of children 
 of abstainers was greater at birth, and that these children 
 developed more rapidly during the first eight months than 
 the children of the "moderates" ; the "drinkers' " children 
 were smallest at birth and developed most slowly. 
 
 The children of drunken mothers 
 
 W. C. Sullivan, M.D., the English investigator, shows that 
 of six hundred children of one hundred and twenty drunken 
 mothers, 55.8 per cent died in infancy or were born dead, and 
 that several of the survivors were defective. Many of these 
 women had sober women relatives married to sober husbands. 
 The mortality among the children of these latter was 23.9 per 
 cent. 
 
 The drunkard's home 
 
 Unhygienic conditions in the home of the drinker may 
 undoubtedly be a factor in this higher child mortality. Money 
 diverted to the liquor-seller cannot be paid to the landlord 
 for a suitable home, to the grocer for abundant nourishing 
 food for mother and children, to the coal dealer for fuel, to 
 the merchant for proper clothing. Conditions may thus be 
 created tending to child sickness and mortality, especially 
 if the mother is obliged to help support the family because 
 of the father's drinking habits. 
 
EFFECT UPON RACE WELFARE 27 
 
 Alcohol and nonhuman animal life 
 
 But experiments on animal life are free from these com- 
 plications. Studies of hen's eggs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and 
 dogs have definitely shown degenerating effects of alcohol 
 under careful experiments. Probably the most conclusive 
 evidence on this point is afforded by the recent experiments 
 by Dr. Charles R. Stockard on guinea pigs. The young of 
 parents subjected to alcohol, short of intoxication, were 
 compared with the young of animals given exactly the same 
 care except for alcohol. Three tests were made with the 
 following results : 
 
 (1) An alcoholic father. When the father only was alco- 
 holic, of twenty-four matings, fourteen gave no result at all. 
 Only twelve living young were born. Seven soon died, 
 leaving five living and these are runts, and excitable animals. 
 All that died "showed various nervous disturbances, having 
 epileptic-like seizures, and in every case died in a state of 
 convulsion. This is commonly the fate of feeble and nervously 
 defective children." 
 
 (2) An alcoholic mother. When the mother only was 
 alcoholic, out of four matings, but five young were born. 
 Only two survived. One of these was mated with an alco- 
 holic. She was killed by accident, but one of her young 
 (which thus had an alcoholic father and grandmother) was 
 found to be deformed and showed other signs of degeneracy. 
 
 (3) Alcoholic parents. When both parents were alcoholic 
 only one living litter was born of fourteen matings. This 
 consisted of one weak individual, which died in convulsions 
 on the sixth day after birth. 
 
 Thus from the alcoholic families, forty-two matings gave 
 only seven surviving young, of whom five were runts. 
 
 With non-alcoholic parents, nine matings gave seventeen 
 young, all surviving and all large, vigorous, active animals 
 for their age. 
 
 "This is, indeed, a decided effect of alcohol on the off- 
 spring," says Dr. Stockard. 
 
28 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 The germ of life 
 
 The secret of the harm wrought on posterity by the 
 alcohol-user is believed by many students to lie in the effect 
 of alcohol on the cells in which human life begins. These 
 germ-cells, of which "the individual is the trustee," are now 
 known to be susceptible to certain chemical agents circulating 
 in the blood. A reliable statement of this fact may be found 
 in Forel's "Nervous and Mental Hygiene," pages one hundred 
 and twenty-four and two hundred and ten. The poisons of 
 lead and of infectious diseases may so affect the germ plasm 
 as to cause lowered vitality, with death during infancy, 
 imperfect development showing itself in convulsions, epilepsy, 
 feeble-mindedness, and insanity. Many physicians believe that 
 alcohol should be included among the substances capable of 
 causing such changes in the germ-cell. It is known, as already 
 shown, that in the family of the alcoholic there is a heavier 
 percentage of premature births and of infant mortality. The 
 experiments with the alcoholized fathers of guinea pigs 
 "clearly demonstrate," said the experimenter (Dr. Stockard), 
 "that the paternal germ-cells may be modified by chemical 
 treatment (of the animal) to such a degree that the male will 
 beget abnormal offspring, even though he be mated with a 
 vigorous female." Dr. Charles B. Davenport and Dr. David 
 F. Weeks in their book, "A First Study of Inheritance in 
 Epilepsy," state that there is a "constant excess beyond expec- 
 tation of epileptic and feeble-minded offspring from alcoholic 
 parents . . . from ten per cent to twenty per cent more 
 children in any fraternity are defective than would be were 
 it not for alcohol." It may be said that many, including the 
 authors just quoted, believe that alcoholism itself may be an 
 expression of defect, that persons with these defects are in 
 turn more susceptible to alcohol, thus possibly forming a 
 vicious alcoholic circle. Further, the use of alcohol often 
 seems to bring out latent tendencies to physical and mental 
 defects that might never appear but for this debilitating and 
 degenerating habit. 
 
EFFECT UPON RACE WELFARE 29 
 
 The dependent, delinquent, and criminal 
 
 The serious risk which human welfare incurs in the use 
 of a substance capable of increasing the number of defective 
 lives appears in the fact that it is now believed that out of 
 these classes of subnormal persons come many of the de- 
 pendent, delinquent criminals, ne'er-do-wells, and immoral 
 persons. This is the opinion of the famous German physician t 
 Dr. Adolf Frick, as stated in his "Einfluss der Geistigen 
 Getranke auf die Kinder." The feeble-minded children, for 
 instance, without self-control, but having the instincts of 
 appetite and maturity, readily become the victims of evil- 
 minded men and women and perpetuate their kind, starting 
 new lives which inevitably are a waste and burden instead 
 of a strength and glory to the human race. 
 
 Unto the third and fourth generation 
 
 It may readily be admitted that the worst consequences of 
 parental drinking may not always show themselves in the 
 first generation of descendants from a drinker, especially if 
 he is of non-drinking ancestry, or if his children were born 
 before the habit reached its climax in himself, or if the 
 mother is free from alcoholic inheritance. "It may even 
 require several generations," said Professor Adolf Frick, "for 
 actual drunkards to appear in a moderate drinking family, 
 but then the fatal power advances with giant strides." In 
 view of the social conditions of the past, there are probably 
 comparatively few persons who have a long ancestry of 
 abstainers, so that there is always the possibility of precipi- 
 tating serious consequences. 
 
 Protect human life from the use of alcoholic liquors 
 
 It is this which constitutes the most serious and far-reaching 
 fact of the alcohol problem of which the saloon is a part. 
 Whether, as some believe, the alcoholic habit in any particular 
 case is the result of an existing nervous defect, the known 
 facts of heredity demand that human life should be protected 
 
30 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 at least from the inducement to drink which the saloon 
 affords, and from the constant appeal to drink which an 
 organized traffic is making in endeavoring to build up its 
 business. The problem of what to do with the weak and the 
 defective already existing is even now almost overwhelming. 
 It is the part of prudence and wise "trusteeship" to protect 
 life against even the possibility of any further deterioration 
 where alcohol may be responsible for it. 
 
 The results of prohibition 
 
 That prohibition of the liquor traffic does offer this protec- 
 tion of life against such deterioration is the testimony of 
 experience. In a letter, replying to an inquiry for facts about 
 the conditions in the homes in Kansas, Professor William 
 A. McKeever, of the University of Kansas, states: 
 
 "Parents with alcoholic habits are practically un- 
 known in this State. I travel much about the State 
 and do not know of a single case. Have made special 
 inquiry here and can find none. I wonder if you 
 can realize the meaning of this?" 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 Why is human life of value? 
 
 How far are the enemies of the use of liquor placing too 
 high a value upon it? 
 
 In what respect is the present generation responsible for 
 the future welfare of the race? 
 
 Why has an adult who is incapable of producing normal 
 children no moral right to have offspring? 
 
 Should a license be granted to any institution to interfere 
 with the welfare of the race? 
 
 What effect does physical degeneracy have upon moral and 
 intellectual development? 
 
 To what extent is it interfering with an individual's per- 
 sonal liberty to prevent him from drinking that which will 
 seriously injure his offspring? 
 
EFFECT UPON RACE WELFARE 31 
 
 What amount of license revenue will repay the birth of a 
 degenerate child? 
 
 To what extent is degeneracy due to alcohol? 
 
 How safe is moderate drinking? 
 
 Why are good homes important from the standpoint of 
 race welfare? 
 
 Why should the prospective mother of a Nazirite child be 
 free from strong drink? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Follow these three general lines of thought: 
 
 The concern which all men should feel for the welfare of 
 the race. A God-given destiny is to be worked out. Human 
 life is precious. 
 
 Race welfare demands the birth of physically perfect chil- 
 dren. The present generation is the "trustee" of this priceless 
 "germ of life." Parenthood is the greatest of professions. 
 To safeguard parenthood is a social obligation. 
 
 Alcohol corrupts the human stock. Its influence causes 
 degeneracy. Because of alcohol, future children are damned 
 to physical inferiority, deformity, idiocy, feeble-mindedness, 
 and premature death. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Visit local institutions which care for feeble-minded or 
 other degenerates, and make reports to the class. 
 
 Have members report concrete cases of the influence of 
 alcohol upon children. 
 
 Arrange a publicity campaign on the effects of alcohol. 
 In preparation for this campaign write the Scientific Tem- 
 perance Federation, 23 Trull Street, Boston, Mass., or the 
 Poster Committee, n Mason Street, Cambridge, Mass., or 
 the American Issue Publishing Company, Westerville, Ohio, 
 for samples and price lists of posters. A poster campaign 
 can be made very effective and the cost is small. Never let 
 the church bulletin board stand idle. 
 
LESSON IV 
 CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, 
 And of the fields of Gomorrah : 
 Their grapes are grapes of gall, 
 Their clusters are bitter: 
 Their wine is the poison of serpents, 
 And the cruel venom of asps. 
 
 Deuteronomy 32. 32, 33. 
 
 Wine is a mocker, strong drink a brawler; 
 And whosoever erreth thereby is not wise. 
 
 Proverbs 20. I. 
 
 Be not deceived ; God is not mocked : for whatso- 
 ever a man soweth, that shall he also reap. For he 
 that soweth unto his own flesh shall of the flesh reap 
 corruption ; but he that soweth unto the Spirit shall 
 of the Spirit reap eternal life. Galatians 6. 7, 8. 
 
 Woe unto them that join house to house, that lay 
 field to field, till there be no room, and ye be made to 
 dwell alone in the midst of the land ! In mine ears 
 saith Jehovah of hosts, Of a truth many houses shall 
 be desolate, even great and fair, without inhabitant. 
 For ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and 
 a homer of seed shall yield but an ephah. Woe unto 
 them that rise up early in the morning, that they may 
 follow strong drink; that tarry late into the night, 
 till wine inflame them ! And the harp and the lute, 
 the tabret and the pipe, and wine, are in their feasts; 
 but they regard not the work of Jehovah, neither 
 have they considered the operation of his hands. 
 Therefore my people are gone into captivity for lack 
 of knowledge ; and their honorable men are famished, 
 and their multitude are parched with thirst. There- 
 fore Sheol hath enlarged its desire, and opened its 
 32 
 
CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC 33 
 
 mouth without measure ; and their glory, and their 
 multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth 
 among them, descend into it. And the mean man is 
 bowed down, and the great man is humbled, and the 
 eyes of the lofty are humbled: but Jehovah of hosts 
 is exalted in justice, and God the Holy One is sancti- 
 fied in righteousness. Then shall the lambs feed as 
 in their pasture, and the waste places of the fat ones 
 shall wanderers eat. Woe unto them that draw 
 iniquity with cords of falsehood, and sin as it were 
 with a cart rope; that say, Let him make speed, let 
 him hasten his work, that we may see it; and let the 
 counsel of the Holy One of Israel draw nigh and 
 come, that we may know it ! Woe unto them that 
 call evil good, and good evil ; that put darkness for 
 light, and light for darkness ; that put bitter for sweet, 
 and sweet for bitter ! Woe unto them that are wise 
 in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight ! 
 Woe unto them that are mighty to drink wine, and 
 men of strength to mingle strong drink; that justify 
 the wicked for a bribe, and take away the righteous- 
 ness of the righteous from him ! Therefore as the 
 tongue of fire devoureth the stubble, and as the dry 
 grass sinketh down in the flame, so their root shall 
 be as rottenness and their blossom shall go up as 
 dust; because they have rejected the law of Jehovah 
 of hosts, and despised the word of the Holy One of 
 Israel. Isaiah 5. 8-24. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 What is crime? 
 
 In a broad sense, crime is defined as "some act or omission 
 in respect to which legal punishment may be inflicted upon 
 the person who is in default whether by acting or omitting 
 to act." It is an act or omission injuriously affecting the 
 whole community, prejudicing public rights, which acts or 
 omissions are punishable by law. A course of conduct is 
 frequently considered as "criminal" which constitutes no 
 technical violation of law. 
 
 A "criminal" act 
 
 While it is true that many acts which involve no violation 
 
34 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 of the law are commonly regarded as "criminal" in many 
 localities, it is also true that many technical violations of 
 law or ordinance cannot be said to be criminal in their 
 character. Such matters as obstructing the highway, per- 
 mitting a chimney to give forth excessive smoke, speeding 
 a motor, or a breach of building laws, while technical viola- 
 tions of the law, cannot properly be termed as "criminal" 
 acts. 
 
 "Felony" and "misdemeanor 3 ' 
 
 In legal circles of all civilized nations the term "crime" 
 has a much narrower sense and nearly corresponds to the 
 term "felony," punishable with death or a term in a penal 
 institution as distinguished from some offense referred to as 
 a "misdemeanor," punishable with a fine or imprisonment in 
 a local jail. Legal writers distinguish these two classes of 
 offenses as mala in se (wrong in itself) as against mala 
 prohiba (wrong prohibited). 
 
 Criminal and civil law 
 
 For the most part, offenses against the individual are now 
 considered as offenses against the sovereign. In America, 
 the people are the sovereign power, so prosecutions for both 
 crimes and misdemeanors are brought by and in the name of 
 the people. In many cases, criminal and civil law overlap so 
 that while the people prosecute a man for murder, the 
 victim's widow may also sue the same man for damages. 
 The wrong inflicted is described by the legal term "tort." 
 In most States, as a matter of "torts," the wife of the 
 inebriate may bring damage suit against the liquor dealer for 
 depriving her of her support by debauching her bread-winner. 
 
 The liquor traffic promotes crime 
 
 It is a matter of common knowledge wherever alcoholic 
 liquor is sold and used in any considerable degree for 
 beverage purposes that a large volume of crime and misde- 
 
CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC 35 
 
 meanors, as well as offenses termed torts, result therefrom. 
 As a matter of fact, all legislation throughout the world 
 seeking to curtail or regulate the traffic in intoxicating liquors 
 is based upon this common knowledge : that the beverage use 
 of intoxicants naturally leads to crime and disorder. Laws 
 against selling liquor at late hours of night, laws against 
 selling liquor in places remote from police protection, laws 
 forbidding the selling of liquor- on legal holidays, are all 
 based on the theory that the liquor traffic promotes crime, 
 and their purpose is to reduce such crime to the lowest 
 practicable minimum. Laws against selling liquor to a drunken 
 man are based on the probability that additional liquor may 
 lead him to commit some crime. Laws against selling liquor 
 to Indians arise from the fear that such liquor may lead to 
 crimes, especially crimes of violence. Laws authorizing 
 mayors of cities to close all saloons in times of riots or on 
 occasions of great disasters are all based on the theory that 
 the sale of liquor at such times is especially provocative of 
 further violence and crime. 
 
 Commerce in useful things 
 
 All legislation, State, national, and local, respecting com- 
 merce in useful things is based on the desire to promote 
 and encourage such traffic. The Department of Commerce 
 and Labor has been established to promote and encourage 
 commerce and trade in useful products and manufactures. 
 Consular and diplomatic agents are scattered throughout the 
 world to promote such traffic. 
 
 Liquor traffic not useful 
 
 All legislation respecting the liquor traffic, on the contrary, 
 national, State, and local, is based upon the proposition that 
 the traffic promotes disorder, that it is productive of crime, 
 and must be handicapped and curtailed. Even the license 
 laws promoted by the United States Brewers' Association, 
 the Model License League, and kindred organizations of 
 
36 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 persons engaged in the traffic itself, spring from the same 
 basic principles that the traffic is productive of crime, and 
 the public good therefore requires that it be curtailed, -that 
 it be surrounded by such restrictions and limitations as will 
 reduce these evils to the lowest possible minimum. 
 
 Two classes of legislation 
 
 Anyone can readily discern the underlying distinction be- 
 tween these two classes of legislation by a mental attempt to 
 imagine the current liquor laws as being applied to any item 
 found in a common grocery. A law forbidding the selling 
 of potatoes to minors, a law forbidding the selling of fruit 
 to one who is excessively fond of fruit, a law forbidding the 
 selling of bananas to one who had just eaten a lot of bananas, 
 a law forbidding the selling of flour after ten o'clock at 
 night, laws compelling grocers to give bonds that their salt 
 will not lead to violence and disorder any such legislation 
 in reality applied to any such item would create laughter in 
 a morgue. Yet such laws are seriously considered and more 
 or less enforced as to the traffic in intoxicating liquors, simply 
 because they are based upon the common desire to restrain 
 the traffic, to reduce the liquor consumption to the lowest 
 practicable minimum. 
 
 The meaning of the license policy 
 
 So far, the underlying reasons for license laws and pro- 
 hibition laws are identical. Both are based on a desire to 
 eliminate the traffic so far as practicable. It is desired to 
 eliminate to the limit this traffic because of the common 
 knowledge that it promotes crime, distress, disorder, and 
 expense to the tax-paying community. Those promoting the 
 license policy recognize frankly that the saloon is a great 
 source of crime, that it should be curtailed, restricted, regu- 
 lated so as to reduce this factor to a minimum. It is urged 
 that the traffic cannot be wholly eliminated, and that it is 
 best to allow it to continue under strict regulation and levy 
 
CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC 37 
 
 upon it heavy taxes or license fees so as to compensate the 
 community, at least in part, for the expense attending the 
 disorder, poverty, and crime growing out of the business. 
 Why should not the traffic be compelled to bear some of the 
 burden heaped upon the taxpayers by virtue of the liquor- 
 selling and its resulting crime? 
 
 Prohibition of the saloon 
 
 On the other hand, those who would prohibit the traffic 
 freely admit that prohibition of the traffic will not totally 
 eliminate drink or the clandestine traffic. It is urged that 
 prohibition of the saloon should not be expected to accom- 
 plish what no prohibition law in the history of the world 
 has ever accomplished. Murder and theft have been pro- 
 hibited by law, which law has been overwhelmingly supported 
 by public opinion since the dawn of history; and yet the 
 newspapers now chronicle violations of these laws daily all 
 over the world. 
 
 Why not license murder? 
 
 It would only subject man to ridicule to make the same 
 proposition regarding theft and murder that is made re- 
 garding the liquor traffic. Such crimes have always been 
 committed and the community might as well secure some 
 revenue from it in order to pay the expense of criminal pro- 
 ceedings on account thereof ! But every thoughtful man 
 knows that vastly less murders and thefts are committed 
 under a prohibition policy than would be committed under 
 a license regime. 
 
 The saloon responsible for crime 
 
 This principle is not disputed as to theft, murder, or any- 
 thing else except the traffic in intoxicating liquors, and it is 
 disputed in this respect chiefly by the liquor dealers them- 
 selves or by persons who profit by the traffic. In setting 
 forth its claims, the saloon usually puts forth as spokesmen 
 
38 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 renters of saloon property, criminal lawyers who thrive on 
 the saloon business, business men who sell their goods largely 
 to saloons, coopers, bottlemakers, ice men, cigarmakers, brass 
 manufacturers, and the like. The crooked politician who 
 seeks office through the saloon votes is diligent in urging 
 theories of this sort, yet none of these seriously combat the 
 statement that the saloon is largely responsible for crime. 
 
 Legitimate uses of alcohol 
 
 Those who would prohibit the traffic in intoxicants for 
 beverage purposes would not interfere with, but would en- 
 courage, the use of alcohol for mechanical, industrial, manu- 
 facturing, and scientific purposes. They demand only that 
 the State take precisely the same course toward alcohol as 
 is taken toward impure meat and poisonous drugs. They 
 would encourage the use of spoiled meat for the manu- 
 facture of soap, fertilizer, and for other useful purposes, but 
 would prohibit the sale for eating purposes. Intoxicants, 
 being far more dangerous to the public health and morals, 
 should stand on precisely the same footing before the law. 
 
 Difficulty in determining percentage 
 
 Inasmuch as it is conceded that the sale of intoxicants 
 results in a sufficient amount of crime to warrant the 
 restraining hand of the law, the exact percentage of such 
 crime caused by the saloon is only a matter of academic 
 interest. Just what this percentage may be is largely a matter 
 of conjecture, and investigations into this subject vary with 
 the viewpoint and the methods of the investigator. As a 
 conspicuous example, Harry K. Thaw, while inflamed with 
 drink, shot and killed Stanford White. Thaw had ample 
 opportunity to kill White after he knew of the grievance and 
 when he was sober. But not until he became heated with 
 wine did he fire the fatal bullet. In order to escape the 
 electric chair, his attorneys proved him to be insane. They 
 knew he was not so much insane as intoxicated. 
 
CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC 39 
 
 The reputed cause of this shooting might be variously set 
 down according to the notion of the investigator. One might 
 attribute it to insanity; another might attribute it to tem- 
 porary passion at a fancied or real wrong; another might 
 properly say that had it not been for the wine which inflamed 
 Thaw on the fatal night, the tragedy would never have 
 happened. 
 
 Approximate per cent 
 
 Factors of this sort enter into most studies of the per- 
 centage of crime due to the saloon, which naturally lead to 
 varied results. It is very rare, however, that an experienced 
 officer of the law whose life is devoted to dealing with 
 criminals will place the percentage .due to drink at less than 
 fifty per cent. The great majority of such men will place 
 the proportion at from seventy-five to ninety per cent. Some 
 will place it even higher. One or two concrete illustrations 
 show the trend. 
 
 In addressing naval cadets, Emperor William II of Ger- 
 many said : "I can assure you that during the twenty-two 
 years of my reign, I have made the observation that the 
 greater number of criminal cases submitted to me for adjudi- 
 cation, up to nine tenths, are traceable to the consequences 
 of alcohol." 
 
 Dr. T. D. Crothers, Superintendent of the Walnut Lodge 
 Hospital, in Hartford, Conn., says: "All authorities agree 
 that from seventy-five to ninety per cent of all criminality is 
 caused by the abuse of alcohol." 
 
 In Sweden, the subject of the intimate relation between 
 crime and alcohol was seen to be of such vast importance 
 that it was made a matter of investigation by the State in 
 connection with the medical profession. The number of cases 
 investigated was twenty-four thousand three hundred and 
 ninety-eight. Of this number, seventeen thousand three hun- 
 dred and seventy-four, that is, 71.2 per cent, connected their 
 crime with the use of alcohol. 
 
40 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 The case of San Francisco 
 
 In places where the taking of alcohol is prohibited the 
 number of arrests for crime falls at once. This was strik- 
 ingly seen during the terrible earthquake at San Francisco, 
 when Mayor Schmitz "issued an order forbidding any person 
 to sell, give away, or drink alcoholic liquors. The result was 
 that with thousands of homeless people in the city and thou- 
 sands of visitors coming into the city, the arrests from April 
 20 to July 4, 1906, were from two to six per day. In all the 
 turmoil and the confusion of the tens of thousands of home- 
 less people, and the influx of thousands of visitors, perfect 
 order prevailed, and the police force, according to their own 
 statement, had nothing to do. . . . The first Monday after 
 the reopening of the saloon in San Francisco (July 9, 1906) 
 there were seventy-four victims before the police courts, as 
 against five on the previous Monday; seventy-two on Friday, 
 as against two on the previous Friday; and the second Mon- 
 day one hundred and thirteen, as against three or four the 
 second Monday before reopening. . . . Extra policemen were 
 asked to protect the defenseless refugee women and children, 
 and extra guards were stationed at the camps to protect the 
 homeless." 
 
 The Webb law 
 
 The Webb Law, enacted by Congress in 1913, has taken 
 from the liquor dealers their principal means of selling the 
 licensed saloon product in no-license communities, and pro- 
 hibition is rapidly becoming more and more effective by 
 reason thereof. The entire logic of the situation calls for 
 ultimate national prohibition, for which an active campaign 
 is now under way. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 Can liquor-selling for beverage purposes be justly looked 
 upon as injuriously affecting the community? 
 
CRIME AND THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC 41 
 
 Does it prejudice public rights? 
 
 May we consider it a "felony" ? 
 
 From the standpoint of the saloon, what is the significance 
 of the fact that in America the people are the sovereign? 
 
 Why is it that all legislation seeks to curtail or regulate 
 the liquor traffic rather than promote and protect it? 
 
 Do men engaged in the saloon business generally agree that 
 their business is productive of crime? 
 
 What else can their advocacy of license measures mean? 
 
 Why should it be silly to enact a law forbidding the sale 
 of potatoes to minors? 
 
 Can the liquor traffic be wholly eliminated by legal enact- 
 ment? 
 
 If not, does it follow that it should be licensed? 
 
 Why not license, rather than prohibit, murder? 
 
 How much revenue was collected on the liquor drunk by 
 Thaw before he killed White? What did it finally cost the 
 government? 
 
 In Germany, what is the relation between alcohol and crime ? 
 
 In what sense is wine a mocker? 
 
 What woes follow inevitably upon the use of strong drink? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Bring out clearly the meaning of "crime." 
 
 Show that the license system is based upon the general 
 assumption that the saloon causes crime and that therefore 
 it should help carry this burden rather than let the taxpayer 
 do it. 
 
 Lead the class to the conclusion that the saloon is a 
 criminal institution and therefore should not be licensed. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Urge citizens to join in this careful study of the liquor 
 traffic. 
 
 Collect local information from the local Court and Police 
 Records showing the relation of the saloon to crime and the 
 
42 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 ultimate cost of crime in excess of the revenue from the 
 liquor business. 
 
 Arrange with the pastor for an anti-saloon Sunday evening 
 mass meeting. 
 
 Have a member of the class take a daily newspaper and, 
 remembering that fifty per cent of the crime is caused by 
 drink, cut out all of those parts of the paper that tell about 
 the liquor business and its results. Then hold the paper up 
 before the class. 
 
LESSON V 
 
 THE SALOON AND THE 
 SOCIAL EVIL 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 Owe no man anything, save to love one another : 
 for he that loveth his neighbor hath fulfilled the law. 
 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shall 
 not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not covet, 
 and if there be any other commandment, it is summed 
 up in this word, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbor 
 as thyself. Love worketh no ill to his neighbor : love 
 therefore is the fulfillment of the law. 
 
 And this, knowing the season, that already it is 
 time for you to awake out of sleep : for now is 
 salvation nearer to us than when we first believed. 
 The night is far spent, and the day is at hand : let 
 us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let 
 us put on the armor of light. Let us walk becom- 
 ingly, as in the day; not in reveling and drunkenness, 
 not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and 
 jealousy. But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and 
 make not provision for the flesh, to fulfill the lusts 
 thereof. Romans 13. 8-14. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 The presence of the parental instinct 
 
 In every normal individual there are animal instincts and 
 impulses that must be regulated before moral conduct is 
 possible. Self-control means the regulation of these inner 
 forces that go to make up the living, active self. It is 
 necessary first to have in mind an ideal of right behavior 
 and then to make the innate impulses conform thereto. The 
 parental instinct with its accompanying sexual emotions and 
 social interests is one of the most fundamental and powerful 
 
 43 
 
44 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 of these life forces. It comes to maturity during adolescence 
 and it is during these critical years that self-control is most 
 imperative. When properly directed these natural forces lead 
 on to the most refined and exalted experience of life. But 
 they are capable of being prostituted to the most ignoble ends. 
 
 The first step in the loss of virtue 
 
 But the use of alcohol leads directly and inevitably to the 
 disintegration of these higher centers of control. Thus pas- 
 sions come to expression without restraint. The ones natu- 
 rally most persistent and powerful crowd the others aside. 
 During youth and early manhood and womanhood this 
 parental instinct to which the Creator has given enough 
 vitality to cause a parent to watch over and care for a child 
 during twenty years of immaturity and its accompanying 
 emotions are especially vigorous. The first mild stage of 
 intoxication, in which free play is given to the emotions, is 
 thus far more dangerous than is ordinarily supposed. It is 
 probable that in the United States and Europe the first glass 
 has been to thousands of fallen women the first step in the 
 direction of loss of virtue. 
 
 Liquor sold in dance halls 
 
 In a carefully prepared letter dated October 16, 1913, Mrs. 
 Joseph Tilton Bowen, President of the Juvenile Protective 
 Association of Chicago, writes : 
 
 "I do not know whether you are at all familiar 
 with the investigation made by the Juvenile Protective 
 Association of Chicago in regard to these dance halls. 
 The Association found that the most popular attrac- 
 tion for young people in Chicago is the dance hall, as 
 dancing affords an outlet for the emotions of youth 
 and is a safety valve for its surplus energy. 
 
 "The Association investigated three hundred and 
 twenty-eight dance halls. It found that one hundred 
 and ninety had saloons connected directly with the 
 halls; that liquor was sold in two hundred and forty 
 out of the three hundred and twenty-eight; that the 
 
THE SALOON AND THE SOCIAL EVIL 45 
 
 law forbidding the sale of liquor to minors was 
 violated in one hundred and forty-six. It also found 
 that eighty-six thousand young people attended these 
 dance halls on Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays 
 
 the evenings when the dances are generally held 
 
 and that the majority of the boys were between six- 
 teen and eighteen years of age and the girls between 
 fourteen and sixteen. 
 
 "In the two hundred and forty halls where liquor 
 was sold, practically all the boys showed signs of 
 intoxication by twelve o'clock, possibly because it is 
 almost impossible to get a drink of water in these 
 halls. The conditions existing in many of the dance 
 halls and adjoining saloons transform the innocent 
 desire for dancing and social enjoyment into drunken- 
 ness, vice, and debauchery. Saloon keepers and pros- 
 titutes are in many cases the only chaperons, and 
 in a majority of the places even the young girls and 
 boys are plied with alcohol and with the suggestion 
 of vice until dances cease to be recreation and become 
 flagrant immorality. 
 
 "The dance-hall keeper lives and thrives by the sale 
 of liquor; consequently, the dances are short four 
 to five minutes and the intermissions long fifteen 
 to twenty minutes. In the halls where liquor is not 
 sold the intermissions are short and the dances long. 
 Is not this an argument for divorcing the sale of 
 liquor from the dance halls?" 
 
 A deplorable use of alcohol 
 
 God has given to every normal man and woman adequate 
 self-restraint and safety from ordinary temptation. Those 
 who are interested in the financial profits that may be 
 obtained from the increase of the social evil know this to be 
 true. And so alcoholic drinks are deliberately used "to 
 poison the mind and conscience in order to make it easy to 
 commit crime, particularly immoralities of a sexual nature." 
 
 Dr. J. M. Shaller, of Denver, says : 
 
 "Probably the most deplorable use to which alcohol 
 is put is its employment as a means to ruin girls. If 
 it were not a narcotic poison it would not and could 
 not be used for this purpose. It is not necessary to 
 
46 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 go into details as to the many young girls who lose 
 their virtue by first being poisoned by champagne. 
 It is impossible to lead many women astray without 
 the use of liquors." 
 
 A noted lady physician in the Royal Free Hospital of 
 London, says : 
 
 "There is no doubt that most of the women who 
 compose that sad army of the fallen have reached this 
 state either because they were intemperate, or have 
 become intemperate from the exigencies of their 
 miserable life. Many girls owe their first fall from 
 virtue to the casual glass of fiery, unsound wine or 
 spirit given to them as a treat on some bank holiday 
 or other convivial occasion." 
 
 Alcoholic liquors and morality 
 
 According to the 1909 Report of the Inspector under the 
 Inebriate Acts (Great Britain) on eight hundred and sixty- 
 five immoral women in British reformatories, forty per cent 
 of the immorality was found to be due solely to drink. Dr. 
 Sanger of Blackwell's Island found that out of two thousand 
 fallen women 82.5 per cent were addicted to drink; 46.5 per 
 cent had drinking mothers; 61.5 per cent had drinking fathers. 
 
 The saloon and commercialised prostitution 
 
 In the Report of the Massachusetts "Commission for the 
 Investigation of the White Slave Traffic, So Called," it is 
 stated that "in the larger cities of Massachusetts the most 
 flagrant and open expression of the commercialized aspect of 
 prostitution is in connection with certain cafes and saloons. 
 These places are known to be very profitable from a com- 
 mercial point of view. The reason for their existence is the 
 profit from the sale of alcoholic liquor to the prospective 
 customers of the prostitutes." 
 
 Modern life and customs 
 
 The shrewd, practical, and insidious aggressiveness of these 
 
THE SALOON AND THE SOCIAL EVIL 4? 
 
 vice-producing liquor sellers is far more destructive now than 
 it would have been in the earlier days of our nation's history. 
 The conditions under which their business is carried on 
 make success relatively easy. "The changes in habits and 
 customs brought about by modern industries and modern 
 urban life must be recognized. In former times girls worked 
 at home under their mothers' watchful eyes, and seldom went 
 abroad unless accompanied by women of mature years. Chil- 
 dren were held in strict discipline. The majority of families 
 lived in small communities, and boys and girls helped on 
 the farm, in the household, and in other home industries. 
 Until late adolescence, when character and habits were 
 formed, children selected their associates and found their 
 interests and recreations in the home, the church, and the 
 neighborhood, under the watchful eyes of their parents. Reli- 
 gion was a controlling influence over conduct. 
 
 "Present conditions are vastly different. Modern invention 
 and business methods have transferred industry and its 
 products from the home to the factory, the big store and 
 the office. The great majority of our people live in large 
 towns and cities. Young people work, and in many instances 
 are obliged to live, away from home. The early economic 
 independence of working girls brings temptations, and makes 
 them intolerant of restraint. It has become the custom of 
 young women to go about freely, unaccompanied. Our youth 
 of both sexes are accorded great freedom in the pursuit of 
 pleasures/' It is under such economic and social customs as 
 these that the social evil has grown to be one of the most, 
 if not the most, dangerous menace to American society. 
 
 Local authorities inert 
 
 After carefully investigating the relation between cafes 
 and saloons and the white slave traffic, the Commission 
 declared : 
 
 "It is not easy to understand why the many im- 
 moral cafes and saloons, openly and impudently used 
 
48 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 nightly and almost solely for the bargaining places of 
 prostitutes and their customers, are allowed to exist 
 in every city of any size in the State. An officer of 
 the law not known to the habitues in any one house 
 could obtain evidence which would justify the per- 
 manent closing of any one of these places by the 
 licensing authorities. 
 
 "The separate booths, especially with drawn cur- 
 tains, in cafes, restaurants, and saloons, should be 
 absolutely forbidden. 
 
 "It is within the power of local licensing authorities 
 to remedy this evil. There should be some definitely 
 constituted State authority charged with the responsi- 
 bility of securing action if the local authorities are 
 inert." 
 
 The social evil and the saloon 
 
 In the Report of the Vice Commission of Chicago on the 
 Social Evil in Chicago, there occurs the following statement: 
 
 "In the Commission's consideration and investiga- 
 tion of the Social Evil, it found that the most con- 
 spicuous and important element in connection with 
 the same, next to the house of prostitution itself, was 
 the saloon, and the most important financial interest, 
 next to the business of prostitution, was the liquor 
 business. As a contributory influence to immorality 
 and the business of prostitution there is no interest 
 so dangerous and so powerful in the City of Chicago. 
 The Brewery Companies, the Liquor Dealers' Pro- 
 tective Association of Illinois, and the Wholesale 
 Liquor Dealers' Association have all gone on record 
 as in favor of the elimination of the sale of liquor 
 in connection with prostitution." 
 
 Social evil encouraged in saloons 
 
 This Commission continues its report by showing that 
 the corrupters of society are protected by liquor interests. 
 "In spite of this fact hundreds of prostitutes (nine hundred 
 and twenty-eight counted by the Commission investigators) 
 are permitted and encouraged in no less than two hundred 
 and thirty-six saloons, which were investigated by the Com- 
 
THE SALOON AND THE SOCIAL EVIL 49 
 
 mission. Many of these disorderly saloons are under the 
 control of brewery companies as will be seen later in the 
 report. These saloons are frequented by immoral women who 
 openly solicit for drinks and for immoral purposes and re- 
 ceive the protection of the saloon keepers and interests." 
 
 Separation of the saloon and social evil 
 
 The members of the Commission gave it as their judg- 
 ment that in the interest of the suppression of the social 
 evil, its connection with the drinking places should be 
 severed : 
 
 "The Commission is strongly convinced that there 
 should be immediate and complete separation of the 
 saloon and the social evil and that no house of assig- 
 nation or prostitution or rooms above or adjacent 
 should be allowed in connection with a saloon. 
 
 "Bawdy houses found by the Commission were 
 appalling enough, but the abuse of liquor-selling privi- 
 leges is equal in viciousness through its open and 
 alluring flaunting of vice and degeneracy, and in its 
 destruction of the moral character of men who fre- 
 quent the saloon primarily for drink only." 
 
 The men higher up 
 
 It is not the saloon keeper and the cafe proprietor alone 
 who are responsible for this deliberate use of liquor for 
 shameful purposes. The men higher up in the liquor busi- 
 ness are known to be financially interested in such resorts. 
 The report of the Chicago Vice Commission shows that 
 "some of the disorderly saloons are under the control or 
 favor of certain brewers." "An investigation with reference 
 to two hundred and thirty-six disorderly saloons shows that 
 representatives of fourteen brewing companies are on the 
 surety bonds for sixty-three of these saloons. In addition 
 there are a number of individuals on the surety bonds for 
 other disorderly saloons who are also connected with brewing 
 companies but are not given as being representatives." 
 
50 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Liquor advertisements 
 
 In a well-known southern city, which is notorious because 
 of the prevalence of the social evil, a pamphlet is published, 
 giving information which makes it very easy for the stranger 
 or uninitiated to find his way to moral death. This book is 
 distributed in a certain saloon conveniently located, that is, 
 near to the most immoral section of the city. "The directory, 
 plain and formal, runs down the right-hand pages. On the 
 left-hand pages are advertisements. The first twenty-five 
 advertising pages," writes Will Irwin in Collier's Weekly, 
 February, 1908, "set forth the virtues of Anheuser-Busch beer, 
 I. W. Harper Rye Whiskey, and other liquors. For the 
 rest of the way the advertisements are formal 'write-ups' of 
 certain women in the quarter. In this mute book the saloon 
 and vice proclaim their naked partnership." 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 The conclusion is unmistakable. That the social evil has 
 reached such alarming proportions is due to the fact that 
 God-given instincts and impulses are not being subjected to 
 normal moral control. The most prolific cause of this lack 
 of self-restraint is alcohol taken in the form of various 
 kinds of beverages. Places where liquor is sold the saloon, 
 the drinking cafe, and the dance hall have come to be 
 inseparably connected with this form of immorality. It is 
 while in such places that the higher centers of moral control 
 become dissipated. Saloons are used deliberately to foster 
 the evil in its most degraded form. The easy and most 
 frequented road to loss of virtue is the social glass. The 
 habit of using intoxicating liquors leads to the habit of 
 social evil. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 Which of the human instincts becomes perverted in the 
 social evil? 
 
 What is usually the first step toward loss of virtue? 
 
THE SALOON AND THE SOCIAL EVIL 51 
 
 Is society responsible for the protection of young people 
 from social temptation? Why? 
 
 What is the danger when liquor is sold in dance halls? 
 
 What motive leads men and women to sell alcoholic drinks 
 to reduce the moral self-control of young people? 
 
 What is the opinion of the Chicago Vice Commission 
 regarding the social aspect of the saloon? 
 
 How are saloon keepers in this deplorable business pro- 
 tected? 
 
 In order to get rid of the social evil, what must be done 
 with the saloon and liquor-selling cafe? 
 
 Where in Massachusetts have the most flagrant expressions 
 of commercialized vice been found? 
 
 How is it that social temptations are more apt to lead to 
 sin under modern conditions than in the early history of 
 our country? 
 
 What effect would a sensitive and alert public opinion have 
 upon the enforcement of the law? 
 
 In what ways are brewers interested in saloons and for 
 these socially sinful purposes? 
 
 In view of the relation of the liquor business to the social 
 evil, what should be the attitude of those interested in the 
 moral welfare of the community toward that business? 
 
 How does liquor affect the lusts of the flesh? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Show in the first place the meaning of the parental instinct 
 and love between the sexes for the elevation and refinement 
 of man. 
 
 But this noble end is not attainable unless moral self- 
 control is exercised. 
 
 Alcohol attacks these higher centers of self-control and 
 thus permits these powerful life forces to become misdirected. 
 
 The institutions that are interested in the sale of intoxi- 
 cating liquors are thus inseparably connected with the social 
 evil. 
 
52 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Some manufacturers and retailers recognize this intimate 
 relation between the two and deliberately encourage it, thereby 
 making abnormal profits. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 In many communities the great need is for intelligent efforts 
 in enforcing laws already enacted making it a misdemeanor 
 to foster the social evil in liquor-selling places. 
 
 But in some States the necessary laws are not yet made. 
 
 By every means the liquor business should be prevented 
 from encouraging social vice. 
 
LESSON VI 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND THE 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 And when the ten heard it, they began to be moved 
 with indignation concerning James and John. And 
 Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye 
 know that they who are accounted to rule over the 
 Gentiles lord it over them; and their great ones 
 exercise authority over them. But it is not so among 
 you : but whosoever would become great among you 
 shall be your minister. Mark 10. 41-43. 
 
 It is good not to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor 
 to do anything whereby thy brother stumbleth. 
 Romans 14. 21. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 The value of an education 
 
 There is coming to be an intense and widespread appre- 
 ciation of the value one might almost say, the necessity 
 of an education. Social relations are becoming more and 
 more complex. Specialists are increasingly in demand. Un- 
 skilled labor faces hardships that were unknown even twenty- 
 five years ago. The body of available scientific information 
 is rapidly extending and the trades are being revolutionized 
 by it. Each new generation is increasingly dependent upon 
 the system of public education as a means of preparation for 
 life. Increasingly large appropriations are being made to 
 maintain and equip the public schools. Without them, modern 
 industrial, business, and social conditions could not be main- 
 
 53 
 
54 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 tained. They are a necessary part of our national life. The 
 State not only assumes the responsibility of providing a free 
 elementary education to every boy and girl, it also makes 
 attendance at school compulsory. 
 
 The kind of pupils needed 
 
 But no matter how efficient the public school may be, it 
 cannot make efficient citizens without boys and girls. They 
 are the "raw material" out of which the "finished product" 
 is made. And the quality of this "finished product" depends 
 very largely upon the quality of the "material" provided. 
 Sound bodies, senses and mental faculties alert and naturally 
 strong, adequate daily nourishment, healthful surroundings in 
 which to grow, parents whose conduct is worthy of imitation, 
 wholesome moral influences, freedom from excessive care 
 and responsibility, all these should be the heritage of those 
 children to whom alone the school can be of maximum 
 service. A sickly or overburdened child is greatly handi- 
 capped in getting an education. If attendance is irregular, 
 the continuity of the lesson courses is broken and great 
 hardships result. Teachers need the active and intelligently 
 sympathetic cooperation of parents. The grade of work 
 done in the public school is conditioned by the kind of boys 
 and girls who attend. This fact is being recognized more 
 and more, not only by educators and others immediately 
 concerned with the process of education, but also by those to 
 whom the "educated" youth applies for employment. 
 
 Drink robs the child of health 
 
 The British Journal of Inebriety for January, 1900, printed 
 an instructive comparison prepared by Professor Demme of 
 Berne. The record of one hundred and eighteen persons, the 
 children of ten drunkards and of ten sober parents, whose 
 family histories had been carefully investigated, was pre- 
 pared with painstaking accuracy. The families lived in the 
 same section and under similar conditions except for drink. 
 
LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 55 
 
 CHILDREN OF SOBER PARENTS CHILDREN OF DRUNKARDS 
 
 Entirely normal 50 Entirely normal g 
 
 Mentally feeble, by no Idiots 8 
 
 means idiotic 2 Had epileptic or convul- 
 
 Died of general weakness 3 sive fits 13 
 
 Died of gastric catarrh. . 2 Became drunkards with 
 
 Had chorea (so in complications of epi- 
 
 original) 2 lepsy and chorea 5 
 
 Physical deformity 2 Deaf mutes 2 
 
 Physical deformity 3 
 
 61 Dwarfs 5 
 
 Of the sixty-one, five died Died at, or soon after, 
 
 in first twelve years. birth 12 
 
 57 
 
 Of the fifty-seven, twenty- 
 five died in infancy. 
 
 Weak children because of alcohol 
 
 Professor Taav Laitinen, of the University of Helsingfors, 
 reports a comparison of children in fifty abstaining and fifty- 
 nine drinking families in one village in Finland. In the ab- 
 staining families, the weakly children were found to consti- 
 tute 1.3 per cent; in the drinking families, 8.2 per cent. Of 
 the children in the abstaining families, 18.5 per cent died 
 while still children; in the drinking families, 24.8 per cent. 
 Another study, of four hundred and forty-four children of 
 one hundred and twenty alcoholic mothers, showed that 
 33.7 per cent of the first born eighty children, fifty per cent 
 of the second born eighty children, 52.6 per cent of the third 
 born eighty children, 65.7 per cent of the fourth and fifth 
 born one hundred and eleven children, and 72 per cent of 
 the sixth to the tenth born ninety-three children died while 
 babies. Of the living, 4.1 per cent were epileptic. 
 
 The case of destitute children 
 Children who are not properly clothed and nourished, whose 
 
56 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 bodies are not properly cared for, find it difficult to give that 
 mental application which is necessary in securing an educa- 
 tion. Bodily discomfort is one of the most effective of 
 mental distractions. A child that is hungry or cold or whose 
 skin is in a state of irritation finds it difficult, if not impos- 
 sible, to study. The 1912 Bulletin of the North Carolina 
 State Board of Health states that liquor causes forty-five per 
 cent of destitution among children. Another careful survey 
 found that out of fifty-one hundred and thirty-six children, 
 45-97 P er cent "owed their destitution to the intemperate 
 habits of their parents or others." The Associated Charities 
 of Boston found that out of three hundred and fifty-two able- 
 bodied men who failed to support their families, two hundred 
 and forty-three, or sixty-nine per cent, were drunkards. It is 
 estimated that seventy-five per cent of the misery of children 
 is due to alcohol. 
 
 The child's need of sympathy 
 
 It is a common saying that there is no royal road to 
 learning. It is up hill all the way. A child needs the help, 
 encouragement, and the intelligent interest of its parents to 
 make school work light. Where liquor drinking is prevalent, 
 it has been observed that this parental interest is deadened. 
 In communities where saloons have been voted out the 
 parents have had more pride in and ambition for their 
 children. The cooperation of father and mother to help 
 their children makes a vast difference in the educational 
 progress of pupils. During three years of prohibition in 
 North Carolina the attendance in the public schools increased 
 four per cent, the school term was lengthened, and the school 
 appropriations were almost double that of the "wet" years. 
 
 The distance between the saloon and the school 
 
 "A sufficient indication of the direct and immediately harm- 
 ful effect of the saloon upon the School is the one limitation 
 
LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 57 
 
 imposed upon the saloon by almost every license law, namely 
 that no saloon shall be within a given distance of any school. 
 Surely if the saloon were a benefit to education, it could 
 not be too near the schoolhouse. Has a law ever been heard 
 of which decreed how many hundred feet apart should be 
 the church and the home or the home and the school? If 
 the saloon be bad for the school two hundred feet from a 
 schoolhouse, how much better can it be one mile away?" 
 
 The ethics of the saloon 
 
 Some time ago a school teacher reported to the New York 
 Academy of Medicine the fact that one of the boys under 
 her charge had come into school drunk. He had been induced 
 to confess where he had bought the liquor. A card that he 
 pulled out of his a pocket told the story. Every time the boy 
 got a drink of beer a hole was punched in the card and a 
 prize was given by the saloon keeper to the boy who, at the 
 end of the month, had the largest number of holes in his 
 card. 
 
 The child of fourteen years 
 
 The fourteen-year-old child of parents who patronize the 
 saloon usually has to take upon himself some of the duties 
 that naturally belong to the parents but which are not ful- 
 filled by them because of drink. These added burdens 
 whether they are of those of earning money or of taking 
 care of younger children or sick members of the family 
 seriously interfere with the getting of an education. Statistics 
 have shown that where the saloon has been voted out the 
 school attendance of children over fourteen years of age has 
 increased from five to twenty-five per cent. The beverage 
 liquor traffic discourages that thrift and frugality that is so 
 essential in providing children of this age with the oppor- 
 tunity to attend school. The Sixth Annual Report of the 
 Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor showed that 
 "children under fifteen years of age supply by their labor 
 
58 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 from one eighth to one sixth of the total family earnings/' 
 A boy cannot be in a factory and a school at the same time. 
 And the saloon usually drives him to the factory. 
 
 Illustrations from Texas, Indiana, and Chicago 
 
 The 1914 year-book of the Anti-Saloon League gives the 
 following instance of the result of the abolition of the saloon : 
 
 "In Texas an investigation has been instituted as 
 to the effect of saloon abolition on the attendance of 
 children in public schools. Twenty-six wet towns 
 were investigated, and twenty-five dry ones. It was 
 discovered that nearly one sixth of the children in 
 the wet towns are kept out of the public schools by 
 the saloons. 
 
 "It is found that, taking the State as a whole, 
 approximately fifty thousand children in Texas are 
 robbed by the saloons of that State of a public school 
 education." 
 
 In Indiana it was found that out of every one hundred 
 children of school age, in the "wet" counties, 14.3 per cent 
 were kept out of school on account of the saloon. The total 
 was forty-three thousand five hundred and nine. 
 
 In Chicago, with its splendid educational system and its 
 seventy-one hundred and fifty-two saloons, only fifty-six per 
 cent of the children are found in the public schools. 
 
 How the saloon affects the high school 
 
 The Natick, Massachusetts, Handbook for 1913 shows that 
 the average attendance of the Natick High School during 
 license years, 1902-7, was two hundred and fifty-one, during 
 no license years, 1907-12, two hundred and seventy-six. Dur- 
 ing the license years, as shown in the following tables, there 
 was an actual decrease of attendance. But there was a gain 
 of eighty-three pupils during the five no-license years, an 
 average gain of twenty-five pupils per year or ten per cent 
 for each of the no-license years over the license years. 
 
LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 59 
 
 Yet the population of the town had not increased 
 
 License years Pupils No-license years Pupils 
 
 1902-3 246 1907-8 233 
 
 1903-4 260 1908-9 264 
 
 1904-5 261 1909-10 264 
 
 1905-6 248 1910-11 303 
 
 1906-7 242 1911-12 316 
 
 Nov. i, 1912 379 
 
 In the entire State of Massachusetts, in the year 1910, there 
 were seventeen high-school pupils per one thousand popu- 
 lation in license cities and towns, while in no-license cities 
 and towns there were twenty-three. In California the ratio 
 is that of twenty-eight in "wet" territory to thirty-seven in 
 "dry." 
 
 Drink lotvers the moral tone 
 
 School teachers have noticed that children coming from 
 homes of drunkenness are often morally unfit to take up the 
 daily schoolroom tasks. They are frequently sulky, reckless, 
 and despondent, easily irritated, and unsteady. Moreover, 
 their pernicious influences spread to the other children. 
 Referring to some of the children who do not attend school, 
 a teacher in Lynn, Mass., said : 
 
 "We send the truant officer for them but he finds 
 them without shoes or other decent clothing, with 
 blackened eyes and bruised faces, or trying to act as 
 father or mother for the younger children when their 
 parents have forgotten them and are on a drunk. If 
 such children come to school, they are faint, hungry, 
 dirty, uncared for, surly and irritable, thoroughly 
 despondent, unable to apply their minds to the 
 lessons." 
 
 Alcohol and tuberculosis 
 
 In the investigation made by Professor Von Bunge of 
 Basel, the details of which are given in an earlier lesson on 
 "The Use of Alcohol a Source of Poverty," alcohol was 
 
60 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 shown to be "the most active cooperator of the deadly germ 
 of tuberculosis." 21.27 per cent of the children whose fathers 
 were confirmed drunkards were found to be tuberculous. 
 Thus the great white plague makes fearful inroads into the 
 system of public education. To protect the children who are 
 physically sound and to aid those in whom incipient tuber- 
 culosis is found, many communities are conducting open-air 
 schools. But no amount of fresh air can counteract the 
 terrible weaknesses and liability to disease which result 
 from alcoholic parentage. Children born of such parents 
 begin their struggle for an education under a heavy handicap. 
 In the interest of the health of school children, the drinking 
 of alcoholic beverages should be stopped. 
 
 Retarded development of children of alcoholic 
 parentage 
 
 One of the most difficult, and yet the most important, tasks 
 of educators is that of providing in the various grades lessons 
 that are suited to the capacities of the pupils. Children do 
 not develop at a uniform rate. This fact greatly increases 
 the teacher's problem of the adaptation of the lesson material. 
 The presence, in a school, of children of alcoholic parents 
 increases these difficulties. For such children are abnormally 
 slow in developing. A suggestion of the retarding influence 
 of drink is seen in a study made of twenty-one hundred and 
 twenty-five children. Of those whose parents were abstainers, 
 72.5 per cent had cut teeth at eight months of age, while of 
 those of parents who took daily more than one glass of beer 
 only 57.7 per cent had cut teeth at that age. 
 
 Muncie drunk and Muncie sober 
 
 At a church meeting in Muncie, Indiana, recently a teacher 
 reported certain differences she had observed in the condition 
 of her pupils before and after the closing of the saloons. 
 
 When saloons were running, children came to school too 
 hungry and cold to work until they were fed. There were 
 
LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 61 
 
 little children of six and eight who had been without food 
 one and two days, children in the bitterest weather without 
 underwear, warm wraps, or whole shoes; there were frozen 
 fingers and toes to be treated ; there were little faces dis- 
 colored by blows, all because of drinking fathers, and some- 
 times because of drinking mothers. 
 
 After the saloons were closed not one child complained of 
 hunger; only one coat and pair of shoes had to be furnished, 
 and these to a fatherless boy; there have been no frozen 
 hands or feet; the children are comfortably clothed, even to 
 mittens; they furnish their own books, which many did not 
 do before, and are regular in attendance. Their very air and 
 manner is changed. Instead of cringing as if expecting 
 blows they now have the confidence born of self-respect 
 because they are clean and clothed like other children. 
 
 Muncie drunk had all the elements for producing undesir- 
 able citizens. Muncie dry is educating and training her quota 
 of efficiency and respectability. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 Of what value to the rising generation is the public school 
 system ? 
 
 To what extent does an education increase one's ability 
 to succeed? 
 
 Why should the physical condition of the pupils be as 
 nearly perfect as possible? 
 
 If parents use alcoholic beverages, what will be the prob- 
 able physical effects upon their offspring? 
 
 How does alcohol influence tuberculous conditions ? 
 
 What effect does a parent's use of strong drink have upon 
 the rate of development in the children? 
 
 What proportion of weakly children have been found in 
 families of drinking parents? 
 
 How does destitution among the pupils influence the effi- 
 ciency of a school? 
 
 How should the home cooperate with the school? 
 
62 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Is this cooperation possible if the parents are drunkards? 
 
 Why should a saloon be far removed from a schoolhouse? 
 
 The saloon keepers, as a class, are interested in boys and 
 girls. For what purpose? 
 
 What effect has license or no license upon school attendance? 
 
 W r hat moral defects are likely to handicap the drunkard's 
 child in school work? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Begin by having the members show the value of an educa- 
 tion and consequently of the public school system. 
 
 Show the physical, mental, and moral qualities which are 
 necessary if children are to undergo the strain of a thorough 
 education. 
 
 Have an array of facts presented showing that in various 
 ways the use of strong drink by parents unfits children for 
 their school tasks. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 See to it that proper instruction regarding the dangers of 
 alcohol is given in the public schools of the community. 
 Have the class purchase copies of "Handbook of Modern 
 Facts About Alcohol," by C. F. Stoddard, published by The 
 Scientific Temperance Federation (50 cents), and present 
 them to all public school teachers. 
 
 Suppress the circulation, either through the public library 
 or in other ways, of literature such as "A Textbook of True 
 Temperance," by M. Monahan, which misrepresents the 
 effects of moderate drinking. 
 
 Influence parents to take a greater interest in the tasks 
 of school children. 
 
 Find out what per cent of children over fourteen years of 
 age drop out of school. Investigate the reasons. Encourage 
 them to continue. 
 
 Free the school children from all direct or indirect burdens 
 caused by the sale of liquor in the community. 
 
LESSON VII 
 ALCOHOL THE ENEMY OF LABOR 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not 
 defile himself with the king's dainties, nor with the 
 wine which he drank : therefore he requested of the 
 prince of the eunuchs that he might not defile himself. 
 Now God made Daniel to find kindness and compas- 
 sion in the sight of the prince of the eunuchs. And 
 the prince of the eunuchs said unto Daniel, I fear 
 my lord the king, who hath appointed your food and 
 your drink: for why should he see your faces worse 
 looking than the youths that are of your own age? 
 so would ye endanger my head with the king. Then 
 said Daniel to the steward whom the prince of the 
 eunuchs had appointed over Daniel, Hananiah, 
 Mishael, and Azariah : Prove thy servants, I beseech 
 thee, ten days ; and let them give us pulse to eat, and 
 water to drink. Then let our countenances be looked 
 upon before thee, and the countenance of the youths 
 that eat of the king's dainties ; and as thou seest, 
 deal with thy servants. 
 
 So he hearkened unto them in this matter, and 
 proved them ten days. And at the end of ten days 
 their countenances appeared fairer, and they were 
 fatter in flesh, than all the youths that did eat of 
 the king's dainties. So the steward took away their 
 dainties, and the wine that they should drink, and 
 gave them pulse. 
 
 Now as for these four youths God gave them 
 knowledge and skill in all learning and wisdom : and 
 Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams. 
 And at the end of the days which the king had 
 appointed for bringing them in, the prince of the 
 eunuchs brought them in before Nebuchadnezzar. 
 And the king communed with them ; and among them 
 all was found none like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, 
 and Azariah : therefore stood they before the king. 
 
 63 
 
.6 4 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 And in every matter of wisdom and understanding, 
 -concerning which the king inquired of them, he found 
 them ten times better than all the magicians and 
 enchanters that were in all his realm. Daniel I. 8-20. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 Society rests upon labor 
 
 There rests upon every normal mature member of society 
 the obligation to do some kind of work. If a man does 
 not do what God intended him to, either some one else must 
 add it to his own burden or else it remains undone and 
 mankind is thereby made poorer. It is possible to measure 
 the advancement of civilization in terms of labor. For on 
 the higher plane of civilization better roads and bridges are 
 built, better bread is baked, and better food prepared. The 
 sick receive better care. Farms are more productive. Travel 
 is safer. Physicians are more skillful. If everyone were to 
 stop working, hunger, cold, and death would result. If the 
 efficiency of those who toil is diminished, society is thereby 
 injured, for society rests upon labor. 
 
 The use of intoxicating liquors decreases a laborer's 
 pozver to produce 
 
 During the months of May and June in a year when there 
 were no license and no saloons in North Easton, Mass., three 
 hundred and seventy-five men employed by the Messrs. Ames 
 in the manufacture of shovels, etc., produced more than did 
 four hundred men working under the same labor conditions and 
 for the same length of time the year after. During the second 
 year the town went license and the four hundred men were 
 victims of saloon influence. The manufacturers, closely ob- 
 serving the efficiency of their employees, said: "We attribute 
 the large falling off entirely to the repeal of the prohibitory 
 law and the great increase in the use of intoxicating liquors 
 among our men in consequence." Another manufacturer says : 
 "The manufacturing and sale of intoxicating liquors is doing 
 
ALCOHOL THE ENEMY OF LABOR 65 
 
 more to undermine the health and decrease the efficiency of 
 the employed as a class than any other cause." When work 
 is slack, drinking men are the first to be laid off. They are 
 also the last to be taken back. Because their power to pro- 
 duce is less, theirs is the smaller chance for advancement. 
 
 Abstainers have greater physical endurance than those 
 who drink 
 
 On one occasion, eighty-one men entered a walking match, 
 the distance being sixty-two miles. The first four to cover 
 the distance were abstainers and only two of the first ten 
 had drunk anything intoxicating for a long time. More than 
 half of the drinkers had to quit, while only two of the 
 abstainers fell out. 
 
 The effects of beer upon endurance 
 
 "Tests made in the Swedish army showed that soldiers, 
 when abstinent, averaged 359.5 shots before becoming ex- 
 hausted, but only 277.5 shots when they had taken, a short 
 time before the contest, as much alcohol as is contained in 
 one and one quarter pints of beer." 
 
 Professor Durig, an expert mountain climber, found that if 
 he drank two to two and one half glasses of beer in a day 
 he had to expend fifteen per cent more energy than on the 
 days when he did not drink. But in spite of this increase in 
 energy, it took him 21.7 per cent longer to reach the top 
 of a mountain. 
 
 The opinion of labor leaders 
 
 "The use of liquor and its influences have done more to 
 darken labor's homes, dwarf its energies, and chain it hand 
 and foot to the wheels of corporate aggression than all other 
 influences combined" (R. F. Travelick, President National 
 Eight Hour League). 
 
 "The damning curse to labor is that which gurgles from 
 
66 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 the neck of the bottle" (T. V. Powderly, Ex-General Master 
 Workman, Knights of Labor). 
 
 "If a brewery is closed, in its place springs up a factory; 
 if a saloon is closed, in its place comes a store" (John Mar- 
 shall, Vice-President American Federation of Labor). 
 
 "So far as my observation goes, drunkenness was at the 
 bottom of all misery in workingmen's homes. Every dollar 
 received in revenue from the liquor traffic costs the govern- 
 ment twenty-one dollars" (C. D. Wright, Ex-United States 
 Commissioner of Labor). 
 
 Keeping within the margin 
 
 A careful study of labor conditions in Massachusetts showed 
 the average annual cost of maintaining one laborer's family 
 to be $488.96. The average yearly earnings of a laborer's 
 family was seen to be $534-99 only $46.03 more than the cost 
 of that family's support. A margin of less than fifty dollars 
 a year between the family and poverty or want! If, because 
 of sickness or accident, that small margin should be wiped 
 out, then the family is no longer adding to the nation's 
 wealth it is an economic burden. And yet "in Chicago a 
 group of laboring men spent fourteen hundred dollars in 
 one day for beer, while they displayed in a street procession 
 these mottoes : 'Our Children Are Crying for Bread,' 'Bread 
 or Blood.' " 
 
 The confession of a Michigan farmer 
 
 The ordinary workingman cannot afford to drink. Value 
 for his money spent for beer or whiskey is not received. 
 What he gives is outrageously out of proportion to what he 
 gets, as the following confession will show. 
 
 "I am a farmer and I raise rye. One day I took a 
 bushel of rye down to the distiller and sold it to him 
 for fifty cents. The distiller got out of the bushel of 
 rye three and one half gallons of proof whiskey, which 
 he sold to the saloon keeper. I then started with the 
 saloon keeper to drink up my bushel of rye at ten 
 cents a drink, eight drinks to the pint, or $6.40 a 
 
ALCOHOL THE ENEMY OF LABOR 67 
 
 gallon. The three and one half gallons of proof 
 whiskey, which my fifty-cent rye had made, cost me 
 $22.40. I had to sell enough rye to the distiller to 
 get money to pay the saloon keeper. After I had 
 hauled forty-four and four fifths bushels of rye to 
 the distiller to pay for what I had gotten out of one 
 bushel, and after I had figured up just how much 
 hard work it had taken to produce them, I said to 
 myself 'What a fool !' " 
 
 Seven times an Ohio flood 
 
 It has been estimated by A. P. Sandles, Secretary of the 
 Ohio State Board of Agriculture, that the loss to the 
 farmers of that State as a result of the recent floods was 
 approximately $10,000,000. And yet, in that one State, there 
 is spent annually over the bars of the saloons $76,500,000. 
 That is more than seven times as much as the farmers lost 
 in the floods! When land is injured and houses wrecked, 
 the whole nation is profoundly stirred. When the injury is 
 sevenfold greater and is a direct attack upon the physical 
 and mental efficiency of the citizens, it is tolerated. Are life 
 and labor of less value than land? 
 
 Our annual loss of productive power 
 
 Dr. Homer D. Hitchcock, long president of the Michigan 
 State Board of Health, in a report of the American Public 
 Health Association, estimated the annual loss of productive 
 life in this country by reason of the premature deaths caused 
 by alcohol to be one million one hundred and twenty-seven 
 thousand years. Reckoning the productive power of an able- 
 bodied person at five hundred dollars per year, we have an 
 annual waste or loss of $563,500,000. But to this enormous 
 sum must be added the loss of productive power due to 
 insanity and idiocy caused by drink. Dr. Hitchcock estimates 
 that each year, from these two causes, four hundred and 
 sixteen thousand one hundred and sixty-seven years of pro- 
 ductive labor are lost. That means $209,083,500, or a total 
 amount of labor valued at $772,583,500. 
 
68 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 The relation of drink to sickness 
 
 The man who labors cannot afford to part with his health. 
 Loss of money from the pay envelope is apt to register the 
 days of sickness. The 1910 Report of the Leipsic Sick 
 Benefit Societies shows that at the ages twenty-five to thirty- 
 four years the average insured man was sick 7.53 days during 
 the year. The "drinkers" were sick 19.29 days. "At every 
 age period drinkers' sickness lasted about two and one half 
 times as long as that of the average insured man." The 
 record also showed that "between twenty-five and forty-four 
 years of age 'drinkers' were sick on the average 2.7 times 
 as often as insured men in general." In a military report 
 containing returns of a regiment of British soldiers, the non- 
 abstainers were shown to have a sick rate of two and one half 
 per cent, while among the abstainers the rate was only one 
 half of one per cent. 
 
 Drink increases liability to accident 
 
 At a time when the use of labor-saving machinery is 
 rapidly increasing it is of the greatest importance that the 
 muscles both large and small be under perfect control, and 
 that the sense of touch be unimpaired. A dull sense of 
 touch or lack of muscular control multiplies the dangers from 
 tools and machines. A letter sent out by the Ohio Manu- 
 facturers' Association calls attention to the fact that the 
 user of alcohol does "not get the same quick response to 
 nervous impressions as the healthy man and consequently is 
 a frequent loser of that one fifth of a second which has 
 saved or lost so many lives." Dangerous occupations are 
 made more dangerous by drink. In a famous Iron and Steel 
 Works it was found that abstainers had one third less acci- 
 dents. The Fidelity and Casualty Company says concerning 
 the prevention of industrial accidents: "A man whose nerves 
 have been made unsteady by a recent debauch, or by the 
 habitual use of alcohol, should not be permitted to operate 
 dangerous machinery or to carry on dangerous work. He 
 
ALCOHOL THE ENEMY OF LABOR 6g 
 
 endangers not only his own life, but the lives of others." 
 Drink increases liability to accident because it leads one to be 
 reckless and foolhardy, it dulls the senses by which danger 
 is perceived, it impairs one's judgment of distances, and 
 decreases motor control. 
 
 The fatal third hour 
 
 The effect of even small quantities of alcohol is to make 
 it impossible to concentrate one's mind upon the task in hand 
 as closely as when one is free from alcohol. Grebaut, a well- 
 known French scientist, has shown that after alcohol has 
 been taken into the stomach the percentage of it in the blood 
 that supplies the brain increases gradually from two and 
 one half to three hours, when the maximum amount is 
 reached. Detailed and independent studies of industrial acci- 
 dents in two States have been made by the Massachusetts 
 Industrial Accident Board and the Bureau of Labor of 
 Minnesota. Both reports state that the greatest number of 
 such accidents occur at ten o'clock in the morning and three 
 o'clock in the afternoon. If fatigue were the cause, the 
 fatal hours would be just before noon, from eleven-thirty 
 to twelve o'clock and just before quitting time at night. "But 
 between eleven-thirty and twelve o'clock in the morning there 
 are only about one third as many accidents as occur at ten 
 o'clock, and at five in the afternoon about one fourth as many 
 as at three o'clock." Alcohol taken on the way to work 
 just before seven and one o'clock shows its greatest injury 
 about three hours later. 
 
 The effect upon mental efficiency 
 
 As time goes on the demands for accuracy and rapidity 
 are made in increasing measure upon mental laborers. Hence 
 the added significance of the 'following facts brought out in 
 careful experiments. The amount of alcohol consumed by 
 one who drinks from two thirds of a bottle to a bottle of 
 wine a day for twelve successive days resulted in a loss in 
 
70 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 mental efficiency of from twenty-five to forty per cent. The 
 loss of power to add was forty per cent, while the power to 
 memorize on the twelfth day was only seventy per cent of 
 what it should have been, taking into account the normal 
 results of practice. Those who took from two to four glasses 
 of beer a day for twelve days were able to do only sixty-five 
 per cent of the work in adding figures that normal practice 
 increase would have made possible. Only the ignorant identify 
 a feeling of mental power with mental power itself. Thomas 
 Edison is reported to have said: "Using drink in business 
 is like putting sand in the bearings of an engine." 
 
 The drunkard as a consumer 
 
 The factory hand is dependent upon a job. The factory 
 has jobs to offer when there is a demand for its products. 
 The consumer the one who buys clothes, food, and a house 
 to live in creates this demand and keeps the whole industrial 
 world busy. Leif Jones, an eminent member of the British 
 Parliament, said : 
 
 "I met the finished product of the saloon. He was 
 lying in the gutter. He had on no hat; the hat trade 
 was suffering. His coat was full of holes; the 
 clothing trade was suffering. He had holes in his 
 shoes; the shoe trade was suffering. He had on the 
 remnant of a shirt ; the woolen trade was suffering. 
 He had on no socks; the hosiery trade was suffering. 
 He was dirty; the soap trade was suffering. I can 
 hardly mention a useful industry that was not suffer- 
 ing because of that man's insobriety." 
 
 Strong drink not only takes away a man's ability to work 
 but also robs the man who has ability of his job. 
 
 Man robbed of his ability to zvork 
 
 Under modern conditions the majority of men are de- 
 prived of adequate food, shelter, clothes, and enjoyment if 
 they are not able to work. When man's ability to work is 
 improved the advancement of civilization is aided. Without 
 
ALCOHOL THE ENEMY OF LABOR 71 
 
 men and women who enjoy labor and are equipped physically, 
 mentally, and morally to perform useful tasks, society in its 
 present form would come to ruin. But drink decreases man's 
 productive power, lessens his power of endurance, increases 
 his liability to accident, sickness, and premature death. It 
 also greatly reduces that mental clearness which is becoming 
 more and more essential to the wage earner in an age when 
 labor-saving machinery is being widely used. Moreover, the 
 whole industrial order is seriously injured when the prevalent 
 use of alcohol makes it impossible for a large portion of the 
 population to become normal consumers of natural and useful 
 products. Alcohol not only unfits man for labor but also 
 decreases the demand for labor. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 What would be the result if half of the workers in the 
 world should suddenly become chronic loafers? 
 
 Why should a man try to maintain his highest productive 
 power? 
 
 Name four of the most important factors that determine 
 one's ability to work. 
 
 What is the effect of alcohol upon endurance ? Skill ? 
 Accuracy? Mental efficiency? Health? 
 
 What is the attitude of some of the prominent labor 
 leaders toward drink? 
 
 Why should the poor man especially keep away from drink? 
 
 What are the profits of the distiller of whiskey as compared 
 with other manufacturers? 
 
 If the loss caused by the use of alcoholic beverages were 
 concentrated into one calamity, what would be the result? 
 
 What would happen to the price of labor if liquor drinking 
 should cease and there should be a corresponding rise in 
 productive power? 
 
 Would the increased demand for manufactured articles 
 and general labor use up this new supply of productive 
 power? 
 
72 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 What lessons may be drawn from Daniel's insisting upon a 
 simple diet? 
 
 Are the conditions of labor so healthful now that men can 
 justify habits that tend to increase sickness? 
 
 How does the increased use of machinery affect the problem 
 of the use of liquor? 
 
 How does the use of alcohol in small quantities affect one's 
 mental efficiency? 
 
 How is the shoe trade affected by the liquor business? 
 
 What should be the attitude of the wage earner toward the 
 saloon ? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 The class discussion may profitably center in the following 
 important truths: 
 
 Labor holds a fundamental and dignified position. 
 
 Strong drink makes a man physically unfit to work. 
 
 It also takes away those mental qualities which are in- 
 creasingly in demand. 
 
 Labor is gradually coming to see that alcohol is its worst 
 enemy. Manufacturers and labor leaders are trying to save 
 the wage earner from the use of alcohol. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Help local labor organizations to conduct a campaign of 
 education among their members. 
 
 Hold shop and street meetings in the interest of a saloon- 
 less community. 
 
 See that laws are enacted and enforced which will keep 
 saloons closed until eight o'clock in the morning and at the 
 noon hour. 
 
LESSON VIII 
 
 THE POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF THE 
 LIQUOR INTERESTS 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 Why standest them afar off, O Jehovah? 
 
 Why hidest thou thyself in times of trouble? 
 
 In the pride of the wicked the poor is hotly pursued ; 
 
 Let them be taken in the devices that they have con- 
 ceived. 
 
 For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, 
 
 And the covetous renounceth, yea, contemneth 
 Jehovah. 
 
 The wicked, in the pride of his countenance, saith, 
 He will not require it. 
 
 All his thoughts are, There is no God. 
 
 His ways are firm at all times ; 
 
 Thy judgments are far above out of his sight: 
 
 As for all his adversaries, he puffeth at them. 
 
 He saith in his heart, I shall not be moved ; 
 
 To all generations I shall not be in adversity. 
 
 His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and oppres- 
 sion : 
 
 Under his tongue is mischief and iniquity. 
 
 He sitteth in the lurking-places of the villages ; 
 
 In the secret places doth he murder the innocent ; 
 
 His eyes are privily set against the helpless. 
 
 He lurketh in secret as a lion in his covert; 
 
 He lieth in wait to catch the poor : 
 
 He doth catch the poor, when he draweth him in his 
 net. 
 
 He croucheth, he boweth down, 
 
 And the helpless fall by his strong ones. 
 
 He saith in his heart: God hath forgotten, 
 
 He hideth his face, he will never see it. 
 
 Arise, O Jehovah; O God, lift up thy hand: 
 
 Forget not the poor. Psalm 10. 1-12. 
 
 73 
 
74 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 THE LESSON 
 The opinions of men of political experience 
 
 The following opinions expressed by a governor, a senator, 
 a judge, a president of the United States, and a world 
 statesman, all of whom have witnessed the political activity 
 of the liquor interests, are worthy of the most careful 
 thought. The late Senator Edward Carmack, of Tennessee, 
 said : 
 
 "I am weary of saloon domination. I am weary 
 of a condition of things where the man whose busi- 
 ness it is to make the laws must hold his office by 
 consent of the man whose business it is to break 
 the laws." 
 
 Judge Claudius B. Grant, formerly Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the State of Michigan, expresses the 
 opinion that, 
 
 "The saloon has ever been and ever will be a 
 corrupt element in politics." 
 
 Ex-Governor William M. Dawson of West Virginia says: 
 
 "Do men deplore the rule of corrupt political 
 bosses? It is the saloon that rallies the mass of venal 
 and unpatriotic voters who constitute the phalanx of 
 the bosses' power. Has crime become rampant on the 
 streets? The saloon is the refuge of criminals. Does 
 vice seek protection ? The saloon effects the arrange- 
 ment with the policemen who are familiar with its 
 dark secrets and comrades of its debased fraternity. 
 Do gamblers wish to ply their demoralized trade 
 among the }^oung? The saloon affords them not 
 only the shield, but brings them the susceptible patron- 
 age of inexperienced youths." 
 
 Thomas Jefferson said : 
 
 "The habit of using ardent spirits by men in office 
 has occasioned more injury to the public and more 
 trouble to me than all other sources. And were I 
 to commence my administration again the first ques- 
 tion I would ask respecting a candidate for office 
 would be: Does he use ardent spirits?" 
 
LIQUOR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 75 
 
 William E. Gladstone's judgment was: 
 
 "This traffic has wrought more harm than the three 
 historic scourges war, famine, and pestilence com- 
 bined." 
 
 Nezvspaper corruption 
 
 One of the most fundamental and far-reaching political 
 activities of the liquor interests has been, and is, the creation 
 of public opinion through influences brought to bear upon 
 the newspapers. In 1889 the State of Pennsylvania gave a 
 substantial majority against a Prohibition amendment. The 
 manager of the liquor funds and forces is reported to have 
 made the following statement after the campaign was over, 
 showing how the newspapers were handled: 
 
 "We bought them by paying down so much cash. 
 I visited the editors in person, or had some good man 
 do so, and arranged to pay each paper for its support 
 a certain amount of money. Throughout the State 
 we paid weekly papers from fifty to five hundred 
 dollars to publish such matter as we might furnish, 
 either news or editorial, but the city daily papers we 
 had to pay from one thousand to four thousand 
 dollars. ... It was understood with most of all the 
 papers that we would furnish the matter, and so we 
 employed a man to write for us and prepare articles 
 for publication, which would be furnished to the 
 papers to be printed as news or editorial matter, as 
 we might direct. The most effective matter we 
 could get up in the influencing of votes was that 
 Prohibition did not prohibit, and the revenue, taxa- 
 tion, and how*Prohibition would hurt the farmers. 
 We would have these articles printed in different 
 papers and then buy thousands of copies of the paper 
 and send them to the farmers. If you work the 
 farmers on the tax question you can catch them every 
 time." 
 
 Alcohol in the melting pot 
 
 The influence of the saloon upon the millions of foreigners 
 who are coming to be such a potent factor in the political 
 life of our nation has become alarming. The liquor interests 
 
76 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 are taking advantage of the susceptibility of the foreigner to 
 early social and political impressions. In the "Brewers' 
 Journal" of June I, 1910, appeared this statement: 
 
 "The Anglo-Saxon element, from which we in- 
 herited the abominable remnants of puritanism, is 
 rapidly disappearing in this country." 
 
 In the following statement Mr. Harry G. McCain gives a 
 picture of alcohol in the melting pot. 
 
 "The political ideals of these people are blighted 
 and blasted by the political atmosphere of the saloon. 
 What are the political ideals of the liquor traffic? 
 It is the arch vote-purchasing and politics-corrupting 
 agency of this nation. The liquor traffic teaches the 
 immigrant that it is not the integrity of the candidate, 
 nor the justice of a measure, that should determine 
 a man's vote, but the highest bidder! The liquor 
 traffic knows no law of service or self-sacrifice; it 
 follows no principle except self-aggrandizement, and 
 has no ideal except to 'rule and ruin.' These political 
 tenets it teaches to these millions who will be citizens 
 to-morrow. What does this mean for the future 
 of our nation? 
 
 "Does the immigrant constitute a menace to Amer- 
 ican ideals and institutions? If so, it is because of the 
 influence of the liquor traffic in his life. What are we 
 going to do about it? Can we evangelize the slums 
 while the liquor system, backed by an enormous trust, 
 is intrenched there, making criminals a hundredfold 
 faster than we can make citizens? If we can't com- 
 pete with the liquor traffic, let's kill the competitor !" 
 
 Brewery ownership of saloons 
 
 If the saloons are known to be the rallying places of 
 corrupt politicians and "venal, unpatriotic voters," the danger 
 of having their political power centralized and in control of 
 any small group of financially interested men is apparent. 
 In this connection it is significant to note the number of 
 saloons owned by brewers. In 1913 the Legislature of Minne- 
 sota appointed a special committee to investigate the relation 
 between the brewers and the saloons of that license State. 
 
LIQUOR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 77 
 
 The committee made a searching investigation, and the 
 substance of its report was published in the Minneapolis 
 News of March 18 of that year as follows: 
 
 "Breweries control seven eighths of the saloons of 
 the Twin Cities, promote houses of ill-fame and blind 
 pigs, and corrupt politics. 
 
 "Out of eight hundred and fourteen saloons in 
 Minneapolis and Saint Paul, seven hundred and twelve 
 are either owned or controlled by brewing companies. 
 
 "Four hundred and eighteen buildings occupied by 
 saloons are owned by brewing companies, and in many 
 other cases the brewers own the fixtures or hold 
 mortgages on buildings or sites. 
 
 "In Minneapolis three brewing companies own two 
 hundred and seventy saloon buildings. 
 
 "There are sixteen brewing companies in business 
 in the two cities. 
 
 "Agents for brewing companies appear with appli- 
 cants for liquor licenses and practically control the 
 granting of such licenses. 
 
 "From sixty to seventy-five per cent of license fees 
 in Saint Paul are paid by breweries, and over forty 
 per cent in Minneapolis. 
 
 "As many as twenty-five licenses are held by one 
 brewing company. 
 
 "Many license fees are paid by breweries who are 
 paid back by saloon keepers in installments of twenty 
 dollars weekly. 
 
 "Brewing companies buy property for blind pig 
 purposes and for houses of ill-fame, placing agents 
 in charge of same. 
 
 "Blind pigs are encouraged by breweries, who de- 
 posit as high as one thousand dollars to pay possible 
 fines." 
 
 A lobby in Washington 
 
 With political influence and vast capital thus centralized, 
 influence upon legislation is the next logical step. Mr. 
 William E. Johnson, when chief special officer of the United 
 States Indian Service, said that the United States Brewers' 
 Association, ever since its organization in 1860, has main- 
 tained a lobby in Washington and has exercised a powerful 
 
78 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 influence over legislation proposals affecting its interests. For 
 thirty years after its organization this association is said to 
 have had things practically its own way in the capital of the 
 nation. It was said of Senator Blair, for instance, that he 
 led the contest for national Prohibition "with such vigor 
 and persistency that his political downfall resulted." 
 
 Money and politics 
 
 It is a fact universally recognized that under the Republican 
 form of government money is a large factor in political 
 affairs. The ordinary voter is not aware of the vast amounts 
 of money that are available for use by those who are intent 
 upon furthering the interests of the liquor business. It is 
 estimated that Chicago spends at least half as much for what 
 it drinks as for what it eats, not counting the cost of the 
 cooking and serving of food. The receipts in the retail 
 liquor trade in this city for one year were over $100,000,000. 
 With this vast sum in the hands of men whose motives have 
 become morally degenerate, the political menace becomes 
 gigantic. In a study of the great business of dissipation in 
 Chicago, Mr. George Kibbe Turner, a noted magazine writer, 
 found that the profits and the political necessities of the 
 business of dissipation are incomparably greater than those 
 of the public service corporation. Then, because their "busi- 
 ness" demands the breaking of the law, these dealers must 
 go into politics, they must control politics and they do. It 
 has been no secret that the control of the first and eighteenth 
 wards, in which the "business of dissipation" was concen- 
 trated, was in the hands of saloon keepers of evil reputa- 
 tion. The writer expressed the opinion that this control by 
 the liquor interests extended over every part of the municipal 
 government from the city hall to the newly appointed police- 
 men. Appointments were influenced, "payment for protec- 
 tion" was collected from places of vice, vote buying was 
 deliberately carried on. Mr. Turner pleaded for a simpli- 
 fication of municipal government so that the "will of the 
 
LIQUOR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 79 
 
 people" might be obtained. "The fact is," he writes, "that 
 under present conditions the financial interests of dissipation 
 have more direct representation in the administration of the 
 city government than the will of the people." 
 
 "It is true that criminal saloons have an understanding 
 with the police that they may violate the law until some one 
 protests, and that then they will be notified by the police and 
 kept in touch with the situation until it is advisable for them 
 to resume the practices which are objected to." 
 
 The conclusion arrived at by this careful investigation was 
 that saloon money must be taken out of politics. "It is safe 
 to guarantee that when the money . . . has been taken out of 
 politics, the only 'regulation' of saloons that will appear 
 'reasonable' is total annihilation." 
 
 Moral and political forces 
 
 In order for society to be maintained in safe and enduring 
 form, there must be harmony between its organized moral 
 forces, such as the home, the school, the church, and the 
 organized political forces, such as the political parties. If 
 the organized political forces become dominated by interests 
 that create and maintain influences which lead to the de- 
 moralization of man, the outlook for society is dark. When 
 political parties in power make possible laws which imperil 
 the home, which permit the social corruption of youth, which 
 seriously interfere with the sanctity of the Sabbath, their 
 moral character must be judged by their fruits. "Is there a 
 law," writes Dr. A. A. Hopkins, "which comes between the 
 home and the school, and halts the feet that seek the halls 
 of learning, and turns them surely to the paths of shame, 
 which makes more difficult the teacher's task, and renders 
 less beneficent the school's mission, and spreads ignorance, 
 vice, and crime where education should be beneficently dif- 
 fused? Then this law is evidence, actual, unimpeachable, 
 and appalling, that there are organized political forces not in 
 harmony with moral forces." 
 
8o THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 The saloon keeper and the voter 
 
 If a voter, after having become informed as to the political, 
 moral, and economic devastation wrought by the saloon, 
 continues to vote for license, he thereby becomes morally 
 responsible, with the man more directly connected with the 
 liquor business, for these evil results. Here is the case 
 stated in simple terms by Mr. George R. Stewart in his 
 "The Saloon Under the Searchlight" : 
 
 "My neighbor, A, on the left, has some money in 
 his pocket which I desire to secure to assist me in 
 paying the taxes on my property. To do this it will 
 be necessary to murder this man. I do not desire to 
 murder him myself, because I am a so-called decent 
 citizen. I do not care to have my family and my repu- 
 tation connected with a murder case in the courts. 
 My neighbor, B, on the right, is a vicious character. 
 He is blinded by the dollar. His ideas of brotherly 
 love, of man's duty to his fellow man, and of man's 
 duty to his community, are low and vicious. He has 
 no family pride and no personal pride. He is willing 
 to sell out everything for the dollar. I combine with 
 my neighbor, B, furnish him my pistol with which 
 to kill neighbor, A, and he and I divide the money 
 filched from the dead man's pocket. He supports his 
 family with his part ; I pay my taxes with mine. Now 
 let neighbor A represent the poor unfortunate man 
 whose appetite leads to drink. Let B represent the 
 saloon keeper, with whom I combine, to whom I 
 furnish my ballot. It is my ballot with which he 
 procures the saloon, furnishes the liquor to my neigh- 
 bor, A, and takes his money for it. His liquor destroys 
 the poor, unfortunate man. I get a part of the money 
 to pay my taxes. I hold that the poor, vicious B is 
 as vile in the second act as he is in the first, and that 
 I, who would not do the act myself, but furnished to 
 him the means with which he might do it, am a more 
 vicious character in each case than he." 
 
 Organized moral forces must make themselves felt 
 politically 
 
 The vast amount of legislation that makes possible the 
 
LIQUOR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 81 
 
 development of the liquor business and gives it political 
 protection registers the political successes of that business. 
 It does not necessarily mean that the organized immoral 
 forces are inherently stronger than those that are moral. But 
 it does mean that they are so related to the political life of 
 the nation or State that they have greater political influence. 
 The imperative demand is that the citizens who are vitally 
 interested in the welfare of the home, the school, and the 
 church, become organized so as to make their maximum 
 strength felt in the places where laws are made and enforced. 
 There must come harmony and cooperation among the various 
 churches and patriotic and educational societies. A common 
 and trusted leadership is greatly needed. The full force of 
 the moral elements in the nation is greater than those that 
 are immoral. They can control the politics of the nation. 
 But in order to actually accomplish that end they must 
 develop greater political interest and activity. The political 
 party in power must be dominated by the highest moral 
 motives and remain inviolable and incorruptible in carrying 
 through its exalted purpose. 
 
 The opinion of John Adams 
 
 In the following words one of our greatest statesmen 
 predicted the political danger of the liquor business: 
 
 "Like so many boxes of Pandora, dram-shops are 
 hourly scattering plagues of every kind natural, 
 moral, and political. The worst effect of all, and 
 which ought to make every man, who has the least 
 sense of his privilege, tremble, these houses are 
 become in many places the nurseries of our legis- 
 lators. ... I think it would be well worth the atten- 
 tion of our Legislature to confine the number and 
 retrieve the character of licensed houses, lest that 
 impiety and profaneness, that abandoned intemperance 
 and prodigality, that impudence and brawling temper, 
 which these abominable nurseries daily propagate, 
 should arrive at last to a degree of strength that even 
 the Legislature will not be able to control." 
 
82 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 The "plagues of every kind," newspaper corruption, injury 
 to voters coming from the immigrant classes, brewery owner- 
 ship of saloons, the rallying of unpatriotic voters, a powerful 
 lobby, the attack upon the morals of our lawmakers, have 
 all been scattered over our political life. And we, as a 
 nation, are reaping an awful harvest of ills. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 How did William E. Gladstone look upon the liquor traffic? 
 
 What was Thomas Jefferson's opinion? 
 
 In what ways have the liquor interests used the news- 
 papers to influence public opinion? 
 
 What evidences are there that liquor advertisements have 
 served as bribes? 
 
 What is the influence of the saloon upon the immigrant? 
 
 To what extent were the saloons in Minneapolis and Saint 
 Paul under the direct control of the brewers? 
 
 How do such saloons constitute a political menace? 
 
 What has been the history of the liquor lobby at Washing- 
 ton? 
 
 What political danger can you see in the vast sums of 
 money in control of the liquor interests? 
 
 To what extent is the voter who votes for license respon- 
 sible for the social injury caused by the saloon? 
 
 Why should the moral and religious forces of a community 
 feel the responsibility of making themselves felt politically? 
 
 Is it just to judge the moral character of the party in 
 power by the moral character of the legislation enacted by it? 
 
 How can the Christian sentiment of America manifest its 
 full strength at the polls? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Guard against any tendency to let the discussion drift away 
 from the main point of the lesson. The spirit of political 
 partisanship should not enter into the discussion. 
 
 
LIQUOR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES 83 
 
 Show by what methods the liquor interests have tried to 
 influence voters and legislators. Have it brought vividly 
 before the class that these interests are equipped with the 
 kind of resources that count in such undertakings. 
 
 In the final moments of the hour let every member feel 
 the responsibility for the organization of the moral forces 
 of which he is a part, to the end that each may become 
 politically effective. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Before local and State elections find out the attitude of 
 the candidates toward the liquor business. See to it that 
 the members of the class, and all voters of similar moral 
 sympathies, are correctly informed. 
 
 Have candidates for office come before the class or before 
 a meeting arranged for by it and declare their attitude on 
 this question. 
 
 Bring moral pressure to bear upon the newspapers to help 
 them resist the pressure of the liquor interests. Patronize 
 those that stand against such interests. 
 
LESSON IX 
 HOW DRINK INJURES THE HOME 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath conten- 
 tions? 
 
 Who hath complaining? who hath wounds without 
 cause? 
 
 Who hath redness of eyes? 
 
 They that tarry long at the wine; 
 
 They that go to seek out mixed wine. 
 
 Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, 
 
 When it sparkleth in the cup, 
 
 When it goeth down smoothly : 
 
 At the last it biteth like a serpent, 
 
 And stingeth like an adder. 
 
 Thine eyes shall behold strange things, 
 
 And thy heart shall utter perverse things. 
 
 Proverbs 23. 29-33. 
 
 On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was 
 merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, 
 Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcas, 
 the seven chamberlains that ministered in the presence 
 of Ahasuerus the king, to bring Vashti the queen 
 before the king with the crown royal, to show the 
 peoples and the princes her beauty; for she was fair 
 to look on. But the queen Vashti refused to come at 
 the king's commandment by the chamberlains : there- 
 fore was the king very wroth, and his anger burned 
 in him. 
 
 Then the king said to the wise men, who knew the 
 times (for so was the king's manner toward all that 
 knew law and judgment; and the next unto him were 
 Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Mar- 
 sena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and 
 Media, who saw the king's face, and sat first in the 
 kingdom), What shall we do unto the queen Vashti 
 according to law, because she hath not done the bid- 
 ding of the king Ahasuerus by the chamberlains? 
 84 
 
HOW DRINK INJURES THE HOME 85 
 
 And Memucan answered before the king and the 
 princes, Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the 
 king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the 
 peoples that are in all the provinces of the king 
 Ahasuerus. For this deed of the queen will come 
 abroad unto all women, to make their husbands con- 
 temptible in their eyes, when it shall be reported, 
 The king Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to 
 be brought in before him, but she came not. And 
 this day will the princesses of Persia and Media who 
 have heard of the deed of the queen say the like 
 unto all the king's princes. So will there arise much 
 contempt and wrath. If it please the king, let there 
 go forth a royal commandment from him, and let it 
 be written among the laws of the Persians and the 
 Medes, that it be not altered, that Vashti come no 
 more before king Ahasuerus ; and let the king give 
 her royal estate unto another that is better than she. 
 And when the king's decree which he shall make 
 shall be published throughout all his kingdom (for 
 it is great), all the wives will give to their husbands 
 honor, both to great and small. And the saying 
 pleased the king and the princes ; and the king did 
 according to the word of Memucan : for he sent 
 letters into all the king's provinces, into every prov- 
 ince according to the writing thereof, and to every 
 people after their language, that every man should 
 bear rule in his own house, and should speak accord- 
 ing to the language of his people. Esther i. 10-22. 
 
 And Abigail came to Nabal ; and, behold, he held 
 a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and 
 Nabal's heart was merry within him, for he was very 
 drunken : wherefore she told him nothing, less or 
 more, until the morning light. And it came to pass 
 in the morning, when the wine was gone out of 
 Nabal, that his wife told him these things, and his 
 heart died within him, and he became as a stone. 
 And it came to pass about ten days after, that Jehovah 
 smote Nabal, so that he died. i Samuel 25. 36-38. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 
 The home is the heart of a nation's life 
 The home sustains a vital relation to the State. More 
 
86 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 than any other institution it influences the moral character 
 and permanency of the nation. What the heart is to the 
 physical body, the home is to the body politic its real source 
 of life. The surest way to safeguard the State is to protect 
 the family from corrupting influences. If family life begins 
 to disintegrate and decay, the existence of the nation is 
 endangered. "To maintain normal family life, to restore it 
 when it has been interfered with, to create conditions more 
 and more favorable to it" is the fundamental object of 
 efficient efforts to elevate society. Hence to measure the 
 influence of any institution upon the home helps to point 
 out its real place in the life of the nation. 
 
 Parental responsibility 
 
 The present generation of parents are the trustees of human 
 life. The responsibility for the health, education, social and 
 industrial efficiency, and moral character of the coming gen- 
 eration rests primarily upon them. The destiny of the nation 
 rests heavily upon these to whom has been committed the 
 care of young life. Any influence that blights that sense of 
 parental responsibility or that renders these "trustees" un- 
 able or unfit to perform their important duties is a direct 
 blow at the welfare of society. 
 
 The rights of the child 
 
 The child's first claim for protection, care, nourishment, 
 and an environment that is intellectually, morally, and reli- 
 giously stimulating is upon its parents. But "society under- 
 writes the obligation" by providing a living wage, by in- 
 specting the foods that are put into the market, by protecting 
 life and guarding health, by guaranteeing liberty and the 
 free pursuit of legitimate pleasures, and by protecting woman- 
 hood. When for any reason the natural home is seriously 
 impaired the State feels the responsibility of respecting these 
 rights of the child and undertakes to care for it. In the 
 interest of self-preservation, society must recognize the child's 
 
HOW DRINK INJURES THE HOME 87 
 
 needs. These needs should be supplied in the home. No 
 other institution can take its place. Children who become 
 State charges lose from their lives something that is vital. 
 
 The home and the saloon 
 
 Hence there rests upon every intelligent citizen the re- 
 sponsibility of seeing to it that society does not tolerate the 
 presence of any institution that interferes with parents doing 
 their duty. The influences that are most deadly in this regard 
 are social impurity, gambling, crime, pauperism, vice in its 
 many forms, insanity, industrial inefficiency, sickness and 
 disease. But these are all "the legitimate children of the 
 liquor traffic ; it is in the saloon where they are born and 
 bred. Trace back the story of pauperism, crime, vice, in- 
 sanity, disease, and pollution to their most prolific source and 
 that source will be the legalized liquor traffic, manifested in 
 the open saloon." 
 
 Drink reduces the possible income of the home 
 
 If the earnings of the bread-winner of the family are 
 spent in drink, from what source shall the home derive its 
 comforts or even its necessities? The use of alcoholic 
 liquors as a beverage reduces a man's physical and mental 
 ability, renders him more liable to sickness and accident, and 
 reduces his chances of finding and keeping a steady job. 
 All this affects his wages. The income of the man who 
 drinks is reduced. If he happens to be the one upon whom 
 a family depends for support, his lack of productive power 
 is apt to be recorded in the poverty or destitution of his 
 wife and children. In reducing the wage-earning capacity of 
 the father, the liquor traffic becomes a robber of the pros- 
 perity and comfort of the home of which he is the head. 
 
 Drink reduces the available income of the home 
 
 The father who drinks not only reduces the amount of 
 his wages but also further depletes the amount of money 
 
 
88 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 that is available for the support of his family by spending a 
 part of it for that which is neither food nor shelter. The 
 annual liquor bill of the United States is approximately 
 $1,750,000,000. For $650,000,000 you could buy all of the 
 cotton goods produced in the United States for one year; for 
 $460,000,000 all of the woolens and worsteds. $435,000,000 
 would purchase every barrel of flour milled, and the potato 
 crop of the United States could be secured for $205,000,000 
 more. The $1,750,000,000 spent for liquor would therefore 
 purchase the total output of these four industries. 
 
 Some interesting comparisons 
 
 "All of the wheat produced in our country in 1910 would 
 pay our drink bill for less than eighty-two days. 
 
 "All of the coal produced the same year would pay our 
 drink bill less than eighty-three days. 
 
 "All of the gold mined in the United States in 1910 would 
 not pay twelve days' drink bill. All of the silver mined in 
 our country in the same year would not pay five days' drink 
 bill. 
 
 "One hundred and twenty days' drink bill would wipe out 
 of existence our entire interest-bearing national debt. 
 
 "Fifty days' drink bill would build the Panama Canal." 
 
 Wages paid in the liquor industry 
 
 Nor does the liquor business pay in wages, to those who 
 are employed in the places of manufacture and distribution, 
 enough to wipe out this charge of being a twofold destroyer 
 of home comforts and necessities. At its own estimate it 
 pays only fifty-four millions of dollars annually to its various 
 employees. The other manufacturers of the nation pay 
 forty-eight times as much in wages alone. Mr. Deets 
 Pickett, Research Secretary of the Temperance Society of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, says : 
 
 "Labor receives seven and sixty-three hundredths 
 per cent of the wholesale value of liquor produced, 
 
HOW DRINK INJURES THE HOME 89 
 
 whereas the average for all manufacturing indus- 
 tries, according to the abstract of the Census of 1910, 
 is sixteen and fifty-seven hundredths per cent. The 
 manufacturer of liquors ranks twenty-third in the 
 proportion of final wholesale value which goes to 
 labor ; that is, twenty-two other industries pay a larger 
 percentage of their receipts to the man whose brawn 
 and sweat is given freely for the day's wages." 
 
 Families that own their own homes 
 
 Families that live in their own homes enjoy a sense of 
 security and permanency which does not come to those who 
 live in rented apartments. Moreover they take greater interest 
 in the artistic appearance the silent teachers of the house. 
 In 1900 the per cent of families who owned their own homes 
 in the five prohibition States at that time was 59.1 per cent, 
 while in the license and partially-license States the per- 
 centage was 45.8. 
 
 The saloon zvorks against the health of the family 
 
 No generation can, if it would, live unto itself. The 
 record of our past lives is handed down with a fearful 
 accuracy to the lives that come after us. The sins of the 
 fathers are visited upon the children, not through any arbi- 
 trary decree on the part of an outraged God, but by the 
 inevitable workings of a natural law. "Whatsoever a man 
 soweth, that shall he also reap" is written large at the very 
 heart of the universe, and when one sows a habit which 
 brings forth a harvest of weakened nerves, enfeebled brain, 
 diseased tissues, and the general degeneration which comes 
 from alcohol, he must not complain if that harvest comes to 
 perfection in his own life and the lives of his descendants. 
 
 Dr. T. A. MacNicholl, of New York, who has made 
 investigations of the relation of alcohol to degeneracy, says : 
 
 "Within thirty years the mortality from chronic 
 diseases has doubled. Within a period of fifty-three 
 years the country's population increased three hun- 
 dred and thirty per cent, while the number of insane 
 
90 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 and feeble-minded increased nine hundred and fifty 
 per cent. . . . During the past five years the United 
 States birthrate has fallen off thirty-three and one 
 third per cent ; this means the loss of a million babies 
 a year. Let this degeneracy continue at the same 
 rate for one hundred years, and there will not be a 
 native born child five years old in the United States." 
 
 Dr. MacNicholl then answers the question : "What is the 
 cause of this degeneracy?" as follows: 
 
 "A hundred different intermediate agencies may 
 contribute to the undoing of the race, but back of 
 them all stands alcohol as the chief degenerative 
 factor. ..." 
 
 This great burden of drink is not borne by the drinker, 
 but by the drinker's children. They come into the world 
 handicapped by lowered vitality. The report of a recent 
 French investigation showed that of the fifty-three thousand 
 children that died in one decade under eleven months of 
 age, nearly one fourth succumbed from lack of vitality, and 
 this the investigators believed to be largely due to alcoholism 
 in the parents. 
 
 Of the children of drinking parents having sufficient vitality 
 to live, a large part are handicapped with physical or mental 
 weaknesses that hamper them all through life, or make them 
 an easy prey to diseases that carry them off prematurely. 
 Tuberculosis occurs with marked frequency in the families 
 of drinkers, an indication of weakened physical resistance. 
 Inability to withstand fatigue and the craving for something 
 to give a feeling of strength is a reasonable explanation of 
 one cause at least of the greater tendency to the formation 
 of drinking habits in the children of drinkers. 
 
 The saloon is the foe of home's happiness and integrity 
 
 Whence come brawlings? Whence come contentions? 
 Whence come heart breaks, tears, and sighs? Have you 
 ever had the inexpressible anguish of studying at first hand 
 

 HOW DRINK INJURES THE HOME 91 
 
 a drunkard's home? Then you know that it is the fittest 
 earthly type of inferno. But even where the saloon has not 
 wrought its perfected work, where "moderate drinking" only 
 is indulged in, alcohol is still the enemy of home's happiness. 
 More quarrels have their beginning in the wine glass than 
 in any other one source. More crooked thinking and more 
 crooked deeds come from partly alcoholized brains than from 
 any other. Said a gentleman to a physician not long since: 
 
 "I have all my life been accustomed to taking with 
 my dinner one glass of wine. Sometimes, when dining 
 out, or when I have special guests, I exceed that 
 limit; I drink two or three, or perhaps more glasses. 
 I never do that that I am not at once conscious of 
 a distinct lowering of my moral tone. I find myself 
 uttering sentiments which I know I do not really 
 believe. I find myself saying things which I know, in 
 my best moments, I could not uphold. I am conscious 
 of a lowering of my entire moral tone." 
 
 The fact that his moral tone was doubtless lowered by 
 even the one glass was put so clearly before him by the 
 physician that he became a total abstainer. Home's happi- 
 ness, home's purity, home's integrity and uprightness are 
 constantly endangered by the saloon. 
 
 The broken homes 
 
 From 1887 to 1906 there were 184,568 divorces in the United 
 States due to intemperance on the part of husband or wife. 
 According to the Census Bureau, one divorce in every five 
 has intemperance as one cause. In Chicago and Brooklyn 
 investigations have been made to ascertain what were the 
 principal causes of divorces and family separations. Judge 
 Gemmill, of the Chicago Court of Domestic Relations, put 
 into operation a system of recording the cases of family 
 troubles brought to his court for settlement from which he 
 found that forty-six per cent were caused by drink. No 
 other one cause furnished over fourteen per cent. The 
 Brooklyn investigation, which was carried out by probation 
 
92 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 officers, resulted in nearly the same percentage of broken 
 homes due to drink 45.8 per cent. The Superintendent of 
 the Bureau of Domestic Relations in the City of New York 
 told a Sun reporter that by far the most frequent cause of 
 the breaking up of homes in the four thousand cases dealt 
 with in that city the same year was drink. "The havoc that 
 drink plays in domestic troubles has never been exaggerated," 
 said Miss Ida Tarbell in summing up the evidence in The 
 American Magazine, January, 1914. In England the condi- 
 tion seems to be even worse, according to the testimonies 
 of divorce court officials. "If you eliminate the drink ques- 
 tion you eliminate ninety per cent of the cases we have," 
 says J. R. Roberts, editor of "Justices' Manual" and president 
 of the Incorporated Society of Justices' Clerks. "If the 
 drink habit could be eradicated from the nation, this court 
 might close its doors, at any rate for the greater part of the 
 time," is the testimony of Lord Gorell, the president of an 
 English divorce court. 
 
 Actual disruption of the family on account of intolerable 
 conduct due to drink represents only the extreme stage. 
 Many minor degrees impair more or less seriously the irre- 
 placeable function of the home in forming the character of 
 a people. When an able-bodied man fails to support the 
 home and the wife and mother must turn breadwinner, her 
 possibilities for advancing civilization through elevating home 
 influences are immensely reduced. An investigation of three 
 hundred and eighty-six cases of family desertion in twenty- 
 five cities of the United States, by Miss Lillian Brandt (1905), 
 showed that three hundred and twenty-five of the men and 
 forty-three of the women were hard drinkers. Another 
 report by the Associated Charities of Boston (1910) gives an 
 account of three hundred and fifty-two able-bodied men in 
 Boston in one year who failed to support their families. 
 The Associated Charities was appealed to by the families 
 for aid and found on investigation that two hundred and 
 forty-three of these men (sixty-nine per cent) were drunk- 
 ards. Accounts may be found in reports of social workers of 
 
HOW DRINK INJURES THE HOME gj 
 
 children acting as family breadwinners, supporting and taking 
 care of drunken fathers or mothers, or both. Heavy as is 
 the burden of such children, they are not the only ones that 
 are oppressed by it. The community of which they are a 
 part is decidedly poorer because of the necessarily dwarfed 
 development of such premature burden-bearers. This re- 
 action upon the community is, of course, just retribution for 
 its failure to protect its citizens from public traffic in a 
 brain poison. 
 
 The conclusion is irresistible. It is the duty of all 
 who care for the homes of the nations to put themselves in 
 battle array against the home's arch foe. By example and 
 influence, by voice and vote, by prayer and by work, every 
 home and every inmate of a home who cares for the welfare 
 of the nation and the establishment of Christ's Kingdom 
 upon earth should declare "Saloons must go," that, thereby, 
 better homes may come. With liquor abolished, wages will 
 increase and a better financial support of the family will 
 thereby come. Take the money that goes for drink and 
 spend it for the home and a new era of comfort will result. 
 Stop drink and children will be born healthier, reared under 
 better conditions, arrive at a higher plane of moral develop- 
 ment. Grinding poverty, that leaves no room for proper 
 relaxation, will no longer be the force it now is, working as 
 it does against the happiness of the home. Abolish the liquor 
 traffic and the worst hindrance standing in the way of the 
 natural expression of the God-given parental instinct will 
 be removed. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 Why is the family the fundamental social institution? 
 
 Which is the more important in the making of citizens, the 
 home or the public school? 
 
 Of what service should the home be to the child? 
 
 Which is more prudent for the State, to prevent the dis- 
 integration of homes, or to build orphanages and asylums to 
 take care of the products of wrecked homes? 
 
94 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Wherein does the saloon affect the home directly? 
 
 Wherein does it injure the home indi ectly? 
 
 What portion of a man's wages should go to the support 
 of his wife and children? 
 
 How much of it has he a right to spend foolishly? 
 
 If our annual liquor bill were used to buy houses at three 
 thousand dollars each, how many families could thus be 
 supplied? 
 
 How is it that the saloon costs the State twice as much as 
 the license fees amount to? 
 
 Has a mother the moral right to ask the State to protect 
 the welfare and happiness of her home? 
 
 What effect does alcohol have on the marriage bond? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Bring out the importance of the home; its influence upon 
 the children and parents. Show that the character of the 
 home depends upon the parental sense of responsibility and 
 parental resources, financial, intellectual, and moral. 
 
 With a full appreciation of the importance of the home, 
 demonstrate that drink reduces, in many ways, the resources 
 without which a home is impossible, and injures the parents' 
 sense of responsibility and fitness to perform their duties. 
 
 Let the discussion become a direct, personal appeal to the 
 manhood or womanhood of the members present, with a 
 forceful presentation of the call to protect innocent and 
 helpless -children from the results of the liquor traffic. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Have three members read and report on Chapters II, V, 
 and VIII of Devine's "The Family and Social Work." 
 
 Have a representative of some such organization as the 
 Associated Charities address the class on the effects of the 
 saloon upon the homes of your community. 
 
 Plan and inaugurate a campaign to save the children of 
 your community from the evil results of poverty. 
 
LESSON X 
 
 THE USE OF ALCOHOL A SOURCE OF 
 POVERTY 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to 
 
 drink wine; 
 
 Nor for princes to say, Where is strong drink? 
 Lest they drink, and forget the law, 
 And pervert the justice due to any that is afflicted. 
 Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, 
 And wine unto the bitter in soul : 
 Let him drink, and forget his poverty, 
 And remember his misery no more. 
 
 Proverbs 31. 4-7. 
 
 Woe to thee, O land, when thy king is a child, and 
 thy princes eat in the morning ! Happy art thou, O 
 land, when thy king is the son of nobles, and thy 
 princes eat in due season, for strength, and not for 
 drunkenness ! Ecclesiastes 10. 17, 18. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 What is poverty? 
 
 Every individual should be supplied with sufficient nourish- 
 ing food, clothing, shelter, and opportunities for physical 
 and social relaxation to be able to be maintained at the 
 highest point of mental and physical efficiency. The man 
 who is poorly fed cannot accomplish the amount of work of 
 which he is naturally capable. The body must have adequate 
 protection from excessive cold and heat. Otherwise physical 
 efficiency is impaired. It is possible for an individual to be 
 deprived of these resources necessary to highest mental and 
 physical efficiency and yet not experience the pain and suffer- 
 
 95 
 
 
96 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 ing that result from destitution. Efficiency on one hand and 
 destitution on the other mark the boundaries of what may 
 be termed poverty. 
 
 Poverty and income 
 
 It does not follow, necessarily, that the man of small income 
 is the poor man, and the one of large income he who main- 
 tains the highest efficiency. A man may have a salary or 
 wage that is adequate to supply the necessary food and 
 shelter and opportunity to play, but for some reason fail to 
 spend it for these things. He may have an income that is 
 adequate and yet spend so much of his money for that 
 which is not bread, such a large portion of his income for 
 that which does not satisfy his real needs, that he is no 
 better off physically than the one whose income is inadequate. 
 With the majority of people it is a problem not so much of 
 earnings as it is of judicious spending and of saving. After 
 the other things are paid for, what amount is left for the 
 essential things? is with many the vital question. With many 
 a man it comes to be a question not of how much is con- 
 sumed, but rather of how much real food is consumed. 
 
 The principle illustrated 
 
 A special inquiry on the alcohol factor in social conditions 
 was recently conducted by Mr. George Blaikloch, Barrister- 
 at-Law, for the Committee of the National Temperance 
 League of England. The report, as given in the summer of 
 1914 issue of the National Temperance Quarterly, describes 
 a large number of cases of poverty of which the following 
 is typical : 
 
 "A man earning twenty-seven shillings per week 
 lived in the slums. He became converted and signed 
 the pledge. In one month he removed to a better 
 house in a respectable district. In two years he 
 refurnished the house, and with two of his children 
 working, at the end of six years he paid in cash fifty 
 pounds for a piano." 
 
ALCOHOL A SOURCE OF POVERTY 97 
 
 The report shows that such "cases are typical of hundreds 
 engaged in the woolen trade. Among the miners of the 
 district, who earn good wages, there is a large proportion 
 who spend from ten shillings upwards on drink, and their 
 homes suffer correspondingly as to furniture and other 
 desirable comforts." Cases were found where there were 
 only two or three pieces of furniture in the house, where 
 the family had to sleep on the floor, though the income, if 
 judiciously spent, would have been adequate to have pro- 
 vided for ordinary needs. The experience of those who 
 work in the slums is that as soon as they get the people 
 living there to give up drink they see them move away to 
 better quarters. 
 
 Higher wages inadequate 
 
 Labor leaders are coming to appreciate the fact that higher 
 wages alone will not cure the ills from which wage earners 
 are suffering. The famous labor leader, John F. Cuneen, 
 says : 
 
 "Labor unions engage halls, distribute literature, 
 go to considerable expense for the discussion of 
 economics, but at such gatherings there is one phase 
 of the economic question upon which silence is 
 maintained, and that is the liquor question. This 
 question ought to be the foremost in discussion as to 
 how to solve it rightly. It will do the labor unions 
 little good if they fight to increase the working- 
 man's wages if the workingman turns over to the 
 liquor traffic the increased wage he receives." 
 
 Alcohol and pauperism 
 
 In Stockholm, ninety per cent of the paupers in the work- 
 houses are there as the result of alcohol and fifty per cent 
 of those who receive outdoor relief need it for the same 
 reason. As a usual thing, people do not drink because they 
 are poor but are poor because they drink. In Manchester, 
 England, Alderman McDougall, inquiring into the causes of 
 pauperism, found that in fifty per cent of the four hundred 
 
g8 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 and four individual paupers investigated, drink was the cause. 
 Other investigations that have been made tell the same story. 
 Replies to questions sent lately to every almshouse in the 
 United States show that at least fifty-one per cent of the in- 
 mates of almshouses become paupers through drink. Warden 
 Roberts, of the New York almshouse on Blackwell's Island, 
 considers that nine tenths of the inmates, numbering 2,593, 
 came there through drink. 
 
 Tudor Trevor, an English sociologist, says that seventy 
 per cent of the paupers of England, costing the nation 
 $50,000,000 annually, are the result of alcoholic drinking. 
 
 Sickness, non-employment, desertions, imprisonment, and 
 inefficiency are reckoned as causes of poverty. These evils 
 are consequences of beer and whiskey drinking. 
 
 Is poverty of itself a calamity? 
 
 Those who have had wide experience in the work of 
 organized charities do not consider poverty, in itself, a 
 calamity from which it is impossible to recover, especially 
 if health and moral character are not impaired. Sickness 
 and accident may have caused the income temporarily to 
 become inadequate. But it is usually the policy of the 
 United Charities never to allow a family to be broken up 
 because of poverty alone. Temporary relief may be given and 
 with that all that may be needed is to arouse ambition, 
 stimulate interest and self-activity, and create new ideals. 
 Where these factors are united with physical strength, poverty 
 can usually be overcome. But where, in addition to poverty, 
 there is also the habit of liquor drinking, as long as that 
 habit remains in control, the case is hopeless. For under 
 such circumstances the moral appeal falls upon deaf ears 
 and broken, impotent wills. Efforts are erratic. The one 
 who drinks is unfitted for the long, steady, hard pull from 
 poverty to economic independence. Dr. Wm. E. Shaw, of 
 Cincinnati, in a letter in the Lancet Clinic, July 10, 1909, 
 
ALCOHOL A SOURCE OF POVERTY 99 
 
 "My observation of those who used alcohol for 
 the purpose of forgetting misery and poverty con- 
 vinced me more than thirty years ago that the best 
 way to escape poverty and misery was to begin the 
 battle of life as a total abstainer, and I have seen no 
 reason to change my mind." 
 
 Drink causes a lack of the desire to work 
 
 One effect of alcohol upon many who are even moderate 
 drinkers is to rob them of the delight in work which is so 
 frequently characteristic of those who are prosperous. The 
 normal man and woman may dislike drudgery but find a 
 present good in the performing of the necessary tasks. But 
 the habitual drinker finds no pleasure in toil. It has lost 
 its charm for him. In the Twenty-eighth Annual Report 
 of the Associated Charities of Boston the statement is made 
 that "most drunkards are bitterly afraid of hard work. The 
 trip to the island, after the first sense of shame has worn 
 off, becomes a mere quiet loafing time at the expense of the 
 city. But the threat of Bridgewater has sent more than one 
 East Boston drunkard to his knees, begging for mercy. 
 Bridgewater means ten to fifteen hours of hard work each 
 day." 
 
 Records of a juvenile court 
 
 J. J. McManaman, chief probation officer of Chicago's 
 Juvenile Court, in summarizing the year's work, said: "Whis- 
 key causes poverty. Poverty causes crime. That summar- 
 izes the situation." The chief causes of so many children's 
 being in court were pointed out to be intemperance and 
 neglect rather than misfortune. A study of the cases showed 
 that while the poverty of thirteen of the children was due to 
 the immorality of the mother, that of one hundred and sixty 
 was due to drunkenness of the father, ninety-two to drunken- 
 ness of the mother, and sixty-three to the drunkenness of 
 both. Fully seventy-five per cent could be traced to their 
 origin in the neglect and drunkenness of parents. 
 
ioo THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 The teetotaler immune from the workhouse 
 
 Dr. E. Claude Taylor, in trying to find out the number of 
 abstainers who were present in workhouses, asked of those 
 who had first-hand knowledge the following question: "Have 
 you any (adult) life abstainers in your workhouse?" The 
 answers were strikingly unanimous : "None known." "Out 
 of sixteen hundred I have found one." "No." "Very few, 
 and they seem to live longer than the others." "Never 
 heard of any." "Not more than .3 per cent." "Occasionally 
 met with; one or two in now." The extreme that is said on 
 the other side is "Yes," and "A large number of the adult 
 inmates assert that they are life-abstainers, or at the very 
 most very moderate drinkers." "On two occasions I have 
 gone into the dining-room of my own workhouse and 
 asked any who had been abstainers any length of time to 
 hold up a hand. On one occasion not one hand was held up ; 
 on the other one an old lady of eighty-five years did so, as 
 being a teetotaler for forty years, and one half-witted woman 
 claimed to be. Apparently it is sufficient to be a teetotaler to 
 insure almost certain safeguard from being driven into the 
 workhouse." 
 
 The case in Massachusetts 
 
 In a remarkable report on "The Relation of the Liquor 
 Traffic to Pauperism, Crime, and Insanity," Mr. Horace G. 
 Wadlin, former chief of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor 
 of Massachusetts, thus summarizes the facts ascertained: 
 
 "Out of thirty-two hundred and thirty paupers 
 this being the total number found in the institutions 
 during twelve consecutive months twenty-one hun- 
 dred and eight, or about sixty-five in every hundred 
 (65.26 per cent) were addicted to the use of liquor. 
 The excessive drinkers numbered five hundred and 
 five, or about sixteen in every one hundred (15.63 
 per cent) of all the paupers. The total abstainers 
 numbered eight hundred and sixty-six, or about 
 twenty-seven in every one hundred (26.81 per cent) 
 of all the paupers. Of the total abstainers, however, 
 
ALCOHOL A SOURCF OF POVERTY 101 
 
 four hundred and twenty-nine were minors, two 
 hundred and eighty-one being under ten years of age. 
 There were also thirty-one minors addicted to the 
 use of liquor. Excluding all the minors, whether 
 total abstainers or not, we have twenty-seven hundred 
 and fifty-two paupers of adult years, of whom two 
 thousand and seventy-seven, or about seventy-five in 
 every one hundred (75-47 per cent), were addicted to 
 the use of liquor, including five hundred and four 
 excessive drinkers and fifteen hundred and seventy- 
 three drinkers not classed as excessive. 
 
 "Of the whole number of paupers, 47.74 per cent, 
 or nearly forty-eight in every one hundred, had one 
 or both parents intemperate. 
 
 "Of the whole number 39.44 per cent, or about 
 thirty-nine in every one hundred, attributed their 
 pauperism to their own intemperate habits; about 
 five in every one hundred considered their pauperism 
 due to the intemperance of their parents, one or both ; 
 and several in every one hundred attributed their 
 pauperism to the intemperance of those upon whom 
 they were dependent, other than parents." 
 
 Alcohol the indirect cause of burdens 
 
 It is a fact recognized by leading medical authorities that 
 the children of drinking parents are especially likely to 
 contract tuberculosis. In the International Prize Essay, 
 "Tuberculosis," in 1908, there occurs this statement by Dr. 
 S. A. Knoff: "Alcoholism must be considered the most 
 active cooperator of the deadly germ of tuberculosis." An 
 investigation conducted by Professor G. von Bunge, of Basel, 
 Switzerland, showed that of one hundred and forty-nine 
 fathers who were occasional drinkers, 8.7 per cent of the 
 children were tuberculous. Of one hundred and sixty-nine 
 moderate drinkers, the percentage of tuberculous children 
 was 10.7. Sixty-seven fathers who were immoderate drinkers 
 were investigated and it was found that 16.4 per cent of 
 the children had tuberculosis. 27.7 per cent of the children 
 of sixty fathers who were confirmed drunkards were found 
 to be afflicted with the white plague. The poverty which 
 results from the use of alcohol makes it necessary frequently 
 
102 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 for families to live in rooms that have poor ventilation and 
 that are overcrowded. The sanitary conditions are apt to be 
 poor. The conditions of the drinker's home make his family 
 especially susceptible to this and other diseases. Thus drink 
 not only decreases the amount of money available to satisfy 
 normal needs and unfits the wage earner to carry the physical, 
 mental, and moral burdens of supporting a family, but it 
 also increases the tendency toward sickness, deformity, feeble- 
 mindedness, and degeneracy. The added burden of caring 
 for those who thus fall below what is normal is a prolific 
 though indirect cause of poverty. 
 
 Increasing the fixed charges 
 
 The question may well be asked, Who pays the increased 
 cost to society, in the police departments, courts, State hos- 
 pitals, prisons, jails, care of the insane and paupers that are 
 occasioned by the liquor business? It is estimated that in 
 New York City alone $1,650,000 is expended annually to 
 arrest and care for cases of intoxication. It costs that one 
 city nearly $100,000 annually just to try the persons charged 
 with intoxication. The custodial care of persons arrested 
 for intoxication costs a quarter of a million annually. The 
 entire treatment of public intoxication in New York is 
 $2,412,000 every year. The license fees pay about one half 
 of the actual cost of drink to the State. This vast sum 
 must be collected in various forms of taxation. The burden 
 is shared by the man who pays rent and buys food. Thus 
 the poor man finds it is more difficult to supply himself and 
 those dependent upon him with the necessities of life. By 
 adding to the public expenses the liquor business and its 
 results add financial burdens to the already overburdened 
 citizen. 
 
 The principle of prevention 
 
 In the broad modern movement to relieve society of its ills 
 and its burdens, the emphasis is being placed upon preventive 
 
ALCOHOL A SOURCE OF POVERTY 103 
 
 measures. The medical profession is giving much thought 
 not only to the best methods of curing disease, but also to 
 those of discovering and removing the sources of disease. 
 If an epidemic of typhoid fever is found in a community, 
 efforts are directed toward curing the cases that the con- 
 tagion has already caused. But efforts are also concentrated 
 upon the work of making it impossible for new cases to 
 appear. This principle applied to charitable work has revo- 
 lutionized the methods formerly adopted. The scientific spirit 
 makes it necessary to trace out and get rid of the causes of 
 poverty as well as to give direct and immediate assistance 
 to the poor. Is the intelligent contributor to the Associated 
 Charities or to the Church Poor Fund doing his full duty if 
 he gives money to relieve the poor of the church or com- 
 munity without doing something to terminate the period of 
 need in those who receive his alms? If the liquor business 
 is directly or indirectly responsible for half of the pauperism, 
 if its vital connection with poverty has been scientifically 
 demonstrated, then there rests upon charity workers the 
 prudential responsibility of getting rid of that business. 
 This is a preventive measure. It is removing the source. 
 In the interest of efficiency it is necessary. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 What is poverty? 
 
 What is the relation of poverty to income? 
 
 What has been the experience of those who work in the 
 slums regarding the giving up of drink by those living in 
 poverty ? 
 
 What is the attitude of labor leaders toward the demand 
 for higher wages? 
 
 What proportion of pauperism has been found to be the 
 result of drink? 
 
 Why do the workers for the United Charities look upon 
 poverty as being, in itself, an inadequate cause for breaking 
 up a home? 
 
104 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 How does drink affect one's desire to work? 
 
 What do the records of a juvenile court show as to the 
 relation between drink and crime among young people? 
 
 What is usually the teetotaler's relation to the workhouse? 
 
 How is drink related to pauperism in Massachusetts? 
 
 In what way does alcohol increase the financial burden of 
 those poor people who do not drink? 
 
 To what extent does alcohol cooperate with tuberculosis? 
 
 What else should a philanthropist do besides giving money 
 to relieve a case of poverty? 
 
 Is a church justified in using the poor fund to fight the 
 liquor business? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 First define what poverty is, showing its relation to income. 
 
 Point out the effect of illegitimate or imprudent expendi- 
 tures upon poverty. Show what a large proportion of 
 pauperism is due to drink. 
 
 Let the climax of the discussion center in showing that 
 in the interest of the prevention of poverty and the more 
 extreme forms of destitution and pauperism, the church and 
 charity worker must spend some of their energy in getting 
 rid of the liquor business. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Have some well-informed social worker address the class 
 on the relation of drink to poverty in our community. 
 
 Appoint one or two members of the class to study the 
 subject of the poor of the church and report their findings 
 at a subsequent meeting. 
 
 Have a special study made on the relation of the liquor 
 business to the high cost of living. 
 
 If those who are appointed to look up facts concerning 
 the influence of alcohol find that records are not carefully 
 kept by the societies or organizations consulted, let them 
 tactfully urge the importance of having such records de- 
 pendable, up-to-date, and available. 
 
LESSON XI 
 
 THE SOCIAL PHASE OF THE 
 SALOON 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 Brethren, even if a man be overtaken in any tres- 
 pass, ye who are spiritual, restore such a one in a 
 spirit of gentleness; looking to thyself, lest thou also 
 be tempted. Bear ye one another's burdens, and so 
 fulfill the law of Christ. For if a man thinketh himself 
 to be something when he is nothing, he deceiveth him- 
 self. But let each man prove his own work, and then 
 shall he have his glorying in regard of himself alone, 
 and not of his neighbor. For each man shall bear his 
 own burden. 
 
 But let him that is taught in the word communicate 
 unto him that teacheth in all good things. Be not de- 
 ceived ; God is not mocked : for whatsoever a man 
 soweth, that shall he also reap. For he that soweth 
 unto his own flesh shall of the flesh reap corruption; 
 but he that soweth unto the Spirit shall of the Spirit 
 reap eternal life. And let us not be weary in well- 
 doing: for in due season we shall reap, if we faint 
 not. So then, as we have opportunity, let us work 
 that which is good toward all men, and especially to- 
 ward them that are of the household of the faith. 
 Galatians 6. i-io. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 The saloon and sociability 
 
 As a means of expressing a feeling of sociability, the use 
 of alcoholic drinks, it is well to state frankly, is quite 
 thoroughly fixed in a large part of our current social customs. 
 Among certain classes liquors have been used for ages at 
 social functions, in clubs, in informal meetings, and in the 
 home. Of recent years the saloon, the liquor-selling restau- 
 rant, and the hotel have largely taken the place of home use, 
 with the result that excessive drinking has been increased. 
 
 105 
 
io6 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Frequently the family has been broken up, while at the 
 same time a relatively small number of individuals do the 
 drinking. Without regard to whether it is good or bad, or 
 whether a better means of sociability might not readily be 
 procured, alcoholic liquors do serve with a great many 
 people as a popular method of trying to gain the friendship 
 of companions and of expressing a feeling of fellowship. 
 
 A service in spite of intoxication 
 
 In this sense the saloon appeals to a fundamental social 
 instinct sociability. It supplies something really necessary 
 in human life, it is true, but in quality a very shoddy article 
 at a very high cost of money and morals. The saloon has 
 seized upon social want and proceeds to supply it in its own 
 way. The public-house problem is largely, by no means 
 wholly, a question of forgotten needs, that is, of sociability 
 needs. This ground the saloon has rilled, or usurped, and 
 these needs are there satisfied, not by, but in spite of, alcohol 
 and intoxication. 
 
 The test of ultimate worth 
 
 Methods for the solution of the saloon problem as a part 
 of the larger liquor problem, social and political, as we 
 have it, must take the sociability feature into consideration. 
 If there is a certain amount of usefulness in the saloon, it 
 should be known. There is no use in going at the work 
 blindly. If, on the other hand, the saloon is a powerful 
 competitor with better means of sociability, and a source of 
 social vice to the community, the good which it may do can 
 be no excuse for the greater evils. Palliative measures will 
 be found to be both insufficient and wrong. The welfare of 
 society as a whole and the effects of the saloon upon it must 
 be the only final test of its social worth. 
 
 Patrons of the "social glass 3 ' 
 
 The strongest plea that can be made for liquor is that it 
 furnishes social pleasure. This it does, first, by means of 
 
THE SOCIAL PHASE OF THE SALOON 107 
 
 the "social glass," to the two or three or more taking it 
 together, and, second, by means of the saloon serving as a 
 social center for certain classes of people who either prefer 
 the kind of society to be found there, or who have, or who 
 can find, no other place open to them. The people who 
 respond in any important degree to the sociability features 
 of the saloon are : 
 
 (1) The more well-to-do or wealthy classes who distinctly 
 prefer the sort of sociability that accompanies or follows 
 alcoholic intoxication. 
 
 (2) The outcast and degenerate of other classes who seek 
 their associates among the ex-criminals, embryonic criminals, 
 loafers, professional beggars, etc., of the low-down grog- 
 geries. 
 
 (3) A relatively small, but important class, of business 
 men who use the saloon as a place for business appointments. 
 
 (4) There yet remain the wage-earning classes that large 
 number of people who regard the saloon as a place of social 
 intercourse. 
 
 Among this last group the real problem is found. There 
 are multitudes of houses, shacks ? and apartments that only 
 with superior taste and ingenuity can be transformed into 
 homes. But both of these qualities are lacking. Moreover 
 the financial resources make it impossible to entertain friends 
 at home. There are no surroundings suggestive of hospi- 
 tality and sociability. Those occupying this sort of home 
 furnish the largest number in the total per capita consumption 
 of liquors. Their opportunities for social enjoyment, apart 
 from the saloon, are more limited, and so they are compelled 
 to depend upon it more and more. In a word, it is this 
 wage-earner, living on the verge of poverty, and he alone, 
 who may claim the saloon as in any sense a real "social 
 center." 
 
 "The poor mans club" 
 Here he finds relaxation after a long day in the dust and 
 
io8 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 roar of the factory such as the crowded and slouchy rooms 
 he calls home will not furnish. Here he can escape the 
 crying children and get the companionship of men interested 
 in the same things in which he is interested. There are 
 games, cards, pool, reports from the races and prizefights, 
 sometimes music, and a warm place in which to enjoy them. 
 There is no feeling of constraint; on the contrary, the 
 manager is glad to have him remain so long as he is spending 
 money. All these enjoyments of an evening can be pur- 
 chased for the exceedingly small price of a few beers, or 
 even for a single glass, with a free lunch thrown in. The 
 saloon is a democratic institution, open freely to everyone, 
 and criticizing no one. It has therefore come to be called 
 "the poor man's club." Efforts to do away with it are 
 resented as an attack upon the poor man by the more well- 
 to-do. There is a strong and unreasonable opposition, often 
 amounting to hatred, among laboring men, especially the 
 more unskilled, against temperance and prohibition workers, 
 for this very reason. It is needless to say that this is fostered 
 by the liquor dealers themselves, and an appeal to class 
 antagonism is made to support the business. 
 
 Reasons for popularity 
 
 The low cost for which the saloon furnishes its numerous 
 attractions is one of the strong features in making it popular. 
 One reason why laboring men do not form clubs of their 
 own is because they cannot afford the membership dues that 
 would be required to pay for well-furnished quarters and 
 equipment for a limited group of men. Yet no one doubts 
 for a minute that the saloon keeper does all this on a wider 
 basis than that of a club purely as a business venture, often 
 furnishing to lodges, labor unions, and other organizations 
 rooms heated and lighted, near the saloon, absolutely free 
 of cost. It is inconceivable that the money which pays for 
 the drinks, plus the "attractions" provided by the saloon, 
 would not pay for the attractions alone if the drinks were 
 
THE SOCIAL PHASE OF THE SALOON 109 
 
 absent. How can we help concluding that while the saloon 
 now acts as a sort of poor man's club, it is the club which, 
 taking advantage of his poverty and of his desire for intoxi- 
 cants, makes him pay more for his social life than any other 
 class of people with moderate or low earnings. As a promi- 
 nent Boston liquor dealer has said : 
 
 "If the saloon is the poor man's club, then I con- 
 tend that the dues are too high ; it costs him too much 
 to keep the club steward in a prosperous condition, 
 and therefore should be disbanded for the benefit 
 of the club members, and their families, and the 
 community at large.'* 
 
 Counter attractions 
 
 "The negative and destructive method employed in social 
 reform movements should be accompanied or followed by 
 positive and constructive ones." The application of this 
 sociological principle to the saloon question calls for "some 
 broad, rational, and practical method of counterbalancing the 
 various motives that lead men to patronize the saloon." The 
 idea of a "substitute," however, in the opinion of Professor 
 J. M. Barker, of Boston University, should not be limited to 
 a rival business in competition with the saloon, a social 
 institution run next door or across the street to draw men 
 away from it, but to satisfy the motives, so far as they are 
 worthy ones, or indicate any real need, in other or more 
 natural ways. 
 
 Suggested substitutes 
 
 There are many organizations and clubs, both philanthropic 
 and self-supporting, which provide healthful amusement and 
 recreation. These, intentionally or unintentionally, serve as 
 counter attractions for the saloon to some extent. But the 
 great need of our large cities is for more, many more, and 
 better ones those in which there will be more inducements 
 as well as more of a feeling of freedom on the part of those 
 
i io THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 for whom they are established. The most successful of 
 these institutions at present are moving-picture shows, coffee- 
 houses, lunchrooms, reading-rooms, bowling alleys and other 
 athletic games not in connection with saloons, recreation 
 centers, social settlements, the better grade of theaters and 
 parks, especially the small parks in dense residence neighbor- 
 hoods. These all supply opportunity for sociability of a pure 
 kind away from the temptations of the saloon. But their 
 number is all too meager and the hours of closing often too 
 early. The Young Men's Christian Associations to some 
 extent serve in this capacity, but their field is largely limited 
 to clerical and railroad men and strange young men of the 
 better class coming from the country and small towns. They 
 do not to any marked extent counteract the attractions of the 
 saloon to those who are in greatest need of help. 
 
 Complete absence of liquors 
 
 The essential principle of this movement must be the 
 supplying of healthful recreation and relaxation free from 
 the sale of intoxicating liquors. There can be no temporary 
 surrender of this principle in favor of the lighter alcoholics, 
 or increased temptation to the young is sure to follow. If 
 the lightest beer should be served in connection with the best 
 of amusements, it might be a good means of weaning off the 
 old toper, but it would be the fatal attracting influence that 
 would start thousands of young men and boys to acquiring 
 the alcohol habit under respectable surroundings. Anything 
 that does this is sure to increase later the number of regular 
 saloon patrons who go there for liquors alone. The absence 
 of liquors must be complete, or the attraction will be toward, 
 instead of away from, the saloon. 
 
 The demands of the self-respecting man 
 
 The man who takes his recreation and social pleasure at 
 the saloon feels that he is paying for what he gets. And he 
 certainly is paying full price ! The saloon is not run for 
 
THE SOCIAL PHASE OF THE SALOON in 
 
 charity, but for business. The independent wage-earner, even 
 if he is quite poor, knows this and appreciates it. If he is 
 at all self-respecting, he resents the doing of anything for him 
 by outsiders with the air of charity about it. The rightly 
 organized counter attraction will take note of this fact by 
 requiring that the accommodations which it gives shall be 
 good, and that payment, at least in part, shall be insisted 
 upon. But the man himself must remember that a self- 
 respecting man cannot secure the social enjoyments he so 
 much needs while so large a share of his meager earnings 
 goes for beer. 
 
 Fixing responsibility 
 
 The task of providing counter attractions rightly belongs 
 to the school, the church, the popular lecture, the night and 
 trade schools, the trade unions, the private clubs and organ- 
 izations and the thousand and one forms of social enjoyment 
 open to healthful society. This moral responsibility cannot 
 be shifted. It is the saloon that, for financial ends, has 
 usurped this ground and that tends to run sociability into 
 vice. 
 
 No substitute possible 
 
 With substitution measures alone, the power of the saloon 
 to corrupt society will remain practically unbroken. Its 
 power to offer attractions is unlimited. "The saloons that 
 attract most men are those that harbor gambling and shelter 
 prostitutes. The saloons with concert halls, where so many 
 men and women are lured to drink and dance, have their 
 walls decorated with suggestive and indecent pictures, and 
 one hears songs of the most revolting character. The whole 
 atmosphere reveals a total lack of modesty and common 
 decency." No philanthropic or semi-philanthropic, or even 
 legitimate business enterprise, can counteract the fascination 
 of the average saloon, with such "attractions," combined with 
 the appetite for liquors, as it offers to vast numbers of people 
 
ii2 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 in all grades of society. The saloon is not the "poor man's 
 club." It is primarily the drink-loving man's club, whether 
 poor or rich. So long as alcohol is one of the forces of the 
 saloon there is and can be no substitute for it. Furthermore, 
 social welfare demands that there shall be no "substitute." 
 The change must be absolute. 
 
 Drink the chief attraction 
 
 The following bit of testimony is exceedingly valuable as 
 showing the attitude of that class of men most dependent 
 of all upon the saloon for their social enjoyment if they are 
 to have any at all. Mr. C. H. Stocking, of Minneapolis, 
 superintendent of the Union City Mission, on December 4, 
 1905, conducted a meeting of one hundred and fifty men, 
 most of whom lived in lodging houses, and all of whom were 
 regular drinkers. The object was a free-for-all discussion of 
 the saloon and substitutes for it. Specific questions, after 
 abundant discussion, were voted upon as follows : 
 
 "Do men first go to the saloon to enjoy a social 
 hour, or do they go there to take a drink?" The 
 vote was, drink, fifty; social hour, fifteen. 
 
 "If all the saloons in the city ceased to sell liquor, 
 but kept every attraction they now have, could they 
 retain one tenth of their customers?" Only eight 
 voted affirmatively. 
 
 "How many of the men here to-night go to the 
 saloon for the sake of the liquor sold there?" One 
 hundred and five hands were raised. 
 
 "Can you suggest any substitute for the saloon?" 
 The vote stood, "Yes, thirty; No, fifty." 
 
 On further discussion, a clean-kept lodging house with 
 opportunity for amusements at a reasonable rate seemed to 
 be most desired. A few wanted places where pure liquors 
 could be sold. But all agreed upon one thing that nothing 
 furnishing the accommodations and attractions and comforts 
 of the saloon with intoxicating liquors left out would be of 
 
1 
 
 THE SOCIAL PHASE OF THE SALOON 113 
 
 any special interest to them. The other things were good, 
 but they would not take the place of the drink. 
 
 Why the drink habit is begun 
 
 The medical and surgical report of the Bellevue and allied 
 hospitals of New York, published in 1904, gives the following 
 answers given by two hundred and forty-six patients to the 
 question, "Why did you begin to drink?" 
 
 Sociability 52.5 per cent. 
 Trouble 13 per cent. 
 Medical use 9.3 per cent. 
 Occupation 7 per cent. 
 Taught by elders 7 per cent. 
 Out of work 5 per cent. 
 Unknown 5 per cent. 
 To be thought sporty 1.2 per cent. 
 
 The saloon antagonistic to man's social life 
 
 Man is incurably a social being. He is restless if alone. 
 To seek out and find those of his own kind is natural to him. 
 And when he is with his fellows, he uses various means of 
 expressing his sociability. Because the saloon has been the 
 meeting place of large numbers of men especially of those 
 who are poor and who have no other congenial place to 
 which to go their instinct for sociability has been the point 
 of approach for the liquor interests. The saloon has capital- 
 ized man's love of friends and yearning for social intercourse. 
 The drinking of alcoholic beverages has produced feelings 
 that seemed to harmonize with sociability. The ignorant or 
 careless youth has thus had the drink habit fastened upon 
 him. Then has followed the deplorable result of his being 
 robbed of the highest capacity for friendship and social inter- 
 course. Hence the fight against the saloon should carefully 
 guard against any plan that deprives men of their oppor- 
 tunities to express their feelings of sociability. The effort to 
 take away the easy opportunity to get drink should never be 
 interpreted as an effort to repress man's true social instinct. 
 
ii4 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 Should a man cultivate sociability? Why? 
 
 What responsibility has society in meeting this social need 
 by the maintenance of public institutions? 
 
 Are ordinary people capable of furnishing adequate amuse- 
 ment for themselves? 
 
 Do they know how to play, or must they have others play 
 for them? 
 
 In what way is it possible to solve the saloon problem and 
 take no account of the opportunity it presents for sociability? 
 
 Who patronize the saloon? 
 
 Which of these classes is most dependent upon it? 
 
 Why does the saloon appeal the most strongly to the poor 
 laborer ? 
 
 Why are prohibition advocates hated by patrons of the 
 saloon? 
 
 What is the difference between a "substitute" and a "rival" ? 
 
 Why is liquor-selling in the "substitute" unjustifiable? 
 
 What is the chief attraction in the saloon? 
 
 Does this prove that it is an unsocial institution? 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 Bring out clearly that man is a social being. 
 
 Man's social needs make some kind of social institution 
 necessary. 
 
 The saloon is meeting these needs in part, in spite of the 
 fact that its chief aim is unsocial; that is, liquor-selling. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Be on the lookout for strangers. 
 
 Study the social needs of the men of our community. 
 Try definitely to meet these needs on week nights as well 
 as on Sundays. 
 
LESSON XII 
 
 SOME PAST FAILURES AND THE 
 LESSONS THEY TEACH 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 Woe to the crown of pride of the drunkards of 
 Ephraim, and to the fading flower of his glorious 
 beauty, which is on the head of the fat valley of 
 them that are overcome with wine ! Behold, the Lord 
 hath a mighty and strong one; as a tempest of hail, 
 a destroying storm, as a tempest of mighty waters 
 overflowing, will he cast down to the earth with the 
 hand. The crown of pride of the drunkards of 
 Ephraim shall be trodden under foot : and the fading 
 flower of his glorious beauty, which is on the head 
 of the fat valley, shall be as the first-ripe fig before 
 the summer; which when he that looketh upon it 
 seeth, while it is yet in his hand he eateth it up. In 
 that day will Jehovah of hosts become a crown of 
 glory, and a diadem of beauty, unto the residue of 
 his people; and a spirit of justice to him that sitteth 
 in judgment, and strength to them that turn back the 
 battle at the gate. 
 
 And even these reel with wine, and stagger with 
 strong drink; the priest and the prophet reel with 
 strong drink, they are swallowed up of wine, they 
 stagger with strong drink ; they err in vision, they 
 stumble in judgment. For all tables are full of vomit 
 and filthiness, so that there is no place clean. 
 
 Whom will he teach knowledge? and whom will 
 he make to understand the message? them that are 
 weaned from the milk, and drawn from the breasts? 
 For it is precept upon precept, precept upon precept; 
 line upon line, line upon line; here a little, there a 
 little. 
 
 Nay, but by men of strange lips and with another 
 tongue will he speak to this people ; to whom he said, 
 This is the rest, give ye rest to him that is weary; 
 and this is the refreshing : yet they would not hear. 
 
ii6 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Therefore shall the word of Jehovah be unto them 
 precept upon precept, precept upon precept ; line upon 
 line, line upon line ; here a little, there a little ; that 
 they may go, and fall backward, and be broken, and 
 snared, and taken. 
 
 Wherefore hear the word of Jehovah, ye scoffers, 
 that rule this people that is in Jerusalem : Because 
 ye have said, We have made a covenant with death, 
 and with Sheol are we at agreement; when the over- 
 flowing scourge shall pass through, it shall not come 
 unto us ; for we have made lies our refuge, and under 
 falsehood have we hid ourselves : therefore thus 
 saith the Lord Jehovah, Behold, I lay in Zion for a 
 foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious corner 
 stone of sure foundation : he that believeth shall not 
 be in haste. Isaiah 28. 1-16. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 Lincoln's hesitation 
 
 When it was first proposed to impose a federal tax upon 
 the manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors, Abraham 
 Lincoln looked upon the proposition with profound misgiv- 
 ings. He was afraid that by the payment of large sums of 
 money for internal revenue, the men engaged in that business 
 would acquire a political and social standing not then ac- 
 corded them. Before the liquor business was thus legalized, 
 the men engaged in it were naturally looked down upon. 
 Even though the real nature of alcohol was not then under- 
 stood, some of its manifest ultimate results were apparent. 
 In many communities those who sold drink to their fellow 
 citizens could not hope to mingle in the best society. Their 
 political influence was small. Lincoln feared that the making 
 of such men legally respectable by the federal government 
 would tend to give them the political and social respecta- 
 bility of which they were not worthy. The man who pays 
 large amounts of money which the federal government re- 
 ceives and uses feels a new sense of dignity and importance. 
 He is supposed to relieve all citizens of a part of their burden 
 of taxation. He makes political and social demands that, 
 
LESSONS TAUGHT BY PAST FAILURES 117 
 
 under other conditions, would be impossible and absurd. But 
 the financial exigencies of the national government were such 
 that extraordinary measures had to be taken to raise revenue. 
 It was this pressure that led the far-sighted President to 
 hesitate before consenting to such measures. 
 
 The development of the license idea 
 
 Since that time the original purpose of license has been 
 modified. Immediately after the privilege of manufacturing 
 and selling liquor on a large scale had been legalized, the 
 liquor interests became politically active and commercially 
 aggressive. Then it was that communities, in the interest of 
 self-defense from the results of alcohol, perverted the original 
 purpose of license which was primarily that of raising greatly 
 needed revenue and used it as a regulative and restrictive 
 measure. In the light of subsequent events, the fundamental 
 absurdity of it all is clearly seen. The very method under 
 which the liquor business had grown rapidly was used to 
 suppress or regulate it. The stimulus which had caused it 
 to become commercially aggressive was increased under a 
 policy of higher license fees. The amounts of money paid 
 for the privilege of conducting the business had given that 
 business a standing before the law that previously it had not 
 enjoyed. Those amounts were increased with the hope that 
 the influence of the business would be less pernicious. It 
 has been under the license system that the liquor business 
 has come to be a political peril, a social corrupter, a com- 
 mercial vampire, an organizer and stimulater of the most 
 dangerous and unpatriotic elements in our national life. 
 
 Domination of commercialism 
 
 The evil results of the stimulation of the motive of com- 
 mercialism under the license system can never be measured. 
 When a saloon keeper has to pay one thousand dollars for 
 the privilege of selling liquor during twelve months, that 
 added financial pressure tends to make him lose even the 
 
u8 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 relatively small humane and benevolent impulses which other- 
 wise he might have expressed. The cold-blooded way in 
 which liquor is sold to men who have already lost, for the 
 time, the use of their natural or acquired moral judgments, 
 and whose prudential judgments are evidently no longer with 
 them, is one of the most disgraceful aspects of so-called 
 civilization. When the commercial instinct, under the pres- 
 sure of the high license system, has come completely to 
 dominate the life of the brewer or saloon keeper, the suffer- 
 ings of innocent children, the physical corruption of those 
 yet unborn, the depriving of children of much needed educa- 
 tional advantages, the robbing of the family of its needed 
 food and shelter cause no hesitation, no sigh of regret. A 
 naturally strong man's hand may shake as he reaches out for 
 the glass that will unfit him for his work, decrease his power 
 of endurance, make him liable to accident, but the dominating 
 love of money blinds the liquor dealer to it all 
 
 The liquor business and foreign missions 
 
 Thus the humanitarian impulses become too weak to give 
 moral tone to the liquor dealer's conduct. He takes no 
 interest in the great benevolent enterprises. While the 
 churches are sending millions of money and hundreds of 
 precious lives to lift the burdens of superstition, ignorance, 
 and suffering from the shoulders of non-Christian nations, 
 he capitalizes their ignorance, their interest in everything 
 coming from a nominally Christian nation, and creates among 
 the defenseless heathen peoples new markets for his poison. 
 In some sections of the Far East the total influence of the 
 impact of American civilization thus far has been degrading 
 rather than uplifting. Bishop Homer C. Stuntz, of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, after years of experience on 
 mission fields, declares that one of the greatest victories that 
 could come to the missionary enterprise would be the elimina- 
 tion of the shrewd, aggressive, heartless spirit of commercial- 
 ism from the liquor business of America. Some leaders have 
 
LESSONS TAUGHT BY PAST FAILURES 119 
 
 gone even farther than this in their recommendation that 
 the Christian missionary forces might well temporarily turn 
 part of their money and influence into the enterprise of 
 ridding our so-called Christian civilization of the liquor 
 business. 
 
 What greed has wrought 
 
 Thus under the license system the liquor dealer or manu- 
 facturer has come to look upon his business in terms of 
 money only. Greed has become the tyrant of his life. He 
 cares not how much suffering and loss result from his 
 business as long as the money in large enough quantities 
 comes into his till. Having paid his license fee, consciously 
 or unconsciously he throws the moral responsibility for the 
 results of his business upon the government. He feels free 
 to prosecute his business with all of the ingenuity and perse- 
 verance he possesses. He advertises extensively and shrewdly. 
 He strives to secure strategic locations for his saloon. Any 
 movement to close his place of business on certain days or 
 hours is stubbornly resisted. He tries to make his contact 
 with men and women as broad and as suggestive as possible. 
 The experiences of others in the same business are at his 
 disposal and he makes use of them. Thus the selling of 
 alcoholic beverages has developed into an art, and the poor, 
 defenseless consumer is unable to withstand the temptations 
 with which he is surrounded. The deliberate and skillful 
 efforts to win new recruits reveal the moral degeneracy of 
 those who, under the license system, have become absolutely 
 dominated by money-making impulses. 
 
 License fees do not cover the cost of liquor drinking 
 
 But the license system has not only caused the abnormal 
 commercialization of the liquor business, it also has failed in 
 that the original purpose which caused it to be introduced is 
 no longer achieved. It is no longer a source of income to 
 the State. The liquor business, under this system, has 
 
120 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 developed in such ways that for every dollar received in 
 license fees two dollars must be paid out in caring for those 
 who, because of alcohol and its effects, are thrown back upon 
 the State for care and support. An investigation was made 
 in 1908 for the Royal Commission on the Care and Control 
 of Feeble-minded in Birmingham, England. It was found 
 that in the two hundred and fifty cases investigated 41.6 
 per cent had one or both parents who were alcoholic. The 
 public care of the feeble-minded children whose defects were 
 due to the use of alcohol by their parents must be reckoned 
 upon before one can say whether or not the license system 
 is a financial success. Another careful investigation showed 
 that eighty-two and one half per cent of the children of 
 alcoholic parents were defective that is, were idiotic, de- 
 formed, epileptic, or otherwise degenerate. If alcoholism 
 leads to poverty, and if such parents are unable to care for 
 such offspring, they become public charges. The money to 
 pay for their care cannot be taken out of the license fees, 
 for they are inadequate. Either philanthropy or the State 
 must pay the bill. 
 
 Moral losses of the State 
 
 But there are some things which the State or community 
 loses because of alcohol which money cannot replace and for 
 which it is not an adequate compensation. The financial 
 cost of the increased crime, pauperism, sickness, and help- 
 lessness is not to be compared with those other losses which 
 cause moral, economic, educational, and religious resources 
 to become depleted. When a business comes to be so ag- 
 gressive and skillful as to become a national menace because 
 of its undermining the very foundations upon which the 
 permanency and stability of that nation rests, the situation 
 becomes infinitely more serious than any financial loss can 
 be. No amount of money can repay the harm done when 
 future American citizens, who have recently arrived from 
 foreign homes, live for the first and most impressionable 
 
LESSONS TAUGHT BY PAST FAILURES 121 
 
 years in an atmosphere of political corruption such as that 
 which is found in the ordinary saloon. Under a democratic 
 form of government, the hope of the State is the intelligence, 
 physical welfare, and moral character of the ordinary citizen. 
 Any system that permits an institution to exist and to 
 corrupt and destroy the character of the voter in whose 
 hands is the destiny of the nation is self-destructive. It 
 cannot but end in ultimate failure. 
 
 Centralization of political corruption 
 
 Another weakness of the license system is seen in the fact 
 that it has made possible the concentration of political 
 influences in the hands of a few men of unpatriotic motives. 
 The political boss whose motives are predominantly immoral 
 is a political danger. When the government offers for sale 
 the privileges of selling alcoholic beverages the money con- 
 sideration is such as to make it possible for the brewers and 
 distillers to gain control of a number of saloons. It often 
 happens that the man who wishes to become a saloon keeper 
 has not enough money to pay for the license, the costly 
 fixtures, and the rent. So the brewer makes him his agent. 
 The man with large capital provides for the initial outlay 
 and thereby comes into control. Since the saloon is the 
 rallying point for corrupt political influences, it is easily seen 
 how this control by the brewer leads to the centralization of 
 dangerous political factors into the hands of those who have 
 lost their interest in the public welfare. 
 
 False sense of security 
 
 Again, the license system has stood in the way of a final 
 solution of the liquor problem, for it has caused many in- 
 telligent voters to have a false sense of security. Men have 
 voted for high license, thinking thereby to restrict or to 
 control properly the sale of liquor and have consequently 
 been led to look with indifference upon really corrective 
 measures. They have believed a falsehood and have thus 
 
122 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 become prejudiced and unable to give a just judgment con- 
 cerning the situation. To this one fact more than to any 
 other, in some States, is due the tardiness and weakness of 
 reliably educative campaigns. Any great reform must be 
 preceded by years of popular education. The facts must be 
 put in attractive form and scattered broadcast. Methods of 
 education suited to the local conditions must be discovered 
 and applied. Men must be given opportunities to get hold 
 of the facts and to study them. B.ut before an educative cam- 
 paign adequate to prepare for the final and actual solution 
 of the liquor problem is possible, the prejudices and mis- 
 judgments that have grown up around the license system 
 must be overcome. 
 
 The failure properly to recognise man's social nature 
 
 Another lesson which past experience has taught is that 
 the community must feel the responsibility for providing 
 wholesome public places to meet natural social needs. In 
 many cities much of the infamous success of the saloon has 
 been due to the fact that it has offered a place where men 
 and women could easily meet others of their own kind. But 
 why should such places of public gathering be poisoned with 
 the atmosphere of alcohol? Why should man's normal 
 instinct of sociability be the impulse that leads him to the 
 very place where that instinct is perverted and immeasurably 
 degraded? It is not necessary that centers which are fur- 
 nished with all necessary social attractions, supply alcoholic 
 drinks. Sociability is not dependent upon drinking. Ex- 
 periments have been made showing "clearly that what most 
 people really want is social intercourse in a suitable place, 
 without vexatious limitations," and "free from fussy inter- 
 ference." In the city of Letchworth, England, where such 
 centers were successfully maintained, there were no "drink 
 trains" taking the people to other nearby cities where liquors 
 could be bought, trade was not driven away, drinking in the 
 homes was not increased, drinking places "on the fringe" of 
 
LESSONS TAUGHT BY PAST FAILURES 123 
 
 the territory thus ministered to did not multiply. On the 
 contrary, six in that locality had to go out of business. 
 
 The need of temperance education 
 
 Still another lesson which the history of the movement 
 thus far has taught is that a nation-wide, intelligent, practical, 
 and persistent campaign of popular education is necessary. 
 For years the Woman's Christian Temperance Union has 
 taught the boys and girls the dangers of intemperance. 
 Their motto has been, "If we save the children to-day we 
 shall have saved the nations to-morrow." But many of the 
 economic, political, social, and criminal aspects of the liquor 
 business are beyond the comprehension of children. The 
 years of education have laid the basis for a new campaign, 
 giving to the voters of the nation the facts that should guide 
 them in performing their immediate duties. Back of the 
 successful Foreign Missionary enterprise is a systematic cam- 
 paign of education. The people of the churches, for the 
 most part, are informed concerning the needs and plans of 
 the Missionary Boards. The voters of the nation and those 
 who are responsible for public opinion will not rise to meet 
 successfully the modern crisis unless a more aggressive and 
 far-reaching system of temperance education is carried on. 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 What was Lincoln's attitude toward the proposition tc 
 raise revenue by a tax upon liquor? 
 
 How has the original license idea been altered? 
 
 What are some of the evil results of the spirit of com- 
 mercialism that has characterized the license system? 
 
 What is the significance of liquor exportation to non- 
 Christian countries? 
 
 When the motive of greed dominates a liquor seller, how 
 does he conduct his business? 
 
 To what extent do the license fees cover the entire cost 
 of drink? 
 
(24 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 What moral losses have resulted from the system of grant 
 ing licenses? 
 
 How has this system made possible the centralization oi 
 political corruption? 
 
 How has it stood in the way of the final solution of the 
 liquor problem? 
 
 How has the saloon appealed to man's social instincts? 
 
 Is it wise to abolish the saloon and not recognize these 
 social needs of the community? 
 
 Why is a new campaign of temperance education needed: 
 
 CLASS DISCUSSION 
 
 The purpose of the position of this lesson in the entire 
 course is to prepare the members of the class for the one that 
 follows. While it is well to emphasize the three mistakes 
 of (i) trying to regulate the liquor business by means of 
 license, (2) disregarding the natural social needs of the 
 community, and (3) the failure to conduct a suitable cam- 
 paign of education, special stress should be placed upon the 
 first. It is the inherent weakness of the license system as 
 such that should be made clear. The various points that 
 indicate what constitutes the weakness of that system should 
 be brought out with sufficient rapidity to insure their all 
 being presented. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 Collect information showing how the license system has 
 failed in our community (if saloon licenses are granted), 
 and have this information in suitable form and ready to be 
 used in the connection with the next vote on the license 
 question. 
 
 Have some one investigate what the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church is doing in the way of providing substitutes for the 
 saloons. Report to the class. 
 
 Plan a local campaign of education on the modern and 
 scientific aspects of the liquor problem. 
 
LESSON XIII 
 
 AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTI- 
 TUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 THE SCRIPTURE REFERENCE 
 
 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the 
 first heaven and the first earth are passed away; and 
 the sea is no more. And I saw the holy city, new 
 Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, 
 made ready as a bride adorned for her husband. And 
 I heard a great voice out of the throne saying, Behold 
 the tabernacle of God is with men, and he shall 
 dwell with them, and they shall be his peoples, and 
 God himself shall be with them, and be their God : 
 and he shall wipe away every tear from their eyes ; 
 and death shall be no more; neither shall there be 
 mourning, nor crying, nor pain, any more: the first 
 things are passed away. And he that sitteth on the 
 throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he 
 saith, Write: for these words are faithful and true. 
 And he said unto me, They are come to pass. I am 
 the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. 
 I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain 
 of the water of life freely. He that overcometh shall 
 inherit these things; and I will be his God, and he 
 shall be my son. But for the fearful, and unbelieving, 
 and abominable, and murderers, and fornicators, and 
 sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, their part shall 
 be in the lake that burneth with fire and brimstone; 
 which is the second death. Revelation 21. 1-8. 
 
 THE LESSON 
 Cooperation on a grand scale 
 
 Step by step, against tremendous difficulties and the most 
 terrific opposition, the forces that have aimed to prohibit the 
 manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage pur- 
 poses have made their way. The Prohibition Party, The 
 
 125 
 
126 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union, The Anti-Saloon 
 League, The Good Templars, The Anti-License Leagues, 
 and many other organizations, each in its own way and with 
 admirable courage and self-sacrifice, have, at last, come to 
 see eye to eye. One grand common purpose now is placed 
 before them, and all, with renewed hope and enthusiasm, 
 are making splendid contributions to the final victory. 
 
 Progress by State legislation 
 
 It was very natural that the first line of attack should be 
 the saloons in the rural districts. In almost every State 
 this program was followed out, until to-day it is difficult to 
 find a retail liquor establishment outside of incorporated 
 villages or cities. 
 
 The next step, naturally, was against the liquor traffic in 
 the incorporated villages of the several States, and as a 
 result of the work which has been done along this line, 
 through the medium of local option laws, municipal ordinances 
 and court decrees, there are approximately sixteen thousand 
 incorporated villages in the United States under no-license. 
 
 The next step was the effort to clean up the counties, and 
 as a result of the county local option laws which have been 
 put into force during the past few years, of the twenty-eight 
 hundred and fifty-six counties in the United States, over 
 seventeen hundred have abolished the saloons. 
 
 The next step in the States containing large cities was the 
 fight against the liquor traffic in these centers of population, 
 while the next step in the rural States was naturally for 
 State-wide Prohibition. 
 
 As a result of these efforts, there are to-day more than 
 five hundred cities having a population of five thousand or 
 more, where saloons have been abolished, and almost two 
 hundred cities having a population of ten thousand or more 
 now under no-license. There are, moreover, fourteen States 
 with an aggregate population of almost twenty millions where 
 the people have adopted Prohibition. 
 

 AMEND THE CONSTITUTION 127 
 
 Progress under federal legislation 
 
 The fight to secure federal legislation, as well as the en- 
 forcement of anti-liquor laws already on the federal statute 
 books, has been in many respects much more difficult than 
 the struggle in the several States. Little by little, however, 
 the federal government has come to recognize and respond 
 to the demands of the people. The Prohibition of the sale of 
 liquors to Indians and in the Indian countries has been 
 enforced in the past few years as never before. The canteen 
 has been excluded from the navy and the army. The sale 
 of liquors in State and national soldiers' homes has become 
 a thing of the past. Liquor-selling in the national Capitol at 
 Washington has been prohibited. The stringent anti-liquor 
 laws in Alaska during the past few years have been enforced. 
 The C. O. D. shipments of intoxicating liquor by express 
 companies and other interstate carriers have been stopped, 
 and numerous other measures against the evils resulting from 
 the sale and use of intoxicating liquors have been put into 
 effect. 
 
 In spite of all this progress, however, the federal government 
 until now has given its protection to speakeasy keepers, blind 
 pig operators, and anti-liquor law violators generally in the 
 several States, through the channels of interstate commerce. 
 The temperance forces for twelve years have been trying to 
 secure an enactment by Congress that would permit the 
 States through their police powers to enforce their own anti- 
 liquor laws without the interference of the federal govern- 
 ment through the medium of interstate commerce. After 
 long years of persistent and determined effort, the Kenyon- 
 Webb bill prohibiting from interstate commerce the shipment 
 of intoxicating liquors intended to be used in violation of 
 law, has been enacted, and has become law. 
 
 The next step 
 
 The logical next step in the progress of this temperance 
 movement is the submission by Congress to the several States 
 
128 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 of an amendment to the federal constitution, which, when 
 ratified by three fourths of the States, will prohibit the manu- 
 facture and sale of intoxicating liquors throughout the nation. 
 The constitution provides that any amendment to that instru- 
 ment submitted by Congress shall become effective when 
 three fourths of the States, either by their Legislatures or by 
 a special vote of the people, shall ratify the action of Con- 
 gress. To secure federal Prohibition by this route, therefore, 
 would require ratification by thirty-six States. The fourteen 
 States which have already adopted Prohibition would promptly 
 join in the ratification of such a constitutional amendment. 
 The action by twenty-two other States would be necessary 
 before the amendment could go into effect. These States 
 would need to be lined up one at a time the temperance 
 forces of the nation concentrating on one State after another 
 until the necessary number is secured. 
 
 The people are ready 
 
 Those who have followed the progress of the temperance 
 movement during the past decade realize that the people are 
 ready to concentrate on such a fight for national Prohibition. 
 Already more than forty-six million people are living in 
 Prohibition territory, and more than seventy per cent of the 
 entire area of the United States is under no-license. Nor 
 do these figures represent the real strength of the anti-liquor 
 forces in the nation. For instance, in the fourteen Prohibition 
 States the majority in favor of Prohibition is overwhelming, 
 while in a score of other States the liquor traffic is holding 
 on by reason of a bare majority; in many cases accounted 
 for by the failure of a large number of temperance voters 
 to go to the polls. 
 
 In addition to the fourteen States now under Prohibition, 
 there are seventeen other States in which from fifty to ninety 
 per cent of the population is living under no-license. There 
 are thirteen other States in which between twenty-five and 
 fifty per cent of the population is living under no-license, and 
 
AMEND THE CONSTITUTION 129 
 
 the remaining States have large sections of territory and a 
 large proportion of the population which by one means or 
 another have excluded the traffic. In fact, it is conservatively 
 estimated that sixty per cent of the voters of the United States 
 are in favor of the abolition of the liquor traffic. 
 
 What is required 
 
 The fight to secure an amendment to the constitution, 
 however, will not be an easy one. It means that the tem- 
 perance forces will face the same sort of conflict in every 
 congressional district as they have been compelled to face in 
 every State legislative district in the effort to secure State 
 legislation. Each man who voted for the Kenyon-Webb bill 
 in Congress has already been spotted ; the liquor interests of 
 the country will not spare efforts or money to secure his 
 defeat. This issue will present itself in practically every 
 election in every congressional district of the United States 
 from this time forward, and it will be necessary for the 
 temperance and moral forces to be so organized in every 
 congressional district as to insure a majority in Congress in 
 favor of submitting this whole proposition to the people in 
 the several States. 
 
 Liquor no longer a necessity 
 
 Scientific investigations and experiments along various lines 
 have finally established the fact that intoxicating liquors are 
 no longer necessary for any purpose. For long years, the 
 mistaken idea that intoxicating liquors were essential for 
 medicinal, pharmaceutical, sacramental, or scientific purposes 
 fooled the public. The great hospitals of the world, how- 
 ever, during the past twenty years, have greatly reduced the 
 use of intoxicants. Many of the greatest medical scientists 
 of this and other countries have discontinued altogether the 
 use of intoxicating liquors. Denatured alcohol is largely 
 taking the place of spirits in the arts. Hundreds of drug 
 stores have ceased to sell the stuff, the great chain of Liggett 
 
i 3 o THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 drug stores throughout the United States just a few weeks 
 ago having published a large advertisement in the leading 
 papers of twenty-eight cities of the United States announcing 
 that from that time forward intoxicating liquors would not 
 be sold in any Liggett drug store. 
 
 The operations of a law passed in Kansas about four years 
 ago prohibiting the sale of liquors for any purpose except 
 for sacramental use, which was ridiculed at the time by many 
 fair-minded men, has fully demonstrated that the sale of in- 
 toxicating liquors for even medicinal or mechanical purposes 
 is not necessary. In short, it has been demonstrated beyond 
 the question of a doubt that intoxicating liquors do not in 
 any sense come under the head of necessities, and thus the 
 last faint argument for their continued manufacture and sale 
 has failed. 
 
 Revenue not now essential 
 
 Furthermore, the income tax amendment to the United 
 States constitution, which has just been ratified by two thirds 
 of the States, will, at a conservative estimate, increase the 
 revenues of the United States government from $100,000,000 
 to $150,000,000 a year. 
 
 If there ever was an excuse for drawing from the liquor 
 traffic of this country the money necessary to run the United 
 States Government, that excuse will no longer hold, for the 
 income tax alone will provide almost as much money as the 
 government receives each year in revenue from the liquor 
 traffic. 
 
 From the time the federal revenue tax was put on the 
 liquor traffic, fifty years ago, one of the favorite pro-liquor 
 arguments has been to the effect that the government cannot 
 run without the revenue derived from this traffic. If the 
 United States was ever in this condition where it was abso- 
 lutely dependent upon such revenue, certainly that time has 
 long since passed. The federal reports for the last fiscal 
 year show the ordinary government receipts to have been 
 

 AMEND THE CONSTITUTION 131 
 
 $691,140,455, while the ordinary government disbursements 
 were only $654,804,625, showing the income of the United 
 States government to have been almost $40,000,000 in excess 
 of the government expenses for the year. 
 
 Defenders of the Constitution 
 
 The friends of temperance reform pressing for needed anti- 
 liquor legislation both in State and national legislative bodies, 
 have constantly been met with the cry that all such legislation 
 "is unconstitutional." It is perhaps safe to say that not a 
 single anti-liquor law from a search and seizure or other 
 enforcement measure to a Prohibition statute, has ever been 
 presented to a legislative body in this country that it has not 
 been declared unconstitutional by the members of the legal 
 profession who for one reason or another have seen fit to 
 ally themselves with the liquor crowd. Yet, of all these 
 hundreds of laws that have been enacted, to find one that 
 has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of 
 the United States is like looking for a needle in a haystack. 
 United States Senator Sutherland and others, who led the 
 fight against the Kenyon-Webb bill in the United States 
 Senate, were loud in their condemnation of present liquor 
 abuses. They were perfectly willing, according to their 
 declarations, to do anything which would be constitutional 
 to relieve the present situation. Senator Sutherland declared 
 that if by his single pronouncement all intoxicating liquors 
 could be put in the bottom of the ocean, it would promptly 
 be done; the only thing in the way was the Constitution of 
 the United States. 
 
 Take them at their word 
 
 Let us take these gentlemen at their word. Let us have 
 a show-down on this proposition. According to declarations 
 of these leading advocates of the liquor interests, they are 
 perfectly willing to join hands to amend the constitution. 
 Let us give them the opportunity. 
 
132 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 Of course, they will find some other weapon with which to 
 fight. They will at once discover some other great calamity 
 that would come upon the people if the Prohibition amend- 
 ment to the Constitution were to be submitted to the States. 
 This is to be expected. The time has come, however, when 
 the Christian, moral, law-abiding, liberty-loving citizenship 
 should stand up against all odds, in spite of vilification, 
 falsification, persecution, and abuse, until there shall be 
 indelibly written in enforceable form upon the statute books 
 of the federal government, the complete Prohibition of the 
 manufacture and sale of intoxicants. 
 
 Make your case ready for court 
 
 There are many ways of finding out if the plans being 
 adopted are proving or likely to prove successful. One way 
 of testing their strength and probable outcome is to note 
 their effect upon the leaders of the opposition. A careful 
 study of the following, a part of a leading editorial in the 
 National Liquor Dealers' Journal, September 10, 1913, should 
 inspire every enemy of the liquor business with a spirit of 
 confidence concerning the wisdom of the proposition to 
 amend the Federal Constitution as indicated above. 
 
 "Ultimately all questions must be settled by moral 
 standards; only in this way can mankind be saved 
 from self-effacement. The liquor traffic cannot save 
 itself by declaring that government is incapable of 
 coping with the problem it presents ; when the people 
 decide that it must go, it will be banished. We are 
 not discussing the benefit or justice of Prohibition; 
 but its possibility, and its probability in present cir- 
 cumstances. To us there is 'The handwriting on the 
 wall,' and its interpretation spells doom. For this 
 the liquor business is to blame. It seems incapable of 
 learning any lesson of advancement, or any motive 
 but profit. To perpetuate itself, it has formed alli- 
 ances with the slums that repel all conscientious and 
 patriotic citizens. It deliberately aids the most corrupt 
 political powers, and backs with all of its resources 
 the most unworthy men, the most corrupt and recreant 
 
AMEND THE CONSTITUTION 133 
 
 officials. It does not aid the purification of municipal, 
 State, or national administration. Why? Because it 
 has to ask immunity for its own lawlessness. That 
 this condition is inherently and inevitably necessary 
 we do not believe, but it has come to be a fact, and 
 the public which is to pass on the matter in its final 
 analysis believe anything bad that anybody can tell it 
 of the liquor business. Why? Let the leaders of the 
 trade answer. Other lines of business may be as 
 bad, or even worse, but it is not so plainly in evidence. 
 The case of the liquor traffic is called for adjudica- 
 tion by the American people and must be ready for 
 trial. Other cases may be called later, but the one 
 before the court cannot be postponed. But, as in the 
 past, the men most concerned are playing for post- 
 ponement, not for acquittal. Is it because they fear 
 the weakness of their defense that they fear to go 
 on trial ? Looking the facts in the face is best. There 
 are billions of property involved, and an industry of 
 great employing and taxpaying ability; but when the 
 people decide that the truth is being told about the 
 alcoholic liquor trade, the money value will not count, 
 for conscience aroused puts the value of a man above 
 all other things." 
 
 SOME PERTINENT QUESTIONS 
 
 What has been the contribution of the Prohibition Party 
 toward the ultimate victory of national Prohibition? 
 
 What has the Woman's Christian Temperance Union ac- 
 complished toward that end? 
 
 In what ways has the work of the Anti- Saloon League 
 been effective? 
 
 Is a program to amend the Federal Constitution one upon 
 which all of the temperance forces can unite and for which 
 they can work in harmonious cooperation? 
 
 Will our State ratify such a proposed amendment? 
 
 What can be done in this community to make such rati- 
 fication more probable? 
 
 How could our Federal Government be supported if all of 
 the internal revenue coming from the tax on alcoholic liquors 
 were abolished? 
 
134 THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 
 
 What influences can be brought to bear upon our senators 
 and congressmen to help them to vote as they should? 
 
 What will be the probable attitudes of the States of the 
 Union toward the ratification of the proposed amendment? 
 
 How can the churches do more than they are now doing 
 to create public sentiment in favor of the present nation-wide 
 campaign ? 
 
 -Just what is the present value of such public opinion? 
 
 What per cent of the area and population of the United 
 States can now be counted upon to ratify the proposed 
 amendment ? 
 
 Can they be united and organized so as to achieve success? 
 
 What reasons have we to believe that a saloonless nation 
 is not an impossibility? 
 
 CLASS OISCUSSION 
 
 It would be unwise to let any ardent admirer of any one 
 of the parties or organizations referred to in the opening 
 paragraph of the lesson monopolize too much time. The 
 discussion should result in the intensification, not of the 
 partisan spirit, but rather the spirit of good will and co- 
 operative endeavor. It should emphasize the common pur- 
 pose. Guard against everything that interferes with such a 
 result. 
 
 Some time should be given to the discussion of the history 
 of the temperance movement; but only such aspects of that 
 history as are pertinent in the light of the pending crisis 
 should be presented. 
 
 WHAT OUR CLASS CAN Do 
 
 It was suggested, in connection with the first lesson, that 
 all facts brought out in the various investigations of local 
 or State conditions should be carefully preserved. It is 
 highly important that at the close of the course, such reli- 
 able information as has been secured be forwarded to Dr. 
 
AMEND THE CONSTITUTION 135 
 
 Henry H. Meyer, 220 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati, O. 
 On the basis of the information thus secured, new facts, of 
 national significance, can be used to further the general 
 movement. 
 
 Select out of the numerous plans of activity suggested in 
 connection with former lessons those that can be carried on 
 permanently by the class. Plan to do something throughout 
 the year. 
 
SOME OF THE BEST BOOKS ON THE LIQUOR 
 PROBLEM 
 
 (Prepared by Mr. Deets Pickett) 
 
 The Legalized Outlaw, by Judge Samuel R. Artman (1908),$!. 
 Alcohol and the Human Body, by Sir Victor Horsley and 
 
 Dr. Mary D. Sturge (1908), 376 pages. $1.50. 
 Alcohol : How it Affects the Individual, the Community, and 
 
 the Race, by Dr. Henry Smith Williams (1909). 50 cents. 
 Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem, by Harry S. Warner 
 
 (1909), 274 pages. $i. 
 A Century of Drink Reform, by Dr. August F. Fehlandt 
 
 (1904), 410 pages. $i. 
 History of the Prohibition Party, by Wm. P. F. Ferguson, 
 
 Editor National Prohibitionist (1910). $1.50. 
 Profit and Loss in Man, by Professor A. A. Hopkins (1908). 
 
 $1.20. 
 
 Wealth and Waste, by Professor A. A. Hopkins (1895). $i. 
 American Prohibition Year Book (1910-11-12). Paper, 25 
 
 cents; cloth, 50 cents. 
 The Drink Problem in its Medico-Sociological Aspects, by Dr. 
 
 T. N. Kelynack (1907), 8vo, 300 pages. $2.50. 
 The Passing of the Saloon, Hammell (1908), 436 pages. $2. 
 The People vs. The Liquor Traffic, by John B. Finch. Paper, 
 
 25 cents. 
 The Challenge of the City, by Josiah Strong (1907), 332 
 
 pages. 50 cents. 
 Temperance Progress in the I9th Century, by Woolley and 
 
 Johnson. $2. 
 The Christian Citizen, by John G. Woolley (1900) ; vol. i, 254 
 
 pages; vol. 2, 272 pages. 75 cents each; 2 vols., $i. 
 The Saloon-Keeper's Ledger, by Dr. Louis Albert Banks 
 
 (1895). 75 cents. 
 
 136 
 
BOOKS ON THE LIQUOR PROBLEM 137 
 
 A Sower, by John G. Woolley (1898), 76 pages. 50 cents. 
 Civilization by Faith, by John G. Woolley (1899), 136 pages. 
 
 50 cents. 
 Substitutes for the Saloon ; Committee of Fifty, by Raymond 
 
 G. Calkins (1901), 397 pages. $1.30. 
 Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem ; Committee of 
 
 Fifty, by Koren (1890), 327 pages. $1.50. 
 The Psychology of Alcoholism, by Geo. B. Cutten (1907). 
 
 $1.50. 
 Regulation of the Liquor Traffic, by various authors ; Annals 
 
 of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
 
 vol. 32, No. 2, Nov., 1908, 150 pages. Paper, $i ; 
 
 cloth, $1.50. 
 The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, edited by W. D. P. 
 
 Bliss (1908), 1321 pages. $7.50. 
 
 The Economics of Prohibition, by Dr. James C. Fernald. $1.50. 
 The World Book of Temperance, by Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur F. 
 
 Crafts (1909), 288 pages. 75 cents. 
 Cyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition; for facts and 
 
 history of all organizations. Available at many public 
 
 libraries. 
 
 PUBLIC DOCUMENTS OF SPECIAL VALUE: 
 Some Scientific Conclusions Concerning the Liquor Problem 
 
 and its Practical Relation to Life; Senate Document No. 
 
 48, 6ist Congress, ist Session (1909), 179 pages. 
 Indiana Circuit Court Decision (Artman) Relating to Liquor 
 
 License ; Senate Doc. 284, 59th Congress, 2d Session ; 
 
 Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 
 Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (published 
 
 annually in January). 
 Statistical Abstract of the United States (published annually 
 
 in March). 
 ''Relation of the Liquor Traffic to Pauperism, Insanity, and 
 
 Crime," Mass. Bureau of Statistics of Labor (1896). 
 ''Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem," I2th Annual 
 
 Report of the United States Commission of Labor (1898). 
 
INDEX . 
 
 ABSTINENCE 
 
 and longevity, 19. 
 
 the only safe position, 1 10. 
 ACCIDENT due to drink, 68, 69. 
 ADVERTISEMENTS of liquor, 50. 
 ALCOHOL 
 
 as a household remedy, 18. 
 
 as a source of poverty, 
 
 95ff- 
 
 legitimate uses of, 38. 
 
 mental effects of, 69. 
 
 moral effects of, 45, 46, 59. 
 
 origin and nature of, 12, 14. 
 
 physical effects of, 20. 
 
 the ally of disease, 18. 
 ALLIES OF THE LIQUOR TRAF- 
 FIC, 6, 7. 
 
 ANIMAL LIFE, effects of alcohol 
 upon, 27. 
 
 BLOOD affected by alcohol, 15. 
 BREWERS 
 
 as owners of saloons, 76. 
 The U. S. Brewers' Asso- 
 ciation, 7. 
 CHILD 
 
 development of, retarded, 
 
 60. 
 in the public school, 54, 
 
 55, 56. 
 parental responsibility for, 
 
 86. 
 rights of, 86. 
 
 CONSTITUTION, Federal 
 
 amendment of, 13 iff. 
 CONSUMER OF liquor, 70. 
 
 CONSUMPTION of liquor in the 
 U. S., 4. 
 
 COST OF DRINK 
 direct, 4. 
 indirect, 5, 101. 
 
 CRIME, 29. 
 
 definition of, 33, 34. 
 
 juvenile, 99. 
 
 promoted by the liquor 
 
 interests, 34, 38. 
 traced to the saloon, 37, 
 
 39- 
 CUSTOM of drinking, 13. 
 
 DANCE HALL, 44. 
 
 DEATH due to alcohol, 19, 20. 
 
 DEGENERACY, 24. 
 
 DISEASE 
 
 liability to, 18. 
 
 of heart and blood ves- 
 sels, 17. 
 
 tuberculosis due to alco- 
 hol, 59, 101. 
 DRINK, 17. 
 DRINK HABIT 
 
 effect of, 17. 
 
 why begun, 113. 
 DRUNKARD as a * 'consumer, "70. 
 
 138 
 
INDEX 
 
 139 
 
 DRUNKENNESS, description of, 
 16. 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 conducted by the liquor 
 
 interests, 8. 
 
 liquor traffic and the pub- 
 lic school, 53ff. 
 need of temperance edu- 
 cation, 123. 
 value of, 53. 
 EFFICIENCY 
 
 mental, reduced by drink, 
 
 69. 
 physical, reduced by 
 
 drink, 69, 70. 
 
 ENDURANCE decreased by alco- 
 hol, 65. 
 
 EPILEPSY caused by drink, 24. 
 ETHICS of the saloon keeper, 
 57- 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 health of, injured, 89. 
 ties broken, 89, 90. 
 
 FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS, 120. 
 GERM of life, 28. 
 
 HABIT 
 
 effect of drink, 17. 
 
 how formed, 112. 
 HEALTH injured, 89. 
 HEART affected by alcohol, 17. 
 HEREDITY, effect of alcohol 
 upon, 28, 29. 
 
 HOME 
 
 and the saloon, 87. 
 broken up by drink, 91. 
 happiness of, destroyed, 
 
 90. 
 
 importance of, 85. 
 income of, decreased, 87. 
 of drunkard, 26. 
 
 HUMAN LIFE, value of, 24. 
 
 IDIOCY the result of alcohol, 
 24. 
 
 LABOR 
 
 affected by the use of 
 
 alcohol, 646*., 70. 
 importance of, 64. 
 
 LEGISLATION 
 federal, 127. 
 
 liquor legislation, "uncon- 
 stitutional," 131. 
 state, 126. 
 
 LICENSE 
 
 development of idea of, 
 
 117. 
 fees inadequate to meet 
 
 cost to community, 119. 
 municipal, 7. 
 policy, 36, 37. 
 
 LINCOLN, attitude of, 116. 
 
 MAGNITUDE of liquor business, 
 
 3, 9, 67. 
 MANUFACTURE of liquor, 3. 
 
 MORAL FORCES need to be or- 
 ganized, 79, 80. 
 
140 
 
 INDEX 
 
 MORAL LOSSES due tc alco- 
 hol, 1 20. 
 
 NARCOTIC effects of alcohol, 14. 
 NEWSPAPER 
 
 as ally of the saloon, 7. 
 
 corrupted by the liquor 
 interests, 75. 
 
 PARENT 
 
 injury of, by alcohol, 25, 
 
 26, 60. 
 
 responsibility of, 86. 
 PAUPERISM, 97, 100. 
 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ALCO- 
 HOL 
 
 general, 20, 67. 
 upon the blood, 15, 17. 
 upon the heart, 17. 
 upon the muscles, 18. 
 POLITICS and the liquor in- 
 terests, 8, 74, 77, 78, 
 
 121. 
 
 POVERTY 
 
 caused by drink, 98, 99. 
 
 definition of, 95, 96. 
 
 not cured by higher 
 
 wages, 97. 
 PROHIBITION 
 
 benefits resulting from, 30, 
 
 60. 
 
 defined, 36. 
 Federal, 127, 128. 
 
 REVENUE from liquor licenses 
 no longer needed, 130. 
 
 SALOON 
 
 and commercialized pros- 
 titution, 46 
 
 effect upon society, 24. 
 
 number of, 2. 
 
 owned by brewers, 76. 
 
 political influence of, 80. 
 
 relation of to the social 
 evil, 48, 49. 
 
 social phase of, io5ff, 122. 
 .SALOON KEEPER, greed of, 119. 
 SICKNESS caused by drink, 68. 
 SOCIAL EVIL, 48, 49. 
 SOCIAL GLASS, 106, 107. 
 SOCIETY, injury of, due to 
 
 alcohol, 75. 
 SUBSTITUTES for the saloon, 
 
 109, in. 
 SUICIDE, 20. 
 
 STATE LEGISLATION, 126. 
 STIMULANT, alcohol as a, 13. 
 TUBERCULOSIS, 59, 101. 
 
 VICE, relation of the liquor 
 
 business to, 3, 81. 
 VIRTUE, first step from, 44. 
 
 WAGES, 3, 4, 5, 88, 97. 
 WEBB LAW, 40. 
 
 
UNI 
 THIS ] 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BEI<OW 
 
 30m-l,'15 
 
3004:32 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY