IX CHANGE i MANUAL OF STYLE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Agrats THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON AND EDINBURGH THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO KARL W. HIERSEMANN LEIPZIG THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK MANUAL OF STYLE A COMPILATION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL RULES GOVERNING THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, WITH SPECIMENS OF TYPES USED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS FOURTH EDITION THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS COPYRIGHT 1906, 1910, 1911, AND 1914 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO All Rights Reserved Published November 1006 Second Edition March 1910 Third Edition December 1911 Second Impression August 1912 Fourth Edition February 1914 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. INTRODUCTORY NOTE The present work is a codification of the typographical rules employed by the University of Chicago in connection with its official printing and publications issued through the University Press. Having its genesis, nearly two decades ago, in a single sheet of fundamentals, jotted down by the first proofreader at odd moments for his own guidance; added to from year to year, as oppor- tunity offered or new necessities arose; revised and re-revised as the scope of the work, and, it is hoped, the wisdom of the workers, increased it emerges in its present form as the embodiment of traditions, the crystallization of usages, the blended product of the reflections of many minds. Regulations like these, in the nature of the case, cannot be endowed with the fixity of unchanging law. They are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity. Exceptions will constantly occur, and ample room is left for individual initiative and discretion. They point the way and survey the road, rather than remove the obstacles. Throughout this book it is assumed that no regulation contained therein is absolutely inviolable. Wherever the peculiar nature of the subject-matter, the desirability of throwing into relief a certain part of the argument, the reasonable preference vi INTRODUCTORY NOTE of a writer, or a typographical contingency suggests a deviation, such deviation may legitimately be made. Each case of this character must be decided largely upon its own merits. Generally it may be stated that, where no question of taste or logic is involved, deference should be shown to the expressed wishes of the author. The nature of the work of the Press itself and this will apply, to a greater or less extent, to any similar in- stitution affected by local conditions constantly calls for modification, now of this rule, now of that. It would be found impracticable, even were it desirable, to bring all its publications into rigid uniformity of " style " and appearance. Methods have been devised, systems evolved, in certain lines of work, which cannot be carried bodily over into the field of others. Thus, in the matter of literary references, for instance, general practice has established certain usages in some of the sciences which it would not be advisable to ignore. Similar differences in practice may be observed in other directions. These deviations from the general rules will be found mentioned at the appropriate places in the body of the book. On the whole, however, the rules are designed to govern all publications sent forth with the official publishing imprint, "The University of Chicago Press." Concerning the character and contents of the book little need be added. Its origin, its primary aim, and its limitations, as outlined above, will suggest the bounds of its usefulness. It does not pretend to be exhaustive; a few things must be taken for granted, and the traditional INTRODUCTORY NOTE vn territory of the dictionary has only exceptionally been invaded. It does not presume to be inflexibly consistent; applicability, in the printing-office, is a better test than iron-clad consistency, and common-sense a safer guide than abstract logic. It lays no claim to perfection in any of its parts; bearing throughout the inevitable earmarks of compromise, it will not carry conviction at every point to everybody. Neither is it an advocate of any radical scheme of reform; in the present state of the agitation for changes in spelling, progressive conservatism has been thought to be more appropriate for an academic printing-office than radicalism. As it stands, this Manual is believed to contain a fairly comprehensive, reasonably harmonious, and wholesomely practical set of work-rules for the aid of those who have to do with questions of typographical style. For the benefit of those whose duties bring them into direct contact with the manufacturing department of the Press, specimen pages of the available types, special characters, etc., have been added. The Manual of Style is now in its fourth edition . That it is recognized as possessing merit is evidenced by its adoption and use in many editorial offices, libraries, and proofrooms in the United States and Canada. This edition incorporates several new rules which it is believed will prove helpful, and at the same time seeks to elucidate some of the older rules, in the application of which difficulties may arise. Changes in literary practice, the legislation of learned societies, the recent development of the profession of the librarian, with the viii INTRODUCTORY NOTE attendant uniformity of practice recommended by the national association of librarians, and the added experi- ence resulting from a daily application of these rules to a very varied list of publications, are all factors con- tributing to the need of periodical revision. The work, thus remodeled, is again offered to the public, in the hope that it may continue to be useful to those whose occupations require some familiarity with the niceties of typographical form. NEWMAN MILLER, Director THE UNIVERSITY PRESS CHICAGO, ILL. January 15, 1914 CONTENTS PAGE RULES FOR COMPOSITION i Capitalization 3 The Use of Italics 24 Quotations 31 Spelling 35 Punctuation 47 Divisions 76 Footnotes 83 Indexing 87 Tabular Work 90 TECHNICAL TERMS 95 APPENDIX in Hints to Authors and Editors 113 Hints to Proofreaders 117 Hints to Copyholders 120 Proofreader's Marks 123 INDEXES 125 Index to Manual 127 Index to Types, etc 141 SPECIMENS or TYPES IN USE 143 RULES FOR COMPOSITION CAPITALIZATION CAPITALIZE 1. Proper nouns and adjectives: George, America, North America, Englishman; Elizabethan, French. (See 53.) Do not capitalize verbs derived from proper names: to boycott, to fletcherize, to pasteurize; nor such words as the following, when used in the sense of electrical units: volt, ampere, watt, henry, ohm. 2. Epithets used as substitutes for proper names, or affixed to a name: the Pretender, Bloody Mary, Alexander the Great. 3. The particles in French names, as "le," "la," "de," "du/' when they are not preceded by a Christian name or title; but do not capitalize them when they are preceded by such name or title: Le Bossu, La Torre, La Rochelle, De Coligny, D'Aubigne, Du Maurier (but: Rene le Bossu, Miguel de la Torre, Gaspard de Coligny, Thomas d'Aubigne, George du Maurier) . Always capitalize "Van" and "Ten" in Dutch names; never capitalize "von" in German names: Stephen Van Rensselaer; Hugo von Martius, von Dobschiitz. NOTE. Personal preference is responsible for the following ex- ceptions: Henry van Dyke, J. H. van't Hoff, Bernard E. C. ten Brink. 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Generic terms forming a part of geographical names: Atlantic Ocean, Dead Sea, Baffin's Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Gibraltar, Straits Settlements, Mississippi River, Three Rivers, Laughing Brook, Rocky Mountains, Blue Hills, Pike's Peak, Mount of Olives, Great Desert, Death Valley, Prince Edward Island, Sea (Lake) of Galilee. But do not capitalize words of this class when simply added by way of description to the specific name, without forming an organic part of such name: the river Elbe, the desert of Sahara, the island of Madagascar. Subject to the above rule, the following lists will be found useful: CAPITALIZE, IN SINGULAR FORM ONLY, WHEN IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING NAME Archipelago Gap Ocean Borough Glacier Parish (La.) Branch (stream) Gulch Park Butte Harbor Plateau Canyon Head Range County Hffl(s) Reservation Crater Hollow Ridge Creek Island(s) River Delta Mesa Run Forest Mountain(s) Spring(s) Fork Narrows CAPITALIZE, IN SINGULAR FORM, EITHER BEFORE OR AFTER THE NAME; AND IN PLURAL FORM BEFORE THE NAME Bay Fort Point Bayou Isle Port Camp (military) Lake Sea Cape Mount Strait Dalles Oasis Valley Desert Pass Volcano Falls Peak MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 5 5. Adjectives and nouns used singly or in conjunction, to distinguish definite regions or parts of the world; and also terms applied to groups of states: Old World, Western Hemisphere, North Pole, Equator, the North (= Scandinavia), the East (the Orient), the Far East, the Orient, the Levant; the North, South, East, West (United States) ; North Atlantic states, Gulf states, Middle Western states, Pacific Coast states. But do not, as a rule, capitalize adjectives derived from such names, or nouns having an adjectival form, or nouns simply designating direction or point of compass, except as applied to geographical sections: oriental customs, the southern states, a southerner (but: Northman = Scandinavian); an invasion of barbarians from the north, extending through the south of Europe (but: Northern Asia, Continental Europe). 6. Generic terms for political divisions: (1) when the term is an organic part of the name, following the proper name directly : Holy Roman Empire, German Empire (=Deutsches Reich), French Republic (Republique franf aise), United Kingdom, Northwest Territory, Cook County, Evanston Township, Kansas City (New York City exception). (2) when, with the preposition "of," it is used as an integral part of the name to indicate certain minor administrative subdivisions in the United States: Department of the Lakes, Town of Lake, Borough of Man- hattan. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS (3) when used singly as the accepted designation for a specific division : the Union, the States, the Republic (= United States), [the Confederacy], the Dominion (= Canada). (4) when it is part of a fanciful or popular appel- lation used as if a real geographical name : Celestial Empire, Holy (Promised) Land, Badger State, Eternal City, Garden City. But do not (with the exceptions noted) capitalize such terms when standing alone, or when, with "of," preceding the specific name: the empire, the state; empire of Russia, kingdom of Bel- gium, [kingdom of God, or of heaven], duchy of Anhalt, state of Illinois, county of Cook, city of Chicago. 7. Numbered political divisions (see 100): Eleventh Congressional District, First Ward, Second Precinct. 8. The names of thoroughfares, parks, squares, blocks, buildings, etc. (see 100): Drexel Avenue, Ringstrasse, Via Appia, Chicago Drainage Canal; Lincoln Park; Trafalgar Square; Monadnock Block; Lakeside Building, Capitol, White House, County Hospital, Theatre Frangais, Lexington Hotel, Masonic Temple [Solomon's temple, but, when standing alone: the Temple]. But do not capitalize such general designations of buildings as "courthouse," "post-office," "library," MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 7 etc., except in connection with the name of the place in which they are located. 9. The names of political parties, religious denomina- tions or sects, and philosophical, literary, and artistic schools, and their adherents: Republican, Conservative, National Liberal, Social Democ- racy (where, as in Continental Europe, it is organized as a distinct parliamentary faction); Christian, Protestantism, Evangelical Lutheran, Catholic (Papist, Ultramontane), Re- formed, Greek Orthodox, Seventh-Day Adventists, the Establishment, High Church, High Churchman, Separatist, Nonconformist, Dissenter, Theosophist, Jew, Pharisee (but: scribe) (adjective: Pharisaic, but: pharisaic, when used of characteristics, and not of the sect itself); Epi- curean Stoic, Gnosticism (but: neo-Platonism, pseudo- Christianity, un-Christian see 203, 208), Literalist; the Romantic movement, the Symbolic school of painters. But do not capitalize any of the above or similar words, or their derivatives, when used in their origi- nal or acquired general sense of pervading spirit, point of view, trend of thought, attitude of mind, or mode of action: republican form of government, a true democrat and a con- servative statesman, socialism as an economic panacea, the communistic theory, single-taxer, anarchism; catholicity of mind, puritanical ideas, evangelical spirit, pharisaic super- ciliousness; deist, pantheism, rationalist; epicurean tastes, stoic endurance, dualism and monism in present-day philoso- phy, an altruistic world-view; the classics, a realistic novel. 10. The names of monastic orders and their members: Black Friars, Dominican, Jesuit. 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS II. The proper (official) titles of social, religious, educa- tional, political, commercial, and industrial organiza- tions and institutions: Union League Club, Knights Templar; Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, Associated Charities; Smith- sonian Institution, State University of Iowa, Hyde Park High School; the Commercial Academy (Handelsakademie) of Leipzig, the Paris Lyceum (Lycee de Paris); the Forty Immortals]; Cook County Democracy, Tammany Hall; Associated Press, Typographical Union No. 16; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, The Macmillan Company. But do not capitalize such generic terms when used to designate a class; nor when standing alone, even if applied to a specific institution, except to avoid ambiguity or, rarely, where the word is consistently and clearly used in place of the true name : young people's societies, the high school at Lemont, local typographical unions; the club, the association, the company; but: "He joined the Hall [Tammany]," "a member of the [French] Academy." (See 49.) 12. The names of legislative, judiciary, and administra- tive bodies and governmental departments, and their branches, when specifically applied: Congress (Senate, House of Representatives [the House], Committee of Ways and Means), Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons), Reichstag, Chamber of Deputies (the Chamber), General Assembly of Illinois, Chicago City Council, South Park Commissioners; Supreme Court of the United States, Circuit Court of Cook County, [Sanhedrin]; Department of the Interior, Census Office, Springfield Board of Education, Department of Public Works. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 9 But do not capitalize such general, paraphrastic, or incomplete designations as the national assembly, the legislature of the state, the upper house of Congress, the German federal parliament, the Dutch diet; the council, the department, the board. 13. Ordinals used to designate Egyptian dynasties, sessions of Congress, names of regiments, and in similar connections (see 100): the Eighteenth Dynasty, the Fifty-third Congress, the Second Illinois Regiment Band. 14. Commonly accepted appellations for historical epochs, periods in the history of a language or literature, and geological ages and strata, the word "age" itself being capitalized only where a failure to do so would result in ambiguous meaning: Stone age (but: Middle Ages), Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, Inquisition, Commonwealth (Cromwell's), Commune (Paris); Old English (OE see 123), Middle High German (MHG), the Age of Elizabeth; Pleistocene, Silurian, Lower Carboniferous. 15. Names for important events: Thirty Years' War, Peasants' War (German), Revolution (French), Revolutionary War or War of Independence (American), Whiskey Insurrection (American), Civil War (American), War of 1812, Franco-Prussian War, Battle of Gettysburg; Peace of Utrecht, Louisiana Purchase. 1 6. Political alliances, and such terms from secular or ecclesiastical history as have, through their associa- 10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS tions, acquired special significance as designations for parties, classes, movements, etc. (see 9) : Protestant League, Holy Alliance, Dreibund; the Roses, the Roundheads, Independents, Independency (English history), Nonconformist, Dissenter, Separatist. 17. Conventions, congresses, expositions, etc.: Council of Nicaea, Parliament of Religions, Fifteenth Inter- national Congress of Criminology, Westminster Assembly, Chicago World's Fair, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 18. Titles of specific treaties, acts, laws (juridical), bills, etc.: Treaty of Verdun, Art. V of the Peace of Prague, Edict of Nantes, Concordat, the Constitution (of the United States, when standing alone, or when referred to as a literary docu- ment; but not usually that of any other state or country, e.g., the constitution of Illinois), Declaration of Independence, Act of Emancipation, Magna C(h)arta, Corn Law, Reform Bill (English), Fourteenth Amendment. 19. Creeds and confessions of faith: Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed (but: ante-Nicene see 203, 208), Augsburg Confession, Thirty-nine Articles. 20. Civic holidays and ecclesiastical fast and feast days: Fourth of July (the Fourth), Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day; Easter, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, New Year's Day. 21. Titles of honor and respect, whether religious, civil, or military, preceding the name, and academic degrees, in abbreviated form, following the name; all titles of honor or of nobility, when referring to MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION II specific persons, either preceding the name or used in place of the proper name; familiar names applied to particular persons; orders (decorations) and the titles accompanying them; titles, without the name, used in direct address; titles without the name when used of existing incumbents of office; and such words as " President," "King," "Czar" ("Tsar"), "Kaiser," "Sultan," and "Pope," standing alone, when referring to, a specific ruler or incumbent: Queen Victoria, ex-President Cleveland, Rear-Admiral Dewey, Brigadier- General Brown, Lieutenant-Commander Smith; United States Commissioner of Education Harris, Dr. Davis; Father Boniface, Deacon Smith; Timothy Dwight, DD., LL.D.; the Prince of Wales, the Marquis of Lome, His Majesty, His Grace; the Apostle to the Gentiles, "the Father of his Country"; order of the Red Eagle, Knight Commander of the Bath; "Allow me to suggest, Judge . . . ."; the Bishop of London; the Senator; "The President [of the United States] was chosen arbitra- tor," "the King wore his robes," "the Kaiser's Moroccan policy." But do not capitalize the official title of a person when the title follows the name (see 49); when standing alone, without the name (with the excep- tions noted above, and see 49) ; or when, followed by the name, it is preceded by the article "the": McKinley, president of the United States; B. L. Gildersleeve, professor of Greek (see 49); Ferdinand W. Peck, commis- sioner-general to the Paris Exposition; the emperor of Germany (meaning other than the existing emperor), 12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS the archbishop (meaning other than the existing incumbent), the senator (when not speaking of the existing member), the archduke Francis Ferdinand, the apostle Paul. 22. Abbreviations like Ph.D., M.P., and F.R.G.S. (such titles to be set without space between the letters) (see 52, 103, 1 06). But do not capitalize such phrases when spelled out (but see 25) : doctor of philosophy, fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. 23. Abbreviations consisting of one letter only, except in case of units of measurement and minor literary subdivisions (see 54, 55, no, in): R.V. (Revised Version), C. (centigrade), L.C.M. (lowest common multiple), H.P. (horse-power), A (angstrom units). 24. Nouns and adjectives used to designate the Supreme Being or Power, or any member of the Christian Trinity; and all pronouns referring to the same, when not closely preceded or followed by a dis- tinctive name, or unless such reference is otherwise perfectly clear: the Almighty, Ruler of the universe, the First Cause, the Absolute, Providence (personified), Father, Son, Holy Ghost, the Spirit, Savior, Messiah, Son of Man, the Logos, [and the Virgin Mary]; "Trust Him who rules all things" (but: "When God had worked six days, he rested on the seventh"). But do not capitalize such expressions and deriva- tives as (God's) fatherhood, (Jesus') sonship, messiahship, messianic hope, christological (but: Christology). MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 13 25. Words which have an acquired, limited, or special meaning : the Doctor's degree; a report of the Master (in chancery); a Bachelor's hood; a Freshman. But do not capitalize such expressions as the doctorate, a master in chancery (the last two words being explanatory, the capitalization of "master" is here no longer necessary to indicate a special meaning). 26. "Nature" and similar terms, and abstract ideas, when personified : "Nature wields her scepter mercilessly"; "Vice in the old English morality plays." 27. "Father" used for church father, and "reformers" used of Reformation leaders, whenever the meaning otherwise would be ambiguous: the Fathers, the early Fathers, the Greek Fathers, [Pilgrim Fathers], the Reformers (but: the church reformers of the fifteenth century). 28. The word "church" in properly cited titles of nationally organized bodies of believers in which, through historical associations, it has become insepa- rably linked with the name of a specific locality; or when forming part of the name of a particular edifice : Church of Rome, Church of England, High Church; Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, First Methodist Church. But do not capitalize, except as noted above, when standing alone, in any sense universal, national, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS local or when the name is not correctly or fully quoted: the church (= organized Christianity), the Eastern (Greek Orthodox) church, the Roman Catholic church, the estab- lished church (but: the Establishment), the state church; the Baptist church in Englewood. NOTE. In exceptional cases, where the opposition of Church and State constitutes a fundamental part of the argument, and it is desired to lend force to this antithesis, emphasis may be added by capitalizing the two words. (See Preface to first edition.) 29. Names for the Bible and other sacred books: (Holy, Sacred) Scriptures, Holy Writ, Word of God, Book of Books; Koran, Vedas, Mishna, the Upanishads; Apocrypha. But do not capitalize adjectives derived from such nouns: biblical, scriptural, koranic, vedic, talmudic, apocryphal. 30. Versions of the Bible : King James's Version, Authorized Version (A.V.), Revised Version (R.V.), Polychrome Bible, Septuagint (LXX), Peshitto. 31. Books and divisions of the Bible and of other sacred books (see 60) : Old Testament, Pentateuch, Exodus, II (Second) Kings, Book of Job, Psalms (Psalter), the [Mosaic] Law and the [writings of the] Prophets, Minor Prophets, Wisdom Literature, Gospel of Luke, Synoptic Gospels, Fourth Gospel, Acts of the Apostles (the Acts), Epistle to the Romans, Pastoral Epistles, Apocalypse (Revelation), Sermon on the Mount, Beatitudes, Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments (Decalogue), Judith, Bel and the Dragon. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 15 But do not capitalize words like "book," "gospel," "epistle," "psalm" in such connections as the five books of Moses, the first forty psalms, the gospels and epistles of the New Testament, [the synoptic problem, the synoptists], the biblical apocalypses. 32. Biblical parables: the parable of the Prodigal Son. 33. Such miscellaneous terms as Last Supper, Eucharist, the Passion, the Twelve (apostles), the Seventy (disciples), the Servant, the Day of Yahweh, the Chronicler, the Psalmist, the Golden Rule. 34. The first word of a sentence, and in poetry the first word of each line : In summer, on the headlands, The Baltic Sea along, Sits Neckan, with his harp of gold, And sings his plaintive song. In Greek and Latin poetry, however, capitalize only the first word of a paragraph, not of each verse (line): ToT<7i 8' doiSos aetSc irepiK\vTOpecrl (rvvOtro Ot&Trw doi8i)v Kovprj 'Ixoptoio, TTpLp ibid., s.v.; 10 mm.; but: m'f'g pl't (= manufacturing plant); O, Fe; 2 per cent (see 94); 4to, 8vo. NOTE. With respect to symbols for measures the following exceptions should be noted: Astrophysical Journal, 12 mm (with thin space and no period) (but: 2 h 3 m 4. s ); Botanical Gazette, 1 2 mm., 1 25 ft., 9 cc. (on line, with period). But do not use a period, in technical matter, after the recognized abbreviations for linguistic epochs, or 48 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS for tides of well-known publications of which the initials only are given, nor after MS (= manuscript) : IE (=Indo-European), OE (= Old English), MHG (= Middle High German); AJSL (= American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures), ZAW (=Zeitschri]t fiir alttesta- meniliche Wissenschaft), CIL (= Cor pus Inscriptionum Lati- norum). 124. Use no period after Roman numerals, even if having the value of ordinals: Vol. IV; Louis XVI was on the throne. 125. Omit the period after running-heads (for explanation of this and the following terms see 279-83); after centered headlines; after side-heads set in separate lines; after cut-in heads; after box-heads in tables; and after superscriptions and legends which do not form a complete sentence (with subject and predi- cate) ; after date lines at top of communications, and after signatures (see 50). 126. The period is placed inside the quotation marks; and inside the parentheses when the matter inclosed is an independent sentence and forms no part of the preceding sentence; otherwise outside: Tennyson's "In Memoriam." Put the period inside the quotation marks. (This is a rule without exception.) When the parentheses form part of the preceding sentence, put the period outside (as, for instance, here). EXCLAMATION POINT 127. The exclamation point is used to mark an outcry, or an emphatic or ironical utterance: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 49 "Long live the king!" "Heaven forbid!" "Good!" he cried; "How funny this seems!" "This must not be!" The subject of his lecture was "The Thisness of the That" ! The speaker went on: "Nobody should leave his home tomorrow without a marked ballot in their (!) pocket." 128. The exclamation point is placed inside the quotation marks or parentheses when part of the quotation or parenthetical matter; otherwise outside. See illustrations in 127. INTERROGATION POINT 129. The interrogation point is used to mark a query, or to express a doubt: "Who is this ?" The prisoner gave his name as Roger Crown- inshield, the son of an English baronet ( ? ). Indirect questions, however, should not be followed by an interrogation point: He asked whether he was ill. 130. The interrogation point should be placed inside the quotation marks or parentheses only when it is a part of the quotation or parenthetical matter: The question: "Who is who, and what is what?" Were you ever in "Tsintsinnati" ? COLON 131. The colon is used to "mark a discontinuity of grammatical construction greater than that indicated by the semicolon and less than that indicated by the period. It is commonly used (i) to emphasize a close connection in thought between two clauses each of which forms a complete sentence, and which 50 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS might with grammatical propriety be separated by a period; (2) to separate a clause which is gram- matically complete from a second which contains an illustration or amplification of its meaning; (3) to introduce a formal statement, an extract, a speech in a dialogue, etc." (Century Dictionary) (unless this is preceded by a conjunction, like "that," immediately connecting it with what goes before). Before the quotation of a clause in the middle of a sentence use a comma: (i) "This argument undeniably contains some force: Thus it is well known that . . . ." "The secretion of the gland goes on uninterruptedly: this may account for the condition of the organ." "The fear of death is universal: even the lowest animals instinctively shrink from annihilation." (2) "Most countries have a national flower: France the lily, England the rose, etc." "Lambert pine: the gigantic sugar pine of California." (3) "The rule may be stated thus: . . . ." "We quote from the address: . . . ." "Charles: 'Where are you going?' George: 'To the mill-pond.'" But: "He stoutly maintained that 'the letter is a monstrous forgery'"; and: "Declaring, 'The letter is a monstrous forgery,' he tried to wash his hands of the whole affair." 132. The colon thus often takes the place of an implied "namely," "as follows," "for instance," or a similar phrase. Where such word or phrase is used, it should be followed by a colon if what follows consists of one or more grammatically complete clauses; otherwise, by a comma (see 145) : "This is true of only two nations the wealthiest, though not the largest, in Europe: Great Britain and France"; but: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 51 "This is true of only two nations the wealthiest, though not the largest, in Europe viz., Great Britain and France." "He made several absurd statements. For example:. ..." but: "There are several states in the Union for instance, Kansas and Wyoming which . . . ." 133. Put a colon after the salutatory phrase at the begin- ning of a letter, and after the introductory remark of a speaker addressing the chairman or the audi- ence: MY DEAR MR. BROWN: (See 50.) Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen: (See 64.) 134. Put a centered colon between chapter and verse in Scripture passages, and between hours and minutes in time indications: Matt. 2:5-13; 4:30 P.M. 135. Put a colon between the place of publication and the publisher's name in literary and bibliographical references : Clement of Alexandria (London: Macmillan), II, 97. 136. The colon should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation: He writes under the head of "Notes and Comments": "Many a man can testify to the truth of the old adage :" etc. SEMICOLON 137. A semicolon is used to mark the division of a sentence somewhat more independent than that marked by a comma: "Are we giving our lives to perpetuate the things that the past has created for its needs, forgetting to ask whether these 52 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS things still serve today's needs; or are we thinking of living men ?" "This is as important for science as it is for practice; indeed, it may be said to be the only important consideration." "It is so in war; it is so in the economic life; it cannot be otherwise in religion." "In Russia the final decision rests with the Czar, advised by his ministers; in most constitutional countries, indirectly with the people as represented in parlia- ment; in Switzerland alone, through the referendum, directly with the electorate at large." "This, let it be remembered, was the ground taken by Mill; for to him 'utilitarianism,' in spite of all his critics may say, did not mean the pursuit of bodily pleasure." ("For" in such cases should commonly be preceded by a semicolon.) 138. In enumerations use a semicolon between the differ- ent links, if these consist of more than a few words closely connected, and especially if individual clauses contain any punctuation mark of less value than a period, or an exclamation or interrogation point (unless inclosed in parentheses), yet are intimately joined one with the other, and all with the sentence or clause leading up to them, for instance through dependence upon a conjunction, like "that," pre- ceding them (see 36): "The membership of the international commission was made up as follows: France, 4; Germany, 5; Great Britain, i (owing to a misunderstanding, the announcement did not reach the English societies in time to secure a full quota from that country. Sir Henry Campbell, who had the matter in charge, being absent at the time, great difficulty was experi- enced in arousing sufficient interest to insure the sending of even a solitary delegate) ; Italy, 3; the United States, 7." MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 53 "The defendant, in justification of his act, pleaded that (i) he was despondent over the loss of his wife; (2) he was out of work; (3) he had had nothing to eat for two days; (4) he was under the influence of liquor." "Presidents Hadley, of Yale; Eliot, of Harvard; Butler, of Columbia; and Angell, of Michigan." 139. In Scripture references a semicolon is used to separate passages containing chapters: Gen. 2:3-6, 9, 14; 3^75 chap. 5; 6:15. 140. The semicolon should be placed outside the quota- tion marks or parentheses, unless a part of the quotation or parenthetical matter. COMMA 141. The comma is "used to indicate the smallest inter- ruptions in continuity of thought or grammatical construction, the marking of which contributes to clearness" (Century Dictionary): "Here, as in many other cases, what is sometimes popularly supposed to be orthodox is really a heresy, an exaggeration, a distortion, a caricature of the true doctrine of the church. The doctrine is, indeed, laid down by an authority here and there; but, speaking generally, it has no place in the stand- ards, creeds, or confessions of the great communions; e.g., the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, the canons of the early ecumenical councils, the Westminster Confession, the Thirty- nine Articles." "Shakspere and other, lesser, poets." "The books which I have read I herewith return" (i.e., I return those [only] which I have read); but: "The books, which I have read, I herewith return" (i.e., having read them [all], I now return them). "Gossiping, women are happy"; and: 54 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS "Gossiping women are happy." "Of these four, two Ameri- cans and one Englishman started"; and: "Of these, four two Americans and two Englishmen started." "The suffer- ing, God will relieve." "Behind, her 'stage mother' stood fluttering with extra wraps." "Some boys and girls pre- maturely announce themselves, usually in uncomfortable, sometimes in bad, ways." 142. Use a comma to separate proper nouns belonging to different individuals or places: "To John, Smith was always kind"; "To America, Europe awards the prize of mechanical skill." 143. Put a comma before "and," "or," and "nor" connecting the last two links in a sequence of three or more; or all the links in a series of greater length, or where each individual link consists of several words; always put a comma before "etc.": Tom, Dick, and Harry; either copper, silver, or gold; "He was equally familiar with Homer, and Shakespere, and Moliere, and Cervantes, and Goethe, and Ibsen"; "Neither France for her art, nor Germany for her army, nor England for her democracy, etc." But do not use a comma where "and," etc., serves to connect all of the links in a brief and close-knit phrase : "a man good and noble and true"; "I do not remember who wrote the stanza whether it was Shelley or Keats or Moore." 144. Ordinarily, put a comma before and after clauses introduced by such conjunctions as "and," "but," MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 55 "if," "while," "as," "whereas," "since," "because," "when," "after," "although," etc., especially if a change of subject takes place: "When he arrived at the railway station, the train had gone, and his friend, who had come to bid him goodbye, had departed, but left no word. As the next train was not due for two hours, he decided to take a ride about the town, although it offered little of interest to the sightseer. While he regretted his failure to meet his friend, he did not go to his house." But do not use a comma before clauses introduced by such conjunctions if the preceding clause is not logically complete without them; nor before "if," "but," and "though" in brief and close-welded phrases : "This is especially interesting because they represent the two extremes and because they present differences in their rela- tions"; "This is good because true"; "I shall agree to this only if you accept my conditions"; "I would not if I could, and could not if I would"; "honest though poor"; "a cheap but valuable book." 145. Such conjunctions, adverbs, connective particles, or phrases as "now," "then," "however," "indeed," "therefore," "moreover," "furthermore," "never- theless," "though," "in fact," "in short," "for instance," "that is," "of course," "on the contrary," "on the other hand," "after all," "to be sure," "for example," etc., should be followed by a comma when standing at the beginning of a sentence or clause to introduce an inference or an explanation, 56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS and should be placed between commas when wedged into the middle of a sentence or clause to mark off a distinct break in the continuity of thought or struc- ture, indicating a summarizing of what precedes, the point of a new departure, or a modifying, restrict- ive, or antithetical addition, etc.: "Indeed, this was exactly the point of the argument"; "Moreover, he did not think it feasible"; "Now, the question is this: . . . ." "Nevertheless, he consented to the scheme"; "In fact, rather the reverse is true"; "This, then, is my position: ...."; "The statement, therefore, cannot be verified"; "He thought, however, that he would like to try"; "That, after all, seemed a trivial matter"; "The gentleman, of course, was wrong." But d-o not use a comma with such words when the connection is logically close and structurally smooth enough not to call for any pause in reading; with "therefore," "nevertheless," etc., when directly following the verb; with "indeed" when directly preceding or following an adjective or another adverb which it qualifies; nor ordinarily with such terms as "perhaps," "also," "likewise," etc.: "Therefore I say unto you . . . ."; "He was therefore unable to be present"; "It is nevertheless true"; "He is recovering very slowly indeed"; "He was perhaps thinking of the future"; "He was a scholar and a sportsman too." 146. A comma is preferably omitted before "rather" in such an expression as "The time-value is to be measured in this way rather than by the time-equivalent of the strata." MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 57 147. If among several adjectives preceding a noun the last bears a more direct relation to the noun than the others, it should not be preceded by a comma: " the admirable political institutions of the country " ; " a hand- some, wealthy young man." 148. Participial clauses, especially such as contain an explanation of the main clause, should usually be set off by a comma : "Being asleep, he did not hear him"; "Exhausted by a hard day's work, he slept like a stone." 149. Put a comma before "not" introducing an anti- thetical clause: "Men addict themselves to inferior pleasures, not because they deliberately prefer them, but because they are the only ones to which they have access." 150. For parenthetical, adverbial, or appositional clauses or phrases use commas to indicate structurally disconnected, but logically integral, interpolations; dashes to indicate both structurally and logically disconnected insertions; never use the two together (see 175): "Since, from the naturalistic point of view, mental states are the concomitants of physiological processes . . . ."; "The French, generally speaking, are a nation of artists"; "The English, highly democratic as they are, nevertheless deem the nobility fundamental to their political and social systems." "There was a time I forget the exact date when these conditions were changed. 58 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 151. Use a comma to separate two identical or closely similar words, even if the sense or grammatical con- struction does not require such separation (see 142) : "Whatever is, is good"; "What he was, is not known"; "The chief aim of academic striving ought not to be, to be most in evidence"; "This is unique only in this, that . . . ." 152. In adjectival phrases, a complementary, qualifying, delimiting, or antithetical adjective added to the main epithet preceding a noun should be preceded and followed by a comma: "This harsh, though perfectly logical, conclusion"; "The deceased was a stern and unapproachable, yet withal sym- pathetic and kind-hearted, gentleman"; "Here comes in the most responsible, because it is the final, office of the teacher"; "The most sensitive, if not the most elusive, part of the training of children." 153. Two or more co-ordinate clauses ending in a word governing or modifying another word in a following clause should be separated by commas : ". . . . a shallow body of water connected with, but well protected from, the open sea"; "He was as tall as, though much younger than, his brother"; "The cultivation in our- selves of a sensitive feeling on the subject of veracity is one of the most useful, and the enfeeblement of that feeling one of the most hurtful, things"; "This road leads away from, rather than toward, your destination." 154. Similarly, use a comma to separate two numbers: "In 1905, 347 teachers attended the convention"; November i, 1905. (See 160.) MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 59 *55- A comma is employed to indicate the omission, for brevity or convenience, of a word or words the repetition of which is not essential to the meaning: "In Illinois there are seventeen such institutions; in Ohio, twenty- two; in Indiana, thirteen" ; "In Lincoln's first cabinet Seward was secretary of state; Chase, of the treasury; Cameron, of war; and Bates, attorney -general." Often, however, such constructions are smooth enough not to call for commas (and consequent semicolons) : "One puppy may resemble the father, another the mother, and a third some distant ancestor." 156. A direct quotation, maxim, or similar expression, when brief, should be separated from the preceding part of the sentence by a comma (see 131) : "God said, Let there be light." 157. Use a comma before "of" in connection with resi- dence or position: Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre, of Detroit, Mich.; President Hadley, of Yale University. Exceptions are those cases, historical and political, in which the place-name practically has become a part of the person's name, or is so closely connected with this as to render the separation artificial or illogical: Clement of Alexandria, Philip of Anjou, King Edward of England. 158. Do not use a comma between consecutive pages in literary references, but use the en dash (see 173) ; 60 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS an exception may, however, be made in the case of scriptural references: pp. 4, 7-8, 10; Ezra 5:7-8 (or Ezra 5:7, 8). 159. Put a comma after digits indicating thousands, except when used as a date or in a page reference: 1,276, 10,419; January, 1909; p. 2461. NOTE. Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette do not use a comma with four figures. 1 60. Separate month and year, and similar time divisions by a comma: November, 1905; New Year's Day, 1906. NOTE. Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette do not use a comma between month and year. 161. Omit the comma, in signatures and at the beginning of articles, after author's name followed by address, title, or position in a separate line, or after address followed by a date line, etc.: JAMES P. ROBINSON Superintendent of Schools, Bird Center, HI. JAMES P. ROBINSON Superintendent of Schools BIRD CENTER, ILL. July i, 1911 162. The comma is always placed inside the quotation marks, but following the parentheses, if the con- text requires it at all. APOSTROPHE 163. An apostrophe is used to mark the omission of a letter or letters in the contraction of a word, or of figures in a number: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 6l ne'er, don't, 'twas, "takin' me 'at"; m'f'g; the class of '96. (See 123.) 164. The possessive case of nouns, common and proper, is formed by the addition of an apostrophe, or apostrophe and s (see 113): a man's word, horses' tails; Scott's Ivanhoe, Jones's farms, Themistocles' era; for appearance' sake. 165. The plural of numerals, and of rare or artificial noun- coinages, is formed by the aid of an apostrophe and s; of proper nouns of more than one syllable ending in a sibilant, by adding an apostrophe alone (mono- syllabic proper names ending in a sibilant add es; others, s] : in the IQOO'S; in two's and three's, the three R's, the Y.M.C.A.'s; "these I-just-do-as-I-please's"; "all the Tommy Atkins' of England" (but: the Rosses and the Macdougals); the Pericles' and Socrates' of literature. QUOTATION MARKS. (See section on "Quotations," 74-9I-) DASHES 166. A dash is used to denote "a sudden break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigrammatic turn of sentiment" (John Wilson) : "Do we can we send out educated boys and girls from the high school at eighteen ? " "The Platonic world of the static, and the Hegelian world of process how great the contrast!" " 'Process' that is the magic word of the modern period"; 62 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS "To be or not to be that is the question"; "Christianity found in the Roman Empire a civic life which was implicated by a thousand roots with pagan faith and cultus a state which offered little." 167. Use dashes (rarely parentheses see 177) for par- enthetical clauses which are both logically and structurally independent interpolations (see 150): "This may be said to be but, never mind, we will pass over that"; "There came a time let us say, for convenience, with Herodotus and Thucydides when this attention to actions was conscious and deliberate"; "If it be asked and in say- ing this I but epitomize my whole contention why the Mohammedan religion . . . ." 1 68. A clause added to lend emphasis to, or to explain or expand, a word or phrase occurring in the main clause, which word or phrase is then repeated, should be introduced by a dash: "To him they are more important as the sources for history the history of events and ideas"; "Here we are face to face with a new and difficult problem new and difficult, that is, in the sense that . . . ." 169. Wherever a "namely" is implied before a paren- thetical or complementary clause, a dash should preferably be used (see 132) : "These discoveries gunpowder, printing-press, compass, and telescope were the weapons before which the old science trembled"; "But here we are trenching upon another division of our field the interpretation of New Testament books." 170. In sentences broken up into clauses, the final summarizing clause should be preceded by a dash : MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 63 "Amos, with the idea that Jehovah is an upright judge . . . . ; Hosea, whose Master hated injustice and falsehood . . . . ; Isaiah, whose Lord would have mercy only on those who relieved the widow and the fatherless these were the spokesmen . . . ." 171. A word or phrase set in a separate line and succeeded by paragraphs, at the beginning of each of which it is implied, should be followed by a dash : "I recommend "i. That we kill him. "2. That we flay him." 172. A dash should be used in connection with side-heads, whether "run in" or paragraphed: 2. The language of the New Testament. The lexicons of Grimm-Thayer, Cremer, and others .... NOTE. The above has been taken from .... Biblical Criticism in Other Denominations A most interesting article appeared in the Expository Times .... 173. Use a dash in place of the word "to" connecting two words or numbers: May-July, 1906 (en dash); May i, 1905 November i, 1906 (em dash); pp. 3-7 (en dash); Luke 3:6 5:2 (em dash). In connecting consecutive numbers, omit hundreds from the second number i.e., use only two figures unless the first number ends in two ciphers, in which case repeat; if the next to the last figure in the first number is a cipher, do not repeat this in the second number; but in citing dates B.C., always 64 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS repeat the hundreds (because representing a dimi- nution, not an increase) (see 158) : 1880-95, pp. 113-16; 1900-1906, pp. 102-7; 387-324 B.C. NOTE. The Astro physical Journal and Botanical Gazette re- peat the hundreds: 1880-1895, pp. 113-116. 174. Let a dash precede the reference (author, title of work, or both) following a direct quotation, consisting of at least one complete sentence, in footnotes or cited independently in the text (see 85) : 1 "I felt an emotion of the moral sublime at beholding such an instance of civic heroism." Thirty Years, 1, 379. The green grass is growing The morning wind is in it, 'Tis a tune worth the knowing Though it change every minute. Emerson, "To Ellen, at the South." 175. A dash should not ordinarily be used in connection with any other point, except a period: "DEAR SIR: I have the honor . . . ."; not: "DEAR SIR: I have . . . ."; "This I say it with regret was not done"; not: "This, I say it with regret, was . . . ." PARENTHESES 176. Place between parentheses figures or letters used to mark divisions in enumerations run into the text: "The reasons for his resignation were three: (i) advanced age, (2) failing health, (3) a desire to travel." If such divisions are paragraphed, a single paren- thesis is ordinarily used in connection with a lower- MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 65 case (italic) letter; a period, with figures and capital (roman) letters. In syllabi, and matter of a similar character, the following scheme of notation and indention should ordinarily be adhered to: A. Under the head of .... I. Under .... 1. Under .... a) Under .... (1) Under .... (a) Under .... a) Under .... /3) Under .... (b) Under .... (2) Under .... b) Under .... 2. Under .... II. Under .... B. Under the head of .... 177. Parentheses should not ordinarily be used for paren- thetical clauses (see 150 and 167) unless confusion might arise from the use of less distinctive marks, or unless the content of the clause is wholly irrelevan to the main argument : "He meant I take this to be the (somewhat obscure) sense of his speech that . . . ."; "The period thus inaugurated (of which I shall speak at greater length in the next chapter) was characterized by ...."; "The contention has been made (op. cit.) that . . . . " BRACKETS 178. Brackets are used (i) to inclose an explanation or note, (2) to indicate an interpolation in a quotation, 66 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS (3) to rectify a mistake, (4) to supply an omission, and (5) for parentheses within parentheses: (1) l [This was written before the publication of Spencer's book. EDITOR.] (2) "These [the free-silver Democrats] asserted that the present artificial ratio can be maintained indefinitely." (3) "As the Italian [Englishman] Dante Gabriel Ros- [s]etti has said, (4) JohnRuskin. By Henry Carpenter. ["English Men of Letters," III.] London: Black, 1900. (5) Grote, the great historian of Greece (see his History, I, 204 [second edition]), .... 179. Such phrases as "To be continued," at the end, and "Continued from . . . ." at the beginning, of articles, chapters, etc., should be placed between brackets, centered, and set in italics (see 73) and in type reduced in size in accordance with the rule governing reductions (see 86) : \Contmued from p. 320] [To be concluded] ELLIPSES 1 80. Ellipses are used to indicate the omission, from a quotation, of one or more words not essential to the idea which it is desired to convey, and also to indicate illegible words, mutilations, and other lacunae in a document, MS, or other material which is quoted. For an ellipsis at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence four periods, separated by a space (en quad), should ordinarily be used, except in very narrow measures (in MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 67 French three only). If the preceding line ends in a point, this should not be included in the four. Where a whole paragraph, or paragraphs, or, in poetry, a complete line, or lines, are omitted, insert a full line of periods, separated by em- or 2-em quads, according to the length of the line. But the periods should not extend beyond the length of the longest type-line: The point .... is that the same forces .... are still the undercurrents of every human life We may never unravel the methods of the physical forces; .... but .... I think it worth giving you these details, because it is a vague thing, though a perfectly true thing, to say that it was by his genius that Alexander conquered the eastern world. His army, you know, was a small one. To carry a vast number of men .... .... he sought the lumberer's gang, Where from a hundred lakes young rivers sprang; Through these green tents, by eldest nature drest, He roamed, content alike with man and beast. 181. An ellipsis should be treated as a part of the citation; consequently should be inclosed in the quotation marks (see 178 [3]). HYPHENS 182. A hyphen is placed at the end of a line terminating with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line (see section on " Divisions" ) and between many compound words. 68 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 183. Hyphenate two or more words (except proper names forming a unity in themselves) combined into one adjective preceding a noun, or when the noun is understood: so-called Croesus, well-known author, first-class investment, better-trained teachers, high-school course, half-dead horse, never-ceasing strife, much-mooted question, joint-stock com- pany, English-speaking peoples, nineteenth-century progress, white-rat serum, up-to-date machinery, four-year-old boy, house-to-house canvass, go-as-you-please fashion, deceased- wife's-sister bill; the feeble-minded (person); but: New Testament times, Old English spelling, an a priori argument. Where one of the components contains more than one word, an en dash should be used in place of a hyphen: New York-Chicago freight traffic, Norwegian-German- Jewish immigrant. But do not connect by a hyphen adjectives or par- ticiples with adverbs ending in "-ly"; nor such combinations as the above when following the noun, or qualifying a predicate: highly developed species; a man well known in the neighbor- hood; the fly-leaf, so called; "Her gown and carriage were strictly up to date." 184. Hyphenate, as a rule, nouns formed by the combina- tion of two nouns standing in objective relation to each other that is, one of whose components is derived from a transitive verb: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 69 mind-reader, story-teller, fool-killer, office-holder, well-wisher property-owner; hero-worship, child-study; wood-turning, clay-modeling. Exceptions are such common and brief compounds as lawgiver, taxpayer, proofreader, bookkeeper, stockholder. 185. A present participle united (i) with a noun to forma new noun with a meaning different from that which would be conveyed by the two words taken separately, (2) with a preposition used absolutely (i.e., not gov- erning a following noun), to form a noun, should have a hyphen: boarding-house, dining-hall, sleeping-room, dwelling-place, printing-office, walking-stick, starting-point, stepping-stone, stumbling-block, working-man; the puttmg-in or taking-out of a hyphen. 186. As a general rule, compounds of "book," "house," "mill," "room," "shop," and "work" should be printed as one compact word, without a hyphen, when the prefixed noun contains only one syllable, should be hyphenated when it contains two, and should be printed as two separate words when it contains three or more: handbook, schoolbook, notebook, textbook; pocket-book, story-book; reference book. boathouse, clubhouse, schoolhouse, storehouse; engine-house, power-house; business house. cornmill, handmill, sawmill, windmill; water-mill, paper-mill; chocolate mill. 70 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS bedroom, classroom, schoolroom, storeroom; lecture-room; recitation room. tinshop, workshop; bucket-shop, tailor-shop; policy shop, handwork, woodwork; metal-work; filigree work. Exceptions are rare combinations, and such as for appearance' sake would better be separated: source-book, wheat-mill, school work. 187. Compounds of "maker," "dealer," and other words denoting occupation should ordinarily be hyphen- ated; likewise nouns denoting different occupations of the same individual: harness-maker, book-dealer, job-printer (see 184); a soldier- statesman, the poet-artist Rossetti. Exceptions are a few short words of everyday occurrence: bookmaker, dressmaker. 1 88. Compounds of "store" should be hyphenated when the prefix contains only one syllable; otherwise not: drug-store, feed-store (but: bookstore); grocery store, dry- goods store. 189. Compounds of "fellow" are always hyphenated: fellow-man, fellow-beings, play-fellow. 190. Compounds of "father," "mother," "brother," "sister," "daughter," "parent," and "foster" should be hyphenated when forming the first element of the compound: father-love (but: fatherland), mother- tongue, brother-officer, sister-nation, foster-son, daughter-cells, parent-word. MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 71 191. Compounds of "great," indicating the fourth degree in a direct line of descent, call for a hyphen: great-grandfather, great-grandson. 192 . Compounds of " life ' ' and " world " require a hyphen : life-history, life-principle (but: lifetime), world-power, world- problem. 193. Compounds of "skin" with words of one syllable are to be printed as one word; with words of more than one, as two separate words: calfskin, sheepskin; alligator skin. 194. Compounds of "master" should be hyphenated: master-builder, master-stroke (exception: masterpiece). 195. Compounds of "god," when this word forms the second element of the compound, should be hyphenated : sun-god, rain-god (but: godsend, godson). 196. "Half," "quarter," etc., combined with a noun should be followed by a hyphen: half-truth, half-tone, half-year, half-title, quarter-mile. 197. "Semi-," "demi-," "bi-," "tri-," etc., do not ordina- rily demand a hyphen: semiannual, demigod, demiurge, biweekly, bipartisan, bichro- mate, bimetallist, trimonthly, tricolor, trifoliate. Exceptions are long or unusual formations: semi-centennial, demi-relievo. 72 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 198. Compounds of "self," when this word forms the first element of the compound, are hyphenated: self-evident, self-respect (see 119, note). 199. Combinations with "fold" are to be printed as one word if the number contains only one syllable; if it contains more, as two: twofold, tenfold; fifteen fold, a hundred fold. 200. Adjectives formed by the suffixation of "like" to a noun are usually printed as one word if the noun contains only one syllable (except when ending in /); if it contains more (or is a proper noun), they should be hyphenated: childlike, homelike, warlike, godlike; eel-like, bell-like; woman-like, business-like; American-like (but: Christlike). 201. "Vice," "ex-," "elect," "general," and "lieutenant," constituting parts of titles, should be connected with the chief noun by a hyphen: Vice-Consul Taylor, ex-President Cleveland, the governor- elect, the postmaster-general, a lieutenant-colonel. 2 02 . Compounds of ' ' by-, ' ' when this word forms the first element of the compound, should be hyphenated: by-product, by-laws. 203. The prefixes " co-," " pre-," and " re-," when followed by the same vowel as that in which they terminate, or by w or y, take a hyphen; but, as a rule, they do not when followed by a different vowel or by a consonant: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 73 co-operation, pre-empted, re-enter, co-worker, re-yield; but: coequal, coeducation, prearranged, reinstal; cohabita- tion, prehistoric, recast (re-read). NOTE. The Botanical Gazette prints: cooperate, reenter, etc. Exceptions are combinations with proper names, long or unusual formations, and words in which the omission of the hyphen would convey a meaning different from that intended (cf . 9, 19, 208) : pre-Raphaelite, re-tammanize; re-postpone, re-pulverization; re-formation (as distinguished from reformation), re-cover (= cover again), re-creation. 204. Omit the hyphen from "today," "tomorrow," "tonight," " viewpoint," "standpoint." (See 119.) 205. The negative particles "un-," "in-," and "a-" do not usually require a hyphen: unmanly, undemocratic, inanimate, indeterminate, illimitable impersonal, asymmetrical. Exceptions would be rare and artificial combinations. The particle "non-," on the contrary, ordinarily calls for a hyphen, except in the commonest words: non-aesthetic, non-subservient, non-contagious, non-ability, non-interference, non-unionist, non-membership; but: nonage, nondescript, nonessential, nonplus, nonsense, noncombatant. 206. " Quasi-" prefixed to a noun or an adjective requires a hyphen: quasi-corporation, quasi-historical. 207. "Over" and "under" prefixed to a word should not be followed by a hyphen, except in unusual cases; 74 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS overbold, overemphasize, overweight, underfed, underestimate, undersecretary; but: over-soul, under-man, over-spiritualistic. 208. The Latin prepositions "ante," "anti," "inter," "intra," "post," "sub," and "super" prefixed to a word do not ordinarily require a hyphen : antedate, antechamber, antediluvian, antidote, antiseptic (but: anti-imperialistic cf. 203), international, interstate, inter- city, intramural (but: intra-atomic), postscript, postgradu- ate, postprandial, subconscious, submarine, subtitle, subway, superfine. Exceptions are such formations as ante-bellum, ante-Nicene, anti-Semitic, inter-university, post- revolutionary. 209. "Extra," "infra," "pan," "supra," and "ultra" as a rule call for a hyphen : extra-hazardous, infra-mundane, pan-Hellenic, supra- temporal, ultra-conservative (but: Ultramontane). 210. In fractional numbers, spelled out, connect by a hyphen the numerator and the denominator, unless either already contains a hyphen: "The year is two-thirds gone"; four and five-sevenths; thirty-hundredths; but: thirty-one hundredths. But do not hyphenate in such cases as "One half of his fortune he bequeathed to his widow; the other, to charitable institutions." 211. In the case of two or more compound words occurring together, which have one of their component elements MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 75 in common, this element is frequently omitted from all but the last word, and its implication should be indicated by a hyphen : in English- and German-speaking countries; one-, five-, and ten-cent pieces; "If the student thinks to find this character where many a literary critic is searching in fifth- and tenth- century Europe he must not look outside of manuscript tra- dition." NOTE. Some writers regard this hyphen as an objectionable Teutonism. 212. A hyphen is used to indicate a prefix or a suffix, as a particle or syllable, not complete in itself: "The prefix a-"; "The German diminutive suffixes -chen and -lein." 213. A hyphen is employed to indicate the syllables of a word: di-a-gram, pho-tog-ra-phy. 214. Following is a list of words of everyday occurrence which should be hyphenated, and which do not fall under any of the above classifications: after-years cross-section man-of-war son-in-law bas-relief death-rate object-lesson subject-matter birth-rate folk-song page-proof thought-process blood-relations food-stuff pay-roll title-page coat-of-arms fountain-head poor-law wave-length common-sense guinea-pig post-office well-being cross-examine horse-power sea-level well-nigh cross-reference loan-word sense-perception will-power 76 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS DIVISIONS 215. Avoid all unnecessary divisions of words. Wherever consistent with good spacing, carry the whole word over into the next line. 216. Do not, in wide measures (20 ems or more), divide on a syllable of two letters, if possible to avoid it. Never carry over a syllable of two letters. Good spacing, however, is paramount. Words of four letters like on-ly should never be divided; words of five or six like oc-cur, of-fice, let-ter rarely. 217. Never let more than two consecutive lines termi- nate in a hyphen, if at all avoidable. The next to the last line in a paragraph ought not to end in a divided word; and the last line (the "breakline") should, in measures of 15 ems and up, contain at least four letters. Similarly, try to avoid a divided word at the bottom of a right-hand (recto) page. 218. Do not divide proper nouns, especially names of persons, unless absolutely necessary. 219. Do not separate (i.e., put in different lines) the initials of a name, or such combinations as A.D., P.M., etc. 220. Avoid the separation of a divisional mark, e.g., (a) or (i), in the middle of a sentence, from the section MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 77 which it precedes; i.e., do not allow such mark to fall at the end of a line, but carry it over with the matter to which it pertains. 221. Divide according to pronunciation (the American system), not according to derivation (the English system) : democ-racy,not: demo-cracy; knowl-edge, not: know-ledge; aurif-erous, not: auri-ferous; antip-odes (still better: antipo- des see 224), not: anti-podes. As far as is compatible with pronunciation and good spacing, however, divide compounds on etymologi- cal lines, or according to derivation and meaning: dis-pleasure is better than displeas-ure; school-master, than schoolmas-ter. Shun such monstrosities as Passo-ver, diso-bedience, une-ven, disa-bled. 222. When two consonants meet between vowels, and the syllable ends on one consonant, the division may properly be made between the consonants, the pronunciation determining the place of division: advan-tage, exces-sive, finan-cier, foun-da-tion, impor-tant, In-dian, moun-tain, profes-sor, struc-ture. 223. Do not terminate a line in a soft c or g y or in a j. Escape the division entirely, if possible; if not pos- sible, divide: pro-cess, not: proc-ess; ne-cessary, not: nec-essary; spa- cing, not: spac-ing (the rule being that in present parti- 78 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ciples the -ing should be carried over); pro-geny, not: prog-eny; pre-judice, not: prej-udice. NOTE. This rule differs from that followed by Webster and other dictionaries. 224. Divide on a vowel wherever practicable. In case a vowel alone forms a syllable in the middle of a word, run it into the first line: sepa-rate, not: sep-arate; particu-lar, not: partic-ular; criti-cism, not: crit-icism. Exceptions are words in -able and -ible, which should carry the vowel over into the next line: read-able, not: reada-ble; convert-ible, not: converti-ble. 225. In hyphenated nouns and adjectives avoid additional hyphens: object-lesson, not: object-les-son; fellow-being, not: fel- low-being; poverty-stricken, not: pov-erty-stricken, much less: pover-ty-stricken. 226. A coalition of two vowel-sounds into one (i.e., a diphthong) should be treated as one letter. There- fore do not divide: peo-ple (either syllable makes a bad division), Cae-sar (cf. 218), bu-ilding. 227. In derivatives from words ending in t, the /, in divisions, should be carried into the next line with the suffix if the accent has been shifted; if the deriva- tive has retained the accent of the parent-word, the / should be left in the first line : objec-tive (from ob'ject); defect-ive (from defect'); but: respec-tively, distinc-tive. MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 79 228. The addition of a plural 5, adding a new syllable to words ending in an s-sound, does not create a new excuse for dividing such words: hor-ses and circumstan-ces are impossible divisions. 229. Adjectives in -leal should be divided on the i: physi-cal, not phys-ical nor physic-al. 230. Do not divide nothing. 231. The following are condensed rules for dividing words in the foreign languages most frequently met with in proofreading. While, perhaps, not entirely comprehensive, they will be found to cover every ordinary contingency. FRENCH a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible, avoiding consonantal end- ing of syllables: in-di-vi-si-bi-li-te, a-che-ter; ta-bleau (not: tab-leau); ba-lancer (not: bal-ancer). b) Two consonants of which the second is / or r (but not the combinations rl, Ir), are both carried over to the following syllable: ta-bleau, e-cri-vain, per-dre, qua-tre; par-ler, hur-ler. c) There are as many syllables as there are vowels, even if soundless: par-lent, vic-toi-re, pro-pri-6-tai-re, guer-re, fil-les; So THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS but a mute e following a vowel does not form a syllable: 6-taient, joue-rai; and i , y, 0, ou, u, when preceding other vowels, are often sounded as consonants, and then do not form a syllable: bien, 6-tions, yeux, loin, fouet-ter, e-cuel-le. GERMAN a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: hii-ten, le-ben, Fa-brik. b) If several consonants stand between vowels, usually only the last is carried over: Rit-ter, klir-ren, Klemp-ner, Ver-wand-te, Karp-fen. c) sz, ch, sch, ph, st, th are never separated (but see /) below): Bu-sze, Be-cher, Ha-scher (but: Haus-chen), Geo-gra-phie, La-sten, Ma-thilde. d) If ck must be divided, it is separated into k-k: Deckel Dek-kel. e) In foreign words (Fremdworter) , combinations of bj d, gj k, p, t, with / or r are carried over: Pu-bli-kum, Me-trum, Hy-drant. /) Compound words are separated first into their component elements, and within each element the foregoing rules apply: Fursten-schlosz, Tiir-an-gel, Inter-esse. MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 8l ITALIAN a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: ta-vo-li-no, nar-ra-re. b) s before a consonant, r following a consonant, ch, gh, gli (g/), gn, qu, sc, cl, fl, gl, pi are never separated: ca-sti-ghi, a-vro, mi-glio-re, bi-so-gno, in-chi6-stro, u-scire. c) i=y and u=w go with the following vowel; ac, au, ei, eu, oi are not separated: mii, tu6i. SPANISH a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: ca-ra-co-les, re-ba-iio, fle-xi-bi-li-dad. b) ch, II, rr, and n, being regarded as simple con- sonants, follow the foregoing rule; cc and nn are divided, as in English: mu-cha-cho, ba-ta-lla, bu-116, ba-rre-no, ci-ga-rro; ac-ce-so, en-no-ble-cer, in-ne-ga-ble. c) The liquid consonants / and r, when preceded by any consonant other than s, must not be separated from that consonant, except in uniting parts of compound words: ha-blar, po-dria, ce-le-bra-ci-on, si-glo; but sub-lu-nar, sub-ra-yar, es-la-bon. d) Two separable consonants should be divided; s is always disjoined from a following consonant: cuer-da, chas-co, pron-to; has-ta, as-pi-rar, cons-pi-rar. 82 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS GREEK a) Single consonants, combinations of consonants which can begin a word, and mutes followed by p or v are placed at the beginning of a syllable : -X>> e-yw, e-ios, /u-Kpov, irpa- y/Aa-ros, yi-yva)-frKa>. Other combinations of consonants are divided: 7rpcur-(r, irap-a-yco. LATIN a) A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs (ae, au, oe, ei y eu, ui). b) When a single consonant occurs between two vowels, divide before the consonant: Cae-sar, me-ri-di-es. c) In the case of two or more consonants divide before the last consonant, except in the combina- tions: mute (p, ph, b, t, th, d, c, ch, g)+liquid (/, r), and qu or gu: om-nis, scrip-tus, cunc-tus (but: pa-tris, e-quus, lin-gua). d) Compound words are separated first into their component elements, and within each element the foregoing rules apply: ad-est, ab-rum-po, red-e-o, trans-i-go. MANUAL OF STYLE: FOOTNOTES 83 FOOTNOTES 232. For reference indices, as a rule, use superior figures. Only in special cases should asterisks, daggers, etc., be employed (see 234); for instance, in tabular or algebraic matter, where figures would be likely to cause confusion. Index figures in the text should be placed after the punctuation marks, without space, except in German, where they are placed inside: .... the niceties of style which were then invading Attic prose, 1 and which made .... 1 In particular the avoidance of hiatus. F^yt+yS-* , * Schenk's equation. When figures are not used, the sequence of indices should be: * ("asterisk" or "star"), f ("dagger"), J ("double dagger"), ("section mark"), || ("parallels"), H ("paragraph mark"). 233. Where references to the same work follow each other closely and uninterruptedly, use ibid, instead of repeating the title. This ibid, takes the place of as much of the previous reference as is repeated. Ibid, should, however, not ordinarily be used for the first footnote on a verso (left-hand) page; it is better usage either to repeat the title, if short, or to use loc. cit. (when reference is to entire citation) or op. cit. (when work only is cited). * Spencer, Principles of Sociology, chap. iv. 3 Ibid., chap. v. 3 Ibid. 4 Spencer, loc. cit. 84 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 234. Footnotes to tables, whether the tables are ruled or open, should be in 6-pt., and should invariably be placed at the foot of the table and not at the foot of the page. For reference indices in such cases use asterisks, etc., and not superior figures (see 232). 235. If the author's name is given in the text in connec- tion with a reference to, or a quotation from, his work, it should not be repeated in the footnote: .... This theory is questioned by Herbert, as follows: "I cannot admit . . . ," x : * Laws of Ihf Ancients, I, 153. 236. It is better to place the index figure in the text at the end of the quotation (see illustration above). 237. Ordinarily, omit "Vol.," "chap.," and "p." in references to particular passages. Use Roman numer- als (capitals) for Volume, Book, Part, and Division, except in reference to ancient, classical authors or works, when lower-case roman numerals should be used; Roman numerals (lower-case) for chapter and pages of introductory matter (Preface, etc.) ; and Arabic numerals for number (Heft) and text pages. Only when confusion would be liable to arise, or in exceptional cases, use " Vol.," "p.," etc., in connection with the numerals; but where the reference is to a page, unaccompanied by further details, the abbre- viation "p." or "pp." must of course be used. In MANUAL OF STYLE: FOOTNOTES 85 classical references use no comma between author's name and the title of his work; and no comma fol- lowing the title, unless "Vol.," "p.," or some kin- dred symbol is used. In all references to divisions of classical or ancient works, use periods in place of commas, reserving the comma to indicate a succes- sion (of pages, etc.) : i Miller, French Rev. (2d ed.; London: Abrahams, 1888), II, Part IV, iii. 3 S. I. Curtiss, "The Place of Sacrifice among Primitive Semites," Biblical World, XXI (1903), 248 ff. 3 P. 63; pp. 27-36. * Cicero De ojfLciis i. 133, 140. *De div. per sown, i, p. 463(1. The same practice prescribed for classical references is frequently desired by authors with respect to English references, and may with equal propriety be followed: i W. W. Greg Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama (London 1906) 114. 238. The date of publication in a reference to a periodical should immediately follow the volume number, and should be put in parentheses (see above illustration). 239. In work set on the linotype machine footnotes should be numbered consecutively through an article, in a journal, or through a chapter, in a book, to save 86 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS resetting in case of change (see "Hints to Authors and Editors," note under "Footnotes/' p. 114). NOTE. Exceptions to these rules are footnotes in the Botani- cal Gazette and the Astro physical Journal, which have adopted the following styles: Botanical Gazette 1 LIVINGSTON, B. E., (i) On the nature of the stimulus which causes the change in form of polymorphic green algae. EOT. GAZ. 30:280-317. 1900. a , (2) The heredity of sex. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 40:187-218. 1903. Astro physical Journal- 1 " Revision of Wolfs Sun-Spot Relative Numbers," Monthly Weather Review, 30, 171, 1902. a Astrophysical Journal, 10, 333, 1899. 3 Wolf, Astronomische Nachrichten, 189, 261, 1911. Botanical Gazette numbers its footnotes consecutively through- out an article; all the other journals of the University of Chicago Press number their footnotes from i up on each page, except that the Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures numbers them consecutively in special cases. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEXING 87 INDEXING 240. In indexes of proper names and other similar alphabetical lists the following rules should be observed: a) Names beginning with Mac, Me, or M', St., Ste., whether the following letter is capitalized or not, should be listed as if the prefix were spelled Mac, Saint, Sainte, thus making it unnecessary for one who consults the index to look in several places to make sure of finding the name sought: Machiavelli St. Louis Maclntyre, Henry Sainte Beuve Mclntyre, James Salt Lake City M'Intyre, Thomas Mack, Joseph b) Compound names should be listed under the first 'part of the name. List the other parts of the names in their respective alphabetical positions and give a cross-reference to the first: Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Lloyd-George, David Watts-Dimton, Theodore George, Lloyd-, David. See Lloyd-George. On the other hand, in the case of hyphenated names gratuitously adopted, as in the case of married women adding the maiden name to the married name, the name preceding the hyphen may be disregarded, and listing should be under 88 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS the letter of the true name, with a cross-reference under the name preceding the hyphen. c) Names with prefixes should be listed under the part following the prefix, except (i) in English (see b above); (ii) in French when the prefix consists of or contains the article; (iii) in Italian and Spanish when the prefix consists simply of the article; (iv) in Dutch, the "Van," "Ten," etc., being always capitalized (see 3, note); (v) when the prefix and the name are written as one word. Naturalized names with prefixes should be treated according to the rules for the language adopted. Hoffman, von; Lima, de; Ponte e Horto, da; Santos Pereira Jardin, dos. English: A Becket; De Quincey; De Morgan; D 'Israeli; MacDonald; Van Buren. French: DuMoncel; La Rochefoucauld; LeSage; DuPin; Du Bocage; but: Rosny, de; Bouille, de; Allard, de. Italian and Spanish: La Lumia; La Farina; Lo Gatto; but: Farina, da; Rio, del; Torre, della. Prefix compounded with the name: Vanderkinde, Zurlauben, Dechambre, Vanderhoeck, Delacroix. In the case of the exceptions above noted, the first letter of the prefix governs the alphabetical position of the name. d) Names spelled with the umlaut a, o, ii should be listed as if the umlaut were spelled out ae, oe, ue: Muller, A. Mufola, C. Muller, B. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEXING 89 e) Names having two parts, or names of firms, connected by "and," "&," "y" (Spanish), or "et" (French), "und" (German), "e" (Italian), should be listed according to the first letter of the name preceding the connective: Smith & Evans (under "S"); Gomez y Pineda (under "G"); Loubet et Meunier (under "L"); Duncker und Humblot (under "D"); Sandrone e Vallardi (under "S"). /) On the subject of cross-references see 62. 90 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TABULAR WORK 241. In n-pt. and lo-pt. matter open (unruled) tables should ordinarily be set in g-pt. leaded; ruled, in 8-pt. solid. In g-pt. matter both open and ruled tables should be set in 8-pt. solid. In 8-pt. matter open tables should be set in 6-pt. leaded; ruled, in 6-pt. solid. In 6-pt. matter both open and ruled tables should be set in 6-pt. solid. There is a growing practice of using different type in tables for columns representing totals, averages, percent- ages, and generalizations. For this purpose italic and black-face figures may be resorted to with propriety, to set off the various classes of results. 242. Captions for the columns of open tables and box- heads for ruled tables should ordinarily be set in 6-pt. In ruled tables with box-heads of several stories, the upper story primary heads should be set in caps and small caps, except where the second story consists of figures only (see p. 92); the lower secondary in caps and lower case. Wherever small caps are used in box-heads, the "stub" (i.e., first column) head should, as a rule, also be set in caps and small caps. 243. In ruled tables there should be at least two leads' space between the horizontal rules and the matter inclosed, and, if practicable, at least the equivalent MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK QI of an en quad, of the type in which the body of the table is set, between the perpendicular rules and the matter inclosed. 244. In open tables either periods, one em apart and aligned, or leaders, may be used between the col- umns (see 248). In ruled tables, in the "stub," leaders should usually be employed, if there is room. (A leader is a piece of type, having dots ["period leader"] or short lines ["hyphen leader"] upon its face, used in tables, indexes, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number.) 245. In columns of figures, to express a blank use leaders across the full width of the column. Center the figures in the column; if they cannot be put in the exact center, and there is an unequal number of digits in the groups, leave more space on the left than on the right. 246. When there is reading-matter in the columns of a ruled table, it should be centered, if possible; if any line runs over, use hanging indention, and align all on the left. 247. Double rules should be used at the top of all tables, but perpendicularly, as a usual thing, only when a table is doubled up on itself. 248. Tables of two columns only should be set as open; of three or more, as ruled. 92 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 249. "Table I," etc., in headlines of tables should ordi- narily be set in caps of the type in which the body of the table is set; the following (descriptive) line, if any, in caps and small caps of the same type. A single (descriptive) headline, not preceded by the number of the table, should be set in caps of the type in which the table is set. 250. Specimen tables for illustration: TABLE I SERIES OF HEADS OF BANDS IN THE SPECTRUM OF BARIUM FLUORIDE Series A B c I 2OIIZ O O 4.3O2 2 2OIQ7 8 O 4.4.1 U o4 7 06 3, . 1084.2 7 o 4.^62 jo C22 4 IQ7II 7 o 3^76^ l6 71 ^ e. . 19416. 2 O 3Q32 10 618 6 ICK3I.Q O 470 7 IQ TABLE II Continued SERIES C SERIES C m Nobs. N calc. m Nobs. ^Vcalc. o I7OQ4.8 1700? o 6 I7I24. 6 17 1 24. 7 I 100 6 100 8 7 128 3 128 4 2 106.4* 1 06. 3 8 . ... 131 7 131 7 112 2 III 4. 134. 6 134 7 4 116. ; Il6. 2 10 137 3 *O*' / 137 4 120 8 I2O 6 MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK 93 TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES STATES No. or FACTO- RIES NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Men Women Boys Girls Total Illinois 5 2 7 117 245 203 37 12,306 4,075 6,714 5,923 8,451 809 618 338 414 5" "5 79 35 2 3 5 13,253 4,777 7,087 6,337 8,994 Wisconsin Minnesota Michigan Indiana 26 6 Total 1,462 37469 2,690 255 34 40,448 Wedge o 5 10 IS cm. cm. cm. cm. Settings I43-I 145-5 158.3 187.1 Diaph. I over s 3 . 142.4 144-3 160.9 186.9 Diaph. 0.29 cm. over 143-0 142.2 143-8 144-9 144.2 159-6 159-3 184.8 186.2 wedge. Reading of pointer, with meter-stick touching 142 . 68 144-54 159-5* 186.25 cm. DISTRICT MEMBERS OF FAMILY GROUPS LODGERS TOTAL Number Percentage Number Percentage Stockyards . . . Jewish Bohemian .... Polish 6,348 813 1,183 12,657 2,249 73 79 95 9 6 73 2,383 220 56 574 835 27 21 5 4 27 8,73i 1,033 i,239 13,231 3,094 Italian 94 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TABLE V Date Readings Oct. 31, 10.50 A.M 65.5 Oct. 31, 2:15 P.M 65.5 NOV. I, 9:00 A.M 59.5 Nov. i, 3:00 P.M 57.8 Nov. i, 6:00 P.M 57.0 NOV. 2, 9:00 A.M 53.0 Nov. 2, 12:00 noon 53 - Nov. 3, 10:00 A.M 47.3 Nov. 3, 12:00 noon 46.5 Nov. 3, 3:15 P.M 45-5 Nov. 3, 6:15 P.M 44.5 Nov. 4, 9:00 A.M 40.5 Nov. 4, 12:00 noon 39.5 . Nov. 4, 3:00 P.M 38.5 TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS THE POINT SYSTEM 251. The point is the underlying unit of all typographical measures. 252. The standard of measurement is the pica. A pica is twelve points (one-sixth of an inch). This line is set in i2-pt. (pica). This line is set in n-pt. (small pica). This line is set in lo-pt. (long primer). This line is set in g-pt. (bourgeois}. This line is set in 8-pt. (brevier'). This line is set in 7-pt. (minion). This line is set in 6-pt. (nonpareil). This Hn e is set in s-pt. (pearl) . The sizes larger or smaller than these are seldom used in book composition. STYLES OF TYPE 253. Ordinary type is called roman. To "roman-quote" is to put in roman type between quotation marks. This line is set in roman. 254. Type with a sloping face is called italic or italics. Italic is indicated in manuscripts by a straight line under the word or words (see p. 123). This line is set in italics. 97 98 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 255. Type with a heavy black face is called bold face. Bold face is indicated by a wavy line (see p. 123). This line is set in bold face. 256. The body of a type is called the shank; the upper surface, bearing the character, the face; the part of the face projecting beyond the shank, the kern; the part of the shank projecting beyond the face, the shoulder. 257. A font, or complete assortment of a given size, of type includes large capitals ("caps"), small capitals (''small caps"), and lower-case letters (so called from being placed in the lower half of the printer's case). Caps are indicated by three straight lines; small caps, by two (see p. 123). THESE ARE CAPS OF p-PT. ROMAN. THESE ARE SMALL CAPS OF Q-PT. ROMAN. These are lower case of g-pt. roman. SPACING 258. The technical names for spaces and the methods of spacing depend on whether the "foundry" type (i.e., type set by hand) or machine-set type is in question. There are several makes of type-setting machines on the market, but of these the monotype (see 293) and the linotype (see 294) are in commonest use. 259. The monotype and linotype machines have come into such universal use that a few words regarding their respective systems of spacing are proper: MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 99 MONOTYPE In monotype composition the unit system instead of the pica system of measurement is used. There are 18 units in a quad, which, unlike the em quad of the foundry type for hand composition, is not a perfect square at the end. The standard space (see 261) is a 6-unit space=3~em space; a 5-unit space =4-em space; a 4-unit space = a little less than a 5-em space, and is the smallest space in use on the monotype machine. These are cast from matrices, and represent "fixed" spaces, i.e., un- varying in width. On the other hand, in the pro- cess of composition on the keyboard, the swelling, or justifying, space is used to fill out a line. When it is evident that another word or syllable cannot be set in a line, the keys indicating the proper space are struck by the operator, and all spaces in the line are spread equally to fill out the line, resulting in spaces which do not necessarily contain a specific number of units (see 293). LINOTYPE 260. On the linotype machine the pica system of meas- urement is used. There are three " fixed" spaces (see 261) : the em quad, the en quad, and the thin space, which is equal to a 4-em space. To spread the spaces, a space band is used; this band can spread a space to any size between a 3-em space and a space a trifle larger than an en quad. If a 100 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS space smaller than a thin space is required, it must be put in by hand (see 294). FOUNDRY TYPE (AND GENERAL) 261. An em, em quad, or simply quad (= quadrat) is a block of type the top of which forms a perfect square. A i2-pt. quad is thus a piece of metal one-sixth of an inch square at the ends. The term em is also used of the size of such a square in any given size of type as a unit of measurement. "Indent 8-pt. 2 ems" thus means that the line should be indented 16 points. An em dash is a dash the width of an em. Two- and three-em quads are multiples of the above, cast in one block of type-metal. Two- and three-em dashes are dashes the width of 2- and 3-em quads respectively. An en quad is half the size of an em quad in width. Thus an 8-pt. en quad is 4 points wide (thick) and 8 points long (deep). An en dash is a dash the width of an en quad. A three-em space is one-third of an em in thickness. This is also called a thick space, and is the standard space used to separate words. A four-em space is one-fourth of an em; a five-em space is one-fifth of an em. Four- and 5 -em spaces are also called middle and thin spaces. A hair-space is any space thinner than a 5-em. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS IOI This line is spaced with em quads. This line is spaced with en quads. This line is spaced with 3-em spaces. This line is spaced with 4-em spaces. This line is spaced with 5 -em spaces. The letters in this word are hair-spaced: America. This is a 3-em dash: This is a 2 -em dash: This is an em dash: This is an en dash: - 262. Space evenly. A standard line should have a 3-em space between all words not separated by other punctuation points than commas, and after commas; an en quad after semicolons, and colons followed by a lower-case letter; two 3-em spaces after colons followed by a capital; an em quad after periods, and exclamation and interrogation points, conclud- ing a sentence. 263. If necessary to reduce spacing in a line, begin with commas, and letters of slanting form i.e., with a large "shoulder" on the side adjoining the space; if necessary to increase, begin with overlapping let- ters i.e., with " kerns " protruding on the side adjoining the space straight-up-and-down letters, and points other than periods and commas (in this order). 264. In a well-spaced line, with a 3-em space between a majority of the words, there should not be more than an en quad between the rest; this proportion 102 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS should be maintained in increasing or reducing. To justify a line is to adjust it, making it even or true, by proper spacing. 265. Do not follow an exceptionally thin-spaced line with an exceptionally wide-spaced one, or vice versa, if at all avoidable. 266. Never hair-space, or em-quad, a line to avoid a run-over. 267. Do not space out the last line of a paragraph allowing of an indention of an em or more at the end. 268. Short words, like "a," "an," etc., should have the same space on each side. 269. Use a thin space after , If, and similar signs; before ".," "ff.," and the metric symbols: " 14. Be it further ordained . . . ."; pp. ioff.; i6cm. 270. In American and English sums of money no space is used between the symbols, $, and (pounds), s. (shillings) , and d. (pence) , and the numerals (an en leader is used for a decimal point) : $2.75; 1035. 2d; 10 C. 271. After Arabic and Roman numerals at the beginning of lines, denoting subsections, there should be an en quad. After Arabic and Roman numerals at the beginning of center-heads there should be an em quad. Small-cap headings should have an en quad between the words; cap-and-small-cap and cap headings, two 3-em spaces. ." MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 103 272. Scripture references should be spaced thus: II Cor. 1:16-20; 2:5 3:12. 273. Between letters forming products, and before superior figures or letters indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters, ordinarily no space should be used: INDENTATION (PRINTER'S TERM: INDENTION) 274. In measures of less than 10 picas' width, indent all sizes i em. In measures of from 10 to 20, indent n-pt, i em; io-pt., i; Q-pt., ij; 8-pt., i; 6-pt., 2. In measures of from 20 to 30, indent n-pt., ij ems; io-pt, ij; 9-pt., if; 8-pt., 2; 6-pt., 2j. This is for plain paragraphs. In hanging indentions, in measures of less than 10 picas, indent all sizes i em; from 10 to 20, n-pt., io-pt., 9-pt., and 8-pt., 1 1 ems; 6-pt., 2 ems; from 20 to 30, n-pt., io-pt., 9-pt., and 8-pt., 2 ems; 6-pt., 3 ems. 275. In poetry, center the longest line and let the inden- tion be governed by that; unless the longest line is of disproportionate length, in which case an average of the long lines should be struck, the idea being to give the whole a centered appearance. Where quotations from different poems, following each other in close succession, vary but slightly in length of verse lines, it is better to indent all alike. Indent according to rhymes and length of lines. In 104 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS blank verse, where the lines are approximately of the same length, they should be aligned. If con- secutive lines rhyme, they should likewise, as a rule, be aligned. If the rhymes alternate, or follow at certain intervals, indent the rhyming lines alike; that is, if, e.g., lines i and 3, and 2 and 4, rhyme, set the former flush in the measure previously determined by the longest line, and indent the latter (usually one em) ; follow this scheme in any similar arrangement. If any line is disproportionately short that is, con- tains a smaller number of feet indent it more: And blessed are the horny hands of toil ! The busy world shoves angrily aside The man who stands with arms akimbo set, Until occasion tells him what to do. I laugh at the lore and the pride of man, At the sophist schools and the learned clan; For what are they all, in their high conceit, When man in the bush with God may meet ? So nigh is grandeur to our dust, So near is God to man, When Duty whispers low, "Thou must," The youth replies, "I can." Not lightly fall Beyond recall The written scrolls a breath can float; The crowning fact, The kingliest act Of Freedom is the freeman's vote! MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 105 276. In ordinary reading-matter "plain paragraphs" are always preferable. Where it is desired to bring into relief the opening word or words of a paragraph, or the number introducing such paragraph, or where a center-head makes more than three lines, "hanging indention" is often employed (see 284). LEADS 277. A lead is a strip of metal used to separate lines of type. The ordinary (standard) lead is 2 points thick. Matter with leads between the lines is called leaded; without, solid. This book, for the most part, is set leaded. This paragraph, for illustration, and the Index are set solid. Nearly all books are leaded. 278. A slug is a strip of metal, thicker than a lead, used in the make-up of printed matter into pages, to be inserted after headlines, etc. The two standard sizes are 6 and 12 points (a nonpareil and a pica) thick, respectively. HEADS OR HEADINGS 279. A center-head is a headline placed at equal distances from both margins of the page or column. Center- heads are usually set in caps or in small caps. This is a center-head: SEC. VII. THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY When such center-head makes more than one line, either the (inverted) "pyramid" form (for two or io6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS three lines) or "hanging indention" (for more than three lines) is employed: ART EDUCATION FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, AS SHOWN AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, IN THE NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND IN ART SCHOOLS ON CERTAIN IMPLICATIONS OF POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE FORM AND DIMENSIONS OF THE SUN, AND SOME SUGGES- TIONS TOWARD EXPLAINING CERTAIN PHENOMENA OP VARIABLE STARS 280. A side-head is a headline placed at the side of the page or column. It may either be set in a separate line, in which case it is usually set flush that is, in alignment with the margin of the type-page; or run in that is, run together in a continuous line with the paragraph to which it belongs. The latter is the more common form. Side-heads are most frequently set in italics, only the first word and proper names being capitalized; sometimes in caps and small caps or in bold face (see 172): Side-head A side-head is a headline .... Side-head. A side-head is .... SIDE-HEAD. A side-head is .... Side-head A side-head is .... 281. A cut-in head is a head placed in a box cut into the side of the type-page, usually set in different type, and as a rule placed under the first two lines of the paragraph; MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 107 In making inquiry, therefore, into the value of fraternity life among the children, it is necessary to test it entirely in accordance with its power to contribute to the T f fl Up welfare of the school as a social whole. The Influence . ... school, being a social organization, has a right to demand that every individual contribute the best that is in him to the good of all. In making this contribution, it 282. A box-head is a head for a column in a ruled table (see 250). 283. A running-head is a headline placed at the top of each page of a book, etc., usually giving the main title of the work on the left-hand (verso) page, and the title of the chapter, or other subdivision, on the right-hand (recto) page. A good working rule for running-heads is to set them in roman or italic capitals two sizes (points) smaller than the type of the text. PARAGRAPHS 284. Two kinds of paragraphs are distinguished plain and hanging. A plain (or regular) paragraph has the first line indented, and the others set flush. A hanging paragraph ("hanging indention") has the first line set flush, and the others indented: * Human Nature and the Social Order. By CHARLES HORTON COOLEY. New York: Scribner, 1902. Pp. viii+4O4. In terms of his own thesis Dr. Cooley has transformed the social materials of his times into a personal product; his mind has reorganized and reproduced the suggested, etc. io8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS PROOFS 285. A galley -proof is an impression of the type contained in a long, shallow receptacle of metal, known as a galley, into which the compositor, the operator, or the casting-machine places the material as it is set, line by line. 286. A page-proof is an impression of the type material made up into page-form. 287. A plate-proof or foundry-proof is a proof taken of the type-page immediately before an electrotype cast is made of it. This proof has a black border around the pages, made by ink from the metal frame used to hold the type in place while the cast is being made. Most publications nowadays are printed from such plates, and not directly from the type. 288. A foul proof is a galley-proof containing author's corrections. 289. A revise is a new proof of type corrected from a marked proof. MAKE-UP 290. The arranging into page-form of type-lines is called the make-up. 291. A folio is a page-number. Even numbers are placed on the verso; odd, on the recto. A drop- folio is a page-number placed at the bottom of a page. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 109 292. A half-title or bastard title is the abbreviated title of a book placed on a separate page preceding the full title-page, or the title of a part, chapter, etc., preced- ing such part or chapter on a separate page in the body of the book. TYPESETTING MACHINES 293. The monotype named Lanston after the patentee is a composing-machine on which, by touching a key- board, perforations are made in strips of paper, which then are transferred to a second machine, where the matrices to which the perforations correspond are brought in contact with molten type-metal, the characters being cast separately and arranged auto- matically on a galley in justified lines (see 259). 294. The linotype named Mergenthaler after its in- ventor is a composing-machine on which, by touching a keyboard, the matrices from which the characters are cast arrange themselves automati- cally in lines in a receptacle, which then is brought in contact, on the same machine, with molten type- metal, through a mechanical device which liberates and arranges in order on a galley the stereotyped strips, called "slugs," each consisting of a line of type (see 260). APPENDIX HINTS TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts should be either typewritten or in a perfectly clear handwriting. The former is preferable. The sheets should be of uniform size; 9"Xn" is a desirable size. Only one side of the paper should be used. Never roll manuscripts; place them flat in a box or an envelope. The sheets should not be fastened together except by pins or clips, which can easily be removed. When one piece of a page is to be fastened to another, use mucilage, not pins. Pins often become unfastened and the slips lost or misplaced. Liberal margins should be left at the top and left- hand side of the sheets. This space will be needed by the reader or printer for directions. The pages should be numbered consecutively. Inserted and omitted pages should be clearly indicated. Thus, sheets to be inserted after p. 4 should be marked "4A," "46," etc.; sheets omitted between p. 4 and p. 8 should be indicated by numbering p. 4, "4-7." Additions to original pages should be placed after the sheets to which they belong, and should be marked "Insert A," "Insert B," etc. The places where they are 113 H4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS to be inserted should be indicated by writing, "Here insert A," etc., on the margin of the original pages. PARAGRAPHS Paragraphs should be plainly indicated, either by indenting the first line or by a ^f mark. FOOTNOTES Footnotes should be clearly designated, either by separating them from the text by running a line across the page, or by using ink of different color. Some writers make a perpendicular fold in the paper, using two- thirds of the space for the text and one- third for the notes. The word in the text carrying the note should be followed by a superior figure corresponding to that preceding the note. Footnotes should never be run into the text in manu- scripts, whether in parentheses or otherwise. NOTE. It is important to remember that in matter set on the linotype machine the slightest change necessitates the resetting of the whole line. Since it is impossible to foresee how the notes will happen to come out in the make-up, it is impracticable to number them from i up on each page. The best way is to number them consecutively through- out an article or by chapters in a book; bearing in mind, however, the very essential point that the change, by omission or addition, of one single number involves the resetting of the whole first line of each succeeding note to the end of the series, as well as the line in the text bearing the reference to the note. This difficulty is not met with in matter set on the monotype machine or by hand, where the change of a number amounts simply to substituting one figure for another. HINTS TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS 115 PROPER NAMES, ETC. Proper names, foreign words, and figures should, in handwritten manuscript, be written with the utmost care and distinctness. TITLE-PAGES, ETC. Copy for title-pages, prefaces, tables of contents, etc., should be submitted with the manuscript. Copy for indexes should be compiled from the special set of page- proofs furnished for this purpose, and promptly delivered to the printers. Unnecessary delay is often caused by postponing these details till the last minute. READING OF PROOFS Read and return your proofs promptly. In marking proof-sheets, use the standard proofreaders' marks (see p. 1 23) . Do not adopt a system of your own, which, however plain it may seem to you, might appear less so to the compositor. Be careful to answer all queries in the proofs. Delays and errors often result from not attending to them. Remember that changes in the type cost money. The omission or addition of a word in the middle of a para- graph may necessitate resetting the whole of this from that point on; and if such alteration is made in the page- proof, it may further involve repaging the entire article or chapter. Make your manuscript as perfect as possible before delivering it to the printer. Any necessary altera- tions should be made in the galley-proof, as each succeed- Ii6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ing stage will add to the cost. Corrections in plates should be studiously avoided. Not only are they expensive, but they are likely to injure the plates. The original manuscript should in each instance be returned with the galley-proof, in order that the proof- reader may refer to it, should any question arise; and each successive set of proofs returned should be accom- panied by the previous marked set. This will assist in calculating the cost of alterations properly chargeable to you. HINTS TO PROOFREADERS 117 HINTS TO PROOFREADERS Read everything as if you yourself were the author. Be particularly careful about proper names and figures. If the copy is not perfectly clear, or if you have reason to doubt its correctness, look it up, or query it to the author. In asking questions of authors or editors, make your point clear. A simple query is often not enough to draw attention to the particular point you have in mind. Queries in the manuscript should be transferred to the proof, or attention should be directed in the proof to the queries made by the copy-reader in the manuscript. Be discreet about your queries. Do not stultify your- self and discredit the office by asking foolish questions on the proof. The author will be thankful for any sensible suggestion you may make, but will resent trivial criticisms. Make a study of the "personal equation" in the case of those individuals (editors and others) with whom you as a proofreader will constantly have to deal. One person may expect of you as a matter of course what another might regard as an unwarranted interference. Never hesitate to correct anything that is palpably wrong, however positively the copy may assert the con- trary. Remember that the blame for the error will eventually be laid at your door, and justly so. Do not follow copy blindly, unreasoningly. Follow copy only when, and as far as, it is correct. Whether or n8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS not it is correct, you are the judge. Such an excuse as, "I thought the copy was edited"; or, "I thought the author knew what he wanted," is no excuse at all. Do not ask authors or editors to decide questions of style. The Manual of Style is primarily meant for you. Learn its rules so that you may correct any violation of them you may come upon, without asking questions. Do not fall into the fallacy that the author's or editor's O.K. relieves you of all or any part of your responsibility. Authors and editors depend on the proofreader to see to it that the typographical requirements have been met, and that the adopted style has been adhered to, and affix their signatures only on that supposition. Do not shield yourself behind your copyholder. The copyholder is there to assist you, not to tell you how to do things. If you think you have cause to doubt her version of a matter, investigate for yourself. Do not suggest to the copyholder the reading of a word or phrase which she has difficulty in making out from the manuscript. If she cannot decipher the manuscript, remember that you are the arbiter, and not the compositor. Do not permit yourself to be stampeded. Cultivate speed, but remember that accuracy is even more impor- tant. If the necessary time is not given you, take it within reasonable limits in order to do things right. The credit accruing to you from doing things absolutely right is likely to outlast the displeasure at your lack of dispatch. In unavoidable cases of "rush," where conditions and HINTS TO PROOFREADERS IIQ orders are imperative, protect yourself by letting it be understood that you have done your best in the time allot- ted you, but that you must disclaim any further responsi- bility.. Put your initial at the top of every galley you read or revise. This will save time in tracing proofs, and insure the giving of credit where it belongs. 120 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS HINTS TO COPYHOLDERS Cultivate a low, soft, clear reading-voice. Only your own proofreader has to hear you. Remember that, from the proofreader's point of view, the small words are as essential as the big ones. Get them all in and get them in right. Enunciate your plural s's distinctly. Do not get offended when your reader asks you to repeat, or to look at the copy for himself. Regulate and equalize your speed. Do not race at a break-neck pace through typewritten copy, while you thread your path fumblingly through the mazes of manu- script. Do not keep guessing at a word. Look at it closely, consider the context, and do not speak it until you have made it out or at least made the very best guess of which you are capable. Sit at right angles to your reader, if possible. He hears you better, and you can watch his hand better, if you do. Give your reader a chance to make his corrections. Slow up the moment he puts his pencil to the paper. This will save you going over the same ground twice. Evolve your own system of signals. Do not, for instance, waste time by saying "in italics" for every word or letter so treated. Instead, raise your voice, or tap HINTS TO COPYHOLDERS 121 the table with your pencil once for each word, or both. Such a code need not be intelligible to others than your- self and your reader. Do not waste time over matters of style. The proof- reader is supposed to know the rules without your telling him; for instance, what titles are to be set in italics, and what roman-quoted. Be careful in transferring marks. A mark in the wrong place means two errors uncorrected in place of one cor- rected. In sending out proofs, see that everything is there. Arrange the copy and proof-sheets neatly and consecu- tively. Never send out proofs without consulting the job ticket for the number wanted, and the name and address of the person to whom they are to be sent. The manuscript should accompany the galley-proof; the foul proof (author's marked galley-proof) should accompany the page-proof. In case no galley-proof has been sent, the manuscript should accompany the page- proof. Indicate in the lower left-hand corner the contents of all the envelopes you address. Fasten your pins in the center at the top, not diago- nally in the left-hand corner, thus covering up the direc- tions, etc., often written there. Return every evening to the file or the bookcase any volume that may have been taken out for reference during the day. 122 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Remember that you are the housekeeper of the proof- room, and take pride in its neat and orderly appearance. Keeping the records, files, etc., naturally devolves upon you. Perfect your system so that everything can be located at a moment's notice. The more of that kind of work you do without being asked, and the better you do it, the more you will be appreciated. PROOFREADER'S MARKS 5> Dele, or delete: take# out. 9 Letter reversed turn. # Put ii^pace. O Clo^e up no space. VA Bad^spacing^space^nore.evenly. **>f Wro^g font: character of wrong size or style. *>v Transp@e. ^ake a new paragraph. D ^ndent; or, put in an em-quad space. C C Carry to the left. 3 Cjrry to the right. n 'Elevate. X Imperfect type correct. vb Space showsjbetween words push down. ^ ^tr^ighte 11 crooked line. II iz: HStraighten aliggjnent. Restore orjetain words crossed out. Print (e^, fi, etc.) as a ligature. Words are omitted from, or in,xopy. Query to author: Is this correct? Put in.caDitatQ. **> Put in SMALL CAPITALS. ^ c/ Put in LOWER CACE. Kflrm ' Put in *em&n type. **& Put in iteUe type. -W Put in bold face type. -K/VWWUW/* J r 123 INDEXES INDEX TO MANUAL [The numbers, unless otherwise indicated, refer to sections] "A" and "an": use of, before h and , 114; spacing of, 268. "a-" (negative particle), compounds with, 205. Abbreviations: in literary references, no, 237 (cf. 37); no space between elements of, 52, 103; not to be divided, 219; of academic titles, 22; of biblical and apocryphal books, list of, 109; of names of states, 106; of titles of publications, omission of period after initials used for, 123; rules for, 106-11; use of apos- trophe in, 123; of period after, 123. "-able" and "-ible," in divisions, 224. Academic degrees, abbreviation and capi- talization Of, 21-22. Accents, retention of, in foreign words incorporated into English, 59. Acquired, limited, or special meaning, words having, capitalization of, 25. Acts, juridical, capitalization of names of, 18. A.D. (anno Domini): spacing of, 52, 219; use of small caps for, 52. Address, capitalization of titles in direct, 21. Address line: at end of letters, etc., how to set, 50; at opening of letters, etc., how to set, 64; omission of comma after, 161. Addresses, titles of : capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Adjectives: capitalization of, in titles of publications, 41; compound, 183; capitalization of, derived from proper nouns, i; ending in "-ical," how to divide, 229; omission of comma between two, 147; proper, capitalization of, i (cf. 5, S3)- Administrative bodies, capitalization of names of, 12. Adverbial clauses, 150. Adverbs: capitalization of, in titles of publications, 41; ending in "-ly," not to be hyphenated with adjectives or par- ticiples, 183; use of comma in connec- tion with, 145. te, rules for use of, 115. Ages: historical, linguistic, and geological, capitalization of, 14; to be spelled out, 99. Algebraic formulae: letters used to desig- nate unknown quantities in, 67; spacing of, 273. Alignment, quotation marks to be "cleared" in, 90. Alliances, political, capitalization of names of, 16. Alphabetizing of names, rules for, 240. A.M. (ante meridiem); 52,219; use of small caps for, 52. American system of divisions, 221. "Ampersand": definition of, 107; when used, 107. And: "short," 107; when to use comma before, 143. Anglicized derivatives from Latin and Greek, form of diphthongs at and ct in, us. "Angstrom units," abbreviation for, 23, in. "Ante," compounds with, 208. "Anti," compounds with, 208. Antithetical clauses, 149. Apocrypha: list of abbreviations for, 109; titles of, to be set in roman, 60. Apostles, omission of "St." in connection with names of, 108. Apostrophe: rules for use of, 163-65; use of, in abbreviations, 123; to form plural of numerals, 165; to form pos- sessive, 164 (cf. 113); to mark omis- sion of figures or letters, 163 (cf. 123). Appositional clauses, 150. Arabic numerals, spacing of, at beginning of lines, 271; in headlines, spacing of, 271. Art, titles of works of, to be roman- quoted, 84. Article: definite, not to be used in connec- tion with "Rev." and "Hon.," 92; not to be treated as part of title of peri- odicals, 41 ; indefinite, form of, before eu, sounded h, "one " etc and long , 114. 127 128 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Articles, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Artificial noun-formations, plural of, 165. Artistic schools, capitalization of names of, 9. "As follows," use of colon in connection with, 132. Asterisk, use of, for footnote index, 232. Astronomical terms: capitalization of, 48; use of italics for, 71. Astrophysical Journal: connecting num- bers in, 173, note; metric symbols in, 123, note; style for footnotes in, 239, note; use of comma with figures in, 159, note. Authors: hints to, pp. 113-16; names of, if in text, not repeated in footnotes, 235. Averages and generalizations, columns of, in tables, sometimes in distinctive type, 241. Bastard title. See Half-title. B.C. ("before Christ"): spacing of, 52, 219; use of small caps for, 52; hundreds to be repeated with, 173. "Bi-," compounds with, 197. Bible: books of, abbreviations for, 109; capitalization of names for, 29; titles of books of, to be capitalized, 31; to be set in roman, 60; versions of, abbrevia- tions for, 109; capitalized, 30. Biblical: books, abbreviations for, 109, and capitalization of names of, 31; parables, capitalization of, 32; terms, miscellaneous, capitalization of, 33. Bills, legisktive, capitalization of, 18. Biological terms, use of capitals in, 46. Black face. See Bold-face type. Blank verse, indention of, 275. Blanks, use of leaders for, in columns of figures, 245. Blocks, capitalization of names of, 8. Bodies: legislative, judiciary, and admin- istrative, capitalization of names of, 12; military, numbers of, to be spelled out, 100. Bold-face type: defined, 255; how indi- cated, 255. "Book," compounds of, 186. Books: biblical, abbreviation of, 109, and capitalization of, 31; capitalization of titles of, 41; italics for titles of, 60. Botanical Gazette: exception to rule for capitalization of titles of publications in, 41, note; to hyphenization of com- pounds of "co-," etc., 203, note; to rule for italics, 60, note; to rule for quotation marks, 82, note; metric symbols in, 123, note; footnotes in, 239, note; thou- sands in, 159, note. Botanical terms: use of capitals in, 46; of italics, 46, 71. Bourgeois, explained, 252. Box-heads: defined, 282; how to set, 242, illustrated, 250; omission of period after, 125; use of capitals in, 41. Brackets, rules for use of, 178-79. Break, or change, in sentence, to be indi- cated by dash, 166. Breakline: defined, 217; spacing of, 267. Brevier, explained, 252. "Brother," compounds of, 190. "Brothers," forming part of name of firm, 107. Buildings, capitalization of names of, 8. But-clauses, use of comma in connection with, 144. "By-," compounds with, 202. C, soft, do not divide on, 223. Capitalization: of abbreviations of aca- demic degrees, etc., 22; of adjectives derived from proper nouns, i; of adjectives and nouns designating defi- nite geographical regions, 5; of books of the Bible, 31; of conventions, con- gresses, expositions, etc., 17; of creeds and confessions of faith, 19; of Egyptian dynasties, 13; of epithets, used as proper names, 2; of exclamations "O" and "Oh," 40, 117; of feast-days, 20; of geographical names, 4-5; of geological epochs, 14, 46; of governmental depart- ments, 12; of historical epochs, 14; of important events, 15; of legisktive, judiciary, and administrative bodies, 12; of linguistic and literary periods, 14, 123; of miscellaneous terms, 33; of miscellaneous historical terms, 9, 16; of monastic orders, 10; of names for the Bible, 29; of names of regiments, 13; of names and epithets of peoples, races, and tribes, 47; of names of bodies of solar system, 48; of "nature," etc., and abstract ideas, personified, 26; of nouns and adjectives used to designate the Supreme Being, or any member of the Trinity, 24; of organizations and insti- tutions, 11-12; of particles (in French, MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX 129 Dutch, German names), 3; of philo- sophical, literary, and artistic schools, 9; of political alliances, 16; of political divisions, 6-7; of political parties, g, 16; of pronouns referring to the Supreme Being, 24; of proper nouns and adjec- tives, i, 5, 53; of regions or parts of world, 5; of terms applied to groups of states, 5 ; of religious denominations, 9; of sessions of Congress, 13; of thorough- fares, parks, squares, blocks, buildings, etc., 8; of titles, academic degrees, orders (decorations), etc., 21 (cf. 49); of titles of publications, 41; of treaties, acts, laws, bills, etc., 18; of versions of the Bible, 30; of words with an ac- quired, limited, or special meaning, 25; verbs derived from proper names not capitalized, i; rules for, 1-57; word lists, 4. Capitals: how indicated, 257; rules for use of, 1-49. Capitals and small capitals, rules for use of, 50, 51. Caps. See Capitals. Catalogues, designation of celestial ob- jects in, 71. Center-heads: defined, 279; illustrated, 279; use of capitals in, 41. " Centigrade," abbreviation for, in. Centuries, numbers of, to be spelled out, too. Cf., to be set in roman, 61. Chapters, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Chemical symbols, how to treat, 71, 123. Christian names, to be spelled out, 93. "Church," when capitalized, 28. Church fathers: omission of "St." hi con- nection with names of, 108; when capi- talized, 27. Citations: from different authors follow- ing each other uninterrupted by any intervening original matter, 75; of pas- sages in author's own words, 74 (cf. 85); rules for reduction of, 85-87; for punctuation of, 112. Civil titles, capitalization of, 21. Classical references, rules for punctuation, 237. Clauses: adverbial, 150; antithetical, 149; appositional, 150; complementary, 169; conjunctive, 144; parenthetical, 150, 167, 169, 177; participial, 148; summarizing, 170. "Cleared," definition of, 90. "Co-," compounds with, 203. Colon: definition and illustration of use of, 131; rules for use of, 131-36; use of, after salutatory phrase at beginning of letters, 133; between place of publi- cation and publisher's name, 135; in connection with introductory remarks of speaker, 133; to emphasize close connection between two clauses, 131; to introduce statement, extract, etc., 131; to separate chapter and verse in Scripture passages, 134; clause from illustration or amplification, 131; hours and minutes in time-indications, 134. Columns of figures, spacing of, 245. Combination of words into one adjective preceding noun, use of hyphen for, 183. Comma: definition and illustrations of use of, 141; omission of, between two adjectives, 147; in signatures and after author's name at beginning of articles, 161; use of, after digits indicating thousands, 159; before "and," "or," and "nor," 143; before "of" in con- nection with residence or position, 157; omission of, between consecutive pages, etc., 158; between month and year, 160; in connection with adjectival phrases, 152; omitted before "rather," 146; with adverbial clauses, 150; with anti- thetical clauses, 149; with appositional clauses, 150; with brief quotations or maxims, 156; with clauses ending in different prepositions, 153; with con- junctions, 144; with conjunctions, ad- verbs, connective particles, and phrases, 145; with parenthetical clauses, 150; with participial clauses, 148; to indicate omissions, 155; to separate identical, or similar, words, 151; to separate num- bers, 154; to separate proper nouns, 142; rules for use of, 141-62. Commercial: firms, how to treat titles of, 107; organizations and institutions, capitalization of names of, n. "Company," to be abbreviated when forming part of name of firm, 107. Complementary clauses, use of dashes in connection with, 169. Component elements, omission of, in com- pound words, 211. Compound adjectives, 183. Compound words, etymological division of, when followed, 221; omission of 130 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS element common to two or more, to be indicated by hyphen, 211. Compounds: hyphenated, capitalization of nouns constituting parts of, in titles, 45; of "book," "house," "mill," "room," "shop," "work," 186; of "father," "mother," "brother," "sister," "daughter," "parent," and "foster," 190; of "fellow," 189; of "god," 195; of "half," "quarter," etc., 196; of "life" and "world," 192; of "maker" and "dealer," 187; of "master," 194; of present participles with nouns or prepositions, 185; of "self," 198; of "skin," 193; of "store," 188; with "ante," "anti," "inter," "intra," "post," "sub," and "super," 208; with "by-," 202; with "co-," "pre-," and "re-," 203; with "extra." "infra," "pan," "supra," and "ultra," 209; with "fold," 199; with "great," in lines of descent, 191; with "like," 200; with negative particles "un-," "in-," and "a-," 205; with "non-," 205; with "over" and "under," 207; with "quasi-," 206; with "semi-," "demi-," "tri-," "bi-," etc., 197; with "vice," "ex-," "elect," "general," and "lieuten- ant," in titles, 201. Confessions of faith, capitalization of names of, 19. Congress: capitalization of names of houses of, 12; of sessions of, 13; mem- bers of, to be lower-cased, 21; numbers of sessions of, to be spelled out, 100. Congresses, capitalization of names of, 17. Conjunctions, use of comma in connection with, 145. Connective particles, use of comma in connection with, 145. "Continued": after headlines, to be set in italics, 73; at end of articles, etc., to be placed between brackets, and in reduced type, 179. Contraction of word, use of apostrophe in, 163. Conventions, capitalization of names of, 1 7. Copyholders, hints to, pp. 120-22. Creeds, capitalization of names of, 19. Cut-in-heads: defined and illustrated, 281; omission of period after, 125; use of capitals in, 41. Cycles of poems, titles of: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be itali- cized, 60. "Czar," when capitalized, 21. Dagger, use of, for footnote index, 232 Danish titles of publications, use of capi- tals in, 42. Dashes : definition and illustrations of use of, 1 66; different sizes of, explained, 261; illustrated, 261: rules for use of, 166-75; use of, at end of word or phrase implied at beginning of each of succeed- ing paragraphs, 171; for emphasis, 168; in connection with literary references, 174; with other points, 175; with parenthetical clauses, 168-69; with complementary clauses, 169; to connect numbers, 173; to denote break, stop, transition, or change in sentence, 166; to precede summarizing clauses, 170. Dates: hundreds repeated, when and when not, 173; of publications, to follow volume numbers in references to periodi- cals, 237; st, d, and th to be omitted from, 102; use of comma between month and year in, 160. "Daughter," compounds of, 190. "De," rule for treatment of, 240. "Dealer," compounds of, 187. Decades, references to, to be spelled out, 101. Decorations, capitalization of names of, 21. Degrees, academic, abbreviation and capi- talization of, 21-22. "Demi-," compounds with, 197. Denominations, religious, capitalization of names of, 9. Departments: governmental, capitaliza- tion of names of, 12; of University of Chicago, 49. Derivation, division according to, to be avoided, 221. Derivatives: from Greek and Latin, 115; from proper names, 53; English, from scientific names not capitalized, 46; from words ending in /, how to divide, 227. Diagrams, letters referring to, 68. Digraphs. See Ligature. Diphthongs, to be treated as one letter in divisions, 226. Divided word to be avoided: at end of next to last line of paragraph, 217; at bottom of recto page, 217. Division of words: rules for, 215-31; systems of, 221; use of hyphen to indi- cate, 182; avoidance of unnecessary, 215; on two letters, to be avoided, 216; of foreign words, 231. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX Divisional mark in middle of sentences, not to be put at end of line, 220. Divisions of publications, titles of: capi- talization of principal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Divisions, political: capitalization of names of, 6-7; numbered, to be spelled out, 100. Divisions of the University of Chicago, capitalization of names of, 49- Documents, titles of: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60 (cf. 18). Double dagger, use of, for footnote index, 232. Double rules, use of, in tables, 247. Doubt, use of interrogation point to ex- press, 129. Drop-folio, denned, 201. Dutch names, capitalizing of "Van" and "Ten" in, 3; indexing of, 240; titles of publications, use of capitals in, 42. Dynasties, Egyptian: capitalization of names of, 13; to be spelled out, 100. Editors, hints to, pp. 113-16. Educational organizations and institu- tions, capitalization of names of, u. E.g., to be set in roman, 61. "Elect," suffixed to titles, 201. Ellipses: rules for use of, 180-81; to be treated as part of quotation, 88, 181; use of, to indicate omissions, 180. Em, defined, 261. Em dash: defined, 261; illustrated, 261; use of, for "to" in time-indications, 173- Emphasis: use of dashes for, 168; of exclamation points, 127; of italics, 58. Em quad, defined, 261; illustrated, 261. En dash: defined, 261; illustrated, 261; use of, instead of comma between con- secutive pages in literary references, 158 (cf. 173); instead of hyphen, in com- pounds, 183; for "to" connecting two words or figures, 173. English: equivalent of foreign word or phrase, to be quoted, 78; system of division, 221; titles of publications, use of capitals in, 41. En quad: defined, 261; illustrated, 261. Enumerations, use of parentheses in con- nection with letters or figures used to indicate subdivisions in, 176. Epigrammatic turn, use of dash to indi- cate, 166. Epithets, capitalized, when used as proper names, 2. Epochs, historical and geological, capitali- zation of names of, 14. Equivalent, English, of word or phrase from foreign language, to be roman- quoted, 78. Errata, for and read italicized in, 62. Essays, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Etc.: use of comma before, 143; when to be treated as part of quotation, 88. Etymology, division according to (Eng- lish system), 221. eu, form of indefinite article before, 114. Even spacing, importance of, 265. Events, important historical, capitaliza- tion of names of, 15. "Ex-," prefixed to titles, 201. Exclamation point, rules for use of, 127- 28. Exclamatory "Oh," 117. Explanation: of technical terms, 251-94; use of brackets for, 178. Expositions, capitalization of names of, 17. "Extra," compounds with, 209. Extracts, rules for punctuation of, 112. F., ff. (= "following"): spacing of, 269, use of, no. Face, defined, 256. "Fahrenheit," abbreviation for, in. "Farther" and "further," differentiation of, 116. "Father": compounds of, 190; when capitalized, 27. Feast days, capitalization of names of, 20. "Fellow," compounds of, 189. Figures: columns of, in tables, 245; rules for use of, 94-98. Figures (illustrations) in text, letters re- ferring to, 68. Firms, names of commercial: abbrevia- tion of, 107; capitalization of, n. First words: after a colon, when capital- ized, 35; following "Whereas" and "Resolved" in resolutions, capitali- zation of, 39; in sections of enumera- tion, when capitalized, 36; in titles of publications, capitalization of, 41; of citations, when capitalized, 38 (cf. 131); 132 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS of lines of poetry, capitalization of, 34; of quotations, when lower-case is used for, 57 (cf. 131); of sentences, capitali- zation of, 34. Five-em space, denned, 261. "Flush," defined, 280. "Fold," combinations with, 199. Folio, denned, 291. Font, defined, 257. Footnotes: exceptions to general style for, 237, 239, note; general style for, 237; indices for references to, 232; number- ing of, 239; placing of index figure, 236; rules for, 232-39; samples of, 237; to tables, 234. Foreign institutions and organizations, capitalization of titles of, n. Foreign languages: division of words in, 231; English translation accompany- ing word, phrase, or passage cited from, to be quoted, 78; sentences and passages quoted from, how to treat, 59, 85; words and phrases from, use of italics for, 9; words and phrases borrowed from, in- corporated into English, how to treat, 59- Foreign titles of publications, capitaliza- tion of, 42. "Format" of books (410, 8vo, etc.), not to be treated as abbreviations, 123. Formulae, spacing of, 273. "Fort," to be spelled out, 104. "Foster," compounds of, 190. Foul proof, defined, 288. Foundry-proof, defined, 287. Four-em space, defined, 261. Fractions, use of hyphen in, 210. French: titles of publications, use of capi- tals in, 42; use of ligatures a or p e J 3 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE MODERN ELEVEN POINT NO. SIXTY-FIVE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in govern- ment, in language, in traditions, would now be directed [Leaded] by the will of one people, by the influence of one sys- tem of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire NOT UNLIKE THAT OF ROME; FOR THE CON- QUEST OF THE WEST WOULD HAVE BEEN 1234567890 no difficult matter to Alexander, with 1234567890 AEIOU AliJtOU AfilOU AElOt AfilOtt AfilOtJ AEIOU AEltfU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU aeiou & r r t&e tf 1234507890 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 47 BOOKMAN OLD STYLE TWELVE POINT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the pre- dominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. [Leaded] When Alexander was yet a young man, return- ing from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show AGAINST THE YOUNGER AND FEES Rj> r y 8fe f 1234567890 48 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS PORSON GREEK SIX POINT TaSe Se /uioc jravrw?, e(/rj, Kpoccre, Ae'ov niag airopefaice TO. fit TOV ev AeA' aV, a> Kupe, OUTCO? ex*"' ' vui' 5e irai/ra Tav rrai'v yap jrap<5ofa Ae'yeis. 'On irpiToi/ JACV, e<^ij, aficA^aa?, epwraf TOJ/ Oebi> el TI eSeo- ptT/i', an-en-etpuiaTji' avrou et fiwvairo aATj0evei'. EIGHT POINT Td5e 5^ /icot irdvTWS, fi), K/JOt?;, K/ootcre, \el~ov TTot9 xprja-rrjpiov crol yap Srj \eyercu irdvv ye redepcnrevcrOai 6 'ATroXXeoz/ /cat ae Trdvra efceivw ireiQo- pevov TTpdrTetv. 'EySouXo'ft^^ a^, ^ KO/se, ouTft)9 t C <7 TWELVE POINT TaSe 8e ju-ot Trdvra)*;, rj, Kpottrc, \4ov 7ro>5 a?ro- r)K ra K TOV e 819 Xeyerai TTCLI/U ye TeOepaTrevcrOai 6 'ATrdXXwi^ KCU TTpOLTTf.IV. SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 49 ANTIQUE GREEK EIGHT POINT Td8c S< fiot irdvTws, t^, Kpotcre, X^jov -rrus dirop^T)K rd IK TOV ev At\4>o Is XP T I C7 " TT 1P' OV ' ^o^ "Y^-P &*1 Xfycrcu irdw -yc rcOepaircwrdai 6 'A-n-6\\wv KCU ere irdvra Kivu> irei.06fivov irpdrrciv. 'Epov\6|XT]v av, u TWS X 6lv * v ^ v ^* irdvTa rdvavrta tv0vs l| dp\fjs irpdrrwy irpov Kai cr irdiTa Kivco irpdTTtv. ' EpouXdii-qv av, a> Ki)p, OUTCOS INSCRIPTION GREEK QPAMMATEY^ANTAKAITHCIAO^EBA^TOY HEBREW SIX POINT n^ ngrai nj3Dn nrib tb^n 1 ? -fW "137"]? nb'bo ^tp t nnb tn^pi EBtM p*j| bjisrj noitt nnpb : j-ihDT ngb aoi^, D?n r&w. :nsrai njj nybb f man* n^n NINE POINT a^ pis baton lora rinpb :nrn ^a nsr V ^V A" : ~ _i~ ' *~TV IT* y" ; I * T I nsbb' rrau o^risb nnb ; : AT :T _i- THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS NESTORIAN SYRIAC NINE POINT ' V . V V . . - . "7 V ' ' \ ,^o l^aUoa 1 *"** - ARABIC NINE POINT Liti $*>, iJU! JU JLJ jJ r lit. *J** ss's' ETHIOPIC NINE POINT : m,*'! : X ; j&rt-rtii : ^n)(Vn : o^ftt : H-fr U7-C : a>hX ^ft : X1H : t : A"7.f t : : hCfttft : C : OJ-Xt i HI ; AflX : hcn> : ^^-^1 : rt-rt* : n> q J SEVEN POINT FIVE POINT = + - -- X ' ' " # TWELVE POINT O / " % f f f J J V V V V 52 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CASLON OLD STYLE EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks like 1234 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE TWENTY-TWO POINT When thoughtful Greeks 5678 THE FIRST TIME THAT TWENTY-FOUR POINT When thoughtful Gr 9012 THE FIRST TIME TH THIRTY POINT When thoughtful 3456 THE FIRST TIME T THIRTY-SIX POINT When thoug 7890 THE FIRST TIM SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 53 CASLON OLD STYLE FORTY-EIGHT POINT When th 1234 THEFIRST CASLON OLD STYLE ITALIC EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Pol 1234. THE FIRST TIME THAT THE TWENTY-TWO POINT When thoughtful Greeks like 5678 THE FIRST TIME THAT TWENTY-FOUR POINT When thoughtful Greeks 9012 THE FIRST TIME THA THIRTY POINT WHEN thoughtfu 3456 54 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS NO. 8 OLD STYLE TWENTY-TWO POINT When thoughtful Gre 1234 THE FIRST TIME TH TWENTY-FOUR POINT When thoughtful 5678 THE FIRST TIME THIRTY-TWO POINT When thouggoi2 THE FIRST TIM FORTY-FOUR POINT When th 345 THE FIRST SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE .55 NO. 8 OLD STYLE ITALIC TWENTY-TWO POINT thoughtful Gr 1234 THE FIRST TIME TH TWENTY-FOUR POINT a. When thoughtful 5678 THE FIRST TIME THIRTY-TWO POINT thou go 1 2 FIRST T FORTY-FOUR POINT When t ho 34 5 THE FIRST ELZEVIR ITALIC TEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE e/f 1234567890 82 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS DEVOTNE SK POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Poly bi us saw the fall of Carthage and o 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FO EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Poly bi us saw the fall of 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD B When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT TWELVE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polyb 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greek 1234 THE FIRST TIME THAT T TWENTY-FOUR POINT When thoughtful 567 THE FIRST TIME T THIRTY POINT When though 890 THE FIRST TIM SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 83 DEVINNE THIRTY-SIX POINT When thou 12 THE FIRST S FORTY-TWO POINT When th 34 THE FIRST SIXTY POINT When 15 THE FI 84 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS DEVINNE SEVENTY-TWO POINT Whei6 THE F SEVENTY-TWO POINT A Wh7 VISE SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 85 DE VINNE NINETY-SIX POINT Oh 8 HIM ONE-HUNDRED-AND-TWENTY POINT Bel 86 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS DE VOTNE CONDENSED SEVENTY-TWO POINT wnenl NINETY-SIX POINT The ONTl-HUXDRED-AND-TWENTY POINT His 3 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE DE VINNE CONDENSED ONE-HtJNDRED-AND-EIGHTY POINT JENSON OLD STYLE ITALIC FORTY-EIGHT POINT THE thoug 56 BOLD-FACE ITALIC SIX POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybiua saw the fall of Carth 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN NINE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw th 6789O THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND FROSPE OLD STYLE ANTIQUE EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks 3467 THE FIRST TIME THAT T 88 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS SCOTCH ROMAN EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks 1234 THE FIRST TIME THAT TWENTY-FOUR POINT When thoughtful 5678 THE FIRST TIME T THIRTY POINT When thought 901 THE FIRST TIM THIRTY-SIX POINT When thou 456 THE FIRST T SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 89 SCOTCH ROMAN FORTY-EIGHT POINT When th 78 THE FIRS SIXTY POINT When 90 THE FT SEVENTY-TWO POINT Whel2 THEF 90 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS LIGHT-FACE GOTHIC When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HE SIX POINT COMBINATION GOTHIC NO. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-THREE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO THE WORLD 12345 GOTHIC CONDENSED SK POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, th 1 2345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO TH EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthag 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HE TEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD TWELVE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius sa 6789 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPE EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks like P 1234 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRA TWENTY-TWO POINT When thoughtful Greeks 5678 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE G SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 91 COPPERPLATE SDC POINT NO. ONE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO THE WOR I234S NO. TWO THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH 6789O NO. THREE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN H 12345 NO. FOUR THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT 6789O TWELVE POINT NO. ONE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PR 12345 NO. TWO THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GR 6789O WfflTTIER TWELVE POINT NO. THE FIRST TIME THAT 12345 NO. FOUR THE FIRST TIME T 6789 EIGHTEEN POINT NO. ONE THE FIRST TIM 1234 NO. TWO THE FIRST T 1678 BLACK GOTHIC SIX POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corin 67890 92 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS LINING GOTHIC CONDENSED SIX POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO THE WORL 1234567890 EIGHT POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO THE WOR 12345 TEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH 67890 TWELVE POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN 12345 FOURTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HA 6789 EIGHTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROS 1234 TWENTY-FOUR POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GR 5678 THIRTY POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT T 90 1 2 THIRTY-SIX POINT THE FIRST TIME TH 3456 FORTY-TWO POINT THE FIRST TIME 789 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 93 LINING GOTHIC CONDENSED FORTY-EIGHT POINT THE FIRST Tl 123 SIXTY POINT THE FIRST 145 SEVENTY-TWO POINT THE FIRST 6 MONARCH SIXTY POINT When 12 THE FIR 94 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS INTERCHANGEABLE GOTHIC SIX POINT NO. ONE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD fOMTH TO THK WORLD 1 234* NO. TWO THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO THE 67890 NO. THREE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD 12345 NO. FOUR THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BE 67890 NO. FIVE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPE 12345 EIGHT POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND P 67890 TEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GR 1234 TWELVE POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT 567 EIGHTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIM 89 TWENTY-FOUR POINT THE FIRST 3 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 95 SLOPING GOTHIC SIX POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthagt and of Cor 12346 WHEN THOUGHTFUL GREEKS UKE POLYBIUS SAW THE FALL OF CARTHAGE AND OF CORIN THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD FORTH TO THE EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Cart ha 67890 WHEN THOUGHTFUL GREEKS LIKE POLYBIUS SAW THE FALL OF CARTHAGE THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEEN HELD When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall 12345 WHEN THOUGHTFUL GREEKS LIKE POLYBIUS SAW THE 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD TWELVE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius sa 12345 WHEN THOUGHTFUL GREEKS SAW THE FALL 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT ADVERTISING FIGURES EIGHTEEN POINT NO. ONE 1 234567890 EIGHTEEN POINT NO. TWO 1 234567890 THIRTY POINT 1 234567890 96 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS LITHO ROMAN When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall oi Cart 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEE EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybiua saw the 6789O THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT When thoughtful Greeks like Polyb 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND TWELVE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like P 6789O THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GR FOURTEEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks 1 1234 THE FIRST TIME THAT TH EIGHTEEN POINT When thoughtful G 5678 THE FIRST TIME THA TWENTY-FOUR POINT When though 9012 THE FIRST TIME SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 97 TITLE NINE POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PR 12345 ELEVEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE G 67890 TWELVE POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT TH 1234 FOURTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THA 5678 SIXTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIME TH 901 EIGHTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIME T 235 TWENTY POINT THE FIRST TIME 567 TWENTY-TWO POINT THE FIRST TIM 890 TWENTY-FOUR POINT THE FIRST TI 123 CONDENSED TITLE EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of C 1908 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD B TEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PR 1908 98 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS REMINGTON TYPEWRITER TWELVE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Poly- bius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's his- tory* There was no longer any 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSP NEW MODEL REMINGTON TYPEWRITER TWELVE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Poly- Mus saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROS NEW MODEL ELITE REMINGTON TYPEWRITER TEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 99 MAC FARLAND TEN POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPE When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw t 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPEC FOURTEEN POINT THE FIRST TIME THAT THE 1234 PAUL REVERE EIGHT POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Garth 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BEE When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of 123456 THE FIRST TIME THA T THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD BE NINE POINT When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of 12345 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT HAD When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fa 67890 THE FIRST TIME THAT THE GRAND PROSPECT IPO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS WEDDING TEXT SIX POINT JKlfen ^mtgl^nl t j tY 1 4*T 1 1 1 1 & %Ir ^Ir TIr ^Xr w %if w \fc^ Niir Vmr \Tr w^ NO. FIFTEEN \f NO. SEVENTEEN A NO. SEVENTEEN B NO. NINETEEN NO. TWENTY NO. TWENTY A iiillliiiillllllllllilllllilljffl SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 135 BORDERS THIRTY POINT NO. TWENTY-ONE ******** THIRTY-SIX POINT NO. TWENTY-TWO NO. TWENTY-THREE NO. TWENTY-FOUR NO. TWENTY-FOUR A SS^FSC FO.RTY-EIGHT POINT NO. TWENTY-FIVE 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. MAR 3 1 1963 LD 21-50wi-6,'60 (B1321slO)476 General Library University of California Berkeley UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY