TH 7685 W5U35 UC-NRLF I II SB 7b VJ REPORTS FFICEKS OF THE NAVY VEXTELA.TINI-; AND COOLI SXEGUT1V.E %i ENSIGN THE ILLNESS OF PRESIDENT MARFIELD. \VA S . 1 1 N (rT ^w^^^^^^ 1882, REPORTS OFFICERS OF THE NAVY ON VENTILATING AND COOLING THE EXECUTIVE MANSION DURING THE ILLNESS OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE. 1882. 3 REPORTS OF OFFICERS OF THE ON VENTILATING AND COOLING THE EXECUTIVE MANSION DURING THE ILLNESS OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. REPORT OF PROF. SIMON NEWCOMB, U. S. NAVY. NAUTICAL ALMANAC OFFICE, BUREAU OF NVAIGATION, Washington, D. a l )ai 't of its moisture to supply the loss of moisture to the air enter- ing through the cooling apparatus. What the condition and dryness would have been had the cool air been delivered into a closed room we have no means of ascertaining ; but from the result of this experiment, where the relative humidity of the air in the room was maintained at a lower percentage than that of the air outside, with which it was in com- munication through an open window, it is safe to assert that the relative humidity of the air in a closed room can be maintained at anv desired 8 point. Charles Hood, in his book on Warming and Ventilation, says: The most healthy state of the atmosphere will be obtained when the dew-point of the air is not less than 10 nor more than 20 Fabr. lower than the temperature of the room. When these limits are exceeded the air will be either too dry or too damp for healthy respiration." Exam- ination of Table A shows the dew-point to average 18.5 lower than the temperature at the center of the room, which proves by Hood to have been the most desirable condition of the atmosphere to maintain. In order that the President's room might by no accident be deprived of its supply of cold air, Major Powell devised a second machine, which was constructed by labor and material from the navy-yard, the differ- ence between it and the other apparatus consisting in the arrangement of the compartments of the ice box, as shown in Plate 0, and doing away with the box containing the terry-cotton screens. The ice-box was divided into three compartments, an upper, middle, and lower. The air was first taken through the induction pipe and passed over the ice in the upper compartment, from thence down through rectangular holes into the middle compartment, which it traversed, and was then drawn into the lower compartment, and at the opposite end the air was taken by a 36-inch blower and forced through a drying-box up through a system of pipes to the corridor outside of the President's chamber. The peculiar feature of this apparatus was the drying-box, which was placed in the circuit for the purpose of drying the air. This purpose was supposed to be accomplished by cooling the bars of iron contained in the box, by causing a freezing mixture of ice and salt to fall on the ends of the bars, thereby cooling them, and by their low temperature causing the air' to deposit on their surface another portion of its moist- ure, after having been deprived of a certain percentage in the ice-box. The purpose for which the drying-box was intended was not accom- plished, as the bars could not, by the means employed, be reduced to a lower temperature than the air when it entered the box. By examining Table B, the data for which were taken at various times as opportunity occurred during the time machine No. 2 was employed, we find that the temperatures taken just before entering the drying-box average 56 Fahr., and those temperatures taken just after the air left the box average 59 Fahr., or 3 higher, showing that no reduction of temperature was effected ; the relative humidity of the air entering was 85.8 and increased to 86.2 on leaving the box, or 0.4 greater on leaving than when it entered, and proving the box to be of no use MS a dryer. Comparing results at the two ice-boxes, we find the air on leaving ice-box No. 1 to be 40.7 Fahr., and leaving ice-box No. 2 to be 53.5 Fahr., by which .we conclude that the arrangement of the box into com- partments, did not produce the best results, and may be* accounted for by the air passing over the top surface of the ice as it lay packed upon the floors of the compartments, and not coming in contact with the other surfaces, while in the other box, which was not divided but contained shelves upon which the ice was packed, a greater surface of the ice was exposed to contact with the circulating currents of air, which was con- sequently more effectually cooled. Deflecting diaphragms might have been used with advantage in box No. 2, so as to cause the air to deflect from the direct course and come in contact with the sides of the ice as well as the top, and thus forcing the cold air resting between the cakes of ice into the circuit. The effect of the air delivered by this apparatus at the average rate of 39,217.9 cubic feet per hour, was to keep the air in the corridor at a pleasant temperature, although no observations were taken, excepting at the point the air issued from the pipe, where the average temperature was 03.6 Fahr. In the effort to complete this apparatus as quickly as possible,' right-angle elbows were used in all the pipe connections; the effect was to produce eddying currents at all the bends, the nature of which was noticed at the point of delivery into the corridor. This elbow was 10 inches in diameter, and the passage of the air through it pro- duced an eddy at the point of delivery, the outer circle of which was four inches in diameter, the vertical diameter extending one inch above, and three, inches inside the elbow, the horizontal diameter touching the inner bend of the elbow. This eddy is represented in plate at N. The eddy was due to the^shape of the elbow, allowing a dead space at M, into which the emerging cold air falls. By reason of its being of greater specific gravity than the outer atmosphere, it falls until it is again taken up by the main current of air which causes it to complete the circle. When the elbow was replaced by a curved elbow the eddy disappeared. The conditions under which the President's room was cooled pre- cluded all considerations of economy. The experiments, therefore, are without value for the purpose of determining the cost of ice sufficient to keep the President's room at an agreeable temperature under more favorable conditions. The problem as presented was the same as to ascertain the price of coal sufficient to keep the room warm on a cold day with the windows open. During the twenty hours' run 8,734 pounds of ice were melted, or 436.7 pounds per hour. This at $5 per ton, or one-quarter of a cent per pound, would be $1.09 per hour; or this was the cost necessary to supply 1*2,799 cubic feet of air at 50 Fahr. at the register per hour. Had time been offered for experiment or had experience suggested a more economical method of cooling the President's room much of the waste of cooling material might have been avoided, as for instance, the water of liquefaction which was allowed to run to waste might have been used as a first cooling medium for the air. The experiments were also conducted under circumstances unfavor- able for determining the most accurate results, as the observations would be interrupted at any time the air became too cool for the com- fort of the President, the experiments, being, of course, entirely sec- ondary in consideration ; yet a sufficient number of temperatures were observed to show the value of the cooling apparatus, not only as affect- ing the temperature of the room occupied by the President, but affect- ing the best hygrometric condition of the air in the room. A more general system of experiments would be interesting, and would furnish most valuable information as regards the cost as well as- the effects of cooling apparatus. Our operations at the Executive Mansion have brought to our notice the great importance of. a proper hygrometric condition of the atmos- phere we breathe and in which we live. Great stress is laid upon the subject by various authorities upon ventilation and warming, and not- withstanding its importance appears to be so fully realized, yet but crude attempts have been made to control the hygrometric condition of the air used in ventilating and warming our houses. In summer, with the windows open, the general condition of the atmosphere outside is maintained inside our houses, but in winter, with windows closed, and the ventilation mostly dependent upon the warm air which has passed through the heaters, the conditions are entirely changed. As, for ex- ample, the temperature of the air outside we will suppose to be 20 Fahr.; it is passed through the heaters and delivered into a room where 10 the temperature is maintained at 70 Fahr. ; supposing the windows to be closed and only leakage sufficient to permit ventilation, we will have in this room air at the temperature of 70, the dew-point of which is not above 20 ; for in the manner our heaters are usually constructed there are no means by which the air can receive moisture after it has left the outside of the house. The most healthful condition of the air is found to exist when its rela- tive humidity is from 50 to 70 per cent. In the hypothetical case cited, the relative humidity is as low as 15 per cent., an extreme that must be not only unpleasant but injurious. Of course crude attempts have been made to remedy this evil by urns of water placed over or near the heat- ers, but in most instances even this is wanting. It being necessary that the dew-point should not be less than 20 below the temperature of the room, it may be increased as it enters from the outside by passing it through water at a given temperature, say 55 before entering the furnace, saturating the air and establishing the dew-point at that tem- perature, the relative humidity being 58. Our operations at the Executive Mansion have proved that it is pos- sible to place the dew-points, or relative humidity of definite quantities of air, at any desired point, and there is no reason why this hygrometric condition may not be maintained with as much certainty as the amount and temperature of air supplied for proper ventilation and warming. This field of study presents great opportunities for effecting a better condition of the atmosphere of our rooms, and our personal comfort and health may be improved in proportion to our careful observation of the hygrometric condition of air in which we live. Hospitals and public buildings ought to be especially protected from the evil results attend- ing a vitiated condition of the air, and we can see no reason why their atmosphere may not be made comfortable and healthful at all seasons and under all conditions of the outside air. Hoping the few results obtained from our experiments may be useful in calling more general attention to this subject, and expressing our thanks to the United States Signal Officer for valuable information and the use of instruments, We are, very respectfully, your obedient servants, WM. L. BAILIE, Passed Assistant Engineer, U. S. N. BIOHAED INCH, Passed Assistant Engineer, U. S. N. W. S. MOOEE, Passed Assistant Engineer, U+S. y. Engineer in Chief W. H. SHOCK, U. S. N., Chief Bureau of Steam Engineering, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. 11 TABLE A. Datr and hour. S.-pr. 7. 188L 4 p. m 5 p. m 6 p. m . . 7 p. m 8 p. m 9 p. m 10 p. m 11 p. m . . 12 mid... 1 a. m . . J a. in . . :; a. m . . 4 a. m . . 5 a. m .. 6 a. m 7 a. m . . 8 a. m . . 9 a. m . . 10 a. m. .. 11 a. m*. 30. 040 98 30. 030 97 30. 020 92. 30. 050 87. 30. 062 87. 30. 080 84 30. 090 84 30. 069 83 30. 060 81. 30. 064 80 Outside. A. B. C. D. J | f 4 i ^ > - ri .2 = .3 'g "g =. '2 ~ b - i a 5 1 1 I A I I 4 S, 1 S3 A i i 1 1 1 A 1 P 1 3 98 76 64 34 83.5 71.:. 64 53 38 38 38 100 47.5 42 34 61 52 62 97 76 65 35 84 72 65 53 '39 38 36 89 43 43 43 100 50 58 92.5 76 68 46 85 73 66 53 |40 39 37 89 42 42 42 100 149* 57 89 76 69 52 86 74 68 55 i39 38.537 92 42 42 i42 100 49 87.5 77 72 61 86 |76 71 61 39 38 36 89 41.541 41 95 49 56 87. 5 77. 5 72 72 86. 5 ! 73 66 51 39 38. 5 37 92 J42 41 40 92 48. 5 55 84. 5 76 72 67 86.573 66 51 39 38. 5 37 92 41 41 41 100 48.555 84 7G 72 67 87 ,75 69 55 39 38.537 92 41 41 41 100 48. 5 54 30. 080 78 30. 085 77 30. 100 77 30. 115 78 30. 125 81 30. 135 84 30. 130 90 30. 134 90 74 69 5 74 70 71.566 572 |68 j71 167 71 68 70 ! 66 70. 5 65 7'J (i7 73. 5 67 7:. r,7 75 67 Averagest 84. 6 73. 70 87. 5 T:. 62 86 J73.566 69 86. 57:i 141 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 ! 42 47 4S 48 154 41. 5 41. 5 41. 5 100 |47. 5 54 41. 5 41. 5 41. 5 100 |41 (41 41 100 100 LOO ,42 J42 42 100 42 41.541.5 95 '43 42 J41 | 92 ;43 J43 41! 100 43. 5 43. 5 43. 5 100 4S 48 48 49 ,50 43 43 ;43 ilOO 51 60 85 73.366.251.940.539 37. 3 90. 7 42. 3 41. 8 41. 3 96. 5 48. 8 55. 1 I I I I I I I . I l);it<- and hour. Temperatures. Center of room. g ii ! Box of the Jen- niiigs machine. P P P P o t > fi 4 Sept. 7, 1881. 4 p. m 89. 5 p. m 82 r. 7J til 39 72 6fi :.u 70 62 48 70 62 48 68 60 49 70 63 54 67 58 47 67. 5 59 51 66 58 51 67 60 54 67 60 54 '67 60 54 J68 62 58 5 68. 5 62 58 569 64 63 68 62 58 5 68. 5 62 64 5:68 62 60 567 60 64 63 55 51 ' 300 75 95 240 9 - 96 95 96 73 105 130 165 100 66 100 100 100 100 103 100 100 107 108 105 108 102 99 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 4807520 4900360 5013218 5122266 5217960 5316300 5406438 5517798 5623552 790 20 120 7pm 83 8 p. m 81 9pm 81 59 57 56 56.5 57 56 56 56 56 57 56 53. 5'47 51 4.". 52 48 52 48 52 47 51 46 51 46 51 46 51 46 51 46 51 45 51 46 65 64 74 74 69 69 69 69 69 69 64 69 10 p m 80 11 p m 79 Y2 midnight 78 1 a. m 78 372 14 100 J a. in 78 5822144 3 a. in 78 4 a. m 78 6019572 5 a. m 78 6226380 6325740 6417348 6510690 6601538 6701340 7 a . 1 1 1 ...... 78 200 14 80 8 a m 77 9a.m 77. 10 a m 77 57 58 52 52 47 46 69 64 11 a. m* 74 Averagest .... 79. 7 68. 4 61. 2 54. 3 56. 5 51. 5 46. 3 68. 3 * Window and door closed. t For the 19 hours with window and door open. 12 TABLE B. Date and hour. Barometer corrected for temperature, e 1 ev a- tion, and instrument error. Temperatures. Outside. Induction pie of blower. t>S g t Dew point. I I n 1 Dew point. a a ^ 1 29. 791 .746 .725 .802 .789 .780 .741 .736 .824 .779 .895 .867 .913 .873 .907 30. 122 .on 29. 934 .923 .863 .876 / .760 .736 .755 .710 83 84 81 78 75 77 83 81 73 78 87 83 84 87 78 86 90 95 80 83 87 90 91 90 96 73 71 70 72 71 72 75 74 68 76 75 72 72 73 69 75.5 76.5 76 74 - 73 76 75 75 76 78 68 63 67 69 69 69 71 70 65 75 69 66 65 65 64 69 69 66 71 68 70 67 66 69 69 61 49 62 74 82 76 67 69 76 91 55 57 53 48 62 57 50 40 74 61 57 47 . 44 50 41 53 47 47 50 50 60 58 46 47 11 45 52 48.5 54 51.3 73.5 65 55 56 56 49 48 64 67 53 46 46 48 49 57 58 9 44 50 47 52 51 70.5 62 54 55. 5 55 48 47.5 6.'{ 66 53 45 45 46 48 54 58 8 11 43 48 3 11 60 53 56 54 47 48 62 65 100 93 93 86 93 81 100 93 100 93 100 93 86 93 86 100 84 84 93 97 93 93 97 93 93 July 17* 3p m - - July 21 11am July#Jl' 7pm July 22' 7 a. m .... -. July 22 11 a m July 26 11 am July 26 3p m July 27 11 a m . August 4 11 am August 63pm August 9 3 p. m ' August 10 1*2 m August 10 3 p. m August 13, 11 a. m August 13' 3pm Averages 84 73.5 68 59. 7J 53.5 -9 o 50 90 Date and hour. Temperatures. At box before entering. At box after leaving. Corridor. a 3 .3 1 jj> Q -^ e -R A , 1 a 3 A . 1 j? 56.5 53 53 51.5 54 60 62 52 51 52 55 52 55 56 57 56.5 73 73 64 64 63 62 60 68 70 i * 1 'I 1 I 2 ' - a 1 t J 1 , J July 17, lla.m July 17 3 p. m 56 53 53 51 53 ' 58 61 47 49 49 53 48 53 51 55 54 75 69 58 59 50 53 52 66 68 54 48 48 49 49 56 60 45 48 48 51 46 51 48 53.5 53 71 66 56 57.5 57 51 51 65 66 52 42 42 47 44 54 59 43 47 47 49 44 49 45 52 52 69 64 54 58 55 49 50 64 65 86 66 66 86 72 87 93 86 97 97 86 86 86 80 90 93 82 84 87 96 87 86 93 94 90 55 52 51 51 53 57 61 51 50 50 53 50 52.5 51 54 54 71 71 61 61.5 59 59 57 66 67 55.5 51 49 51 52 54 60 50 49 48 51 48 50 46 51 53 70 70 59 59 56 57 54 65 65 96 93 86 96 93 81 93 93 93 86 86 86 83 69 80 90 90 90 85 85 78 84 81 90 84 61.5 59 54 58 59 62 67 61 61 57 63 61 59.5 60 62. 64 75 73 66 68 67 66 64 70 72 60.5 54 52 56 58 60 65 57 58.5 54 60 59 , 55.5 53.5 58 57.5 72 68 62 64 62 61 60 67 67 61 49 50 @ 58 64 54 56 51 58 57 51 46 55 52 70 65 59 61 58 57 57 65 64 97 70 86 86 93 87 90 78 84 81 84 87 75 60 78 75 85 76 78 78 73 73 78 84 76 July 20 11 p m July 21, 7 a. m July 21, 11 a.m Jul> 21, 3 p. m July 21 7 p. m July 22, 7 a. m July 22 11 a. m July 25, 3 p. m July 25 7 p. m July 26, 11 a.m July 26> 3 p. m July 27, 11 a.m August 4, 11 a m August 6, 11 a.m August 6, 3p.m August 7, 11 a. m August 7, 3 p. m August 9, 3 p. m August 10, 12 m . . August 10, 3 p. m August 13, 11 a. m. August 13, 3 p. m Averages . . 56.1 53.9 51. 8, 85. 5 58. 9 56. 7 54. 9 85. 8! 63. 6 60 57.1 80 13 TABLE B Continued. Date and hour. Air-meter. Revolutions perminute. i Remarks. \ Lineal feet. Rate per hour cor- rected for error of instrument. July 17 11 a. in 3, 932, 748 4, 212, 799 4, 494, 530 4, 758, 650 5, 275, 230 5, 594, 040 5, 883, 420 6, 196, 250 6, 714, 720 6, 949, 060 7 431 440 69, 953 62,284 63,270 98.6 95.3 96.5 87.2 72.1 109.7 98 70.5 70 82.3 74.5 70 79 102 94 49.9 108 156.1 147 143.2 97.5 131.1 97 92.3 103.3 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 . 40 40 30 40 40 40 40 35 40 40 40 40 Ice in drying box. Do. Do. Do. Do. No ice in drying box. Do. Ice in drying box. No ice in drying box. Ice in drying box. Do. Do. No ice in drying box. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. July l' 7 a. m 49, 852 57, 717 68,253 74,297 47, 418 55,556 July 21* 11 a m July 21 3 p. m .. . ....... July 21 7 p m July22'7a.m July 22' 11 a. m July 25' 3pm 7, 614, 730 8, 531, 330 8, 837, 830 10, 260, 440 12, 014, 130 '13,870,750 14, 324, 130 16, 340, 500 16, 753, 600 17, 545, 820 18, 134, 200 18, 465, 300 21, 168, 970 21, 456, 800 43, 031 55,547 72,784 64,135 33, 701 74, 340 107, 683 93, 777 98, 112 July 26 11 a. m July 26 3pm . ... July 27 11 a. m August 4 11 a. 111 .... August 6 11 a. m August 7 Ha. 111 ... . .... ..... .. August 9,' 3 p. m August 10, 12 m August 10 3 p m 87, 015 64, 830 68, 360 August 13, 11 a. 111 . . RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT 1/31 TO ^ 202 Main Library LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. Books may be Renewed by calling 642-3405. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW r <* \ * *l > 1 \ * " \ % a b 1 ^ ^ i o t FORM NO. DD6, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720 s YC 66782