THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES LAWYER MiUS, i£XAS ^ SPENOEE'S SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY. (1.) FIRST PRIXCIPLES S2.00 I. The Unknowable. n. Laws of the Knowable. (2.) THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. Vol. I §2.00 I. The Data of Biology. II. The Inductions of Biology. III. The Evolution of Life. (3.) THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY. Vol. II §2.00 rv. Morphological Development. V. Physiological Development. VI. Laws of Multiplication. (4.) THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. I. . . . $2.00 I. The Data of Psychology. III. General Synthesis. II. The Inductions of Psychology. IV. Special Synthesis. V. Physical Synthesis. (5.) THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY. Vol. U. , . $2.00 \T;. Special Analysis. VIII. Congruities. VII. General Analysis. IX. Corollaries. (6.) THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. Vol. I. . . . $2.00 I. The Data of Sociology. 11. The Inductions of Sociology. III. The Domestic Relations. (7.) THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. Vol. 11. . . . $2.00 IV. Ceremonial Institutions. V. Political Institutions. VI. Ecclesiastical Institutions. (8.) THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY. Vol. lU. . . . * * * * (9.) THE PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS. Vol. I $2.00 I. The Data of Ethics. 11. The Inductions of Ethics. III. The Ethics of Individual Life. (10.) THE PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS. Vol. H $2.00 IV. The Ethics of Social Life : Justice. V. The Ethics of Social Life : Negative Beneficence. VI. The Ethics of Social Life : Positive Beneficence. D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, New York. A SYSTEM OF LUCID SHORTHAND DEVISED BY WILLIAM GEORGE SPENCER WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY HERBERT SPENCER J 3 9. NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1894 A u tJiorized Edit ion . PREFATORY XOTE, Everything which follows this prefatory note stands as it did when the MS, was completed at the end of 1843 ; save only the illustration on p. 13. for which a blank had been left, and the illustrations occupying the last three pages, 28, 29, and 30, which are additional. That fifty years should have elapsed before publication js a fact calling for explanatioiL My late father had the peculiarity that while prompt about small matters he was P dilatory about great ones : several tendencies conspired to ** produce in him something like paralysis of will. Being ^ much interested in his system of shortliand, and perceiving ae that it would never see the Iio;ht if no external stimulus ^ were used. I volunteered, in 1843, to draw uj) an exposition of it. As will be seen, I ho}>ed that the work would be ^ issued in the course of the next year ; and, in the date of the %n preface, left a blank space for the month. But I was far too 5 sanguine. From time to time during the rest of my father's life, questions about mode of publication were raised, but nothing had been done when he died at the age of u seventy-six. P For many years after, my own undertaking so fully »" absorbed my limited powers f>f work, that I continually postponed the task of seeing the Lucid Shorthand through the press : until, my life having become precarious, I resolved against further delay. Had I been obliged to superintend personally all the details — getting the numerous 449449 4i PREFATORY KOTE. small woodcuts nmde and seeing them properly adjusted to the type — the difficulties would probably have been too much for me. Fortunately, however, I found one who has taken the trouble off my hands — Mr. W. H. AVesley, Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. Besides making the drawings on wood, having them engraved, and bestowing the intelligent care required for fitting the illus- trations to the text, he has superintended the printing ; leaving me only to correct the revise and to supply the additions above named. I feel greatly indebted to him. Kespecting the system itself, let me first say that its origin before 1833 is vividly impressed on my memory by the fact that in 1833, when a boy of thirteen, I was requested by my father to take down in it notes of my uncle's sermons (very brief ones they were I) ; and, though some minor alterations were subse(|uently made, it had at that time all the cardinal traits it has now. It was not until, at two-and-twenty, I was led to compare the Lucid Shorthand with Phonography, that I became aware of its great value ; and it was the consciousness of this great value which presently prompted me to write the description which here follows. At three-and-twenty judgment is not very ripe. At a later age I should probably not have written the first three pages of the Introduction, containing general remarks which are sufficiently trite — not so trite, however, in 1843 as they are now. But though superfluous, I have thought it best to leave them as written, so that I may be able to say that the exposition stands exactly as it did when it left my hands : nothing omitted (save tAvo lines referring to the lost illustration), nothing added, save the terminal pages named. PREFATORY NOTE. 6 And now let mo explain why I am anxious that the system should not be lost. It is not merely as a better shorthand that preservation of it is important. Existing shortliands serve very well — especially Phonography. Save in the respect that it keeps the line, the Lucid Short- hand has no advantage over Phonography for reporting and kindred purj>oses. Nor is it that I am prompted merely by filial feeling to rescue from oblivion a work on which my father bestowed so much time and labour. The action I now take in the matter results from the conviction, long since formed and still unshaken^ that the Lucid Shorthand ought to replace ordinary writing. Possessing, as it does, not equal legibility but greater legibility (the distinctions among the symbols being so much more marked), and having at the same time the brevity which shorthands in general possess, the use of it for all purposes would be immensely advantageous to mankind. It only needs to ask what would be the eti'ect of saving* more than half the time now devoted to writing by men of business, journalists, authors, and people at large, to see that adoption of it wouM achieve a large economy of life. Before studying the exposition in detail, the reader should turn to the last three pages, 28, 29, and 30; the contents of which will enable him to form an opinion con- cerning the claim here made. Herbert Spencer. London, October, 189o. PREFACE. The system of Shorthand now laid before the public is the result of long and patient study. It is upwards of twenty years since the attention of the author was first directed to the subject. About 1830 he began to put his ideas into something like form, and in the year 1833 the distinguish- ing principles and peculiarities of the system as it now stands were developed. Since that time he has been at intervals engaged in making numerous investigations and experiments with a view to secure the greatest possible number of advantages, and, believing that he has as fully as may be fulfilled this intention, he has now much pleasure in submitting the result of his labours to the public, Derby 1844. IXTRODUCTIOX. Written language may be defined as an arrangement of visible signs fixed upon as the representatives of certain vocal articula- tions, which signs are by practice so associated with the sounds they represent that the one cannot be placed before the mind without suggesting the other. To give, if it were possible, a separate arbitrary symbol to each word in a language would not only exhaust the resources of the inventor, but would produce a system of so complicated a nature that none but extraordinary memories would be able to make use of it. Attempts have therefore been made to analyze words, and, as it were, to decompose them into their primitive elements, for the purpose of assigning to the several articulations of which they are composed, characters called "letters,"' such as, when arranged in a proper manner, might represent the various combinations of sound of which language is composed. A system of symbols which shall efficiently serve this purpose must fulfil certain conditions. Each articulation should have a single sign. That sign should be simple ; it should in no case be used to express another articulation ; and it should be readily distinguishable from every other sign. That the systems now in general use do not fulfil these con- ditions is notorious. Our own alphabet is full of the imper- fections arising from their neglect. The principle that each articulation should have one sign is wholly disregarded in the arrangement of the vowels, where a single sound, as that of au, is signified indiscriminately by the several symbols a, o, mi, on, and aw, as in call, for, manly b:,ught, paw. Similarly with the other 10 LUCID SHORTHAND. vowel - sounds, not one of wliich has fewer than two characters by which it may be expressed. In like manner the letters c and s are frequently used to indicate the same articulation, as in cite and site; and in other cases the c and k are synonymous. Several of the articulations have no sign whatever given to them ; as, for example, the th (which has two sounds, one heard in thin and the other in then), the sIl and the zh. Each of these is an elementary sound, and has as good a claim to a representative character as any other, whilst at present it is denoted by a combination of letters that does not in the least express its quality. The principle of simplicity has likewise been greatly neglected. Our old alphabets are extremely complicated, and the characters even of our modern ones are far more elaborate than they need be, and a waste of time in their formation is the necessary consequence. Neither is the law of the exclusive appropriation of one sign to one sound properly respected. The i is made to take the place of the short e; the e stands for the short a; the u for the short 0, and the o for the oo. Similarly, s is often used in place of z, ph is made to signify/, and so on. Nor is there that complete distinction between the characters which is desirable. In the writing alphabet especially there is so great a similarity between many of the letters that it is only by the general aspect that words written in them are capable of being identified. In addition to these evils, arising from the disregard of funda- mental principles, there are yet others resulting from the introduction of unnecessary characters c, g soft, J, i, q, u, x, tu, and y, are entirely superfluous, and serve no other purpose than to complicate what would otherwise be simple. But it is needless to enter into further particulars. The whole system is so full of absurdities and contradictions that page after page might be occupied in their enumeration. Here we have an independent letter given to a compound sound, and there a LlJCm SHORTHAXD. 11 simple sound Nvitli no letter at all; now a single sign used alternately for several articulations, and there an - articulation that is common to three or four signs — symbols constructed without any respect to analogy, and arranged in utter disregard of order. In short, the system does not do what it pretends to do. It purports to be a method by which the sounds of words may be expressed in signs, whilst out of the yarious combina- tions of signs by which words are represented only about one in twelve is pronounced as the signs imply, and the rest have given to them certain arbitrary readings, often utterly dissimilar from what might have been anticipated. The mere fact that there exists such a thing as a pronouncing dictionary, carries with it a full condemnation of our system of written language. The imperfections, discrepancies, and more especially the com- plicated nature, of our alphabet and principles of orthography, have from time to time given rise to other modes of writing, which have had for their chief purpose the attainment of greater brevity. None of these shorthands, as they are commonly called, have presented a perfect mode of expressing articulate sounds. The sole aim has been to reject all the superfluities of the old alphabets, and so to simplify the symbols as to increase the rapidity with which they may be written. From the same motive the vowels have been dispensed with ; so that, although brief and simple, these methods are in some respects much more imperfect than the original one. The only system at present before the public which claims to be Qi, perfect as well as a quich mode of expressing vocal language is Mr. Pitman's Phonography. That this is a decided improve- ment upon the old shorthands cannot be denied. It is to all appearance simpler ; it is far more analogical in its construction ; it provides for the insertion of vowels ; and those vowels are theoretically such as to express every sound with precision. Whilst these merits are conceded to it, it must, however, be observed that it is not without serious imperfections. Taking these in the order of their importance, it may be said that — 12 LUCID SHORTHAND. 1. It does not keep to the line. This is an evil common to all shorthands hitherto published — an evil productive not only of inelegance, but o£ great inconvenience, and one which must seriously militate against the general adoption of any method of writing which does not avoid it. 2. The vowels are not sufficiently distinguishable. The sounds, e, a, ah, are indicated by dots, and au, o, oo, by small dashes, and it is hardly to be expected that in rapid writing these marks can be made with such accuracy as to insure their identification. Moreover, the distinction between the individual vowels, depen- dent as it is upon the placing of the dot or dash at the beginning, middle, or end of the consonant, is such as cannot be preserved with certainty. And further, the greater heaviness of touch by which the long vowels are known from the short ones, can never be given with anything like precision without an amount of care inconsistent with expedition. 3. The legibility of the system is greatly injured by the apparent transposition of letters, resulting from the peculiar arrangement of the vowels. A dot at the heginning of a conso- nant is as likely as not to signify a vowel after it, or a dot at the end to imply a vowel before. Nay, there are cases in which the positions of the two vowels are actually reversed, as in the word hit (any), which if read according to the apparent precedence of the vowels would be rue. 4. The alphabet is not a perfectly analytical one, inasmuch as it gives a simple character to each of the articulations ch and j, which have been long decided to be compound — the one being a combination of the t-sh and the other of the d-zh. That the sound commonly expressed by ch is compounded of the sounds t-sh will be most clearly perceived by pronouncing the word sh-oo (shoe), and then sounding a t before it, as t-sh-oo, which, it will be found, cannot be pronounced otherwise than ch-oo, or, as it is usually spelt, chew. A similar experiment Avill prove that the J is composed of the d-zh. In the system now laid before the public it is believed that LUCID SHORTHAND. 13 the imperfections and inconveniences above specified, as well as those common to other brief methods of writing, have been avoided, whilst at the same time the various desiderata have been attained. Its advantages may be specified as follows : — 1. Brevity. It may be written either with or without vowels. Without vowels it is shorter than any of the common kinds of Stenography. With vowels it is shorter than Phonography, the only other system in which they are introduced. A comparison of the annexed examples, the one being a sentence in Phono- graphy and the other the same sentence in Lucid Shorthand, will demonstrate this.^ c-3 Q q m^ Phonography is longer than Lucid Shorthand. The dotted lines in the illustration indicate the unregistered movements of the pencil. Phonography looks simple in conse- quence of these movements having no representations upon paper, whilst in reality they require an equal amount of time with those that leave visible signs behind them. Nay, more. To lift the point of a pencil from the paper and carry it over the surface to make a dot at some other place, involves a more com- plicated muscular action than its transference to the same point aloiKj the surface, and probably more time is expended in the motion. The dotted lines are curved, because the movements they represent are so. 2, Regularity. The arrangement of the oblique characters allows every letter to be written in almost all cases either up or 1 Should phoii()orai>hers object to the use of the unabriilge^l form of Phonography, the reply is that a fair comparison cannot otherwise he made. It would clearly he unfair to compare the abridged foini of Phonography with the una))ridged form of Lucid Shorthand. 14 LUCID SHORTHAl^D. down, and a facility of keeping the liue is ^old ' F 1 file V 1 rile TH c thin I TH ( then > ■< S r^ .<;eal ^ z r^ real SH ) meshes ZH ) niea inures 4 i ^ / \ lead 5* " •"5 / \ read 1 N K^ ?iine ^ M v-/ ?«ine In the above list ^ four of the sounds usually represented by ^ The order of tlie letters here followed appears to have been Hrst use«l by Mr. Pitman, and is adopted as being the most philosophical mode of arianjiement. 18 LUCID SHORTHAND. componnd letters have independent signs, and several of the letters contained in the ordinary system have apparently no characters assigned to them. It will be found, however, that the new sounds have, from their undecomposable nature, as good a claim to independent signs as any of the rest ; and of the letters rejected, c, iv, and y are superfluous because they are already represented by k or s, do, and e, while j\ q, and x are not admissible in consequence of their compound natures, for they are respectively separable into d-zh, Jc-oo, and Ic-s. The vertical and inclined consonants are written either up or down, as convenience dictates. The horizontal ones are of course written forward only. MODE OF SPELLmG. After what has already been said in the Introduction respect- ing the orthographical imperfections of the common method of writing, it is almost needless to observe that one of the principles of the present system, in common with other shortha^ids, is to write by sound. The articulations of each word will, therefore, be noticed, and the characters attached to them written, without any reference to the artificial manner in which the word is commonly spelt. Thus, through must be written th-r-ob ; i:)hysic, f-i-z-Y-k ; houghtfh-aU't ; written, r-K-t-7i ; eight, a-t ; known, n-o-n, and so forth. Double consonants, except in a few cases, such as are inadmissible because superfluous ; thus, fill will be written f-i-l; mutton, m-U-t-n; funnel, f-U-n-'i^ -I, etc. To give examples of the natural orthography of every species of word, would take more space than can be spared, and the discovery of the manner of spelling them must consequently be left to the student. There are, however, very few cases in which he will experience any LUCID SHORTHAND. 19 hesitation, and after a little practice in separating words into their primitive elements, he will write them correctly without thought. OX PLACING THE VOWELS. The long vowels, as has been previously explained, are placed upon the line and the short ones above the line. The word let will therefore be written / and late A — ; not is written and nought ^^_^.^^-^ . In words of more than one syllable it is frequently impossible to follow this regulation with every vowel, and the rule is therefore to obey the law in the iirst syllable, and let the others fall as they may. Thus syllable is written /^\/\, others CVv. ? cilreachj . /\_ and so on. The vowel ( i ) is in some instances written as a separate stroke, as in the words — teat, did, kin, keen, mickle, meek, but in the great majority of cases it is formed by returning on the consonant, as in — beat, kid, geese, fill, these, niece, seed, shijD, reel, miss. \-''^ ^^ K r ^-j c- )^v^^ The vowel ( -^ ) is generally written forwards, as in — sale, bed, days, chase, fail, shell, care, melt, sense, but it may in some cases be advnntngeously made backwards, as in the words : — neck, fame, mace, ache, shame, wreck, lane. The vowel ( - ) is commonly written forwards, as in the following cases : — 20 LUCID SHORTHAND. far, last> part, path, sharp, shall, car, lamb, but there are some cases in which it is to be made bj returning" upon the horizontal consonants, as in — sash, balm, mad, darn, task, salve, map, that, n JU V The vowel ( ^^ ) is usually written forwards, as in — - balk, cot, fawn, pot, gall, rob, sawn, top, but like the others it may in many instances be conveniently made backwards, as in the annexed cases : — pawn, gone, maul, knock, lawn, bog, dawn, cost. -^ ^^ ^ v^ ^ J-> .^^^ The vowel ( o) is written before, after, above, or below the accompanying consonant, as circumstances require. Its various positions may be seen in the annexed illustrations : — toll, gun, poke, done, bone, call, foam, ruo-. -/ ^^ >^ -^ o^ ^ cU /^ The vowel ( O ) follows the same regulations as the ( o ) with regard to position. The following are instances of its occur- rence : — fool, full, pool, pull, tomb, soot, moon, shoot. ^ \ -^ X o^^- COMPOUND VOWELS. In the annexed list will be found examples of tlio use of the double and treble vowels, showing the modes of their formation under various circumstances. They are arranged in the order of the list at pages 16 and 17. lucid shorthand. 21 Double Vowels. ye, year |! yea, yet |i yarn, yahoo, yam || yawl, yawn, yonder, yacht II yoke, young || you, use, feud, mule || aerial, Maia 1| '^ ^. ^-^ b ^ 4- ^^ ^ s_^ kaolm, heighol jj mine, file, time, sire || our, town || ^~^r6 0?) oil, loin II owing, Joey || week, wick, ween, win wail, well, wain, wen || waggon, wax || wall, walk, was Ox., wold, woke, one !| woo, would || o<~" oO- "^^ CO 8- Treble Yowels. wild, wife, wine 'I wound || Of the above combinations only those containing the ij, i, and lu occur with any considerable f requeue}'. ON JOINING THE CONSONANTS. The vertical and inclined consonants being written either up or down, according to circumstances, there continually occur cases in which the writer has to determine their direction. He will do this by observing which course he must follow to keep the line, and adopting it accordingly. Thus fidjil would be written 22 LUCID SHORTHAND. j\|\ and not ' ]/ > thereujyon would be Cy^^_^ and not The direction given to the p or h must be determined by the combination in which it occurs. Where it precedes a long vowel it is usually thus "^ as in "^^ (pair) or '^ (oold) ; and where it precedes a short one thus ^ as in ^J~^ (butter) or _J (pet). In some few cases, however, deviations from this rule may be advantageously made. Where jj or h occurs as a terminal letter it is commonly written forwards, as in ^^/^ (slip) or Vt-^' (babe), but there are cases where both ap- pearance and convenience require it to be written backwards, as in ^ (dip) or Zf (tub). These rules for determining the position of the j^ ^^^^ ^ are likewise applicable to the 5 and z and the I and r. There are a few combinations of consonants which, although they occur very rarely, may cause considerable embarrassment to the beginner should he chance to meet with them. To pre- vent perplexity it will, therefore, be well to exemplify the mode in which these obstacles are overcome. All cases presenting any difficulty are contained in the annexed li?t : — fief, thief, sheaf, sheathed | fifty, fish, shift || faithful, f (\ } L i. !) i_ r shave I Bethlehem, feather, theft || father | )l Jl/^ (U CI- t\ bashful,^ tadpole, fashion, chapman, shaft || shove, shuffie || ^ The words bashful, reproachful, icishful, together with sheath, shove, shuffle, and their compounds, are the only words in the language that will not keep the line. LUCID SHORTHAND. 23 ABBREVIATIONS. Although not intended merely as another species of Shorthand, it will nevertheless be found that in respect to brevity the present system is fully as much suited for reporting as any of those commonly used for that purpose, whilst in legibility it is greatly superior to them. To render it yet more perfectly adapted for tlie use of the reporter, the following lists of Prefixes, Affixes, and Arbitraries have been compiled. Prefixes. It will be observed that the characters by wbicli the annexed prefixes are denoted represent the vowel sounds of the syllables indicated, and that where the prefix includes two syllables its character is formed by the combination of the two vowels. Each of these signs when used, is to be placed immediately preceding the first letter of the remaining part of the word to which it is attached, as shown in the examples : * com V compose c * con ^ converse y\ t dis I displace i^^'XY^ discom I, discomfort o*K^- discon ^ disconcert t for ^ forfeit im X impure in • invalid indis A indispose inter p interfere disin V disinherit u/2_ .A Tv- ^^ The prefixes marked * are those marked t on the line. incom K incomplete incon k inconvenient L_9<_. — * mis 1 mislead t par _ partial * per o perverse t pro o provoke * trans _ transport unin P uninjured undis d undisputed str S strive ex r> explain to be placed above the line and 24 LUCID SHORTHAND. The several prefixes ]?re, fore — under, suh — orer, sur, suiter are denoted by placing a dot before, above, or beneath the words, according to the meaning of the prefix, as in — prepare, foreknowledge, undertake, subscribe, overflow, surmount, superfluous. Affixes. There are two kinds of afiixes ; one in which the terminal syllable is represented by its prominent letter joined to the rest of the word, but written backwards, and the other in which a separate character, formed on the same principle as those for the prefixes, is placed adjacent. The first class contains the following : — ation r\ information Ix*"""^ ant _ flagrant rVv">/ ent \_y present VvS' ment>^^ punishment ^JxD ted affected ^-v<:^^ ded — landed ^ ition /■ abolition o ity \ morality \*>^ The terminations ing, ings, inging, inglij, are indicated by marks placed upon the last consonant, as in : — sing, sings, singing, singly, knowing, beings, bringing, r f'' r r ^ ^ ~v pleasingly. LUCID SHOETHAND. The affixes of the second order are enumerated below : — 25 t aV,.le ^ desirable -v_ ableness — v-/ reasonableness s^^-^ ably J profitably ^/X-^ * ance — appearance ^- ancy n occupancy e?n bility N capability .^r.^" ence ,-> afHuence 1/- ency n ascendency c£^— n ful o shameful c^o fully q carefully .-vV^ ible / forcible A-.' ibleness yN-/ audibleness ^ /w ibly A possibly XV.A ical L periodical -y^ — i- ness \j weakness <> — Sv_ ousness QJ seriousness ously d furiously tive \ lucrative V^- * tor o solicitor /^° t tory o manufactory "^"i^. ture "J literature tion, sion D devotion Those affixes marked * are to be placed above tlie line and th'^se marked t on the line. 26 LUCID SHORTHAND. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARBITRARIES. after 1 general ^ nevertheless ^ -TN /^ vi7 again give not against ^^ giving ^-N. notwith- already / given o standing V J altogether c/' great /-\ nothing ^ — ' amongst ^L/ greater ^-N. now \^ and has C_ object ^ any f~\ have C of be J he 1 ourselves Y been ~\ beard ^ other C become y^ how c people ~^ before J in 1 probable y besides > into p probably / brought y is V • public J can r-\ it question circum- its really / stance itself ,^ reason \ chair church judge judged -^ 3 remark religion churchman come judgment justice -0 said seem c could r~^ let \ seen c did little / shall 3 done many ^•^ society /"• either i might ^^ some r event 1 more v_/ something r' ever 1 moreover speak ^ every r must ^ spoken r^^ first r myself such r' from 1 never ^ subject O LUCID SHORTHAND. that together o when than c towards D what cv the * under e^ will / them C upon o which themselves c usual ) with q then c very 1 without q therefore c. was Q^ whilst en think c well O^ yourself / through c were C^ zealous r to whether '• , ^ zeal ^ COMPOUXD ARBITRARIES. and at > is he V could have ^^ and it -J with the CV might have ^^ and it is —A wherever n shall have b and is it -^ whatever !? will have A- and the n however n shall be y it is A will be z> is it V could be o might be ^ might have been ^ has been ^ should ha ,ve been TS have been S would have been *^ shall have been s can be ^ will have been /S can have r-< could have been ^ can have been '~^ 449449 28 LUCID SHORTHAND. ^ 00 C d C5 r-. ^ i^ ^^ y ,s ^^ s ' \ ■^ Cj ^ 5 ■ -. : > r ■ < : X • . : , ' -^ 1 - '^ \ . ^ "^ ■ \ ^ (^' ^ r ■ ^ - -1 ^ - ^ <:; i;\ v>T,^^ > X ^ I n ). ^ - f J ^ - ^ ■• ■ ■. p 1 ^^^H A photoprint of tlie earliest extant letter from H, S. to W. G. S., ^^^^ dated (and postmarked) 1 January, 1S43. 1 -^ -V £\ ^ ^- ^ P ^^ ,V\^ ' -" ' /- /^ ^ 1 ' - e/^^ 7 - -;,.-^^ . ^ ._ V--- ..-^ ... y-.>^v. 1 1 a b ^ ,» 9 -^ l. ll 1 2 S ""^ 'cc ^ 2^ ^1- ^ c li CO O GO ^ 2 ^ T^ ,22 e ""^ ^-"^"^ a; d - ^5 '^l Is 1 ,— . '^ S o o y o O f-i "1 \ M J r^ O .2 ^ i-H 3 c3 -^ be ' -1 ij 1 \ S g 11 c3 > ^ij i tfc- ^ -2 % rt =- "u w S p ; J § 1 1 ^ ^1 > 1^ 1^ a "o fl o O '- ^ ■t5 ^ c3 •^ £ n \ \ 4- ^^ n1 \ \ . <-^ 1 )N ) . J r Earliest extant letter from W. G. S. to H. S., dated February 7, 1843. The signa- ture "Thomas Spencer" shows that the substance of the letter is not my father's, but only the writing. Staying at Hiuton, as he evidently was, he must have written the letter to his brother's dictation. Unlike the preceding one, it bears no post- mark. Envelopes were at that time coming into general use. f/ I y-/ . ^ ^- / A y-- "-' UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. |fi>m fiECt REC'D URL-LI I JUN2819G7 FormL9 — 15m-10,'48 (B1039)444 UNiVfi:KSi rv ot caufornj.^ AT LOS ANGELES UBRARY 000 571 337 5 t PLEA<^r DO NOT REMOVE THIS BOOK CARD 17 ^ University Research Library N J I.