496 
 
 DODGE'S 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 OHIO 
 
 BOWNOCKER 
 
 Rand M s Nally & Co.
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 **~- ' **** stamped below 
 
 
 7>v c fc^^cU-
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY- OF. OH=0 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 
 By J. A. Bownocker, Professor of Inorganic Geology, the Ohio State University. 
 
 Copyright, linKI. bj Rmnd. McXallj t Co. 
 
 /. OHIO AS A WHOLE 
 
 Location. The state of Ohio, one of the 
 most progressive commonwealths lying 
 within the great Valley of the Mississippi, 
 owes its remarkable agricultural and indus- 
 trial development largely to the splendid 
 commercial advantages of its situation. 
 
 When white men first journeyed west- 
 ward to the country beyond New York and 
 Pennsylvania they found two great natural 
 highways Lake Erie and the Ohio River. 
 Later, Congress constructed a " National 
 Road" from Maryland to Illinois, which 
 crossed Ohio near the middle of the state 
 and was an important highway in stage- 
 coach days. Then came railroads, and the 
 pathways chosen for many of these land 
 transportation routes especially favored 
 Ohio. Directly across our state have been 
 built lines that connect it on the one hand 
 
 with New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and 
 Baltimore, and on the other with all the 
 great cities of the Mississippi Valley and the 
 Far West. The growth of these roads has 
 given constant impetus to the advancement 
 of the state. (Adv. Geog. Fig. 195.) 
 
 Size. From east to west the Buckeye 
 State extends 215 miles and from north to 
 south 210 miles. Its most northerly point 
 is near the parallel of 42 degrees and its 
 extreme southern limit is in a bend of the 
 Ohio River in about 38 degrees and 27 
 minutes north latitude. The southern and 
 southeastern boundaries, with a combined 
 length of 436 miles, lie in the navigable 
 Ohio, the northern boundary for 230 miles 
 is on Lake Erie, and the remaining bound- 
 aries are straight lines. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 The area of the state is 41,060 square 
 miles, of which 300 square miles are water 
 surface. This area gives it the thirty-fourth 
 
 Fig. i. View of the prcglacial valley of the Muskingum River near Newark, now occupied by the Licking River 
 
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 .52 x A
 
 THK OKOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 The Ohio Valley everywhere is conspicu- 
 ous. In many places the hills rise abruptly 
 to elevations of from 200 to 500 feet above 
 the valley. 
 
 A few small glacial lakes are found in the 
 northeastern portion of the state. 
 
 Drainage. The entire state of Ohio is 
 drained by two great river systems. 
 
 In the northern part the streams flow into 
 Lake Erie, the waters reaching the Atlantic 
 by the St. Lawrence system. The waters of 
 the southern and larger part are drained into 
 the Ohio and carried to the Gulf of Mexico 
 by the Missis- 
 sippi system. 
 
 The principal 
 streams flow- 
 ing into Lake 
 Erie are the 
 Maumee, Por- 
 tage, Sandus- 
 ky, Cuyahoga 
 (Fig. 6), and 
 Grand; into 
 the Ohio River, 
 the Muskin- 
 gum, Scioto, 
 Miami, and the 
 Little Miami. 
 The divide 
 between these 
 
 north and FlG - 3- Clifton Glen. The gorge 
 
 south flowing streams is very irregular. On 
 the west side of the state it is about half 
 way between the Ohio River and Michigan; 
 near the middle of the state it is in Marion 
 and Crawford counties; in the northeastern 
 part it crosses Summit, Portage, and Trum- 
 bull counties. (Fig. 7.) 
 
 When white men first settled in the 
 state, swamps and marshes, because of im- 
 perfect surface drainage, were very num- 
 erous, especially in the northwestern part. 
 This condition has -been remedied by ditch- 
 ing, and the lands/ in these drained regions 
 
 are now highly prized by farmers. The hilly 
 parts have excellent surface drainage. 
 
 Geological Growth. Everywhere beneath 
 the soil and surface material is bed rock. 
 This consists of limestone, shale, sandstone, 
 and conglomerate, that is, rock made up of 
 fragments of shells or sediments cemented 
 together. These bed rocks were all formed 
 under water; hence the conclusion that 
 the state was once a part of the ocean floor. 
 The bed rock was not lifted above the waters 
 suddenly or all at the same time. In fact, 
 changes were slow, millions of years elaps- 
 ing from the 
 time the first 
 land was ele- 
 vated until the 
 surface of the 
 state was com- 
 pleted. The 
 first land thus 
 formed, that 
 of the south- 
 western part, 
 is known as 
 Lower Silur- 
 ian. (Fig. 8.) 
 Hence, in a geo- 
 logical sense, 
 this region is 
 the oldest part 
 
 of the Little Miami, Greene County. q Ohio Later 
 
 the area known as Upper Silurian was lifted 
 above the waters, then the area termed 
 Devonian, and lastly the Carboniferous 
 area. (Fig. 8.) 
 
 Much later a large part of Ohio, in com- 
 mon with the northern half of North America, 
 was covered with a great bed of glacial ice. 
 Adv. Geog. Fig. 180.) This had an impor- 
 tant influence on the soil, surface, and drain- 
 age. (Fig. 9.) 
 
 To the soil which it found in Ohio the 
 ice added boulders (Fig. 11), sand, clay, 
 and soil brought from the north. Gen-
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 erally, the ice ground 
 
 up the surface of the 
 
 bed rock and mixed 
 
 this rock flour with 
 
 the other materials. 
 
 When the ice was 
 
 melted it left all these 
 
 materials, known as 
 
 drift, distributed over 
 
 the bed rock. In some 
 
 places the drift is less 
 
 than a foot deep; at 
 
 other places it exceeds 
 
 500 feet in depth. 
 
 Sometimes, as in parts 
 
 of northwestern Ohio, 
 
 the drift is quite free 
 
 from boulders, and 
 
 rarely are the boulders 
 
 so numerous that the 
 
 land is unfit for tillage 
 
 and useless, except for 
 
 grazing. Small areas of the boulder-strewn 
 
 land may be found in Preble, Montgomery, 
 
 and other counties. 
 
 The name till, or boulder clay, is given to 
 that variety of drift consisting of clay that 
 
 | I below 660 feet WiM 600 to 800 feet 
 
 ^* 300 to 1000 feet ^* 1000 to 1200 ft. and above 
 
 Fig. 4. A physical map of Ohio. 
 
 sand in making mor- 
 tar, and the gravel in 
 building roads. 
 
 The glacier, as it 
 slowly moved across 
 the country, modified 
 the surface of the state 
 in many ways. In 
 some places it scraped 
 materials from hills 
 and dropped them in 
 adjacent valleys, 
 thereby wearing down 
 the irregularities of 
 its surface. 
 
 In some localities, 
 as round about Colum- 
 bus, the drift was so 
 deposited that exten- 
 sive glacial plains were 
 formed . In other 
 places the material 
 less evenly and here 
 
 Fig. 5. .4 view in the valley of the Little Miami 
 
 contains scattered pebbles or boulders. Fre- 
 quently the drift consists of sands or gravels 
 in layers. Often the sands, gravel, and 
 till may be seen along a stream's banks or 
 in an excavation. (Fig. 10.) The till is 
 used largely in making brick and tile, the 
 
 was scattered about 
 
 the surface is more rolling. 
 
 Still more striking was the effect of the 
 glacier on drainage. Streams flowing in a 
 northerly direction were blocked tempo- 
 rarily or permanently. In such cases the 
 glacier dammed the streams, forming long 
 and narrow but rather deep lakes in which 
 
 Fig 
 
 6. The Cuyahoga River at Cuyahoga Falls 
 water power is used to operate factories.
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 THE GEOGR. 
 
 
 
 
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 tnm IS. wiclMl =t. In I i b. K.sdhim l\ J.--M row ( IMW) ia tbr liroloftcal Museum of the Ohio 
 
 Fig. 7. .1 relief map of Ohio. 
 
 the waters rose higher and higher until 
 new outlets were formed. Occasionally the 
 glacier completely filled valleys with drift, 
 destroying all surface evidence of the old 
 stream. A fine example of such a buried 
 valley is found in Mercer, Auglaize, and 
 Shelby counties. The old outlines of the 
 valley have been worked out by studying 
 the depths of drift above the solid rock as 
 indicated in well borings for oil and gas. 
 More- commonly the glacier radically modi- 
 fied but did not destroy existing streams. 
 Thus the- Ohio was formed from a number 
 of northerly flowing streams blocked by the 
 glacier. The waters, compelled to find a 
 new outlet, united and formed the present 
 river. Other streams that underwent impor- 
 tant modifications at that time were the 
 Muskingum, Scioto, Hocking, and Miami. 
 
 The glacier had an important effect on 
 Lake Erie, as it did upon the other Great 
 Lakes. As the ice sheet receded slowly 
 northward, the lake basin was uncovered. 
 Finally the glacier extended across onlv the 
 
 11V OF OHIO 
 
 northeast corner of the lake, leaving its basin 
 almost free from ice, but at the same time 
 cutting off its outlet. Under these condi- 
 tions the water in the lake rose higher and 
 higher, and flooded hundreds of square miles 
 in the northwestern corner of the state. The 
 water found an outlet into the Wabash 
 River, near the present site of Fort Wayne, 
 Ind.. and eventually reached the Gulf of 
 Mexico. A ridge of sand, known as a beach, 
 was formed along the shores of this extended 
 lake. This ridge, used by early settlers as a 
 highway, is still known as the " Ridge Road." 
 Van Wert, Findlay, Fostoria, Tiffin, and Nor- 
 walk are located on or near this old beach. 
 
 The glacier changed the character of the 
 soil by adding material brought from the 
 north and by grinding up the bed rock. On 
 the whole, the effect was good, these glacial 
 soils usually being of such fertility as to rank 
 among the finest soils in the United States. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Ohio is similar 
 to that of the ad'acent states n the Missis- 
 sippi Basin. The summers are sufficiently 
 
 Carboniferous 
 Devonian 
 Upper silurian 
 Lower silurian j 
 
 Fig. 8. The distribution of Ohio bed rocks according to age.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 warm to meet the de- 
 mands of agriculture, 
 but the heat rarely is 
 oppressive. It is 
 quite unusual for the 
 winters to be severe 
 enough to cause seri- 
 ous damage to vege- 
 tation or live stock. 
 
 The temperature 
 varies considerably 
 in different parts of 
 the state, the most 
 important causes of 
 variation being Lake 
 Erie and the differ- 
 ences of surface. 
 The effect of the lake 
 is to make the sum- 
 mers cooler and the 
 winters warmer in 
 the counties along its border. Thus the 
 extremes of temperature along the lake 
 shore are ioo above zero in summer and 17 
 below in winter, while in the central portion 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig. 10. A deep accumulation of till found along the 
 
 shore of a stream in Butler County. Notice the 
 
 pebbles here embedded with the till. 
 
 of the state the extremes are 104 above zero 
 in summer and 33 below in winter. Farther 
 south the extremes are still greater. 
 
 Many deep, narrow valleys are found in 
 the southern part of the state. Tn winter 
 
 the cold, heavy air 
 settles in these val- 
 leys and produces low 
 temperatures. In 
 summer the beds and 
 sides of the valleys 
 become warm, and, 
 the hills preventing a 
 free circulation of the 
 air, the temperature 
 often is high. 
 
 Average tempera- 
 tures for different 
 parts of Ohio are 
 shown on the accom- 
 panying map. Fig. 
 13.) Note the loop 
 northward of the iso- 
 therm of 51 . This 
 results from the high 
 land in that locality. 
 Observe also the isotherms of 49 and 50 . 
 Their course results partly from the influence 
 of the lake and partly from the differences 
 of surface. The average annual tempera- 
 tare of the state is 50. 9 . 
 
 The average rainfall for the state is 38.4 
 inches, but. as mav be seen in the map, this 
 
 Areas in Ohio covered by ice during 
 the Great Ice Age. 
 
 Fig. 11. A surface boulder near Lodi, Medina County. 
 This great rock was transported by the glacier
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Averagi 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 t& 
 
 77 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 IIIIIIHH 
 
 Fig. i2. The annual rainfall at Toledo from l88g 
 to 1904. 
 
 is not uniformly distributed. (Fig. 15.) It 
 is greatest in the southern part and least in 
 the northern. The greatest annual rainfall 
 reported, 57.5 inches, is at Portsmouth; and 
 the least, 21.3 inches, at Toledo. (Figs. 12 
 and 14.) June and July are the rainiest 
 months of the year and October the driest. 
 The rains come mostly from the southwest, 
 that being the direction of the prevailing 
 
 Fig. 13. The mean annual temperature of Ohio 
 
 winds. This follows from the state lying in 
 the system of westerlies. (Adv. Geog. Fig. 81.) 
 Severe storms are uncommon. Heavy 
 rains and melting snows, however, sometimes 
 cause floods that damage property lying 
 in the lower portions of the large valleys. 
 
 Native Peoples. Of the earliest inhabi- 
 tants of Ohio nothing definite is known. 
 Many interesting earthworks abound and are 
 
 2 ? 
 
 8. 8- 
 
 Fig. 14. The annual rainfall at Portsmouth from 1889 
 to 1904. 
 
 credited to the Mound Builders, but who 
 these people were, and from whence they 
 came, is unknown. (Fig. 67.) 
 
 When white men first appeared here, the 
 land was occupied by various tribes of Indians 
 of the Algonquian family. The Eries roamed, 
 over the territory along the south shore 
 of the lake, the Miamis occupied the west- 
 ern part of the state, and the Shawnees 
 the central part. The Shawnees were a 
 particularly warlike tribe and caused great
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 Fig. i 6. William Henry Harrison, 
 
 the ninth President of the United 
 
 States and the first from Ohio 
 
 trouble to 
 early settlers. 
 Tecum s e h 
 was the best 
 known chief 
 of this tribe. 
 For years 
 the Indians 
 and white 
 people were 
 in deadly 
 contest, and 
 the power of 
 the former 
 was broken 
 slowly. How- 
 ever peace 
 
 was gained in 1812, and by 1825 the Indians 
 had practically disappeared from the state. 
 
 Early History. The English and French 
 nations each made strong claims for the 
 territory now forming Ohio. In 1701 the 
 French established a military post at Detroit, 
 thereby gaining a predominating influence 
 
 in the west and south, 
 Celoron to take pos- 
 session for France of 
 the Ohio Valley. To 
 offset that, in the same 
 year, the English in 
 Virginia organized the 
 Ohio Company and a 
 year later sent Chris- 
 topher Gist to explore 
 the territory. Trouble 
 between the pioneers 
 of the two nations 
 followed, but, in 1763, 
 France and England 
 made a treaty by 
 which the region east 
 of the "Great Father 
 of Waters" became 
 English territory. 
 With the close of 
 
 In 1749 they sent 
 
 the Revolu- 
 tionary War 
 the area now 
 under our 
 consideration 
 passed to the 
 control of the 
 UnitedStates. 
 (Fig. 17.) 
 
 In 1787 the 
 N.o r t h w e s t 
 Territory was 
 organized. 
 This included 
 all the area 
 now known 
 as the states 
 
 Fig 18. Edward Tiffin, tin 
 Governor of Ohio. 
 
 first 
 
 Fig. 17 The earliest explorations and settlements in Ohi 
 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wis- 
 consin. The laws for this vast region for- 
 ever excluded slavery, insured religious free- 
 dom, and encouraged the common schools. 
 The first settlement in our state was made 
 at Marietta, in 1788, under the auspices o 
 the Ohio Company, a Massachusetts organ- 
 ization. Settlements were made the same 
 year at Cincinnati and 
 in 1796 at Cleveland. 
 From that time the 
 population grew rapid- 
 ly, and in 1803 Ohio 
 became a state, having 
 a population of about 
 60,000. The first gen- 
 eral assembly which 
 met at Chillicothe in 
 March elected Edward 
 Tiffin Governor of the 
 state. (Fig. 18.) 
 
 Settlement. The 
 early settlers came 
 largely from X e w 
 England, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and Virginia. 
 Those from New Eng- 
 land settled chiefly
 
 io 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 in the northeastern 
 part, in the " Western 
 Reserve. ' ' Those from 
 Pennsylvania, largely 
 of German descent, 
 settled in various 
 places and gave their 
 attention almost 
 entirely to agriculture. 
 The Virginians located 
 chiefly in the southern 
 part along the Ohio 
 and tributary rivers. 
 Later, many immi- 
 grants came to Ohio 
 direct from Europe, 
 settling for the most 
 part in the cities and 
 the mining districts of 
 the state. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 In 1900 about one- 
 ninth of the total population of Ohio, or 
 more than 450,000 of all the people within 
 the state, were of foreign birth, and of these 
 nearly one-half were Germans. 
 
 Agriculture. While Ohio has many sources 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 The value of farm 
 census of 
 
 of wealth, the most en- 
 during one is her fertile 
 soil. (Fig. 19.) That 
 of the western half of 
 the state is very fer- 
 tile; of the north- 
 eastern portion less so ; 
 while the surface of 
 the southeastern part 
 is so rugged that the 
 land is sometimes poor 
 and little suited to 
 agriculture. The 
 character of the soil 
 depends largely upon 
 the drift and the 
 nature of the bed rock 
 from which the soil 
 was derived. 
 
 A soil suitable for 
 one purpose may not 
 be so for another. Farmers recognizing this 
 endeavor to follow those lines of agricul- 
 ture that give the best results. For the 
 promotion of the agricultural interests the 
 state maintains an experiment station near 
 
 products per square mile, 
 1900. 
 
 Fig. 20. View on the farm of the State Agricultural Experiment Station near Wooster.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 1 1 
 
 Wooster. (Fig. 20.) 
 The Agricultural Col- 
 lege of the State Uni- 
 versity also helps in 
 the work. 
 
 The value of the 
 farm lands and build- 
 ings of Ohio exceeds 
 $1,000,000,000, giving 
 the state a rank in this 
 respect excelled by- 
 only two others. 
 
 Corn is grown in all 
 parts of the state, but 
 the western and cen- 
 tral areas give the best 
 results. There the soil 
 is especially suited to 
 the growing of corn, 
 and the flat or rolling 
 
 Fig. 
 
 The yield of corn per square mile, igoo 
 
 character of the surface makes tillage of the 
 crops comparatively easy. (Figs. 21 and 23.) 
 Wheat is grown in every county The 
 hills of the eastern part often are well suited 
 to the production of this grain, but the 
 
 greatest yields are ob- 
 tained in the central 
 areas with their richer 
 soils and smoother 
 surface. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 The production of 
 oats likewise is profit- 
 able, the areas devoted 
 to this crop lying 
 chiefly in the northern 
 half of the state, which 
 is well adapted to it. 
 
 While potatoes grow 
 everywhere, the rich 
 swamp soils near the 
 source of the Scioto 
 River are much better 
 adapted to this vege- 
 table than are those of 
 any other part of our 
 state. More than 16,000,000 bushels of pota- 
 toes were harvested in 1 904, the value of the 
 crop exceeding $7,000,000. 
 
 Ohio is a heavy producer of canned goods, 
 especially sweet corn. The Scioto Valley 
 is unusually well adapted to the growing of 
 sweet corn, and here, at Chillicothe, Ashville, 
 
 Fig. 
 
 13. Harvest time in Champaign County. A field 
 of corn and pumpkins near Mechanic sburg. 
 
 Fig. 22. The yield of wheat per square mile, igoc 
 
 and Circlevillc, arc located large establish- 
 ments engaged in the canning industry. 
 
 Maple syrup and sugar arc made in many 
 counties, but the sugar maple tree flourishes
 
 12 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 Fig. 24. The value of fruit products per square mile , 1900. 
 
 best in the soil of Medina, Ashtabula, Geauga, 
 and Logan, and these counties lead in pro- 
 duction. In 1900 the state produced more 
 than 600,000 pounds of maple sugar and 
 more than 900,000 gallons of syrup, Ohio 
 ranking first among the states in the last 
 mentioned product. 
 
 While hay is made in every part of Ohio, 
 the northern half, because its soil is highly 
 favorable for growing grass, produces the 
 greatest quantity. (Fig 26.) 
 
 Our state ranks first among the states 
 north of "Mason and Dixon's Line" and 
 fourth in the United States in the value of 
 the tobacco grown. Formerly the south- 
 eastern part led in this industry', but south- 
 western Ohio now holds first place, Mont- 
 gomery, Brown, Darke, and Preble being 
 the most important producing counties. 
 These counties have a fertile soil and a sur- 
 face that renders tilling easy. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Horticulture. Fruit growing is an impor- 
 tant industry in Ohio, the yearly value of 
 the product being about $9,000,000. The 
 islands in Lake Erie and the shores of 
 
 that lake are well adapted to the growing 
 of grapes and peaches. Here the soil is 
 suitable, and the lake modifies the extreme 
 cold of winter and prevents late spring 
 frosts which are injurious to the vines and 
 trees or destructive to their bloom. Belmont 
 County long has been an important grower 
 of strawberries and raspberries. Here the hill 
 soils are rich, well drained, and not liable 
 to late spring frosts. The county has good 
 shipping facilities and an excellent situation 
 with reference to markets. 
 
 The farmers in southern Ohio are giving 
 more and more attention to fruits, especially 
 apples. Land is cheap, the soil favorable, and 
 the hills are not subject to late spring frosts. 
 Apples, however, can be grown successfully 
 in nearly all parts of the state. In 1899 the 
 crop exceeded 20,000,000 bushels. (Fig. 24.) 
 * Live Stock and Dairying. In 1900 the 
 value of the live stock in the state exceeded 
 $125,000,000. Cattle and hogs are raised and 
 fattened in large numbers in all parts of the 
 state, but more especially in the sections 
 where large corn crops are grown. (Fig. 27.) 
 
 Fig. 
 
 The yield of tobacco per square mile, igoo.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 13 
 
 Fig. 26. Yield of hay and forage per square mile, igoo. 
 
 Dairy farming is an important industry in 
 the northeastern corner of the state where the 
 land is best suited for grazing, and around the 
 larger cities, where a ready market may be 
 found for the products. The annual value 
 of the dairy products exceeds $25,000,000. 
 In 1 90 1 Geauga County produced more than 
 5,000,000 pounds of cheese, Trumbull more 
 than 4,800,000 pounds, Ashtabula more than 
 1,500,000, and Lorain 1,100,000 pounds. In 
 the same year Fulton County produced nearly 
 1,900,000 pounds. (Figs. 42 and 43.) 
 
 Ohio has long been an important pro- 
 ducer of sheep and wool. At present the 
 state ranks second in the value of its wool 
 product. The leading sheep-raising counties 
 are Harrison, Licking, Knox, and Coshocton. 
 The southeastern corner of the state is well 
 suited to this industry. Here the hills, 
 often infertile and always hard to till, afford 
 excellent grazing for sheep. (Fig. 29.) 
 
 Poultry Raising. One of the chief agri- 
 cultural industries of Ohio is poultry raising. 
 In this the state held fourth rank in 1900, 
 with more than 14,000,000 chickens. Many 
 
 farmers make a specialty of raising turkeys, 
 and Ohio stands among the five states that 
 showed the largest number. (Fig. 28.) With 
 more than 91,000,000 dozen, Ohio ranked 
 first among the states in the value of eggs 
 produced. This product alone is worth more 
 than ten million dollars yearly. Grain being 
 plentiful, poultry is profitable, and nearly 
 all farmers, especially those living near large 
 towns, engage in this industry. 
 
 OHIO IN AGRICULTURE 
 
 PRODUCT 
 
 Cereals 
 
 Hay and Forage 
 Dairy Products . 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 Eggs 
 
 Fruits 
 
 Poultry 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Wool 
 
 Value for i8gg 
 
 591,748,320 
 
 29,047,532 
 
 25,383,627 
 
 12,354,407 
 
 10,280,769 
 
 8,901,220 
 
 8,847,009 
 
 4,864,191 
 
 4,299,025 
 
 Rank 
 
 of State 
 
 Fisheries. The Lake Erie fisheries are 
 among the most important in the world. 
 In 1899 they gave employment to more 
 than 3,700 persons. The total yield exceeded 
 58,000,000 pounds of fish, more than one-half 
 of which is credited to Ohio. Sandusky is 
 a leading center of the industry, but Cleve- 
 land and Toledo also are important. From 
 
 Fig. 27. The distribution of hogs per square mile, tqoo.
 
 M 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 hose places 
 fish are shipped 
 long distances 
 and form an 
 important 
 article of food 
 for thousands 
 of people. 
 
 Mining. Ohio 
 is rich in min- 
 eral resources, 
 and mining 
 forms one of 
 the principal 
 industries of 
 the state. (Fig 
 mined, which exceeds 
 mineral product, 
 among the states. 
 
 While coal is found in nearly every county 
 in the eastern and southeastern parts of Ohio, 
 large deposits are not numerous. The rich- 
 est fields are the Hocking Valley (Fig. 71), 
 including parts of Athens, Perry, and Hock- 
 ing counties ; the Wellston in Jackson County ; 
 the Cambridge in Guernsey and Noble coun- 
 ties, and the Bellaire in which lie Belmont, 
 
 Fig. 28. Scene on a turkey farm 
 
 $$) The value of the coal 
 
 that of any other 
 
 gives Ohio fourth rank 
 
 Jefferson, and 
 Harrison coun- 
 ties. (Fig. 30.) 
 Coal was 
 formed from 
 vegetation 
 which grew in 
 the coastal 
 marshes. The 
 vegetation 
 accumulated 
 on the floor of 
 these marshes, 
 and these plant- 
 
 among the hills near Pomeroy. covered areas 
 
 later were covered with sediments, which in 
 time were changed to more compact rock. 
 
 The petroleum industry of Ohio began in 
 i860, when the first well was drilled near 
 Macksburg, Washington County. In 1885 oil 
 was discovered in northwestern Ohio, and in 
 a few years the product of this field made 
 the state the largest producer in the country. 
 Within recent years extensive developments 
 in oil in southeastern Ohio have added greatly 
 to the wealth of that section. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 In iQos the value of the crude oil from 
 
 Fig. 29. .1 -flock of high grade sheep. Woodland Farm, Champaign County Sheep raising is a widely established 
 industry in Ohio, sheep being raised on more than twenty-five per cent of the farms of the state.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 15 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 The coalfields of Ohio and ihe production of 
 coal by counties, 1903. 
 
 the Ohio fields was more than $26,000,000. 
 (Fig. 31.) When refined, the value of the 
 product was several times greater. Refineries 
 are found at Lima, Findlay, Toledo, Cleveland, 
 Marietta, and other places. Vast quantities of 
 crude oil are shipped by pipe lines to other 
 states and there refined. (Fig. 35.) 
 
 Natural gas was discovered at Findlay 
 in 1884. Throughout the field wells were 
 drilled rapidly and soon a large quantity of 
 gas was secured. This lead to speculation 
 and great waste of gas. 
 
 Later large reservoirs of gas were discov- 
 ered in Fairfield and Hocking counties and 
 
 Cm ited Stalest 
 
 Ohio 
 
 We*t Virginia 
 
 Ttmtsylvania 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Texan 
 
 California 
 
 Fig. 31. Ohio's rank among the 
 leading petroleum - producing 
 states of the country in 1904, 
 as shown by the value of 
 the products in mil- 
 lions of dollars. 
 
 within recent years in Licking and Knox 
 counties. These two fields have yielded 
 enormous quantities of gas, supplying many 
 of the cities and towns in the western two- 
 thirds of the state. Several smaller reservoirs 
 of gas occur in southeastern Ohio. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 The origin of petroleum and natural gas is 
 not known. Most students regard them as 
 having been formed from animal and vege- 
 table life of former ages. 
 
 These fuels are obtained by drilling wells, 
 which vary greatly in depth. Rarely are they 
 less than 100 or more than 2,500 feet. 
 
 Ohio is a large producer of stone. The 
 Berea sandstone, quarried largely in Cuya- 
 hoga and Lorain counties, is one of the best 
 building stones in the country. (Fig. 34.) 
 
 Fig. 32. The distribution of natural gas and petroleum. 
 
 It is also used extensively for curbings and 
 sidewalks, and finds a ready market from New 
 York to St. Louis. This sandstone is used 
 for grindstones, of which Ohio produces four 
 times as many as are made in all of the 
 other states. 
 
 Limestone is burned on a large scale at
 
 i6 
 
 THK GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 in Meigs County began about 1850, and in 
 northeastern Ohio about 1890. 
 
 OHIO IN MINING 
 
 PRODUCT 
 
 Value in IQ03 
 
 Rank 
 of State 
 
 Coal 
 
 $31,932,327 
 
 26,234,521 
 
 5,114.051 
 
 4,479.040 
 
 1,082,277 
 
 795,897 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Salt 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Fig. 33. Scene at a coal mine. Coal passing front tntne 
 to tipple where it is screened and loaded on cars. 
 
 Kelleys Island, Fremont, Tiffin, Springfield, 
 Marion, and many other places. In all cases 
 the kilns are located where suitable rock is 
 found at or near the surface. 
 
 The state also produces much Portland 
 cement. This is made by mixing limestone 
 or marl with clay, which is burned in a kiln 
 and then ground to a powder. At present 
 large plants are found near Sandusky, 
 Canton, Belief on taine, Wellston,and Ironton, 
 where the presence of 
 the raw materials and 
 good shipping facilities 
 have determined the 
 location of the plants. 
 
 Ohio has long been a 
 large producer of salt, 
 holding third rank 
 among the states. At 
 present there are two 
 important centers 
 Meigs County in south- 
 eastern Ohio and Cuya- 
 hoga, Medina, Sum- 
 mit, and Wayne in the 
 northeastern part. 
 (Fig. 38.) These areas 
 are capable of produc- 
 ing enough salt to sup- 
 ply the entire country 
 for many years. 
 
 The manufacture of 
 salt in large quantity 
 
 
 ' : 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?.m,. F 1 _ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 |H 
 
 Fl g- 34- Quarrying sandstone at Berea. This rock 
 used largely for building purposes and is also the 
 chief source of grindstones for the United States. 
 
 Fig 35. A storage tank for oil near Lima. This tank 
 holds jo,ooo barrels. Note the ridge of earth sur- 
 rounding the tank. This forms a basin to 
 catch the oil if the tank bursts. 
 
 Manufacturing. 
 
 Ohio is a great manu- 
 facturing state, the 
 value of the manufac- 
 tured products exceed- 
 ing those of agricul- 
 ture and mining 
 combined. (Fig. 44.) 
 
 Among the natural 
 advantages for manu- 
 facturing are an abun- 
 dance of raw materials 
 and fuel, excellent 
 transportation facil- 
 ities, and a location 
 near the center of pop- 
 ulation. 
 
 First in manufac- 
 tured products must 
 be mentioned iron and 
 steel, the value of the 
 output for 1900 ex- 
 ceeding $138,000,000. 
 During thirty-five
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 17 
 
 Fig. 36. A tin-plate mill at Martins Ferry. This is one of the largest 
 plants of its kind in the world. 
 
 years Ohio has held second place among the 
 states in this industry, being surpassed by 
 Pennsylvania alone. The two most impor- 
 tant factors .'n the 
 industry are iron ore 
 and coke. The first 
 is shipped by boat 
 from the Lake Superior 
 field to Cleveland, 
 Conneaut, Ashtabula 
 Harbor, and Lorain, 
 and then distributed 
 by rail. The second 
 is obtained from 
 western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Among important 
 producers are Youngs- 
 town, Cleveland, 
 
 Lorain, Ironton (Fig. 37', Wellsville, Mingo, 
 Martins Ferry, and Bellaire. These places are 
 all located in the northeastern or 
 eastern portions of the state be- 
 tween the great, ore docks on 
 Lake Erie and the coke ovens of 
 Pennsylvania, a position that 
 has made them great centers of 
 production for iron and steel. 
 
 Ohio ranks first in the manu- 
 facture of carriages and wagons, 
 Cincinnati being the largest 
 producer of buggies in the United 
 States. Columbus also is im- 
 
 FlG. 
 
 portant in this industry. Zanes- 
 ville makes wagons, and, in fact, 
 nearly every city in the state 
 contributes to the output. 
 
 Springfield manufactures great 
 quantities of agricultural imple- 
 ments, that being the most 
 important industry in the city. 
 Akron, Mansfield, Marion, Mas- 
 sillon, and Dayton also are 
 important centers of the indus- 
 try, in which the state ranks 
 second. This is a result, partly, 
 of its position with reference to the great 
 agricultural states of the West. 
 
 Ohio easily ranks first in clay products. 
 (Fig. 40.) East Liver- 
 pool is the most impor- 
 tant pottery center in 
 the country. (Fig. 41.) 
 Zanesville also is a 
 large producer. The 
 finer clays used in the 
 industry are brought 
 from other states. The 
 Rookwood Pottery at 
 Cincinnati makes the 
 finest art ware in the 
 United States, and its 
 products are prized 
 in the art centers of 
 Europe as well as of America. (Fig. 62.) 
 The more useful products, such as brick, 
 
 37. Etna Furnace, Ironton. This ranks among 
 the greatest iron furnaces in the world. 
 
 Fig. 38. Salt works in Wayne County. One of the chief centers 
 of the salt industry.
 
 iS 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 roofing, tile, and sewer 
 pipe are manufactured 
 on a large scale at 
 Zanesville, Nelson- 
 ville, Union Furnace, 
 Sciotoville, Akron, 
 and many other 
 places. These plants 
 are near clay deposits 
 and fuel supplies that 
 are responsible for 
 their establishment. 
 More than 85 per cent 
 of the sewer pipe used 
 
 Fig. 30 Interior view of a pottery at Steubenville 
 
 United Slates 
 
 Ohio^ 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 yew Jersey- 
 Sew York -^ 
 
 in the United States is made in Ohio (Fig. 40.) 
 In 1900 the va'ue of boots and shoes made 
 was nearly $18,000,000. Among important 
 centers of production are Columbus Ports- 
 mouth, and Cincinnati. 
 
 ' o 10 20 ?0 
 
 Ohio ranks third in 
 the manufacture of 
 flour and related prod- 
 ucts. Lucas County 
 is the center of the 
 flour industry, a result 
 due in part to cheap 
 water transportation 
 to the wheat fields of the Northwest, and to 
 good railroad facilities. Akron makes agri- 
 cultural implements and large quantities of 
 breakfast foods. 
 
 In 1900 the 
 value of the 
 ready-made 
 clothing pro- 
 ducer] in Ohio 
 exceeded $24,- 
 000,000. This 
 industry is con- 
 fined chiefly to 
 the larger cities 
 where labor is 
 easily obtained. 
 
 Printing and 
 publishing also 
 
 Fig 4 1 . .4 pottery at East Liverpool. The leading pottery center in the con ntry 
 
 are important. The 
 value of the output of 
 the plants in 1900 ex- 
 ceeded $20,000,000. 
 Cincinnati has the larg- 
 est publishing house, 
 but the industry is 
 widely distributed. 
 
 The value of slaugh- 
 tered products in 1900 
 exceeded $20,000,000. 
 Cincinnati is the cen- 
 ter of this industry, 
 which is much less 
 important than it was ormerly. The decline 
 in production is due entirely to the trend of 
 the industry toward centers in or near the 
 corn belt and cattle country. 
 
 Ohio ranks third in 
 
 50 bo 70 So oo too 
 
 the manufacture of 
 cigars and cigarettes, 
 and is a large pro- 
 ducer of other tobacco 
 products. This indus- 
 try is established in all 
 parts of the state, 
 though the largest 
 factories exist in the cities, especially at Mid- 
 dletown, which is the center of an extensive 
 tobacco-growing territory. Cincinnati does a 
 
 large wholesale 
 business in leaf 
 tobacco. 
 
 Ohio is a 
 large manufac- 
 turer of glass. 
 Many of the 
 factories are 
 located where 
 natural gas can 
 be secured, 
 that fuel being 
 especially 
 adapted to the 
 glass industry. 
 
 Fig. 40. Ohio's rank among the lead- 
 ing states engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of clay products, as shown 
 by value of products in 
 millions of dollars
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 19 
 
 Fig. 42. The distribution of cheese and butter factories. 
 
 Among the most important centers of produc- 
 tion are Bellaire, Martins Ferry, Steubenville, 
 Zanesville, Lancaster, and Newark. Toledo 
 makes the finest cut glass. 
 
 The annual value of the malt and distilled 
 liquors and wine produced in Ohio exceeds 
 $31,000,000. Whiskey is made at many 
 places, and breweries exist in nearly every 
 county. Wines are made along the lake 
 shore, and especially on the islands in the 
 lake, where grapes thrive. 
 
 In 1900 the number of manufacturing 
 establishments in the state wa> 32,398, and 
 the average number of employees 345,869. 
 The value of the products for that year was 
 $832,438,113. The twelve most important 
 manufacturing centers are Cincinnati, Cleve- 
 land, Columbus, Toledo, Dayton, Canton, 
 Youngstown, Akron, Springfield, Hamilton, 
 Lorain, and Bellaire. 
 
 Transportation. Ohio's facilities for trans- 
 portation are unusual. Each county is 
 crossed by at least one railroad, and nearly 
 every one by two or more roads. Eight 
 trunk lines extend across the state in a gen- 
 eral east and west direction from the Atlantic 
 
 Fig. 43. A creamery in Huron County. 
 
 I- ig. 44. Value of manufactured products per square mile. 
 
 Coast to Chicago or to St. Louis, giving our 
 state unrivaled communication between the 
 East and the West. 
 
 From Cincinnati, two roads run direct to 
 New Orleans, and a third to Chattanooga. 
 These roads give Ohio excellent facilities 
 for trade with a large part of the South. 
 
 Electric lines are being constructed rap'd'y. 
 The state soon will be covered with a net-
 
 20 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 Fig. 45. .4 lock on the Muskingum River. By means of 
 
 a series of these locks the river is navigable for 
 
 steamboats as far as Zanesville. 
 
 work of these roads, which contribute so 
 much to the convenience and prosperity of 
 the people residing 
 in the rural districts. 
 
 The value of Lake 
 Erie for transportation 
 is very great, especially 
 for the shipment of 
 such heavy or bulky 
 materials as iron ore, 
 c< >al, lumber, and grain, 
 an advantage that has 
 been an important 
 factor in making Cleve- 
 land the largest city 
 in the state. (Fig. 46.) 
 
 The Ohio River is 
 an< >ther highway for 
 
 Fig 46. A freight boat on Lake Erie. This boat brings 
 
 iron ore from the Lake Superior region and, 
 
 returning, takes coal. 
 
 transportation, though its importance now is 
 less than in earlier years, when this water- 
 way formed one of the greatest arteries of 
 trade in the country. (Fig. 47.) 
 
 Formerly canals were the chief means for 
 transportation, but they gradually fell into 
 disuse and, in part, have been abandoned. 
 The state has begun the repair of the canal 
 extending from Cleveland to Dresden, and 
 by means of this canal and the Muskingum 
 River 1 h >] es t< > cstal dish a water route between 
 Lake Erie and the Ohio River. (Fig. 45.) 
 
 Commerce. With ample transportation 
 facilities and great variety and quantitv of 
 
 products, it follows that Ohio has an exten- 
 sive, valuable, and growing commerce. 
 
 The state imports great quantities of iron 
 ore and lumber from the Lake Superior terri- 
 tory ; flour from Minneapolis ; clays from New 
 Jersey and other states; leather from our 
 great meat-packing centers and from South 
 America; coke and coal from Pennsylvania 
 and West Virginia ; and hemp from Central 
 America and other countries. 
 
 It sends in return, among other products, 
 large quantities of corn, wheat, hay, wool, 
 and live stock ; malt and distilled liquors and 
 wines; agricultural implements, iron and 
 steel nroducts, buggies, cash registers, edge 
 tools, and safes; cloth- 
 ing, boots, and shoes; 
 pianos and organs; 
 books and newspapers ; 
 glass, pottery, bricks, 
 roofing tile, and sewer 
 pipe; coal, building 
 stone, and petroleum. 
 While Ohio does not 
 occupy he first place 
 in a large number of in- 
 dustries, it does stand 
 near the top in many. 
 This has made our 
 state one of the wealth- 
 iest in the Union, 
 while the diversity of industries has distrib- 
 uted the wealth with considerable uniformity. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 47. An Ohio River steamboat.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 Government. The 
 
 Government of Ohio 
 is modeled after that 
 of the United States, 
 and consists of three 
 departments legisla- 
 tive, executive, and 
 judicial. The legisla- 
 tive power is vested in 
 a General Assembly, 
 consisting of a House 
 of Representatives and 
 a Senate. The former 
 body is chosen by 
 counties, each county 
 having one or more 
 members. Senators 
 are chosen by districts, 
 wh'ch number thirty- 
 four, each district 
 
 The Congressional districts of Ohio, j.goi- 
 
 was given the power to 
 veto a bill passed by 
 the General Assembly. 
 
 The judicial depart- 
 ment consists of a 
 Supreme Court, Cir- 
 cuit courts, and several 
 1 o w e r c o u r t s. The 
 Supreme Court consists 
 of five judges, one 
 elected each year for 
 a period of five years. 
 
 Ohio has twenty-one 
 Representatives in the 
 National Congress and, 
 like all of the other 
 states, two Senators. 
 
 Penal Institutions. 
 The Ohio Penitentiary 
 is located at Colum- 
 
 having one or more Senators. (Fig. 48.) 
 
 The General Assembly meets biennially, in 
 the Capitol at Columbus. (Fig. 50.) It may 
 be called in extra session by the Governor. 
 Each member is elected for two years, but 
 may be reelected any number of times. 
 
 The executive power is vested in the Gov- 
 ernor. He is commander-in-chief of the 
 militia, appoints many state officials, sees 
 to the enforcement of the laws, and performs 
 other duties of an executive nature. By 
 action of the people in 1903 the Governor 
 
 Fig. 49. View at the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Sandusky. 
 
 Fig. 50. The State Capitol at Columbus. 
 
 bus. Males between the ages of 
 sixteen and thirty convicted of 
 certain kinds of crimes are sent 
 to the Reformatory at Mansfield. 
 Incorrigible boys are sent to the 
 Industrial School near Lan- 
 caster, and girls to the Industrial 
 Home near Delaware. Some 
 cities and counties maintain a 
 workhouse, where persons con- 
 victed of minor offenses are sent. 
 State Charities Ohio makes
 
 22 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 generous provision lor 
 the unfortunate. Hos- 
 pitals for the insane are 
 located at Cleveland, 
 Toledo, Massillon, 
 Columbus, Athens, 
 Dayton, and Cincin- 
 nati. There is a hospi- 
 tal for epileptics at 
 Gallipolis, and an insti- 
 tution for feeble-mind- 
 ed youths at Columbus, 
 which also contains 
 institutions for the 
 blind, deaf and dumb. The state supports a 
 home for the orphans of soldiers and sailors 
 
 l i 
 
 /\ 
 
 ffy.j & 
 
 \\\ . 
 
 _^J5 
 
 
 w 
 
 HflB- 1 U> 
 
 ' *'><. 'fa 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 kfal 
 
 
 355B? 
 
 -^j^^^ 
 
 
 Fig 51. /I centralized schoi 
 1 he wagons carry the pup 
 
 Fig. 52. Ewing Hall, Ohio 
 
 at Xenia, and a home for 
 at Sandusky. (Fig. 49.) 
 home for soldiers and 
 sailors near Dayton. 
 Each county has an 
 infirmary or poor- 
 house, and usually a 
 children's home. 
 
 Education. For the 
 education of the youth, 
 the state supports a 
 school system includ- 
 ing many high and two 
 normal schools, a uni- 
 versity, and, to a lim- 
 ited extent, three addi- 
 
 University, Athens. 
 
 soldiers and sailors 
 There is a national 
 
 tional universities. 
 Besides these, there 
 exist various private 
 schools, academies, col- 
 leges, and universities. 
 Children between 
 the ages of eight and 
 fourteen years must 
 attend school for the 
 entire period that 
 school is in session. 
 This must be at least 
 twenty-four weeks, 
 and nearly always is 
 thirty-two weeks or more. Boys and girls 
 
 '/ in Champaign County. 
 Us to and from school. 
 
 from 
 
 fourteen 
 
 to 
 
 sixteen years of 
 
 age 
 
 not 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 m\&& 
 
 
 | .' 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 
 J.i ~~ "WW 
 
 * 
 
 .: 
 
 
 Fig. 
 
 53 
 
 Fig. 54. The Main Building, Miami University. 
 
 at work, or who have reached that age and 
 cannot read and write the English language, 
 likewise are required 
 to attend school. 
 
 The "Boxwell law" 
 provides that pupils 
 in the country schools 
 who have passed a 
 specified examination 
 may enter a neighbor- 
 ing high school and 
 have the tuition paid 
 by their district. 
 
 A start has been 
 made in the cen- 
 tralization of schools. 
 
 Mam Building. Case School of Applied 
 Science, Cleveland.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 2 3 
 
 (Fig. 51.) This requires that all schools of a 
 township be located at one place, thus mak- 
 ing possible the grading of the schools and 
 the formation of a high school. This will 
 give the pupils of the country the school 
 advantages at present enjoyed by those resid- 
 ing in towns and cities. 
 
 In 1902 the state established two normal 
 schools for the training of teachers. One 
 is at Athens and the other at Oxford. 
 
 The expense of maintain ng the state pub- 
 lic schools annually amounts to more than 
 $14,000,000. This is provided in several 
 ways, chief of which is taxation. 
 
 Ohio has thirty-nine institutions known as 
 
 versity Hall, Ohio State University. 
 
 universities or college . Four of these receive 
 state aid. The Ohio University at Athens, 
 established in 1804, is the oldest in the West; 
 Miami University, located at Oxford, was 
 established in 1809. (Figs. 52 and 54.) Wil- 
 ber force University, near Xenia, is devoted to 
 the education of the colored race. The funds 
 it receives from the state are used in teach- 
 ing industrial work. 
 
 The Ohio State University at Columbus 
 is a result of an act passed by Congress in 
 1862 for the establishment of colleges in the 
 several states, whose leading objects shall be, 
 " without excluding other scientific and clas- 
 sical studies, " to teach branches of learning 
 related to agriculture and the mechanic arts. 
 
 Fig. 50. The Spear Library Building, Oberlin College . 
 
 It is supported partly by the national 
 government, but more largely by the state. 
 Attention is given to studies relating to agri- 
 culture, engineering, veterinary medicine, 
 and pharmacy. It has also a College of Law 
 and one of Arts, Philosophy, and Science. 
 (Figs. 55 and 57.) 
 
 Other institutions that have rendered great 
 service to the cause of education are Oberlin 
 College, a pioneer in coeducation as well as in 
 the admission of colored students, and Case 
 School at Cleveland, devoted to technical 
 education. (Figs. 53 and 56.) 
 
 THE LARGER COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN 1903. 
 
 NAME 
 
 Location 
 
 Number of 
 Instructors 
 
 Number of 
 Students 
 
 Ohio State University 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Oberlin 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Granville 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Wooster 
 
 148 
 104 
 
 68 
 164 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 136 
 
 .S3 
 
 1,711 
 
 Ohio Wesleyan University. . . . 
 
 University of Cincinnati 
 
 Case School >f Aoolied Science. 
 
 Denison University 
 
 Western Reserve University. . 
 
 1,117 
 1.073 
 453 
 45i 
 78.S 
 5i6 
 
 Fro 
 
 Agricultural Building, Ohio State University
 
 24 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 II. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOP- 
 MENT OF CITIES. 
 
 Gain in Population. In Ohio, as in other 
 great states of the Mississippi Basin group, the 
 growth of the state in recent years has been 
 marked bv a notable 
 
 tures in connection with the movement of popu- 
 lation lies in its even distribution over the counties 
 of the state, Ohio surpassing all the other com- 
 monwealths in this respect. At the same time 
 its density of population, 102 to the square mile, 
 exceeds that of any other state west of the Alle- 
 ghenies and is four times 
 
 ,Sjo 
 
 rSjo 
 
 increase in the popu- 
 lation of cities and 
 towns. Between 1890 
 and 1900 the gain in 
 population, about half a 
 million, was nearly all 
 added to urban centers, 
 and to-day more than 
 one-half of the people 
 live in the 711 incorpo- 
 rated places in the state. 
 There are 83 cities 
 
 having a population of 4,000 and over only two 
 other states in the Union having a greater num- 
 ber. The number of persons residing in these 
 cities constitutes mere than two-fifths of the 
 total population. Cleveland, the largest city in 
 the state, and the third great city west of the Alle- 
 ghenies, between 1890 and 1900 showed a gain of 
 63 per cent. With this 
 it rose from tenth to 
 seventh rank among the 
 leading cities of the 
 Union. Many other 
 cities are growing with 
 equal rapidity, Colum- 
 bus, Akron, and Canton 
 all showing even higher 
 percentages of gain. 
 Cities and towns have 
 sprung up all over the 
 state wherever coal, gas, 
 or water power, the 
 development of agricul- 
 ture or special facilities 
 for transportation, have 
 invited manufactures 'or 
 trade. 
 
 In Ohio the popula- 
 tion is very evenly dis- 
 tributed. Indeed, one of 
 the most striking fea- 
 
 Fig. 57. The density of papula 
 tion per square mile in Ohio, 
 at each Federal census 
 from 1800 to igoo. 
 
 
 
 *57'i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 greater than the density 
 for the whole country. 
 (Figs. 57 and 58.) 
 
 Cleveland, the largest 
 city of Ohio, lies on 
 Lake Erie at the mouth 
 of the Cuyahoga River. 
 (Fig. 60.) Built in great 
 part on a high level plain, 
 its situation, overlooking 
 the lake, is beautiful. 
 It is divided by the deep, 
 narrow valley of the Cuyahoga River, across 
 which extend viaducts and bridges connecting 
 the two sections of the city. It is situated upon 
 the lake on the direct lines of travel between 
 the East and the West and between the iron- 
 producing regions of the Superior district and 
 the coal and oil fields of Ohio and Pennsylvania. 
 The advantages afforded 
 by this location have 
 made Cleveland one of 
 the great commercial 
 centers of the country, 
 and second only to 
 Chicago, in the Great 
 Lakes district, as an 
 industrial point. It is 
 the chief port on the 
 lake, the traffic in coal 
 and iron leading in im- 
 portance. Lumber and 
 grain rank next. It has 
 excellent facilities for 
 handling its shipping. 
 Upon the low grounds 
 of the valley, lumber 
 yards, ore docks, freight 
 wharves, and coal yards 
 extend along the river 
 and to the harbor pro- 
 tected bv an immense 
 
 j2j,ooo and over 
 
 -The relative size of incorporated cities and 
 Tiilajes ' Bhown bj the size of the circles. 
 
 The density of urban population in Ohio, 
 census of ipoo.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 
 iiiu 
 
 _T~ ' 
 
 -*-.: .1 
 
 CLEVELAND 
 
 AND VICINITY 
 
 Scale 
 
 Fig. 59. City Square and Soldiers' Monument, Cleveland 
 
 stone breakwater. Its' situation upon the lake 
 has also made the city one of the great fish 
 markets of the country. 
 
 Cleveland is a city of great attractiveness. 
 This is due to its many broad streets so abun- 
 dantly shaded that it has been aptly named the 
 Forest City, and to the extent and beauty of its 
 parks and squares. It contains many notable 
 monuments (Fig. 59), chief among 
 which is the Garfield Memorial in 
 Lake View Cemetery, where lies the 
 body of President Garfield. 
 
 The leading industrial interests 
 of Cleveland center in the man- 
 ufacturing of iron and steel, and 
 foundry and machine-shop prod- 
 ucts. In the output of wire nails 
 it outranks all other cities, and its 
 oil refineries are the largest in the 
 world. Clothing also is produced 
 in great quantities in the city. At 
 its ship-yards many vessels a?e 
 built for the lake trade. 
 
 The public schools of Cleveland 
 are noted for their efficiency and 
 progressiveness. A number of 
 institutions for higher education 
 are located here. Among them are 
 the Western Reserve University 
 
 and the Case School of Applied 
 Science, a well known technolog- 
 ical school. (Fig. 53.) 
 
 Cincinnati, the chief city of the 
 Ohio Valley, and long the metrop- 
 olis of the state, is the second 
 city in size in Ohio. Rising from 
 the river's' edge it covers exten- 
 sive terraces that here lie high 
 above the flood-waters of the 
 stream. Along the river front 
 is a levee backed by warehouses 
 and manufacturing plants ; higher 
 than these, upon the plain of 
 the terrace, is the retail district; 
 while on still more elevated sites 
 are splendid residence districts 
 approached by inclined railways. 
 (Fig. 61.) 
 Commercially, Cincinnati is a gateway to the 
 South and Southwest, and is connected by many 
 railways with New Orleans, Atlanta, and other 
 southern points. Additional transportation 
 facilities are afforded by the Ohio River, upon 
 which the city has a frontage of about four- 
 teen miles. Owing to its rank as a trading center 
 the city is the chief financial center of Ohio. 
 
 Fig. 60. Map of Cleveland and vicinity.
 
 26 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 CINCINNATI 
 
 AND VICINITY 
 
 Scale 
 
 Cincinnati is 
 a prominent 
 manufacturing 
 city with several 
 thousand indus- 
 trial plants and 
 a wide variety of 
 manufactures. 
 Clothing, maU 
 and distilled 
 liquors, and 
 foundry and 
 machine-shop 
 products lead in 
 value. Slaugh- 
 tering and meat 
 packing also 
 are important, 
 though much 
 less so than 
 formerly. The 
 artistic pottery made at Cincinnati has an inter- 
 national reputation. (Fig. 62.) 
 
 The city has an excellent educational system 
 and numerous private schools of high standing. 
 Supplementing the city schools is the Univer- 
 sity of Cincinnati, the organization of which 
 was made possible by a grant from the city. 
 In the famous Eden Park on Mount Adams is 
 the Museum and Art School. Cincinnati long 
 has been known as a musical center, and the 
 musical festivals for years have been distinctive 
 features of its life. 
 
 The city, popularly known as the Queen 
 City of the West, contains many beautiful and 
 substantial private and public buildings, and is 
 
 justly proud of 
 its beautiful 
 parks, finely 
 wooded and 
 picturesque. 
 
 Toledo, the 
 third city of 
 Ohio, lies at the 
 rrouth of the 
 Maumee River 
 along both 
 banks of the 
 stream. (Fig. 
 63.) It has a 
 fine harbor with 
 a deep water- 
 way, and is im- 
 portant both as 
 a lake port and a 
 railroad center. 
 (Fig. 64.) The 
 city has many miles of docks and, like Cleveland, 
 it is a receiving and distributing point for ore and 
 other products from the upper lake regions and 
 for coal and various products from Ohio and 
 neighboring states. Toledo's coal shipments 
 exceed those of all lake ports except Cleveland. 
 It has a large grain trade. 
 
 Toledo is a great and growing manufactur- 
 ing center. Chief among the many industrial 
 interests are its flouring and grist mills, with 
 an output in 1900 valued at $4,400,000. Foun- 
 dry and machine-shop products rank second. 
 Extensive shipbuilding plants are located on 
 the water front, and just outside the city limits 
 are large glass works. The city is a leading 
 
 Map of Cincinnati and vicinity. 
 
 Fig. 62. The Rookwood Art Pottery, Cincinnati. The products of this plant are prized in the art circles of Europe 
 
 as well as of America.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 27 
 
 TOLEDO 
 
 AND VICINITY 
 
 Scale 
 
 Fig. 63. Map of Toledo and vicinity. 
 
 educational center, with excellent public and 
 many private schools, and a fine park system. 
 Columbus, the capital and fourth city in size 
 of Ohio, lies near the center of the state. It is 
 situated along both sides of the Scioto River on 
 generally level ground. (Fig. 65.) The earlier 
 growth of the city was aided largely by its 
 situation upon highways of travel between the 
 Pennsylvania mountain passes and the western 
 prairie states. The city is now one of the great 
 railroad centers of the West, many lines radiat- 
 ing from it as did the earlier roadways. These 
 roads connect it with all the 
 leading cities of the East and 
 Central West, and Columbus has 
 become the distributing center for 
 a wide area of surrounding terri- 
 tory. The city is near extensive 
 coal and gas fields. The develop- 
 ment of these resources brought 
 cheap fuel and resulted in making 
 Columbus the center of varied and 
 extensive manufactures. In 1900 
 the leading industry was the work- 
 ing of iron and steel; second in 
 importance was the making of foun- 
 dry and machine-shop products; 
 while the production of factory- 
 made boots and shoes ranked third. Fig. 64 
 
 Columbus is also well known as an educa- 
 tional center and as the seat of numerous 
 charitable institutions. Besides the State 
 University, it has other public and private 
 institutions for advanced study, and here are 
 asylums for the deaf, dumb, and blind, and 
 for the feeble-minded. The state insane asylum 
 and the penitentiary likewise are located here. 
 
 The city is well built, with broad, finely paved 
 streets and numerous parks. Laid out in 1812, 
 it became the capital of the state in 1816, and 
 the legislature, which meets at the Capitol 
 (Fig. 50) in Columbus every two years, held 
 its first session here in December of that year. 
 
 Dayton, the fifth city in size in the state, and 
 the county seat of Montgomery County, is a 
 beautiful city on the Miami River at its junction 
 with Mad River. It is an important railroad 
 center, the natural market of a farming region of 
 great fertility, and the seat of extensive and 
 varied manufacturing industries. There are 
 limestone and marble quarries in the vicinity. 
 The city has a fine system of public schools. 
 It is the seat of one of the State Insane Asylums, 
 and near by is the central branch of the National 
 Soldiers' Home. (Fig. 66.) 
 
 Youngstown, the county seat of Mahoning 
 County, is situated on the Mahoning River. 
 With excellent transportation facilities, it is a 
 great manufacturing center. Its large industrial 
 plants turn out iron and various other products. 
 
 A vtew along the water front of the city of Toledo.
 
 28 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 Akron, the county 
 seat of Summit County, 
 is a flourishing manu- 
 facturing city thirty- 
 five miles southeast of 
 Cleveland. It is in the 
 vicinity of a number of 
 small lakes, one of 
 which, Summit, fur- 
 nishes the city's water 
 supply. On the Ohio 
 Canal, and at the junc- 
 tion of four railways, it 
 has good transportation 
 facilities. The manu- 
 facturing industries 
 include the making of 
 agricultural implements, 
 stoneware, sewer pipe, 
 rubber goods, and cereal 
 
 COLUMBUS 
 
 AND VICINITY 
 
 Scale 
 
 o 1 2 s 
 
 Fig. 65. Map of Columbus and vicinity. 
 
 these advantages varied 
 and important manu- 
 factures have beeri 
 established. 
 
 Zanesville, the county 
 seat of Muskingum 
 County, is at the head 
 cf navigation on the 
 Muskingum River, in a 
 region rich in agricul- 
 tural resources and in 
 coal and clay. Here are 
 important manufac- 
 tories for iron, steel, 
 glass, pottery, tile, and 
 farming implements. 
 
 Lima, the county seat 
 of Allen County, is an 
 important railroad cen- 
 ter in the great oil belt 
 
 products. Here is the seat of Buchtel College. 
 
 Springfield, the county seat of Clarke County, 
 is an important railroad point in a rich agri- 
 cultural district, and long has been a leading 
 center for the manufacture of agricultural imple- 
 ments of all kinds. It is the seat of Witten- 
 berg College. 
 
 Canton, the coun y seat of Stark County, is 
 in a fine wheat -growing district underlaid with 
 coal, limestone, and pottery clay. The city has 
 excellent railroad facilities, a good trade, and is 
 a manufacturing town of considerable impor- 
 tance. Canton was first settled about 1805. It 
 was the home of President McKinley. (Pig- 68.) 
 
 Hamilton, the county seat of Butler County, is 
 a flourishing 
 town on the 
 Miami River , 
 twenty -five 
 miles north of 
 Cincinnati. It 
 lies in one of the 
 richest valleys 
 in the country, 
 and has ample 
 railway facilities 
 and splendid 
 water power. 
 As a result of Fig. 66 
 
 of the state. It is one of the chief towns in 
 the belt for distributing and refining crude oil. 
 It has oil refineries, large railroad shops, and 
 works for manufacturing locomotives, cars, and 
 machinery, and for making by-products from 
 the crude oil. 
 
 Sandusky, the county seat of Erie County, 
 is beautifully situated on Sandusky Bay, fifty- 
 six miles west of Cleveland. It has one of 
 the most spacious harbors on the lakes and 
 a large trade in ice, coal, lumber, salt, fruit, 
 and wine. The lake fisheries form a leading 
 industry and at Sandusky is located the state 
 fish hatchery. The limestone quarries in the 
 vicinity afford excellent building stone. 
 
 Newark, the 
 county seat of 
 Licking County, 
 is at the source 
 of Licking 
 River. It lies 
 in an agricul- 
 tural district of 
 great fertility, 
 rich also in gas 
 and sandstone. 
 The extensive 
 manufacturing 
 A view of the city of Dayton, and the Miami Rivar. interests include
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 29 
 
 tic 67. East Wall of Ft. Ancient, Warren County. This 
 is said to be the largest prehistoric earthworks known. 
 
 glass works, the largest stove foundry in the 
 country, and railroad shops, which give employ- 
 ment to many men. In the vicinity are found 
 some of the most interesting of the mound- 
 builders' works. 
 
 Portsmouth, the county seat of Scioto County, 
 is at the confluence of the Ohio and Scioto 
 rivers. It lies in a fertile valley having mineral 
 wealth near by. Portsmouth has a flourishing 
 trade and varied and extensive manufactures. 
 
 Mansfield, the county seat of Richland County, 
 is the trade center of a fine agricultural district 
 and the seat of important manufactures. Here 
 is the Ohio State Reformatory, the most ad- 
 vanced penal institution in America. Mansfield 
 was the home of John Sherman. 
 
 Findlay, the county seat of Hancock County, 
 lies in the greatest and richest oil field in Ohio. 
 The center of a fertile farming and live 
 stock raising region, the growth of the town 
 and its industries has been rapid. (Fig. 69.) 
 
 East Liverpool, in Columbiana County, 
 on the Ohio, lias good shipping facilities 
 both by rail and river. It is the center of 
 the pottery industry, having the largest 
 works in the country. (Fig. 41.) 
 
 Lorain, a rapidly growing city, is located 
 on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Black 
 River. It has a large trade by lake and 
 rail in coal and iron ore and has extensive 
 iron-working industries. Steel vessels, the 
 largest afloat on the lakes, are made here 
 
 Steubenville, the county seat of Jefferson 
 County, is on the Ohio River, forty-four 
 miles west of Pittsburg. The surrounding 
 
 country, much of it fertile, contains deposits of 
 coal, oil, and natural gas. This results in a 
 flourishing trade and important and varied 
 industrial interests. It has one iron-working 
 plant employing nearly 3,000 people. (Fig. 39.) 
 
 Marietta, the county seat of Washington 
 County, is at the junction of the Ohio and 
 Muskingum rivers, in an oil region, and large 
 and important industries have grown up here. 
 It is the oldest town in the state, having been 
 settled by people from New England in 1788. 
 It is the seat of Marietta College. Twelve miles 
 below the town is historic Blennerhassett Island. 
 
 Chillicothe, the county seat of Ross County, 
 is on the Scioto River, fifty miles south of 
 Columbus. In a valley of great fertility, and at 
 the crossing of important railroads it has become 
 a leading grain market and manufacturing cen- 
 ter. Settled in 1796, it was the state capital 
 from 1800 to 1810. 
 
 Ashtabula, near the mouth of the Ashtabula 
 River, has a fine harbor and good railroad facil- 
 ities. The port is important for the tranship- 
 ment of coal and iron ore. The chief industry 
 is the manufacture of agricultural implements. 
 
 Piqua, Miami County, is on the Miami River, 
 at the crossing of two railroads. It is the seat 
 of many industries, but is especially noted for 
 its manufactures of linseed oil. 
 
 Massillon, Stark County, on the Tuscarawas 
 River, has large sandstone quarries, an impor- 
 tant trade in coal, and manufactories. 
 
 Fir.. 68. Tne home oj President McKinley. at Canton.
 
 3 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 Ironton, county seat of Lawrence County, on 
 the Ohio River, is the center of a mining region, 
 rich in iron ore, coal, and fire clay. It has good 
 transportation by river and rail, and is the seat 
 of extensive iron manufactories. 
 
 Marion, the county seat of Marion County, is 
 a busy railroad, trade, and industrial center. 
 Its limestone quarries and kilns are very large 
 and some of its industrial plants are among the 
 largest in the world. 
 
 Tiffin, the county seat of Seneca County, on 
 the Sandusky River, is a railroad, commercial, 
 and manufacturing center near deposits of oil 
 and natural gas. Limestone and lime are pro- 
 duced from near by quarries. It is the seat of an 
 Ursaline Convent and of 
 Heidelburg University. 
 
 Bellaire, Belmont 
 County, on the Ohio 
 River, five miles below 
 Wheeling, is in a rich 
 agricultural district 
 underlaid with coal. It 
 has a good trade and 
 a variety of manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 Middletown, on the 
 Miami River, thirty-five 
 miles north of Cincin- 
 nati, ranks third in the 
 United States in the 
 manufacture of tobacco, 
 returning annually more 
 
 V < 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 fyS 
 
 n 
 
 Fig. 69 
 
 than $1,000,000 internal revenue. Here are 
 located various manufactures and paper mills. 
 
 Lancaster, the county seat of Fairfield County. 
 on the Hocking River, lies in the most important 
 gas field in the state, and is a growing manu- 
 facturing town. Lancaster is the birthplace of 
 General William Tecumseh Sherman. The State 
 Industrial School for boys is near here. 
 
 Alliance, a prosperous trade and industrial 
 center in Stark County, has large iron and steel 
 works, and is the seat of Mt. Union College. 
 
 Elyria, the county seat of Lorain County, on 
 the Black River, not far from Lake Erie, is the 
 market for a dairying district and ships large 
 quantities of sandstone quarried in the vicinity. 
 Here are flourishing manufactures. 
 
 Xenia, the county seat of Greene County, is 
 the center of a productive farming section, and 
 has varied industrial interests. The Ohio Sol- 
 diers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home is located 
 here. Three miles east is Wilberforce University. 
 Warren, the county seat of Trumbull County, 
 is on the Mahoning River, surrounded by a fine 
 agricultural district with large dairying and live 
 stock interests. It is a railroad center and has 
 a large variety of manufacturing interests. 
 
 Fremont, the county seat of Sandusky County, 
 on Sandusky River, in a fertile farming region 
 and in the oil belt, has many industries. Much 
 of historic interest centers around Fremont, a 
 notable Indian point in early days, the site of 
 Fort Stephenson, and 
 the scene of Croghan's 
 victory in the war of 
 1 81 2. Fremont was the 
 home of President 
 Hayes. 
 
 Cambridge, the county 
 seat of Guernsey County, 
 in a region rich in 
 deposits of pottery clay, 
 of coal, and natural gas, 
 has important manufac- 
 tures of iron products, 
 glass, and pottery 
 
 Wellston, in Jackson 
 County, is the center of 
 a coal and iron mining 
 district, and has exten- 
 sive manufactures of pig iron and cement. 
 
 Delaware, the county seat of Delaware 
 County, twenty-four miles north of Columbus, is 
 the trade center of a good agricultural district 
 and a busy manufacturing town. Here is the 
 seat of Ohio Wesleyan University. 
 
 Martins Ferry, on the 'Ohio two miles above 
 Wheeling, in a district underlaid with coal and 
 limestone, has large manufactures of iron, steel, 
 tin plate, and glass. (Fig. 36.) It is the birth- 
 place of William Dean Howells, the novelist. 
 
 Fostoria, Seneca County, lies in a good farming 
 
 region at the crossing of six railroads, and near 
 
 productive oil fields. These advantages have 
 
 made it the seat of glass and other large works. 
 
 Salem, Columbiana County, is the center of 
 
 A n oil farm near Findlay.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 3 1 
 
 ,. 
 
 -.. .. 'fJ' i -:^f i 
 
 
 Kjk [Nt j 
 
 
 ..|3Hjfe 
 
 IHtifi 
 
 
 ^wgpipBb*;- 
 
 
 1l 
 
 Fig. 70. Iron ore docks, Conneaut Harbor. 
 
 a farming., stock raising, and coal mining district. 
 Its industrial products include engines, steel, 
 tools, stoves, tile, and furniture. 
 
 Defiance, the county seat o c Defiance County, 
 lies at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize 
 rivers, in a fertile agricultural region. It has a 
 large trade in farm products and manufactures 
 wood-working machinery. Here in 1794, in 
 the very heart of the Indian country, General 
 Anthony Wayne, whose campaign against the 
 Indians closed with the battle of Fallen Timbers 
 (Fig. 17), built Fort Defiance. 
 
 Niles, Trumbull County, is on the Mahoning 
 River in a district devoted to manufacturing. 
 The leading industries include the making of 
 iron, tin plate, metal lath, and street cars. 
 Niles is the birthplace of President McKinley. 
 
 Galion, Crawford County, is a flourishing rail- 
 road and industrial center. 
 
 Conneaut, a port on Lake Erie, at the mouth 
 of Conneaut Creek, has an unrivaled harbor and 
 an extensive trade in coal and iron ore. (Fig. 
 70.) Important car ferries ply between Con- 
 neaut and Canadian ports. Here are large flour- 
 ing mills, canneries, and railroad repair shops. 
 
 Norwalk, the county seat of Huron County, 
 is a railroad center in a fertile farming district. 
 Here are manufactured pianos, organs, machin- 
 ery, steel, and novelties. 
 
 Circleville, the prosperous county seat of 
 Pickaway County, on the Scioto River, is a market 
 and an industrial town in a fine agricultural 
 region. It occupies the site of a circular pre- 
 historic fortification, hence its name. 
 
 Kenton, the county seat of Hardin County, in 
 a district largely devoted to farming, has a good 
 trade, and a number of flourishing industries. 
 
 Urbana, the county seat of Champaign County, 
 is a flourishing railroad and industrial point in 
 a productive agricultural district. 
 
 Bellefontaine, the county seat of Logan 
 County, is situated near the highest ground in 
 # the state. It has extensive railroad shops and 
 other manufactories. 
 
 Mount Vernon, the county seat of Knox 
 County, is the trade center of a fertile farm- 
 ing district, and the seat of various industries. 
 Near by is Magnetic Springs and here is the 
 State Tuberculosis Sanitorium. 
 
 Bucyrus, the county seat of Crawford County, 
 on the Sandusky River, in an excellent agricul- 
 tural region, is a busy trade and industrial cen- 
 ter. It has a number of manufactories, besides 
 a steel plant and a general machine shop. 
 
 Coshocton, the county seat of Coshocton 
 County, on the Muskingum River, is a busy 
 trade and industrial center. 
 
 Van Wert, the county seat of Van Wert County, 
 is the market for a rich farming section. Here 
 are railroad machine shops, flouring and lumber 
 mills, and piano factories. 
 
 New Philadelphia, the county seat of Tusca- 
 rawas County, on the Tuscarawas River, in the 
 center of a farming region underlaid with coal, 
 iron ore, and stone, has good shipping facilities 
 and various industries. 
 
 Wellsville, Columbiana County, an industrial 
 center on the Ohio River, adjacent to coal 
 deposits, is especially known for its iron, steel, 
 and terra cotta industries. 
 
 Wooster, the county seat of Wayne County, is 
 the trade center of a productive agricultural 
 district and the seat of flourishing manufac- 
 tories. Here are the University of Wooster and 
 the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
 Fir. 
 
 A mining village in the Hocking Valley.
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF OHIO 
 
 The Counties of Ohio. 
 
 ORGAN' 
 
 IZBD 
 
 LAND 
 AREA, 
 
 SQ. XI. 
 
 1707 
 1S20 
 1S4O 
 1S07 
 1805 
 1S4S 
 I 80 I 
 1 81 7 
 1804 
 1833 
 1S05 
 [817 
 [800 
 [810 
 [So.? 
 [S11 
 [820 
 1807 
 
 1S09 
 .845 
 lSo8 
 1838 
 ISOO 
 [8lO 
 SO., 
 183O 
 ISO! 
 [80S 
 1803 
 l8lO 
 I790 
 [820 
 [820 
 [8l4 
 
 r820 
 1805 
 1818 
 1824 
 1S09 
 1816 
 1797 
 1808 
 1840 
 1816 
 1S08 
 1817 
 1822 
 1835 
 1S10 
 1846 
 1824 
 181 2 
 1819 
 1820 
 1S07 
 1813 
 1803 
 1818 
 1848 
 1804 
 1851 
 1840 
 1 8 20 
 1817 
 1810 
 1 8 1 s 
 1S07 
 1 80S 
 1S20 
 1813 
 1 70S 
 1S20 
 
 ISO? 
 
 IS 20 
 
 1819 
 
 1808 
 
 IS40 
 
 I 800 
 i8t 3 
 1820 
 1820 
 1850 
 180? 
 1788 
 1706 
 1820 
 [820 
 1845 
 
 5*4 
 405 
 424 
 
 691 
 528 
 
 394 
 On 
 430 
 498 
 379 
 419 
 43 
 431 
 424 
 504 
 552 
 397 
 472 
 O04 
 41 2 
 431 
 312 
 493 
 444 
 479 
 419 
 408 
 412 
 453 
 484 
 45 
 526 
 461 
 370 
 415 
 558 
 425 
 439 
 5l6 
 411 
 390 
 514 
 242 
 469 
 665 
 470 
 494 
 356 
 451 
 413 
 502 
 423 
 435 
 466 
 417 
 431 
 489 
 396 
 395 
 655 
 369 
 292 
 415 
 413 
 474 
 411 
 59 
 432 
 47 5 
 514 
 646 
 429 
 565 
 556 
 401 
 546 
 304 
 624 
 533 
 430 
 411 
 414 
 459 
 627 
 
 POPU- 
 LATION. 
 I900 
 
 26,328 
 47.976 
 21,184 
 51.448 
 38.730 
 31.192 
 60,873 
 28,237 
 56,870 
 l6,8ll 
 26,642 
 58.939 
 3I.6lO 
 24,202 
 68,590 
 29.337 
 33.915 
 
 439,120 
 42,532 
 26,387 
 26,401 
 37.650 
 34.259 
 21,725 
 
 164,460 
 22,8oi 
 27,918 
 14.744 
 3I.6I3 
 34.425 
 
 409,479 
 4L993 
 3I,l87 
 20,486 
 27,282 
 30,982 
 24.398 
 19. 511 
 32,330 
 34.248 
 44.357 
 27,768 
 2I,68o 
 39.534 
 47.070 
 30,420 
 54,857 
 
 153.559 
 20,590 
 70,134 
 28,678 
 21,958 
 
 2S.620 
 
 28,021 
 43.105 
 27,031 
 130,146 
 17,905 
 17,879 
 53,185 
 
 19.466 
 22,213 
 
 27,528 
 31,841 
 27,016 
 
 18.172 
 
 29,246 
 
 23.713 
 32.525 
 44,289 
 
 40,940 
 
 34.311 
 
 40.981 
 
 41,163 
 
 24,625 
 
 94.747 
 7L7I5 
 46.591 
 53.751 
 22,342 
 30.394 
 15,330 
 25,584 
 48,245 
 37.870 
 24,953 
 
 COUNTY SEAT 
 
 POPU- 
 LATION, 
 I900 
 
 West Union .... 
 
 Lima 
 
 Ashland 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Athens 
 
 Wapakoneta .... 
 St. Clairsville . . . 
 Georgetown .... 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Carrollton 
 
 Urbana 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Wilmington .... 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Bucyrus 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Defiance 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Sandusky 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Washington C. H 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Wauseon 
 
 Gallipolis 
 
 Chardon 
 
 Xenia 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Findlay 
 
 Kenton 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 Napoleon 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 Logan 
 
 Millersburg 
 
 Norwalk 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Steubenville .... 
 
 Mt. Vernon 
 
 Painesville 
 
 Ironton 
 
 Newark 
 
 Bellefontaine.. . . 
 
 Elyria 
 
 Toledo 
 
 London 
 
 Youngstown. . . . 
 
 Marion 
 
 Medina 
 
 Pomeroy 
 
 Celina 
 
 Troy 
 
 Woodsfield 
 
 Dayton 
 
 McConnelsville.. . 
 
 Mt. Gilead 
 
 Zanesville 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Port Clinton . . . 
 
 Paulding 
 
 New Lexington . 
 
 Circleville 
 
 Waverly 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 Eaton 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 Chillicothe 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Portsmouth .... 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Canton 
 
 Akron 
 
 Warren 
 
 New Philadelphia 
 
 Marysville 
 
 Van Wert 
 
 McArthur 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Wooster 
 
 Bryan 
 
 Bowling Green.. 
 Upper Sandusky 
 
 1.033 
 21,723 
 4.087 
 I.3LA 
 3,066 
 3,915 
 
 I. 210 
 1,529 
 
 23,914 
 1,271 
 6,808 
 
 38,253 
 1.029 
 3,6l3 
 3,330 
 6,473 
 6,560 
 381,768 
 5,501 
 
 7,579 
 7,940 
 
 19,664 
 8,991 
 5,751 
 125,560 
 2,148 
 5.432 
 1,360 
 8,696 
 8,241 
 325,902 
 
 17,613 
 6,852 
 i,755 
 3,639 
 4.535 
 3.480 
 1,998 
 7,074 
 4,672 
 
 14,349 
 6,633 
 5,024 
 
 11,868 
 
 18,157 
 
 6,649 
 
 8,791 
 
 131,822 
 
 3,5H 
 
 44,885 
 
 11,862 
 2,232 
 4,639 
 2,815 
 5,88i 
 1,801 
 
 85,333 
 1,825 
 1,528 
 
 23,538 
 927 
 2,45o 
 2,080 
 1,701 
 6,091 
 1,854 
 4,003 
 3,i55 
 2,322 
 
 17,640 
 
 12,976 
 8.439 
 
 17.870 
 
 10,989 
 5,688 
 
 30,667 
 
 42,728 
 8,529 
 6,213 
 3,048 
 6,422 
 941 
 2,867 
 
 13.^48 
 6.063 
 3,131 
 5.067 
 3.3 5 5 
 
 The Growth in Population of the Leading Cities. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS 19OO 1890 1880 1870 i860 1850 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Dayton 
 
 Youngstown 
 
 Akron 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Canton 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Zanesville '. 
 
 Lima 
 
 Sandusky 
 
 Newark 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Mansfield ". 
 
 Findlay 
 
 East Liverpool . . . 
 
 Lorain 
 
 Steubenville 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Chillicothe 
 
 Ashtabula 
 
 Piqua 
 
 Massillon 
 
 Ironton 
 
 Marion 
 
 Tiffin 
 
 Bellaire 
 
 Middletown 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Alliance 
 
 Elyria . . . . 
 
 Xenia 
 
 Warren 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Wellston 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Martins Ferry . . . 
 
 Fostoria 
 
 Salem 
 
 Defiance 
 
 Niles 
 
 Galion 
 
 Conneaut 
 
 Norwalk 
 
 Circleville 
 
 Kenton 
 
 Urbana 
 
 Bellefontaine. . . . 
 Mount Vernon. . . 
 
 Bucyrus 
 
 Coshocton 
 
 Van Wert 
 
 New Philadelphia 
 
 Wellsville 
 
 Wooster 
 
 Troy 
 
 Washington C. H 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Gallipolis 
 
 Canal Dover 
 
 Nelson ville 
 
 St. Marys 
 
 Bowling Green. . . 
 Painesville 
 
 381,768 
 
 325,902 
 
 131,822 
 
 125,560 
 
 85,333 
 
 44,885 
 
 42,728 
 
 38,253 
 
 30,667 
 
 23,914 
 
 23,538 
 
 21,723 
 
 9,664 
 
 8,iS7 
 
 7.870 
 
 7,640 
 
 7,613 
 
 6,485 
 
 6,028 
 
 4,349 
 
 3,348 
 
 2,976 
 
 2,949 
 
 2,172 
 
 1,944 
 
 1,868 
 
 1,862 
 
 0,989 
 
 9,912 
 
 9,215 
 
 8,991 
 
 8,974 
 
 8,791 
 
 8,696 
 
 8,529 
 
 8,439 
 
 8,241 
 
 8,045 
 
 7,940 
 
 7,76o 
 
 7,730 
 
 7,582 
 
 7.579 
 
 7,468 
 
 7,282 
 
 7,133 
 
 7,074 
 
 6,991 
 
 6,852 
 
 6,808 
 
 6,649 
 
 6,633 
 
 6,560 
 
 6,473 
 
 6,422 
 
 6,213 
 
 6,146 
 
 6,063 
 
 5 ' " 
 
 5,75i 
 
 5,688 
 
 5,5oi 
 
 5,432 
 
 5 422 
 
 5,421 
 
 5,359 
 
 5,067 
 
 5.024 
 
 261,353 
 
 296,908 
 
 8i,434 
 
 88,150 
 
 61,220 
 
 33,220 
 
 27,601 
 
 31,895 
 
 26,189 
 
 17,565 
 
 21,009 
 
 15,981 
 
 18,471 
 
 14.270 
 
 12,394 
 
 13,473 
 
 18,553 
 
 10,956 
 
 4,863 
 
 13,394 
 
 8,273 
 
 11,288 
 
 8,338 
 
 9,090 
 
 10,092 
 
 10,939 
 
 8,327 
 
 10,801 
 
 9,934 
 
 7,68i 
 
 , 7,555 
 
 7,607 
 
 5. 611 
 
 7.30I 
 
 5.973 
 
 7. 141 
 
 4.36i 
 
 4,377 
 
 8,224 
 
 6,250 
 
 7,070 
 
 5,78o 
 
 7,694 
 
 4,289 
 
 6,326 
 
 3,241 
 
 7,195 
 
 6,556 
 
 5,557 
 
 6,510 
 
 4.245 
 
 6,027 
 
 5.974 
 3,672 
 5,512 
 4,456 
 5,247 
 5,90i 
 4,494 
 5,742 
 4,850 
 5,473 
 4,498 
 3,470 
 4,558 
 3.000 
 3.467 
 4.7 
 
 160,146 
 
 255.139 
 
 50,137 
 
 51,647 
 
 38,678 
 
 15,435 
 
 16,512 
 
 20,730 
 
 12,258 
 
 12,122 
 
 18,113 
 
 7,567 
 
 15,838 
 
 9,600 
 
 11,321 
 
 9,859 
 
 4,633 
 
 5,568 
 
 i,595 
 
 12,093 
 
 5,444 
 
 10,938 
 
 4,445 
 
 6,031 
 
 6,836 
 
 8,857 
 
 3,899 
 
 7,879 
 
 8,025 
 
 4,538 
 
 6,803 
 
 4,636 
 
 4,777 
 
 7,026 
 
 4,42 
 
 8,456 
 
 2,883 
 
 952 
 
 6,894 
 
 3,8i9 
 
 3,569 
 
 4,041 
 
 5,907 
 
 3,879 
 
 5,635 
 
 1,256 
 
 5,704 
 
 6,046 
 
 3,940 
 
 6,252 
 
 3,< 
 
 5,249 
 
 3,835 
 
 3,044 
 
 4,079 
 
 3,070 
 
 3,377 
 
 5,840 
 
 8,803 
 
 3,7 
 
 3,823 
 
 3.535 
 
 4,400 
 
 2,208 
 
 3,095 
 
 i,745 
 
 1,539 
 
 3.841 
 
 92,829 
 216,239 
 31.584 
 3L274 
 30,473 
 
 8,075 
 10,000 
 12,652 
 
 8,660 
 11,081 
 10,01 1 
 
 4,500 
 13,000 
 
 6,698 
 10,592 
 
 8,029 
 
 3,315 
 
 2,105 
 
 8,107 
 5,2i8 
 8,920 
 1,999 
 5,967 
 5,l85 
 5,686 
 2,53i 
 5,648 
 4,033 
 3,046 
 4,725 
 4.063 
 3,038 
 6,377 
 3,457 
 5,455 
 2,193 
 
 5,641 
 
 1,733 
 
 3,700 
 2,750 
 
 3,523 
 1,163 
 4,498 
 5,407 
 2,610 
 4,276 
 3,182 
 4.876 
 3,066 
 1,754 
 2,625 
 3,143 
 2,313 
 5,419 
 3,005 
 2,1 17 
 2,808 
 2,520 
 3,7n 
 1,593 
 1,080 
 1,370 
 906 
 3728 
 
 43,417 
 
 161,044 1 
 
 13.768, 
 
 18,554] 
 
 20,081 
 
 2,759 
 
 3,477 
 
 7,002 
 
 4,041 
 
 7,223 
 
 9,229 
 
 1,989 
 
 8,408 
 
 4,675 
 
 6,268 
 
 4,58i 
 
 2,467 
 
 17.034 
 15.435 
 3.829 
 17,882 
 io,977 
 
 6,154 
 4,323 
 7,626 
 1,418 
 4,616 
 3,8i9 
 3.691 
 1,844 
 3.992 
 1,466 
 2,070 
 4,303 
 1,421 
 1,613 
 4,658 
 2,402 
 3,5io 
 1.452 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,889 
 
 895 
 
 1,967 
 964 
 2,839 
 4,383 
 1,612 
 3,429 
 2,599 
 4,202 
 2,180 
 1,151 
 1,015 
 
 1,587 
 3,36i 
 2,643 
 1,035 
 2,055 
 1,650 
 
 1,343 
 
 741 
 
 1,154 
 
 2 676 
 
 3,266 
 5,io8 
 2,603 
 3,210 
 7,929 
 757 
 
 3,654 
 4,011 
 3,557 
 1,256 
 
 6,140 
 3,175 
 7,100 
 821 
 3,277 
 
 1,311 
 2,718 
 
 1,087 
 3,483 
 
 1,464 
 1 041 
 
 818 
 1,437 
 3,4H 
 1,065 
 2,020 
 1,222 
 3,7H 
 
 890 
 
 268 
 
 1,413 
 
 2,797 
 1,956 
 569 
 1,302 
 1.045 
 1,686 
 
 873 
 
 The Leading Manufactures of Ohio. 
 
 Iron and steel 
 
 Flour and grist mill products . . 
 
 Ready-made clothing 
 
 Printing and publishing 
 
 Malt liquors 
 
 Clay products 
 
 Boots and shoes 
 
 Carriages and wagons 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Distilled liquors 
 
 Cigars and cigarettes 
 
 Soap and candles 
 
 Rubber and elastic goods . . . . 
 Chewing and smoking tobacco 
 
 Glass 
 
 Vinous liquors 
 
 VALUE OF PRODUCTS 
 
 RANK 
 
 KJOO 
 
 OF STATE 
 
 $138,935,256 
 
 2 
 
 37.390,367 
 
 3 
 
 24,366,595 
 
 5 
 
 20,391,868 
 
 5 
 
 18,522,639 
 
 5 
 
 18,304,628 
 
 1 
 
 17,920,854 
 
 4 
 
 15,919,173 
 
 1 
 
 13,975,268 
 
 2 
 
 12,447,268 
 
 3 
 
 11,239,824 
 
 3 
 
 8,150,069 
 
 3 
 
 7,330,104 
 
 4 
 
 5,752,853 
 
 7 
 
 4,547,083 
 
 4 
 
 801,684 
 
 3 
 
 81825
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
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