UC-NRLF $B MDb 55T lYNTAX n.mmvKoop J y^<,\c VOORSANGER COLLECTION OF THE L^ ^X SEMITIC LIBRARY "Vl/'Z / University OF TH E - ^ - OF CalifornFa GIFT OF REV. JACOB VOORSANGER, D.D. 1906 MANUAL OF HEBREW SYNTAX. MANUAL OF HEBREW SYNTAX BY Rev. J. D. WIJNKOOP Litt. Hum. Cand. in the University of Leyden, Rabbi of the Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam. TRANSLATED FROM THE DUTCH Rev. Dr. C. VAN DEN BIESEN Prof, of Theology at St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary College , Mill-Hill. LONDON : L U Z A C & Co. PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE. 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET. 1897. PRINTED BY E. J. BRILL, AT LEYDEN. LETTER OF COMMENDATION Aq\ ^ FROM HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL VAUGHAN Archbishop of Westminster. My dear Dr. Van den Biesen. You have followed the example of the great St. Jerome who acquired his knowledge of the Hebrew tongue by becoming a learner under Jewish doctors, and now you are about to render assistance to others by translating the work on Hebrew Syntax drawn up by your Hebrew master the Rev. J. D. WljNKOOP, Rabbi at Amsterdam. You tell me that this Syntax promises great lin- guistic merits. I much regret that upon this point I can myself form no opinion. But I have confidence in your judgment on such a matter. And of this I am certain that you will be rendering a great public ser- vice to the Church in England if you help to promote the study of the Bible languages, especially the Hebrew. One of the pressing needs of the Church in England is a Catholic school abreast of the times and of the 421831 VI LETTER OF COMMENDATION. latest researches in all that concerns Biblical science. This I have a strong hope to see established. There are many growing up like yourself, enamoured of these studies. It is for you who possess knowledge to do all that you can to promote the formation of such a Ca- tholic school. Believe me Your faithful & devoted servant, Herbert Cardinal VAUGHAN. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. By publishing a Dutch Manual of Hebrew Syntax I believe I am corresponding with the wish of many of my countrymen. At least I have heard several com- plaints of the want of such a book. I had moreover in my Manual of Hebrew Grammar (Edition Joachims- thal, Amsterdam 1888) promised to undertake the com- posing of a Syntax. As regards the plan I have adopted in my Manual of Syntax I should like to draw attention to the fol- lowing points. I need scarcely remark that I have consulted and utilised existing works bearing on the subject. Yet in the treatment of certain chapters I have thought it necessary to work independently for reasons which on comparison would be obvious. This applies in the first place to my treatment of the infinitive and participle of the verb. As I could not accept the existing opinions concerning them, I have preferred to adopt a simpler theory arising from their unique twofold character of verbum and nomen. Further, the connecting of two verbs into one idea VIII AUTHOR S PREFACE. appeared to me to require a more or less original treatment, while in the manner of dealing with the status constructus and n^''Tn 'H certain alterations seemed to me desirable. The terminology, moreover, for naming the cases, such as we find in the classic and modern languages, has in so far it was possible been intentionally avoided. This plan I adopted, because in Hebrew scarcely any trace can be found of the so called flexion of the nomina , by which the various cases are expressed. The status constructus which most of all would remind us of them , on the one hand diflers from them because of the alte- ration of vowels, and the abbreviation instead of pro- longation of words, and on the other hand it is capable of expressing so many cases, that it cannot well be identified with one or more of them. Finally, it should be observed that I have ventured to divide this Manual in a manner different to that usually adopted , by first considering the different parts of the sentence , and then its construction. J. D. WIJNKOOP. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. This volume, as the title indicates, is not intended to be a complete or exhaustive work on Hebrew Syn- tax. By treating of its primary principles, its aim is to initiate students into its more difficult problems and to prepare them for more profound and comprehensive works. The Manual is based upon the Hebrew text as deter- mined by the Massorah, irrespective of the demands of textual criticism. The translation of this Manual has been undertaken from motives of gratitude for the valuable instruction received from the author in time past, and from a desire to introduce to English students a Hebrew Syn- tax, the work of one so eminently qualified for the task, the author having been Professor of Hebrew at the Israelitish Seminary in Amsterdam for upwards of 25 years, besides giving proof of his Hebrew scholar- ship in his three essays "The signification of the word nnj^" "The signification of the adverb T^" and "nro^n ""Dl"! sive Leges de accentus Hebraicae linguae X ' translator's preface. ascensione", the latter of which was pubHshed both in Latin and Hebrew. For the defects in translation and any errors that may have crept into this little work, the translator trusts to the kind indulgence of the reader, and will be grateful for corrections. C. Van den BIESEN. CONTENTS. Page Letter of Commendation from Cardinal Vaughan. V Author's Preface VII Translator's Preface . . . . IX Contents . XI PART I. NOMEN. CHAPTER I. The noun. I. Gender of the noun i 2. Number of the noun 2 CHAPTER II. Determination of the noun. 3- ^T^P '^ 7 4- The adjective 12 5. Status Constructus 16 6. Apposition 19 7. Other means of connecting two nouns . 21 8. Comparative and Superlative 22 9. Numerals 24 CHAPTER III. Pronouns. 10. Personal pronouns and pronominal suffixes 27 II. Demonstrative and Interrogative pronouns 31 XII CONTENTS. Page 12. Relative pronoun 33 13. Pronouns for which the Hebrew has no proper words 35 PART II. Verbum. CHAPTER IV. The verbal forms. 14. The use of the nn^ 38 15. The use of the THj; 40 16. The "15^ and Tfl^ with 1 conversive . . 42 17. The cohortative and jussive 44 18. The use of the imperative 47 19. Persons of the verb 49 20. Modifications of the verbal idea .... 52 21. Connection of two verbs 52 CHAPTER V. The nominal forms. 22. The Infinitive 57 23. Use of the Participle 61 PART III. The Particles. CHAPTER VI. Adverbs and Adverbial expressions. 24. Adverbs 65 25. Words expressing negation 66 CHAPTER VII. Interrogative particles. 26. Interrogative words and sentences ... 73 CHAPTER VIII. The remaining particles. 27. Prepositions . 80 28. Conjunctions 94 29. Interjections 114 CONTENTS. XIII Page PART IV. Construction of the Sentence. CHAPTER IX. Nominal sentences. 30. Subject and Predicate 115 31. Expression of the copula in nominal sen- tences 119 CHAPTER X. Verbal sentences. 32. Object of the verb 120 33. Verbs with a twofold object 128 34. Construction of the Passive 130 35. Connection of the noun with the verb through addition of letters or words . 132 CHAPTER XI. The influence of the subject upon the predicate as regards gender and number. 36. Constructio ad Synesin 135 37. Construction of sentences in which the predicate precedes the subject. . . . 138 38. Compound subjects 141 CHAPTER XII. Sequence of the different parts of the sentence. 39. Place of the subject and predicate . . . 144 40. The places of the other parts of the sen- tence 147 41. Case Absolute 149 Index of passages quoted 153 ERRATA. Page 3 line 21 fo 24 89 38 38 46 49 TOO 127 14 22 7 15 23 29 II II Zech. 13,9 read 39 occurence ,, occurrence relative and ,, and relative Fulturum ,, F'uturum wit-hout ,, with -out a the third ,, the third someti-mes ,, some -times prophetise ., prophesy i'JL HEBREW SYNTAX. PART I. N O M E N. CHAPTER I THE NOUN. I Gender of the noun. \ "" i) With Hving beings, the feminine gender is either formed through the appending of a feminine termination to a mascuHne noun, as TT\B cow from "ID ox, of ex- pressed by a different word , as ^^ father DNl mother. (See author's grammar 54, SpelHng and derivation of nouns.) There also are nouns (communia) which remain un- changed when used as feminine, the gender of which, therefore, can be distinguished only by the construction; e.g. "IjJD N^pn {m.'d.'$>z.) five oxen Ex. 21, 37; ni^;|J 1i:gn (fem.) the herd giving suck Gen. 33, 13; U^^^ D''^Q3 (masc.) camels coming Gen. 24, 63; np''^''!p D''^DJ (fem.) milch camels Gen. 32, 16. 2) The gender of other nouns again cannot even be dis- tinguished by the construction. These always have the 2 he,bre!w syntax. same gender whether they are used for masc. or fern, {epi- coena)] e. g. ^IDti? 311 a bear bereaved of her whelps Hos. 13, 8; Prov. 17, 12; D'l^JDp l^ipl^i:?! our cows are with young Ps. 144, 14. In this manner D^3 dog, 3N!J ze;^//", are always constructed as masc, but ^lff)% hare, nTPO stork , HjI'' <3f^z/^, as fem. Rem. 1 3n j/^^ 3^ar is once found fem. in construction: H^^^iiril 131 Qinti^ ^^^ there came forth tzuo she bears 2 Kings 2, 24. Rem. 2 Even in cases where a proper word exists to express the yVw., the masc. is sometimes used instead of the fe)?i. e. g. 11?0n ^^^^ ass 2 Sam. 19,27; pl}^ -^m^ Ps. 42,2. An example of this in the case of a human being occurs once Gen. 23,4, where PQ refers to a woman. 3) Besides those instances, in which the feminine form is required, there are others where it is used by pre- ference : (a) to express an abstract idea by means of an ad- jective used as substantive; e. g. T\yn calamity, HilD^ steadfastness Ps. 5, 10. This often occurs especially in the plur. ; as Hl^ll^ grandeur, haughtiness Ps. 12,4; ni31 much Ps. 40,6; ni'^nii^n the future Jes. 41, 23; (The pronouns )^^T\ , Hi^T are frequently used for the indefinite this, that) [b] to express a collective idea ; e. g. T\ a fish T\T[ fish, 111^ a traveller T\XT\^ a caravan , \V,. ci tree n^^. timber ]Qr. 6, 6; n^13 exiles, D^'^)"^ inhabitants Jes. 12, 6; n?!)^^ enemies Michah 7, 8, 10. Hence we find the poetic forms: |1''V PS == p!i ^i?; I. GENDER OF THE NOUN. 3 Rem. 3 With certain words , on the contrary , we find just the opposite, viz. that the fern, denotes an individual object while the masc. is used in a collective sense; e. g. n^i^ti^ ^ ^^^'^ "l^tfi^ hair\ rT'ii^ a ship "i^Ji^ a fleet i Kings 9, 26. t: ' 4) The following are usually construed as fem, : {a) names of countries and towns, and in general na- mes which denote /and, town, court, way etc.; e. g. J^liJ land, ^5n earth, "T"^ town, "^jll road, 1?in court, IID^ north, h\m hades. Rem. 4 But since the names of countries refer in the first place to the people who live in them , they are occasionally constructed as inasc.\ e. g- UT\^ V^i< "ID^'^I and Edom said unto him Num. 20, 18 : ^Q^ Tr\T\^ v: T" V - TT T : Jehudah is fallen Jes. 3, 8. Yet even in these cases the fem. construction is not excluded ; e. g. D^"liiQ pTnni and the Egyptians urged Ex. 12, 33; QIJ^ HDi ^y^^a : ' - v: V - T-: t t resteth Jes. 7, 2. (b) names of members or parts of the body, both of men and animals, as bX] foot, 1^3 womb etc. Rem. 5 Some names however of this class are usually constructed as masc.\ e. g. HS mouth.^ 1i<1^ throat.^ T^"^ neck .^ T^ nose .^ and others occasionally, as yW^ tongue Ps. 22, 16; l") Ez. 2,9; |iy Zech. ^3^ 9. {c) names of the powers of nature, as '^^^ fire , O'l"! wind. Rem. 6 Yet ti^Qtfi^ sun.^ "11{^^ light ^ mostly occur as masc, perhaps because the fem. nouns nQH* heat .^ and Hlli^ light also exist. T T {d) names of instruments, as D"]!! sword, ^J?^ shoe. 4 HEBREW SYNTAX. 2 Number of the noun. i) To express plurality the Hebrew language employs beside the ordinary plural-ending: (a) for animate beings, sometimes a totally different noun with a collective meaning ; e. g. Hti^ a sheep , \M "^T^^ four sheep Ex. 21, 37; "llti^ ayi ox, "Ij^D ntS^pO five oxen ibid. {b) for several nouns, the fem. form with a collective meaning. See i, 3 ^. (c) for certain other nouns, the singular form, which then serves as a collective: ^^)^ a man and meri, }^^. a tree and trees, DD"! a chariot and chariots. Rem. 1 Concerning ny''l^n'n (definite article) with this class of shi- gularia see 3,4. 2) Dualia and pluralia (dualia and pluralia tantum) are often employed where in other languages the sin- gular is generally used : (a) for ideas of space, as D^iD^ heaven , d;"D water, HI^IIID //^f ^ ^/ ///^ /<?^/ , ni^i<ip //^<:^ ^/ the head. [b) for certain parts of the body which express ex- tension or surface, D'l^D face, ^"I^^J^ (as well as (r) for ideas of time , as U^'% life , D"*;!?! ^/<^ age , ^^^^.\ youth. (d) for states or conditions of persons or things, as ''lliD blindness, nho^V. childlessness. Rem. 2 Pluralia of this kind especially occur in poetry e. g. D''V^J^ perverseness Jes. 19, 14; D^JtS^n itefiebrae) darkness Jes. 50, 10; D^'i^i^ 2. NUMBER OF THE NOUN. 5 faithfulness Jes. 26, 2 D^^lli^H (deliciae) delight Mich. 1,16; niDID reproach V^. 6()^ 11. {e) for ideas of power, dominion , majesty (pluralis ma- jestatis) e.g. D''^]^5 possessor, Ex. 21,29; ^^T^^. lord Jes. 19, 4; D^ti^j; creator Ps. 149, 2; D^D^H penates , U^'^^\> the Holy One Hos. 12, i; Pr. 9, 10 (ef. Jos. 24, 19). Rem. 3 All these nouns however (except DIDID) are found also in T : the singular. Concerning the construction of these plurals with adjec- tives see 4, 13; and with verbs 36,3. 3) Of two ideas, joined into one by the status con- structus, only the nomen regens (main idea) is placed in the plural ; e. g. b'V\ li^i^^ a courageous man , b'T\ "'l^^^$ courageous men, ''^'p^ ]5 Benjamite , ''^''P^ ""A? Benjamites, Rem. 4 Both words of the st. eonstr.^ are very rarely found in the plural e. g. Q^i^^D Tl!!! prisotis Jes. 42,22; and of yet rarer occurence are the instances where the nomen rectum (subordinate idea) alone is placed in the plural, e. g. DlDi^ rT'B families^ tribes Num. 1,2. -r .. . 4) When a noun with a plural suffix refers in the mind of the writer or speaker to each of the individuals de- signated by that suffix, it may as in English be placed in the singular; e. g. DDDD^ your heart, DJ''p^ their 'right hand. (5) With ^3 (st. constr of ^D) = all, the noun belonging to it either stands in the sing, or plur. ; e. g. '^^^^ ^3 > D^ti^^i:?n ^3 all men, or is repeated in the sing.; e. g. W^)X\ ^^^ ^3 all men (see 4, 6; 13, 2.) The same signification however is also obtained by 6 HEBREW SYNTAX. repetition of the noun in the sing, without b'D (and this with or without 1 copulative) e. g. '^^\!K ^"ti^ or tr^i<1 '^^)^ all meUy "111 "in or "lllj "111 // generations. 6) The repetition of a noun (in the sing, or plur.) sometimes produces a distributive sense; e. g. 11^ "IIV. every drove Gen. 32, 17 ; D""!?!! D""?^. /?/// ^/ trenches 2 Kings 3, 16; and if necessary even with the st. constr. fll^^B "IDH ri*li^3 slime pits after slime pits Gen. 14, 10 ( 13, 2.) 7) The repetition of a singular noun without ^3 but with 1 copulative may denote a diversity of kind ; e. g. l^i^J ]5^ double weight, ^\ D^. <3; double heart. 8) Names of materials when placed in the plural de- signate either portions of such materials or things com- posed of them , as ^D3 , silver ; D''Dp3 , silver coins , Hi^n wheat; D^'t^il, grains of wheat. In like manner Dl, blood, when considered as an organic unity, in the plur. is D''p"l blood that is shed, blood spots-, hence its meaning blood guiltiness. 9) The plural form is occasionally employed to ex- press an indefinite singular, t01"1ijl '"in bv_ on one of the summits of Ararat Gen. 8, 4; "1^?^ ^1^3 i7t one of the ci- ties of Gilead Judges 12, 7. Rem. 5 Concerning the plur. with ^ distributive see 18,2. 3- nrTH'n 7 CHAPTER II DETERMINATION OF THE NOUN. 3 f^v;ip 'n i) r^)!j.''TL! 'n generally takes the place of our definite article and is used to determine a noun. It is however also used where nothing definite is in- tended : [a) before names of well known materials, objects or classes of objects; e. g. DTOI P^QpS njpDS on {the} cattle^ on (the) silver ^ on (the) gold Gen. 13, 2. In like manner we always say t2^^3 ^It^ he burned it in (the) fire. [b) frequently in comparisons; e. g. V^1D3 D''i^5 !l^tf3 as (the )snow as (the) wool as (the) scarlet Jes. i, 18; "1DD3 as a book. When however the noun is determined by an adjective n^TH 'D is omitted e. g. DDID "IJDD as a carcase trodden under foot Jes. 14, 19; n7l.]1i iDJiD as a wandering bird Pr. 27, 8. [c) frequently also with abstract ideas, or in the case of physical or moral evils; e. g. D"''1)DD5 with (the) blindness Gen. 19, 11 ; p.ij Hl^D^ l^HH (the) darkness cover eth the earth Jes. 60, 2, or also when such evils are personified by a living being; e.g. T?'^^ a lion I Kings 20, 36; ^^^ a lion Amos 3, 12. {d) in the well known expression Dl^'n "'H^l it happened one day, which is sometimes even more emphati- cally determined, Djn DITO ^^^l Gen. 39, 11. 2) nj^iTn 'n is used moreover to change in a certain sense 8 HEBREW SYNTAX. a nomen appellativum into a noinen proprium , as DliJ man, D"J?n the first man\ DTl'^i^ God ,U^xf>^T\ the {eternal) God; "in J river, "in|n />^^ Euphrates. 3) Hence , n;^''Tn 'n is placed before names of moun- tains, towns, and rivers, of which the derivation is still so clear, that they can be thought of as nomina appellativa; e. g. pi^^D (the white mountain, the snow mountain) (the) Lebanon; ""^n (the heap of ruins) Ai; nj|J5in (the hill) Gibea; \T\^ (the river) Jordan. 4) Further, n^TTn 'H is used before a singular noun with a collective sense to designate all the individuals implied by it; e. g. ^^3^^311, the Canaanites Gen. 13, 7; T\^^T\ the women Eccles. 7, 26; "'^^liin ^ti^p the proverb of the ancients i Sam. 24, 14. (see 2, \ c). 5) Finally, n^''l.''n 'D is employed where a person or object is addressed, as ^HiPn Ye congregation Num. 15, 15; D^^pjD Ye elders Joel 1,2. 6) On the contrary nVTH'n is often omitted in poe- try before names of objects which are unique in their kind, as p.i<l, h'WD , DIDH. This also occurs in prose in certain well known and frequently used expressions as ^5^1 and the border , "1^,1Q bx\)^ the tent of meeting. 7) Nouns which are already rendered definite by the St. constr. or by a suffix, do not take n)J.''Tn'n. But if a noun, already definite by a st. constr. is to be further determined, the Hi^^Tn'n then is placed before the nom. rectum; e. g. D^H'^i^ ")3"I a word of God U^Tb^T\ ID! the word of God; jDNl rlH^ stone tables , jJiSiri riP^ the stone tables. 3. n^^^^n 'n 9 Rem. 1 nj^''l'^n 'n is found in a few instances before the nom. regens of the St. constr. e. g. Dti^D^n nSTDH i^^ brazen altar 2 Kings 16, 14-, and sometimes also before a noun that has a suffix: e. g. l^Hi^n ''^^y ' t; T T tent Jos. 7,21; in^DD ^^ t^<^^ smote them Jes. 9, 12. 8) ri^''Tri'n placed before the nom. rectum alone, ser- ves also for those instances in which both ideas of the St. constr. have to be determined ; e. g. "^.^^n "131 the word of the king. Rem. 2 In this case also HJ^^T'n'n is sometimes repeated before the nom. regens'.^ e. g. Jl^n in^Pl the pin of the weaver''s beam Jnd. 16, 14, and the st. constr. occasionally even omitted; e. g. rT^IBn ]1")i^n t^^ ark of the covenant Jos. 3, 14 (Such expressions, however, are by au- thoritative commentators considered as pregnant e. g. n^"13n ]1*1i^ ]lni^n (Conf. 3, 4) >). 9) The nomen regens^ however, not unfrequently ta- kes nVJTn'n, when the nomen rectum is a nomen pro- prium , which cannot have n;iJ^Tn 'H; e. g. ^Pi^rT^B ^i^H the God of Bethel Gen. 31, 13; PIDDt^ ]53n the vine of Sibma]e.x. 48, 32; or when for other reasons the nomen rectum cannot have n:^''Tn'n; e. g. W^rbm ^^^ "l5)Pn the grave of the man of God 2 Kings 23, 17; 'n rriS HlD^i^^H the chambers of the house of the Lord Ezra 8, 29. 10) Compound names of nations are considered as two nouns in the st. constr, ; e. g. ^'^''P^'ri |5 the Benjamite rT'S "'pn^n the Bethlehemite. Rem. 3 Since ^3 is the st. constr. of ^3 it follows the rule of n 7 ; T i) Confer also Dr. Driver's "Hebrew Tenses" 190 Obs. (Z'r??j/^'^r). 10 HEBREW SYNTAX. g- Dli^n b3 <^ll men. If, however, its meaning is indefinite, e. g. all kinds , any.^ or distributive , as every ^ ni^^l^n'n is omitted before the nomen rectum \ e. g. Q*)^ ^3 every day Ps. 7, 12; VJ^ ^3 // kinds of trees. 11) If a noun, which is already definite either by n^''T.L! 'n or by the st. constr. or by a pronominal suffix, is to be connected with an attributive adjective or with another word used as an adjective or with an attributive pronoun or number, then the latter also must be de- termined by n:s;''Tr]'n; e.g. ^Il^n ^^DH 1D1 the great voord of the king; IH^n mH; hV(T\ TOl ; njH IDin. The same rule applies to the case of a definite noun followed by a series of qualifications ; e. g. njn ^PlTjn niJlDH this great vision Ex. 3, 3; ^"j.1-ini 1135n ^n|n ^i^n />^^ great, mighty and terrible God Deut. 10, 17. Rem. 4 Sometimes, however, D)^"'!''!! 'H is found before the adjec- tive while it is omitted before the noun ; e. g. rlDlt^D DIID ^^^^ S'^^^ kine Gen. 41, 26; hT\T\_ 13 the great well i Sam. 19, 22; T^VH ^^^ unto the rich man 2 Sam. 12, 45 DTJDIin D*'")!! l^^ high mountains Ps. 104, 18; n^DOTI nDn"in t^*li^3 ^^^ t^^^ ^^rge and fat land '^ oh. 9, 35. This is of special occurrence with numeralia ordinalia\ e.g. 'jl ^ti^ti^n t^^ sixth (/jj/ Gen. 1,31; l^^n ID*) and the second bullock ]VidigQ?, 6, 25. 2). 2) Expressions such as rTlti^TII niHllSn 1113 ^^ ^'^''^ '^^JJ' ^f "virtue T T : - : T - ' V V : and righteousness i Sam. 12. 23; D'^^DPl ")^t^ ^-^^ corner gate Zech. 14, 10, should not be reckoned in this class of exceptions, because the words D^^DH and Hltt'Tl niDllSn may be considered as nouns con- . . ^y . -f nected with "I"!") and l^ti^ in the st. constr. 3. ny^TH 'n 1 1 Rem. 5 The instances on the contrary where nj^^l^D'H is omitted before the qualification following a definite noun are very rare, and generally occur when the qualification is a demonstrative pronoun 5 e- g. nV"l DHSI *^^^ ^^^"^ report of them Gen. 36, 2; D''3'1 D''1Iin {the^ many nations Ez. 39, 27; Ji^'^n D/'^pB ^' ^hat night Gen. 19,33; DJ^T ^n^^ptfi^P if^i^ ^y oath Gen. 24, 8; pj^;^ ''rinj^ ^'^^^^^ ^^^y signs Ex. 10, I. The demonstrative pronoun ^| always remains without the article ; e. g* IT "inn ^^'-^^ generation Ps. 12,8. In the expression IHi^ DDTli^ ^^^ ^f J^^ brethren Gen. 42, 19 T V V : nV'>T^n 'n is left out before IPIi^ to signify that in the speaker's mind it was indifferent which of the two brethren should remain behind. The passages Gen. 43, 14 1^^il D?"^nNl y^'^'^ other brother \ and Num. 28, 4 "int^ ti^msri Di^ ^^^ of ^^^^ ^"^^0 sheep may be taken as a further illus- tration of this remark (see however Talmud Babyl. Tract. Megilla f 28^). Rem.. 6. It should be observed that Rule n 1 1 applies exclusively to the attributive adjectives^ for the predicative adjectives ^ do not take p]^^Tii^ 'p), except to express a contrast in a very forcible manner ; e. g. D^}j^ti^"}n ''p;i^"1 ''i^^l ^^^^^[^ 'n the Lord is just but I and my people are sinners Ex 9,27; or when ni^''Tn'n ^^s the force of 1ti^i<; e. g. ^2 ISlDri ^t is my mouth that speaketh Gen. 45, 12 (Conf. n 13). 1 2) In certain expressions n^'"Tn 'n has the force of a demonstrative pronoun, as UVT] this day (hodie); W^BT\ this time. 13) When joined to a verb n^''Tn'n has, (especially in later Hebrew) the signification of a relative pronoun ; e. g. ti^npnr! by[ and all that he had dedicated i Chr. 26, 28. The same signification n)^''Tr]'n often has when pla- ced before a participle ; e. g. "Ip^pn who teacheth Ps. 144, i. One instance occurs of nv^^n'n connected with a pre- 12 HEBREW SYNTAX. position rvbvri, = n*'^^ l^^i^ {to Itt' xiiTvig) and that which was upon it i Sam. 9, 24. *). 4 The adjective. i) The adjective is either attributive , i. e. restricting the idea of its noun to those individuals possessing the qualification expressed by it, or predicative , i. e. af- firming of its noun a certain property; e. g. the gold of that land is good Gen. 2, 12. 2) In comparison with its richness in nouns, the He- brew language possesses but few adjectives. For example those denoting materials are almost wholly wanting, and the few instances which occur have the form of a passive participle, e. g. Tl^^l cedrine Ez. 27, 24 (derived from ni^ cedar); ^IPIi brazen Job. 6, 12 (from.D^TO brass). In order to supply this defect nouns are substi- tuted. 3) When a noun takes the place of an attributive ad- jective, it is connected with the noun to be qualified in the st. constr. ; e. g. '^DD ""^D {vessels of silver) silver vessels; y^^, ]T\^,. (a chest of wood) a wooden chest; niHi^ U7\V (a possession of lasting duration) an everlasting possession Gen. 17, 8; "IDDD ""np {men of number) nume- rable men, a few ineyi viz. such as can easily be counted Gen. 34, 30 ; |n jD^SI {a stone which finds favour, a stone of beauty) a precious stone Pr. 17, 8. 3) Concerning the last named example and Gen. 18,21; 46,27: Jes. 51,10; Gen. 21,3; I Kings 11,9 see Driver, "Notes on the Hebrew text of Samuel" i Sam. 9,24. {^Translator). 4- THE ADJECTIVE. 13 4) In like manner the negation of an attribute may be expressed by means of a noun with ikb , e. g. i^b 1p2 D)2^ a cloudless morning 2 Sam. 23, 4; \)^ ^ jri")T a po- werless arm Job 26, 2. . 5) Nouns however are also employed in cases where suitable adjectives exist, e. g. ti^lp ''1:35 = D'^ti^lp D''TO sa- cred vestments Ex. 28 , 2 ; ^3^ n^^^ = D.^Ji n^^2i a withe- ring flozver Jes. 28 , 4 ; V^ niDPHD = niyn DIDPOD ^z^// deceits Pr. 2, 14; i^n ^^^^ = n^l TW^ an evil woman Pr. 6, 24; the noun ^^"1 is often so used. 6) In all these instances the noun which is qualified is nomen regens , and that which serves as adj. no- men rectum. Sometimes however, especially in poetry, this order is reversed ; e. g. uyhb)l}^ )t^ , your evil deeds, Jes. I, 16; HOT ]Wp, his fat body , Jes. 17,4; see also Jes. 37, 24. This last named construction is always em- ployed with ^3, all (See 2, 5). 7) The connecting of two nouns by means of the st. constr. is of course only possible with attributive adjec- tives. Yet the use of a noun instead of a predicative adjective also occurs; e. g. IHDI irin T\T^T\ \y^T\\ (and the earth was a waste and a wilderness) and the earth was waste and void, Gen. i, 2; especially when the property implied is to be empliasised ; e. g. ^V\ TH]' ^inn Dl'^n let that day be dark (darkness). In like manner Wb^ peace , prosperity often serves as an adjective; e.g. DD'^Dfcjt Dv^H Ipri is your aged father well? Gen. 43, 27; wb^ Mi<. / ain peaceful Ps. 120, 7.- (Concerning the last example see Rem. 2). 14 HEBREW SYNTAX. Rem. 1 Sometimes a predicative adjective is found expressed by a noun with a preposition; e. g. fj^^ 'n b)p ^^^ voice of iht Lord is with power i. e. powerful Ps. 29, 4. 8) Adjectives denoting a permanent state or condition are often expressed by a noun, possessing the quality of the adjective, connected with the st. constr. of W^^ ^iD. ]5 and of their feminine and plural forms; e. g. ^:n t^""}^, '^^n n^i^. ^:n ^m'^^ onni -^^^ an orator Ex. 4, 10; ^^^. ^)^3 ^^^ ir^^y? ^^^ Gen. 27, II) ^ hairy man 2 Kings I, 8; ^^1^3 n3 <^ worthless woman i Sam. i, i6. The same occurs in poetry even with inanimate beings |D^ 13 Pi?, a fruitful height [hill) Jes. 5,1; rbh |3 2>2 one night Jon. 4, 10 ; TW\>, 13 ^/2 arrow Job. 41, 20. Rem. 2 ti^i^^ or n are sometimes boldly omitted e. g., H^^DH "^^{^1 I.. T : ;- = n-?Dn W^K ^^{^1. -^w^, / waj praying Ps. 109, 4; HHi^ Dl-non = T : ; T T : nrii^ nniDn ^"^i^ ^^^^ ^^^ greatly beloved Dan. 9, 23 (conf. i-<:^/z^j = scelestissimus^ see Abn Esra on Ps. 85, 14. 9) Adjectives, on the other hand, denoting 2, perma- nent attribute are sometimes used instead of the nouns possessing this attribute; e. g. i^''^J {= )^W\ lifted up) a prince \ T3^$ [strong) a bull, Ps. 22, 13; a horse Jer. 50, II; T3^ [powerful) God Gen. 49, 24; h\i [swift) a horse Jes. 30, 16; n^3^ [white) the moon\ D^lD [fruit- ful) a fruit tree Jes. 1 7, 6 (conf. merum = vinum ; wypif , the sea). 10) The proper place of an attributive adjective is af- ter the noun to which it belongs, and if this noun is in the St, constr,, after the nomen rectum , as bT\\ W)^> a great maw, T\)T\ TV^T\T\ "IDD this book of doctrine Deut. 29, 20. 4- THE ADJECTIVE. 1 5 Rem. 3 In a few cases it is found before the noun, as D'^DV D''31 many nations Ps. 89, 51; D^HV DIB"! many times Neh. 9, 28; espe- cially when it serves as a subst.^ and is connected in the st. constr ^ with the noun determined by it; e. g. Q^^^J^ ''p^H {those that are smooth amongst the stones^ Smooth stones I Sam. 17,40 = Q^p^p) Q^^^i^' In the other cases where it precedes the noun it is predicative. 11) The adjective agrees with its noun in number and gender. If however a feminine noun is followed by- more than one adjective, not unfrequently the first ad- jective alone agrees with the noun; e. g. pTHI H^lli) D1"l a great and strong wind i Kings 19, 11. 12) With a dual noun the adjective stands in the plural; e. g. niD"J d;^;^^ haughty eyes Ps. 18, 28. 13) With a noun in the plur. majestatis ( 2, 2) the adjective usually stands in the singular; e. g. H^j^ ^^T^'^. ^ hard lord Jes. 19, 4. Rem. 4 We however always say '^IH D'Tl^i^ the living God. 14) With collectives the adjective generally stands in the singular ; e. g. hT\\ ^y^ a great people ; sometimes , however, also in the plural; e. g. D'lij^Sn iTJin^ T^\ the exiles of Jehudah who came Jer. 28,4; D*ii:<llJp^n DJ^H the people that were found present Esther 1,5. 15) The adjective is also occasionally connected in the St. constr. with a noun for the purpose of further de- termination ; e. g. n^l")^ nDl" TW\^ a woman of fair ap- pearance Gen. 12, II. If in this case it requires niPTn'ri it follows the rule of 3 , 7 ; e. g. n^^DH nii^n mDH "iran ripll the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine Gen. 41, 4. 1 6 HEBREW SYNTAX. Rem. 5 Concerning nVTH 'H with the adj. see 3, 11. 5. Status Constructus. i) If the main idea [nonien regens) is to be connected with more than one subordinate idea [nomen rectum), the main idea is repeated in the st. constr. ; e. g. D^^ P]P5 nii^^n ^pp5 the money for the guilt offerings and sin offerings 2 Kings 12, 17. Rem. 1 Sometimes however this repetition is omitted; e.g. DID "H^D nil^y*) the kings of Sodom and Gomorra Gen. 14, 10: HiD^J^ *ni"1 nt2^"1J1 the vow of a widow ^ or of her that is divorced Num. 30, 10 '). 2) If on the contrary more than one main idea is to be connected with a no7n. rect., the first idea alone is con- nected in the st. constr. with the nom. rect. , while the other main ideas follow the nom. rect. by means of another construction ; e. g. VJIinn ^ijl ^^^_ n^DH ^N! to the prayer and supplication of thy servant Dan. 9, 17 (Conf. 7, i). Rem. 1 Exceptions to this rule are rare and only occur when the main ideas are synonymous, or at least very closely affiliated, as iniDD ]1iD^ y^\ the choicest and best of Lebanon Ez. 31 , 16; Tjl nj^1"'1 D^"! i) The passage VJliDI 1^23 ^Di the souls of his sons and his daugh- T : T T ters Gen. 46, 15 can hardly be considered as an exception, for l^^^ T T VniiDI form one idea (Jiis children"). The same also applies to Jes. 11,2 'n n^^i^i nvi' ni''ni nioDn. rrmy] r\)s,v nn ^^^ spirit of counsel and - ... *- T T : T T : T" - strength.^ of wisdom and understanding.^ of knowledge and of fear for God; and to other similar expressions, e. g. ?J^2l |D1 ^iD ""iTi^S "IDDH that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son and of thy son''s son, Ex. 10, 2. 5- STATUS CONSTRUCTUS. 1 7 knowledge and fear of the Lord Jes. II, 2^). In this case the con- junction is sometimes omitted, e. g. oyn "Ij^Op "IQDp t^'-^ ^^m (and) the numbering of the people 2 Sam. 24, 9. 2) 3) The norn. red. as main idea may in turn be con- nected in the st. constr. with a noun following, and this again with another subsequent noun. Thus one finds e. g., five nouns following one another in the st. constr. , as ^^r> ^:n ms^ dot IDDD I^^^I the residue of the number of bows of the mighty men of the children of Kedar Jes. 21, 17. Rem. 3. In these cases, however, the chain of nomina regentia is sometimes broken and one of them is placed in the st. abs. e. g. ''"1135 DTtbi^n ni^ XT\^^ DD^^^D ^^n o,^^^ ^^^^ for the work of the service v: T .. ^. .. .... . of the house of God I Chr. 9, 13. (See 7, i). 4) The St. constr. is used to express all possible re- lations between two nouns or ideas ; e. g. V^^J Di^tsn the sins of his father (genitive of subject) i Kings 15, 3; ^""Pli;^ D^n injustice against your brother (gen. of object) Obadja 10 ; 'rT" T\)niy) an oath sworn by the Lord Ex. 22, 10 ; D^inp X^ water that reached to the loins Ez. 47,4; V^P "i^ti^ those that turn from transgression Jes. 59, 20 ; D^n ""IH^ they that go down to the sea Ps. 107, 23; ^^7]^^ UX\ the way to the sea Jes. 8, 23. i) n^l ni^y ^Iso be considered as a status absolutus\ the prophet then identifies true knowledge with piety. 2) This passage may also be translated : the sum of ( obtained through) the numbering of the people^ for "1DDD i^^ay be considered as connected in the st. constr. with IpJDp- 1 8 HEBREW SYNTAX. Further than this, a single noun may be connected in the st. constr. with a whole sentence; e. g. \ib DipD ^^. VT the place which knoweth not God Job. 1 8 , 21 [= ^ "itifi:!} Dlp^); and this even where "iti^i^ is expressed, as Dn^Di^. ^ten npi^ 11^^^ Dlp^ (= "It^^. Dp^n) //^^ place where the kings prisoners were bound Gen. 39, 20 ; and also with or without "Iti^^^ instead of the st. abs. with n^''i:n 'n; e. g. is i^i^n ntj^^^ "id^ b3 (= nt^^? D^p^^n ^5) all the days that the plague is in him Lev. 13, 46; T\^^ niOl //^^ abundance (which) he has gotten Jer. 48, 36 (see 12. 5)- 5) In cases where the st. constr. does not express th6 simple genitive of object or subject, another con- struction which alone would be sufficient to express the idea, is sometimes used along with it; e. g. J^l^JJ "^^^^ (= \yi, ^^'PV or Yl^^ n-^^^V) they that dwelt in the land Jes. 9, i; "lin \:5n^ b^ ^11^ (= "lID ^;??^ ^111'> or 'i^'i^ Q''l"l1'') they that go down to the stones of the pit Jes. 14, 19; n^TO -hx^} (= :br\ -i^in^ or n^np D^^1Q;i) they that are weaned from the milk Jes. 28,9; ]''lp t'^ ''5'^'i'' ( = P1P ^5^1'' or I^IP ^^ D^nti^l'') Ye that sit on carpets Judg. 5, 10; ^}d2 nnro (= rj-i.tO "'IDTO or H"!?^ DnnTO) ^^^/^/;^^ for prey Job. 24, 5. Rem. 4 The st. constr. occasionally occurs where we would expect the st. abs..^ e. g. ]11,^ J^^*) XVQ'^ ( = miDti^) drunken.^ but ' -T : -._ : T\ : c^ ivith wine Jes. 51, 215 XW^iK ^Di (= H^i^) ^''^^ tmtimely birth of : V T a woman Ps. 58,9 3). In like manner ^pji^ frequently occurs instead 3) The opinion however that such fem. forms may be considered as collateml forms of the st. abs. is not improbable. 6. APPOSITION. 19 of inij^, as 13^0 "irii^p ii^^ one of us Gen. 3, 22; once, Jes. 27,12, we find both forms together IH^ IHi^^ ^^^ ^^ another. (In cases of apposition see 6, 3). On the other hand, the st. abs. sometimes occurs where the st. constr. would have been expected, as Vpi^ QiQ (= V^D^ ''D) "water of affliction i King. 22. 27, i. e. a small jueasure of water. *). Rem. 5 Proper names also occur sometimes in the st. constr. e, g. ''"ini "l^^ Mesopotamia (^Aram between the two rivers.) Rem. 6 With reference to the appending of suffixes to nouns connected by the st. constr. see 10, 6 and Rem. i. As to the plur. of nouns connected by the st. constr. see 2,3 and Rem. 4. And as to ni^^l^n 'n before nouns in the st. constr. see 3, 7 11. and Rem. 2 and 3. 6. Apposition. i) A noun may be determined by another noun following it without the sL constr. (apposition); e. g. W^U^ D^^J^^. men ( namely ) brethren Gen. 13, 8; D'^fl?! D''p^^ ojferings (nmnely) peace offerings Ex. 24, 5. Rem. 1 In the case of proper names the apposition may either pre- cede or follow, as ^^p) f){^ VHi^ Hi^ ^^^ brother Abel Gen. 4, 2; HJ^ VT V T V V ID^^^ """iti^ Sarai his wife Gen. 12, 5. In certain expressions the ap- : ~ T position always precedes , as Pltt^^ ^t^T\\ "IH 'n^?^!! (once only, 2 Sam. 13,39, we find rj^DH yr\)' 2) Apposition is pretty frequently used with nouns de- noting either the material of which a thing is composed , 4) Certain authors prefer to consider such expressions as instances of apposition ( 6, 2) while other authors regard them as pregnant con- structions; e. g. y\'h "^p D''0 ( 3 Rem. 2; 10 footnote i). 20 HEBREW SYNTAX. or the nature or attribute which a thing possesses; e. g. pJJ D''"]1tO rows (of) stone Ex. 28, 17; ID TO Z^^'j measure [of) linen (= -^/^ linen garment) Lev. 6, 3; ^?5^^ D^l^i:^. words (of) truth Pr. 22, 21. 3) Often, however, the noun to be quaHfied is con- nected in the st. constr. with the quaHfying noun ; e. g. ]5i$ ni:D Ex. 39, 10 (conf. 4, 3); nii^ n^^jn:??^^ a wo- man possessing a familiar spirit i Sam. 28, 7 (conf. 5 Rem. 4, and footnote 4); n"J^"1D ''.lii^l'' ""PPn //^^ ^x'/.?^ (;;^^;2 namely) the counsellors of Pharaoh Jes. 19, 11. Rem. 2 With appellatives the order of placing the words is some- times reversed 5 e.g. QIJ^ i^lD ^ wz'/fl' (lit. a wild ass) man Gen. 16, 125 T T D"Ii^ 7"'DD ^ foolish man (a fool of a man) Prov. 15 , 205 21, 20. Such T T : passages however may also be regarded as instances of the st. constr. Conf. Qli^ "'D^Di princely (princes) men Micha 5 , 4. 4) All prepositions and particles prefixed to the first noun are repeated before the second noun; e. g. H^ ^5n m Vn his brother Abel Gen. 4, 2 ; 11^5 ini^lD l^l^J? "i-^ti^D in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees Gen. II, 28; It^V. "'-P ""n^ "1-P /i^^^ ^-^^ A^;2<^ of my bro- ther from the hand of Esau Gen. 32, 12; ^^^p, ^15^? of thy servant Jacob Gen. 32, 19. Rem. 3 Sometimes , however , they are omitted before the second noun; e. g. jn^i^ nt^ Hi^ ^arai his wife Gen. 12, 5; ipp^ V^nH hVK VniiD to his sons in law who were to marry his daughters Gen. 19, 14. 5) If the first noun is determined (by a pronom. sufif., St. constr., etc.), the apposition also should be deter- 7- MEANS OF CONNECTING TWO NOUNS. 21 mined; e. g. "^^^H ""^"liii. (conf. 3, 11), unless it be a proper name. Rem. 4 With adjectives also instances of apposition occur, as n*lQ TT nD''Dn riDIi^ ^ perfectly red heifer Num. 19, 2. 7. Other means of connecting two nouns. i) Two nouns may be connected by placing h "1^^^ between them. This construction is chiefly used for the genitive of possession, and especially when two or more subsequent nouns would otherwise have to be placed in the st. constr.y as \mvh -if^ i^5^ nt^ (= b\m i^niJ n^) captain of Saul's host 2 Sam. 2, 8 (conf. however 5,3); or when more than one main idea is dependent on another idea, as Dn^fP i?r^h 1^^ nsi^ni ni:3]:i^Dn(=id^i 'o i^q np.t^^o) the butler and the baker of the king of Egypt Gen. 40, 5 ( 5, 2)- In ordinary cases, however, this construction is ra- rely used instead of the st, constr.; e. g. TTO^ ^V.^. I^^^lI (= n^DiJ ]tk)S) her father's sheep Gen. 29, 9. Rem. 1 In the subsequent development of the Hebrew language Iti^J^ became contracted into "ti^, and ^ "lti^{^ combined into the one word 7^; e. g. Cant. I, 6; 3, 7 conf. Jonas i v. 8 with v. 7. In Mischna and Talmud ^^ is the usual expression for the genitive of possession. 2) A second means of connecting two nouns is to prefix b (without "1^^?) to the second noun. This con- struction also is used instead of the genitive of possession : 22 HEBREW SYNTAX. {a) when the first idea is to be expressed indefinitely; e. g. b)m^ 0^5^. servants of Saul i Sam. 17, 8 (nnii^ h\m would mean /^^ servants of Saul)\ ^'^'mh O'lin^. ""i^ /z/^ servants of Shimei i Kings 2, 39 (""^Dti^ ""i;!;^ 1;.^ would mean the two servants of Shimei), Rem. 2 It is seldom employed when the main idea is definite \ e. g. h^)^^h D''Qiin(= h^^^^ ^t^t) the guards of Saul I. Sam. 14, 1 6. T : T [b) to prevent accumulation of words in the st. constr. e. g. bm^^, >y^ DitDD^ niDNin ^^^i^n (= diidd niDi^. ^^r^n ^^T-^? ""A?) //^^ i^^^i^J of the fathers' houses of the tribes of the children of Israel Jos. 19, 51. (c) for numbers; e. %.^'\Tb "ini^? on the first day of the month Num. 1,1. 8. Comparative and Superlative. i) The comparative is formed in Hebrew by pre- fixing IP or "p to the word with which comparison is made. It is indifferent whether the thing compared is expressed by a verb or adj. e. g. I^pp D1!i^1 Dl more nu- merous and mightier than we Ex. 1,9; VJ^p inp''iJ^21 and he made it stronger than its enemies Ps. 105, 24. 2) When two objects or classes of objects are con- trasted with each other, then their opposite qualities are expressed without Jp or "p; e.g. ^1"I^n "lli^^n n^ Pi^n *)^^^^L! Hi^l the greater light and the lesser light Gen. I, 16; DTOIin "".^^O^ rTT;^^^^^ nn^ to give the younger before the firstborn Gen. 29, 26. 3) The comparative with ]p or "p has in Hebrew 8. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE. 23 also the meaning of too with the positive, and may therefore be used when there is no object with which comparison is made ; e. g. i^lti^^D "i^l^. bT\\ mine iniquity is too great for me to bear Gen. 4 , 13; hTi^T^ ItDjJ too small to contain i Kings 8, 64; D3p tOi^pH is it too small a thing for you? Numb. 16,9. Rem. 1 In poetry the qualitative word is sometimes omitted, so that it has to be supplied from the context; e. g. D^^^11*'D Dn!!'''DD1 their TT .: idols ai^e (more numerous) than (those) in yerusalem Jes. 10, 10. 4) The superlative is expressed: [a) in the same manner as the comparative, except that ?!D is added to the word with which comparison is made; e.g. DliJH ^3p DOTl and he was the wisest of all men i Kings 5,11; VJS ^3D rjoi^ n^ nn^5! he lo- ved Joseph most of all his children Gen. 37, 3. [b) by prefixing 5 to the plural of the word with which comparison is made; e. g. D''^|3 ^^'^^ the fairest amongst women Cant. 6, i. (c) by connecting the singular form of a noun in the St. constr. with the plural form of the same noun ; e. g. D'l^lgri li^l'p the most holy. (d) by connecting an adj. or particip. in the st. constr. with the noun with which comparison is made ; e. g. n^ninti' niDDn the wisest of her princesses Jud. 5, 29; p.ij ""TIB?^ the most honourable of the earth Jes. 23, 8; DlJiJ W5^i!l the most needy amofigst men Jes. 29, 19; D^ ""TOT the richest amongst the people Ps. 45, 13. 24 HEBREW SYNTAX. 9. Numerals. i) The cardinal numbers from i 10 may be connected with the noun to which they belong in a threefold manner, viz.: {a) by placing the number before the noun in the st. constr., as D'lp^ ^l^'V. six days. {b) by placing it before the noun in the st, abs., as D^p; n^^ six days. [c) by placing it after the noun, as TW'p D"^?pJ six days. With these (i 10) the noun stands in the plural, and exceptions are rare , as Hi^ '^'^P^ eight years 2 Kings 22, I. 2) With the cardinal numbers from 11 19 nouns of very frequent occurence (such as W)^^ Dl"i. PD^) are made to follow in the sing ; e. g. W"^ "1^;^ H^OT nineteen men ; Dl"" "Iti^:^ rx'^^^)^ fourteen days; rm TTi^^^ U'^VW twelve years. They rarely occur in the plur. e. g. U^'^'l^^ "it^^ D^:;^ twelve men Deut. i, 23. Nouns however which are not so often used either follow or precede in the plur. ; e. g. nitSQ "it^;^ U^^yj twelve tribes "iti^i^ D''.^^ ^^^. twelve rams Num. 7, 87. 3) The tens from 20 90 are construed in a twofold manner : (a) generally with the noun following in the sing.; e. g. 11 '""iti'ij^ twenty days "1^}^ Qiti^ti? sixty cities; rarely in the plur. D^p^l^ U'^'^Un fifty just men Gen. 18, 24; nii3 ''ti^^ sixty daughters 2 Chr. 11, 21. (b) less frequently with the noun preceding, but then al- ways in the plur.; e. g. D^W ni^N! 60 cubits 2 Chr. 9- NUMERALS. 2$ 3, 3; n^m D^'^^b^Zi) sixty concubines. 2 Chr. ii, 2i. 4) As regards n^p hundred ^ one may say just as well nj^ ili^p as T\W H^P a hundred years. In both ca- ses the noun may stand also in the plur.; e. g. D*""!]^ ^^!lp a hundred fold (hundred measures) Gen. 26, 1 2 ; D""^"!!^ T\^ hundred sockets Ex. 38, 27. The same constructions may be used with the plu- ral forms of ^^ilD , and with ^b^ and its plural forms. Here also certain words of common occurrence , are usually made to follow in the sing.; e. g. nDJ< D^D^^ two thousand cubits. 5) With numerals composed of units and tens or hund- reds, the noun stands either in the sing, and after the number; e. g. TiW D'^ti^^ti^l t^^pn or T^D TOHI W^-^h^ thirty five years (rarely in plur. D^^D n^3"}i<1 D^lti^V. twenty four heifers Num. 7, 88); or in th^plur. and before the number; e.g. 0:11^1 D^ti^ti^ D^V^^i? j-^V/jK two weeks Dan. 9, 26; D""^^ nW5 D^yra ninety six rams Ezra 8, 35; U^V.^f^ D^ti^D? ni^Dli^'j seventy seven sheep (Ibid). Frequently however the noun is repeated, viz. with the units in the plur., with the tens and hundreds in the sing.; e. g. T\W D''^!3ti^l D^^^ ti^Dfl seventy five years Gen. 12, 4; U^W V^^) r\y^ O-^lWV.) n;f nijp a hundred and twenty seven years Gen. 23, i. 6) The Ordinals from i 10 are adjectives (see Gram- mar yj, i) and are treated as such. Instead of the ordinals above ten the cardinals are used, and as before, either with the noun preceding in the st. constr.\ e. g. nnti^V. H^Dti^ Hira in the eigh- 26 HEBREW SYNTAX. teenth year (in which case the noun may be repeated after the number, as r\W rr\^V.^^ D^nti^, Xm^ in the twelfth year 2 Kings 8, 25); or with the noun following; e. g. nj^ C^S")^? in the fortieth year. Rem. 1 In numbering years or the days of the month cardinals are not unfrequently used instead of the ordinals from i lo; e. g. ti^lbti^ XWi'Il in the third year Est. i, 3; ^"^xh "inJ<3 on the first T : V T V : day of the month Num. i, i. Yet the ordinals are not altogether ex- cluded, as n*'J^''3ti^n Diti^ ih^ seventh year Esra 7,8. 7) When the cardinals are used as nouns, they may, like nouns take T\'^^yx^ 'H; e. g. D:n^Dni D^pti^nVHti^^t^^n the two hundred and seventy three Num. 3, 46. The ordinals naturally follow the rules of the adjec- tive asto n:;;Ti!!'n. Rem. 2 Nouns of ineasure^ weight and time are sometimes omitted after the numerals \ e. g. r|D3 D^"lti^y twenty (shekels of) silver ; *i1^ti^J?3 in the tenth (ntonthy^ "i^^S on the second (day). Rem. 3 Instead of plDi^ we often find HD^^^; e. g. flD^S D^'D^^^ T- T-T T-T'-:- two thousand cubits Num. 35,5. The best explanation of this expres- sion is to admit an ellipsis of words (e. g. ti^"'i^ HDi^S) ^s appears from Deut. 3,11 ^^^ nDi<3 H^m HlQi^ ^S^i^T H^l^ JlD^ i^ti^D nine cubits was the length thereof .^ and four cubits the breadth of it , after the cubit of a man. 8) The distributive numerals are expressed : (a) by repetition of the noun with its cardinal; e. g. tD5f^ "ini? '^^^ "in^ '^^^ one man for each tribe Jos. 3, 12; sometimes with the addition of "iriij^, as W "ini<^ D?2^3 ti^^ DIDJD each had six wings Jes. 6, 2. [b] by repetition of the cardinal number alone; e. g. 10. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 27 Dl'^ti^ Qij^ tijijo and two Gen. 7, 9 ; sometimes with 1 copulative prefixed to the second ; e. g. WJ W ^^^ <3:;^^ .9^';ir (= on every hand six) 2 Sam. 21, 20. [c] without repetition, but by prefixing b to the noun ; e. g. t55^2 "in^ ^^^ one man for each tribe Deut. I, 23; or in a more simple manner by means of the so called b distributive; e. g. DiD^^.^1 ^^^ by hundreds and by thousands 2 Sam. 18, 4 (conf. 13, 2.) 9) The cardinals may sometimes be used as ad- verbs (adverbia fiumeralia) to determine a verb by omit- ting the word D^D ; e. g. VW D?n]^ ^TOHl (= W^DV^^ Vl^) I will smite you seven times Lev. 26, 24. Certain numeral adverbs may be expressed by a car- dinal in the dual, as D^H]^?^ seven times Gen. 4, 15; D?n^3"1^ four times 2 Sam. 12,6. The ordinal H^^^ is occasionally used as a numeral 'adverb in the sense of a second time. CHAPTER III PRONOUNS. 10. Personal pronouns and pronominal suffixes. i) The personal pronoun (see Grammar 71, Rem. 3) is sometimes used to repeat the pronominal suffix in a separate form for the purpose of emphasis. This oc- curs as well with the suffixes of nouns and particles as with those of verbs; e. g. ^i^5! Dj ^P?"13 bless me, even me also Gen. 27, 34 ; HHiJ ^ UVr\_ ^TiyTin / have made it known to thee this day, even to thee Pr. 22, 19; DHJi p''!^)lD1 28 HEBREW SYNTAX. but as for you, your carcases Num. 14, 32; ur\'^ udl D^H is it now time for you yourselves Hagg. 1,4; ''iii^. ""^ upon me J upon me i Sam. 25, 24; i^in Ul V^^ upon him also I Sam. 19, 23. It even occurs when no suffix but only a noun precedes; e. g. i^lH DJ n^^ to Seth , to him also Gen. 4, 26. Still more emphasis is given to the sentence when the personal pronoun is made to precede; e. g. T\VS^ TH^ ^111'' thee , thy brethren shall praise Gen. 49, 8 ; D^D^ ItO^ ''T ""Iil^ /, even mine hands have stretched out the heavens Jes. 45, 12. 2) The pronominal suffix with a verb is occasionally used to express not the passive object, but the object interested in the act; e. g. ^W.^ ^^ thou shalt not be forgotten of me Jes. 44, 2 1 ; ^W^'% Dl^^n did ye fast for me? Zech. 7, 5. Hence ]r)J is now and then found with a double accusative of object, as ""^inni D^^H \^)^ thou hast given 7ne a barren land (lit. the land of the soutli) Jos. 15, 19. 3) The personal pronoun as object of a verb is to be translated by means of HiSl with a suffix: (a) when it stands with special emphasis before the verb; e. g. ^TOH TOt\)^ I had slain just thee Num. 22, 33. [b) when the verb is already connected with another personal suffix as its object; e. g. iri^^ ''^^it'^^^ and he will show himself to me 2 Sam. 15,25. 4) The construction of ^^il with a suffix is used by pre- ference in case of an infinitive with a verbal meaning, 10. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 29 as inj< linyi and I chose him i Sam. 2, 28 (conf. 22, 5). 5) The pronominal suffix of a noun may, like the St. constr, denote the genitive of object or the genitive of subject; e. g. DpHHl Dpi^llQI the fear and dread of you Gen. 9, 2 ; IH^T his fear (i. e. fear for him) Ex. 20, 20. 6) When the compound idea expressed by two nouns connected in the st, constr. is to have a pronominal suf- fix, this is appended not to the main idea (nom. re- gens), but to the subordinate idea (nom. rectum). (Com- pare the analogous rule for Hi^iTn Tl 3, 7) e. g. IT'S njDH house of prayer ''H^Dn n^5 ^7 house of prayer ; r]DD ^^'^, silver idols iQpD '.^i^^. his silver idols. Rem. 1 Sometimes this is more accurately expressed by the repeti- tion of the first noun; e.g. r]D3n ^"^33 ^^^^\ (= ""QP^ ^^^'^ ^>' ^^'^^^'' /-/// Gen. 44, 2. 7) If however the nom. rectwn cannot have a suffix the latter is then appended to the nom. regens\ e. g. ^Pijl ""O^l? 'yny covenant with Jacob Lev. 26, 42 ; Tl*''!!? ?n my covenant with the day Jer. 33, 20; Djn "li^^ti^ (= D^n ^i^^iti^ with suffix i^* pers. sing.) my haters without cause Ps. 69, 5. Rem. 2 The suffix is sometimes appended to the noni. regens even without this reason; e. g. ;jn IDi^DH (= llin n^DH) i^^^ pledge of his debt Ez. 18, 7; "IptSJ l^'^i^ (= """Ip^ "'D'^i^) ^jV enemies without cause Ps. 35,19- Rem. 3 The passages , however, where the second noun is the pre- 30 HEBREW SYNTAX. dicate, should be considered as elliptical ; e. .g. D^n?i^ ^J^D3 ( = DTi'Pi^ {^D3 ^^^03) *^y i^^^one is a throne of God Ps. 45, 7 >). Rem. 4 Now and then the suffix is appended to both nouns; e. g. DD^LSnii^ DD^^i^l (= DD^IDD^ *^^^^) your tribal chiefs Deut.-29, 9. Rem. 5 With the personal pronouns and especially with the pronomi- nal suffixes the masculine is sometimes used instead of the /i?wm/^; e. g. niD^D n^^n U^^^ (= PID^Q T\T\ U^'^^) there are sixty qtieens T : T T : T Cant. 6,8; DD^DJ< Plp^pp ( = |P^^^^ ^^V'P) ^^^^ ^^^^^^ of your father {viz. of Rachel's and Leah's father) Gen. 31,9 (Conf. 18 Rem. and 19, i). Rem. 6 The personal pronoun as object of a verb is sometimes omit- ted , when it can be easily supplied from what precedes ; e. g. |3 T\p^)_ l^^n b^ \V\'^^ "IpS ^^ took a calf and gave (it) to his servant Gen. 18, 7; ^Pl^ti^ 1^ till thou send (it) Gen. 38, 17. Rem. 7 On the other hand, the noun to which a pronominal suffix refers is sometimes added to it as apposition (conf. n i); e.g. IHi^irTl l^'^n ni^ ^he saw him (viz.) the boy Ex. 2, 6. This occurs also, when the suffix is appended not to the verb but to some other part of speech; e. g. H'^H ^Di Dl^H l^-J^ID^ 1TO b'2^ T V V TT T t' : V -: : and whatsoever name the man gave it (namely) the living creature Gen. 2,19; sometimes with repetition of the preposition, e. g. I^Dii^ ^i^lti^"' "'iD^ DH^ Ulli ii^hich I do give to them (namely) to the chil- T : : V T ' dren of Israel ]os. I, 2; TUlh'^b'^ iHtS^ n^\l ^i^ litter (namely that) of .... ^ . ... Solomon Cant. 3, 7; and occasionally for the sake of explanation; e. g. 1?!23''li IDH^'Ii^ make them (namely) their nobles Ps. 83, 12. Rem. 8 The suffix sometimes refers to indefinite persons; e. g. Di^l TT : Dti^ll^m their corn and their new wine Ps. 4, 8.; *i^ dn^'Pi^l ^^^'^t T : : ' : there is fione wariji Hagg. 1,6. i) Several commentators consider this construction in general as el- liptical. II. DEMONSTR. AND INTERROG. PRONOUNS. 3 1 II. The Demonstrative and Interrogative pronouns. i) The personal pronoun of the third person i^in, when used as a demonstrative (conf. grammar 72 , 4), differs from the demonstrative pronouns PIT, T\^l and H^^t, as l/iat (Lat. is) differs from this (Lat. kic) ; e. g. DTn DI^H this day, viz. the day on which one speaks ; )^T\T\ Dl"!! that day, the day of which the narrator has already spoken; DRTH D^^H the time in which one speaks; ^T\X;\ T\^T\ the time of which one is speaking. Rem. 1 In certain fixed expressions, however, this rule is sometimes neglected. We always say nTH irnD and Tb'^T\ D"'1!}"in even where .. T T V T T : one would have expected ^^nn ""Dill and Qnn "'"ID^H- Oii the con- TT "T "T: trary generally Hil *'D''3 instead of n^i^D D^D''3- 2) IT which usually possesses also a relative significa- tion, is more than once employed as a relative pro- noun (="l^{i^.); e. g. liD^ irni5^"13 in the net which they had hidden Ps. 9, 16. Yet also HT and IT are sometimes used in like manner ; e. g. UXb rilDJ. HT Dipp h)^ unto the place which thou hast founded for them Ps. 104, 8 (conf. gram. 72). 3) riT and DJ^T may be used adverbially: (a) referring to place ; e. g. U^T\ T\\ yonder is the sea Ps. 104, 25. [U) referring to tinie\ e. g. D^ID^D HT already twice Gen. 27, 36. (c) for the purpose of strengthening questions, e. g. niti'^ n^^T (ID 2//^^/ ^'.y //^/^ tJiou hast done? Gen. 3, 13; ^:55 n.T nn^ ^'^ 2/ thou my son Esau? Gen. 27, 24; 32 HEBREW SYNTAX. ''inn^ti^ riT rit^b why is it that thou hast sent me^ Ex. 5, 22 (Conf. 26, 7). i^in also is sometimes used in the same manner ; e. g. i^in HT i^$l T\\ i^in ""P Z/Ad7 ^V he, and where is he? Esther 4) ""p occasionally refers to things when the idea of persons is implied (Conf. grammar 74) ; e. g. Dp^ ""P 7/>^<^/ is Shechem? ]\xdgQ.s 9,28. This chiefly occurs after "ip has already been used in reference to persons; e. g. ^X\ 1^^ i^ij^ i|p 2t/A^ ^;;2 / and what is my life? i Sam. 18, 18; "'O'^D *'P^ "'P^^J ""P w-^^ ^?^ / and what is my house? 2 Sam. 7, 18. Although "ip may refer to several persons, yet one sometimes says in that case ''PJ "'P ; e. g. "D^nn ""PJ ^ip w^d? ^r^ M^j^ that shall go? Ex. 10, 8. 5) As ''P and HID are used as substantives, they na- turally occur sometimes as dependent on a nomen regens ; e. g. ""p ns whose daughter} Gen. 24, 23 DH? HO nDDPlI knowledge of what have they ? Jer. 8 , 9. For the same reason they may also be connected with 2i prefix or separate preposition \ e. g. ''p fi^ whom?\ ""p^ /^ whom ? ; ""P ""in^ ^yV^r whom ? H^'^^ ( "= HD^) (/<?r 2/^^/ reason) why ? Rem. 2 HD and HD with ^ are written HDS and nS3, with 3 TV T V nSlD and HDD 1 and with 7 generally PlDT'' sometimes n^lD^- T - V - T T V T Rem. 3 yQ and p)D are sometimes used indefinitely in the sense of T ivhosoever^ whatsoever \ e. g. Qilim 7^!3 ""O whosoever hath a cause Ex.24,i4n"ini i^T ^D(=i^T -l^^^ ^d e.g. ^^r\ "i^i^^ ^d ex. 32,33). T : "T "T V: T T V : 12. RELATIVE PRONOUN. 33 whosoever is fearful and trembling Judg. 7, 3 5 HD "^n^l <^ovie what may 2 Sam. 18, 22. With the same meaning "i^ is once found following the predicate na- mely 2 Sam. 18, 12 *i^ 1"1D^ beware whosoever ye be *). 12. The Relative pronoun. i) "l^i:^ often serves merely to give a relative meaning to demonstrative words, and is generally separated from them by the other words of the sentence; e. g. '0'^^^ 13 n^i nn^ "l^i< (= is ^'^^) the man to whom thou dost lend Deut. 24, 11. Less frequently they stand toge- ther, as T\^X\ ti^D.^ 13 "l^i^ wherein there is life Gen. i, 30; ^^T\ UTb l^ii^ between whom the controversy is Deut. 19, 17. Rem. 1 A preposition is very seldom placed before ^W^^ as a relative pronoun , or joined with it so as to form one word; e. g. i^iiDn Iti^i^ D^^ (= 1D)^ i^iiDD Iti^ii) "^ii^^ whomsoever thou findest Gen. 31, 32; X^y^ "l^^^i (= QH^ ^^ ^^^) "wherein thou hast laboured ]&%. /^^^ 12; TliJDn "l^i<3 (=13 TlliDri 1^^) ^^^ things that pleased me ]qs. $6^/^. : T T V -: - : - T V . 2) The demonstrative word to which "l^ij^. belongs, is sometimes entirely omitted; e.g. Dri^Di^. "l^^^ (= 1^ 1^^^ DJJ'IDi^) of whom ye have spoken Gen. 43, 27; p^it "1^^^. t^nn (= t^^nn r^t nns l^i^) ^V^ w///^>^ there shall be no ploughing Gen. 45, 6. 3) As "l^i^ may refer to all persons, objects, genders, and numbers, and is moreover indeclinable, it is evi- i) Pr. Driver in his "Hebrew notes on Samuel" suggests, as prohably right, the reading "i^ 1~1D^ because of the Pesh. and Sept. (pvAx^xTS l^oi. ( Translator). 34 HEBREW SYNTAX. dent, that the respective person, object, gender and number should be indicated by a demonstrative word, (a construction which is quite contrary to the EngHsh mode of expression); e. g. ""fl^ DJDTISP '^'^^. n^l"* ''^^^. / am Joseph whom ye have sold Gen. 45,4 (^0^ cannot be translated) ; "h)!^ n^^l "1^^? ^^JHNl. "t^llij / am thine ass upon which thou hast ridden Num. 22, 30 (""^^ remains un- translated) ; ""ip irai )ib "I^K- 'n"" 1;^^ / am the Lord whose faithful ones shall not be put to shame ]qs. 49, 23. The same applies to the pronominal suffixes of a verb ; e. g. ^'nina "Iti^^. '^'PT- 1^5^ ^^^^^ ^^^ Jacob whom I have chosen Jes. 41, 8. (The suffix remains again untrans- lated). Rem. a This construction may perhaps be further explained by sup- plying after l^ii^ a verb such as to say^ to declare \ e. g. In the in- stance quoted Gen. 45, 4 / am Joseph (of whom I say Iti^i^) y^ have sold me\ Jes. 41, 8 "-thou art Jacob (of whom I said = 1^^|) / have chosen thee''\ 4) "l^iit, like IT, not unfrequently has the signification of a demonstrative followed by a relative; e. g. IQ^'!^ irri^ ^V_ "1^1^^ he said to him that was appointed over his house Gen. 43, 16; l^'l "ISD )ib "l^i^ that which they had not heard they saw Jes. 52, 15; H^^.t^ "Iti'i^. T!3 into the hand of him whom thou hatest Ez. 23 , 28. 5) In all these constructions *1^^i^ may also be omitted ; e. g. urh \ib }^niSt5 (= urh ^^b 1^1$ pi^?) in a land that is not theirs Gen. 15, 13; H^^H T^ (= H^^H "ifi^ T?) by the hand of him whom thou wilt send Ex. 4, 13; ^ ""T? 13- REMAINING PRONOUNS. 35 Dip bD)i^ (- Dip ^31^ i6 im ^y^^ into the hands of them from whom I am not able to rise up Lam. i , 14. 13. Pronouns for which the Hebrew has no proper words. i) Each, everyone y when used as substantives are expressed either by ti^''^^ ; e. g. IDDS "11"lli ^^^ everyone'' s bundle of money Gen. 42, 35; or by '^^'^ '^^\^ and W)^ t^''Nll {^^^\ W)!< in pausa) ; e. g. IDpj^^pp t^^''^^ ^^\lt. everyone from his work Ex. 36, 4; H^ ^ '^^^^ '^^^ everyone that was born in her Ps. 87, 5 ; '^^^\ '^"^\^ )11i"l3 according to every one''s pleasure Esther 1,8. 2) Each t everyone when used as adjectives are expres- sed either by b"^ followed by a noun without D^^.'^Tn'ri; e. g. ^^'^ b'3 every head Jes. i , 5 ; or by repetition of the noun; e. g. 1)^.!33 "Ij^^S every morning) or by placing the noun in the plural; e. g. D''"]g5^ every morning haim, 3, 23; W^V.yb every moment Job. 7, 18. (Conf. 2, 5). 2) Anyone y someone are expressed: {a) by '^^)^ ; e. g. W\^ JH^ D^^ ^/ anyone gave Cant. 8, 7. Hence tfi^'iii^ with a negation = ;2^ ^;/^ ; W\^ ^"il b^ let no one go out Ex. 16, 29. (^) by DliJ; e. g. 3''"lp^ ""S DlNl when anyone offereth Lev. 1 , 2. (^) by inJJ connected in the st, constr. with another noun; e.g. D^H in^jl someone of the people Gen. 26, 10. Hence the use of ^X\\^ with a negation ; e. g. in^t p^^ irii^ i^^ = ;2<9 one. T V (<^) sometimes without any proper word , but simply 36 HEBREW SYNTAX. by the third person ; e. g. T'jri^l and one put forth his hand Gen. 38 , 28. (e) by adding to the verb a participle of the same stem as the subject; e. g. DD DIDJ ipl if any man die Num. 6, 9. (Conf. 23, 5.) Rem. 1 The indefinite a certain man is expressed by IPli^ ti^'^i^i e. g. Sam. 1,1. 4) Somethings anything are expressed by "ID"?; ^- %- "ID"! 'n^iD ^^D^u. is anything too wonderful for the Lord Gen. 18, 14; or by "I^T ^3; e. g. i^D^ "IDT ^33 anything unclean Lev. 5 , 2. Hence "ID"^ with a negation = nothings e. g. -IDT It^^p ^$$ do nothing Gen. 19, 8; ini P^Si it is nothing *). Further by HDIKIp, sometimes by HD; e. g. HD ^T^\come 'what may 2 Sam. 18, 22; ""i^^T HD "1311 and whatsoever he showeth me Num. 23, 3; or by p; e. g. ni^t!p ^1D^ Di^ Itfi^i^") there shall not a hair of his head (lit. anything of the hair of his head) fall to the ground i Sam. 14, 45. Conf. I Sam. 3, 19. . Rem. 2 The sentence becomes still more indefinite when anyone^ any thing is not indicated at all ; e. g. "?^yj^ ID^PI ^^ there yet any (corpse) with thee? Amos 6, lo; ^1D3 Ti^ there is none like unto thee Ps. 86 , 8. 5) Self: (a) refering to persons, is expressed by placing i^lH, i^in etc. after the noun to which it belongs ; e. g. i) 131 is sometimes counected in the st. constr. with another noun ; e. g. T T ^^^''^3 131 something wicked Ps. 41, 9; or another noun in the st. constr. with 131 5 e- g- 131 r\T\V something shameful Deut. 23, 15. 13- REMAINING PRONOUNS. 37 i^in ^)bi\ the Levite himself Num. i8, 23; HDH D^irTin the Jews themselves Esth. 9, i (Conf. grammar 70, 2). [b) refering to things , by placiug D^^ before the noun ; e. g. D^D^l) Q^V.? as heaven itself Ex. 24, 10. 6) The same: [a) in reference to persons is expressed by J^IH. i^in etc. placed after the noun to which it belongs ; e. g. ^^l^$'] i^in but thou art the same Ps. 102, 28. {b) in reference to things, by DiJ^. before the noun; e. g. n?n i''n di^;^? ^/^ /^^ ^^w^ (^f^jv- 7) TA^ ^;2^ /i^^ other {alter alter) is ex- pressed : [a] by DT T\\ ; e. g. PIT ^i^ n.T i^'Jgl and one cried unto the other Jes. 6, 3. (^) by "in^l ini< ; e. g. inijn n^ in^n Vt\ but the one smote the other 2 Sam. 14, 6. (^) by ^^i^ followed by V^^?l or inn, and for the femi- nine by T\^\!< followed by r\T\T\%, or nnin, in refe- rence both to persons and things ; e. g. niV''T.n t^^DPL nn^^$ % n^^ nran^rnri Ex 26, 3. The last named construction is also used for the re- flexive one another ; e.g. "1^^^!l ^JLP. '^^^ l"!")?^! and they separated from one another Gen. 13, 11 (Conf. gram. 70, 2 (^)). 8) Some is expressed by the plural of the noun to wich it belongs; e. g. D^Q^ some days Gen. 24, 55; while nnn^^. is sometimes added; e. g. D^in^ D^p; ID}; n?^;"! ^?2<3f //if^/^ j^<3!/^ remain with him some days Gen. 27, 44. Occasionally it is expressed by "^ti^^^ ^.1; e. g. "1^^^ t:^"! 38 HEBREW SYNTAX. D'^'lb^^ some said Neh. 5,2; or also by p ; e. g. ]P 1i^^^ D3{.n some of the people went out Ex. 16, 27; bi^"T.t^^ "'^plp .yf7w^ of the elders of Israel Ex. 17, 5; sometimes even by IP with a singular word, as i^.V.I "'r' ^PP out of thee some shall go forth Michah 5,1. Conf. Ps. 1 32, 1 1 ; 2 Kings 10, 10; Dan. 11, 7. Rem. 2 Concerning the possessive reflexive and pronouns see gram. 6264, and 70, 2. PART II V E R B U M. CHAPTER IV THE VERBAL FORMS. 14 The use of the "ID}; [actio perfecta). The "13)^ is used in the first place for events which belong to the past; viz. to express the Perfect, Pluper- fect and Future Perfect (Fi4turum Exactum); e. g. U^rb^ rm. ^^^^ n^ h^ ^m^ they came unto Noah as God VI T V ~: ~ ~ V T -^ had commanded Gen. 7, 9 ; "^fe'^^i:?. ""l?^ 1^T| I^J^ which the servants of Abimelech had stolen Gen. 21, 25; "l^i:^3 "n^D^ ""n.^D?^ ^?^<3^ if I shall have been bereaved of my children, I shall be bereaved Gen. 43, 14; 'D \Tr\ ^'^ when the Lord shall have washed away Jes. 4, 4. 2) The "ID^ is further employed where in English we use the present; viz., in those instances which imply a similar action to have taken place in the past, or which are based upon it. The "iDi^ consequently serves to express: (a) an enduring act, already in operation; e. g. 14. THE USE OF THE 1'^V^ 39 i^y^ ^^.5n DntitS^n Tli^Ati^ / kaU them who seek for vain things Ps. 31, 7; ''rii^T ^;p ^^T^^ I know it, my son /, know it Gen. 48, 19 ; ^) ^Hl^t^ )lh\ ""nipiZti? ^^ ""nni / /^^^'^ w^ r^j/, nor peace , nor a moment of ease Job 3 , 26 ; [b] solemn declaration, promises, decrees and similar acts; e. g. ""nV^^^ "? / swear by myself Gen. 22, 16; ^''"J5"^? ^nn^P / forgive according to thy word Num. 14, 20. Prophetic predictions (the so called perfectum propheticum) belong to this rule. (c) actions of frequent recurrence ; e. g. "1^1$ W^'Q 'H^^ '^T\ ^ blessed the man that walketh not in the coun- sel of the wicked Ps. i , i (Conf. 15, 5). 3) In case of an hypothesis, of which one knows that it is not, or will not be fulfilled, the "ID^ is used both in the main sentence [apodosis), and in the hy- pothetical clause {protasis) ; e. g. ""D ^b HJH ^DiJ ""ri^J^ '^1^ ''^nn^^ DJ5\"1 nniJ? if the God of my fathers had not been with me thou hadst sent m,e away empty Gen. 31, 42; ^0''?n\i nn^i ^T\TT\ TDt\^ m T^vp_ ^3 'isp nnt?i ^b)i^ if she had not turned aside from m.e , surely I should have slain thee and saved her alive Num. 22, 33. If on the contrary one does not know this, other verbal forms may be used; e. g. I^^Sti^l IDDn v if they were wise they would understand Deut. 32, 29; ""Di^ v Ty^^ Dn^5^1^ tO^DS ^b Vjy^ if my people would hear- ken to me / would quickly bow down their enemies Ps. 81 , 14, 15. 40 HEBREW SYNTAX. 15 The use of the Tfli^ (actio imperfecta). i) The TOi^* naturally is used for actions which have to take place in the future; e. g. Dti^ ^3 IVpti^ ^3 n^ I^D^'' for they heard that they should take their meal there Gen. 43, 25; DDn^ H^^? ]D nnj^l ^^^^ ^/^^r that he will let you go Ex 3 , 20 ; n."]nn i^^l Qpn K^ ^V i-/^^// ;/^/ stand , neither shall it come to pass Jes. 7, 7. 2) Hence the TH^J. is used in sentences [final senten- ces) which express the object [finis), after conjunctions such as "113^3, ^^j^ [ut, for the end that) ]? [ne, lest) ; e. g. '^^^I5qO '0^5^ 5'.^P ^^ "^^^T '^v'?^ "^'^^^^'^ ^^^^^ ^^^ A^^' ^/ ^Z;;/ may restrain you that ye sin not Ex. 20, 20 ; ^ "1^^^ li^pti^^ /^^^^ they may not understand Gen. n, 7; ^p^^ ]? /^<3;/ jj/^ may not be ensnared Deut. 12, 30 ; also after 1 when it has the meaning of a final conjunction; e. g. ni^^^ Vn^l that they may be for signs Num. 17, 3. 3) For the same reason it is used to express a wish (instead of the cohortative or jussive form); e. g. Hi^T T.<!j?? ^""ID^. b)^ may thy work be seen by thy servants Ps. 90, 1 6 ; ^ri^l^ n^'^n ^3^1 take thou my plan unto thy heart Prov. 22, 17. Especially where the cohortative has no proper form the TH^ is employed with ^^J = / pray ; e. g. i^J "13T ^13;^ /^/ thy servant, I pray thee, speak Gen. 44, 18. 4) The TH^ is further used to express a prohibition with )lb or h% , (by preference of course with the jus- sive) ; e. g. bUD ^ ntS^^n ^ thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image Ex. 20 , 3 ; ^^'W V^'^ ^tf^O tkb thou shalt not take up a false report Ex. 23, i; ^^in^$ tO''3n b^ look 15- THE USE OF THE TH^. 4 1 not behind thee Gen. 19, 17; j;^-J D^ ?}T H^n ^Nl /w/ ;2^^ thine hand with the wicked (= be no partner with the wicked) Ex 23, I. 5) The TH^ moreover usually serves to express the forms of our present tense; e. g. ti^iP.Dn HD what seekest thou Gen. 37, 15; ^11^^ / ^>^^?^/^ /^^^ Ps. 118, 21 ; and it often denotes also a continuing or frequently recurring action , when that which has happened in the past is not thought of, or at least is not uppermost in the mind of the speaker or writer (Conf. 14, 2 ^ and c)\ "I^D^ D^pi and from hence it was parted Gen. 2, 10 W)^ DT^.l 15 b'^^ therefore a man leaveth his father Gen. 2, 24 ; Ht^i^."] '^ liDlppi? 15 it is not so done in our place Gen. 29, 26; l^i^ 1^ nt^^^n I'tOi^ ^^)^p1 ^/^^ ^^'.y mother used to make a little robe for him i Sam. 2, 19. 6) The Tn};J further serves to express ideas equivalent to / can , I may, it ought etc. ; e. g. ^D^H ^D^^ ;;^^j ye eat Gen. 2, 16; 1W?. ^b ^^ D^WQ ^^^^^ />^^/ ought not to be done Gen. 20, 9; Vli ii^lTn ^^^^/^i" we know this? Gen. 43, 7; "tD^.! "'p ze/A^ ^^;2 ^;ir/j/ Ps. 130, 3. 7) Finally the TH^ is usually employed after the con- junctions TiJ ^^^;^, and D"]t? before, not yet, even where in English we use a past tense; TW'O T'^l ^^ then sang Moses Ex. 15. I; T\pb VW^ T^ then did Libnah revolt 2 Kings 8,22; ny^^ Dnt5 mti^n DW^^I and no herbs of the field had yet sprung up. Gen. 2, 5. 16. The "ID^ and "Tini^ with | conversive. i) The "ID^ with 1 conversive is used to continue a 42 HEBREUW SYNTAX. sentence which commenced with TP^ or with any other form of expression designating the action as future ; e. g. D^j;^ ^n] ^3ijl D^^nn y^!?. Ql ripb) it rbv^: ]^ lest he put forth his hand and take also of the tree of life aud eat and live for ever Gen. 3, 22 (conf. Gen. 24, 40 ; 41, 34); *>i5?)^pi ID^D TO they be almost ready to stone me Ex. 17, 4; TD^ n^D-"! D^ri^i^ ^ivi nwn n-Tn -in-jn n^ d^ ^/ ///^?/ s^^/^^ do ^A^V thing then shall God give thee his commaridments , and thou shall be able to endure Ex. 18, 23; \;5 n^{ yg ^T^^. n^lD^I ^^"J^? command the children of Israel and say to them Num. 28 , 2. 2) Without a preceding word referring to something future, T\^ with 1 conversive is used to introduce a fu- ture action (conf. n 5), which action then follows ex- pressed by TH^, or by "13^ with \ conv. , or by the Im- perative; e. g. ^^yT\\ ^^tO b'2 njni and it shall come to pass, that whosoever findeth me shall slay me Gen. 4, 14; hr\\ -101^5 )^i2.n? mT\ ur^ n;ni and it shall come to pass in that day that a great trumpet shall be blown jes. 27, 13; ^T\r\\ xm Tm^ np^^1 u^l^rr^ irii^ li^T '3 r\'r\\ ^''D? ^Jj^? ^'Jl^ ci,nd it shall come to pass when the Egyp- tians shall see thee , that they shall say : this is his wife and they will kill me , but they will save thee alive Gen. 12 , 12 ; ^^ "iwn 'n ^i$:ni ^3 n;r!l and it shall be when the Lord shall bring thee into the land then be- ware lest Deut. 6, 1012 ; ^nnji ij^p^^n vjy^ Dift n^ni and it shall come to pass if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments that I will give ye Deut. II, 13- 14. 1 6. THE 13:^ AND Tn:^ WITH 1 CONVERSIVE 43 3) The Tr\}l with 1 conversive serves to continue a narrative which commenced with a past tense. The first verb therefore of the narrative should properly stand in the "l!3]^. Yet this generally happens only when an entirely new subject is introduced; e.g. Gen. i, i ; 25, 19; Ex. 3, I ; 19, I ; I Kings 5, i. If, however, this is not the case , then the first verb frequently stands in the THJf with ) conv. Hence it is that a narrative so often com- mences with ^nn. -I5T1' "IQ^I. Sometimes it even happens that the first verb of the narrative has to be mentally supplied; e. g. Dt<t2 ]5 QtJ^ "l^l'^l njtj^ (= njn D^) Skem {was) a hundred years old when he begat; or Shem begat at the age of a hundred years Gen. II , 10; Vi'^:^ n^^ ?"3?^ ^F--^ ^^^^^n D1^3 O'TA) {It hap- pened) on the third day when Abraham lifted up his eyes; or, on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes Gen. 22, 4. 4) The T'H^ with 1 conv. is in certain cases regularly used in the main sentence, viz: {a) after a preceding causal sentence ; e. g. np^^^ |^^ *!]tep ^p^p^l 'n "1^1 T\)^ because thou hast rejected the word of the Lord, He hath also rejected thee from being king i Sam. 15, 23. {b) when the subject or object of the sentence for some reason or other precedes ; e. g. DDIJ^l HD^I Iti^jioi i^in Di 'b'^^ and his concubine whose name was Reu- mahy she also bare Gen. 22, 24; DD ID^jtpil ''Ol.'^n^ and as for my doctri?te , they despised it Jer. 6, 19. 5) Just as njni is used to introduce a future action 44 HEBREW SYNTAX. (conf. n 2), ""nill frequently serves to introduce a narra- tive; e. g. Gen. 14, i; 15, 17; 22, i. 20; 29, 25; Jos. 5, I. 13 etc. 6) The TO^ with 1 conv. is sometimes used instead of the present; e. g. 153^!! and thou honour est i Sam. 2, 29; ^S^^n]!] and he grieveth 2 Sam. 19, 2; ''^.^V.ll <3;;^<i he heareth me Ps. 3,5. In like manner it is used for future events especially in prophecies ; e. g. 'D ^tT\ and the Lord shall exalt Jes. 9, 10 ; "11111 and He shall cause the rain to come down Joel 2, 23 ; wd^O IDJJ^I and their king shall pass on Mich. 2, 13. 7) The 1 conv. both of the "D^ and of the "l^H^ finally serves to express all the different conjunctions; e. g- ^Xy^^W n^ aninini 11D^il inij^i^l and if any mischief befall him , then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sor- row Gen. 42 , 38 ; iny.ini ^'Sl^ DO what is man that thou take St knowledge of him? Ps. 144, 3. Rem, 1 Sometimes a T^PV ^^ found which is still undei* the influ- ence of a preceding ^ conv.; e. g. UVb i^D^ Dni^^ni 1>^D ^'^^W^^ 'b'2)k^^ V T T T T-:- : : : : " : ~ they ate and they were filled^ and he gave them what they lusted after Ps. 78, 29; and sometimes under that of one following; e.g. D'^lp ^D^ IDTI ITVS )ini^1 D^?!Dti^3 ^^ caused the east wind to blow in the hea- "T \ : ;- T T ven; and guided the south wind by his power Ps. 78,26. 17. The cohortative and jussive besides the other modes of speech for expressing a wish. i) The cohortative (a prolonged form of the TH^ by appendig TT) rarely occurs except with the first person (Conf. gram. 45, i 3), and is used to express: I/. COHORATIVE AND JUSSIVE. 45 (a) an ardent wish or supplication; e. g. ^3 rTJDDlill D''rl!?^^ "'i^"11 come and hear and let me declare all ye that fear God Ps. 66, 16; ^^li$5 ^? nn?V^ let us pass , I pray thee, through thy land Num. 20, 17. {b) a resolution which is uttered with some excite- ment or animation; e. g. HiJliJI r\:m^) ^"^ Tob)^ I will go , and return to my brethren and see Ex. 4,18; n^llj we will run after thee Cant, i , 4. Rem. 1 It follows from rules a and b that the cohortative may be used with or without j^^. Where no proper from of the cohortative T exists, the TH)^ is used with ^^ (conf. 15, 3). [c) sometimes also an hypothesis, with or without Di^ ; e. g. rb^rm. ^n^^^^ U^ if I speak my grief is noi assuaged, and if I forbear Job. 16, 6; DDH^^. QTDti^^l. ''3"?^^ if I pursue mine enemies , / overtake them 2 Sam. 22, 38. 2) The forms of the cohortative are sometimes used with *l conversive, with the consequence that the origi- nal meaning of the cohortative is lost; e. g. Jin^^iSiJ and I sent Gen. 32, 6; T^W^^iK) and I slept Ps. 3, 6. 3) The jussive (abbreviated form of TH^ Conf. gram. 45, 47) is used: (a) to express a command or wish ; e. g. ^""p"! 'H."^ let there be a firmament Gen. 1,6; ^T)?!-? ^^\ ^ ^^^^-^ it be according to thy word Gen. 30, 34 ; Dl^ti^ ^^ Dti^^l may he give thee prosperity Num. 6, 26; ti'^HI it shall be done Esther 7, 2. ib) to express a prohibition with a negative, usually with ^i ; e. g. DnniD ^ij IDH b^ respect not their 46 HEBREW SYNTAX. offering Num. i6, 15; ^Q;y[ nnii^n h^ destroy not thy people Deut. "9, 26; and sometimes with ^\ e. g. DD^ Dti^n J^^ ""^B nij pi ^;^/j/ /A<?/^ may est not bring my son thither again Gen. 24, 8. (^) not unfrequently also in conditional sentences ; e. g. ^^ ''H'') ^V\ Dt^/n ^y />^^2^ makest darkness , /^ <^^^^- meth night Ps. 104, 20 ; I^^Sn^l ^1 2/ A^ smiteth , he will again heal us Hos. 6, I. 4) In addition to the ordinary forms of the cohorta- tive and jussive, a wish may be further expressed: [a) in the form of a question; e. g. I3pti^ ''PP''^? ""P 6^>^ M^^ / were appointed judge 2 Sam. 15, 4; jri^ ''D ^T13 T\)J\ DJfn DiJ (9A, /A<3:/ this people were given into my hand Judges 9, 29. The expression JH^ ""p subsequently became a phrase which has lost its original meaning and only serves to introduce a wish; e. g. Dl^ JH^ ""p would that it were evening Deut. 28, 67; "15IPD ""^.^H? 'p would that I were in the desert Jer. 9, i. In this signification it may also be constructed with the infinitive ; e. g. 1J)niD ]V\^, ''p would that we had died Ex. 16, 3; "I5!I ni^^ iny "^P Oh that God would speak Job II, 5 ; or with a verbum Jinitum with or wit^f liout 1 conjunctive; e. g. urh HJ DDD^ n;ni in^ "ip would that they had such a heart Deut. 5 , 26; ]ri^ ""D vp inns'") i^lDi:^ Oh that my words were written down Job. 19, 23; "^n^^T in;" ip OA />^^/ I knew]oh2'^, 3. (^) by the particles U^ and 1^ with the TH^ or with a par- ticiple ; e. g. "h irpti^ri Di^ ^{^ntp: 6>A Israel that thou 1 8. IMPERATIVE. 47 wouldst hearken unto meFs.Siyg; }^^1 rl)btj{ ^tOpn DNt Ok that thou wouldst slay the wicked y o God Ps. I39> 19; ''^ ^8^ ""P^ ^ Oh that my people would hear- ken to me Ps. 81 , 14. In one instance Di^ is found beside 1^ with the imperative ; \:i);D^ "b Tm, D^^ "^Nl (9A that thou , I pray thee J wouldst listen to m,e Gen. 23, 13. Rem. 2 When 1^ is followed by a verb in the "yy^ it expresses a wish which has not been fulfilled (just as ^"^ conf. 14, 3); e. g. liDD 1!p w^/^/^ that we had died Numb. 14, 2; ^ril^D^ DDti^PH i^1^ : ~ T : : T : -': Oh that thou hadst hearkened unto my commandments Jes. 48, 18. 18. The use of the Imperative. i) The most ordinary use of the imperative is to ex- press a command; e. g. Iti^^. T\)k^ do this Gen. 45, 19; h^rp^. "'^.5 J^iJ ''H command the children of Israel Num. 28 , 2. 2) The imperative moreover is frequently used to ex- press : {a) a petition, especially with )^\\ e. g. KJ ^^J^^ say^ I pray thee Gen. 12, 13. [b) a wish; e. g. ^^)iJ^'V 1^ ^/^ ^>^^^ ^^^^ wouldst listen to me Gen. 23, 13. {c) a promise ; e. g. p^H D^n DiJ 'I^Diiill ^;2^ jj/^ .f^^// eat the fat of the land Gen. 45, 18. 3) When the imperative has the meaning of a pro- mise, it generally is the result of a preceding wish ex- pressed in the form of an imperative ; e. g. Vr\\ 1ti^3^. HJ^T do this and then you shall live Gen. 42 , 18; ly^T 48 HEBREW SYNTAX. no l^pj^J DW? IV^;^) )1^J)) sow ye , and reap , and plant vineyards y and you shall eat the fruit thereof ]qs. 37, 30 ; Cpni n''D"J"l rii^"] consider her ways and thou shalt be wise Prov. 6,6. Such a preceding wish, however, may also be expres- sed by the THJ^; e. g. T^T\\ '^!!^jl ^^SH]'! and may he pray for thee and then thou shalt live Gen. 20, 7; H^V. ^^J lV.3{.''i^ *^^P1 DiJ ''tD^DI /^^ ;;2^ , / pray, give thee counsel and thou shalt save thy life i Kings i, 12. Rem. With the imperative the masculine is sometimes used in- stead of the feminine; e. g. ^^^ ^^^ *^^^\ (^ ""IP^) '^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ unto her : stand in the door of the tent Judges 4, 20 ; DDti^l'' DIDI ^^2P (= "'Dm) bittd the chariot unto the swift steed ^ oh inhabitant of T : * Lachish Michah i, 13; Dliii^ti^ mD (= HiTin) tremble ye women that are at ease Jes. 32, 11. (Conf. 10 Rem. 5 and 19, i). 4) When more words than one refer to the subject addressed by the imperative, the suffix of the third person, and not that of the second, is generally used; e. g. IDT b'^_ 13"in ^^)^ 1ID''t^ place ye everyone your swords upon your thigh Ex. 32, 27; iniy. ^D1 Dip HIDnD D5^ IPIj? (not ^ni]!^. Conf. however ibid, vers 11) take ye censers, Korah, and all your company Num. 16, 6; D^D D''p); IJ^pt?^ (not Dp??) hear ye nations, all of you i Kings 22,28. This construction is once found with TH^, and in such a manner that the suffix of the third person is made even to precede; e. g. IDIti^r) D^3 return ye, all ^f you Job. 17, 10. 19- PERSONS OF THE VERB. 49 19. Persons of the Verb. i) In the use of the persons of the verb the masc. affix is now and then used instead of the fern, [enal- lage) ; e. g. n^Dni and thou (i. e. the harlot v. 3) hast made thee a covenant Jes. 57, 8; ^D'lni after ""^^.ni thou (i. e. the harlot) hast do7ie evil things , and thou hast had thy way Jer. 3, 5 ; DrD^^TI and ye (i. e. adulterous women) shall know Ez. 23, 49; ^^ HIDnS 1i^")^n b^ be not afraid ye beasts of the field Joel 2, 22; Di^^l T\^'^X^ ^^ 1"l*l1J^n that ye (i. e. daughters of Jerusalem) stir not up nor awaken love Cant. 2 , 7 ; DH^t^^. "1^1^3 ^i" jj^^ (i. e. daughters of Naami) have dealt with the dead Ruth 1,8; ijirTi D'^ti^in //^^ w^'t^^j shall give Esther i , 20 (Conf. 10 Rem. 5 and 18 Rem.) 2) The impersonal is expressed by the third person sing. masc. as is evident from the frequently occurring expression ^H^l and it was , it came to pass, or also by the third pers. fern. ; ex. g. H^nn )ib\ DIpH ^ it shall not stand neither shall it come to pass Jes. 7, 7; nn^^J ^7 for to thee it doth appertain Jer. 10, 7; "t^P n"li?ti^^ and round about him it is very tempestuous Ps. 50, 3 ; t^IDH '^\^ but now it is come to thee Job 4, 5. In like man- ner the third person fem. is used by preference when something indefinite takes the place of the subject; e.g. D?ni^P ^ph nn:n -yv^, ^3 all that belonged to the King of Egypt 2 Kings 24, 7; ""S^ ^^ nn^;^ ^'y neither came it into my mind Jer. 19, 5. 3) The impersonal form on the other hand is not unfrequently used where a the third person is meant ; e. g. 4 50 HEBREW SYNTAX. V "1ii,')l (lit. strait was to him) and he was afraid Gen. 32, 8; 1^ ^ppl (lit. lest there be healing for them i. e. the people) lest they be healed Jes. 6, 10. In this case also the fern, form is sometimes used; e. g. "I^lTi^ "l^HI (lit. and strait was to David) and David was afraid I Sam. 30, 6. 4) The indefinite one ^ they are expressed: [a) by the 3rd person sing. masc. ; e. g. H^ti^ ^^"^g they called her name Gen. 11, 9 ; pt^^T ^T] DNt ^ti'") they shall carry away the riches of Samaria Jes. 8 , 4. [b) by the 3^(1 person plur. masc. ; e. g. IDC^ 1^11?!!] ^<^ ^^^jK called his name Gen. 25, 25; ^pli^^ ^//^j/ watered the flock Gen. 29, 2; ^Hli*!.''! ^;/<^ they brought Jmn hastily out of the dungeon Gen. 41, 14; 1ti^p5"] ^^^ //^^r^ <^^ sought I Kings i , 2. [c) by the passive ; e. g. ^niH TiJ /^^/^ began men to call Gen. 4, 26. (<^) by the 2nd person; e. g. HD^S as one goeth Gen. 10, 19. 30; 1^D"}ti^n 2V .y/2^// be burned Lev. 13, 55- 57 conf. v. 52 (perhaps also ^3"l^.5 according to ones estimation Lev. 27, 2.) (^) by li^''i:^; e. g. "5i^''ii^ n'ln^ ^;^^ shall nourish a young cow Jes. 7, 21; but rarely by '^^^T\ ; e. g. "IIDJJ HS ti^'^^^ M?/j /^^jj/ said I Sq,m. 9, 9. (/) by repeating the verb in the form of a participle ; e. g. b^lu ^S? "? ^y <^ //^<3:?2 fall from thence Deut. 22, 8 (seldom however in the plur.; e.g. D^)^bi IV^J ///^j/ shall plant Jer. 31, 5), or by adding a noun derived from a word which forms an integral part of the IQ. PERSONS OF THE VERB 5 1 sentence; e.g. IDODnS DDn bbrir)'] b^ let no one glory iyi his wisdom Jer. 9, 22. Rem. 1 On the contrary, in certain cases, the 3rd person plur. is to be translated as passive; e. g. 17) 1^;^ and wearisofue nights are ap- pointed to me\ viz. by God ^ Job 7, 3; Hi^O IPID'' i^^y shall be rooted out of it Pr. 2 , 22. (conf. ]1^"I*in^ i^^'^^ ^^^ interpretation may be made known to the king Dan. 2, 30 5 *)pQin ^^^l were taken out of the tetnple Dan. 5,3). 5) When the subject is to be emphasised, it is pla,- ced separately as a personal pronoun before its pre- dicate ; e. g. ""ri*!!! ''^^5. /, / have made Abram rich Gen. 14, 23; conf. Gen. 9, 7; 15, 15; Deut. 3, 24; Judg. 15, 18; I Kings 21, 7; Ps. 2, 6; 139, 2; occasionally also after the predicate; e. g. DHi^ ""B PV^PH ]D that ye will not kill me yourselves Judg. 15, 12. In later Hebrew it is found after the verb without adding any emphasis; e. g. "'i^^. "'HISII / said within my heart Eccles. i , 16; Conf. 2 , II fif. ; 1^^:51, ""nns^"] and I commended mirth Eccl. 8, 15. Rem. 2 In the w^ritings of the poets and prophets we sometimes find a sudden transition from one person into another; e. g. ]^^''^ n^Dti^ ]1"1^^ yeshurun waxed fat yea^ thou art waxen fat Deut. 32, 15; conf. Deut. 32,17; Jes. 1,29; 5,8; 22,16; 61,7; Mai. 2, 15; Job. 16, 7; rbl^ ^rro i^im = n^nj^ np"iD '^^i though i waste V : 't t: : :. ' tt: ;- away as a rotten thing Job 1 3 , 28. N. B. This transition should not be confounded with that from the oratio abliqua into the oratio recta ; e. g. Gen. 26, 7. 20. Modifications of the verbal idea. Modifications of the original sense of a verb, (such as 52 HEBREW SYNTAX. are found in other languages e. g. ire^ inire ^ exire , re- dire, transire), by composition with prepositions and other words, do not exist in Hebrew, but are expressed: [a] by different verbal stems ; e. g. "^^H to go , ^^ to go in\ '^^\ to go out, Dti? to go back etc. {b) by constructing a verb with different prepositions ; e. g. ^^n to go ; "^in^ "=1^? ^^ S^ after, to follow (German nachgehen) ^^jj to call; h i^'JIJ to call to [zu- rufen)\ ^^3^ ^^^ to call after {nachrufen); 5 ^^g to call upon to invoke [anrufen); ^DJ to fall; l^^ 7D^ to fall upon , to attack {anf alien) ; ^yd^ b^\ to fall down before, to prostrate {nieder fallen) ; T\)^ to see ; D T\^ to look on, to behold (ansehen) viz. with pleasure or with revenge. The further particulars of this rule belong to the sphere of the Lexicon. [c) by connecting the verb with other words ; e. g. n^D nti^3^ to destroy, to consume; 1J3 jH^ to give up, to deliver up. 21. Connection of two verbs into one idea. i) Adverbs in Hebrew are frequently expressed by verba finita, which follow the same construction as that of the verbs with a relative meaning (the so called Auxiliary verbs of mood, as / can, I will , I begin). 2) A verb expressing the main action is connected with the verb serving as adverb: A. in the form of an infinitive; e. g. "ID^ ??^?t*5 ^^^^ shalt be able to endure Ex. i8, 23; vbT\ ^D nnpi )!b y^T\ she dared not to set the sole of her foot upon 21. CONNECTION OF TWO VERBS. 53 the ground Deut. 28, 56; \^^\ ''H^^^^ / a7n weary to bear them Jes. i, 14; "?J1^n V9"J15 113^ ^ they would not walk in his ways Jes. 42, 24; Iti^^. H^Dpn thou hast done foolishly Gen. 31, 28; iriJ^ )iCi^ "IIV ICPI'II /^^jj/ ^^/^<^ /22>;2 still more Gen. 37, 5; nri ^Pli^it (lit., / w/// begin to put, etc.) ////^ day will I for the first time put the dread of thee etc., Deut. 2, 25; HD^ t?^y^\ to walk humbly Michah 6, 8. B. more frequently in the form of an infinitive with b\ e. g. )k^'ch riXP thou hast found quickly Gen. 27, 20; Qnp^ n5^?ni thou didst flee secretly G^xv. 31, 27; n?^^ 'Pi^"! ^^^(^ >^^ assayed to go i Sam. 17, 39; n''li^f?n 'pl^^ti^!? M<??^ hast asked a great thing 2 Kings 2, 10. Rem. 1. This construction is nearly always used in prose with the verbs , ^^{^ID i \>TT\ ^^ commence , rj^DIH to continue , "IDD to hasten , pTl'in to remove^ p^^yiT] to make deep ^ ^'^^Tl to make wonderful (even with the infinitive passive "ITyH^ 2 chr. 26, 15) ^"in , Th3 to cease ^ J^ to be ready ^ completed^ DtO"^n to find good ^ to approve^ Vl^HPi to .... T : multiply (and other similar vei'bs), DlDi^j V^DH to will^ to desire^ ]^?3 to refuse^ ;i^l^p to seek , ^^l , ^^l /^ (5^ ^/^ , y^b to learn^ JHi , ti^^i ^^ permit. This is moreover the usual construction with nomina which imply a verbal idea; e.g. ^'\'y) )^^ (lit. there is no entering) no one may enter Esther 4, 2; ")"iT3^ THV ^^^^ to seize upon Job 15, 24. Rem. 2. This construction is seldom found reversed, viz. that the infinitive is made to express the adverbial idea: e. g. J^^^Dn? ntC^V : -: T T xoho has acted wondrously Joel 2 , 26. Rem. 3. In poetry however the p is , in all these cases , frequently omitted before the infinitive; e. g. 'TCy^ ]1^ there is nothing to be com- 54 HEBREW SYNTAX. pared unto thee Ps. 40, 6. ")"!); D''"in^n "^ho will (lit. are ready) rouse up leviathan Job 3, 8. C. in the form of a verbum finitum , viz. K in such a manner that both verbs agree as to the teinpus y modus, genus and Humerus, and are con- nected with ^ conjunctive; e. g. V^X 0^ ^D^l ^^^ iV<?<3:/^ <^^^<3:;2 /^ plant Geg. 9, 20 ; Djlll Dnn^Ji ^P^i''! '^^^ again Abram took a wife Gen. 25; i "Ilinj inpHT ^;/<^ she let down quickly Gen. 24, 18; pj'l ^^i !:5^i!in do I pray thee tarry all flight Judg. 19, 6; rin^ni HD^T ^V ^//<3:// ^^ again unto destruction Jes. 6, 13; "niDn ''r)!}^;j."| (lit. / desired and I sat down) I sat down with pleasure Cant. 2, 3. /3 in such a manner that they agree in every thing except as to the tempus; viz. in the following order : i) first the actio imperfecta and then the actio per- fecta ; e. g. 1^5")^^ Vd^^, ^J^^ that they may learn to fear Deut. 31, 12; ""rini^^l D^^i^iJ / will take back Hosea 2, 1 1 ; nn^D^l Dl^ri it shall be built again Dan. 9, 25. 2) first the actio perfecta and then the actio imper- fecta ; e. g. D^31 ^'b^^u b\ would that we had been content to dwell Jos. 7, 7; ^n^^^p^J "in:^!^ .y/^^// / ^^ able to find it Job. 23, 3; n^lijl. '^^i^ ""Hpti^^ ^;/<^ again I saw Eccl. 4, 1.7. y in such a manner that they agree in all things ex- cept as to the modus ; e. g. i^i 1i>^D1 IDI^H return ye again , I pray Job. 17, 10. ^ in such a manner that they agree in all points , but are not connected by *1 conjunctive (asyndeton); e. g. ^7 !^nn commence to possess it Deut. 2, 24; D"iri 21. CONNECTION OF TWO VERBS. 55 ^iP5D wash me still more Ps. 51,4; IDD 'b^^T\ be pleased to look upon me ]oh 6, 28; n^nj;^ HDI^iJ / will agaiyi feed thy flock Gen. 30, 31 ; ^"iSin ISnn h^ talk no more i Sam. 2 , 3 ; I^^D 1^"1j^ cry ye aloud Jer. 4, 5; in^ ^^^D^n i-^V ;j/^ <^^ze/;2 low Jer. 13, 18; inn^ ^P''PVn they have deeply corrupted themselves Hos. 9, 9; inp^ T\TjD they soon forgot Ps. 106, 13; jnj "lis he give th liberally Ps. 112, 9. Rem. 4 The construction xvith *) conjunctive is the usual one in prose, and that wilhozit ) conjunctive the usual one in poetry. The latter how- ever, is now and then also found in prose; e. g. "IJ^^ TWO b^^^Ti (^^^ Moses began to declare Deut. i, 5; IDIDi 'IDH i^<^y w^r^ wholly cut off Jos. 3, 16; p'^lfin n"inn ^^^ earnestly repaired Neh. 3, 20: PliilD- nri/ti^i /^/ lis seitd abroad every where uftto our brethren I Chr. 13, 2. Rem. 5 Also in the construction without *| conjunctive it may happen that both verbs differ as to the tenipus \ e. g. Tin Dti^^ti^l ^^^ 071 the .... ^ . _ . . third day thou shall go down i Sam. 20, 195 PliDi^ Tl^"''' i^? ^ cannot give titles Job. 32, 22. In this case the first verb is sometimes ex- pressed by a participle; e. g. 'ir}1*]i "ID^ "'P^^ '^'5^'?^^ ^^^ early in the tnorning seek for strong drink Jes. 5, 11; ^^U'' V^DPl ^l pleased him to magnify Jes 42, 21. Rem. 6 It is a bold and unusual construction when the two verbs differ in person and number \ e. g. "j^ HSj ^D1^ 'h\)^ "^^ shall perhaps be able to smite them (lit. / shall perhaps prevail that we may smite the?fi) Num. 22 , ^'^^rh ^^*\T>^ ''CDin ^ ^'^^^^ j/^a// no more be called (lit. thou shall not continue that they call thee') Jes. 47, i. ') i) This place in Jes. may, however, be also explained according to 19, 4 rem. i. 56 HEBREW SYNTAX. D. in the form of a participle or of a verbal adjec- tive; e. g. niDD )bnr\ had begun to wax dim i Sam, 3, 2; |il.lp jnii who is able to play (as regards the participle ^11^ conf. Rem. 5) i Sam. 16, 16; ^OTOD Tll^ when thou shalt have ceased to spoil]Qs. 33, i '). 3) The verb expressing the main action is not un- frequently entirely omitted, so that it must be supplied from the context; e. g. "'"IHQ = '^T\p^ "X.^ {take) quickly Gen. 18,6; Vr\jy!X = Dl^"!^ 'niD.'ll and they regarded one another trembling Gen. 42, 28; inpH]'! = VWCb inpn'll ayid they regarded one another with astonishment Gen. 43, 33 (Conf. Jes. 13, 8); ^^T^) = b'\^^b \^T?l they shall anxiously inquire ]qs. ii, 10 (Conf. 8, 19); nns = Dn^^;!! DDD that sent 7tot its prisoners home in freedom Jes. 14, 17; 1ti^''"?nn = li^DJ. Iti^^'inn come hear me in silence Jes. 41, i; l^'innn ^Dp = ""^^p IJ^lil 1ti^''XD depart from me in silence Job 13, 13 ; ''^n'';^^ = ""^n^^ni '^rcp^. and from the horns of the wild- oxen deliver me in answer to my prayer Ps. 22, 22. ^) Hence one always says ''10^ ^^P ~ "'10^ HD^^ ^'0 to follow sincerely. i) 111^ may be also considered as an infinitive, and would then belong to the examples of A. 2) It is not necessary, however, to reckon as belonging to this rule such places as Ps. 74, 7 ; and 89, 40 , where ^^p) may be the ^^Q of a denominativum of ^ppl slam , with the signification to cast down , to destroy. 22. THE INFINITIVE. 57 CHAPTER V THE NOMINAL FORMS. 22. The Infinitive. i) The use of the infinitive in Hebrew is exceedingly frequent, and since it is a verbal substantive it belongs as well to nouns as to verbs, forming a transition from the one to the other, and following the construction of both. 2) One consequence of this is that it follows the con- struction of the noun and at the same time governs an object, as if it were a verbum finitum; e. g. Ut\^ n"lS?5 when she bare them (lit. in baring them) Gen. 25, 26; ID 1V^9? when he met hi^n (lit. iyi his meeting him) Num. 35, 19; 'n nij n^l yy^r\ ni^t^O the earth is full of the knowledge of the Lord (lit. of knowing the Lord) Jes* II, 9; \y^r\ b^_y^r\ rbrrrQ nnp; ^ who would not ven- ture to set the sole of her foot upon the earth Deut. 28, 56; V^^ 'n nteri^l the Lord being merciful unto them Gen. 19, 16; 1:l^)^^ 'n n^^^ti^S because the Lord hated us Deut. I, 27; |3TOn n^^ D^'pn nra and on the day that the ta- bernacle was reared up Numb. 9, 15; ""rii^ H^Tin i^""!! )ib\\ was not this knowing me} Jer. 22, 16. 3) The infinitive occurs also as a pure substantive, without governing an object, taking the place of a nomen regens or 7iomen rectu^n, of the subject, object, or attribute, or is connected with pronominal suffixes or prepositions; in a word, it is entirely constructed as if it were a noun without the grammatical cha* 58 . HEBREW SYNTAX. racter of a verb ; e. g. M2) D'J^n nVT), DltD i^b it is not good that man should be alone Gen. 2, i8; H^^i] '^^.. nipDH the time that the cattle should be gathered together Gen. 29, 7 ; D^H Hin^^ D^ID P^l there was no water for the people to drink Ex, 17, i ; DltD ^^ p-"!^^ '^W^ D: <^/jd7 to punish the righteous is not good Prov. 17, 26; "^TlpiJ 7j^ because thou say est Jer. 2, 35 ; HI^ID "^^^l^ -^Xy2V\\ and his eyes were dim so that he eould not see Gen. 27, i. 4) Further, the infinitive is frequently used as ob- ject of a verbum Jinitum or participium. of the same stem, and is then placed either before or after it. Thus it generally serves to modify or emphasise the action (conf. 28, 6), or to express a repetition or continua- tion; e. g. 1i^^^ ~^pn "^^5- wouldst thou perhaps reign over us Gen. 37, 8 ; npDD^ ^DD^ "ilD niDzH "^^n and now thou art gone away because thou sore longedst Gen. 31, 30 ; ti^"'i^n 1j3 "l)^n "liyn ///^ ;;2<^;^ has expressely warned us Gen. 43,3; 1^''"1in ^^ ^'"'1'in <^?^/ he could not wholly drive them out Judg. i , 28 1{^"J 1^^"11 i:3^5n b^) ^1D^ IVD^ ^i^"]^. -'^"l 7^ hear continually but ye tmder stand not , ye see continually but ye perceive not Jes. 6, 9; iDiJ D^'l^i^ i^l^lp'p they say continually tmto them that hate me Jer. 23. 17- When the infinitive stands after the verbum jinitum , which frequently occurs with "^I^H, then another infi- nitive or participle, or even finite verb, of a diffe- rent stem is frequently added ; e. g. Dl^l i^liT ^Ji.".! and it went to and fro Gen. 8 , 7 ; i^lD^I J^^lJ J^j^I he shall smite and shall again heal Jes. 19, 22; ^1^1 ^T\ ^^\ and 22. THE INFINITIVE. 59 he waxed continually greater Gen. 26, 13; ^!?ilp1 t^l^J i^^f" and as he came out he cursed 2 Sam. 16, 5; ^T\ D''D^n li^pni blowing with the trumpets as they went on ]os. 6, 13. Rem. 1 The infinitive, when it is connected in this manner with a V er bum Jini turn ^ need not agree with it as to the conjugation (p^S); ^' g' HDl'' ^"itO ^n^ Joseph' is without doubt torn into pieces Gen. 37, 33 5 n"lt5^ ^110 i'^ ^'^ ^^ indeed torn into pieces Ex. 22, 125 {.^^ rnoni nmpp ^^^ ^i'^^ ^^ 0,11 redeemed Lev. 19, 20; ^HOT II^H rTili? ^-'''J <^'w was made quite bare Hab. 3, 9. Rem. 2 In negative sentences the negation is placed hetween the infinitive and the finite verb: e. g. nmOi )ih rnsni Lev. 19, 20: T T : : t: It^nin Vb ti^nini Judg. 1,28; 15, 13; i Kings 3, 27; but it very seldom precedes ; e. g. pHDH HID '^ y^ ^^^^^ ^^i surely die Gen. 3-, 4 ; Ps. 49, 8; Amos 9, 8. Rem. 3 We shall see later on (32, 5) that, like the infinitive, nouns also are commonly connected as objects with a verbum finitum and that a noun sometimes takes the place of an infinitive; e. g. 1^3^^ ^ V\>\ j/m// they not be capable of escaping ptmishment Hosea 8, 5. 5) On the other hand, the infinitive is not unfre- quently used instead of a verbum finitum, both with or without a preceding verbum finitum, A. after a preceding verbum fi^nitum : z a fter the ID^; e. g. IH^^ "linni . -"n^^;!: Tib^Ti did I reveal jnyself .... and choose him ? i Sam. 2, 28 ; Dncp n'bm^ "^l^^jn XSm^ Dnn^) DH?; it was written , and it was sealed with the king's ring; and letters were sent Esther 3, 13. /S after "ID^ with 1 conversive ; e. g. IDni O^^ IIPDI 6o HEBREW SYNTAX. 1y^ and they shall mourn for him y and bitterly weep for him Zech. 12, 10. y after the TH};; e. g. D'ip^ 1i^ "ISPP nspn ^Dl if thou sell aught or buy Lev. 25, 14; HDIi HID irii^ d:i"J ^"^\^T\ the man shall be surely put to deaths all the congregation shall stone him. Num- 15. 35- I after TH^ with 1 conversive ; e. g. ITO iriJ^ DSn::! Id^^ and he made him to ride and he set him Gen. 41, 43. Rem. 4 Sometimes even after a participle; e. g. 'Tj^DH Dli^S DHDi Dinn^l ivriilen in the king's name aftd sealed Esther 8 , 8. B. without a preceding verbum finitum , and conse- quently, in the beginning of the sentence: a, instead of the "ID^ (more or less like the Latin In- finitivus Historicus)\ e. g. ^^y\ ^:i)) ri)r\) m'D) rb^ they swear f they lie, they kill, ^they steal, they commit adultery Hos. 4,2. /3 instead of the ^^nV^ e. g. "iHini blD^ they shall eat and leave thereof 2 Kings 4, 43. y frequently instead of the imperative; e. g. HNl "lIDJ nin Dl'^n remember this day Ex. 13, 3; 1'' njjj "lID^ nj^n observe the sabbath day Deut. 5, 12. In all these instances the intention appears to be to add emphasis and force to the idea. Rem. 5 When the infinitive takes the place of a verbum Jinihmi , the subject may be added to it: e. g. I^T ^ DD^ ^IDH every male among TT T V T you shall be circumcised Gen. 17, 10; pHJ^ 1^33 njli^ ^"Ipl) *^^ ^^^^ 23- USE OF THE PARTICIPLE. 6l .^/ Aaron shall offer it Lev. 6, 7 ; Tr\^T\ ^3 D^^D^^^ Id^ UT\ all the ' T"T T T-:T T congregation shall stone him with stones Num. 15, 35; ^l^"^ 3"f ti^'j^lS ^i{^3 let a bear robbed of her whelps meet a man Prov. 17, 12. 23. Use of the Participle. i) Since the participle is a verbal adjective it is partly used as an adjective, partly as a verb, and follows the construction of both. 2) As for its signification , it may express as well the past and future, as an action which takes place the moment the writer speaks ; e. g. Hti^y D^n'^^^n "l^^$ what God will do Gen. 41, 25; HQ dead; "l^li born\ l^li D^^ to a people that shall be born Ps. 22, 32; ^"ID^ D^l a people which shall be created Ps. 102, 19; "iS"^ "'5"'^. ^y Lord speaketh Num. 32, 27; U^ Ona D:31^^ "^ti^^^ //^^ /;2<3^ wherein ye (now) sojourn Jer. 35, 7. In like manner it generally signifies the present. The hy^^ ''^li''? (part, passivum) of h'\>_ however has al- most exclusively the meaning of something past. Rem. 1. The ^IVf] "'ili'^S sometimes expresses an enduring quality, T while the 7^'iO ''ili^D only denotes a momentary condition ; e. c. HID!!! confident (always) P^ID ^^ have confidence {under certain circumstances') ; ]1D^ (^permanent) inhabitant ]3lti^ ^ sojourner'^ 12*111 ^IPli^ "^^^ ^^^ '^'^^^ io handle the sword Cant. 3,8 ^"nn ^Tfli^ would mean: who have girded on the sword, (conf. 4 , 2). 3) When the participle takes the place of a verbmn finitum, with or without T\y^ ^ it has in most cases the signification of the present; e. g. IJli^ "'5^iJ i^T i? 62 HEBREW SYNTAX. for I fear him Gen. 32, 12 ; TW,'^ ^^^$ 1^1^ which thou doest Ex. 18, 17; D^j^J^i n^HI. ra; n^n nn:^1 ^/^^ now be- hold it is dry and is become mouldy Jos. 9, 12. Not unfrequently however it stands instead of the fu- ture; e. g. -I'^tpp^ idiNi r\Ty'p TO D^p;^ ^3 for yet seven days and I will cause it to rain Gen. 7, 4; ''II^ ti^"l1^ will inherit from me Gen. 15, 3 (conf. ^y) v. 4); ""Di^ JT / ^^^// judge Gen. 15, 14. Often also it occurs instead of the imperfect; e. g. "2^^ my\. as he sat Gen. 18, i ; H^DI n)/l n^n <3;;^^ Moses pastured the flock Ex. 3 , i ; or of the perfect ; e. g. t\)?r\T\ 5^^''V. J^^^^ eyes have seen Deut. 4, 3. Rem. 2 When the participle has the signification of a verbum fini- tum whether in the present , perfect , or future , it is frequently preceded by r\T\\ e. g. ^i^nn^ ip^ DHinp ^j^nij it^:^ mn ^^/^^^^ ^^^j brother Esau thinks to kill thee Gen. 27, 42; ii<"in ^^ 1/!J)^ D^m ^^^^^ -^^^ stood by the river Gen. 41 , i ; ^ISpH H^^ {^""DQ ""^in and I will britig the flood of waters Gen. 6, 17. 4) Sometimes a sentence commences with a participle having the signification of a verbum finitum , and is con- tinued by a verbum finitum in *1D^ or lin^ with or with- out *! conversive or 1 conjunctive. {a) with a verbum in "ID:^; e. g. D^l^H? D^ti^lD D^n"^^ nn-'n^ lipti? oniio l^$ nn^s 6^^^ ;;^^^^//^ ///^ desolate to rettirn home .... but the rebellious to dwell in a parched land Ps. 68, 7. [b) with a verb in "13^ with 1 conversive; e. g. ""DiNl Cn'^i!^ T\X\^ np / ^w dying y but God shall be with you Gen. 48, 21. 23- USE OF THE PARTICIPLE, 63 [c] with a verb in "ID^ with | conjunctive; e. g. ^^'i^ HD-i n^\)^m n^Tpi Dp'i; ^:i^ ns ke poureth contempt upon the princes and looseth the belt of the strong Job. 12, 21. [d] with a verb in l^n^; e. g. D''ton D^n Dl^tif '"^j^lD^ DOT *^]y"'5^^ ^^ maketh thy border peace, he filleth thee with the fat of wheat Ps. 147, 14 conf. v. 15. [e] with a verb in "l^Piy with 1 conversive; e. g. "^D "^ i^n^l i:^ l^n i^^'in ^1D^? ze//^^ then is he that hath caught venison, and brought it to me Gen. 27, 33. (/) with a verb in TH^ with 1 conjunctive; D''^i;i'' ^^Xi b^in^ D^l^Qli^l ^"h^ he leadeth counsellors away as spoil, and judges he maketh fools Job. 12, 17 conf. vv. 19 ff. Rem. 3. When the subject has not been named before, a personal pronoun is added to the participle as subject. Sometimes, however, this pronoun is omitted, and must be supplied fi'om the context; e. g. with the ist pers. DD'iD^lD ^JjD ^^'D ^^3 (supply i:Dii< from v. 6) for I work a tvork ifi your days Hab. I, 5; with the 2^ pers. ^^D^ i^pirT) ^'^'^ thoti hast sinned against thy soul Hab. 2, 10; with the 3^ pers. n^ni D^^DUn 7^ itiV ^^^ behold he stood by the camels. Gen. 24, 30. Conf. Gen. 32, 7; 37, 15; 38, 24; 39, 22 (plur.); Jes. 26, 3; 33, 5. 5) A participle of the same stem as the verb to which it belongs is not unfrequently used to express the in- definite idea: one , somebody, e. g. DD HID^ ""Dl. if anyone die Num. 6, 9; b^T\ ^D]" ^"2 if anyone fall Deut. 22, 8; };titi^n VQ^I whosoever heareth it 2 Sam. 17, 9; "^'"IT ^ ^^IIl) ^^ one shall tread Jes. 16, 10 ; T\^T\ niSlT anyone who seeth it Jes. 28, 4; ^irin li^nni doth anyone plough 64 HEBREW SYNTAX. Jes. 28, 24; ^^bB DH^ D.te? ^b) D} urh Dli; i^^ //^^r^ shall not one of them flee away^ there shall not one of them escape Amos 9, i. 6) As regards its construction also, the twofold cha- racter of the participle should be borne in mind. When used as an adjective it follows the rules of the adjec- tives (conf. 4; gramm. 66, 68, 69.), while with a verbal meaning it follows the construction of the verb , taking the verbal suffixes and not the nominal ; e. g. J^Dn J?^"1 who hath pleasure in wickedness Ps. 5 , 5 ; D^3 D^Tfin who ruled over the people i Kings 9, 23 ; ''rii^ ti^nli shall inherit from me Gen. 15, 3; ""^ti^^ who has created me Job. 31, 15. Rem. 4 A combination of both constructions is found in the expres- sion ")f^{i^ ^mii^D "^ho 77iinister unto me Jer. 33, 22. Rem. 5 Owing to the st. constr. a somewhat free construction is often employed with the participle; e. g. J^ti^Q "i^ti^ who turn {front) transgression Jes. 59, 20; 'y\2 '^ITI'' who go down (into) the abyss Jes. 38, 18; -i^p^ ^??^ "^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^rz^^ Ps. 88, 6. (conf. 5, 4). The same construction is obtained by means of the nominal suffixes ; the expressions i/^p and ']''Dp i foi' instance, have the same meaning as *>7^ D^?!3p ^i^d yh)^ D''Dp "^^^^ stand up against me or against him. 24- ADVERBS. 6$ PART III. THE PARTICLES. CHAPTER VI. ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS. 24 Adverbs. i) The adverbs not only serve to determine verbs, verbal expressions, and adjectives, but they occur also as the determination of a noun. (Compare ^ %^5^ ^f^ipcc). As such they stand: (a) as opposition after the noun; e. g. l^D n^lD T]Tpr\ very much understanding i Kings 5,9; tO^P D^^^^il a few men Neh. 2,12. {b) connected in st. constr. with the noun ; e. g. 'Dl D|n innocent bloody (blood shed without cause) i King 2 , 3 1 ; D|n "I^, a false witness , {a witness with- out cause) Prov. 24; 28; TOH H^V a continual burnt offering Num. 28, 6; Dinp^p ^n"^^ and pimD ^Th\^, a God at hand, a God afar off Jer. 23, 23. Rem. 1 The adverb is in this case entirely considered as a noun , which is also evident from the fact that prepositions are prefixed to it; - g- ]D!31 = pi ^^d ^^^'"s Esther 4, 16; Din"!?i^ ^^ ^^^^^ Ez. 6, lo. 2) The repetition of an adverb expresses the endu- ring increase or the intensity of the determination; e. g. n^D ni5D lower and lower Deut. 28 , 43 ; tO^^P tDiJ^P by little and little Ex. 23, 30 ; li^D much Ti^p TO^D z^^rj/ w^/^/f Gen. 7, 19. 5 66 HEBREW SYNTAX. 3) Several of the particles do not exactly refer to the nearest following word , but to the nearest following sen- tence, sometimes even to the main sentence which fol- lows after the subordinate sentence containing the par- ticle; e. g. with m; n;^l 'ni i^nj?n m then the Eternal, when thou callest , will hear thee Jes. 58, 9; '^^^"Jj?? T^ ni^.{< )ib\ then will I not answer when they call on me Prov. I, 28. with 03; D^p-J^l nnt? ^^ri? in? Dp^p^ m the son of Jesse will certainly also give every one of you fields and vineyards i Sam. 22, 7 ; "IIIBD 11TP^?t. ""rill^ti^ ! / also release thine prisoners out of the pit Zech. 9 , 11. with pi ; I^^Ill ^ I^^NI pi him alone they shall not touch Ps. 32, 6; T\^ |r)1 IIIQ pi by insolence one produ- ceth only contention. Prov. 13, 10. with interrogative particles See 26, 8. The same thing occurs with certain conjunctions; e. g. Deut. 8, 12, where ]P refers to v. 14; (Conf. Rashi on Ex. 23, 5) and with particles of negation, as )lb e. g. Deut. 22, I. Rem. 2. Concerning the manner of expressing adverbial ideas by means of verbs, see 21. 25. Words expressing negation. i) The principal adverbs of negation are: )ib (as noun in DTO Job 6, 21) not; ^ii (as noun Job 24, 25) not so; pi^ (opposite of C^.1) it is not; Dlt? not yet; 25- WORDS EXPRESSING NEGATION. 6j DD^^ no more ^ OPP^ with the prolonged ending ''T is only found in the expression "IIV ''PP^^ ''^^^ / am, and there is none else beside me Jes. 47, 8. 10 ; Zeph. 2, 15). Almost exclusively poetic are ^3' ""^B. ^vbll not. Rem. 1. ^i^ is also used as a negative conjunction = |Q, ''riT'D?: that not^ lest. (Conf. 28, 5 E r) e.g. i;^ "b'^^'^ b^ ^^^^ ^^^y should have dominion over me Ps. 19, 14. 2) Regarding the use of these adverbs the following points should be remarked. A. as to )ib. oc ^ serves principally as an objective and unconditio- nal negation , and hence it is usually connected with nn^ or Tn^ in the indicative. As to the TH^ with ^ to express a prohibition see 15, 4. Rem. 2 \lb seldom occurs in a nominal sentence instead of pji^ ; e. g. DD^^^ ni^i< tDDti^ J^^l ^^^ '^^ ^^^ ^/ ^^ ^^ upon them Job. 21, 9. /3 ^ connected with ^3, when the latter is not fol- lowed by nVTH 'n or by another determination (hence, used in a general and indefinite sense, 3, 10, Rem. 3), means: none, none at all (nullus, ne-p er Sonne , ne-rien)\ e. g. n^i^?. ^ HDi^^p ^3 no work shall be done Ex. 12, 16; Hi^^l ^^ ^57 ^3 to none of his words he will answer Job 33, 13; (or, as is more usual \kb followed by to) pn:|. b^ ^m ^b\ and no green thing was left Ex. 10, 15; n|^^ )ib \\^ ^3 \>^'jil no mischief shall happen to the righteous Pro V. 12, 21; b'2 ^3pp y\W )ib) and turneth not away for any Prov. 30, 30 ; HD^pDI ^i:i b ^^1^^^ '^S ^DV ^ --) 68 HEBREW SYNTAX. for no God of any nation or kingdom was able 2 Chr. 32, 15. If however bl^ is determined, it has, when con- nected with )ib , a different signification; e. g. 1^51 ni^*)n \ih but thou shalt not see the whole of it Num. 23. 13- Rem. 3. In like manner pi^^ with ^3; e. g. 13"lp3 ^i^ 1111 ^D1 and there is no breath at all in the midst of it Hab. 2, 19; ti^lpl 73 l''^^ T T T ' there is nothing new Ecc. i, 9. On the sama principle )^ .... ^^J^ = no one , nobody ; e. g. PIT'D'' i^7 12IDD '^^\^ ^0 one of us shall with- hold Gen. 23, 6. y )^ is also used absolutely as a negative answer: nay, no\ e. g. ^^ TO^^''! they said: no Gen. 19, 2; ^im, )ib nay, my lord Gen. 42, 10 ; ^3 Qti^; ^IH ^^ )lb nay; he would only give heed unto me Job 23, 6 (conf. 26, 9). 5 ^ is sometimes connected with a noun or adjec- tive, with which it forms a sort of compound; e.g. b)^''^ a no-god \ "^JT^"' ^ nothing; TpPI ^^ ^/^ ^*;;/- /2<?2/i- Deut. 32, 21; Amos 6, 13; Ps. 43, i. Rem. 4. Concerning the place of {^^ in the sentence conf. 40, 1 and Rem. i. B. As to b^. a b'^ denotes a subjective and couditional negation and is , by preference , construed with the jussive ; e. g. i^DJ h^ may he not come, or, let him not come, (conf. 17, lb). (3 bi^ (like i<b see A 7) is sometimes used also in an 25- WORDS EXPRESSING NEGATION. 69 absolute sense = nay, not so (conf. (jl-^ = fj(,\^ ysvviToci) e. g, ''diS b^ nay, my daughters, Ruth i, 33; ^J'^i^ not so Gen. 19, 18; 33, 10 (Conf. 26, 9). Rem. 5. Places such as Joel 2, 13 Dpii;i3 b^) DDDD^ 1V"lp^ ^^^ _yor hearts and not your garments'^ Am. 5, 14 ^^ ^J^") ^"iJ^ Iti^lT j^^^ good^ and not evil ^ should not be considered as belonging to rule |3, for the verbs IJ^IpH and 'Iti^Tiri are to be supplied after ^i^. Si- milarly, 2 Sam. I, 21 ItOQ pi"^') ^t3 ^{^ /f/ there be no dew^ nor rain \ T T : Jes. 62, 6 ; Ps. 83 , 2 i;2)1 ^i^ ^^^ M^r^ <5^ i? silence (or r<?j/), do not * t: ~ belong to it, because ^^ is elliptical for ^^ ^n"* ^i^ . ^pi "Tl''. ^i^l- Rem. 6. Concerning the inten-ogative use of ^i^, see 26, Rem. 9. C. AS to I'^i?. oc X^^ (st. constr. of l^i<l) is the negation of ti^.1, and implies the verb to be as to all its tenses; e. g. 1133 f^pi*! l^i^ Joseph was not in the pit Gen. 37, 29 ; DD3")i^5 'D l"*^ the Eternal is not amongst you Num. 14, 42. Hence the positive formulas with ^.^. are negatively expressed by ]^i^ ; e. g. ""T ^i^^ '^\ I have it in my power Gen. 31, 29 ; liT h^, J^i^ w^ /z^z^^ it not in our power Neh. 5, 5. i3 A further consequence of this is : 1. that a personal pronoun, which is subject of a sentence with p^^, is joined to it as a suffix, as ""^iii^ / am not, I was not I shall net be; I^J^'t^' D^''^^ etc. 2. that the verb, which is predicate of a sentence with 1^^$ always takes the form of a participle (be- cause in I'lNl the verb to be is already implied); e. g, ini -"-l.^^i^ / will not give Ex. 5, 10 ; ]ni fi?? ptp no 70 HEBREW SYNTAX. Straw is given Ex. 5, 16; D.^TO ^i^i^ if thou wilt not let my people go Ex. 8, 17; D''TOi<lD Dpi''^5t j^^ ^2^ ;^(?/ believe Deut. i, 32. Rem. 7. Once , Jer. 38, 5 , pj^ is found constructed with a verbum finitum: "^^yi^ DDHNt ^Dl*' ^J^^l T^ ""^ f^ ^^^ ^^^S <^<^nnot do any thing against you. y Just as W, signifies : to exist , to be present , to be at handy so ]''i^ expresses the contrary; e. g. 1^^''>^1 and he was 710 more Gen. ; , 24 : 13j''^ "in^^HI and one is not Gen. 42, 13; Uy^^) and they are not Jer. 10, 20. Rem. 8. p^ is sometimes separated from the word to which it be- longs by another word; e. g. from its participle HilDi irT'DS ]^i^ there is no sincerity in his mouth Ps. 5, lo; or from its noun (especially by the smaller words such as \) , Q)) or by a determination of place), "1^1 Th pi^, ^^^<^ '^^^ ^0 child Gen. 11, 30; I'^Q^D 1^ \'^ t^^(^i '^^^^^ ^0 fins Lev. 11, 10. 12; dflD 13 Ti^ there is no soundness in it ]es. i, 6; ini^ D3 l""!;^ ^^^^^ ^^ not one Ps. 14, 3; ?|"|3T HIDS ^i^ ^' death there is no remembrance of thee Ps. 6, 65 T^tT) ini"llp P^l ^^^ ^'^ whose spirit there is no guile Ps. 32; 2. The same sometimes occurs with h'^'-, ^' g- ^^n^Din ^D^3 7i^ rebuke me not in thine anger Ps. 6, 2. It should be noticed also that the usual order of p^^ and its noun or participle is sometimes reversed; e. g. H/ I'^i^ D^?D lli^i^ ^^^^ ^^^ no water Jes. i, 30; "jj^i^ ]'^i^ "irlDI ^^^ there is none to interpret it Gen. 40, 8. Rem. 9. In Neh. 4, 17 we find nj^; connected first with I2l{|j^, then with other subjects, and finally all these comprised in *)inii^ Ti^* Rem. 10. In Job 35, 15 *i2^ "]nQ pi^ ">3 but now his anger is with- held |ii^ stands before IDV *^ emphasise the negation. In like manner ^25. WORDS EXPRESSING NEGATION. 71 pj^ emphasises the negation in "^rb)] rt^ Jes- 45, 21 and ^nblll ]"'i$ Hos. 13, 4 there is none beside me. 5 Further J*"*^ is now and then connected with a noun for the purpose of expressing a negative adjective; e. g. D^'i^ pi^ powerless Jes. 40, 29; U^^yi. P^ blind * Jes. 59, 10; "ISPP p^$ innumerable Joel i, 6; ^^^. pi^ powerless Ps. 88, 5 ; "IpH J^'ii! unsearchable Prov. 25, 3. Rem. 11. 1^^ (an abbreviation of pj^ i Sam. 21, 9 = pi^, p^) is sometimes connected in a similar manner ^pi ^i^ not innocent ]db 22., 2>^. D. D"nt? ;z^/ yet, (like the adverb T^) is generally con- strued with the TH^ even when the verb expresses an actio perfecta. It is rarely construed with the "ID^ ; e. g. J^T D'HD >^^ ^2V/ ;^^/ yet know I Sam. 3 , 7. E. The poetic negation ^3 /z^/, is almost exclusively connected with a verbum finitum. The exceptions where it is found with the infinitive are very rare; e. g. ^^, ^np ^1 ^/^^jj^ ^^w^ not 7iear unto thee. Ps. 32, 9- F. The equally poetic ^^5 is (like i^^ see A I) and ]^^? C 5) sometimes connected with a noun to express the negation of the latter's idea ; e. g. pPl ""^^ be- yond measure Jes 5, 14. 3) The other particles of negation are mostly all ex- clusively used as conjunctions. Concerning them the following particulars should be remarked. (a) ^vb:h (st. constr. of n^5 to disappear, to cease to exists from the stem D^B, with the termination '>" 72 HEBREW SYNTAX. see gramm. 60 D., and the letter preposition b) is usually construed with the infinitive, to express the negation of an action ; e. g. I^Dp ^p^^ ""n^?^ not to eat of it Gen. 3 , 1 1 ; rarely with a verbum finitum in the sense of: that not j lest; e. g. ^ri^5t> nti^ that none doth return fram his wickedness Jer. 23, 14; or without [quin] 'W\^vbiy\ who follow their own spirit without seeing Ez. 13, 3. {b) )S (litt. removing, taking away stem njD) lest, that not, stands at the beginning of a sentence, which expresses fear or anxiety, especially after the verbs: to fear, to beware , [vereor ne); e. g. y^'^7) JQ ^^ "ipti^il beware that thou bring not Gen. 24, 6; "'P^^'l^ ""3 ^DH JD ""H^ID^ "? because I was afraid, because I said: "-Lest thou shouldest take'' Gen. 31. 31 l^ni Iti^DIl DD^V i^S t^.1 ID search and look that there be not here with you 2 Kings 10, 23. Rem. 12. The verb expressing fear or anxiety is sometimes omitted,, and is to be supplied from the context; e. g. "^ Vh'^^ |D T\X^\ (^^^ now (I fear) lest he put forth his hand Gen. 3, 22. Rem. 13. In Num. 20, 18. |p is separated from its verb by the noun mriB which the writer wished to emphasise: lest I come out with the sword against thee (Conf. Rem. 8). 4) Two negations in the same sentence do not des- troy one another, but on the contrary strengthen the negation (conf. o\jy. ouleic, ouk oulocf^oog) ; e. g. pi^ *'^3pr} ''"IDj? ^^^ there no graves in Egypt Ex. 14, 11 conf. 2 Kings 1 , 16; Dtifn^ ^ HP? r^ silver was not accounted 26. INTERROGATIVE WORDS. 73 of I Kings lo, 21; (in the parallel place 2 Chr. 9, 20 )ih is omitted); D^l"" |"'NlID without a single inhabitant Jes. 5,9; ^^^^ ^ D"1^5 before the day of the Lord's an- ger come upon you Zeph. 2,2; ^^pl" ^ It^^jt. ''^30 /^^^ man cannot find out Eccl. 3 , 11 ; ''^tDi^pH 15 ^pi^3 h^ lest in thy anger thou bring me to nothing Jer. 10, 24. 5) When one negative sentence follows another, of- ten the first sentence alone, especially in poetic paral- lelism , takes the negation ; e. g. pH^ i^.^.^. I^in b^ talk no more so exceeding proudly, let no arrogancy come out of your mouth i Sam. 2, 3 ""nDDI") U^^TO, ^vb^\ ^ nPIHD / have not nourished young men , nor brought up virgins Jes. 23, 4; TD "h^ nnniDOl H^DIDJI DH; r\lJ)T- ^ gold an crystal cannot equal it, neither shall the ex- change thereof be jewels of fine gold. Job 28, 17, (conf. 27, 7-) Rem. 14. Concerning the preposition ^ as negation See 27, 6 Qy. CHAPTER VII. INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES. 26. Interrogative words and sentences. i) An interrogative sentence, is generally introduced by a conjunction or letter of interrogation. To the interrogative conjunctions (besides Di;^ which will be spoken of later on) belong also the interrogative pronouns, and the words derived from them; e. g. n^3 riD^ iyilO (these call for no particular comment), ""Ni which 74 HEBREW SYNTAX. transforms a pronoun or adverb into a question (as to which the lexicon should be consulted), and finally a few particles, such as n^i<!> t^)D^> DD^i^. Rem. 1. The formula Q^ ^"Ti"i *i^ Esther 4, 14 has an affirmative signi- fication who knoweth whether not (= I believe that , nescio anj.^ Rem. 2. In Jon. i, 7. 8 -^ and "y^^ have owing to the subsequent *^u) ^^ signification of: for whose caused. 2) Direct simple questions are generally introduced by prefixing H to the first word of the sentence; while di- rect disjunctive questions have H in the first member and Di< in the second ; e.g. ^^n^ Di^t "^.^.^Q shall we go to battle J or shall we forbear -, i Kings 22, 15. 3) The n interrogative is mostly used in questions, of which the answer is uncertain ; e. g. ^3^ npti^n hast thou considered? Job 2,3; occasionally also in questions to which a negative answer is expected; e. g. "iQOT ''di^ ""D^ ^^ I fi^y brother's keeper? Gen. 4, 9; D^n^n ^^// ^^ live? Job. 14, 14. Sometimes H is used for the simply purpose of emphasising the negation ; e. g. T\T\'^i\ n.ipn shalt thou build me a house? 2 Sam. 7, 5. (the pa- rallel place, I Chr. 17, 4, reads n.;?n nn^$ ^). On the contrary H connected with i<^ (^^^H) serves to express and to strengthen the affirmation, with the consequence that )ibT\ (nonne) is almost equal to T\T\ ; e. g. "IH ^^H inripp doth not {= behold) David hide himself? Ps. 54, 2; D^'Din? DH i^^n ^r^ /A^jj/ ;2<?/ written ? 2 Kings 15, 2 1 ; 20, 20; Esther 10, 2 = ''Din? W^ conf. 2 Chr. 27, 7; 32, 32. But even the simple H without )lb sometimes 26. INTERROGATIVE WORDS. 75 differs but little from i^Li; e. g. V^b^^ H'^^^D. ^^^ / twt reveal myself? i Sam. 2, 27; DIJ^^TH ^<? ye not know? I Kings 22, 3 ; riJ^T Hi^Tn knowest thou not this. Job 20, 4. (See Kimchi on i Sam. 2, 27). Rem. 3. The few instances, where a simple question is introduced by J'^, are based upon the omission of the preceding member of a disjunctive question; e. g. nTH "iDin H^m Tj^Dn "i;]!!^ Di^D Di^ ^'-^ //^zV Mm^ done by my lord the king? i Kings 1,27; 1ii"jin "l^HD Di^ ^^pi j/ita// M^ potter be counted as clay? Jes. 29, 16; D^iD^^ HD Di^ '^riS ^-^ ''^J^' strength the strength of stones? Job 6, 12. (Conf. Lat. and 28, 5 A^.) Rem. 4. Instead of QJ^ .]! in a disjunctive question , we also find Di^i n; e. g. DD^nn^ "id^s dj^i n^^r nn^nn /^^^ ^^^> been in your days or in the days of your fathers ? Joel i , 2 j . - . . llDi J^H Qi^*1 is my complaint of man^ or why should I not be impatient? Job 21, 45 sometimes with p) being repeated after Di^lj ^' g 15 c*^ nDD TTW Di^*l -y^^^^ ^ child be born unto him that is a hundred years : T T : old? or shall Sara^ who is ninety years old ^ hear? Gen. 17, 17; or with special emphasis on the first member of the question; e. g. ri^H r)*i^iJ Di^l i^iti^ shall even one that hateth right govern ? or wilt thou condemn the just and mighty? Job 34, 17; Conf. 40, 8, 9. After a negative sentence QJi^*] sometimes stands as if in the second member of a disjunctive question; e. g. "T^lp ITi Qj^ll jdn D?^? ^57 "^3 *111*1 f^ riches are not for ever^ or doth the crown endure for all ge- nerations? Prov. 27, 24. Rem. 5. In the second member 1{^ or^ is occasionally found instead of Di^5 e g. n;iirn ^S "^TlQl n$ 1i^ nn nni^ \^r\^ shallvain words have an end? or what provoketh thee that thou answer est} Job 16, 3; Conf. Eccl. 2, 19. 76 HEBREW SYNTAX. 4) Questions with D^ H need not always express an opposition , for they frequently merely repeat the same question with different words; e. g. {;} )^'^b^ "^^pn ^ten 1^3 b'^Dri bm shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have dominion over us? Gen. 37, 8. This especially occurs in poetic parallelisms; e. g. "I^^Dn^n !3i{nn bl^^l Wi^ inin shall the axe boast itself against him that heweth therewith? or shall the saw magnify itself against him that shaketh it? Jes. 10, 15; Conf, Jer. 5, 29; Job 4, 17; 6, 5. 6; 8, 3; 10, 4. 5; ii, 2. 7; 22, 3. Rem. 6. In questions of this kind the second member is now and then introduced by *| instead of by Q^ or Q^"); e. g. II^IH ^^/il rT'p'l 1"l5in 1^1 n^")J^ ^^'^'^ y^ speak unrighteously for the Lord^ or talk deceitfully for him? Job 13, 7; n^^lH HlV:!:! ^^D^l I^ID DIJ^ llt^^^lH T : T T : : : "t t t ' : art thou the first man that was born^ or wast thou brought forth be- fore the hills? Job 15, 7. Sometimes *) is even omitted 5 e. g. Di^^Tl "D 'h'2 in^^ ^^"^^ HiiB ^'2 i^ttH <^^^ l^^ ^^^h grow up without mire^ T : T V : T : : V or can the flag grow without water ? Job. 8 , 1 1 ; lti^^Dp"^J! V"inn D^pn^7 IDV Vp^in Dy dost thou know the balancings of the clouds ^ .... or dost thou with him spread out the sky ? Job 37, I6. 18*^ Rem. 7. The second member is rarely introduced by H ^'^^ then it really continues the question of the preceding member; e. g. "t^l^ip^n h'S^ "i^.T] T\^^ ^'^'^P. ^X^ "^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^f ^^^^^^ deliver me up into his hand ^ and will Sanl come down? i Sam. 23, II. Yet even in tbe case of an opposition p] is found in the second member ; e. g. li^ll?!! i^tTl 1^7 Dni^np have ye called us to take our possessions ^ or tiot? Judges 14, 15. Rem. 8. Once, Job 6, 12, vi& find Qi^ both in the first and in the 26. INTERROGATIVE WORDS. J'J second member, while the third member (v. 13) is introduced by QJi^n' ''ilDD ^^ ^^y strength the strength of stones , or my flesh of brass , or is it ftot that there is no help for me ^ and that sound counsel is dri- ven away from me? 5) A question may further be expressed by the tone of speech (gathered from the context) without either word or letter of interrogation ; e. g. li''^^ "^te^ b^^'0 shall Saul reign over us? i Sam. 11, 12; ^'^tl D1^^ is it well with the boy? 2 Sam. 18, 29; and especially before gutturals n is omitted; e. g. T\\ T\T\% Gen. 27, 24 (although v. 21 we read PIT nn^n) ; ^thxyr\ Dl*"!] have I to-day begun ? i Sam. 22, 15; rnV ^in shall this teach? Hab. 2, 19; ^"tV piTQD dost thou still hold fast? Job 2,9. This manner of asking a question more frequently occurs, when such question is connected with a pre- ceding sentence by "); e. g. I^^TH fin^^l and shouldest thou possess them? Judges 11, 23; h'^^ nn^^l and shalt thou be delivered? Jes. 37, 1 1 ; D^^^^ )ib ""i^^I and should not I have pity? Jonas 4, 1 1 ; or by D^; e. g. T!^5 03 ^B\ should it also be marvellous in my eyes? Zech. 8,6. Negative sentences are now and then pronounced in an interrogative manner. They are then introduced by )h or )^\, and cause an affirmative answer to be ex- pected ; e. g. mT\ ^ 11''^:^ -iDp otit of the mouth of the most High cometh there not evil and good? Lam 3, 38; li^pp^ ^\ and will they not stone us? Ex. 8, 22. Rem. 9 Once, however, we find such a negative question introduced 78 HEBREW SYNTAX. by bt^'-) Dl'^n DritOti^D bt^ ^^^ y^ not make a raid today? i Sam. 27, lo (conf. however LXX which suggests the reading 1D"S{<) Translator. 6) Indirect simple questions (after verbs of inquiring,, doubting, observing) are introduced as well by H; e. g. D^Dn l^pn. ^1^^"^7 to see if the waters were abated Gen. 8, 8; as by U)!<\ e. g. T\XVB U^ Hi^"}^ let us see whether the vine has budded Cant. 7, 1 3 ; H'^ni^ Di^ 1ti^"ll inquire whether I shall recover 2 Kings i , 2. Indirect disjunctive questions are introduced by H U^ ''", e. g. i^^ Di^ ISni 'n n^'^^nn n^l^ Z^? know whether the Lord has made his journey prosperous or not Gen. 24 , 21; ^^^'D^t ""nnin^ ":|5?.^n 'l-l^^i!^. ^/^<^^ / may prove them whether they will walk in my law or not Ex. 16, 4 , sometimes by H !]; e. g. HDnn ^T\ pTm Dri^i^-jl ^;/</ ^^^ whether they be strong or weak Num. 13, 18. 7) To intensify the question the words DT and T\\k^ (conf. II, 3^) and ^^1D^5t (not to be confounded with n'D'^N! where?) then, now are added; e. g. ^^ID^^ '^j^ HD what aileth thee now? Jes. 22, i ; J^lDi^ T\^^ where is then my hope? Job 17, 15. Rem. 10 {^iDi^ is sometimes placed after the real question is finished; e. g. i^*iF]i^ i^TT^ n?!D!I11 fof' wherein now shall it be known Ex. 33, 16; sometimes also after a word on which the emphasis falls, and consequently before the real question; e. g. "]^^ ^JiH fc^lD i^lDi;<{ ""D who then is he that hath taken venison Gen. 27, 33. 8) The particles of interrogation like the other parti- cles (conf. 24, 3) sometimes refer not to that part of the sentence in which they stand, but to that which 25- INTERROGATIVE WORDS. 79 follows ; e.g. ti^'^i;^ l''^it1 ""n^B }^1^ wherefore was there no one when I came? Jes. 50, 2; H^^n ^^ "IDI riDin if one assay to commune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? Job 4, 2. 9) An affirmative answer is expressed by repetition of the main word in the question (changing of course the 2^ person into the i^^ if necessary); e. g. ^)^, "'P^nrj wilt thou go .... and she said, I will go Gen. 24, 58; "^ij T\V\^ is it thou .... aud he said: it is I. Gen. 27, 24 ; Judg. 13, II; li^T DJI1)^T.l! know ye .... and they said: we do know Gen. 29, 5; th^ d^^H is it well with him .... and they said: it is well; ibid, v, 6; ^y:i T\T\3 ^;!3 niniin is it thy sons coat .... and he said: it is my son's coat. Gen. 37, 33' "111 "'D.^Q wilt Saul come down .... and the Lord said: he will come down I Sam. 23, 11. A negative answer is expressed by repetition of the main word with ^b-, e. g. ""p-TDI ^mr\_ ^^'m ^^V&^ ^P"^^ '^^^-y^ nnpi^. ^b) i^niiii ^b) '\:irpyiiMb np^^'^i- "i^d inripjj n^l^P whom have I defrauded? whom, have I oppressed? of whose hand have I taken a bribe ? .... and they said: thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken aught of any mans hand i Sam. 12, 4. 5 ; n^n ^b II?^''! Tq^r\ shall I smite them ? and he said thou shalt not smite them 2 Kings 6, 21. 22; or by \ib (or b)^) alone. (Gonf. 25, 2 A y, B /3). 80 HEBREW SYNTAX. CHAPTER Vni. THE REMAINING PARTICLES. 27. The Prepositions. i) Most of the simple prepositions had originally only a local meaning, but subsequently came also to be used to express ideas of time , causality ^ etc. The prepositions express either rest in a place, or motion to or from a place. 2) The principal prepositions of place are: (a) of rest'. 3 at , in, on; b)l upon, over; XT\V\ under ^ in the place of; "in^> ''IQ^^ behind, after; ""^D^ before; bT^ . Ij^) . n^i over against , before ; ?^i^ at the side of, by; V\\K near, by, with; 1^5 (lit. in distance from) behind, round about (xfiCpi); ]^'I1 between, 15V. cit the side of. (b) of motion: ]p fro7n; b^^ and b to, towards; 1)1 to, unto , as far as , towards. 3) Many of the above mentioned prepositions express also ideas of time; e. g. 5 within, in; bt^^ p l)i etc. 4) The other relations are expressed by 3 as (''111 as often as ; ^DS according to) ; UV, with , together with ; HTIT > ""li^.^? without, besides; ]T-> ]W^ because of; ^^n OJ^.);. (^'/^ reward of , in consequence of) for. 5) The Hebrew language is, owing to the compoun- ding of prepositions exceedingly well fitted to express various grammatical relations with the greatest accuracy. Thus the prepositions of motion are often prefixed to other prepositions of place in order to denote the local state which existed before the action, or that which 27- PREPOSITIONS. 8 1 will exist after the action is completed, (conf. de chez , (Taupres). When Moses, for instance, says to Aaron, Num. 17, II Take thy censer and put fire therein nSTDil ^^Q from off the altar'' he expresses most accu- rately that the fire is to be found on the altar. Thus we find the following compounds: (a) with p (p or ?p) ; *in{<D usually ^"in^'P from behind; pS'? or ^'i^''5P from between \ l^J^ from upon, from above ; D^D or D^^D from , from with , from at ; finnp from under. (b) with b^ - nii''5 .... b^ between , into between ; b^ b n^5P (and b n^5P^ Num. i^,y) forth within (lit. /^ the place which is within) 2 Kings 11,15; IP ^^ (lit. to out from) even out from Job 5, 5; ^ }*inp b^ forth without (lit. to the place which is without) Num. 5, 3; nnn b^ beneath , underneath (lit. to the place underneath). Rem. 1 I Kings 8, 6 is instructive as to this use of prepositions. (c) with b (more rarely with ]P) following; owing to which adverbs composed of prepositions return again into prepositions; e. g. ^)^p above (adv.) b byij^, over (prep.) ; nnnp below (adv.) b nnnp under (prep.); {^inp without , outside (adv.) b }^inp outside (prep.); "13^ separately, )p ID^ besides. Rem. 2 IP also stands before adverbs; e. g. ID^D (= p ID^) besides; *i"lV^3p (= JP ""IV.^?) ^^^id^s ^ without^ except. Rem. 3 It seldom occurs that the preposition is omitted; e. g. D^P nnnp Job. 26, 5 (= Q^^^ nnnp) below the waters. 82 HEBREW SYNTAX. 6) The following remarks may serve as a compendium of the main significations of the more frequently recur- ring prepositions, as also of their construction with verbs, and of their principal idioms. A. 5 denotes : a. originally to be in a place n?33; then reference to time Ts^'^^^, to a state or condition d!?^3, or to a multitude (= amongst) D^il-IB; D''"lj^^3 among the herdmen Amos i, i DH^.^D^p? amongst their noble ones. Ps. 78, 31. It further serves to enumerate the component parts of a genus or collective idea; e. g. 1OT ^D l^nf n ^p^l r\Xa\ npn?D1 n^V? and all flesh died both fowl, aud cattle J and beast , and every creeping thing. Gen. 7, 21 conf. 8, 17; 9, 10. With reference to enclosing boundaries it means within \ e. g. D''n^t^3 within the gates; ^^y^^ in the eyes of, within the reach of the eyes; ^p.TiJ? iji the ears of, within hearing. Connected with things of high stature it is = on , as D^piDS on the horses. (3 It should be noticed also that the Hebrews say to drink iji or at a cup (because the lips of one drinking are placed at the brim of the cup) ; e. g. 13 ''il^^. nriti^l l^^^. out of which (lit. in which) my lord drinketh Gen. 44, 5 ; ]:: ''pHIP? D^dt^n that drink out of bozvls of wine Amos 6, 6. (In like manner in Aramaic Dan. 5, 2. conf. sv TroT'/iplcf} Trivsiv; in ossibus bibere; boire dans une tasse). 2/. PREPOSITIONS. 83 7 in the manner = after the manner ; e. g. ")D"15 accor- ding to the command ; T\^% according to the coun- sel of\ 1iD^^5 after our image Gen. i, 26; iniD"l5 after his likeness Gen. 5, 3; pn^^5 ^//^r /^^^^ Gen. 21, 12; ?]pp5 /2y^^ silver Jes. 48, 10 ; Jti^^^S like smoke Ps. 37, 20; 102, 4; D^^S /^/^^ ^/^ image [shadow) Ps. 39, 7. With this is closely connected : 5 ^^, /?2 //^^ quality of (lat. tamquam ^ french ^72) the so called 5 essentiae; e. g. "'1^ ^^i!5 <3;i' God Almighty Ex. 6, 3; pTn? (^J.? ^ strong one Jes. 40, 10 ; D""?!? ^i" a mulitude Vs. 55, 19; 1D^ H^B y<2^ ^^ -^^j- /^^//^^ Ps. 68, 5; Conf. Jes. 26, 4; ^!?PD3 the Lord shall be thy confidence Prov. 3, 26; iriNtD ^ini ^2/2f //"^ ^.y one '= He remains the same Job 23, 13; l*"^!!^? like his priests Ps. 99, 6. i through , with (3 instrumentalis) ; e. g. tOD^S with a rod Micha 4, 14. Also with persons as auctores; e.g. ^5 by J through thee Ps. 18, 30 (conf. Ps. 44, 6 where ^??:^5 is parallel to it) ; non^pni 'T\Jjy\ n^j^B by sword by bow, or by battle Hos. i, 7; and with 13^ in the sense of to make one work DH^ TQ\ "1^^5 wherein they made them to work Ex. I, 14; in passive "^3 "13^ "lti^^^ wherein thou wast made to work Jes 14, 3 (Conf. 34, 2). Hence it is also used in the sense of propter, e. g. nTOQS because of five G^n. 18, 28; and as 3 pretii, because the price is considered as a means 84 HEBREW SYNTAX. of transaction; e. g. ^D3 I'^V HTOn^ for fifteen sil- ver pieces Hos. 3, 2. X, to be on a spot\ e. g, IDS "in^5 on the river Ke- bar Ez. 10, 15; more frequently near, unto a spot (whereas h'^ means towards, without deciding whether the end is reached, and "I^ unto denotes the end to be reached) ; e. g. D.^'OTD 1^i^"l whose top [may reach) unto heaven Gen. 11,4. It signifies therefore a sort of being joined to, to touch at. Hence with transitive verbs it is frequently used to introduce their object (Lat. ad and in)\ e. g. 3 h)^ to ask at, to consult', 3 VTW^ to take hold of-, :~T ' ':~T -J ^ 5 ^y^ to touch ; 5 i^^i^ to call upon ; 3 ^^^ to swear by ; 5 XW\ to look upon ; 3 i^Qtif to listen to. When . used with the two last verbs and others of the same kind, 3 frequently implies the idea of sha- ring in joy, sorrow or pain; e. g. "l^^H DIDB HiSl")^ b^ I will not behold the death of the child Gen. 21, 16. The same fundamental idea of being joined to shows itself in the construction of the verba cordis with 5; e. g. 5 n^3 to trust ift; 5 VQW!) to believe in-, 12 riDti^ to rejoice in. To this signification belongs also the partitive use of 5 , as in 5 ^^J to take part in bearing a thing (mit daran tragen}\ e. g. D^n i<ti^^5 ^^ li^ti^JI and they shall bear the burden of the people with thee Num. II, 17; Ex. 18, 20. Job. 7, 13. ? h'^^ to take part in eating anything (mit essen); e. g. 13 ^D^"* ^<7 ?2t? alien shall eat thereof ^yi. 12, 43; Lev. 22, ii; 2/. PREPOSITIONS. 85 Judges 13, 16; Job 21, 25. 5 pbn to impart (antheil geben an); e. g. ny^S H^ p^PI ^\neither has he im- parted to her understanding Job. 39, 17; D DiS to assist in building anything (an etwas m,itbauen)\ e. g. Dpins niip^ ^Dli ^^^ w^ are not able to build the wall Neh. 4,4. Rem. 4 concerning ;2 objecti and its signification see 35 , 6. J? with, implying an accompaniment , which idea is affiHated to that of vicinity ; e. g. Iti^DJ? <^?^/ 7?^jA with the life thereof Gen. 9, 4; !:'115^ ti^?"l.5 ze/^V^ ^r^^/ possessions Gen. 15, 14; ''^pQ? 'tJoith my staff Gen. 32, II. In connection with this it should be noticed that verbs of coming and going with 5 express the idea of coming with something , hence of bringing; e. g. uyyy\ urb^ IDIp ^ because they met you not with bread and with water = because they brought not Deut. 23, 5 ; ''T^ ""TO IpPM and Samson brought his wife a kid Judges 15, i. B. b)i signifies: upon, over; frequently implying an idea of motion, upwards, towards, (German hinauf, hinuber). In the sense of down upoii (Germ, herab auf) it is governed by the verbs to press , to be heavy, to be burdensome (lit. to lay heavily upon); e. g. PlltO^ ""^^J. 'T'n they are burdensome to me Jes. i, 14; i^TO^ "h^_^ ^^k^^ so that I am a burden to myself Job 7, 20; 'l^ "nn^^ bt ni55 mine hand (LXX IT his hand) layeth heavily upon m,ine groaning Job 23, 2. Hence it is 86 HEBREW SYNTAX. used with the verbs to appoint , to command ^)^ 1I2.D ' because the command or duty is laid upon (conf. 2 Sam. 1 8 , II ^\ it would have been incumbent on me to give), and with the verbs to pity, to have com- passion b^ on , b^ ^Dn also in the sense to spare. /3 in addition to, besides-, a sense closely allied to the preceding (the addition being considered as laying upon); e. g. V^^ 7^ besides the wives whom he had Gen. 28, 9; ""nii? ^^ besides my daughters Gen. 31, 50 ; D'l^J 7^ Di<l mother with children Gen. 32, 12 ; Deut. 22, 6; Hos. 10, 14. according to, in consequence of (the consequence being considered an addition to the utterance or action) Dfll^Dli b'^_ according to their hosts Ex. 12, 5 1 ; ^^^"Tti^.'' ""iS niDti^ b'^ according to the names of the chil- dren of Israel Ex. 28 , 1 1 ; 'H ^D ^^ according to (on) the command of the Lord. because of, concerning "l^lu ^^ ^T^!^ ^T. ^i:5 be not anxious concerning the boy Gen. 21, 1 2 ; Di?5"T."lr ^"^^^H ^i^ because of the sins of Jeroboa^n i King 15, 30. (as to the signification although , see 28 , 5 , G /3.) y over, used frequendly with the verbs to cover, to protect h'^_ np3 . b>^_ ]3 (lit. to make a covering or pro- tection upon or over anything), to propitiate ^i "1D3 (which also really means to cover conf. DlDS cover and JIV y^ riDD forgive not (lit. cover not) their ini- quity Neh. 3, 37); and with other afHliated verbs, as h'^_ UVh^ Judges 9, 17 to fight for anyone (in or- der to protect him). 2/. PREPOSITIONS. 87 ^ at, (by) before , at the side of, chiefly when the po- sition of a person or object implies an elevation above other persons or objects, such as the posi- tion of a person standing being higher than that of one sitting; e. g. 'H ^^ 3?^^nn^ to present them- selves (lit. to take a stand) before the Lord Job i , 6; l^^^n t'^ 1J^ standing by the river Gen. 41, i; D?D ^^?S ^^ Tinti^ planted by streams of water Ps. i , 3. Later also with the signification of b)^ at, to; e. g. 'n ^V_ ^^DTini and she prayed to the Lord i Sam. I, 10 ; and even with the meaning oi towards; e.g. d:?^^l! ^V_ towards heaven Ex. 9, 22; T ^^. ""T ^^ / />^^ side ^/ Job I, 14. f ^/?z/;/ 2^/<?;/, forth upon when considered as implying a motion; and against, chiefly in a hostile sense. C. p signifies: <x a motion, removal away from. The principal signi- fication is that of separation from a whole (because IP probably is the st. constr. of a nomen signifying part of). Thus it means some , something of (more rarely somebody of), and is placed before the whole from which a part is separated ; e. g. HDnsn p Lev. I, 2 n^n^np of the cattle i Kings 18, 5; ^ij^ntf^? ntfi^D of the princes of Israel 2 Chr. 21, 4; "ISH Dip of the blood of the bullock Ex. 29, 12; VD'p during a part of his days = ever in his life i Kings 1,6; "iD^p as long as I live Job 27, 6 ; ^""PJ? ever in thy life Job 38, 12; and is used with singularia not having the force of collectiva; e. g. ^pp out of thee Micha 88 HEBREW SYNTAX. 5, I; *1^3D out of a shoot, Dan. ii, 7. Hence, //^r^ of origin, descent; as, '^J>^'0 from Thecoa Am. i, i; and from ajnongst [e numero)\ e. g. I^Dp Gen. 3, 22; D'lD^l^n ^3?p /r^;';^ among all nations Ex. 1 9, 5 ; ''^|P among women Judges 5, 24; and thus with verbs of choosing; e. g. DD^ ^30 irii^ IIIDI <^?^<^ choose him out of all the tribes i Sam. 2, 28. N.B. From this subordination of the idea which is connected with p may be fitly explained the use of ]P to express the comparative and superlative. (Conf. 8.) jS the same signification, more absolutely considered, becomes, removed from, empty of, withont ; e. g. n^lP.P without bow Jes. 22, 3; DIDp without defect Job II, 15; "^Iti'^pi empty, destitute of my flesh I shall behold God Job 19, 26; insp without fear Job 21, 9. y as the opposite of ?^ and "li^, it is found not only with such verbs as , to go away , to flee from , but also with the kindred verbs to fear, to hide , to be- ware (conf. custodire ab , caver e ab , zxKutttcc xtto) ; e. g. "15"? '"^^ ^.r^.T! is anything too wonderful for the Lord Gen. 18, 14; "^'Drip VQ3 "l^^i who shaketh his hands from holding of bribes Jes. 33, 15. Hence, it frequently has the pregnant sense, to be concealed from, so that not (ut non), that not (ne); e. g. ni^D that (I) should not bear Gen. 16, 2; I^J^p so that (thou) art not able to bury thy dead Gen. 23, 6; ni^n ^T^)iJ^ hidden from the sight of the congregation Num. 15, 24; ^13p so that no one can come in Jes. 24, lO; 12^.P that the waters shotdd no more go over 2/. PREPOSITIONS. 89 Jes. 54, 9. With the same meaning also before nouns; e. g. "?|!?DP (= yf^ HITip) from being king I Sam. 15, 23 conf. v. 26; D^Q that it be no loyiger a people Jes. 7, 8; y^VD from being a city Jes. 17, i; niisp j-^? /^^^ M^r^ is no house Jes. 23, i; nilDD that I cannot redeem Jes. 50, 2; H^^IP /^<???^ being a shepherd Jer 17, 16; ""liip /rd?;/^ <5^2>e^ nation Jer. 48, 2; Ps. 83, 5 (Conf. 28, 5 E towards the end.) Rem. 5 With the same signification it is often pleonastically pre- fixed to p^i^ ; e. g. IHti^l^ I'ti^D Dli^ VW^ without man without inhabi- tant Jes. 6, II (conf. 25, 4). Sometimes even without a negation ]Q is used pleonastically , as n^riD nni^?!3 anyone of them Lev. 4,2; n^i^?D IPIi^^D anyone of these things (conf. 13, 8). 5 used with reference to time p signifies either /r^;/^, when reckoning is made from the beginning of a period (conf. de node ^ 01.7:0 vunTog), or immediately after, reckoning being made from the end of a period (conf. ab itinere , i^ otphrov); e. g. ppnp as a dream when one awaketh Ps. 73, 20; ^^TOD D^ti^nn after about three months Gen. 38, 24; D;>pi''p after two days Hos. 6,2. Of frequent occufcnce are the expressions J^jpp from the end = after ; Diiipp towards the end. e upon the idea to go out from is based the frequent causative signification because of, in consequence of-, e. g. !li"llp because of the multitude Gen. 32, 13; I Kings 3 , 8 (Conf. A b). 90 HEBREW SYNTAX. Rem. 6 Concerning the use of |^ for expressing the idea of rest at the side of an object, with which a removal away from the object is not lost sight of (conf. prope abesse ab , stare ab , pendere ab) see n 5 fl:, 3 and c. D. ^iSl (poetic vi^ lit. region, direction) denotes: motion, direction towards, (also in a moral sense = with regard to , concerning-, e. g. TTW b'^ ri'J^i^t "ip^''J and Abraham said concerning Sara Gen. 20 , 2) ; sometimes implying that the terminus or finis of the action has been reached hence = 1^ e. g. IH^D ^^1 unto his mouth Job 40, 23; sometimes denoting ^^- tering into , hence = "^in 7^^; e. g. nD^nn 7i^ i^3 come into the ark Gen. j, i. Generally however it is used without implying the terminus to have been reached. /3 by, at, in, rare and pregnant, because instead of the terminus the motion towards it is present to the mind, hence = rest in a place reached; e. g. 7iS! nsin Dlp^n at the place which .... thou shalt sacrifice Deut. 16, 6; Q:Dfn % ^n?^ DpP ^^J 2;^ thy dwelling place , in heaven i Kings 8, 30; D^51 ^1^ ^^ by the great waters Jer. 41, 12; n?u) "inri'b^ <?;^ M^ mountain I Sam. 17, 3. (Conf. the analogous use of zu in Germ. e. g. ^// Hause), E. ^ is an abbreviation from b)^, but is distinguished from it. a b generally expresses only a direction (not a ^notion) towards, and is more frequently used in figurative language. 27. PREPOSITIONS. 91 fi from the idea direction towards, turning to may- be explained the use of h as dative and as a qua- lification of the possessor or auctor (conf. 7, 2) with the meaning: respective of, with regard to \ e.g. niODripl "I^V? <^^ regards riches and wisdom i Kings 10, 23; D'^^'ID?') ^pT}? as for chariots and horsemen Jes 36, 9 ; njIDj^^ but not what regards faithfulness Jer. 9, 2 ; liiti^^^ as regards our tongue we will pre- vail Ps. 12,5; ^^^, unto (for) a wife. Hence the so called 7 inscriptionis = for, in behalf of; e. g. TWob for the chief musician. (Conf. 41 Rem. i). From the fundamental idea direction towards may perhaps also be explained the use of b with the infinitive, as in the frequently occurring 1?^^^^ lit. ad loquendum , hence for the purpose of saying = namely, to wit; Conf. ^T1^ ni^*l7 [namely) gazing upon thy power and majesty Ps. 63, 3 ; ll*"?^ ni"lp2 (na- mely) rebelling against the most High Ps. 78, 17; lOi, 8; Jer. 44, 7. 8. y b also expresses the dativus commodi (rarely the dativus incommodi ; e. g. 1^7 l^ll^i we are entirely cut off Ez. 37, 11), in which sense it stands with many verbs, especially with the imperative, pleonasti- cally; e. g. ^^ "^^ go; ^ TT^ flee [to save thyself); 1^ d; he fleeth; ^^ 'h^,^ go up Jes. 40, 9; "^^ n^?rn and thou trusted Jes. 36, 9; DD^ l^in ^^'t^i'^ ye Jes. 2, 22; ^^ riDl ^;2^ ^^ M^ //'^^ Cant. 2, 17; "l^tS^H ^7 beware. ^ r^^/ in a place; e. g. ^TO*"^ ^^ thy right hand Ps. 92 HEBREW SYNTAX. 45, 10; and with reference to time towards ^)h towards the evening. 6 to the solecisms of later Hebrew belongs the intro- duction of the object by "? (which is common in Ara- maic) ; e. g. Vy^b n^Ii^ ke sent his princes 2 Chr. 17, 7; Conf. Ezra 8, 16; rht> Djn Xlb'^TO as the sea causeth its waves to come up Ez. 26 , ^ : TlT'^^!' nVl!^ thou knowest my foolishness Ps. 69, 6; ''JDID^ rinriD thou hast loosed my bonds Ps. 116, 16; lirT^P^ T\T\Tl "^T^ and he slew- Sihon and Og Ps. 136, 19. 20 ; Conf. Job 5, 2; uht^Ti bd") 'H ^^1D the Lord uphol- deth all that fall Ps. 145 , 14 ; D'^inp^ -["QTA D^^r'^l (where other objects with P^il precede) and he appointed both the priests and the Levites 2 Chr. 31,2. Rem. 7 As to the use of 7 with passive verbs and ideas see 34, 2* F. 3 (as adverb almost^ about, circiter) used as pre- position signifies : X as (used in a comparison conf. 35, 4). When dou- bled 3 3 (or y\ 3 ; e. g. HH^ ^ri331 m ^1133 as my strength was then, so is my strength now Jos. 14, 11) it means as so; e. g. ]n'33 W]iQ as with the people so with the priest Jes. 24, 2; but also so as\ e. g. ^^^"53 p^l^i that so the righteous should be as the wicked Gen. 18, 25; n^"}33 ^1D3 "'3 for thou art as Pharaoh Gen. 44, 18. (Conf. Abn- Ezra on Hosea 4, 9). We find also 3 "l^^it3; e.g. l!i y^ti^3 '^'QW "1^^3 as the report concerning Egypt so the report of Tyre Jes. 23, 5 (Conf. 28, 5 H). /3 after, according to, in proportion as. With reference 2/. PREPOSITIONS. 93 to time about (lit. at) ; e. g. T\T\ n^3 ^^^?// the same time (lit. ^^ the time as it is reviving or returning) Gen. 18, 10 ; "HID D^I) /^ morrow about this time (lit. ^5- //^^ time to morrow) i Sam. 9, 16. Confer ID as a conjunction prefixed to an infinitive with reference to time [when) ; e. g. UXl^ i^lDlI) ze^A^;/ Abram was come Gen. 12, 14; *lt^V i!W3 t:;^^;2 j5"j-^/^ heard Gen. 27, 34. y the use of the so called 3 veritatis should also be noticed ; e. g. npi< W\K2 ^T\ 15 /i^r he is like a true man (the meaning is : he behaves as a true man , and he truly is such) Neh. 7, 2; ti^''"inQp iHi] ^/^^^f ^^ .^^/(^T is peace i Sam. 10, 27; tO^ypS z/^rjj/ small Jes. I, 9; Ps. 105, 12 (otherwise Il^^pS = nearly y almost); ytf^n? ^j- />^^ wicked Job 27, 7. In like manner nDDHD^ D^HT Jes. 1,7 after ^^i^^ ''^di^ D""*!! strangers devour it, and it is as overthrown by strangers. 7) In poetic parallelisms the influence of a preposi- tion in the first member not unfrequently extends itself to the corresponding part of the second member; e.g. (-}) Qiri^D lynj^ ^55? liipri nt^i;.! (= ''Iti^P?) the Lord shall perform, his pleasure on Babylon and his strength on the Chaldeans Jes. 48, 14; conf. Job 15, 3; (?) ^I^njy Dl^3 rrjID^^I.- (= n^JD^^DI) are but as yesterday and as a watch in the night Ps. 90, 4 ; 6) nj;nD^ DiJ^ ^^P^W 7TO1--- (= ^TO^I) <3:;2<^ he has made me a father to Pha- raoh and a ruler over all the land Gen. 45, 8; conf. Jes. 28, 6; Job 34, 10 ; (l^) O'l^i^ "li^DI HH^^? D^^^JJ l]^ nn^^^ (= U^)^ "li^3 i;^*).) the howling thereof unto Eglaim 94 HEBREW SYNTAX. and the howling thereof unto Beer-elim Jes. 15,8; (|J?D^) ^^ D^p^^ .^n^nni ^^ ^im VV l^Di^ (= ^n)nn ]vj^b)) for mine name's sake will I defer mine anger, and for my praise will I refrain from thee Jes. 48 , 9 ; (nnn) DpHOT nnn Dj^^P 1-)"i; HD^pi n^ra (= niD^3 nnn^) instead of your shame (ye shall have) double, and instead of confusion they shall rejoice in their portion Jes. 61, 7. Conf. 25, 5. 28. Conjunctions. i) Conjunctions may be formed of prepositions by connecting them with ^W.^.,, "? or W^; e. g. 1^^^ i;^, "P 13L' Di$ "I^ until, ^-^^-^ as, "l^i:^ \;5?p because etc. (Conf. Grammar 85, 4). Yet the means at hand for accura- tely expressing the connection between sentences are not always used. (Conf. 19, i). The Hebrew writers more than once content themselves with imperfect means of connecting two sentences. Hence, some frequently occurring conjunctions, chiefly V ""P and "1^1^, have a great number of significations. 2) The conjunction more frequently used than any other is 1 or 1 (conf. Gramm. 85 B). It's use is as follows: A. properly as copulative = and, connecting both words and sentences. A few instances 1 \ and .... and; e. g. DID) Dpn both chariot and horse Ps. 'j6, 7 ; ti^lpl J^5^1 both the sanctuary and the host Dan. 8, 13; sometimes also \ I without emphasis; e.g. nj^*] n:^l and Ajah and Anah Gen. 36, 24. When three 28. CONJUNCTIONS. 95 or more words are connected it may be prefixed to each one of them ; e. g. m) ^p.J^n m) -"iiipn m -nspL! n4$l ^nnn n^^] '^pyjl the Kenite and the Keniz- zite and the Kadmonite and the Hittite and the Pe- rizzite Gen. 15, 19; or to some of them, or to the second word only; e. g. ni)^''iJp HlS'l^^l "1ID myrrh, and aloes, and cassia Ps. 45, 9; or to the last word only ; e. g. niin\1 ^1>. ll^rp^ inii<1 Reuben, and Simeon, and Levi, and Judah Ex. i, 2. 3. (Conf. Abn-Ezra on this place). Further in the sense of or; e. g. IDi^^l V?i< H^DI and he that smiteth his father or his mother Ex. 21, 15 (conf. below 5 B .) Rem. 1 1 is omitted in certain idiomatic expressions; e. g. ^'j^H Dl^7ti^ //z^ day before yesterday (heretofore) Ex. 5,8;' and also in vivid descriptions to express greater emphasis (Constrtictio asyndeta) ; e- g- 13!D^ ^Di V*P h^ bowed, he fell ^ he lay Judges 5, 27; )^^") 13 Q"i^^ 131V ^^ ^^^ oppressed and forsaken the poor. Job 20, 19; TpT] 17 "Tjpn ^he rain is over and gone Cant. 2,11; "IDV P^^H ^"111*1 ^"^ ^''^J beloved had withdrawn himself and was gone Cant. 5,6. B. it is explicative (= isque , et quidem 1 explicativum) = namely , to wit; e. g. inPI^p !?i^1 !P5D ^^ '^^^^ ^/^^ Zf7r<3f had respect unto Abel and to his sacrifice Gen. 4, 4; in^i^pl HD'ID 2/2 Ramah, namely, in his own city I Sam. 28, 3; Dl^ri DJ^T ''"l^tH ^;/<3f w^^w /^^r^ came a lion, even with a bear i Sam. 17, 34; DDI^/pn VIJPI D^pn"]Sn IP*) of the seed royal , namely, of the nobles Dan. I, 3; occasionally also emphasising the idea; 96 HEBREW SYNTAX. e. g. b)m rgr^) vy^J^ b ^59 from the hand of his enemies and (especially) from the hand of Saul 2 Sam. 22, I ; D^^^ll^l Tr\T\\ b'^_ concerning Judah ana (chiefly) Jerusalem Jos. i, i; 2, i. Two ideas are sometimes so connected by 1 that they form one idea (?> %iol 1v6iv)\ e.g. "^i'lni '^;51D^V the sorrow of thy coitception Gen. 3, 16; ^D^T HIDpn ^IpV. thou multiplieth changes of hosts (host after host) against me ]oh 10, ly ; D^^]) D^pt^5 spices of different sorts 2 Chr. 16, 14. C. it is used for effecting a climax, both with words and sentences (= and even), for the purpose of strengthening an idea already expressed ; e. g. J^5.M1 ^^") ^7 he shall deliver thee in six troubles; yea , in seven no evil shall touch thee Job 5, 19; frequently with numbers ; e. g. ^ n^jn^^t b^\ pTOl ^"^^^ H^t?^ b^__ li^i^i^^^ for three transgressions of Damascus, yea, for four I will not turn away the punishment thereof Amos I, 3. 6; conf. Prov. 6, 16; 30, 18; ^^T ""Dl *li''^iip"^^5^ eveyi when he shall tread in our palaces Micha 5, 4; 1^ ^^^\ ask rather (at once) for hi^n the kingdom i Kings 2, 22. D. it is also used in comparisons, chiefly in prover- bial language, when facts of the moral order are com- pared with those of the physical order, and then often is equivalent to even as, so; e.g. f]1J^ iniBpl P]^"! ""iDI just as the sparks (by their nature) fly upwards Job 5, 7; ^ D);tp^ ^5^ "^jHI even as the palate taste th its meat} Job 12, 11 ; conf. 34, 3; nini ni3^ )riD1 so 28. CONJUNCTIONS. 97 the Lord trieth the hearts Prov. 17, 3; PlDltO n^^lD^I so is good news from a far country Prov. 25, 25. (The transition to this signification may be easily- found in Prov. 25, 3 j^^ D''D^p ^\ pij^;^ \y<\ urb rM "1j?n the heaven as regards height, and the earth as regards depth, and the heart of kings is unsear- chable = just as the height of heaven and the depth of the earth , so is the heart of kings unsearchable^ Rem. 2 Sometimes such sentences are found together without a pro- per conjunction or even without *|; e. g. nV^ti^ ]Tl^ 7^^ DDH H^DID ^o - T 'V - T T - is a wise reprover upon a listening ear Pr. 25, 12 conf. v. 26. E. most frequently of all it stands for the purpose of introducing the apodosis; e. g. nn^^ i^'TI^ and be- fore they were laid down , she came up Jos. 2, 8 ; i^3 V^^!l lOT^ when Jacob was gone , Esau his brother came in frotn his hunting Gen. 27, 30. This is chiefly the case after determinations of time; e.g. D1'"5'>D DD"'!!''^. inpDi) that on the day ye eat thereof , then shall your eyes be opened Gen. 3, 5 ; J^^^l ''t^'^^^n Dl''^ on the third day , when Abraham lifted up his eyes Gen. 22,4; rm hrr\^ D^^ 15IP l-^T)^ while he yet spoke with them , Rachel came Gen. 29, 9 ; ^p''? ^^^^^ ^^^ and afterwards build thine house Prov. 24, 27 ; or after other determinations ; e. g. T\IT\\ 'pl^nS in my dream, behold a vine was before me Gen. 40, 9; or also after a conditional sentence; e. g. 'pj^Dti^n U^ T\yy^^^, if (thou wilt take) the left hand, then I will go the right Gen. 13, 9 (conf. 41, 3). 7 98 . HEBREW SYNTAX. F. it introduces the subject of a sentence (generally a nominal sentence), denoting a simultaneous condi- tion ; e. g. D^i 101^1 and the two angels came to So- dom at even, while Lot sat in the gate of Sodom Gen. 19, I; Iljti^ i^lD^ when they came into the house, while he lay on his bed 2 Sam. 4, 7; also when such a sentence at the same time expresses a con- trast (= whereas, and yet, while yet)-, e. g. ^3^i;Jl '^'y^!^. ^y^ Lord what wilt thou give me , while yet I go childless Gen. 15, 2; ^^3 H^V? ^Ti^. because of the woman thou hast taken, seeing that she is a mans wife Gen. 20, 3 ; 'n^ pi^^ ^3^^ how canst thou see I love thee , whereas (while yet) thine heart is not with me Judges 16, 15; U^^vb}^ ^ ^^^- and yet I did not send them Jer. 14, 15. Rem. 3 Such a *| , when following a negation , is equivalent to i^ 13 on the contrary, e. g. i;ilti^7 1i^!!l ^"^"IDV*! ^^^^ t^^^y ^^^^ unto him: nay my lord ^ but to buy food are thy serva7tts come Gen. 42, il. G. it also introduces a causal sentence (= because); e. g. D"J njLl^n \^^\ for vain is the help of man Ps. 60, 1 3 ; ripOT )ib\ because thou hast not withheld thy son Gen. 22, 12; DH^^T UT\)^, for ye know Ex. 23,9; T\Vb irl3l for the righteous God trieth the hearts and reins Ps. 7, 10, "'^p ^^^ Hi^n.l for behold the head of the stars (i. e. the highest stars) Job. 22, 12. H. in inferential sentences (= then, so then, therefore); e. g. ITII O'l^ni wherefore be converted , and live Ez. 28. CONJUNCTIONS. 99 18, 32. Sometimes with the same signification even at the beginning of a sentence; e. g. inpl but he said: bring therefore meal 2 Kings 4, 41 ; inp^l let them therefore take five of the horses 2 Kings 7, 1 3 ; 1i^"I1 y^;2^w ye then that the Lord Ps. 4, 4. (In all these instances nri}i^1 is usually employed). I. it is likewise found at the beginning of a sentence, uttered under the impulse of grief, or connected with a protasis which through haste was suppressed, and which therefore has to be supplied; e.g. TOt1 n^^DB p^^ pT and the Lord said unto Moses : if her father had but spit in her face Num. 12, 14; pH^l i^in DD and Aaron, what then is he that ye murmur against him Num. 16, 11 ; "'^Spijti^ri HD^I wherefore then doest thou ask of me i Sam. 28, 16; Dn*!^!? DH^^l Ah ye, ye have destroyed Jes. 3, 14; ""rippi "'i^^l /^/^^zt; ye , I my self have annointed my king Ps. 2, 6. K. finally, it very frequently introduces a j^;^^/ j-^;/- tence (= that) , and is then construed as \ cons ecu- tivum with the cohortative or jussive; e. g. ^^^^^l //2<3;^ / ^/i-*? ;;2<^j/ be builded (i. e. obtain children) by her Gen. 30, 3 ; 1^''^^ ^5 irT'DI^'l that they may judge betwixt us two Gen. 31, 37; T^.ti^nT that she may be burnt Gen. 38, 24; l!?i^l"l that they come up out of Jordan Jos. 4, 16; inii<p n^"lli^ ^/^^/ ze/^ ;;^^j>/ in- quire from him i Kings 22, 7; ^D^l ^i^^l //^<^/ he may go up and fall i Kings 22, 20. Rem. 4 The ") is sometimes found pleonastically at the beginning of 100 HEBREW SYNTAX. the main sentence to emphasise the idea; e. g. 'H HDI^*) niay the Lord add I Sam. 24 , 3 ; nJlH ]D7"1 ^^'^ therefore behold Jes. 8 , 7. Rem. 5 Concerning ") conversive see 16. 3) The relativa Iti^i^. and ^'2 that ^ because are of an almost equally extensive use, and parallel in their significa- tion , except that 1^^. also serves as nota relationis , and as a relative pronoun , whereas ""S, as a conjunction, is used more frequently and in a more general manner. Both stand at the beginning of sentences, which as accusative objecti are governed by a preceding verbum activum (conf. Lat. quod), "l^i^. in these cases is someti- mes even preceded by n^^ as nota objecti; e.g. liJ^D^ ""D ti^"'5in 1^i< T\)^ for we have heard how the Lord dried up Jos. 2, 10; ^^ni n^ii!. T\^^ ^T"^.. 1^"} thine eyes have seen how the Lord has delivered thee into my hands i Sam. 24, 1 1 ; ^m ^^W^ "If ^. n^l Dl'-n nijn npi and thou hast declared this day how that thou hast dealt well with }ne i Sam. 24, 19- 4) With regard to the use of "l^ii^ and ^3 the follo- wing points should be noted. ""3 stands: [a) as an introduction of the oratio recta {on) ; e. g. ^:^}p^ 'n n^n ^3 nim ^D for she said: the Lord has looked upon my affliction Gen. 29, 32. In a few instances also "l^i^ ; e.g. ^IJ^f "Ip^''! "TIJ^W "lt^l$ and Saul said unto Samuel: I have listened to the voice i Sam. 15, 20. [b) as a temporal conjunction (conf. ots properly, at the tifne that , when) when , further, supposing that , in 28. coNjuNCTio:^?g> ; . . ; i' V,^' V\ \ ViW' case that, not of course in the same sense as the conditional DNl if, *) seldom Itf^^^ {=when) l^iiH^l^nn 1^J< when the flocks came to drink Gen. 30, 38; ^ I^^D.I Iti^J*^. in case that they have sinned against thee i Kings 8, 33. Rem. 6 Now and then, however, 13 occurs with the signification of n^'t e. g. j;in ""S i/" ^hou kmwest Job 38, 5 conf. v. 4 and i8. Some- times also '^W^j, e. g. i^ton]' ^^ti^i "Iti^i^ w/^^ (if J a ruler sinneth ^ Lev. 4, 22; IJ^D^l 1^^< z/j^ j/^// hearken Deut. ii, 27. (^) as a causal conjunction = /^^^^^/^^ (Lat. eo quod), fully "^5 l^iT-; frequently to be rendered by for, in which sense it is sometimes also used as a particle of affirmation: yes, indeed (-= it is certain that), chiefly after other particles of the same kind ; e. g. "I>^p niDD ''3 nj"! ""D and the Lord said: verily the cry of Sodom is great; verily their sin is very grievous. Gen. 18, 20. Also "l^i:^ sometimes has a causal meaning; e. g. ^i< ^P ^V.^. for what God is there Deut. 3, 24; 1^^^ t3^D ^rip^i^ ""^i^ /<?r / w^i- but a little angry Zech. 1,15. (d) 13 (never "1^^*) when following a negation, has an adversative meaning but (properly on the contrary because) ; e. g. Hpn^ ''S i^^ nay ; but thou didst laugh (prop, nay it is not so, because thou etc.) Gen. 18, 1 5 ; ^b\ ininiD ""S >^ nay; but we will abide the night i) For the better understanding of this distinction Ex. ch. 21 will be found to be very instructive. 1-02 HEBREW SYNTAX. in the street (prop, no ^ we refuse, because we will etc.) Gen. 19, 2. In like manner, when the negation is not clearly expressed, but virtually implied; for instance after a question which is equivalent to a negation; e. g. T^^^.^O ""^ "^ "T^^^? ^^ '^^^i have I done unto thee (i. e. / have done nothing against thee) .... nay (= on the contrary), I brought thee up out of Egypt etc. Micha 6, 3.4; D^^D i;^l-l ^lIV^p I? nay, (the orphan can say), from my youth he brought me up as a father Job 31 ; 18. In this sence, therefore ""D is equivalent to U^ ^'3 conf. below 5,1/3. Rem. 7 13 sometimes has a concessive sense = although \ e. g. 7^^*11*) DDi i^/ ""^ DD?? ^^^ he would go. although he was not accustomed to T V VT it (prop, he wanted just to try to walk with the arms ^ f o r he had never yet carried such arms) i Sam. 17, 39. (Conf. Pr. Driver's "notes on the Hebrew text" on this place): i^'in y^T) 13 DTl^i^ DPli i^^l 't v: TT : God led them not by the way of the land of the Philistines ^ although that was near (prop. God did not lead them fete, although this might have been expected ^ f o r it was the shorter way) Ex. 13, 17. It follows, therefore, that 13 in such cases retains its value as a causative conjunction 5 only the reason stated does not refer to the entire preceding clause, but merely to a part of it. [e) *1^^. (never ''3) serves as a final conjunction in the sense of that (= "1^^. li^D^ see below 5, Ea); e. g. ^ypti^;^ ^ "Iti^l^ that they may not understand Gen. 1 1 , 7 ; ^ D^^^ nti^^. that he may do good unto thee Deut. 6 , 3 ; ]1)^T "1^^. that they may know Jos. 3, 7. (/) ^%, occasionally also possesses the meaning of 28. CONJUNCTIONS. IO3 -|^^.D; e. g. D^DfD i^5^ -IDD: ^^ "1?^^^ ^^ ^'/^^ >^^^/ of heaven cannot be numbered {th.Q. main sentence com- mences with 15) Jer. 33, 22. Rem. 8 With *1^^^ as <?/a relationis the demonstrative word is sometimes omitted, so that the relative particle is expressed by ^^'^ alone ; e. g. >^ ^^^ = U^ "lli^i^ wkere the children of Js- V ~: T V -; T V -: rael strove mith the Lord Num. 20, 13; liiniDi^, '^l!?!?!! I^^i^ where our fathers praised thee Jes. 64, 10. 5) Subjoined is a short compendium of the different classes of conjunctions with remarks as to what is of importance concerning the use of some of them. What remains beyond this more properly belongs to the sphere of the Lexicon. A. as copulative i besides 1, we find DJ also ^ and the intensive or progressive '^ {in addition to) yet more ^ even. X D3 often serves to reduce two or more persons or objects to one head or group; e. g. DD^j^ D^ tvhy should I be bereaved of both of you Gen. 27, 45 ; 73 D^ all together. It is further used simply to emphasise the words following; e. g. HiJ/JD ^ni X\^ Dl and he loved Rachel even more than Lea Gen. 29, 30 (conf. in Lat. the comparative with etiam); T\^^ D3 rii^l see, yea, see I Sam. 24, 12. Ul Dl (or Ddil D3 Gen. 24, 44 HH^ HH^ Ul n^^ij "^b^yb D^l both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy camels) means as well as , I04 HEBREW SYNTAX. both and. Sometimes we find D3 in this sense thrice repeated ; e. g. DipD D3 i^lDpp D3 pH DJ we have both straw and provender enough aud room to lodge in Gen. 24, 25; Conf. 32, 20. Also 1 \ is used in the same sense ; e. g. ^i^:i^5ti'1\ nnSl^Dn T&n^ ^i^ IJ^D^I injl'il Uni""! /^^/^ ^<3:w^ /^ Gedaliah to Mizpah, both Is- mael , and Johanan and Jonathan Jer. 40, 8 ; "l51i<. HD nt:^^ m^] "h ^m] what shall I say? he hath both spoken unto 7ne and himself has done it Jer. 38, 15. /3 *"3 ^^ (prop- (^dd to this that , not to mention that) = surely then , and according to the context quanto magis or tanto minus; how much more, how much less. In a question , as exclamation it means perhaps , perchance, mayhap \ e. g. U^xh^^ 1D^ ^3 ^ hath God perchance said, ye shall not Gen. 3, i. Once we find D3 ^ together Lev. 26. 44 ^ii\ Dp'in^.i^ \ypl DniTO Xm Ul and yet for all that, when Jhey be in the land of their enemies, I will not reject them. B. The disjunctive conjunctions are: a. principally 1i^ or (prop, from free choice, just as the Latin conjunction vel). It occurs however also with an exclusive meaning (like the Lat. aut) ; e. g. ^1^^*'3^ XV^ 1i^ Q^'inn in^S upon some moujttain, or into some valley 2 Kings 2, 16. 1^ sometimes stands elliptically, and is equivalent to ''D 1i^ or (if it should be) that; e.g. ^f^J?? pjni1^< or else let him take hold of my strength Jes. 27, 5. Hence the transition to the conditional meaning if, 28. CONJUNCTIONS. IO5 if however ; e.g. ^'3 Vlli 1^ if^ however, it were known Ex. 21, 36. With the same signification we once find "hy^a. Hosea 8 , 7 T\^T_ "b^^ if however it yield, strangers shall swallow it up. Now and then the signification of 1^ coincides with that of 1 copulative ; e. g. h'^)il 1i^ and as for a ram, thou shalt prepare etc. Num. 15, 6. /3 the disjunctive : whether or (Lat. sive . . . sive is expressed by 1i^--- 1i^. Di<...Di^> Di^V--Di^. 1^^- --Ip, C. Temporal conjunctions are: (X. 1^^^ and ""3 (see above 4 B), "l^^^^ = when (Lat. quum). Of rarer occurrence the conditional Di^^ [if) = when-, e. g. \Tr\. D^i^ w>^^;^ M^ Z<?r^ shall have washed away Jes. 4, 4; "l''2^5 "^f? ^^ when the vintage is done Jes. 24, 13. Once we find ID? in this sense Gen. 19, 15 nji^ inti^n IDDI ^;/<^ when the morning arose. (3 1^^? "I^^ ^3 1^. and "i:^ alone until, sometimes Di< 1^' Di^ ^^^^. 12 . y lil^ while, as long as; 3 with the infinitive while. 5 "lt5^^^ ^^m after (1^ "iDi^ Ez. 40, i "i^^n nn?^ "it^^, "ini$ /V^r /A^ ^//j/ w<3:^ smitten-, "inNt Job 40, 2 inJiit ""ni^ 'n 151 ^^<^ it came to pass after the Lord had spo- ken these words); and "l^^?^ nn^$ e. g. 1^^; "I^^ID ^.0^5 and after they were gone Jos. 2, 7 ; and ''Tin^ alone ; e. g. U^^^, Ty\^ nn.Nl ^//^r 6^^<3^ has shewed thee all this Gen. 41, 39; "iDDi nni$ after he is sold Lev. 25, 48. mp (=ntf^i^. mp) since, onto, 01^5 ^</i?r^, ^^ yet ^\^ D";i.^3 Zephania 2, 2 DD^.^^. k^13; ^^^ 0*195 before I06 HEBREW SYNTAX. the fierce anger of the Lord come upon you), also nDip_(= -l:^^^ my) e. g. ra; r^^ mi0 which wither eth before it groweth up Ps. 129, 6. s 3 when, as\ generally with the infinitive, sometimes with a participle ; e. g. !3''TO3 as he drew back his hand Gen. 38, 29; nnlDD i^lHI and as it budded Gen. 40, 19. D. Causal: Iti^ii^ and ''S (conf. above 4 C); n^^? 15 ':':^ propterea quod (lit. therefore because) because; "1^i$ "IDI ^J^ and l^iji. nm^ ^i^ (p^op- /^^ i^i^ cause that) because-, more emphatic "^^^^ nil1i< ^3 ^^^ Jer. 3, 8 for this very cause that, simply because; l^i^ "113]^3 and ]^2 *1^^^ because; 'y^^. nnn and *!? Dnri (prop, therefore that) because; ^^, Dp^. and "Iti^J^ D|2V. (pi'op. as reward that; as consequence that) because. Rem. 9 n ^^ "1^^. J^ 34 1 ^7i ^'^^ "^^^^ frequently p ^J^ 13 everywhere means because^ p ^^ having been changed into a relati- vum hy the ;?'/ relationis l^i^ and l^ . Rem. 10 Very remarkable is the use of ^^ in Jer. 30, 14 "^ ^^ '^^Di^tDri *1D1JV "^^liVi fo'^ fii'st it stands as the preposition propter ^'^_ ^.51V 3^ '^^ account of the greatness of thine iniquity^ and then it exercises its force as a causal conjunction 'n IDliV "^^i^ ?1^ because thy sins were increased. E. final: Of' *1^^. |i^D^ and 1^0^ alone [with the intention that) that, to the end that; "IID^.3 > "113^.D^ that, in order that. These are also construed with the infinitive, 28. CONJUNCTIONS. 10/ in which case however they really are prepositions. Once we find IpH^ "11:3^.3 in order to search i Chr. 19, 3; but the parallel place 2 Sam. 10, 3 reads Ipn "113^3. /3 \ to the end that (see above 2 K) ; perhaps also b in D^ inn^ to place there the ark of the covenant I Kings 6, 19. y as to the negation b% conf. 25 Rem. i; )D lest, that not 25, 3 B; ""H^?^ 25, 3 A. Once we find ]p prefixed to the imperfect with tht final meaning that not Deut. 33, 11 pDIp^ jp //^<3:/ they prevail not, F. Conditional'. a. m^'b (rarely 1 -5^^ = 1^ Di^ Esther 7, 4) 2/; but with difference of use. W^ leaves uncertain whether anything takes place , has taken place, will take place, or not (but rather the former alternative); it therefore denotes the pure and simple hypothesis {= if I do so\ if I did so ; if I shall do so). 'h on the contrary implies that what is supposed does not take place, has not taken place, or will not take place; or at least that such would be im- probable, [= if I did so , had done so , should do so). Hence ^ is used to express a wish ; e. g. ^i^i^^^"] 1^ nin") that Ismael might live before thee Gen. 17, 18; IjOO 1^ would that we had died Num. 14, 2; and even with the imperative (conf. 17, 4^ and 18, 2 b). Yet also W^ is used for stating a wish I08 HEBREW SYNTAX. (conf. 17, 4^); and sometimes even in hypothe- tical sentences of which the condition is known not to be fulfilled ; e. g. D^^l.i^. D^ if I were hungry Ps. 50, 12; U^mi pD^Jt D^^ if I ascend up unto hea- ven Ps, 139, 8; Dn'>;53 X% l^ir UHK if they bring up their children Hos. 9, 12. V on the contrary can not be used when the possibility exists that the condition will be realised. /3 W^ is always used in expressions of grief, and in conditional curses; e. g. HJ^T ^Tp^^^ W^ if I have done this Ps. 7, 4 6; ^'T^ Di^ if we forget the name of our Lord Ps. 44 , 2 1 ; ^ri"115^ W^ if I had said Ps. 73, 15 ; ^;yij^. W^ if I forget thee Ps. 137, 5. Rem. 11 The apodosis is sometimes omitted after a protasis with D^' e. g. r^^ -j^ p-j;^ inn U^ ^r:^^T\\and she said if thou wilt give 77ie a pledge^ till thou send it Gen. 38, 17; chiefly with threaten- ing sayings \ e. g. *jni^ Plili^n X\^ Di^ ^f ^^ ^^^J '^'^y thou afflict him Ex. 22, 22. y What has been said concerning Di^ and 1^ applies also to their compounds ^ih Di^. ^ib^ ^f). 5 After formulas used in swearing Di*^ has a negative sense; e. g. HTO 1^5i^n W^ n^lD ""n by the life of PharaOy ye shall not go forth hence Gen. 42 , 15; and (con- sequently) )^ W^ an affirmative sense. To under- stand this it must be borne in mind that such for- mulas contain an ellipsis of what will happen or would happen, were the condition to be fulfilled or to remain unfulfilled. This is evident from i Sam. . 25, 22; bpp nwi^ D^<t n^d^ rQ\ in ^n^^^^ D^n^^^ n^v.in"D 28. CONJUNCTIONS. IO9 -l''p.5 VW^ "1i?3n "11^ ^V. 1^ ^m may God do so unto the enemies of David, and more also , if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light so much as one man child i Sam. 25, 22. Rem. 12. Once 2 Sam. 3, 35 {< 13 is found with a conditional sentence after an oath formula ; i^*^;^ l^p^ QJ^ 13 DTl^i^ "b T^^\ ilD on? DV^i^ ti^Dli^n May God do so to me and more also if I taste bread till the sun go down. s U^ and ^ U\^ not only possess this sense after for- mulas and verbs used in swearing, but also when they are used absolutely; Di;^ then denotes a strong negation ; e. g. Hi^T W^ ]y^ not a shield was seen Judges 5, 8; (IJjn IDp^ Di^ surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you Jes. 22, 14; also when con- nected with a particle of interrogation ; e. g. D^^^ )}yb 1i?pr) is there no end to our dying (= shall we all perish) Num. 17, 28; and ^^ DiJ^ expresses an equally strong affirmation [= truly, really), e.g. li^^P in?; )ib D^ surely they that did rise up against us are cut off Job 22, 20. Rem. 13. Concerning the conditional signification of "^^j 1^^, and ^2 conf. above n 5 B a and n 4 Rem. 6. G. Concessive : (X. W^ even if, though, with the perfect ; e. g. "npl!^ Di^ though I were righteous-, and the imperfect; e. g. Di^ DD'^^^n l^ni though your sins be as scarlet Jes. i, 18; ^^L n.^n? D^ though thy people be as the sand of the sea Jes. 10, 22. no HEBREW SYNTAX. (3 b2 = ^^^. b^L (prop, add to this that) although ; e. g. nti^^ DDn )^ 7^ although he had done no violence Jes. 53, 9; "'DDB DDn i^7 7;^ although there is no violence in my hands Job 16, 17; also with the infinitive; e.g. ^n^"l^]l^ although thou knowest Job 10, 7. Concerning the concessive meaning of "i? conf. above Rem. 7. H. Comparative-. I^^D as, just as, such as, often followed by the corresponding 15 in the apodosis; e. g. MV^, "1^1^31 yiD'] 15) n^l? 15 "^^^ but the more they afflicted them , the more they multiplied and the more they spread Ex. I, 12. (Conf. 27, 6 F). 1li^N!.5 , however, is sometimes omitted in the pro- tasis; e. g. VCi\ 15 Y^W^ Dl'P^ IHD^ for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways Jes. 55, 9; IHOri 15 'li^'T. HDn when they saw it, they were amazed Ps. 48, 6; and in like manner also 15 in the apodosis ; e. g. ri''nti^ ^^.'^^ "^5 -I''pn U^yT\ bD in^^ '^pip.^ nn bv_ for as ye have drunk upon my holy mountain so shall all the nations drink continually Obadja 16. /3 15 '^ HD^ b'3 in all points as .... so , denotes an extremely precise comparison ; e. g. 15 ^^ ^t^^! b'D ^.^.i. in all points as he came, so shall he go Eccl. 5, 15. Rem. 14. In sentences such* as Ps. 42, 2 p JI^D b^il^ 1^2i aj the hart panteth after the waterbrooks , so panteth my soul after thee ^ certain authors wish to explain 3 by considering it = Iti^J^D 28. CONJUNCTIONS. 1 1 i with a comparative sense. Such sentences may however be easily ex- plained by admitting an ellipsis of '^]^^ as relativum; e. g. "n^{^ b^i^'D '' ' V -; T : jl^n ^^^^ t^^ ^<^^t that panteth. Conf. Deut. 32, 11; Ps. 125, i. I. Adversative-. a. ''S DD^ (only thai) = but , however, nevertheless, (3 D^ "^3 (but if) = before , except when governing the Perfect, and following a negation in the Imperfect; e. g. ^np^ti^ Dij5 ^3 nt^QiJ ^ I will not keep silence be- fore I have given recompense Jes. 65, 6. In this case Dilit ^3 stand together as^one conjunction = but if, except that, unless, and follow after a negation or the equivalent of a negation. Conf. above 4 [d). Yet Dl^ ''3 are also used in such a manner that ""D belongs to the the main sentence and W^ to the conditional sentence ; e. g. "in^3 ''P53n Di^ "i? for even if thou wash thee with lye , thine iniquity is marked before me Jer. 2. 22. The adversative W^ *i3 before a noun means be- sides e. g. ti^lp DPlS? D^^ ''S ^>^^r^ is no common bread under mine hand, besides the holy bread i Sam. 21, 5. Rem. 15. The main sentence to which the adversative QJ^ 13 belongs has sometimes to be supplied from the context; e. g. "lirniDT DJ^ "^3 (I desire nothingj except that thou remember me Gen. 40, 145 Q^ 13 i^tS^i^ ViQ fo'^ ^^^^ "^^^^ I 'yespect (prop, for it cannot be otherwise than TV TT that I should respect him) Job 42 , 8. K. Finally there is the conjunction HHi^l which in most cases only serves to introduce the apodosis after a preceding subordinate sentence. Sometimes 112 HEBREW SYNTAX. however, it implies also a causative sense; e.g. ^Dlpp b^ ^b ni5 nri^l therefore now flee to thy place Num. 24, 1 1 ; or a concessive sense ; e. g. IDti^ nnjVl njvn DHi^ D3 HD i<i However, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night Num. 22, 19. (See Essay on the signification of Dn^ reprinted from the "Israel. Let- terbode" 1884). 6) Of two particles, of which the compound forms a conjunction, frequently only one or the other of them is used. This already appears from what has been said before. Thus , instead of the complete "1^^. j]^! on account of, because we find either "l^^$ alone, or "^2\ in- stead of "^ti^^?5 cis, either D (see Rem. 14) or "lli^N!;e. g. Dl^n U^m niSt Dn^i^"l n^^^. ^3 for as ye have seen the Egyp- tians today, ye shall see them again no more Ex. 14, 13; 1^ ni5!i "IM n^^ 'D^it "!1T ^15:;;^ nn^^ "l^^^ as thou hast kept with thy servant David my father that which thou didst promise him i Kings 8, 24. On the other hand a certain tendency to be prolix sometimes shows itself; e.g. li^l P = "ii^ IP 5 "^ii^ p"!! = p^ (conf. above 5A/3). The repetition, no doubt, of the same particle points to greater emphasis ; e. g. Ti^p "1>^P > T^D "li^ps. as ^m ^m^ ^m^'Hl waxed exceeding mighty Ex. 1,7,; ']D^^p i^DTOS ji^lDI ]^^ because, eve7t because they rejected my judgments Lev. 26, 43 ; which now and then also occurs with nomina ; e. g. n"^iri p"l^ pT!^ //2<3:/ which is altogether just shalt thou follow Deut. 16, 20 ; conf. Jes. 6, 3; Jer. 22, 29; Ez. 21, 32 (conf. 22, 4). 7) The consecutio temporum in Hebrew not unfre- 28. CONJUNCTIONS. II 3 quently allows the expression of the relation between two sentences by simply placing them one after the other without any conjunction at all. This occurs: x with conditional sentences ; e. g. inpj IPIi^ Dl*" DIpDll l^^ijn \o and if they overdrive them one day, all the flock will die Gen. 33, 13; "^^ b^S^'^ HD ^T\)Km (prop. Weill I have sinned) if I have sinned, what {harm) do I unto thee Job 7, 20 ; ""Ci^ Dn"]3|Pl iniD^ (at my death) when I die etc. i Kings 13, 31 ; tDJ^D "11^^ "il^i^pi if (this last) a little longer, they will stone me, or, they be almost ready to stone me Ex. 17,4; DIIO ^^9 T\^)!< i^^D whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing Pr. 18, 22. Such sentences are sometimes introduced by an- other word, generally by n.^H; e.g. ''^''"ID"! ^^t "^^-^ ^T^. HD now when thy words come to pass , what shall be the ordering of the child Judges 13, 12 ; Tti^P ^D^n T\}7} ""S for when they escape destruction ^ Egypt shall gather them up Hosea 9, 6. /S with comparisons , e. g. Dp^ I^DiJ ""D^ \^5^ they devour my people , as if they eat bread (lit. devouring my people, they eat bread) Ps. 14, 4; np 1^; )h\ "i;! i^lp "l^V as the partridge sitteth on eggs which she hath not laid, so is he that getteth riches Jer. 17, 11 ; IJ^^n ^1^^ :i^^ "^^^P l^n: dn Ul nj^ as drought and heat consume (steal) the snowwater, so doth sheol those that have sinned Job 24, 19. y with sentences, which otherwise would have been introduced by a relative conjunction (oratio obliqua); 8 114 HEBREW SYNTAX. e. g. r\^ "TlHi:?. = ^l^^ ^^i^^^. ""S say, I pray, thou art my sister Gen. 12, 13; V^ti^H = V^OT ^D //^^/ w-^^;/ thou hear est a dream Gen. 41, 15; HDn ^1i^ d:1:i 1^1 //^^/ /A^ nations m,ay know, that they are but m,en Ps. 9, 21 ; Ps. 50, 21 ; ''0''^^^ DHW H^D wA<2/ ye have seen me do (prop, what ye have seen that I did) Judges 9, 48. "lUnn "I1J3 ^n^T ^3 for I knew that thou didst deal very treacherously Jes. 48, 8. N.B. In English such a sentence is always an object sentence , but according to Hebrew ideas it is to be con- , sidered as a direct and independent sentence. 29. Interjections. i) The Interjections which signify ah, alas, woe, ^T[%^^ ^^^y ""in) are either connected with the object of the threatening or lamentation by means of the particles h)^^b or b'^_, or they stand absolutely, so that the object of lament remains without a particle. The first named construction is the more usual with denunciations, (conf. the Latin vae tibi), the latter with expressions of grief (conf. Latin vae te in Plautus) ; e. g. Xh ''l^ woe us! Sam. 5, 16; ^tOD ^15 ""in Ah, sinful nation! Jes. I, 4; T\'^ ^T\ Alas, my brother! i Kings 13, 30. 2) With ^"^.^^$ happy! the noun, expressing the object praised, is sometimes omitted; e.g. D^^l^ ^"]ti^Ni trii^''^ nti^^ ^ happy shall he be that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us, happy shall he be that taketh etc. Ps. 137, 8. 9; and in Ps. 65, 5 even the nota relationis V. = '^^^. ' "in^n """n^^ happy the man whom thou chooses t. . 30- SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. II5 ^l^i$ moreover, like n.^n, is not unfrequently connec- ted with suffixes; e.g. ^n^^, "^jnti^N! happy thou I U;^^)^ happy you! V^^^ or IDIJi^i^! happy he. PART IV CONSTRUCTION OF THE SENTENCE CHAPTER IX NOMINAL SENTENCES 30. Subject and Predicate. i) Nominal sentences are sentences which only ex- press a state of existence or being ^ and of which the predicate is a nomen, 2) The predicate of a nominal sentence is either a noun, adjective, participle or pronoun; e.g. 1i3^D 'H the Lord is our king Jes. 33, 22; ''i^^^n*! D^)/'1 DUD ''^^^$^ and the men of Seahm were wicked and sinners Gen. 13, 13; J^ii"' injl ]"1^D and a river went out (prop, is going out) of Eden Gen. 2, 10; "'^^'^ '^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ case. Rem. 1. The subject may also be a pronoun; e.g. D^Jj; D^DH Di^T ^Diiy^ //^z'j is now bo?ie of my bones Gen. 2,23; VTD i^im ^'^^^ ^^ was priest Gen. 14, 18. 3) A remarkable class of nominal sentences are those, of which the predicate itself forms a nominal sentence ; e. g. rin"'5 D^'ti^'n^ HTpn as for the stork the fir trees are her nest (= HTDn^ n:3 D^^TO conf. v. 18) Ps. 104, 17; l31'lD''pn ^i^n God perfect is his way Ps. 18, 31 ; Il6 HEBREW SYNTAX. '^^^ ^n^^D riyn '^^^ as for me , behold my covenant is with thee Gen. 17, 4. In these sentences the subject is sometimes intro- duced by the (so called) 1 apodosis\ e.g. D^pD ^OT ^;il?1 and I behold I establish my covenant ') Gen. 9, 9. Rem. 2 It is evident that by such sentences the Hebrews intend to emphasise the position of the true subject of the sentence. In English we should say the fir trees are the stork'' s nest ^ both when it is desired to indicate what the nest of the stork is made of, and when it is in- tended to convey where the stork (in contrast with other birds) builds herself a nest. Now, in the last named alternative something is said concerning the choice of the stork ^ and it is, therefore, quite coiTect when the Hebrews both place the stork as subject in the beginning of the sentence, and mention her again in the predicate by means of a suffix. Sometimes, however, the subject is not again mentioned in the predicate, and is then to be supplied from the context; e. g. ti^Dil pinD ID /3 nDV"^ "^^ f^''" ^ hungry stomach , every thing bitter is sweet (to it) Prov. 27, 7. Rem. 3 Certain exclamations also , in which the reader is left to supply a nominal or verbal predicate, are to be considered as nominal sentences; e. g. D"'D!D TPID ^ rashness (as quick) as water Gen. 49, 4; V^'nnn p^J^m D''iDn D^iDn multitudes after multitudes (are seen) in the valley of Haruti Joel 4, 14. 4) The use of a noun as predicate of a nominal sen- tence chiefly occurs when the equivalent adjective is wanting; e. g. |^^. *)*'r)"1''p1 and the walls thereof were of wood Ez. 41,21 (conf. 4, 7 and Rem. i). The harshness of such i) This kind of nominal sentence is called by certain Grammarians a compound nomiftal sentence. 30. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. II7 an expression is occasionally softened by repeating the subject nomen and connecting it in st. constr. with the predicate ; e. g. ''113 D^^Di^ 113 Dtii is then my strength (the strength) of stone? Job 6, 12; "^Tfob^ 103^ l^-ip IDD^ a sceptre of equity is the sceptre of thy kingdom Ps. 45, 7. This repetition of the subject nomen is the more usual construction when a comparison is intended; e.g. HDnn 11^3 T\'^^r\ ^\^ n;ni and the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun Jes. 30, 26; or when the pre- dicate cannot be expressed by an adjective; e. g. ^HID^D D'lp^V ^3 ni3^C) thy kingdom is a kingdom of all eternity Ps. 145, 13. (No adjective can be formed to express Qip^J^'^p of all eternity, for the adjective formed from D^V would mQ^.n eternal), Itf^)? n^ D?TnpP^l^P ^pH the voice is Jacob's voice , but the hands are the hands of Esau Gen. 27, 22. The construction in the two last named cases be- comes very bold, when the subject nomen is not repea- ted in the predicate ; e. g. VniVP3 ^^^p ""Nl^^^l thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels as (the offspring) of its bowels Jes. 48, 19; n^5 "T|1-i5 T^)?^ = ^^ TP^ ^1A55 =^^1J?1 and thy garments are like (the garments) of him, that treadeth in the wine- fat Jes. 63, 2; 113J3 Viin = 113:1 ^5in3 ViJn their arrows shall be like (the arrows of) a skilled mighty man Jer. 50,9; D''p^;i n^n = D^D^^ nj;. r\V,J] and it is a time of much rain Ezra 10, 13; and this construction becomes still bolder when the 3 comparationis is omitted ; e. g. D''^17^^ ^^P3 = n^Tf)^ ^333 ^^^03 thy throne is (like the throne of) God Il8 HEBREW SYNTAX. Ps. 45, 7; D^il^ ^OT = D^;i^ ''i;3;3 "Tj-ii^V. thine eyes are {like the eyes of) doves Cant, i, 15 (conf. 3 Rem. 2). 5) When the subject of a nominal sentence is an infi- nitive, it is by preference introduced by h\ e.g. DIIO DD^J it is better to dwell in the corner of the housetop Prov. 21, 9 (in v. 19 b is omitted "IJIO p.ij? HJ^ Dit: it is better to dwell in a desert land) ; "l^tDpH^ -IH^V ^ ^ it is not thine office , Uzia , to sacrifice 2 Chr. 26, 1 8 ; seldom by 5 ; e. g. 'T\^ ^Q^ra ^^;^n T\^\>^, )h let it not seem hard unto thee to let him go free Deut. 15, 18; but ne- ver when the infinitive stands in the st. constr. ; e. g. 113^ Ul^T] ni^p ^1^ ^^ it is not good that the 7nan should be alone Gen. 2, 18; DltO \lb i^^i^l ^;JD Tm: to accept the per- son of the wicked is not good Prov. 18, 5. Rem. 4 Now and then an adverb is found as predicate ; e. g. 13 ^liriji^ ^IDH for we are but of yesterday Job. 8, 9; ^^^n V"l3 "'3 t^^i they are set on evil Ex. 32 , 22 ; 2^ but more rarely as subject ; e. g. D^n IP h^ nSin DJI ^^^ many of the people also are fallen 2 Sam* 1,4; D^iyn 7b riTli i^^ iriD3 there has not ever been the like]oe\ 2, 2. T T ' T : T Concerning Dp''i''^3 Pi^S IPiDD i^l^H ^'-^ ^'^ ^<^^ ^-^ nothing in your eyes ? Haggai 2, 3. Conf. 27, 6 Fa. 6) The infinitive also as predicate is sometimes found with b and sometimes without b\ e.g. ^iji^.^li^in? 'H the Lord is ready to save me Jes. 38, 20 ; Dl Dli^^. D''^^1 ""l^l the words of the wicked are a lying in wait for blood 2) The Samaritan text reads i^')n ^IQ 13 that they were broken loose ; conf. V. 25. 31- THE COPULA IN NOMINAL SENTENCES. II9 Prov. 12, 6; Vy^ y\D D^^^p5 HDi^lHI z^ is an abomination to fools to depart from evil Prov. 13, 19. 31. Expression of the copula in nominal sentences. i) The subject and predicate of a nominal sentence are generally placed next to one another without any copula ; e. g. DItO ^iCm }>"1Nin nHTI and the gold of that land (is) good Gen. 2, 12; ti^"}(^n X^^ ^^^^ "'W ten cubits (shall be) the length of a board Ex. 26, 16; DDP! ^T\ D^ he also (is) wise Jes. 31,2; "^.^O D^; a deputy (was) king i Kings 22, 48. 2) The personal pronoun of the 3d person is but seldom used as copula ; e. g. ^T\ IT)^ DI^H the dream is one Gen. 41, 26; i<^n D-'H^^^ nnD nr this is the gift of God .cc\. 5, 18; n^n D^^59 ^^? ^-^^C^ ^^^ sottish children Jer. 4, 22; VD^ n^n Qi^^ ^Dti^ rilitDri rl"ip /.^^ j-^^/^;/ ^^^<^ kine are seven years Gen. 41, 26. This chiefly occurs when the relative pronoun 1^^:^ is the subject; e. g. in ^ID "1^1^ tol. ^3 every moving thing that liveth Gen. 9, 3 ; and especially in negative senten- ces ; e. g. i^^n niHLD ^^ It^^^l. HDnsn ]P1 ^;/</ ^/ the beasts that are not clean Gen. 7, 2 ; T\T\ rh)^r\ D^l^n n^D i^^ n^^^ which are not of the cities of these nations Deut. 20, 15. The same pronoun is sometimes used as copula even when the subject is a pronoun of the ist or 2d person; e. g. i^in i^J^ i^ijt 15 j-^^ now : it is /, ^^^ / Deut. 32, 39; i3^D )^r\ nn^ //^^z/ ^r/ ;;2j king Ps. 44, 5 ; U^'V'O Um ^l riDH i5"}n ''.^^n ye Ethiopians also , are victims of my sword Zephania 2, 12. I20 HEBREW SYNTAX. 3) Still more rarely the forms of r\T\ are used as co- pula ; e. g. )Tiy\, inn nn''n }^"}.i{ni and the earth was waste and void Gen. i, 2. D'n}^ H^n ^n|ni ;^d7; //^^ serpent was 7nore subtil Gen. 3, i ; D^li^i Hjn ra; DT^ Dq^ ^D) ^/^^ ^// M^ bread of their provision was dry and mouldy Jos. 9, 5 ; "tOj^^D Vr\ D^P^P D^V^^ threescore and ten kings were gathering (their meat) under m.y table Judges i, 7. 4) If the subject should be a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by a participle, the subject is then sometimes, as suffix, joined to ^.1 or pj^ (which are properly substantiva), according as the sentence is affirmative or negative ; e. g. ^"^^ID ^\ Di< if thou savest Judges 6, 36; uW^ ^?^ D^l (^^d if thou wilt not send him Gen. 43, 5. CHAPTER X VERBAL SENTENCES. 32. Object of the verb. i) Verbal sentences are sentences of which the pre- dicate is a verbum finitum and which express an action. A verbum finitum , by its indication of persons , inde- pendently of all further determinations, may form a com- plete sentence; e.g. "^^M. Diji;.! Hli^;^! ^Di^''! ^;/^ he ate, and drunk, and rose up, and went his way. Gen. 25, 34. A single verb therefore is found more than once to suffice when intransitive, but when transitive an object generally follows as an important factor of the sentence. 2) The most simple manner of connecting a noun 32. OBJECT OF THE VERB. 121 as object with a verb, is by adding it to the verb without preformative, afiformative , or particle indicative of its relation as object; e. g. Dp^ ^D^"" he eats bread, or (when definite) Qp/'n b^^iC he eats the bread. UVb, or Dn^pn in this case is called the object. The object however is frequently connected with the preposition DJ^ ("n^<t) , chiefly when it is determined by ^i^^TLJ'n, a St. constr., a pronominal suffix, or in any other way ; e. g. D^^^^H DijJ ^"Q God created the heaven Gen. 1,1; ^^5^^^ "is n^ ^^.^1 a^id he brought the bullock of the sin offering. Lev. 8, 14; 1^i^"l T\^ p^gl and wring off its head Lev. i, 15; 1:D1^ Hi^ T^ID and Haran begat Lot Gen. 11, 27; n^rni;it P^;; i^^ neither doth a fool un- derstand this Ps. 92, 7; n^^lS! ''p'H^ whom shall I send Jes. 6, 8. Rem. 1 n^i^ seldom stands before an indefinite noun; e. g. p^"' ^D") ni^i^"ni^ 1i^ ^^i^"ni^ *)1ti^ (^^^ ivhen an ox gore a man or woman T V Ex. 21, 28; generally only in poetical style; e. g. d|p^'^ D'^P^l^ HNl^ ^1^ but the righteous shall be recompensed with good Prov. 13, 21. 3) The use of the object without preposition is more frequent in Hebrew than in EngHsh. For almost all ideas which are in any way related to the action of the verb, may be expressed as object of the verb. We have already seen something similar with regard to the st. constr. See 5, 4. 4) Thus it is that many verbs may be used both with an object (transitive), and without an object (in- transitive) ; e. g. riDJ means as well to weep , as to de- 122 HEBREW SYNTAX. plore (conf. Lat. flere)\ Dti^^ and p^ to dwell and to inhabit ) ^^T\ to go and to go through ; as ^3 Hi^ ^l\ 13"]Dri ^;2<^ we went through all the wilderness Deut. 1,19. 5) Even verbs, the action of which can really only be conceived as intransitive, often have as object a noun of the same stem ; e. g. "ins to fear, inD lin.D they were in great fear Ps. 14, 5 ; ^^9^ to sin H^ltpn ^V\ Je- rusalem has grievously sinned Sam. i, 8. This chiefly occurs with verba denoininativa\ e. g. i^^l i^^in let the earth put forth grass Gen. i , 1 1 ; 15V ^^'^^ when I bring a cloud Gen. 9, 14; Q^ill^ HiB^i /^/ us make brick Gen. 11,3; Q''^^i< D^p^i:$D binding sheaves Gen. 37, 7 ; niiV^nT)^ *1i^?^n /^^ //^^/ kindled the fire Ex. 22, 5. Especially when the action of the verb is determined by an adverbial expression, such determinations are generally in the form of an adjective, or in any other form, added to a noun of the same stem as the verb; e.g. D'l^lll D^iVJ^ Vii to plague severely Gen. 12, 17; lin n^l^ ninn to fear greatly Gen. 27, 33; n^l^ HiJ^Q ^tjn to sin grievously Ex. 32, 31 ; Trp\ H^IJ Hj^li p;y^ to cry loudly and bitterly Est. 4,1; H^l^ HiJ^t^ i^.^tf^ to hate keenly 2 Sam. 13, 15 ; 13 ni^^ -lt5^^5 I'^^nTliJ rbr\ to be deathly sick 2 Kings 13, 14; n"T.p ">n^5 DSD TBT\ to smite irresistibly Jes. 14, 6; D^|^"3"l D^fP D^^J^n /^ answer 7nuch Jes. 21, 7; "113"^^ "I'lp^^ riDDi:?. IDD^I to be gathered as prisoners Jes. 24, 22; D'^P^IV TOIti^n i^ti^li /^ save for ever Jes. 45, 17; n^3 ^i^ |nn t^lt^P W to rejoice thoroughly Jes. 62, 5 ; n^-i;i nnpti^ nDti^ Jon. 4, 6; i Chr. 29, 9; n^i;i n^^j? ^.^i? 32. OBJECT OF THE VERB. 1 23 to be very jealous, to strive jealously Zech. i, 14; rj^p by^ J^iJp to be very wroth Zech. i, 15 (conf. also n. 11). In all these instances the noun adds nothing to the meaning already expressed by the verb. 6) The same connection of the object without prepo- sition or prefix also occurs with determinations oi place of the most general kind , in answer to the questions : where , whither, unto what , whence e. g. TTWT\ ^yL)^^ let us go forth into the jield Cant. 7, 1 2 ; "I'l^n Di^ l^^ii^ they were gone out of the city (conf. Lat. egredi urbem) Gen. 44, 4 ; HTOin npD^I and thou shalt pour it upon the dry land Ex. 4, 9; ^lOn *'i^D''1 may thy favours come unto me Ps. 119, 41. Rem. 2 Suchlike expressions, however, may also be expresssd in a different manner. See 35 , 2. 7) With the verbs signifying to flow, to stream etc. , that which flows , or better that with which overflows anything, stands in poetry as object; e.g. D?D nil"" ''^1^. mine eye overflows with water (= tears) Lam. I, 16 conf. 3, 48 Jer. 9, 17; 13, 17; Dnnri ')St^\ tains shall drop new wine, the hills shall flow with milk, and all the brooks of Judah shall flow with waters. Joel 4, 18. conf. Amos 9, 13; Hp^lJi r^'S^ overflowing with righteousness Jes. 10, 22. In like manner also expressions such as D^;i^pp l^p n^^ my\ and, lo , it all (= the field) is gone up in thorns Prov. 24, 31 ; conf. Jes. 5, 6; 34, 13. 8) Further large classes of verbs are to be found 124 HEBREW SYNTAX. which are construed with an accusative of object; namely: a) all verbs signifiying a putting on or putting off one's garments , covering y enveloping, adorning , and suchlike, as ti^3^> tD^D. rri^' ^^^ ^ "^^^^ when used in metaphorical language ; e. g. \^)iT\ D^ID ^^ the pas- tures are clothed with flocks Ps. 65, 14; "11i^ Dbi^ who envelops himself with light Ps. 104, 2; Iti^??"! nti^S ^""^^P^ ItO^ll. n?5^I) ""^tOIti^ w^j/ m^;^^ adversaries be clothed with dishonour, and may they cover them- selves with their shame as with a m^antle Ps. 109, 29. (Conf. 35. 3)- b) verbs signifying: to be full , to lack, as i^^^ to be full', J^l'^ to swarm, to abound Gen. i, 20; i^3^ /<? ^^ satisfied; }^"1D /<? increase , to overflow (conf n. 7) Prov. 3, 10 ; ion ^^ 2/<2:;2^ (that which is wanting being object, and the person or thing to which anything is wanting subject); e.g. D''TOn I'npni ""^li^ n^pn Dfpil^n peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous Gen. 18, 28; ^D^ to be bereaved Gen. 27, 45. c) several verbs of dwelling, and not only near or in a place, as |D^ Jes. 33, 16, 1W Gen. 4, 20, *11J Judges 5, 17, but also with somebody, with a people ; e.g. )^\ ^1^"] ^7 /^^ ^z;^7 man shall not dwell with thee Ps. 5, 5. Conf. Ps. 120, 5. 9) The same construction without preposition or pre- fix is also used to express the adverbial relations, as after the manner of, in proportion to, what regards, as for, according to, etc.; e. g. Ht^^n ^ ^5^ D^O?? ^-^ for the 32. OBJECT OF THE VERB. 12$ dead thou shalt make no mourning Ez. 24, 17; T&^T^^ D^p ISPp ni^V and he offered burnt offerings according to the number of them all Job 1,5; ^DP ^'^}^ ^???D p!! ^/^Z;^ ^^i" regards the throne will I be greater than thou Gen. ^i, 40; "1^ Dnin "Tl^lD j-^/// up as with a close seal Job 41,7; "in^ n^ Qn?n^ /^ 7%"^^ /^<^.y w^VA the decision of) one mouth = with one consent Zeph. 3, 9. It further expresses all "sorts of adverbial determi- nations; e. g. ^^^'T) "ip.ti^ they persecute me wrongfully Ps. 119,86; bnn "'i^Dmn ^^^1 and how will ye foolishly comfort me^ Job 21, 34; riD"!^ 053^ ^ ^^^^ //^^;;2 freely Hosea 14, 5 ; onnpn Dnpi;^ D^:^?n Ephraim has bitterly grieved Hosea 12, 15 ; D^^^^D "il.ril ^^^ is come down asto- nishingly Lam. I, 9; very frequently with the verb ^^'> e.g. ""D^ ID^n they are gone unto captivity Lam. i, 5 5 ""li?. W l^^ni D^l ^<^ ^/:^^ r^^^i-/ me Lev. 26, 21 ; --l^^l ri^l^p.- and he came joyfully i Sam. 15, 32; "T|1^i^ iD^n^ ninti^ they shall come bending unto thee Jes. 60, 14; i^?') T\W\ ID^n neither shall ye walk straight = haughtily Mich 2, 3. Rem. 3 These kinds of determination are often also expressed in a different manner. See 35, 4. 10) The determination of time also is frequently ex- pressed as object to the verb, namely in answer: a) to the question how long? e. g. r\'^ Tm TTsM. ^^W they served twelve years Gen. 14, 4; conf. Deut. i, 46; 9, 25. b) to the question when? r\r\^W)^ Ql"! ^|5p1 ^^yiatmor- ning , at evening, at noonday I pray Ps. 55, 18. 126 HEBREW SYNTAX. * ii) With verbs signifying to speak, to cry, to work, to save etc. the organ with which the action is perfor- med frequently stands as object, and the adverbial deter- mination as determination of the organ (conf. n. 5); eg. hT\l ^p p<^Ti<tJ and I cried with a loud voice Ez. 11, 13; conf. 2 Sam. 15, 23; H^D"] f]D H^V '^^^ the poor worketh with a slack hand Prov. 10, 4 (conf. our expressions such as to play football)-, frequently also without deter- mination; e. g. ^"Ipi^ ""^p / cry unto the Lord with my voice Ps. 3, 5; conf. 27, 7; 142, 2; Jes. 10, 30; TO! ID^D they speak with their mouth Ps. 17, 10 conf. 66, 17; ''l^in y^"1D i^Di ng^D deliver me from the wicked by the sword Ps. 17, 13; ^i"ip1 rD^^i^in save with thy right hand Ps. 60, 7; 108, 7; conf. 44, 3. (In i Sam. 25, 26. 33 however T is subject). This construction is known by the name of accusati- vus instruments Rem. 4 Other constructions of course are also possible. See 34 , 2 and 35, 6. 12) The verba sentiendi , chiefly n^"J, sometimes go- vern as object a nomen which is really the subject of a subordinate clause (antiptosis); e.g. "I'ii^nTli^. 'n^^. i^"P>. DItO ^3 and God saw that the light was good Gen. i, 4 conf. Gen. 6, 2; 12, 14; 49, 15; Ex. 2, 2; Ps. 25, 19; with i^T e. g. i^in V"p ''? D:?n"n^jl n:;!; thou knowest that the people are set on evil Ex. 32, 22, conf. 2 Sam. 3, 25; 17, 8; I Kings 5, 17. 13) The Hebrews, moreover, in the case of many verbs, consider as object the person who in the English 32. OBJECT OF THE VERB. 12J language is but one interested in the action ; e. g. with Iti^S to bring a message \ nj^ to answer; "13^ to serve (e.g. Gen. 15, 13); D^l^ to stand security-, HJ^ to com- mand \ ^"1 to take up the quarrel , dispute. 15) Many intransitive verbs, even passive and re- flexive verbs (in ^^D^. ^i^pH and ^]^srin) may with a cer- tain modification of meaning be connected with an object; e. g. J^cn {to be favourably inclined, generally with 3) to desire , to will ^'Hi^Dn "^ D'^'ID DTI / desire not the blood of bullocks Jes. i, 1 1 ; i^3^ [to be moved to speak) to propheUs^ II^^PI? ^5^ "'^^ which Jeremia hath pro- phesied Jer. 25, 13; DDj [to place oneself round anything) to surround ^]'^^^^it ISDJ they surrounded the house Jud- ges 19, 22; ^;i1Dn^^l they fight against me Ps. 109, 3; ^n^nn to appropriate Lev. 25,46; Jes. 14, 2; IJl^ tein!!5 to make one the object of intrigue, to conspire against one Gen. 37, 18; p.isnn to consider Job 37, 14; 'D ?AS"^.^ 1^1^"?^ /^ appear before the Lord i Sam. i, 22 (conf. n. 4). Rem. 5 The object is sometimes omitted in expressions which are frequently used: e. g. i^ti^i = D^iD i^ti^i ^^ receive favourably Gen. T T T TT 4, 7; 18, 24. 26: or = )*iy i^ti^i to bear punishment Jes. 2,9; or ' T T T = !?1P i<ti^i ^^ ^^^>s"^ ^'^^^ ^^^'-^^ ) ^^ <^0^ loudly Jes. 3,7; DID = rT'lS HID ' T T -T : -T to make a covettant i Sam. 20, 16: H^ti^ = "I"" Pl^ti^ ^^ put forth one's -T T -T y^a??^ 2 Sam. 6, 6 perhaps also Ps. 18, 17 DIIDD n^^"' He put forth his hand from on high; ItD^ (= IDti^) = HJ^ "ItO^ ^^ remain angry -T - T I- -T Jer. 3, 5; Ps. 103, 9. Rem. 6 Concerning the use of ^ with the object see 27, 6 E s. 128 HEBREW SYNTAX. 33- Verbs with a twofold object. i) The causative forms {b^B and ^"^^DH) of verbs which already in bp__ have an object, often govern a twofold object; e. g. in^np-HifJ ^P1''"ni!5 ItO^^PH and they stript Jo- seph of his coat Gen. 37, 23; ^^5^n to clothe Gen. 41,42; ^^P to fill Ex. 28, 3; brqm to feed Deut. 8, 16; ^m and "ipn to crown and to make any one to be wanting in a thing Ps. 8, 6; "ij.i^ to gird Ps. 18, 33. 2) Many verbs also govern in ^12 a twofold object; e. g. li^p to strengthen UVh'VB ^B^ "J^P strengthen thine heart with a morsel of bread Judges 19, 5 ; ^DJ to repay I Sam. 24, 18; n^ to spread over Ez. 13, 10 ; "1^^ to crown Ps. 5, 13; *) PITO to anoint Vs. /\.^, 8; "^JDD to uphold^ to aid Ps. 51, 14. to bestow upon Gen. 27, 37; V3)^ to despoil Prov. 22, 23; also expressions of sowing and planting; e.g. PI^D Hl^'jri ^^<^ sowed it with' salt Judges 9, 45; conf. Jes. 5, 2; 17, lO; 30, 23. 3) The Hebrews generally express the thing produced or obtained by any action, as object along with the object denoting the material of which it has been pro- duced; e. g. nynn n^^ nt^i^n Cp. with partitions shalt thou make the ark Gen. 6, I3;^^nn;i U^y^ ]1D^1'^^$ ^'D for a father of a m-ultitude of nations have I made thee Gen. 17, 5 (conf. Lat. reddere)\ D^Di^tO!^ Ut)'^ ^'^W^ ^^d I will make them savoury meat for thy father Gen. 27, 9; HDiiD nrj^ DW i) 'lilt^^ri however may also be a form of 7^^Qn , iii which the plin of the byiBTl 'V ^^^ fallen away, like 1D"}T1 Jer- 9, 2 ; conf. author's gramm. i8, 4. Rem. i. 33- VERBS WITH A TWOFOLD OBJECT. 1 29 aud he set it up for a pillar Gen. 28, 18; IDIi^ n''tr:i;i ^j[p nnti^p JD^ and thou shalt make of it an holy an- ointing oil Ex. 30, 25 ; ni-5n Tr\M QW nn^^ n^D^l and thou shalt bake twelve cakes thereof Lev. 24, 5; DNl njDI ?13T?p D''^3^^^ <3:?2</ A^ built an altar with the stones I Kings 18, 32. This construction becomes remarkable when the object of the material stands last; e. g. D^^ V^D ^D Wnp he made all its vessels of brass Ex. 38, 3 ; 11i'']il *1D;^ Ql'^C ^^ * ^^ formed the man of dust Gen. 2, 7. 4) When the speaker or writer wishes to indicate what part of the object is more especially affected by the action, then this part also takes the place of object; . g. '^^ ^Dltfi^l ^T\ he will wound thee in the head Gen. 3, 15; ^pj lipi J^^ let us not take his life Gen. 37, 21 (prop, to smite him what regards his life Conf. Deut. 19, 6; 22, 26); V^p^ D.'^ino l^np smite his adversaries in the loins Deut. 33, 11 ; ti^ipnn D^ TQ'^X he smote him there in the belly 2 Sam. 3, 27 ; 'Pi) *'3^^^ ^D n^ r\^^r\ thou hast smitten all mine enemies on the cheek Ps. 3, 8. The same construction also occurs with the intran- sitive verbs ; e. g. vyr\ fl^ njn he was diseased in his feet I Kings 15, 23. The parallel place 2 Chron. 16, 12 reads: V^jI?. Concerning the construction of these verbs when used in the passive, see 34. Rem. 7 35,7 will show that here also other constructions are possible. 130 HEBREW SYNTAX. 34. Construction of the Passive, i) A passive expression in Hebrew is frequently con-^ nected with an object; namely: a) when a causative verb (^^D and b^^^DTl) governs a. double object ( 33, i), then in the passive that object alone which is directly affected by the action, changes into the subject, while the other object remains object, and this irrespective of whe- ther the subject is a nomen or pronomen, or is implied in the verbum finitum ; e. g. H'^i]^"})! *\'^^, which has been shewed thee Ex. 26, 30; ni^"iD HH^ Iti^J^ Ex. 25, 40 ; ""ni^^ ^^1 ^^\>3 I shall be deprived of mine remaining year's Jes. 38, 10 ; VTTi U^^T\ IDD the momi- tains were covered with the shadow of it. Ps. 80, 1 1 ;, ^j^ ^THl ^ ""O^n^n so am I made to possess months of vanity Job 7, 3. b) with regard to the construction explained in 33, 4, the person alone who undergoes the action, be- comes subject, while the further determination re- mains object; e.g. D^n^lV^ Itf? m Dn^D^I and ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. Gen. 17, II. 14. 24. 25.*) c) a transitive verb with its object, is not unfrequently changed into passive in such a manner that the verb alone changes its gender, while the object re- i) This construction of the passive is very similar to that of various intransitive verbs mentioned in 32 , 9. 34- CONSTRUCTION OF THE PASSIVE. 131 tains its place as object ; e. g. TV},} ^^5l T^D^ "l.^'l''! and unto Henoch was born Irad. Gen. 4, 18 conf. 21, 5 ; 40, 20; WV, n51 n^ npD-]^ li^l ^;2^ /A^ Wd?^^^ of Esau were told to Rebeka Gen. 27, 42 conf. 2 Sam. 21, II; I Kings 18, 13; "^m n^ TO ^^li^l ^^b1 neither shall thy name any more be called Q^n, 17,5; Dh^^ K"!^? ^5?^^ '^^'^ ^^^ /^;^</ 2f (3:^ filled with them Ex. I, 6; \^mL n^5 nt$^D n^t Dti^l"! and Moses and Aaron were brought again unto, Pharaoh Ex. 10, 8; \*^^X\ riNl jri.^ /^/ this land be given Num. 32, 5 ; conf. I Kings 2, 21 ; "l^ti^ ns^ T\^^'^^ and the gate is smitten with destruction Jes. 24, 12. The same construction occurs with the participle ; e. g. njH IIOHH n^l "ini^HT and this great store is left 2 Chron. 31, 10. ^) 2) The operating cause in the passive is generally expressed by h\ e. g. ^^^ D'J?^ ^'''I? blessed be Abram of (= ^j/) God Gen. 14, 19; 1^ "inj^^l ;2^ /^^ Z^r^ 2/^j in- treated by him Gen. 25, 21 ; ^n ^^;ti^'>. IH^^ D^ the poor is hated even of his friend Pro v. 14, 20. 2) In many of these instances the passive may be changed into the active with an indefinite subject (one). By this it becomes clearer to our western way of understanding, that the object may remain in the passive, and that it does not agree in number and gender with the verb, even when it precedes, seeing that it is not subject but object; e- g- 13 "iSy 1^{^ n^pn miDyn ^^^^ hard service wherein thou wast 't -._ V . T 't- t -:t made to serve = wherein they made thee to serve Jes. 14,3; H^p Dlin ^ mn <2! grievous vision is declared unto me Jes. 21,2; D^^H'' nii^lTI {^^'li and the arms of the fatherless have been broken Job 22, 9; T \ : "nnni D'')^3Ii^ '^pti^ seventy weeks are decreed upon Dan. 9, 24. 132 HEBREW SYNTAX. More rarely by ]P (or "D) e. g. 1)V "it^J b'D r\13) ikb) ^13^n ""Dp neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters Gen. 9, 1 1 ; I^JIS 15^ ''li^i^P 'HD a man's steps are directed by the Lord Ps. 37, 23; or by ^^W^\ e.g. DH^ipp DDPl J^n^n riiJ^D //^^ earth is filled with violence through them Gen. 6, 13; or by 3 e.g. "^Jp^^ IDT Dl^^J by man shall his blood be shed Gen. 9, 6; Tin. ""^"I^l ;/^ ;/^jj/ /<?r<3f was commanded by the Lord. Num. 36, 2; DD")") ^3 for in thee the fatherless findeth mercy, Hosea 14, 4; finally also as object; e.g. fei^H D*in /^^ shall be devoured by the sword. Jes. i, 20 Conf. 32, 11. Rem. 8 Many intransitive verbs sometimes supply the place of pas- sive verbs ; e. g. H^V ^^ ^^ brought up , to be offered Lev. 2 , 12; /^ /^^ booked^ to be entered in "1SDD3 "IDDDH TU^ neither was the num- ber entered into the account I Chron. 27, 245 J^J^^ to be brought forth TT Deut. 14, 22. 35. Connection of the noun with the verb through the addition of letters or words. i) In most of the cases, mentioned in 32, letter or word prepositions are not unfrequently used. Even the passive object is sometimes connected with b\ e.g. "l.iDt^^ Xr\X\ they slew Abner 2 Sam. 3, 30 conf. 27, 6 E f . 2) The answer to the question whither? ( 32, 6) is frequently expressed by h)^ or b e. g. "I31p b^ IJ^lJl'^ 'y^ and they went to the wilderness of Shur. Ex. 15, 22; Dpiri^DP? w get you unto your burdens Ex. 5, 4. This is the only construction when a person is the 35- CONNECTION OF THE NOUN WITH THE VERB. 1 33 terminus of the action, except in the case of those verbs with which a person may also stand as object (see 32, 6). If however the terminus of the action is not a person H appended to the noun (locative D) is also frequently used, sometimes even in answer to the ques- tion where? e. g. l^i? n^"}^ I^DJl \'m T^^^ nifl to go into the land of Canaan , and they came into the land of Ca- naan Gen. 12, 5. Generally, however, the place where any thing occurs is indicated by the prefix 3 : e. g. D^^ YTQ. TD^n wherefore standest thou without? Gen. 24, 31. 3) Also with the verbs, named in 32, 8, other con- structions than those which have been there set forth not unfrequently occur ; e. g. T^^^_ DDt^ 7^1 and he shall cover his beard Lev. 13, 45 ; tO^^DH i^iPD 'IIDD he hath stripped me of my glory Job 19, 9. 4) The manner in which anything takes place is usually expressed by 3 (ID?) ; e. g. jgij ID? n^lJiDD they went down into the depths like a stone ^yi. 15, 5; ^T^^'V DHin? set me as a seal Cant. 8, 6 (conf. 32, 9). The other conjunctive words or letters are in this case usually omitted ; e. g. n'''}1)?i3 as in her youth Lev. 22, 13; Q"a"}.? as in their stable Jes. 5, 17; li^JDH^ D^D ]3^D the waters are frozen as into a stone Job 38. 30; I^Elll '^ "l^pp and they waited for me as for rain Job 29, 23; "113^3 13 pp^On canst thou play with him as with a bird? Job 40, 29. Rem. 1 Other prepositions are rarely added; e. g. Hi^D ^IJIIDD within as it were half a furrow i Sam. 14, 14; Hil^i^IDD and Pl^nriDD 134 HEBREW SYNTAX. as in the beginning Jes. 1,265 T\T\ ''^DDS as it were before the sword Lev. 26, 36; pn"!P3"^3^I) as much as in all riches Ps. 1 19, 14. 5) Determinations of time in answer to the question when (Conf. 32, 10^) are usually expressed by 3; e. g. "Ipp3 D?^!!l and he rose early in the morning Gen. 22, 3; "^S^nOP DI^J DI1 ^DDI //^ 2e;^?2/ ^z/^rj/ day Est. 2, 11. 6) The organ also through which an action is per- formed ( 32, 11), is usually expressed by 3 (ID?); e.g. "'D? ^^"11^ with my mouth will I make known Ps. 89, 2 ; 195 nil^ zf2V/2 7ny mouth I wilt give thanks Ps. 109, 30; 1^ \T\T\^ ''D ID? / intreat him with my mouth Job 19, 16; "ti^^"! ID? Dp^Jp^. ^J^^^^5t1 and I could shake mine head at you Job 16, 4 (conf. ti^{^-l IJ^^;!; Ps. 22, 8); It^^i^")? TiJI and he shall shake his head Jer. 18, 16. Conf. also Ps. 35, 16 and Lam. 2, 16 with Job 16, 9. The ? instrumentalis is not unfrequently used in He- brew even where we in English have the simple object; e. g. n^D? Dnjl <3:;/^ he lifted up the rod Ex. 7, 20; H^OJ n^lp? ""^^ (conf. li?1p jrii) /^ raise one's voice Jer. 1 2, 8 ; HDt^? ITOD: //2^j ^/^;/ M^ mouth Ps. 22, 8; i:i^.^:^ D?^:! niD^^? thou hast covered us with the shadow of death Ps. 44, 20 ; n''P? "i^^ 'n;^D /A^jj/ opened their mouth at me Job 16, 10 with which conf. H^D TTp^^ Jes. 5, 14; "llDp:i iDin^? Xih'^ she shall rain his food upon him Job 20, 23 with which conf. Di;)^ Tppp Ex. 16,4; H^T? l?;i nt^"]D Zion wrung her hands Lam. i, 17. (For the rest, consult the Lexicon). 7) Prepositions are also occasionally used to express 36. CONSTRUCTIO AD SYNESIN. 1 35 a second object which is added to determine the first object more accurately; e. g. ti^^DH biA iri5]ll ke smote him in the belly 2 Sam. 2, 23; TbT\ b'^_ 13^ they shall smite the judge upon the cheek Michah 4, 14. Conf. Deut. 28, 35. CHAPTER XI. THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUBJECT UPON THE PREDICATE AS REGARDS GENDER AND NUMBER. 36. Constructio ad Synesin. i) The general rule that the predicate agrees in gender and number with the subject also exists in Hebrew. It is, however, frequently not observed, be- cause the attention is directed more to the idea and signification of the subject than to its grammatical form. {Constructio ad synesin). 2) Hence singularia which express a collective idea, as D}^. ""l-l people , T\^^ family, \^^ flock , or which in cer- tain cases have acquired a collective signification (Conf. 2, I c), are by preference construed in the plural ; e. g. l^^iinj^Dn the flock came Gen. 30, 38; ^jDI'' D^S I^M and the house of Joseph went up Judges i, 22; '^^)^ li^lll h)KW^, and the men of Israel saw Judges 9, 55 ; D"^^^. ID.iJl xind Aram fled i Kings 20, 20 ; D^H I^TI the people shall know Jes. 9, 8 ; Dgl IDH the oppressors are consumed Jes. 16, 4; DJlD^n (refers to T},^ v. 10) it shall be broken up Jes. 27, 1 1 ; D^^^. D^ l!?J1 and the people of Aram shall go into captivity. Amos i, 5; V^'J ^1"^ T^:!^) 1DJ the wicked jlee when no man pursueth Prov. 28, i. 136 HEBREW SYNTAX. The predicate agrees with the signification of a col- lective noun not only in number but also in gender;, e. g. D'idS Kl^"? ^?^- ^^<^ ^^^ t^^ country wept 2 Sam. 15^ 23 conf. I Sam. 17, 46, i Kings 10, 24; ^ ^ni^lDI Vr\\ and thy issue shall be thine Gen. 48, 6 ; ^pt iniD'' ^r^iB n"^3^D and all the increase of thine house shall ^ I ..... J die I Sam. 2, 33; Dn:^i:in h^l^\ ^^t^7\, ^nd all the con- gregation of Israel that were assembled i Kings 8, 5 ; Qin^^Q n''"}i:^.^ 1"i5iJ1 ci^d the remnant of the Philistines shall perish Amos i, 8; Hlti^lri ')^'1 "ij^S- ^^^ cows were- plowing Job I, 14. Rem. 1. The predicate seldom stands in the singular when the- subject is a coUectivum ; e. g. l*jj i^ti^'i "^ nation shall not lift up T sward against nation Jes. 2, 4 (conf. however, the parallel place- Michah 4, 3. Rem. 2. Constructions such as Gen. 34, 30 are very peculiar 5 ^iJ^^ 1SD?D TlD 'vohile I (and those with me) are few in number. T : : Rem. 3. The construction sometimes commences in the singular (chiefly when the verb precedes the subject) and changes, after the col- lectivum has been named, into the plural; e. g. l73i^r)'''1 D^H J^Dti^^l' in^ ^^1 and when the people heard ... .they mourned .^ and no one- put on etc. Ex. 33, 4. 5) On the other hand, pluralia with a singular signi- fication, chiefly the so called pluralia excellentiae , ( 2,. 2 e), are often construed in the singular ; e. g. Vili;?. Diiit TW\^ 'h jn^. if his master give him a wife Ex. 21, 4;. DDIi l*!^^? DJ1 and his owner also shall be put to death Ex. 21, 29. The same construction however also occurs with other nouns; e. g. O'l^J") the ostrich Job 39, 13 36. CONSTRUCTIO AD SYNESIN. I3f and ff. (conf. Talm. Babyl. Menach. 66 b); U^l^ face , front 2 Sam. lo, 9; vmiVj (= ni.t^) field Hab. 3, 17. When the subject is a feminine noun with a mascu- line signification the predicate is , for the same reason , construed masculine ; e. g. DDp D^Hp ^^5 the preacher was wise Eccl. 12, 9. 4) Pluralia which signify animals or material objects, whether of the masc. or fem. gender, are by preference construed with the fem. sing. (conf. i, 3^); e.g. nn^i^l "';in m^ nn?ni Dn;p n^p^DIJ^l and thorns shall come up in her palaces and it shall be an habitation of jackals Jes. 34, 13 nniHi^t. D'^^pDl sorrows have taken hold of her Jer. 49, 24 ; n|Dp "ID \lb (the suffix refers to n^^tSO) he departed not therefrom (i. e. the sins of Jeroboam) 2 Kings 3, 3; n^lin rm^ (refers to n^^^5) that the foot may crush them that the wild beast may trample them (i.e. her eggs) Job 39, 15. 5) Plural nouns also of persons are sometimes con- strued with the singular; namely when the attention is more directed to the individuals of the subject (conf. 553 = omyiis and omnes) ; e. g. Dl^.^ nii3 his branches creep over the wall Gen. 49, 22; I^J^*"?^ (referring to D''};^^^) when he (i. e. the wicked) bringeth it Prov. 21, 27; n^p;i "TiDDD D''j?''1^1 but the righteous are bold as a lion Prov. 28, I; chiefly when the subject is a participle j e. g. "^1-19 T?^i?9'' "I'l"'^ Tt^^ cursed be every 07ie that curseth thee y and blessed be every one that blesseth thee Gen. 27, 29 ; npT" DID H^^iop every one that profaneth it shall surely be put to death Ex. 31, 14; ^^li^p W^ii ""Dia 138 HEBREW SYNTAX. as for my people, children are their oppressors ]qs,. 3, I2; I^^P n^5^^*5 ' ^^<^ happy is every one that retaineth her Prov. 3, 18. 6) With duals the predicate stands in the plur., because no dualform exists of verbs, adjectives and pronouns e. g. msi HNl^ \i''Jl and Lea^s eyes were tender Gen. 29, 17 rilV^ n''r)Dt^ her lips were moving i Sam. i, 13; DD''!' li^.^D D''P"!J j^^^r hands are full of blood Jes. i, 15 ; DPI D3 X\^ X')^ (referring to Q?rii?) it (i. e. the light of mine eyes) also is gone from me Ps. 38, 1 1 ; sometimes, however, it is found in the sing. (conf. n. 4) ; e. g. nijij Vy^.l ci,nd his eyes were set i Sam. 4, 1 5 ; li^'A'^J! 11''^? Tnni ^?2^ /^/ ^2/r ^/^j gaze upon Zion Michah 4, 1 1 . 37. The construction of sentences in which the pre- dicate precedes the subject. i) The predicate frequently differs in gender and number from its subject because of its position in the sentence ; for the speaker or writer, (as if not yet quite certain about the right grammatical construction), often begins with the most simple form, namely that of the masc. sing., although a fem. or plur. noun will fol- low; e.g. a) with the verb as predicate ; ril^^p X\\ let there be lights Gen. i, 14; Dlijn nin33 nti^l and the loftiness of man shall be bowed down Jes. 2, 17; DID?? JD? ^ reproaches shall not depart Michah 2, 6 ; Cti^J ^^\ no women were found Job 42, 15. This construction is more rare when the subject 37- PREDICATE PRECEDING ITS SUBJECT. 1 39 is fern, plur., for then the predicate is construed at least in the plur. masc. i7^ DliD li^^.l fke daughters of Shiloh come out Judges 21, 21 ; UyhT\ 1D3ini be- fore your feet stumble Jer. 13, 16; Vrjp^V ID^.I his branches shall spread Hosea 14, 7. h) with an adj. as predicate; e.g. ^X^^^^ Iti^^ upright are thy judgments Ps. 119, 37; H^lti^^ C^^^IP pITJ salvation is far from the wicked Ps. 119, 155. c) with a participle as predicate ; ^^l^^. Ji^li Dj;") thy ser- vants are shepherds Gen. 47. 3. ^/) with the copula n;n or i^lH; ^T\, X^T^'^ r\\ and all the days of Enoch were Gen. 5, 23; n!^i HIH^ ^6 J "IDDI /2:;/<3^ the flower becometh a ripening grape Jes. 18, 5; in^rji i^in 'n ""^S^^^ ^/^^ offerings of the Lord made by fire are his inheritance Jos. 13, 14; D^DiJ^H Hlpn ^in 75ri /br //^^ customs of the nations are vanity Jer. 10, 3. 2) If, however, in such cases the sentence is con- tinued after the subject, the subsequent predicates agree with the subject in gender and number; e.g. dl^D'^ni ')''nV-- let there be lights and let them be Gen. i, 14; ,n^ni l^iin IDOl'X and the flocks conceived and brought forth Gen. 30, 39 ; ^JD^ ID^^l D^^^i^. "h^ ^DJl and the elders of Israel came unto me and sat before me Ez. 14, I (conf. 38, 3). Rem. 1. In general it is noticeable that the feminine forms are sparingly used, for, not unfrequently , only that particular predicate which stands nearest to the subject is construed fern. (Conf. 4, 11); e. g. ^ "llli; DTJI nnnD b'S^ sheol from beneath is moved . . . ': t; T : 140 HEBREW SYNTAX. ... // stirreth up the shades for thee Jes. 14, 9: V-)J^ D^^Di^ hz^. V T T : : \ - T the land mourneth and languisheth Jes. 33, 9. The same thing may also be noticed as regards adjectives, suffixes, participles, and other words 5 viz. the feminine is only expressed once, and that by the word which is nearest to the subject; e.g. Pl^rT^ .... nRTD pi^ni ^^^ ^^^-S" stone shall be God's house Gen. 28, 22: iniDD*) Dn^H ninDD i/" ^^ T : T v : come to the one company and smite it Gen. 32, 9; pin*) D^llH HII' a great and strong wind i Kings 19, 115 "j^ Dim w^ T\TV\7^ "1^ ^ hand put forth unto tne ^ and ^ lo ^ therein a roll of a book Ez. i, 9. In like manner, in a series of successive forms of the second pers^ sing, imperf. , it will more than once be found that the first form alone possesses the fem. termination 1" : e. g. n"1Dni ^^VDI ^-^^^ ^^^ T : '^. gone up and made thee a covenant Jes. 57, 8; "H^^^ ''^''T'i?^^ i^llUn*) thou hast caused thy days to draw near^ and thou art come Ez. 22, 4 ; pnii!? n^nn Titian t^^u shalt drink thou shall be laughed to scorn Ez. 23, 32. Finally, the masc. instead of the fem. is sometimes found in a sub- ordinate sentence 5 e. g. pjQ^ {^7 ^^ fi^^ lho,l ^^ not blown Job 20,26. ')> Rem. 2. The change of gender in Nah. 3, 15 is very irregular nini^S *'"13Dnn ^rO "13Dnn ^o-ke thyself many as the cankerworm y make thyself many as the locust. 3) The instances in which a suffix, referring ta something plural, is used with a distributive sense in the sing., are numerous ; e. g. 1W H^D^I '^:;f^)K b'^ against thine enemies and thou carriest them away captive Deut. 21, lO; conf. 28,48; TOp D^DTO ^;.^ i) Instances such as Lev. 2, i ; 5, i are of a different kind, for the fem. noun ^Di ^s referring to a person of the male sex, is in the continuation of the sentence construed as masc. 38. COMPOUND SUBJECTS. I4I two cherubim each ten cubits high i Kings 6, 23; 1^ pl^l D113^ to the nations and he will hiss for them Jes. 5, 26; n^niip")^$ n^?iJ1 V'T^? upon his cities und it will devour the castles thereof Hosea 8, 14 (See Abn-Ezra on this place); in!i^3 ni"lJ?D )^tr\i\, canst thou lead forth the Mazzaroth in their season? Job 38, 32. Rem. 3. The instances where the predicate, even when following its subject, differs from it in gender and number are to be explained on the one hand by the tendency to use the third pers. plur. masc. of -Jinj? instead of the third pers. plur. fem. ; e. g. Vrliip^^l. ID^i^ DNll ')"]711 and God healed his wife and maid servants ^ and they bore child- ren Gen. 20, 17; ]1D"T' ^ri^DDI ^f^^ ^y high ways shall be exalted Jes. 49, 1 1 5 l^pD^ Vni''"nni ^'^^ their women with child shall be ripped -up Hosea 14, i ; ni'^^rT'T D^ti^J^'^DI DID^D r\r\^\^^\ HIIlD the daughters T :-; : t:t :-;- t saw her and called her blessed^ yea the queens and the concubines ^ and they praised her Cant. 6, 9 (Conf. 18, 3 Rem. )j and on the other hand by the circumstance that the predicate is often a participle which should be considered as a noun ; e. g. V^*) ni^tSD nHD? ^^^ coucheth at the door Gen. 4, 7. The same irregularity also occurs a few times with the verb rT^ni TT .g- r\X\ ntD^yi and it was dark Gen. 15, 17; r\X\^ niTH "^"Tm T T T T.- V : T - - : - : and four parts shall be your own Gen. 47, 24; n"lTJ^7 n^D^ Dnj^ miH T : VT V : T vne law shall be to him that is homeborn Ex. 12, 49; 1^ pj'^D D^D ''iD / had servants born in my house Eccl. 2, 7. In the last example ^^ H^H may also be considered as a new sentence and may be translated and homeborn slaves^ also these were given to me. 38. The construction of subjects consisting of more than one word. (Compound subjects). i) When the subject consists of a noun in st. constr. 142 HEBREW SYNTAX. connected with another noun, the predicate agrees in gender and number with the nomen regens. Sometimes ,> however, it agrees with the nomen rectum, chiefly when this contains the main idea of both nouns ; e. g. ^m ^p ^V!i^ TO? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth Gen. 4 10; *) conf. Jes. 52, 8; Jer. 10, 22; Job 29, 10 ; "innp\' li^sp Vy7^ and his chosen captains are sunk Ex. 15, 4; n^nn ""ID n^^^ V^i when the plague of leprosy is in a man Lev. 13, 9; riDn^Qn \i?) yh^ nn^n ^5 that the battle wa^ set against him 2 Sam. lo, 9; (in this instance the verb agrees with the nom. rectum , although it precedes) ; 1to:s;^1 -l-JP. \:)? ni33 n^j?. -ISPP ^mj\ and the residue of the number of the archers , the mighty men of the children of Kedar, shall be feiv Jes. 21, 17; ^^r\ Win lepp') and the number of his months is cut off Job 21, 21 ; D''^^ 1^ HDipn ^V^y\^ and multitude of years should teach wisdom Job 32, 7. For the same reason also the predicate generally stands in the plur. with the noun ^53 ; e. g. ""Ip? h"^ I^H^l Dl^^ ^;2<^ all the days of Adam were Gen. 5, 5 ; ^3 IJDJ )i^^D "'5^'' ^^^ ^-^^ inhabitants of Canaan are melted away Ex. 15, 15; with the cardinal numbers from three to- ten y and with n??p and ^^. Rem. 1. With ^3 however the predicate not unfrequently stands in the sing. ; e. g. pj^ 1?^^ ^3 IH""! ^^^ ^^-^ ^-^^ days of Noah were Gen. 9,, 29; nSin^ n^n l^'^lDriD !pD1 '^^'^ ^^'^'^ ^^^' pleasant things are laid i) ^p is by some considered as an exclamation; e.g. the voice of thy brother'' s bloody that crieth or lo ^ thy brother'' s blood crieth! 38. COMPOUND SUBJECTS. I43 waste Jes. 64, 10; V^i^lB ^T. ^^^"pIT^D all the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes Pro v. 16, 2. Rem. 2. The predicate occasionally agrees with the nom. rectum for no other reason than that it is nearest to it \ e. g. Q'^Dll D'''i!!}5 Dti^P the bows of the mighty men are broken i Sam. 2, 45 QIJ^ DiriDJ "i''^ ^Q^ the lofty looks of man shall be brought low Jes. 2, 1 1 ; l^iV ^'jj^')' ^HiJ^ ^^5 DH D^ as for the light of mine eyes , it also is gone from me Ps. 38, II. 2) With two or more subjects connected by the con- junction \ the predicate generally stands in the plur., provided it follows the subject; e. g. )^ T^JJI J^nj iriS^I' seedtime and harvest shall not cease Gen. 8, 22; Di^pT n")ti^"l Dn^Di^^ now Abraham and Sarah were old Gen. 18, II; D'l^ini ^^OI^DI T^5 ^^J^ -^^^-^ ^^'^ ^^J'^ daugh- ters shall be given Deut. 28, 32. *) If however the pre- dicate precedes, then it generally agrees in number and gender with the subject which stands nearest to it; e. g. V^5^ rii i^DJl and Noah and his sons went in Gen. 7, 7 ; HDi^l HTIi^ "lQi^''1 ^?2<^ /^^r brother and mother said Gen* 24, 55; n^l^^'l ^^!l.^ D^ ^^ni ^/^^^ Z^^>^ <^/.$-^ ^/^^ her children came 7iear Gen. 33, 7; Vrii^l nilD^ ^y^and Jiidah and his brethren came Gen. 44, 14; b^^^. ';}?') H^D ^^^:^ Moses and the children of Israel sang Ex. 15, i; pni<"l D^"}p "IBIHI and Miriam and Aaron spoke Num. 1 2, i ; IH D{5^t^|'l Wii:^! and David and his men took them away 2 Sam. 5, 21* i) In Ex. 21, 4 riTir) n^l^'^l nii^J^n th^ ^(A and her children shall T VT T T ^^^ nti^i^n is evidently considered as the principal person. 144 HEBREW SYNTAX. Rem. 3. The predicate occasionally stands in the plur. even when it precedes : e. g. DSi^ni Hpti^D li^tDPI i^^ butler and the baker committed offence Gen. 40, i ; H'^!}^'' ^!D*I t^lJ^ D''JDi ihe earth and all T V : T : 1 V V : the inhabitants thereof are dissolved Ps. 75, 4: HID^li*! ^T\ ^Xh'^'^ V T : - : ' V \ T : let the darkness and shadow of death claim it for their own Job 3, 5. On the other hand the predicate rai-ely stands in the sing, when it follows ; e. g. ^7 n?2ti'^ iTTlppI ]^ti^ ointment and perfume rejoice the heart Prov. 27, 9, in which case also the masc. form is evidently pre- ferred to the fem. 3) The deviations from the natural construction in the case of more than one subject, are restricted to the first predicate, for when more predicates follow, these stand in the plur. e. g. in^^l b^DI t^P^?^5. Dgl and Abimelech and Picol rose up and returned Gen. 21, 32; ni!lli"iril n'^ri^i^yi. ng3"1 Dj^ni and Rebekah and her damsels rose up and rode Gen. 24, 61 ; ^J1Q^^^1 T\'^\ ^m j^ril and Rachel and Lea answered and said Gen. 31, 14; WJ^_ linn^^'l tH:T\ n^jj? DJ and Leah also and her children came near and bowed themselves Gen. 33, 7. (Conf. 37, 2). CHAPTER Xn. SEQUENCE OE THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SENTENCE. 39. Place of the Subject and of the Predicate. i) The Hebrews are fond of placing the principal idea or word at the beginning of the sentence. The other portions of the sentence follow according to the greater or less value which they have in the opinion of 39- PLACE OF THE SUBJECT AND OF THE PREDICATE. 145 the Speaker or writer, so that the relative preference given to the various portions of the sentence may serve as a standard for estimating the importance or value which the speaker or writer assigns to them. Rem. 1. The portion of the sentence, on which the greatest em- phasis rests , is seldom placed at the end ; e. g. ... H^i^n D^"n!3in VTi) V "T 'T :- t: ?J|327 7^^ ^^^ tkese words shall be upon thine heart Deut. 6, 6 ; and in order to strengthen the emphasis, the subject already expressed is repeated even after one single intermediate sentence ; e. g. t*1ii^ri Ti^P Ti^P f^'lJ^n niDltO ")^i^^ the land which we passed through ..... is an exceedingly good land Num. 14, 7. 2) According to the principle of n. i the verb gene- rally stands first in verbal sentences; the more so, be- cause the subject is already implied in the form of the verb. Yet even in nominal sentences the nomen expressing the predicate frequently precedes the subject, because the predicate may in many cases be considered as the principal word. 3) The subject, however, generally takes the first place in proverbial language and in comparisons; e. g. DDPI |5 DNI n^t'"^ a wise son maketh a glad father Pro v. 10, i ; D'^p^y 73 mD7P ^niD7P thy kingdom is an everlasting king- dom Ps. 145, 13; nV1D3 ^^^ for thou art even as Pharao Gen. 44, 18. 4) The subject stands first also in verbal sentences, which serve to communicate something which is ne- cessary to the context, but for which no fit opportunity has yet presented itself [pluperfect), or shall present 146 HEBREW SYNTAX. itself in the continuation of the narrative ; e. g. Hsfel n^dti^ H'2'^ now the queen of Sheba had heard i Kings 10, I ; n^^ DnVD ^.^p n'^lD Pharaoh, king of Egypt had gone up I Kings 9, 16; iriDJ irin nn^H p.ijn^ /<?^ the earth was waste and formless Gen. i, 2. Sentences with the adverb D"ltD may fitly be added to this group ; e. g. \^^^ H^ni D^^ rmr\ XV'^ by\ no plant of the field was yet on the earth Gen. 2, 5 ; D"l.^ ^i^lD^I J^T now Samuel did not yet know the Lord i Sam. 3, 7. 5) The subject, further, naturally stands first whenever it forms the principal part of the narrative, or when for some other reason it requires to be prominently set forth; e. g. 1"1D3 D^Dn*) now the waters had increased exceedingly Gen. 7, 19 (the narrator commences to describe the par- ticulars of the flood , and especially the fall of water). )n >^^lp Xyi\ now Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord Gen. 6, 8 (Noah will be the chief person in the subsequent history). "^^^''ti^H ^X\T\ the serpent (therefore no human being) beguiled me Gen. 3, 13; D^^ D"p^ Abram dwelled in the land of Canaan Gen. 13, 12 (in contrast with Lot). Relative and interrogative pronouns when subjects also stand first. (Conf. 40, 3). 6) The predicate, if an adjective, participle or pronoun, stands first in nominal sentences ; e. g. in^nD l>^p D1 Joel 2, 1 1 ; ^3:iiJ nnp or else I die Gen. 30, i ; T\)^ rh::^ ^T for I fear him Gen. 32, 12; "l^'^H ^\ M^ ^^ the thing Ex. 16, 16; D^"lD^n Tb\^ these are the words Deut. i, i. If, however, the predicate is a noun then the subject 39- PLACE OF THE SUBJECT AND OF THE PREDICATE. 1 4 7 stands first ; e. g. jlti^iD "IHJSiri Dli^ the name of the first is Pishon Gen. 2, 1 1 ; except when special emphasis is to be laid on the predicate ; e. g. DHJ^ "ID^ dust thou art Gen. 3, 19; Wi!^ Gen. 12, 13; rm n^.^ll ^3 "llDni and a ripening grape the flower becometh Jes. 18, 5 ; flD U)^ 1113 D^;p^^ 2^ my strength then of stone Job 6, 12. Rem. 2. Expressions such as QH^ PID ^^^y ^^^^ ^ mouth Ps. 115,5; ^7 riD w^<!!/ ailest thou? belong to the same class. With this kind of sentence, the predicate of which is merely expressed by 7 with a suffix, the Hebrew writers even went further, and joined the subject with the predicate into one word, by appending to the noun of the predicate a suffix; e.g. DH^T Ps. 115, 7 = UTp^ D^V ^^fTTi = C^ ^^.^H' j^J^iQ!) = '^ ti^Il^lQI and he had a concubine Gen. 22, 24; DD^""!?!! = DD^ i^^Di ^f y^ -^^^^ ^ prophet Num. 12, 6. ) V T T Rem. 3. Concerning the place of the attributive adjective see 4, 10 and Rem. 3. 40. The places of the other parts of the sentence. i) The copula in nominal sentences stands generally last, when it is a pers. pron. of the third pers., (See 31, 2; 37, \ d) but it precedes the predicate when the copula is the verb n^H. For examples see 31, 3. The object in verbal sentences has its place after the subject and predicate. Adverbial determinations, chiefly those of place and i) On the other hand some writers sever the suffix from its noun, and place it separately, after having connected it with a letter prepo- sition; e. g. 1^ miiD = ''n"1ii?D o^i of mine affliction Jonah 2, 3. Conf. TT XT' the author's Essay, Darche Hannesigah, L. B. 1881, 60, 2. 148 HEBREW SYNTAX. time, stand by preference as near as possible (either before or after) to the predicate. The negation however stands immediately before the predicate. Rem. 1. The object is seldom placed between the negation and the verb \ e. g. npti^H ^"i^ D^P ^? ^-^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ given water to the weary to drink Job 22, 7 ; \lThX> D'^^D )ib i^lHI a-nd one do not whet the edge Eccl. 10, 10; seldom also the subject; e.g. "i^pl^ti^ 'D ^ the Lord TT : hath not sent me Num. 16, 29: "Tj^n "^^ )lh mine heart went not '-T 2 Kings 5, 26; {^*i;31 n^n ViD^ \^ ''3 ^ godless man shall not come T i-T tt: before him Job 13, 16; or a determination; e.g. ^inHTl ^3^ "Hli^^P ^i^ /<z>?;^ w^ ^c'/f ^w;|/ in thy long suffering ^^x. 15, 15; ^^rT'DlD ^Di^!3 7i^ rebuke me not in thine anger Ps. 6, 2; ^^H Plp^ IHI^D '^ when he dieth he shall carry nothing away Ps. 49, 18; ^jPl^'DIi^ ^TIDT ^^ '^ I will not rebuke thee for thy sacrifices. Ps. 50, 8 ; Qlti^i '^^'^ ^^ '^ "lIV ^"^^ ^^ needeth not further to consider a man Job 34, 23, Conf. 25 Rem. 8. 2) The deviations from the rule stated in n. i have their ground in the greater emphasis the writer wishes to lay upon one or other part of the sentence. Hence: (a) the object in verbal sentences sometimes stands before the subject; e.g. ]ri"3n rbm n^^^H n^ Dnpi and the priest shall write these curses in a book Num. 5,23; n)("T. ^^"J nniDn evil shall slay the wicked Ps. 34, 22 ; or even before the verb ; e. g. '5i^p"ini 1^ njl and take the goods unto thyself Gen. 14, 21 ; ^^IP njn -15TI n^ Oi^ if thou shalt do this thing Ex. 18, 23; ^Vmq nninn nop / have found the book 41- CASE ABSOLUTE. 1 49 of the law 2 Kings 22, 8; DHr. D^!:'?^^ '^^M as one that comforteth the mourners Job. 29, 25. Rem. 2. The arrangement: object, subject, verb, is very rare; e.g. Ilin i^^DUn ^113 "nm i/ ^'^^ prophet had imposed on thee some great V T- T T T thing 2 Kings 5, 13; and that of: subject, object, verb, equally rare and only poetical ; e. g. niH IT* ^103 t^^ weaned child shall put its TT T T hand Jes. n, 8; n^^^TT) "'"l^^^ Din^jpl ^^ bows shall dash the young men in pieces Jes. 13, 18; ppl ""n^Dn 'D t^^ Lord will receive my prayer Ps. 6, 10; jpID^ P"*!^ '"^ ^^^ Z^r^ trieth the righteous Ps. II, 5. [b] the adverbial determination stands before the verb ; e.g. D''n''p^^ ^-13 n^ti^^ns Gen. I, I. 3) A few adverbs of time, such as T\V\^^ T^ almost always stand at the beginning of the sentence; others such as TO' TDH generally stand after the verb. All particles of interrogation and "l^i:^ invariably stand at the beginning of the sentence. 41. Case absolute. The greatest emphasis, which can be given to an idea, is obtained by placing it first [absolute), quite in- depently of the place it should naturally have in the sentence , and by repeating it in the subsequent sen- tence; viz. by means of a pronoun when it is subject, and otherwise by means of a pronominal suffix (conf. c^est moi, quon a accuse). This subsequent sentence should then be considered not so much as a new sen- tence, but as the predicate of the idea which has been placed first. This predicate may be expressed in the 150 HEBREW SYNTAX. form of a nominal sentence, the examples of which have been already given in 30, 3 and Rem. 2, or by a verbal sentence ; e. g. "l^ti^^n ^""H 'H 1315 the blessing of the Lord, it maketh rich Prov. 10, 22; conf. v. 24; ^^:^ T\mj n^t i^npn ^ "^W^ nt^ Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai Gen. 17, 15; ^T\\ "^113 ""^^^ as for me, the Lord has led me on the way Gen. 24, 27; ']:l;5^ti^^^ >i:i^ nD^^n 15 n^ O^l and also of the son of the bond- woman will I make a nation Gen. 21, i^; TDVH D^H H^l D**!}^?. in^ <3:;2<^ <^i- for the people, he removed them to the cities Gen. 47,21; DpHD? It^Di Hj^ti^n ""^S opti^ Shechem , my son, he longeth for your daughter Gen. 34, 8; !)ti^-|T ^.1:1 \^b^' ^W '^yi the root of Jesse of him the nations shall anxiously inquire Jes. 11, 10 ; DJU riDn* pn)" ^ but as for them, their way is not right 'Kz. 33, 17; DHI^^ nn^ ^"jni Pi2 summer and winter, thou hast made them Ps. 74, I J (conf. 10, i). Rem. 1. We occasionally find such a casus absolutus introduced by : T : V T .. .-; T I vTT V -; ': saints that are in the land ^ they are the excellent in whom is all my delight Ps. 16, 3. 45 sometimes even when it expresses the subject 5 e.g. 1")ti^^ tODti^D^ D^'nti^^P^ and as for princes ^ they shall rule according T T : : T : to judgment Jes. 32, i ; nDH nnj^til ]P DltO i^lH "in D^^ as for a living dog^ it is better than a dead lion Eccl. 9, 4; yy\T\ ^Dti^ti^^ ""ilD/*) fl^ aj for the sons of Issachar , Thola and Puah etc. i Chr. 7, i ; 0^^ V^V "llliy ^D^ ^z'^rjj/ one that passeth by it shall be astonished 2 Chr. 7, 21. The casus absolutus is now and then also introduced by r)i^5 e.g. I^D^ !3ini3 1^n"l!3Q ^3 rii^l ^^^ ^-^ f^^ ^^^ ^^^ fugitives ....- T t: T : 41- CASE ABSOLUTE. 151 they shall fall by the sword Ez. 17, 21; ID i^^ I^H IIDV HJ^ as for the pillar of cloudy it departed not Nehem. 9, 19. This Hi^ is sometimes also placed before that part of the sentence which is repeated after the whole sentence has been already pronounced, for the purpose of bringing it forward more prominently 5 e. g. inS^Dn "Iti^i^ T&)^ ''0^5'D ^^^ ''^ ^^ concerning the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem , yea as regards all that I have brought upon her Ez. 14, 22; conf. Judges 20, 44. 46. fii^ with the signification as regards is very clear in Jer. 23, 33. i^tfi'^ H^ Di^ t^ou shall say unto T them; as regards (your question) What burden! I will cast you off etc. We have however already seen (10 Rem. 7) that generally cer- tain words' or ideas, which have already been indicated by a suffix, are purposely repeated to revive the reader's attention. 2) In 30 Rem. 2 , we have seen that with senten- ces of this kind the suffix referring to the main word may sometimes be omitted. Examples of such an omis- sion are Michah 7, 1 1 pn pGII ^T\T\ U^ instead of IpH as for that day, its decrie shall be far removed \ Ps. 9, 7. m^.^ niDin idh D?i^n instead of vniBin or ^^oi3in the enemy are come to an end, his ruins are for ever\ or thou enemy . . . thy ruins etc. In this case the pre- dicate is frequently introduced by \ (the so called \ apodosis) ; e. g. *lpn ^\ Viti^ "ISDD (namely |n^) the number of his years is unsearchable Job 36 , 26 ; T\^x\ n^BH b^'yv: \;5 "^in? ^n;D^) (namely 13) as for this house . . . . . . / will dwell (in it) amongst the children of Israel 1 Kings 6, 12; Wr;^^ )ib\ I^HDtf^ Tm^ (namely n^) as for the commandment of his lips, I did not reject it ]o\i 23, 12. Rem. 2. The *| apodosis^ however, appears also where the suffix has 152 HEBREW SYNTAX. 41. CASE ABSOLUTE. not been omitted; e.g. DD^Dli^l "^i^iti^D ^^ fo'*' those that hate me^ I will cut them off 2 Sam. 22, 41 ; n3 IDNlp''^ "'n^lini (^nd as for my law ^ they have rejected it Jer. 6, 19; chiefly when the casus absolutus indicates the subject, and is introduced by another word; e.g. iH^I liiCI D^"li^^in ^^^ ^5' y^'^ them who were left^ they were scattered 1 Sam. II, 11; riiripl nD*l!!}n nn^l ^ now as for tMs pre- sent let it be given i Sam. 25, 27. 3) When such a casus absolutus is expressed by a participle, it not unfrequently contains a conditional sentence ; e. g. Dj^") Din;^5^ ]^)2 T\T\ ^3 if anyone slayeth Cainy vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold Gen. 4, 15; l^'jm ^XW ny^^i'p y^rp ^p -l^ii^. at which, if anyone heareth it, both his ears shall tingle i Sam. 3, 11 , conf. 2 Kings 21, 12; 13 T&i^\ Dpn "iSpi"* ^y one begetteth a wise child, he shall have joy of him, Prov. 23, 24. (In Keri T^W l^l^l and he that begetteth a wise child shall have joy of him). irl3n y^ )^y\ PIDT D^T W\^ ^3 when any m,an offered, the priesfs servant came, i Sam. 2, 13. Conf. 28, 2 e. INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 1, 1. 16, 3 Gen. 3, 13. 11, 3 c 32, 2 39, 5 40, 2 ^ 3, 15. 33, 4 1, 2. 4, 7 3, 16. 28, 2 b 31, 3 3, 19. 39, 6 39, 4 3, 22. 5 Rem. 4 1, 4. 32, 12 16, 1 1, 6. 17, 3 3, 22. 25 Rem. 12 1, 11. 32, 5 27, 6 C <aj 1, 14. 37, 1 4, 2. 6, Rem. 1 37, 2 6, 4 1, 16. 8, 2 4, 4. 28, 2* 1, 26. 27, 6 A r 4, 7. 32 Rem. 5 1, 30. 12, 1 37 Rem. 3 2, 5. 15, 7 4, 9. 26, 3 39, 4 4, 10. 38, 1 2, 7. 33, 3 4, 13. 8, 3 2, 10. 15, 5 4, 14. 16, 2. 30, 2 4, 15. 9, 9 2, 11. 12, 1 41, 3 39, 6 4, 18. 34, 1 c 2, 12. 31, 1 4, 20. 32, 8 c 2, 16. 15, 6 4, 26. 10, 1 2, 18. 22, 3 19, 4c 30, 5 5, 3. 27, 6Ar 2, 19. 10 Rem. 7 5, 5. 38, 1 2, 23. 30 Rem. 1 5, 23. 37, 1 rf 2, 24. 15, 5 5, 24. 25, 2Cr 3, 1. 28, 5 A /3 6, 2. 32. 12 31, 3 6, 8. 39, 5 3, 4. 22 Rem. 2 6, 13. 33, 3 3, 5. 28, 2<9 34, 2 3, 11. 25, 3 ^ 6, 16. 33, 3 154 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Gen. 6, 17. 7, 1. 1, 2. 7, 4. 7, 7. 7, 9. 7, 19. 7, 21. 8, 4. 8, 7. 8, 8. 8, 17. 8, 22. 9, 2. 9, 3. 9. 4. 9, 6. 9, 7. 9, 9. 9, 10. 9, 11. 9, 14. 9, 20. 9, 29, IL, 3. 11, 4. 11, 7. 11, 9. 11, 10. 11, 27. 11. 28. 11, 30. 12, 4. 12, 5. 12, 11. 12, 12. 12. 13. 12, 14. 12, 17. 13, 2. 13. 8. 23 Rem. 2 27, 6 D a 31, 2 23, 3 38, 2 14. 1 9, 8d 24, 2 39, 5 27, 6 A 2, 9 22,4 26, 6 27, 6 A ^ 38, 2 10. 5 31, 2 27, 6A,, 34, 2 19. 5 30, 3 27, 6 A^ 34, 2 32, 5 2C Rem. 1 5 6A^ 2 21 38 32 27 15. 28, 4 e 19, 4fl5 16, 3 32 1.3 6, 4 25 Rem. 8 9, 5 6 Rem 35, 2 4, 15 16, 2 18, 2 flf 28, 7 c 39, 6 27, 6F/3 32, 12 32, 5. 3, \a, 6, 1 Gen. 13, 9. 28, 3e 13, 11. 13, Tc 13. 12. 39, 5 13, 13. 30, 2 14, 1. 16, 5 14, 4. 32, 10 14, 10. 2, 6 5 Rem. 1 14, 18. 30 Rem. 1 14, 19. 34, 2 14, 21. 40, 2 a 14, 23. 19, 5. 15. 2. 28, 2/ 15, 3. 23, 3.6 32, 13 15, 4. 23, 3 15, 13. 12. 5 15, 14. 23, 3 27, 6 A^ 15, 15. 19, 5 15, 17. 16, 5 37 Rem. 3 15, 19. 28, 2 a 15. 20. 28, 2 16, 2. 27, 6Cr 16, 12. 6 Rem. 2 17, 4. 30, 3 17, 5. 33, 3. 34, \c 17. 8. 4, 3. 17, 10. 5 Rem. 5 17, 11. 34, \b 17, 14. 34, lb 17, 15. 41, 1 17, 17. 26 Rem. 4 17, 18. 28, 5 Fa 17, 24. 34, lb 17, 25. 34, lb 18, 1. 23, 3 18, 6. 21, 3 18. 7. 10 Rem. 6 18, 10. 27, 6r/3 18, 11. 38, 2 18, 14. 13. 4 27, 6 Cy 18, 18. 28, 4^d 18, 20. 28, 4 c 18, 24. 9, 3 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 155 Gen. 18, 24. 32 Rem. 5 Gen. 24, 21. 26, 6 18, 25. 27, 6 F ^ 24, 23. 11, 5 18, 26. 32 Rem. 5 24, 25. 28, 5 A flj 18, 28. 27, 6 A s 24, 27. 41, 1 32, 8 b 24, 30. 4, 3 19, 1. 28, 2/ 24, 31. 23 Rem. 3 19, 2. 28, 4 fl? 35, 2 19, 8. 13, 4 24, 40. 16, 1 19, 11. 3, 1 c 24, 44. 28, 5 A a 19, 14. 6 Rem. 8 24, 55. 38, 2 19, 15. 28, 5 C a 24, 58. 26, 9 19, 16. 22, 2 24, 61. 38, 3 19, 17. 15, 4. 24, 63. 1, 1 19, 18. 25. 2B/3 25, 1. 21, 2Cr 19, 33. 3 Rem. 5 25, 19. 16, 2 20, 2. 27, 6D 25, 21. 34, 2 20, 3. 28, 2/ 25, 25. 19, 4d 20, 7. 18, 3 25, 26. 22, 2 20, 9. 15, 6 25, 34. 32, 1 20, 17. 37 Rem. 3. 26, 7. 19 Rem. 2 21. 5. 34, 1 c 26, 10. 13, 3(7 21, 12. 27. 6 A r 26, 12. 9, 4 27, 6 B /3 26. 13. 22, 4. 21, 13. 41, 1 27, 1. 22, 3. 21, 16. 27, 6 A ^ 27, 9, 33, 3 21, 25. 14, 1 27, n. 4, 8 21, 32. 38, 3 27, 13. 10, 5 22, 1. 16, 5 27, 20. 21, 2 6 22, 3. 35, 5. 27, 21. 26, 5 22, 4. 16, 3 27, 22. 30, 4. 28, 2 <? 27, 24. 11, 3 c 22, 12. 28, 2^ 26, 5 . 9 22, 16. 14, 2 ^ 27, 29. 36, 5 22, 20. 16, 5 27, 30. 28, 2e 22, 21. 28, 2 27, 33. 23. 4 e 22, 22. 28, 2 26 Rem. 1( 22, 24. 16, 4^ 32, 5. 39 Rem. 2 27, 34. 10, 1. 23, 1. 9, 5. 27, 6 F ^ 23, 4. 1 Rem. 2 27, 36. 11, 3 6 23, 6. 25 Rem, 3 27, 37. 33, 2 27, 6Cr 27, 42. 23 Rem. 2 23, 13. 17, 4d 34, 1 (^ 18, 2 6 27, 44. 13, 8 24, 6. 25, 3d 27, 45. 28. oAa 24, 8. 3 Rem. 5 32, 8 6 17. 3* 28, 9. 27, 6 B f3 24, 18. 21, 2C 28, 18. 33, 3 156 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Gen. 28. 22. 37 Rem. 1 29, 2. 19, 4 6 29, 5. 26, 9 29, 6. 26, 9 29, 7. 22, 3 29, 9. 7, 1 28, 2 ^ 29. 17. 36, 6. 29, 25. 16, 5 29, 26. 8, 2 15, 5. 29, 30. 28, 5 A 29, 32. 28, 4 30. 1. 39, 6 30, 3. 28, 2/?: 30, 31, 21, 2 C 5 30, 34. 17, 'Sa 30, 38. 28, 4 6 36, 2 30, 39. 37, 2 31, 9. 10 Rem. 5 31, 13. 3, 9. 31, 14. 38, 3. 31, 27. 21, 2B 31, 28. 21, 2 A. 31, 29. 25, 2 C ^ 31, 30. 22, 4. 31, 31. 25, 3 6 31, 32. 12 Rem. 1 31. 37. 28, 2^ 31, 42. 14, 3 31, 50. 27, 6B^ 32, 6. 17, 2 32, 7. 23 Rem. 3 32, 8. 19, 3 32, 9. 37 Rem. 1. 32, 11. 27, 6 A 1^ 32, 12. 6, 4. 23, 3. 27, 6B/3 39, 6. 32, 13. 27, 6 C e 32, 16. 1, 1 32, 19 6, 4 32, 20. 28, 5 A ^ 33, 7. 38, 2 . 3 33, 13. 1, 1 33, 18. 28, 7a Gen. 33, 18. 25, 2 B/3 34, 8. 41, 1 34, 30. 36 Rem. 2 35, 11. 36 Rem. 1 36, 24. 28, 2a 37, 2. 3 Rem. 5 37, 3. 8, 4 37, 5. 21, 2 A 37, 7. 32, 5 37, 8. 22, 4. 37, 15. 15, 5 23 Rem. 3 37, 18. 32, 14 37, 21. 33, 4. 37, 23. 33, 1 37, 29. 25, 2 C^ 33. 22 Rem. 1 37, 33. 26, 9 38, 17. 10, 6 28 Rem. 11 38, 24. 27, 6 C a 23 Rem. 3 28, 2 k 38, 28. 13, 3d 38, 29. 28, 5 C g 39, 11. 3, id 39, 20. 5, 4 39, 22. 23 Rem. 3 40, 1. 38 Rem. 3 40, 5. 7,1 40, 8. 25 Rem. 8. 40, 9. 28, 2e 40, 10. 28, 5 C e 40, 14. 28 Rem. 15 40, 20. 34, 1 c 41, 1. 23 Rem. 1 27, 6 B ^ 41, 4. 4, 15 32, 9 41, 14. L9, 4 6 41, 15. 28, 7e 41, 25. 23, 2 41, 26. 3 Rem. 4 31, 2 41, 34. 16,1 41, 39. 28, 5C^ 41, 42. 33, 1 41, 43. 22, 5 A J INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 157 Gen. 42, 10. 25, 2 Ay Ex. 1, 6. 34, 1 c 28 Rem. 3 1, T. 28, 6 42, 13. 25, 2Cr 1, 9. 8, 1 42, 15. 28, 5 F ^ 1, 12. 28, 5 H 42, 18. 18, 3 1, 14. 27, 6 A 42, 19. 3 Note 2 2, 2. 32, 12 42, 28. 21, 3 2, 6. 10 Rem. 7. 42, 35. 13. 1. 3, 1. 23, 3. 42, 38. 16, 7 3, 3. 3, 10 43, 3. 22, 4 3, 20. 15, 1 43, 5. 31, 4 4, 9. 32, 6 43, 7. 15, 6 4, 10. 4, 8 43, 14. 3 Note 2 4, 13. 12, 5 14, 1 4, 18. 17, 1^ 43, 16. 12, 4. 5, 4. 35, 2 43, 25. 15, 1 5, 8. 28, Rem. 1 43, 27. 4, 7. 5, 10. 25, 2 C ^2 12, 2 5, 16. 25, 2 C/32 43, 33. 21, 3 5, 22. 11, 3 c. 44, 2. 10 Rem. 1 6, 3. 27, 6 A J 44, 4. 32, 6. 7, 20. 35, 6 44, 5. 27, 6 A /3 8, 17. 25, 2 C /32 44, 14. 38, 2 8, 22. 26, 5 44, 18. 15, 3 9, 22. 27, 6 B J 27, 6 F ^ 9, 27. 3 Rem. 6. 39, 3. 10, 1. 3 Rem. 5 45, 4. 12, 3 10, 2. 5 Note 1 45, 6. 12, 2 10, 8. 11, 4 45, 8. 27. 7 34, 1 c 45, 12. 3 Rem. 6 10, 15. 25, 2A^ 45, 18. 18, 2 12, 16. 25, 2 A /3 45, 19. 18, 1 12, 33. 1 Rem. 4 46, 15. 5 Note 1. 12, 43. 27, 6 A^ 46, 27. 3, 13 12, 49. 37 Rem. 3 47, 3. 37, 1 c 12, 51. 27, 6B/3 47, 21. 41, 1 13, 1 16, 3 47, 24. 37 Rem. 3. 13, 3. 22, 5 B r 48, 6. 36, 2 13, 17. 28 Rem. 7 48, 19. 14, 2a 14, 11. 25, 4 48, 21. 23, 4^ 14; 13. 28, 6 49, 4. 30 Rem. 3 15, 1. 15, 7 49, 8. 10, 1 38, 2 49, 15. 32. 12 15, 4. 38, 1 49, 22. 36, 5 15, 5. 35, 4 49, 24. 4, 9 15, 15. 38, 1 15, 22. 35, 2 Ex. 1, 2. 28, 2 16, 3. 17 4tf 1, 3. 28, 2a 16, 4. 26, 6 158 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Ex. 16, 4. 35, 6 Ex. 32, 22. 30 Rem. 4. 16, 16. 39, 6 32, 12 16, 27. 13, 8 32, 27. 18, 4 16, 29. 13, '6 a 32, 31. 32, 5 16, 32. 39, 6 32, 33. 11 Rem. 3 17, 1. 22, 3 33, 16. 26 Rem. 10 17, 4. 16, 1. 33, 4. 36 Rem. 3 28, 7 a 36, 4. 13, 1 17, 5. 13, 8 38, 3. 33, 3 18, 17. 23. 3 38, 27. 9, 4 18, 23. 16, 1 21, 2 A 39, 10. 6, 3 40, 2 a Lev. 1, 2. 13, 3 i 19, 1. 16, 3 27, 6 C a: 19, 5. 27, 6 C ^ 1, 15. 32, 2 20, 3. 15, 4 2, 1. 37 Note 1 20, 20. 10, 5 2, 12. 34 Rem. 15, 2 4, 2. 27 Rem. 5 21 . 28 Note 1. 4, 22. 28 Rem. 6 21, 4. 36, 3 5, 1. 37 Note. 1 38 Note 2 5, 2. 13 4 21, 15. 28, 2 a 6, 3. 6, 2. 21, 28. 32 Rem. 1 6, 7. 22 Rem. 5 21, 29. 2, le 8, 14. 32, 2 36, 3. 11. 10. 25 Rem. 8 21, 36. 28, 5 Bcc 13, 9. 38, 1 21, 37. 1. 1 13, 45. 35, 3 2,1a 13, 46. 5, 4 22, 5. 32, 5 13, 52. 19, 4 rf 22, 10. 5, 4 13, 55. 19, 4<? 22, 12. 22 Rem. 1 13, 57. 19, 4 (^ 22, 22. 28 Rem. 11 19, 20. 22 Rem. 1 and 2 23, 1. 15, 4 22, 11. 27, 6 Ar 23, 9. 28, 2.^ 22, 13. 35, 4 23, 30. 24, 2 24, 5. 33, 3 24, 5. 6. L 25. 14. 22, 5 Ar 24, 10. 13, 5 25, 46. 32, 14 24, 14. 11 Rem. 3 26, 21. 32, 9 25, 40. 34, la 26, 24. 9, 9 20, 16. 31, 1 26, 37. 35 Rem. 1 26, 30. 34, la 26, 42. 10, 7 28, 2. 4, 5. 26, 43. 28, 6 28, 3. 33, I 26, 44. 28, 5 A/3 28, 11. 27, 6 B /3 27, 2. 19, 4^ 28, 17. 6, 2 29, 12. 27, 6 C Num. 1, 1. 7, 2 ^ 30, 25. 33, 3. 9 Rem. 1 31, 14. 36, 5 1, 2. 2 Rem. 4- INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 159 3, 46. 9, 7 Num. 28, 2. 18, 1 5, 3. 27, 56 28, 4. 3 Note 2 5, 23. 40, 2 a 28, 6. 24, 16 6, 9. 13, '6 a 30, 10. 5 Rem. 1 23, 5. 32, 5. 34, \c 6, 26. 17, 3 32, 27. 23, 2 7, 87. 9, 2.5 35, 5. 9 Rem. 3 9, 35. 22, 2. 35, 19. 22, 2 11, 17. 27, 6 AJ 36, 2. 34, 2 12, 1. 38, 2 ]2, 6. 39 Rem. 2 Deut. 1, 1. 39, 6 12, 14. 28, 2 i 1, 5. 21 Rem. 4 13, 18. 26, 6 1, 19. 32, 4 13, 2. 17 Rem. 2 1, 23. 9, 2.8c 28, 5 F X ), 27 22, 2 14, 7. 39 Rem. 1 1, 32. 25, 2 C /32 14, 20. 14, 2 b 1, 46. 32, 10 a 14, 32. 10, 1 2, 24. 21, 2 C^ 14, 42. 25, 2 Ca 2, 25. 21, 2 A 15, 6. 28, 5Ba 3, 24. 19, 5. 15, 15. 3, 5 28. 4 c 15, 24. 27, 6 Cr 4, 3. 23, 3 15, 35. 22, 5Ar 5; 12. 22, 5 Br 22 Rem. 5. 5, 26. 17, 4^ 16, 6. 18, 4 6, 3. 28, 4e 16, 9. 8, 3 6, 6. 39 Rem. 1 16, 11. 28, 2 6, 10. 16, 2 16, 15. 17, 3 6 8, 12. 24, 3 16, 29. 40 Rem. 1 8, 16. 33, 1 17, 3. 15, 2 9, 16. 33, 4 17, 21. 9, 2 9, 25. 32, \0a 17, 28. 28, 5 F 9, 26. 17, 36. 18, 7. 27, 5 6 10. 17. 3. 10 18, 23. 13,5 11, 13. 16, 2 19, 2. 6 Rem. 4 11, 27 28 Rem. 6 20, 13. 28 Rem. 8 12, 30. 15, 2 20, 17. 8 17, la 14, 22. 34 Rem. 20, 18. 1 Rem. 4 15, 18. 30, 5 25 Rem. 13 16. 6. 27, 6 D/3 22, 6. 21 Rem. 6 16, 20. 28, 6 22, 19. 28, hk 19, 17. 12, I 22, 30. ]2, 3 20, 15 31, 2 22, 33. 10, 3 21; 10. 37, 3 14, 3 22, 2. 10, 4 23, 3. 13, 4 22, 6. 27, 6 B^ 23, 13. 25, 2A^ 22, 8. 19. 4 6 24, 11. 28, 5^ 23, 5. 28, 2. 16, 1 22, 26. 33, 4 i6o INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Deut. 23, 5. 27. 6 A ,f Judges 1, 28. 22, 4 Rem. 2 23, 15. 13, 4 4, 20. 18 Rem. 24, 11. 12, 1 5, 8. 28, 5 Fg 28, 32. 38, 2 5. 10. 5, 5. 28, 35. 35, 7 5, 17. 32, 8 c 28, 43. 24, 2 5, 24. 27, 6 C J 28, 56. 21, 2 5, 27. 28 Rem. 1 22, 2 5, 29. 8, 4 ^ 28, 48. 37, 3 6, 25. 3 Rem. 4 28, 67. 17. 4flr 6, 36. 31, 4 29, 9. 10 Rem. 4 7, 3. 11. Rem. 3. 29, 20. 4, 10 9, 17. 27, 6Br 31, 12, 21, 2 C /3i 9, 28 11, 4 32, 11. 25, 2 AJ 9, 29. 17, U 28 Rem. 14 9, 45. 33, 2 32, 15. 19 Rem. 2 9, 48. 28, 7 c 32, 17. 19 Rem. 2 9, 55. 36, 2 32, 39. 31, 2 11, 23. 26, 5. 33, 11. 28, 5 Er 12, 7. 2, 9 33, 1 13, 11. 26, 9 33, 29. 14, 3 13, 12. 28, 7 13, 16. 27, 6A^ Jos. 1, 2. 10 Rem. 7 14, 15. 26 Rem. 7 2, 7. 28, 5 C J 15, 1. 27, 6 A ^ 2, 8. 28, 2 15. 12. 19, 5 2, 10. 28, 3 15, 13, 22 Rem. 2. 3, 7. 28, 4<? 15, 18. 19 5 3, 12. 9, 8 <? 16, 14. 3 Rem. 2 3, 14. 3 Rem. 2 16, 15. 28, 2/ 3, 16. 21 Rem. 4 19, 5. 33, 2 4, 16. 28, 2 ^ 19, 6. 21, 2C 5, 1. 16, 5 19, 22. 32, 14 5, 13. 16, 5 20, 44 46. 41 Rem. 1 6, 13. 22, 4 21, 2. 37, 1 7, 7. 21, 2 C |32 7, 21. 3 Rem. 1 I. Sam. I. 1. 13 Rem. 1 9, 2. 32, 9 1, 10. 27, 6 B J 9, 5. 31, 3 1, 13. 36, 6 9, 12. 23, 3 1, 16. 4, 8 13, 14. 37, 1 rf 1, 22. 32, 14 14, 11. 27, 6 F <:k 2, 3. 21, 2CJ 15, 19. 10, 2. 25, 5. 19, 51. 7, 2 6 2, 4. 38 Rem. 2 22, 29. 10 Rem. 7 2, 13. 41, 3 24, 19. 2, 2 e 2, 19. 16, 6 2, 27. 26, 3 Judges 1, 7. 31, 3 2, 28. 10, 4. 1, 22. 36, 2 22, 5 A INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. i6i 1. Sam. 2, 28. 27, 6 C I. Sam. 27, 10. 26 Rem. 9 2, 33. 36, 2 28, 3. 28, 2 5 3, 2. 21, 2 B 28, 7. 6, 3 3, 7. 25, 2 D 28, 16. 28, 2i 39, 4 30, 6. 19, 3 3, 11. 41, 3 4, 15. 36, 6 II. Sam. 1, 4. 30 Rem. 4 9, 9. 19, 4e 1, 22, 25 Rem. 5 9, 24. 3, 13 2, 8. 7, 1 10, 27. 27, 6 F r 2, 23. 35, 7 11, 11. 41 Rem. 2 3, 25. 32, 12 11, 12. 26, 5 3, 27. 33, 4 12,4.5. 26, 9 3, 30. 35, 1 12, 23. 3 Note 1 3, 35. 28 Rem. 12 14, 14. 35 Hera. 1 4, 7. 28, 2/ 14, 45. 13, 4 5, 21. 38, 2 15, 20. 28, 4 6, 6. 32 Rem. 5 15, 23. 16, 4 7, 5. 26, 3 27, 6C7 7, 18. 11, 4 15, 32. 32, 9 10, 3. 28, 5 E a 16, 16. 21, 2 D 10, 9. 36, 3 17, 8. 7, 2 a 38, 1 17, 34. 28, 2 5 12, 4. 3 Rem. 4 17, 39. 21, 2 b 12, 6. 9, 9 28 Uem. 7 13, 15. 32, 5 17, 40. 4 Rem. 3 13, 39. 6 Rem. 1 17, 46. 36, 2 14, 6. 13, 7 5 18, 18. 11, 4 15, 4. 17, 4 19, 13 16. 2, 2 e 15, 23. 32, 11 19, 22. 3 Rem. 4 36, 2 19, 23. 10, 1 15, 25. 10, 3 5 20, 16. 32 Rem. 5 17, 8. 32, 12 20, 19. 21 Rem. 5 17, 9. 23, 5 21, 9. 25 Rem. 11 18, 4. 9, 8 c 22, 7. 24, 3 18, 11. 27, 6Bfl 22, 15. 26, 5 18, 12. 11 Rem. 3 23, 11. 26 Rem. 7 18, 22. 11 Rem. 3 26, 9 13,4 24, 11. 28, 3 18, 29. 26, 5 24, 12. 28, 5 A 19, 2. 16, 6 24, 14. 3, 4 19, 27. 1 Rem. 2 24, 18. 33, 2 21, 11. 34, Ic 24, 19. 28, 3 21, 20. 9, 8 5 25, 22. 28, 5 E J 22, 1. 28, 2 5 25, 24. 10, 1 22, 38. 17, 1 c 25, 26. 32, 11 22, 41. 41 Rem. 2 25, 27. 41 Rem. 2 23, 4. 4, 4 25, 33. 32, 11 24, 3. 28 Rem. 4 l62 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. II. Sara. 24, 9. 5 Rem. 2 I. Kings 22, 20. 28, 2k 22, 27. 5 Rem. 4 I. Kings 1, 2. 19, 4 5 22, 28. 18, 4 26 Rem. 3 22, 48. 31, 1 1, 6. 1 27, 6 C 1, 12. 18, 3 II. Kings 1, 2. 26, 6 2, 21. 34, Ic 1, 8. 4, 8 2, 22. 28, 2 c 1, 16. 25, 4 2, 31. 24, lb 2, 10. 21, 2 B 2, 39. 7, 2 a 2, 16. 28, 5 B a 3, 8. 27, 6Ce 2, 24. 1 Rem. 1 3, 27. 22 Rem. 2 3, 3. 36, 4 5, 1. 16, 3 3, 16. 2,6 5, 9. 24, la 4, 16. 27, 6F|3 5, 11. 8, 4 4, 41. 28, 2 H 5, 17. 32, 12 4, 43. 22, 5B/3 6, 12. 41, 2 5, 13. 40 Rem. 2 6, 19. 28, 5E^ 5, 26. 40 Rem. 1 6, 23. 37, 3 6,21. 22. 26, 9 8, 5. 36, 2 7, 13. 28, 2 H 8, 6. 27 Rem. 1 8, 22. 15, 7 8, 24. 28, 6 8, 25. 9, 6 8, 30. 27, 6 D ^ 10, 10. 13, 8 8, 33. 28, 4 5 10, 23. 25, 3 5 8, 64. 8, 3 11, 15. 27, 5 5 9, 16. 39, 4 12, 17. 5, 1 9. 23. 23, 6 13, 14, 32, 5 9, 26. 1 Rem. 3 15, 21. 26, 3 10, 1. 39, 4 16, 14. 3 Rem. I 10, 21. 25, 4 20, 20. 26, 3 10, 23. 27, 6 E ^ 22, 1. 9, Ic 10, 24. 36, 2 22, 8. I 40, 2 a 13, 30, 29, 1 23, 17. 3, 9 13, 31. 28, 7 a 24, 7. 19, 2 15, 3. 5, 4 15, 23. 33, 4 Jes. 1, 1. 28, 2 5 15, 30. 27, 6B/3 1, 4 29, 1 18, 5. 27, QCa 1, 5. 13, 2 18, 13. 34, Ic 1, 6. 25 Rem. 8 18, 32. 33, 3 1,7.9 27, 6 F r 19, 11. 4, 11 1, 11. 32, 14 37 Rem. 1 1,14. 21,2A.27,6Btf 20, 20. 36, 2 1, 15. 36, 6 20, 36. 3, Ic 1. 16. 4, 6 21, 7. 19, 5 1, 18. 3, 15 22, 3. 26, 3 28, 5 G fl? 22, 7. 28, 2 k 1. 20. 34, 2 22. 15. 26, 2 1, 26. 35 Rem. 1 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 163 Jes. 1, 1. 4. 9. U. 17. 19 Rem. 2 28, 2^ 36 Rem. 1 32 Rem. 5 38 Rem. 2 37, ] 27, 6Er 7. 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11. 14 17. 32 Rem. 1 Rem. 32, 12 36, 5 14, L 28, 4, 8 33, 2 32, 7 19 Rem. 2 25, 4 21 Rem. 5. 5Ca 35, 2 F. 35, 6 4 37, 3 9, 8 6, 8. 6, 9. 10. 11. 13. 13, 32, 19, 27 21, 7. 8. 21. 4. 7. 19. 9, 1. 7a 6 2 4 3 Rem. 5 2Ca 1 Rem. 4 15, 1 19, 2 27, 6Cr 19, 4e 4 Rem. 4 3 4 5 19, 10. 12. 10. 15. 22. 10, 30. 5, 5, 36, 2 16, 6 3 Rem. 1 8 Rem. 1 26, 4 28, 5G 32, 7 32, 11 11, 2. 5 Note 1. Rem. 2 n, 8. 40 Rem 2 11, 9. 22, 2 11, ]0. 21, 3 41, 1 12, 6. 1, 3b 13, 8. 21, 3 13, 18. 40 Rem. 2 14, 2. 32, 14 14, 3. 27, 6As 34 Note 2 14, 6. 32, 5 14, 9. 37 Rem. 1 14, 17. 21, 3 14, 19. 3, 16 5; 5 15, 8. 27, 7 16, 4. 36, 2 16, 10. 23, 5 17, 1. 27, 6Cr 17, 4. 4, 6 17, 6. 4, 9 17, 10. 33, 2 18, 5. 37, Id 39, 6 19, 4. 2, 2e 4, 13 ]9, 11. 6, 3 19, 14. 2 Rem. 2 19, 22. 22, 4 21, 2. 34 Note 2 21, 7. 32, 5 21, 17. 5, 3 38, 1 22, 1. 26, 7 22, 3. 27, 6C^ 22, 14. 28, 5 s 22, 16. 8 Rem. 2 23, 1. 27, 6 Cr 23, 4. 25, 5 23, 5. 27, 6 Fa 23, 8. 8. 4:d 24, 2. 27, 6 Fa 24, 10. 27, 6 Cr 24, 12. 34, Ic 24, 13. 28, 5 Ca 24, 22. 22, 5 26, 2. 2 Rem. 2 1 64 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Jes, . 26, 3. 23 Rem. 3 Jes. 47, 1. 21 Rem. 6 26, 4. 27, 6 A J 47, 8. 10. 25, 1 27, 5. 28, 5 Ba 47, 12. 12 Rem. 1 27, 11. 36, 2 48, 8. 28, 7 c 27, 12. 5 Eem. 4 48,9.14. 27, 7 - 27, 13. 16, 2 48, 10. 27, 6 Ay ^ 28, 4. 4, 5 48, 18. 17 Rem. 2 23, 5 48, 19. 30, 4 28, 6. 27, 7 49, 11. 37 Rem. 3 28, 9. 5, 5 49, 23. 12, 3 28, 24. 23, 5 50, 2. 26, 8 29, 16. 26 Rem. 3 27, 6Cr 29, 19. 8, 4^ 50, 10. 2 Rem. 2 30, 16. 4, 9 51, 21. 5 Rem. 4 30, 23. 33, 2 52, 8. 38, 1 30, 26. 30, 4 52, 15. 12, 4 31, 2. 31, 1 53, 9. 28, 5G/3 32, 1. 41 Rem. 1 54, 9. 27, 6 C r 32, 11. 18 Rem. 55, 9. 28, 5H 33, 1. 21, 2 D 56, 4. 12 Rem. 1 33, 5. 23 Rem. 3 57, 8. 19, 1 33, 9. 37 Rem. 1 37 Rem. 1 33, 15. 27, 6 Cy 58, 9. 24, 3 33, 16. 32, 8 c 59, 10. 25, 2 C 5 33, 22. 30, 2 59, 20. 5, 4 34, 4. 3, 1 <5 23 Rem. 5 34, 13. 32, 7 60, 2. 3, 1 c 36, 4 60, 14. 32, 9 36, 9. 27,6E/3.6Er 61, 7. 19 Rem. 2 37, 11. 26, 5 27, 7 37, 24. 4, 6 62, 5. 32, 5 37, 30. 18, 3 62, 6. 25 Rem. 5 38, 10. 34, 1 63, 2. 30. 4 38, 15. 28, 5 A a 64, 10. 28 Rem. 8 38, 18. 23 Rem. 5 38 Rem. 1 40, 9. 27, 6 Er 65, 6. 28, 5 I /3 40, 10. 27, 6 A ^ 40, 29. 25, 2 C^ Jer. 2, 22. 28, 5 I /3 41, 1. 21, 3 2, 35. 22, 3 41, 8. 12, 3 3, 5. 19, 1 41, 23. I, '6 a 32 Rem. 5 42, 21. 21 Rem. 5 37 Rem. 1 42, 22. 2 Rem. 4 3, 8. 28, 5 1) 42, 24. 21, 2 A 4, 5. 21, 2 C a 44, 21. 10, 2 4, 22. 31, 2 45, 12. 10, 1 5, 29. 26, 4 45, 17. 32, 5 6, 6. 1, 3 ^ 45, 21. 25 Rem. 10 6, 19. 16, 4^ INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. i65 Jer. 9, 1. 9, 17. 9, 22. 10, 3. 10, 7. 10, 20. 10, 22. 10, 25. 12, 8. 13, 16. 13, 17. 13, 18. 14, 15. 15, 15. 17, 11. 17, 16. 18, 16. 19, 5. 23, 16. 22, 29. 23, 14. 23, 17. 23, 23. 23, 33. 25, 13. 28, 4. 30, 14. 31, 5. 33, 20. 33, 22. 35, 7. 38, 5. 40, 8. 41, 12. 44, 7. 8 48, 2. 48, 32. 48, 36. 49, 24. 50, 9. 50, 11. 41 Rem. 2 11, 5 17, 4 a 27, 6 E /3 33 Note 1 32, 7 19, 4 ^ 37, 1 ^ 19, 2 25, 2Cy 38, 1 25, 4 35, 6 37, 1 ^ 32, 7 21, 2 C 5 28, 2/ 40 Rem. 1 28, 7 6 27, 6 C r 35, 6 19, 2 22, 2 28, 6 25, 3 tf 22, 4 24, 1 ^ 41 Rem. 1 32, 14 4, 14 28 Rem. 19, 4 5 10. 7 23 Rem. 28, 48/ 23, 2 25 Rem. 28, 5 A 27, 6 D |3 , 27, 6E^ 27, 6Cr 3, 9 5, 4 36, 4 30, 4 S 4 Rem. 10 Ezech. 2, 9. 1 Rem. 5 Ezech. 6, 10. 10, 15. 11, 13. 13, 3. 13, 10. 14, 1. 14, 22. 17, 21. 18, 7. 18, 10. 18, 20. 18, 32. 21, 32. 22, 4. 23, 28. 23, 32. 23, 49. 24, 17. 26, 3. 27, 24. 31, 16. 33, 17. 37, 11. 39, 27. 40, 1. 41, 22. 47, 4. 37 Rem. 1 24 Rem. 1 27, 6Ar 32, 11 25, 3<J5 33, 2 37, 2 41 Rem. 1 41 Rem. 1 10 Rem. 2 27 Rem. 5 27, 6A^ 28, 2^ 28, 6 37 Rem. 1 12. 4 37 Rem. 1 19, 1 32, 9 27, 6E 4, 2 5 Rem. 2 1 6Er Rem. 5 5C^ 4 4 41, 27, 3 28, 30, 5, Hosea 1, 7. 27, 6 A s 2, 11. 21, 2C/3> 3, 2. 27, 6 A e 4, 2. 22, 5Ba 4, 9. 27, 6 F 6, 1. 17, 3c 6, 2. 27, 6 C 5 8, 5. 22 Rem. 3 8, 7. 28, bBa 8, 14. 37, 3 9, 6. 28, 7 9, 9. 21, 2 C J 9, 12. 28, 5F 10, 14. 27, 6 B /3 12, 1. 2, 2e 12, 15. 32, 9 13, 4. 25 Rem. 10 13, 8. 1, 2 14, 1. 37 Rem. 3 i66 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Hosea 14, 4. 34, 2 14, 5. 32, 9 14, 7. 37, 1 a. Joel 1, 2. 3, 5 26 Rem. 4 1, 6. 25, 2 C J 2, 2. 30 Kern. 4 2, 13. 25 Eera. 5 2, 16. 39, 6 2, 22. 19, 1 2, 23. 16, 6 2, 26. 21 Rem. 2 4, 14. 30 Rem. 3 4, 18. 32, 7 Amos 1, 1. 27, 6 A<z. 6Cflf. 1, 3. 6. 9. 13. 28, 2 c 1, 5. 8. 36, 2 5, 14. 25 Rem. 5 6, 6. 27, 6 A ^ 6, 10. 13 Rem. 2 6, 33. 25, 2AJ 9, ]. 23, 5 9, 8. 22 Rem. 2 9, 13. 32, 7 Obadja 10. 5, 4 16. 28, 5H Jona 1, 7. 8. 7 Rem. 1 26 Rem. 2 2, 3. 39 Note 1 4, 6. 32, 5 4, 10. 4, 8 4, 11. 26, 5 Micha 1, 13. 18 Rem. 1, 16. 2 Rem. 2 2, 3. 32, 9 2, 6. 37, 1 a. 2, 13. 16, 6 4, 3. 11. 36 Rem. 1 4, 14. 27, 6 A 35, 7 5, 1. 13, 8 27, 6C 5, 4. 6 Rem. 2 Micha 28, 2e 6, 3. 28, 4 rf 6, 8. 21, 2 A 7, 8. 1, 3^ Nahum 3, 15. 37 Rem. 2 Hab. 1, 5. 2. 10. 23 Rem. 3 2, 19. 25 Rem. 3. 26,5 3, 9. 22 Rem. 1 3, 17. 36, 3 Zeph. 2, 2. 25, 4. 28, 5 C 5 2, 12. 31, 2 2, 15. 25, 1 3, 9. 32, 9 Haggai 1, 4. 10, 1 1, 6. 10 Rem. 8. 21, 3 2, 3. 30 Rem. 4 Zech. 1, 14. 32, 5 1, 15. 32, 5. 28, 4c 3, 9. 1 Rem. 5 7, 5. 10, 2 8, 6. 26, 5 9, 11. 24, 3 12, 10. 22, 5 A /3 14, 10. 3 Note 1 Mai. 2, 15. 19 Rem. 2 Psalms 1, 1. 1, 3. 14, 2 c 27, 6BJ 19, 5. 28, 2 2 2, 10. 24. 15, 5 3, 5. 16, 6. 32, 11 3, 6. 17, 2 3, 8. 33, 4 4, 4. 28, 2 A 4, 8. 10 Rem. 8 5, 5. 23, 6. 32, 8c 5, 10. 1, 3 25 Rem. 8 5, 13. 33, 2 6, 2. 6. 25 Rem. 8 6, 2. 40 Rem. 1 6, 10. 40 Rem. 2 7, 4. 5. 6. 28, 5 F /3 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 167 Psalms 7, 10. 28, 2y Psalms 44, 21. 28, 5 F ^ 7, 12. 3 Rem. 3 45, 7. 10 Rem. 3. 30, 4 8, 6. 33, 1 45, 8. 33, 2 9, 7. 41, 2 45, 9. 28, 2 9, 16. 11, 2 45, 10. 27, 6 E J 9, 21. 28, 7 c 45, 13. 8, 4 ^ 11, 5. 40 Rem. 2 48, 6. 28, 5 H 12, 4. 1, 3 49, 8. 22 Rem. 2 12, 5. 27, 6 E /3 49, 18. 40 Rem. 1 12, 8. 3 Rem. 5 50, 3. 19, 2 14, 3. 25 Rem. 8 50, 8. 40 Rem. 1 14, 4. 28, 7 5 50, 12. 28, 5 F 14, 5. 32, 5 51, 4. 21, 2 C5 16, 3. 4. 41 Rem. 1 51, 14. 33, 2 17, 10. 13. 32, n 54, 2. 26, 3 18, 17. 32 Rem. 5 55, 18. 32, 10 * 18, 28. 4, 12 55, 19. 27, 6 AJ 18, 30. 27, 6Ae 58, 9. 5 Rem. 4 18, 31. 30, 3 60, 7. 32, 11 18, 33. 33, 1 60, 13. 28, 2^ 19, 14. 25 Rem. 1 63, 3. 27, 6 E ^ 22, 8. 35, 6 65, 5. 29, 2 22, 13. 4, 9 65, 14. 32, 8 a 22, 16. 1 Rem. 5 66, 16. 17, 1 22, 22. 21, 3 66, 17. 32, 11 22, 32. 23, 2 68, 5. 27, 6 A J 25, 19. 32, 12 68, 7. 23, 4 27. 7. 32, 11 69, 5. 10, 7 29, 4. 4 Rem. 1 69, 6. 27, 6 E 29, 26. 15, 5 69, 11. 2 Rem. 2 31. 7. 14, 2 73, 15. 28, 5 F /3 32, 2. 25 Rem. 8 73, 20. 27, 6 C J 32, 6. 24, 3 74, 7, 21 Note 3 32, 9. 25, 2 E 74, 17. 41, 1 34, 22. 40, 2^ 75, 4. 38 Rem. 3 35, 16. 35, 6 76, 7. 28, 2 35, 19. 10 Rem. 2 77, 3. 21 Rem. 3 37, 20. 27, 6 A r 78, 18. 27, 6 E |3 37, 23. 34, 2 78, 26. 30. 45. 52. 16 Rem. 38, 11. 36, 6. 38 Rem. 2 | 78, 31. 27, 6 A 39, 7. 27, 6 A 7. 80, 11. 34, la 40, 6. l,3flf21Rem.3 | 81, 9. 17, 4d 41, 9. 13, 4 81, 14. 14, 3. 17, 4d 42, 2. 1 Rem. 2 28 Rem. 14 | 83, 2. 25 Rem. 5 43, 1. 25, 2 A ^ 83, 5. 27, 6 C r 44, 5. 31, 2 83, 12. 10 Rem. 7 44, 6. 27, 6 A g 85, 14. 4 Rem. 2 44, 20. 35, 6 86, 8. 13 Rem. 2 1 68 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Psalms 87, 5. 13, 1 88, 5. 25, 2 C^ 88, 6. 23 Rem. 5 89, 2. 35, 6 89, 40. 21 Note 3 90, 4. 27, 7 90, 16. 15, 3 92, 7. 32, 2 99, 6. 27, 6 A^ 101, 8. 27, 6 E^ 102, 4. 27, 6 Ay 102, 19. 23, 2 102, 28. 13, 6 103, 9. 32 Rem. 5 104, 2. 32, 8a 104, 8. 11. 2 104, 17. 30, 3 104, 18. 3 Rem. 4 104, 20. J7, 3c 104, 25. 11, 3 a 105, 12. 27, 6F7 105, 24. 8> 1 106, 13. 21, 2C^ 107, 23. 5, 4 108, 7. 32, 11 109, 3. 32, 14 109, 4. ^ Rem. 2 109, 29. 3^ , Sa 109, 30. 35, 6 112, 9. 5 21, 2C^ 115, 5. 7. ^ 39 Rem. 2 116, 16. 27, QEs 118, 21. 15, 5 119, 14. 35 Rem. 1 119, 41. 32, 6 119, 86. 32, 9 119, 137 155. 37, 1-5 120, 5. 32, Se 120, 7. 4, 7 125, 1. 28 Rem. 14 129, 6. 28, 5C5 130, 3. 15, 6 132, 11. 13, 8 136, 19. 20. 27, 6E 137, 5. 28, 5F/3 137, 8. 9. 29, 2 139, 2. 19, 5 139, 8. 28, 5E Psalms 139, 19. 17, 4 5 142, 2. 32, 11 144, 1. 3, 13 144, 3. 16, 7 144, 14. 1, 2 145, 13. 30, 3. 39, 3 145, 14. 27, 6 Eg 147, 14. 23, 4 ^ 149, 2. 2, 2 e Prov. 1, 28. 24, 3 2. 4. 4, 5 2, 21. 6, 2 2, 22. 19 Rem. 1 3, 10. 32, 8 -^ 3, 18. 36, 5 3, 26. 27, 6 AJ 6, 6. 18, 3 6, 16. 28, 2 c 6, 24. 4, 5 9, 10. 2, 2 e 10, 1. 39, 3 ]0, 4. 32, 11 10, 22, 41, 1 10, 24. 41, 1 12, 21. 25, 2 A /3 13, 21. 32 Rem. 1 14, 20. 34, 2 15, 20. 6 Rem. 2 16, 2. 38 Rem. 1 17, 3. 28, 2 ^ 17, 8. 4, 3 17, 12. 1, 2. 22 Rem. 5 18, 5. 30, 5 18, 22. 28, 7^ 21, 9. 19. 30, 5 21, 20. 6 Rem. 2 21, 27. 36, 5 22, 17. 15, 3 22, 19. 10, 1 22, 23. 33, 2 23, 24, 41, 3 24, 27. 28, 2 ^ 24, 28, 24, 1 5 24, 31. 32, 7 25, 3. 25,2CJ28,2(^ 25,12. 26. 28 Rem. 2 25, 25. 28, 2 ^ INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 169 Prov. 27, 7. 30 Rem. 2 Job. 15, 3. 27, 8. 3,16 15, 7. 27, 9. 38 Rem. 3 15, 24. 27, 24. 26 Rem. 4 16, 3. 28, 1. 36, 5 16,4 9 30, 18. 28, 2 ^ 16, 6. 30, 30. 25, 2 A |3 16, 7. 16, 17. Job. 1, 5. 32, 9 17, 10. 1, 6. 27, 6 B a 17, 15. 1, 14. 27, 6Ba36,2 18, 21. 2, 3. 26, 3 19, 9. 2. 9- 26, 5 19, 16. 3, 4. 4, 7 19, 23. 3, 5. 37 Rem. 3 19, 26. 3, 8. 21 Rem. 3 20, 4. 3, 26. 14, 2 a 20, 19, 4, 2. 26, 8 20, 26. 4, 5. 19, 2 20, 33. 4, 17. 26, 4 21, 4. 5, 2. 27, 6 Eg 21, 9. 5, 5. 27, 5/5 21, 12. 5, 7. 28, 2d 21, 21. 5, 19. 28, 2 c 21, 25. 6, 5. 26, 4 21, 34. 6, 12. 4,2 26 Rem. 3. 8. 22, 3. 30, 4. 39, 6 22, 7. 6, 28. 21 2C J 22, 9. 1, 3. 19Rem.l34,l 22, 12. 7, 13. 27, 6 A C- 22, 20. 7, 18. 13, 2 22, 30. 7, 20. 27, 6B28,7 23, 2. 8, 3. 26, 4 23, 3. 8, 9, 30 Rem. 4 23, 6. 8, 11, 26 Rem. 6 23, 12. 9, 15. 28, 5G 23, 13. 10, 4. 26, 4 24, 5. 10, 7. 28, 5 G ^ 24, 19. 10, 17. 28, 2 6 24, 25. 11, 2. 7. 26, 4 26, 2. 11, 15. 27, 6 C /3 26, 5. 12, 11. 28, 2d 27, 6. 12, 17. 19. 23, 4/ 27, 7. 13, 7. 26 Rem. 6 28, 17. 13, 13. 21, 3 29, 10. 13, 16. 40 Rem. 1 29, 23. 13, 28. 19 Rem. 2 29, 25. 14, 14. 26, 3 31, 15. 27, 7 26 Rem. 6 21 Rem. 1 26 Rem. 5 . 10. 35, 6 17, Ic 19 Rem. 2 28, 5G^ 18, 4. 21, 2Cr 26, 7 5, 4 35, 3 35, 6 17, 4 27, 6 C f3 26, 3 28 Rem. 1 37 Rem. 1 35, 6 26 Rem. 4 i25Rem. 2. 27,6C|3 23, 4 c 38, 1 27, 6Ar 32, 9 26, 4 40 Rem. 1 34 Note 2 28, 2 ^ 28, 5 Ff 25 Rem. 11 27, 6 B ^ 17, 4 21,2 0/32 25, 2Ar 41, 2 27, 6A^ 5, 5 28, 7 * 25, 1 4, 4 27 Rem. 3 27, 6Ca 27, 6 F r 25, 5 38, 1 35 Note 4 40, 2 a 23, 6 I/O INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. Job. Cant. Ruth 31, 18. 28, 4^ 32, 7. 38, 1 32, 22. 21 Rem. 5 33, 13. 25, 2 A |3 34, 3. 28, Id 34, 10. 27, 7 34, 17. 26 Rem. 4 34, 23. 40 Rem. 1 34, 27. 28 Rem. 9 35, 15. 25 Rem. 10 36, 26. 41, 2 37, 14. 32, 14 37,16.18 26 Rem. 6 38, 4, 5, 18. 28 Rem. 6 38, 12. 27, 6 C 38, 21. 38, 1 38, 30. 35, 4 38, 32. 37, 3 39, 13. 36, 3 39, 15. 36, 4 39, 17. 27, 6 A r 40, 8. 9. 26 Rem. 4 40, 23. 27, 6 D^ 40, 29. 35, 4 41, 7. 32, 9 41, 20. 4, 8 42, 7. 28, 5 C^ 42, 8. 28 Rem. 15 42, 15. 37, \a 1, 4. 17, 1^ 1, 6. 7 Rem. 1 1, 15. 30, 4 2, 3. 21, 2 C 2, 7. 19, 1 2, 11. 28 Rem. 1 2, 17. 27, 6 Er 3,7. 7 Rem. 1 10 Rem. 7 3, 8. 23 Rem. 1 5, 6. 28 Rem. 1 6, 1. 8, 4^ 6, 8. 10 Rem. 5 6, 9. 37 Rem. 3 7, 12. 32, 6 7, 13. 26, 6 8, 6. 35, 4 1, 8. 19,1 Ruth 1, 13. 25, 2 B /3 Lam. 1, 5. 9. 32, 9 1, 8. 32, 5 1, J4. 12, 5 1, 16. 32, 7 1, 17. 35, 6 3, 23. 13, 2 3, 38. 26, 5 3, 48. 32, 7 5, 16. 29, 1 Eccl. 1, 9. 25 Rem. 3 1, 16. 19, 5 2, 7. 37 Rem. 3 2, 11. 19, 5 2, 19. 26 Rem. 5 3, 11. 25, 4 4,1. 7. 21, 2 C^2 5, 15. 28, 5 H ^ 5, 18. 31, 2 7, 26. 3, 4 8, 15. 19, 5 9, 4. 41 Rem. 1 10, 10. 40 Rem. 1 12, 9. 36, 3 Esther 1, 3. 9 Rem. 1 1, 5. 4, 14 1, 8. 13, 1 1, 20. 19, 1 2, 11. 35, 5 3, 13, 22, 5 Atf 4, 1. 32, 5 4, 2. 21 Rem. 1 4, 14. 26 Rem. 1 4, 16 24 Rem. 1 7, 2. 17, 3 7, 4. 28, 5 F 7, 5. 11, 3 c 8, 1. 13, 3 8, 8. 22 Rem. ^ 9, 1. 13, 5 0, 2. 26, 3 Daniel 1, 3. 28, 2 * 2, 30. 19 Rem. 1 5, 2. 26, 6 A /3 INDEX OF PASSAGES QUOTED. 171 Daniel 5. 3. 19 Rem. 1 8, 13. 28, 2 9, 17. 5, 2 9, 23. 4 Eem. 2 9, 24. 34 Note 2 9, 25. 21, 2 C/31 9, 26. 9, 5 11, 7. 13, 8. 27,6 ( Ezra 7, 8. 9 Rem. 1 8, 16. 27, 6E 8, 29. 3, 9 8, 35. 9, 5 Neh. 2, 12. 24, 1 a 3, 20. 21 Rem. 4 3, 37. 27, 6 Br 4, 4. 27, 6 A r 4, 17. 25 Rem. 9 5, 2. 3. 4. 13, 8 5, 5. 25, 2Ca 7, 2. 27, 6Er 9, 19. 41 Rem. 1 9, 28. 4 Rem. 3 9, 35. 3 Rem. 4 I. 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Col- lection of Hieratic Graffiti, from the Alabaster Quarry of Hat-Nub, situated near Tell El Amarna. Found December 28th. 1891, copied September, 1892. Obi. pp. 10. \os. Buddhaghosuppatti ; or, Historical Romance of the Rise and Career of Buddaghosa. Edited and translated by jAMES GRAY, Professor of Pali. Rangoon College. Two Parts in one. Demy 8vo. Cloth, pp. VIII, 75 and 36. 6s. Budge (E. A. Wallis) The Laughable Stories collected by Bar-Hebraeus. The Syriac Text with an English Translation, by E. A. Wallis Budge, Litt. D., F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum. 8vo. Cloth. 2\s. net. [Luzac's Semitic Texts and Trans- lation Series, Vol. I]. "Dr. Budge's book will be welcome as a handy reading book for advanced students of Syriac, but in the mean time the stories will be an addition to the literature of gnomes and proverbs, of which so many are found in India, and in Persian, Hebrew and Arabic, although not yet published. We are happy to say that Dr. Budge's new book is well edited and translated as far as we can judge". Athenceuni. "The worthy Syrian Bishops idea of humour may excite admiration when we hear that he collected his quips in the grey dawn of the middle ages". Pall Mall Gazette. "Man sieht, das Buch ist in mehr als einer Hinsicht interessant, und wir sind Budge fiir die Herausgabe aufrichtig dankbar. Lit. Ce7ttralb. "Sous le titre de Recits amusants.^ le celebre polygraphe syrien Bar- hebraeus a reuni une collection de sept cent vingt-sept contes, divises en vingt chapitres et renfermant des aphorismes, des anecdotes et des fables d'animaux ayant un caractere soit moral, soit simplement recre- atif. Le livre nous etait connu par quelques specimens publics prece- Luzac & Go's Publications. 5 dement. M. Budge, qui a deja rendu tant de services aux lettres syria- ques, vient d'editer I'ouvrage entier avec une traduction anglaise En tous cas, M. B. a eu raison de ne pas faire un choix et de donner Touvrage en son entier .... Les aphorismes, ecrits dans un style concis et avec, une pointe dont la finesse n'est pas toujours sensible, presen- tent des difficultes de traduction dont M. B. a generalement triomphe." Revue Critique. "E questo un libro singolare, appartemente ad un genere assai scarso nella letteratura siriaca, quantunque cosi ricca, cioe a quello dell'amena letteratura. Bar Ebreo scrisse questo libro nella vecchiaia, o furse allora mise insieme e ordino estr atti che avea prese nelle lunghe letture da lui fatte, di tanto opere e cosi svariate .... I cultori degli studi siriaci saranno assai grati al Dr. Budge per questo suo novello contribute; I'edizione per carte e per tipi e veramente bellissima." La Culiura, Budge, see Luzac's Semitic Text and Trans- lation Series. Vols. I, III, V and VII. Cappeller (Carl) A Sanskrit-English Dictio- nary. Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons. Royal 8vo. 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It includes the vocabulary of several additional texts ; many compounds have been inserted which are not given in the Petersburg lexicons; and some im- provements have been made in the arrangement. The errors enumerated by the reviewer of the Academy have for the most part been corrected, though a few still remain The book is certainly the cheapest, and, for a beginner, in some respects the best, of existing Sanskrit-English dictionaries." Academy. "Professor Cappeller furnishes the Student of Sanskrit, if not with a complete Lexicon, for that he tells us, was not his object, still with a handy and yet very full vocabulary of all the words occurring in the texts which are generally studied in that language. His plan is to avoid all unnecessary complications, to give each word in such a manner Luzac & Go's Publications. as to show its formation, if it is not itself a stem. It is not merely an English version of the author's Sanskrit-German Dictionary, nor merely an enlarged edition of the same; it is a new work, with a distinct plan and object of its own. We can recommend it to the Sanskrit student as a sufficient dictionary for all practical purposes, which will enable him to dispense with larger and more costly and complicated Lexicons till he has acquired a considerable proficiency in this difficult and scientific language." Asiatic Quarterly Review. Ceylon. A Tale of Old See: Sinnatamby. Chakrabarti (J. Ch.) The Native States of India. 8vo. Cloth, pp. XIV, 274. With Map. ^s. net. Cool (W.) With the Dutch in the East. An Outline of the Military Operations in Lombock, 1894, Giving also a Popular Account of the Native Charac- teristics, Architecture, Methods of Irrigations, Agri- cultural Pursuits, Folklore, Religious Customs and a History of the Introduction of Islamism and Hinduism into the Island. By Capt. W. 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"Lombock forms a small link in the long chain of volcanic lands . . . To folklorists and students of primitive religions it has always presented many attractive features . . . They will be much interested in the local traditions recorded in the volume before us. Miss Taylor's version deserves a word of recognition, and the general equipment of the book is credi- table to the Amsterdam press. There is a good index." Academy. Liizac & Go's Publications. "The author not only describes the military operations, but gives a full history of Lombock and its people. Much curious information as to a land very much out of the way and little known to English readers is given. In addition the account of the actual warfare is full of incident. The book is freely illustrated." Yorkshire Daily Post. "This is a work which will no doubt attract considerable attention, both in the West and throughout the East. 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LiLzac & Go's Publications. 13 King, L. W. See: Luzac's Semitic Text and Translation Series, Vols. II, iv and VI. Kittel (Rev. F.) A Kannada-English Dictio- nary. By Rev. F. KiTTEL, B. G. E. M. Royal 8vo. Half-Bound, pp. L. 1725. i. \2s. Korean Repository. Vols. I to III. Annual Subscrip- tion 15^. Post free. Land (J. P. N.) The Principles of Hebrew Grammar. By J. P. N. Land, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Leyden. Trans- lated from the Dutch by Reginald Lane Poole, Balliol College, Oxford. Demy 8vo. Cloth, pp. XX, 219 (Published 'js. 6d.) Reduced price 5^. Lives of the Persian Poets Series. See Daw- latshah. Loewe (L.) A Dictionary of the Circassian Language. In two Parts. English Circassian Tur- kish, and Circassian English Turkish. 8vo. Cloth. (Published 21^.) Reduced price 6s. Loewe (L.) Efes Damim. See: Efes. Luzac's Oriental List. Containing Notes and News on, and a Bibliographical List of all new Publications on Africa and the East. Published Monthly. 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Vikramarka, Tales of. By Ravipati Gurumurti. 1850. is. Yield tables of the Scotch Pine. By W. Schlich, Ph. D. 1889. \s. N.B. In addition to the above, a large number of departmental re- ports, &c., are on sale at the various Government presses in India. These publications are not kept in stock at the India Office ; but should copies of them be required, they will be furnished (on payment), as far as possible, from the supply received for official purposes. In all cases applications for publications must be made through the official agents. INDEX OF PRIVATE NAMES. Apte, M. C, I Arbuthnot, F. F., lo, 15 D'Aicy, W. E. D., 25 Ashpitel, F. W.; 26 Bacon, Wisner, 21 Ball, C. J., 18 Beal, S., 19 Bemmelen, J. F. van, 9 Bennet, W. H., 18 Berrington, B. J., 9 Bevan, E. J., 25 Bezold, C, 3 Biesen, C. van den, 22 Birdwood, Sir G., 25 Black, C. E. D., 27 Blackden, M. W., 4 Blandford, W. F. H., 24 Brown, C. P., 27 Browne, Edward G., 9 Budde, K., 18 Budge, E. A. Wallis 4, 14, 15 Burgess, J., 24 Burnell, A. C., 25 Campbell, J. M., 24 Campbell, Sir G., 27 Cappeller, Carl, 5 Carter, P. J., 27 Chakrabarti J- C., 6 Chenery, J., 10 Cool, W., 6 Cordier, H., 20 Cornill, C. H., 18 Cowell, E. B., 2, 26 Cowper, B. H., 7 Cross, C. J., 25 Cunningham, J. M., 25 Cunningham, Sir A., 25 Cust, R. N., 7, 8 Das, Sarat Candra, 13 Driver, S. R., 18 Eastwick, E. B., 26 Edkins, J., 8 Eggeling, J., 25 Eitel, E. J., 8 Fausboll, v., 25 Fleet, J. F., 25 Forrest, G. W., 25, 26 Forster, W., 26 Frazer, G. W., 4 Fiihrer, A., 24 Ghosha, P. C, 25 Gladstone (VV. E.), 9 Goldstlicker, J., 26 Gray, J., 4, 1 1 Gribble, J. D. B., 9 Grierson, G. A., 24 Griffith, R. J. H., 21 Guirandon, F. G. de, 10 Gurumurti, R., 27 Halcombe C. J. H., 10 Hall, F. 24 Hardy, R. S., 10 Harper, W. R., i, 3, 11 Harper, R. F., 10 Haupt, P., 17. Hertz, PI. F., 25 Hirschfeld, H., 2 Hooyer, G. B., 6, 9 Hultzsch, E., 23, 26 Hunter, F. M., 23 Index of Private Names. 29 Jacob, Max, 18 Jaeschke, H. A., 27 Jarrett, H. S., 23 Jastrow, M., ii Johnson, F. E., 16 Johnston, C, ii, 12 Judson, A., 13 Kamphausen, A., i8 King, L. W., 12, 14 Kittel, F., 13 Kittel, R., 18 Lacouperie, T. de, 2 Land, J. P. N., 13 Leumann, E., 19 Levinsohn, J. B., 8 Loewe, L., 8, 13 Logan, W., 26 Loth, O., 25 Love, H. D., 26 Luzac, C. G., 3 Mackenzie, Sir A., 26 Macnaghten, (Sir W. Hay), 15 Mainwaring, G. P., 26 Margoliouth, D. S., 15 Mitra, R., 24, 25 Molesworth, J. T. 26 Monier-Williams, Sir M., 16, 25 Moore, G.'F., 22 Morgan, E.-Dehnar, 21 Navalkar, G. R., 26 Oldenberg, H., 25 Oudemans, A. C, 17 Poole, R. Lane, 13 Rea, A., 24. Rehatsek, E., 15 Ridding, C. M., 2 Risley, H. H., 27 Robertson, A., 27 Rosen, F., 17 Rosthorn, A. de, 17 Ruben, P., 17 Samasrami, S. V., 21 Sankaranarayna, P., 18 Sauerwein, G., 18. Sayce, A. H. 18 Schlegel, G., 20. Schlich, W. , 27. Seth, Mesrovb J., 19 Smith, E. W., 24 Sprenger, A., 25 Steele, R., 19 Stein, M. A., 19 Steingass, F., 10 Stoffel, C., 19 Taylor, E. J., 6, 20 Tawney, C. H,, 19 Temple, G., 20 Temple, R. C., 11, 20 Thomas, F. W., 2 Tiele, C. P., 20 Trumpp, E., 23 Uhlenbeck, C. C., 21 Vambery, H., 17 Venis, A., 21 Vivekananda Swami, 21 Voelcker, J. A., 23 Watson, F., 27 Watt, G. 25 Wellhausen, J., 18 West, Sir R., 21 Wildeboer, G., 21 Wilson, C. R., 27 Wilson, H. H., 15, 25, 26 Winckler, H., 22 Wright, W., 22 Wynkoop, J. D., 22 Yatawara, J. B., 22 LUZAC'S ORIENTAL LIST, NOTICE TO OUR READERS. With this number we enter upon the eighth year of the pubHcation of our Oriental List." Four years ago in the first number of our fourth volume we thanked our readers for the generous support we had received from various quarters, including some flatte- ring notices in our contemporaries referring to the value of our List", and we now tender our thanks to an extended circle of readers. Within recent years the number of works on oriental subjects has incre- ased enormously, and our List" was started with the object of furnishing a record of such works which should be published at regular intervals. Our aim has therefore been to give each month a complete list of oriental books published in England, on the Conti- nent, in the East and in America, while under the heading; Notes and News" we have endeavoured to give a faithful account of the progress made during the month in the various branches of oriental lear- ning, literature and archaeology. The encouragement we have continuously received from the beginning of the undertaking emboldens us to believe that the List" has really supplied a want on the part of those who from taste or profession are interested in the languages , literatures and antiquities of the East , and we therefore venture to appeal to our readers who are in the habit of consulting our List" when making out their orders to send them to us direct. 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