Co rf*~i 1 Chemical Dlfcti.br The Condensed CHEMICAL DICTIONARY A reference volume for all requiring quick access to a large amount of essential data regarding chemicals, and other sub- stances used in manufacturing and laboratory work Compiled and Edited by The Editorial Staff of the Chemical Engineering Catalog F. M. TURNER, JR., Technical Editor Assistant Editors D. D. BEROLZHEIMER W. P. CUTTER JOHN HELFRICH Published by The CHEMICAL CATALOG COMPANY, Inc. One Madison Avenue, New York First Edition, 1919 CL5 COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY The CHEMICAL CATALOG COMPANY, Inc. All Rights Reserved Press of J. J. Little & Ives Co., New York Table of Contents PAGE Preface 3 Acknowledgments : 5 References Consulted 5 Explanation of the Arrangement, Terms and Symbols used in this Volume 6 Dictionary Proper 9 Combining (Atomic) Weights . . . . 503 Domestic Weights and Measures 504 Metric Equivalents 505 Temperature Conversion Tables: Centigrade-Fahrenheit . . . 506 Relation of Degrees Baume' to Specific Gravities for liquids heavier than water 515 Relation of Degrees Baume' to Specific Gravities for liquids lighter than water 516 Definitions of Units 517 Extracts from Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and other Dangerous Articles by Freight and Express . . . . 521 Preface The increased importance of the chemical industries has brought into contact with these industries a large number of people not educated along chemical lines. Exporters and importers, brokers and jobbers, financial houses, lawyers, librarians, purchasing agents, insurance com- panies and many other classes of firms and individuals have frequent need for detailed information regarding chemicals and chemical products. The large and constantly increasing volume of such inquiries re- ceived by the Information Bureau of The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc., as well as by the public and technical libraries, has made obvious the demand existing for some one book that would supply the outstand- ing facts regarding the various chemicals and chemical materials ordina- rily met with in commerce. Professional chemists and chemical engineers may find it hard to appreciate that there are large numbers of people in various branches of trade who have to use or buy or sell chemical products (or who have professional or financial relations with firms doing so), who have hot the least idea how to secure information on the most elemental points. The fact that the Information Bureau of The Chemical Catalog Com- pany, Inc., is called on almost daily to answer such questions as "Is ace- tone a solid or a liquid", "Is sulf uric acid explosive ?", "What is alum used for?", "What is the boiling point of toluol?", "Where does perilla oil come from?", etc., shows that the sources of such information are none too available to non-professionals. Moreover, after asking a number of such questions, the inquirers would freqentuly ask, "Is there no book where we can look up things like this for ourselves? We often need information like this in our business." A thorough search of chemical literature revealed no publication that would meet exactly the requirements of these people. Undoubtedly a collection of literature could be made that would give all the facts commonly needed, but few business men would be likely to go to the expense of accumulating such a library. The excellent facilities of the public technical libraries avail little, as business men have not the time to visit them, and moreover, good technical libraries are not convenient to all trade and manufacturing centers. Finally, the books in which the information could be obtaitned would contain so much more commer- men unaccustomed to the use of large scientific reference works would soon be in difficulties. One of the most frequent classes of inquiries concerned the uses of things. Importers and brokers would frequently find chemicals, oils, ores, etc., on their hands, the market for which was unfamiliar. In order to find whom to approach, it was necessary first to know the uses of the substances. In the Condensed Chemical Dictionary an attempt has been made to collect a mass of information on this subject scattered through hundreds of textbooks, periodicals, government bulletins, etc., as well as to set down a great deal that is not known to be anywhere in print. The only solution of the above problem seemed to be the compilation of a new reference book that would meet the requirements we have attempted to outline in the previous paragraphs. Consequently, early in 1918 the work of compilation was begun by the Editorial Staff of The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc. No attempt has been made to produce an exhaustive work. In ad- dition to properties and uses it was thought advisable to insert brief notes as to how things are manufactured, when they are not natural products. These notes have been restricted to giving a very general idea of the process and are not intended to instruct anyone in the manu- facture of the substances in question. The properties described have been restricted to those likely to be of commercial importance, and many substances scientifically interesting have, in the interest of brevity, been omitted entirely when of no com- mercial importance. While the great value of this Dictionary to the non-technical user is very apparent, it must not be lost sight of that to the chemist, even one having access to a good library, the book is invaluable as a time-saver. Frequently a moment's reference to the Dictionary will answer a question, whereas much more time would be consumed in getting the same information from other sources. It is believed by the editors and publishers that the Dictionary will soon make a place for itself close to the hand of any chemist. Every precaution has been taken to make the book accurate and complete within the limits set for it. In all probability some errors and omissions will be noted and the editors will be very grateful for having their attention drawn to such matters so that corrections can be made in future editions. On a subsequent page, acknowledgment is made of the generous assistance numerous chemists, chemical engineers and others have given in connection with the compilation of the book. THE EDITORS. New York, September ist, 1919. 4 Acknowledgments The Editors wish to express their appreciation of the assistance of Dr. John C. Olsen, Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., who read the proofs of the entire manuscript, offering many valuable suggestions ; also, to Dr. B. T. Brooks, Consulting Chemist, New York; Bureau of Explosives, American Railway Association, New York; Mr. C. C Dominge, Great American Insurance Company, New York; Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Editor of The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chem- istry, New York; Dr. B. C. Hesse, of the General Chemical Company, New York; Dr. J. Merritt Matthews, Consulting Chemist, New York; Mr. H. A. Plusch, Research Engineer, Abrasive Company, Philadelphia ; Dr. Allen Rogers, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mr. Donald R. Staddon, Consulting Chemist, New York; Dr. John E. Teeple, Con- sulting Chemical Engineer, New York; Mr. H. P. Trevithick, Chemist, New York Produce Exchange, New York, and numerous other persons throughout the chemical profession and industry whose cooperation has contributed in no small degree to the work in hand. References Consulted Abegg: Handbuch der anorganischen chemie. 1905-1914 Allen : Commercial organic analysis. 4th Ed. 1909-1917 American Medical Association: New and nonofficial remedies. 1916 Annual tables of constants. Volumes i 3. 1910-1912 British pharmacopeia. 1914 Gulliver : Metallic alloys. 2nd Ed. 1913 Harris: Technological dictionary of insurance chemistry. 1899. Lewkowitsch: Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats and waxes. 5th Ed. 1913-1914 Merck's index. 1907 Meyer & Jacobson r Lehrbuch der organischen chemie. 1893-1915 Mineral Industry: Edited by G. A. Roush. 1910-1917 Molinari : Treatise on general and industrial chemistry : Inorganic, 1912 ; Organic, 1913 Proctor: The principles of leather manufacture. 1903 Rogers : Industrial chemistry. 2nd Ed. 1915 Roscoe and Schorlemmer: A treatise on chemistry. 4th Ed. 1911-1913 Schultz & Julius: Systematic survey of the organic coloring matters. English edition, 1908 and German edition, 1914 Smithsonian physical tables. 6th Ed. 1914 Thorp: Outlines of industrial chemistry. 3rd Ed. 1917 Thorpe: Dictionary of applied chemistry. 5th Ed. 1912-1913 U. S. dispensatory. 2oth Ed. 1918 U. S. pharmacopeia. 9th Ed. 1915 Van Nostrand's chemical annual. 4th Ed. 1918. (J. C. Olsen) 5 Explanation of the Arrangement, Terms and Symbols used in this Volume The Dictionary is arranged in a straight alphabetical classification. Thus, "Methyl Alcohol" is under "M", not "Alcohol, Methyl." The only deviation from this rule is in the case of acids, all of which are grouped together under "A" with cross-references under the name proper, thus : "Sulfuric Acid. See Acid sulfuric." Cross-Indexing: The Dictionary has been carefully cross-indexed as a further assistance toward ready location of items sought. Organic Nomenclature : Organic derivatives in the names of which the prefixed "meta-", "ortho-" "para-", "alpha-" and "beta-" occur are listed under the main name. For instance, look for "Naphthol, Beta-" under "N", not "Beta-naphthol" under "B". Spelling: Spelling follows the rules of the American Chemical Society, as used in Chemical Abstracts, and where some other spelling is commercially in use and differs materially from the A. C. S. standard, a cross-indexing will be found. Temperatures: Temperatures are given in degrees Centigrade. A conversion table will be found on page 506 for those who desire Fahren- heit temperatures. Densities: Tables giving the relations for Baume degrees and Specific Gravities (Densities) for liquids both heavier and lighter than water will be found on pages 515 and 516. Formula (Molecular) Weights: Formula (Molecular) Weights are not given, but a table of Combining (Atomic) weights is given on page 503, and the formula weights may be calculated from that table and the formulas given. Made in America: An asterisk (*) has been used to indicate those substances that, according to the best information available, are now made in America, many of which were not made here before the Great War. As some of these were strictly war products, the manufacture of which in this country may have been discontinued, the editors will appreciate corrections and additions. Proprietary Names: Important trade and proprietary names have been included, as it is frequently not recognized in trade that those names are of a proprietary nature. Where a proprietary name is given it is generally stated that it is such. Dyestuffs: No attempt has been made to complete the information 6 given regarding synthetic dyestuffs, as excellent reference works exist on that subject, and the inclusion of the complete information would unnecessarily expand the Dictionary. It has, however, been deemed advisable to include those dyestuffs, the names of which do not indicate that they are dyestuffs, for the reason that inquiries are frequently made in commerce with regard to these substances, and the people to whom the inquiries are addressed do not know whether they are dye- stuffs or drugs or what not. Containers : In addition to the containers mentioned for the various chemicals, glass bottles may always be inferred when small amounts are under consideration. Grades: The terms U. S. P. and B. P. used under Grades refer respectively to the United States Pharmacopeia and British Pharma- copeia, and signify that the substances are sold under the mark "U. S. P." or "B. P." and comply with the requirements of these standards as to quality, purity, etc. The grade "C. P." is usually the purest obtain- able. The grade "Technical" is the ordinary commercial product and may be crude, pure or "C. P." Railroad Shipping Regulations: The notes on Railroad Shipping Regulations are based on the Interstate Commerce Commission "Regula- tions for the Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Ar- ticles by Freight and Express" published by the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New York. (A copy of this pamphlet, which is for public distribution, should be in the hands of everyone dealing in chemicals and allied products.) Certain extracts from this publication defining the terms "Red label," "Yellow label," etc., and giving other information of value to shippers will be found on page 521. Fire Hazards: The notes on Fire Hazards are based on the prac- tice of the inspectors of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters. Ordinarily, we have classed as "dangerous" all substances which are obviously so when stored or transported in quantity. It is obvious that a great number of circumstances must be considered in deciding whether a substance is hazardous or not. A small amount of an oil in a bottle in a laboratory may not present any fire hazard, whereas a 5O,ooo-gal. tank of the same oil would. Almost any combustible substance may present a marked fire hazard under certain conditions. We have at- tempted to restrict the term "dangerous" to such substances as warrant more than ordinary precaution. , Further Information: For sources of supply of the majority of chemicals and chemical materials listed in the Dictionary consult the current edition of the "Chemical Engineering Catalog," where the most prominent firms supplying each product will be found listed. For makers of equipment for manufacturing or refining any of the 7 substances dealt with in the Dictionary consult the current edition of the ''Chemical Engineering Catalog," where descriptions, accompanied by tables of sizes, capacities, etc., of the leading makes of industrial chemical equipment will be found. The Information Bureau of The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc., i Madison Avenue, New York, will always be pleased to advise as to the sources of supply of any of the items listed in the Dictionary, or as to equipment for manufacturing or refining them. For Technical Books dealing with any of the items listed in the Dic- tionary consult the Technical Book Section of the Chemical Engineering Catalog, or communicate with the Book Department, The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc., I Madison Avenue, New York, which can pro- cure any technical book in print at the publisher's own net price. Provision for Memoranda Appreciating that many owners of this Dictionary may wish to amplify the data under some of the headings by making notes and memoranda of particular interest to themselves, the Publishers have adopted a format unusual in a book of this character which should add greatly to the convenience of many. A generous space is left between all items, room for a line or so of text ; and, to provide for more extended notes, a wide margin is carried at the bottom of each page. It is hoped that this departure from the usual crowded arrange- ment will prove its value to those who use this book, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary Abaiser. See Charcoal, Animal. Abelmoschus (Musk mallow, Musk seed, Amber seed, Ambrette). Derivation: Seeds of Abelmoschus. Habitat: Egypt, India and Tropical America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Manufacture of perfumes; adul- terating musk; preserving woolens from moths. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Abietic Acid. See Acid abietic. Abietinic Acid. See Acid abietic. Abrasives. See Aloxite, Alundum, Boro- lon, Burrstone, Carborundum, Corun- dum, Crystolon, Electrolon, Emery, Garnet, Grindstone, Kieselgur, Mill- stone, Novaculite, Oilstone, Pumice, Scythestone, Tripoli, Volcanic ash, Whetstone. Abraumsalze. Derivation: A mixture of potassium and magnesium chlorides and sulfates and other salts, overlying the rock- salt deposits at Stassfurt, Germany. This mineral was most important source of potash salts prior to 1914. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Absinthe Oil. See Wormwood oil. Absinthin* (Absinthiin, Absynthin) Color and properties: Yellowish- brown, amorphous powder; very bitter taste. Constants: Melting-point I20-I25C. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform; in- soluble in water. Derivation: From Artemisia absin- thium. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Absinthium* (Wormwood). Derivation: Leaves and tops of Arte- misia absinthium. Habitat: Europe, Northern and West- ern Asia, and Africa; cultivated in U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Absynthin. See Absinthin. Acacia. Derivation: Gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal and other species of Acacia. Habitat: Africa, Arabia and India. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Medicine; adhesives. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acaciae Cortex, B. P. Acacia bark. Acaciae Gummi 10 Acetanilide Acaciae Gummi, B. P. (Acacia gum). See Acacia. Acanthite. A natural silver sulfide, Ag2S. It contains 87 per cent silver. Colorado. Acenaphthene* (Ethylenenaphthene, Ethylenenaphthalene) CioHeCCH^H. Color and properties: White needles. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0687; melting-point 95C.; boiling-point 277C. Soluble in hot alcohol. Derivation: From coal-tar. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuff intermediates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acerdol. See Calcium permanganate. Acetal (Diethylacetal, Ethylidenedieth- ylic ether, Diethylaldehyde) CH 3 CH(OC2H 5 )2. Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; agreeable odor; nutty af- ter-taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.831; boil- ing-point 103- 104 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the imperfect oxida- tion of ethyl alcohol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Medicine; solvent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetaldehyde* (Ethyl aldehyde, Acetic aldehyde, Ethanol, Aldehyde) CH 3 CHO. Color and properties: Colorless, light, inflammable liquid; pungent, fruity odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.801; boil- ing-point 21 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (i) Commercially obtained (a) from "first runnings" of alcohol stills by fractionation in a special still; (b) by passing alcohol vapor over platinum black; (c) by synthesis from acetylene gas. (2) By pouring a mix- ture of 90 per cent, alcohol and con- centrated sulfuric acid into a solution of potassium bichromate. The mix- ture is heated in a reflux apparatus and subsequently distilled. Method of purification: Rectification in a special type of still. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Paraldehyde; organic synthesis; ^ilvering mirrors; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Acetamide* (Acetic acid amine) CH 3 CONH 2 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; mousy odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.139; melting-point 82C; boiling-point 223 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of ethyl acetate and ammonium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetaminosalol. See Salophen. Acetanilide* (Phenylacetamide, Antifeb- rin) C 6 H 5 NH(COCH 3 ). Color and properties: White, shining, crystalline scales; slightly burning taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2105; melting-point II3C.; boiling-point 305C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. Derivation: By the acetylization of aniline with glacial acetic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preservative for hy- Acetanilidum 11 Acetone Oil drogen peroxide; addition to cellulose ester "dopes" and lacquers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetanilidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Ace- tanilide. Acetanisidin. See Methacetin. Acetic Acid. See Acid acetic. Acetic Acid Amine. See Acetamide. Acetic Aldehyde. See Acetaldehyde. Acetic Anhydride. See Acid acetic, An- hydride. Acetic Ether. See Ethyl acetate. Acetic Oxide. See Acid acetic, Anhy- dride. Acetine* (Monoacetine) Color and properties: Colorless, thick liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2212; boiling-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating glycerine and strong acetic acid, distilling off the weak acetic acid formed and again heating with strong acetic acid and distilling. Method of purification: Rectification. Impurities: Uncombined acetic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Gelatinizing smokeless pow- ders; preparing non-congealing dyna- mites; production of dinitroacetyl- glycerine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetocinnamone. See Benzylidene ace- tone. Acetone* (Dimethylketone, Dimethyl- ketal, Ketopropane, Methylacetal, Pyroacetic ether, Propanone) CH 3 OCH 3 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; fragrant, mint-like odor; inflamma- ble. Constants: Specific gravity 0.7900; melting-point -94-3 C.; boiling-point 56.48 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the dry distillation of brown or gray calcium acetate, (b) Acetylene, obtained by the action of water on calcium carbide, passes through several synthetic processes, in which mercuric oxide is employed as a catalytic agent, until acetic acid is formed. This is converted into acetone. (c) A special ferment is added to a grain mash, the product of the fermentation being butyl alcohol and acetone as a by-product. The acetone is obtained by distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars; carboys; tin cans. Uses: Explosive manufacture where it is employed as a solvent in making smokeless powder; solvent; varnishes; lacquers; organic synthesis; manufac- ture of chloroform; manufacture of celluloid; absorbent for acetylene gas Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Acetone Alcohol. See Methyl alcohol. Acetone Chloroform. See Chloretone. Acetone, Monochlorated. See Chloro- acetone. Acetone Oil* Derivation: An oily residuum obtained as a by-product in the distillation of acetone. Uses: Solvent; denaturant for alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations Red label. Acetonitrile 12 Acetylsalicylic Acetonitrile. See Methyl cyanide. Acetonum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acetone. Acetphenetidine* (Para-acetphenetidine, Phenacetin, Oxyethylacetanilide) Color and properties: Colorless cry- stals. Constants: Melting-point: I35C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of phenetidine and glacial acetic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetphenetidinum, U. S. P. See Acet- phenetidine. Acetophenone* (Hypnone) C 6 H 5 COCH 3 . Color and properties: Laminated, white crystals; pungent taste. Constants: Specific gravity; 1.0329; melting-point 20.5 C; boiling-point 202 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By treating benzol with acetyl chloride in presence of alumi- num chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetyl Bromide* CH 3 COBr. Color and properties: Colorless, fum- ing liquid; turns yellow in air; reacts violently with water; fumes irritate the eyes. Constants: Boiling point 8iC. Soluble in ether. Derivation: By the interaction of acetic acid and phosphorus pentabromide. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; metal bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetyl Chloride* H 3 COC1. Color and properties: Colorless, highly refracting, fuming liquid. ^ Constants: Specific gravity 1.1051; melting-point 50.9 C. Soluble in ether. Derivation: By mixing glacial acetic acid and phosphorus trichloride in the cold and heating a short time to drive off hydrochloric acid. The acetyl chloride is then distilled. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; carboys* Uses: Organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetyl Iodide* CH 3 COI. Color and properties: Brown, trans- parent, fuming liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.98; boil- ing-point io5-io8C. Soluble in ether. Derivation: By the interaction of ace- tic acid, iodine and phosphorus. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetyl Oxide. See Acid acetic, Anhy- dride. Acetyl-para-aminosalol. See Salophen. Acetyl-para-aminophenyl Salicylate. See Salophen. Acetyl-para-phenylenediamine. Phenylenediamine, Para-. See Acetylphenylenediamine. See Phenyl- diamine, Para-. Acetylsalicylic Acid. See Acid acetyl- salicylic. Acetyltannin 13 Acid Acetic Acetyltannin. See Diacetyltannin. Acetylene* C2H 2 . Color and properties: Colorless gas; highly inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.91; melt- ing-point -8i.5C; boiling-point -83-6 C. Soluble in alcohol, acetone and water. Derivation: By the action of water on calcium carbide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders; also sold in cylinders, dissolved in acetone. Uses: Organic synthesis; illumination; oxy-acetylene welding. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Acetylene Tetrabromide (Muthmann's liquid) CHBr 2 .CHBr 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 2.98-3.00; boiling-point 239-242C. Soluble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of acetylene and bromine, and subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Separating minerals by specific gravity; solvent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acetylene Tetrachloride* (Tetrachloro- ethane). CHC1 2 .CHC1 2 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.582; melt- ing-point -36C; boiling-point I47.2C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of acet- ylene and chlorine, and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent for greases and waxes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Abietic* (Acid abietinic.) Color and properties: Yellowish resi- nous powder. Constants: Melting-point i82C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By digesting colophony with weak alcohol. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Resinates of heavy metals as varnish dryers. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Acid Abietinic. See Acid Abietic. Acid Acetic* (Acid methanecarboxylic, Vinegar acid) HC 2 H 3 O 2 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid. Vinegar is a dilute, impure acetic acid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.049; melting-point 16.7 C.; boiling-point ii8.iC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) The pyroligneous acid obtained from the destructive distilla- tion of wood is neutralized with lime. The acetate of lime obtained is dis- sociated with hydrochloric acid in copper or iron stills and the acetic acid recovered by distillation. It is further purified by re-distillation over potassium bichromate and filtering through freshly burned charcoal. When pyroligneous acid is distilled without neutralization, the distillate coming over at ioo-i2OC., is known as wood vinegar. It is used for some technical purposes, but is generally purified by converting into a calcium salt and distilling with a mineral acid, (b) By the oxidation of dilute ethyl alcohol, prompted by bacterial action. The solution is concentrated by frac- tional distillation until a little water remains. Finally by freezing, the Acid Acetic Amide 14 Acid Adipic acetic acid may be crystallized out. Pure acetic acid, in consequence of its freezing, is known as "glacial acetic acid." Acetic anhydride is produced when acetic acid is decom- posed so that water is driven off. (c) By direct synthesis from acety- lene gas using mercuric oxide as a catalyst. Grades: ^Commercial, specific gravity 1.040 (8 Tw) 30 per cent anhydrous acid; U. S. P.; B. P. Strength of so- lutions 90 per cent, 80 per cent, 60 per cent, 36 per cent, 30 per cent, 28 per cent; redistilled 56 per cent. Containers: Glass carboys; barrels. Uses: Acetates; organic synthesis; per- fumes; food-flavoring extracts; textile industry; lead whites; manufacture of cellulose acetate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Acetic Amide. See Acetamide. Acid Acetic Amine. See Acetamide. Acid Acetic, Anhydride (Acetic anhy- dride, . Acetyl oxide, Acetic oxide) (CH 3 CO) 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, very mobile, strongly refractory liquid; very strong acetic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.082; boil- ing-point I39-5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; decom- poses in water forming acetic acid. Derivation: By distilling acetyl chlo- ride with an alkali acetate. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard^ None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Acetic, Glacial* (Crystallizable ace- tic acid, Methanecarboxylic acid) CH 3 COOH. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, strongly acid liquid; crystallizes a few degrees below I5C. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0553; boiling-point ii7-ii8C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: See acetic acid. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Strength of solutions 99^ per cent, 90 per cent, 80 per cent. Containers: Glass bottles;, carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufacture of colors, drugs, etc.; also for manu- facture of cellulose acetate used as air plane "dope" and for other pur- poses. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Acetylsalicylic (Aspirin) Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point I32-I35C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the acetylization of salicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Salicylic acid. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Adipic* (Acid adipinic) (CH 2 )4(COOH) 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish cry- stalline powder. Constants: Melting-point 153 C.; boil- ing-point 265C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Obtained from animal and plant fats by oxidation with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Adipinic 15 Acid Aminonaphthol Acid Adipinic. See Acid adipic. Acid Alpha-Hydroxypropionic. See Acid lactic Acid Alpha-Monobromopropionic. See Acid monobromopropionic. Acid Alpha-Naphtholsulfonic* (Neville and Winther's acid) CioH 6 (OH)(S03H) 1:4. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 170 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating sodium naph- thionate with an aqueous solution of caustic soda in an autoclave. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Alpha-Naphtholsulfonic* (Cleves' acid) Ci H 6 (OH)(SO 3 H) 1:5. Color and properties: Deliquescent crystalline solid. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By fusing naphthalene disulonic acid (1:5) with caustic soda at 160 C. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Alpha-Naphthylaminesulfonic* (Acid naphthionic) Ci H 6 (NH 2 )S03H 1:4. Color and properties: White crystals or powder. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By baking a mixture of equal molecules of alpha-naphthyl- amine and sulfuric acid, with which about 3 per cent of oxalic acid is in- corporated. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Alpha-Toluic. See Acid phenyl- acetic. Acid Aminoacetic* (Glycocoll, Glycine, Aminoethanoic acid) COOH CH 2 NH 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1607; melting-point 232 -236 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and in ether. Derivation: By the action of concen- trated ammonium hydroxide on mon- ochloroacetic acid, or by the action of alkali on gelatine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Aminobenzenesulfonic. See Acid meta-sulfanilic. Acid Aminobenzoic, Meta-* (Benz- aminic acid) C 6 H 4 NH 2 CO 2 H. Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals; sublime easily; sweet taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5104; melting-point I73-I74 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the reduction of meta- nitrobenzoic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden .kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Aminodracylic. See Acid para- aminobenzoic. Acid Aminoethanoic. See Acid amino- acetic. Acid Aminonaphtholdisulfonic* (H Acid Aminonaphthol 16 Acid Anthranilic acid) CioH 4 (OH)(NH 2 )(S0 3 H) 2 . 1:8:3:6. Color and properties: Grey powder. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From alpha-naphthyla- mine disulfonic acid S by soda fusion. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Chromotropic acid. Grades: Technical; 80 per cent, 85 per cent. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Aminonaphtholsulfonic* (G acid, Gamma acid) CioH 5 (OH)(NH 2 )(S0 3 H) 2:8:6. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating caustic soda and beta-naphtholdisulfonic acid G. and water in an autoclave. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Aminophenylarsinic, Para-. Acid arsanilic. See Acid Aminoialicylic Hydrochloride* C 6 H 8 COOH(OH)NH 2 .HC1. Color and properties: Grayish-white crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the reduction of nit- rosalicylic acid with zinc and hydro- chloric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of trans- fer paper. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Aminosuccinic. See Acid aspara- ginic. Acid Amygdalic* (Acid phenylhyd- roxyacetic, Acid amygdalinic, Acid phenylglycolic, Acid benzoglycolic, Acid paramandelic) C 6 H 5 CH(OH) COOH. Color and properties: Large, transpar- ant crystals. Constants: Melting-point n8C. Soluble in ether; ^slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: From benzaldehyde and acetophenone dibromide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Amygdalinic. See Acid amygdalic. Acid Angelic* (Acid angelicic) CH 2 CH CH (CH 8 ) COOH. Color and properties: Colorless needles or prisms; spicy odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9539; melting-point 45C; boiling-point i85C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water. Derivation: From the root of angelica archangelica or from the oil of an- themis nobilis by distillation. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Angelicic. See Acid angelic. Acid Anthranilic* (Acid ortho-amino- benzoic) C 6 H 4 (NH 2 )(CO 2 H.) Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 144 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By boiling the potassium derivative of phthalylhydroxylamine with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. Acid, Apple 17 Acid Benzene Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Manufacture of dyes, drugs and perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Apple. See Acid malic. Acid Arsanilic* (Acid atoxylic; Acid para-aminophenylic; Arsenic acid an- ilide) C 6 H 4 NH 2 .AsO(OH) 2 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 232 C. Soluble in ether, amyl alcohol and al- kaline carbonate solutions; slightly soluble in alcohol and acetic acid; in- soluble in acetone, benzol and chloro- form. Derivation: By condensing aniline with arsenic acid, removing the excess of aniline by steam distillation in alka- line solution and setting the acid free by hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Conversion into the sodium salt, boiling with ani- mal charcoal, crystallizing the sodium salt and setting the acid free by di- lute hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Arsanilates; starting-point for the manufacture of arsenical, medici- nal compounds, such as salvarsan, arsphenamine, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Asparagic. See Acid asparaginic. Acid Asparaginic* (Acid asparagic, Acid aspartic, Acid aminosuccinic) COOHCH 2 CH(NH 2 )COOH. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; odorless. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From asparagin by saponi- fication with hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Aspartic. See Acid asparaginic. Acid Atoxylic. See Acid arsanilic. Acid Azotic. See Acid nitric. Acid Badische. See Acid beta-naphthyl- amine-alpha-sulfonic 2:8. Acid Baeyer. See Acid beta-naphthyl- aminemonosulfonic 2:7. Acid Barbituric* CO(NHCO) 2 CH 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By condensing malonic acid with urea. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Preparation of pharmaceutical chemicals. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Battery. Sulfuric acid and potas- sim bichromate. Acid Bayer. See Acid beta-naphthyl- aminemonosulfonic 2:7. Acid Benzaminic. See Acid meta-amin- obenzoic. Acid Benzaminoacetic . See Acid hip- puric. Acid Benzenemonosulfonic*. C 6 H 5 SO 3 H. Color and properties: Fine, deliques- cent needles or large plates. Constants: > Melting-point 65-66C.; boiling-point 137 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By sulfonating benzol with fuming sulfuric acid. Acid Benzene 18 Acid Beta-Naphthyl Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Making phenol; organic synthe- .sis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Benzenesulfonic. See Acid benz- enemonosulfonic. Acid Benzidinedicarboxylic. See Acid diaminodiphenic. Acid Benzoglycolic. See Acid amydalic. (Acid phenylformic) properties: Colorless Acid Benzoic* C 6 H 5 C0 2 H. Color and needles. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2659; melting-point i2i.25C; boiling-point 249-2 C. Soluble in alcohol and in ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) From gum benzoin by sublimation, or by treatment with milk of lime and then distillation with sulfuric acid. The product is sub- sequently recovered by sublimation, (b) Industrially, by the chlorination of toluol to benzenyl trichloride and heating this under pressure with milk of lime. The benzoic acid is dis- tilled by steam and allowed to crys- tallize. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; from gum benzoin; from toluol (ex. tol.); B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Dentifrices; seasoning tobacco; aniline dyestuffs; drugs; perfumes; textiles; preservatives; medicine; benzoates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Benzolaminoacetic. See Acid hippuric. Acid Benzolsulfonic. See Acid benzene- monosulfonic. Acid Beta-Naphtholdisulfonic (R Acid) CioH 5 (OH)(S0 3 H) 2 2:3:6.. Color and properties: Deliquescent, colorless, silky needles. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating beta-naphthol with sulfuric acid, dissolving the melt in water and adding salt. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacturing dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Beta-Naphtholsulfonic* (Acid, Schaeffer's) Ci H 6 (OH)SO 3 H 2:6. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point I22C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating beta-naphthol with concentrated sulfuric acid. The melt is dissolved in water and on add- ing salt, the sodium salt of the acid crystallizes out, while the isomeric acids simultaneously formed remain in solution. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Beta-Naphtholsulfonic* (Acid, Cas- sella) CioH 6 (OH)(S0 3 H)2:7. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 89C. Soluble in water and alcohol. * Derivation: By fusion of naphthalene disulfonic acid (2:7) with caustic soda or by heating the acid with an aqueous solution of caustic soda in an autoclave. t Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Beta-Naphthylamine-alpha-sulfon- ic* (Acid, Badische) Acid Beta-Naphthyl 19 Acid Borophenylic CioH 6 (NH 2 )S0 3 H 2:8. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Process of manufacture: By heating together beta-naphthylamine, fuming sulfuric acid (20 per cent SO 3 ) and the gamma acid (about 70 per cent gamma and 30 per cent alpha.) Derivation: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Beta-Naphthylamine-beta-sulfonic* (Acid, Broenner's) CioH(NH 2 )SO 8 H 2:6. Color and properties: Colorless needles. Derivation: By heating beta-naphthol- beta-sulfonic acid S with aqueous am- monia in an autoclave. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels and kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Beta-Naphthylamine-delta-sulfon- ic. See Acid beta-naphthylaminemono- sulfonic. Acid Beta-Naphthylaminemonosulfonic* (Acid, Cassella's F, Acid, Baeyer's, Acid monosulfonic F, Acid Mono F, Acid beta-naphthylamine-delta-sulfon- CioH 6 (NH2)S0 3 H 2:7. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Acid, Cassella's F). By heating beta-naphtholsulfonic acrd F with aqueous ammonia in an auto- clave. (Acid, Baeyer,) by heating the beta acid together with beta-naph- thylamine sulfate with concentrated sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Beta-Phenylacrylic. See Acid Cinnamic. Acid Beta-Pyridinecarboxylic. See Acid nicotinic. Acid Bichloroacetic. See Acid dichloro- acetic. Acid Boracic. See Acid boric. Acid Boric* (Acid boracic, Acid ortho- boric) H 3 BO 3 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.4347; melting-point 184 C. Soluble in water and in alcohol. Derivation: By adding hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to a solution of borax and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Crystals; powder; technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels; kegs; boxes; bur- lap bags. Uses: Medicine; pottery; glass manu- facture; metallurgy; flux; preserva- tives; eye lotions. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Boronotungstic. See Acid boro- tungstic. Acid Borophenylic* (Acid phenylbor- ic) (C 6 H5B02) + (C6H 5 B 3 05.) Color and properties: White or red- dish crystals. A mixture of phenyl borate and phenyltriborate. Constants: Melting-point 204 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of phos- phorus oxychloride on a mixture of boric acid and phenol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Borotungstic 20 Acid Calcium Acid Borotungstic* (Acid borowolf- ramic, Acid boronotungstic) B 2 O 3 (WO 3 ) 9 .24H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 3.0. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating ammonium borotungstate with aqua regia. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Mineralogy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Borowolframic. See Acid boro- tungstic. Acid, Broenner's. See Acid beta-naph- thylamine-beta-sulfonic 2:6. Acid Bromic* HBrO 3 . Color and properties: Colorless or slightly yellow liquid; turns yellow on exposure. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 3.1883; melting-point: Decomposes at iooC. Soluble in water. Derivation: Sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium bromate and the product recovered by subsequent dis- tillation and .absorption in water. Grades^ Technical; U. S. P. (Sp. Gr. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Bromoacetic. See Acid monobrom- oacetic. Acid Bromosuccinic. (See Acid mono- bromosuccinic. Acid, Bronner's. See Acid beta-naph- thylamine-beta-sulfonic 2:6. Acid Butylacetic* (Acid isohexoic, Acid isocaproic) (CH 3 )2CH(CH2) 2 COOH. Color and properties: Yellow liquid; rancid odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.925; boil- ing-point I99C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From isoamylcyanide by, saponification. Method of purification: Rectification, j Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Extracts; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Butyric* (Acid propylformic) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 C0 2 H. Color and properties: Colorless, limped liquid; rancid odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9599; melting-point -3.I2C; boiling-point i62.3C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By butyric fermenta- tion of starch paste in the presence of a little tartaric acid; putrified meat or cheese being added after a few days, (b) Pure cultures of special bacteria are also used, (c) From mo- lasses residues by the Effront process. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Carboys. Strength of solution: Technical 60 per cent. Uses: Varnishes; medicine; butyrates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Cacodylic (Acid dimethylarsenic, Acid kakodylic) (CH 3 ) 2 AsOOH. Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 2OOC. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By distilling a mixture of arsenic trioxide and potassium ace- tate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Calcium Phosphate. See Calcium phosphate, Mono. Acid Camphoric 21 Acid Chlorophthalic Acid Camphoric* C 8 Hi 4 (CO 2 H) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less needles or scales. Constants: Specific gravity 1.228; melt- ing-point 2o8C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By oxidizing camphor with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine; celluloid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Caprilic. See Acid caprylic. Acid Caproic* (Acid capronic, Acid hexylic, Acid hexoic, Acid pentyl- formic) C 5 HnCOOH. Color and properties: Oily, colorless liquid; odor of Limburger cheese. Constants: Specific gravity 0.922; melt- ing-point -5.2 C.; boiling-point 205 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From butyric acid by frac- tional distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Capronic. See Acid caproic. Acid Caprylic* (Acid octylic, Acid octic, Acid caprilic) C 7 Hi 5 COOH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; crystallizing below I7C. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9185; melting-point I7C; boiling-point 235-237C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By saponification and sub- sequent distillation of cocoanut oil. Method of purification: Crystallization or rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Cans; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Carbolic. See Phenol. Acid Carbonic. See Carbon dioxide. Acid Carminic* Color and properties: Dark, purplish- brown mass or bright-red powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses at I36C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from Coccus cacti (Cochineal.) Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Stain in microscopy; indicator in analytical chemistry; coloring proprie- tary medicines. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Caryophyllic. See Eugenol. Acid, Cassella. See Acid beta-naphthol- sulfonic 2:7. Acid, Cassella F. See Acid beta-naph- thylaminemonosulfonic. Acid Cetylacetic. See Acid stearic. Acid Cetylic. See Acid palmitic. Acid Chinic. See Acid quinic. Acid Chlorazotic. See Aqua regia. Acid Chloroazotic. See Aqua regia. Acid Chlorohydric. See Acid hydro- chloric. Acid Chlorophthalic* C 6 H 3 C1(COOH) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the chlorination of phthalic acid. Acid Chloroplatinic 22 Acid Citric Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Chloroplatinic* (Platinic chloride) H 2 PtCl 6 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Red-brown crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.431; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By solution of platinum in aqua regia, evaporation and crystal- lization. Grades: Technical; pure, reagent. Usu- ally sold under the name platinum chloride or platinic chloride. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Electroplating; platinizing pumice and the like for catalysts; etching zinc for printing; platinum mirrors; indelible ink; ceramics; microscopy; chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Chlorosulfonic* HC1CO 3 . Color and properties: Brown, oily, cor- rosive liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.784; boil- ing-point 82 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By passing chlorine through cooled sulfuric acid or by slowly dropping phosphorus trichlor- ide into sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Carboys and iron drums. Uses: Organic preparations, especially saccharine; military poison gas. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Choliaic. See Acid taurocholic. Acid Choleic. See Acid taurocholic. Acid Choleinic. See Acid taurocholic. Acid Cholic. See Acid glycocholic. Acid Chromic* (Chromium trioxide) CrOs. Color and properties: Reddish-brown crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.67-2.82; melting-point 196 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: Hydrochloric or sulfuric acid is added to a solution of sodium bichromate and the product recov- ered by crystallization; also elec- trolytically. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; electric cells; chro- ^mates; organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Acid Chrysophanic. See Chrysarobin. Acid Cinnamic* (Acid beta-phenylacryl- ic, Acid cinnamylic) C 6 H 5 CHCHCOOH. Color and properties: White, crystal- line scales. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2475; melting-point I33C; boiling-point 300 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating benzaldehyde with sodium acetate in presence of a dehydrating agent (acetic anhydride) or by heating benzal chloride with sodium acetate in an autoclave. Grades: Technical. Containers: ^ Tin cans; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Cinnamylic. See Acid cinnamic. Acid Citric* (Acid oxytricarballylic) (C0 2 HCH 2 ) 2 C(OH)C0 2 H. Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.542; melt- ing-point I53C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. \cid, Cleve's 23 Acid Diaminodiphenic Derivation: The crude citric acid ob- tained from lemons or. other citrus fruit is neutralized with calcium car- bonate and the lime salt dissociated with sulfuric acid. It is then filtered, evaporated and recovered by crystal- lization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Tartaric acid. Grades: Crystals; powder; second hands; technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine; flavoring extracts; confectionery; soft drinks; efferves- cing salts. Fire hazard: ^None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Cleve's. See Acid alpha-naphthol- sulfonic 1:5. Acid Cresotic* (Acid cresotinic, Acid kresotic) C6H 3 COOHOHCH 3 . Color and properties: White or red- dish-white powder; mixture of ortho-, meta- and para-acids. Constants: Melting-point iSiC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From creosote oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Cresotinic: See Acid cresotic. Acid Cresylic. See Cresol. Acid Crotonic* CH 3 CHCHCO 2 H. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9730; melting-point 72C.; boiling-point i85C. Soluble in water and ligroin. Derivation: By heating malpnic acid with paraldehyde and glacial acetic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Crotonolic. See Acid tiglic. Acid Cyanacetic* CH 2 CNCOOH. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 66.i-66.4C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of ethylchloroacetate and potassium cyanide solution. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Cyanuric* (Tricarbimide, Acid isocyanuric, Acid tricyanic) CO(NHCO) 2 NH.2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.768. Soluble in water, alcohol and hot min- eral acids. Derivation: By heating urea or by the action of water on cyanuric chloride. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Dextrotartaric. See Acid tartaric. Acid Diaminodiphenic. idinedicarboxylic) (Acid benz- Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By boiling meta-nitro- benzaldehyde ^with caustic soda, re- ducing with zinc dust and acidifying. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Acid Diaminonaphthalene 24 Acid Dichloroacetic Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic* CioH 4 (NH2)2(S0 3 H)2 1:5:37. Color and properties: Small crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By nitration and reduc- tion of naphthalenedisulfonic acid (2:6.) Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic* CioH 4 (NH 2 )2(S0 3 H)2 1:8:3:6. Color and properties: Long, thin crys- tals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the nitration and re- ' duction of naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2:7). Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Making H acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diaminonaphthalenesulfonic* CioH 5 (NH 2 )2S0 3 H 1:4:2. Color and properties: Small crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From alpha-naphthyla- minesulfonic acid by combination with diazobenzene and subsequent re- duction. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: Non?. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diaminonaphthalenesulfomc* (CioH 5 (NH2)2SO 3 H 1:3:6. Color and properties: Small crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating the alpha- naphtholdisulfonic acid with ammon- ium hydroxide under pressure. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diaminostilbenedisulfonic* C 6 H 3 (NH 2 )(S0 3 H)CHCHC 6 H 3 - (SO 3 H)(NH 2 ) 1:2:4. Color and properties: Yellowish mi- croscopic needles. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of di- nitrostilbenedisulfonic acid with fer- rous hydrate and ammonia. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diazobenzenesulfonic, Para-* C 6 H 4 NS0 3 N. Color and properties: White paste. Caution: May explode if heated. Soluble in water and ether; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitrous acid on para-sulfanilic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard^ None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Dichloroacetic* (Acid bichloro- acetic) CHC1 2 COOH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5724; Acid Dichlorophthalic 25 Acid Ethylenesuccinic melting-point -4C; boiling-point i89-ioiC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of hy- drated chloral and potassium cyanide and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Dichlorophthalic* C 6 H 2 C1 2 (C02) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, thick crystals. Soluble in hot water. Derivation: By oxidizing dichloro- naphthalene tetrachloride with nitric acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Diethylbarbituric. See Veronal. Acid Digallic. See Acid tannic. Acid Dimethylarsenic. See Acid cacodyl- ic. Acid Dinitrodibenzyldisulfonic (CH 2 C6H3(SO 3 H)NO2) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless plates or tablets. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the oxidation of so- dium para-nitrotoluene sulfonate with sodium hypochlorite in an excess of caustic soda. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Dinitrostilbenedisulfonic (CHC 6 H 3 (SO 3 H)NO 2 ) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless or slightly yellow needles. Soluble in water. Derivation: By oxidation of para-ni- trotoluene sulfonate with sodium hy- pochlorite, in presence of limited amount of caustic soda. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Dioxystearic* (Acid Dioxystear- inic) Ci 7 H 33 (OH) 2 COOH. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point I35C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating dibromide of isooleic acid with silver oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Stearic acid compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Dioxystearinic. See Acid dioxy- stearic. Acid Dioxysuccinic. See Acid tartaric. Acid, Dipping. See Acid sulfuric. Acid, Electrolyte. See Acid sulfuric. Acid Ethanethiolic. See Acid thioacetic. Acid Ethylcarbonic. See Acid propi- onic. Acid Ethlyenedicarboxylic. See Acid succinic. Acid Ethylenesuccinic. See Acid sue-? cinic. Acid Ethylidenelactic 26 Acid Gallic Acid Ethylidenelactic. See Acid lactic. Acid Ethylmalonic* CH 3 CH 2 CH(COOH) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point m.5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From alpha-bromobutyric acid heated with potassium mercuric cyanide and decomposed with potas- sium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Ethylsulfuric* (Acid sulfethylic, Acid sulfovinic, Monoethyl sulfate) C 2 H 5 HS0 4 . Color and properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.316; boil- ing-point 280 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on ethyl alcohol. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Medicine; precipitant for case- in; organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Ethylsulfurous* (Acid sulfovi- nous) C 2 H 5 HSO 3 . Color and properties: Crystalline, un- stable mass. Soluble in alcohol, ether and alkalis. Derivation: By the action of thionyl chloride on ethyl alcohol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Eugenic. See Eugenol. Acid F, Cassella's. See Acid beta-naph- thylamine monosulfonic 2:7. Acids, Fatty. See Acids oleic, palmitic, stearic. Acid Fluorhydric. See Acid hydroflu- oric. Acid Formic (Acid hydrogen carbox- ylic) HCOOH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor; dangerously caustic. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2178; melting-point 8.3C.; boiling-point 100.8 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Dissociation of sodium formate with mineral acid and then by distillation and absorption in dis- tilled water. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; 75 per cent. Containers: Barrels; carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis; as a substi- tute for lactic acid in dyeing and finishing of textiles; electroplating; medicine; use also suggested in tan- ning and in wine manufacture to aid fermentation; making formates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid G. See Acid aminonaphtholsul- fonic 2:8:6. Acid G. R. See Acid naphtholdisul- fonic, Alpha. Acid Gallic* (Acid trioxybenzoic; Acid trihydroxybenzoic) C 6 H 2 (OH) 3 C0 2 H.H 2 3:4:5- Color and properties: Colorless or slightly yellow, crystalline needles or prisms. Constants: Specific gravity 1.694; melt- ing-point 222-24OC. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble in water and ether. Derivation: By the action of mould on solutions of tannin or by boiling the; Acid Gallotannic 27 Acid Heptylic latter with dilute acid or caustic soda. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Photography; writing ink; dye- ing; medicine; manufacture of pyro- gallol. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Gallotannic. See Acid tannic. Acid Gamma. See Acid aminonaphthol- sulfonic 2:8:6. Acid Glutaric (Acid pyrotartaric, Nor- mal) COOH(CH 2 ) 3 COOH Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 97 C; boil- ing-point 302-3O4C. Soluble in water and in alcohol. Derivation: From oxyglutaric acid by heating with hydriodic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. ..Acid Glycerinocarbolic* Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By heating glycerine and phenol.' , Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Antiseptic; disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Derivation: By the interaction of gly- cerine and phosphoric acid. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; carboys. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of glyc- erophosphates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Glycocholic* (Acid cholic) Color and properties: White, amoi- phous powder; solution has bitter- sweet taste. Constants: Melting-point 133 C.; boil- ing-point 140 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Obtained from ox gall. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Glycolic* (Acid glycollic, Acid oxyacetic. Acid hydroxyacetic) CHfOHCOOH. ' Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 78-79C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From monochloroacetic acid by boiling with water. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Glycerinophosphoric. glycerophosphoric. See Acid Acid Glycollic. See Acid glycolic. Acid Glycerophosphoric* (Acid glycer- ine-phosphoric) CsH5(OH)2H2PO4. Color and properties: Colorless or pale yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.125. Soluble in water and alcohol. Acid H. See Acid aminonaphtholdisul- fonic 1:3:6:8. Acid Hepotic. See Acid oenanthic. Acid Heptylic. See Acid cenanthic. Acid Hexoic 28 Acid Hydrochloric Acid Hexoic. See Acid caproic. Acid Hexylic. See Acid caproic. Acid Hippuric* (Acid benzplamino- acetic, Acid benzaminoacetic, Ben- zoylglycin, Benzoylglycocoll) CH 2 NHCOC 6 H5COOH. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.371 1; melting-point 190,2 C.; boiling-point: Decomposes. Soluble in alcohol and in hot water; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By heating benzoic anhy- dride and glycpcoll. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. . Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Hydriodic* (Hydrogen iodide) HI. Color and properties: Clear colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity '4-3737; melting-point -5i-3C.; boiling-point -35.6C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By passing hydrogen with iodine vapor over warm plati- num sponge which acts as a catalyzer, and absorption in water. Grades: Technical; U. S. P., strength 49Be (Sp. gr. 1.5); B. P. Containers: Carboys; glass bottles. Uses: Medicinal; preparation of io- dine salts; organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Hydrobromic* (Hydrogen bro- mide) HBr in aqueous solution. Color and properties: Clear, colorless or faintly yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity (HBr gas) 2.71; melting-point -86.i3C; boiling- point -768.7 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By passing hydrogen with bromine vapor over warm platinum sponge which acts as a catalyzer and absorption in water. Impurities: Sulfuric acid, heavy metals, hydrochloric acid, hydrioclic acid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P., strength 40 per cent HBr.; B. P. Containers: Carboys; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry; organic preparations. Fire hazard^ None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Hydrochloric* (Acid muriatic, Acid chlorohydric, Hydrogen chlor- ide) HC1 in aqueous solution. Color and properties: Clear, colorless or slightly yellow, fuming, pungent liquid; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity (HC1 gas) 1.269; melting-point (anhydrous hy- drogen chloride) -H2C.; boiling- point (anhydrous hydrogen chloride) -8$.ia Soluble in water. Derivation: Generally made by the ac- tion of sulfuric acid on common salt. It is also obtained as a by-product of the Leblanc soda process. The salt and sulfuric acid are mixed and gently heated in an "open roaster" or in a muffle or "closed roaster." The hy- drogen chloride gas generated is ab- sorbed in water, either bypassing through tall towers filled with coke over which the water trickles; or in earthenware Woulff bottles (bom- bonns), provided with safety tubes * for back-pressure and with a coke tower at the end of the series. Glau- ber's salt, salt-cake, niter-cake form by-products. Also made by burning hydrogen in an atmosphere of chlorine or causing hydrogen and ^ chlorine to combine under pressure in the presence of cat- alysts. Also formed as a by-product in the chlorination of benzol. Method of purification: Rectification (to remove arsenic) ; sometimes frac- tional distillation over ferrous chlor- ide. Impurities: Iron and arsenic. Grades: Technical (usually 18, 20, or Acid Hydrochloric 29 Acid Hypophosphorous 22Be.); U. S. P.; C. P. (usually 20Be. = sp. g. 1.16); B. P. Containers: Carboys; also shipped in wooden tank cars; glass bottles. Uses: Chrome tanning; leather indus- try; organic synthesis; dyestuff manu- facture; inorganic preparations; chlorides; textile industry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Hydrochloric, Fuming* Hydro- chloric acid of sp. g. 1.19 containing about 37 per cent HC1, used as a rea- gent. Acid Hydrocyanic* (Acid prussic, Hy- drogen cyanide, Formonitrile) HCN. Color and properties: Colorless gas, (liquefies at -I5C), appearing in commerce in aqueous solutions (gen- erally 2 per cent or 10 per cent); colorless liquid; vapors intensely poisonous; odor of bitter almonds. Constants: Specific gravity (gas) 0.697; melting-point (liquid anhydrous HCN) -I5C; boiling-point (liquid anhydrous HCN) -83.iC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By distilling a concen- trated solution of potassium cyanide with dilute sulfuric acid and absorp- tion of the vapors in water. Grades: Technical; U. S. P., strength 10 per cent. Containers: Glass bottles. , Uses: Chemical analysis; medicine; in- secticide; organic synthesis; military poison gas. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. (Acid Hydrofluoric* (Hydrogen fluo- ride) HF in aqueous solution. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, fuming, mobile, corrosive liquid; pro- ducing terrible sores when allowed to k touch the skin. Constants: Specific gravity (gas) 0.7126; melting-point (anhydrous liquid) -5i-3C.; boiling-point (an- hydrous liquid) -I9.44C. Soluble in water. Derivation: Powdered calcium fluoride is treated with sulfuric acid and the mixture distilled in a platinum re- tort. The hydrofluoric acid gas passes over and is dissolved in dis- tilled water. Grades: Technical, strength 30 per cent, 40 per cent, 48 per cent, 52 per cent; fuming. Containers: Lead carboys; hard rub- ber or paraffin bottles; carboys; wooden barrels. Uses: Ceramics; brewing and yeast; etching glass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: . White label. Acid Hydrofluorsilicic. See Acid hydro- fluosilicic. Acid Hydrofluosilicic* (Acid silico- fluoric; Acid hydrosilicofluoric; Acid hydrofluorsilicic; Sand acid) H 2 SiF 6 . Color and properties: Transparent, colorless, fuming liquid. Soluble in water. Derivation: When strong hydrofluoric acid acts upon sand, silicon tetrafluo- ride is liberated. It is generally made by heating sand with powdered cal- cium fluoride and sulfuric acid in ex- cess. It is distilled as a gas and col- lected in distilled water. The com- mercial article comes largely from gases produced in phosphate manu- facture. Grades: Technical. Containers: Lead carboys; hard rubber or paraffin bottles. Uses: Ceramics; concrete floors; tech- nical paints. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Hydrosilicofluoric. See Acid hy- drofluosilicic. Acid Hydroxyacetic. See Acid glycolic. Acid Hypophosphorous* Acid lodic 30 Acid Maleic Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid; sour odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.439; melt- ing-point 26.5C. Soluble in water. Derivation: Heating concentrated baryta water with white phosphorus and decomposing the barium hypo- phosphate with sulfuric acid, filtering the liquid and concentrating under reduced pressure. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; 3iBe.= 50 per cent; 19 Be. =35 per cent; i7 Be.=30 per cent; 6.5Be.=io per cent; B. P. Containers: Glass carboys. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid lodic* HIO ? Color and properties: Colorless, rhom- bic crystals or white, crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.629; melt- ing-point noC. Soluble in cold and hot water. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a solution of barium iodate and subsequent filtration and crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Grades: U. S. P.; technical. Uses: Analytical chemistry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid lodotannic* (lodatannin). Color and properties: Dark-brown liquid. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: Alcoholic solution of tannin to which iodine is added. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Isocaproic. See Acid butylacetic. Acid Isocyanuric. See Acid cyanuric. Acid Isohexoic. See Acid butylacetic. Acid Isotartaric. See Acid meta-tar- taric. Acid Kakodylic. See Acid cacodylic. Acid Kinic. See Acid quinic. Acid Kresotic. See Acid cresotic. Acid Lactic* (Acid alpha-hydroxyprop- ionic, Acid ethylidenelactic) CH 3 CHOHCOOH. Color and properties: Yellow or color- less, thick liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2485. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By fermenting starch, corn, potatoes, milk, grape sugar solutions, etc., the best-known pro- cess being that called the "Avery" process, and neutralizing the acid as soon as formed, with calcium carbo- nate. The solution of calcium lac- tate is concentrated and decomposed with sulfuric acid and then filtered. Impurities: Mineral acid. Grades: Technical, 22-44 per cent; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Leather industry; vegetable tan- nage; textile industry; mordanting; medicine; manufacture of lactates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White * label. Acid, Laurent's. See Acid nitronaph- thalenesulfonic 1:5. Acid Lithic. See Acid uric. Acid Magnesium Phosphate. See Mag- nesium biphosphate. Acid Maleic* (Acid maleinic) COOH(CH) 2 COOH. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals, possessing a grating, nauseous acid taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.590; melt- Acid Maleinic 31 Acid Methylbenzoic ing-point I36-I37C.: boiling-point iooC Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From malic acid by dis- tillation. Prepared by heating the acetyl derivative of malic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Maleinic. See Acid maleic. Acid Malic*: (Acid oxysuccinic, Apple acid) COOHCH 2 CH(OH)COOH. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; agreeable, sour taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.601; melt- ing-point iooC. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in ether and alcohol. Derivation: (a) From unripe fruit of mountain ash. (b) By the reduction of tartaric acid with hydriodic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Malonic* (Acid methanedicar- bonic) CH 2 (COOH) 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point I32-I34 C; boiling-point: decomposes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. . Derivation: From monochloroacetic acid by action with potassium cyan- ide, followed by hydrolysis. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Meconic* OHC 5 HO 2 (COOH)2.3H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water and in alcohol. Derivation: From opium. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Metacetonic, See Acid propionic. Acid Metanilic. See Acid meta-sulfan- ilic. Acid Meta-nitrohydroxybenzoic (Asym- metric). See Acid nitrosalicylic, Meta-. Acid Meta-pyridinecarboxylic. See Acid nicotinic. Acid Meta-phosphoric. See Acid phos- phoric, Meta-. Acid Meta-tartaric* (Acid isotartaric) C 2 H 4 O 2 (COOH) 2 . Color and properties: Amorphous, yellowish-white mass. Soluble in water. Derivation: From normal tartaric acid by fusion. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades :> Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Meta-toluylic. See Acid toluic, Meta-. Acid Methanecarboxylic. See Acid acet- ic. Acid Methanedicarbonic. See Acid mal- onic. Acid Methylacetic. See Acid propionic. Acid Methylbenzoic. See Acid toluic, Ortho-. Acid Methylcrotonic 32 Acid Monobromo Acid Methylcrotonic. See Acid tiglic. Acid Methylphenylformic. See Acid toluic, Ortho-. Acid Methylsuccinic. See Acid pyro- tartaric. Acid, Mixed. Any mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids used for nitrating, e.g. in the manufacture of explosives and dyestuffs. Standard Mixed Acid con- sists of 36 per cent nitric and 61 per cent sulfuric. Acid Molybdic* H 2 MoO 4 . Color and properties:. White powder (sometimes slightly yellowish). Constants: Specific gravity 3.1124. Slightly soluble in water (soluble in alkaline solutions). Derivation: Molybdenite (molybde- num sulfide) is roasted, the trioxide being formed. By the interaction of ammonium hydroxide and the triox- ide, ammonium molybdate is formed which is dissociated by sulfuric acid. Impurities: Ammonium salts, molyb- denum oxide phosphates, tungstates, arsenates and nitric acid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; pure, strength about 85 per cent; C. P., about 99.5 per cent. Containers: Kegs; drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry; metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Mono "F". See Acid 'beta-naph- thylaminemonosulfonic 2:7. Acid Monobromoacetic (Acid bromo- acetic) CH 2 BrCOOH. Color and properties: Colorless, de- liquescent crystals. Keep from air and moisture. Constants: Melting-point 5iC; boil- ing-point 208 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating acetic acid and bromine. Method of purification: Crystallization from alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Monobromobenzoic, Para-.* (Acid mono-para-bromobenzoic) C 6 H 4 BrCOOH. Color and properties: Colorless or red- dish crystals. Constants: Melting-point 254 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From para-bromotoluene by oxidation. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Monobromobutyric, Alpha* CH 3 CH 2 CHBrCOOH. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, oily liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.54; boil- ing-point 2i4-2i7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating bromine and butyric acid. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Monobromopropipnic* (Acid alpha- monobromopropionic) CH 3 CHBrCOOH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.69; melt- ing-point 24.5C.; boiling-point 203 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating propionic acid with bromine. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Acid Monobromo 33 Acid, Neville's Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Monobromosuccinic (Acid brom- osuccinic) C 2 H 3 Br(COOH) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point i59-i6oC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating bromine and succinic acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Monochloroacetic* C1CH 2 CO 2 H. Color and properties: Very delique- scent, colorless, crystalline mass. Caustic! Do not get on skin. Constants: Specific gravity 1-3978; melting-point 62.5C; boiling-point i85-i87C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By passing dry chlorine into hot acetic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride, phosphorus or sulfur. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. (S.G. 1.366). Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine; corn and wart removers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Mono-para-bromobenzoic. See Acid monobromobenzoic, Para-. Acid Monosulfonic "F". See Acid beta- naphthylaminemonosulfonic 2:7. 9 Acid Mucic* (Acid saccharolactic) (OH) 4 C 4 H 4 (COpH) 2 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point 2I3C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the oxidation of lactose with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Muriatic. See Acid hydrochloric. * Acid Naphthalic. See Acid phthalic. Acid Naphthalenesulfonic* Ci H 7 S0 3 H.H 2 0. Color and properties: Deliquescent crystals. Constants: Melting-point 8sC-9OC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of naphthalene and sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Grades: Technical. Uses: Making naphthols; organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Naphthalenesulfonic, Beta-* Ci H 7 S0 3 H. Color and properties: Non-delique- scent, white plates. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the sulfonation of naphthalene. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Making beta-naphthol; organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Naphthionic. See Acid alpha- naphthylaminesulfonic 1:4. Acids, Naphthpl-beta-sulfonic. See Acid, Baeyer's; Acid, Schaeffer^s; Acid, Cas- sella's. Acid, Neville and Winther's. See Acid alpha-naphtholsulfonic I .'4. Acid Nicotinic 34 Acid Nitrobenzoic Acid Nicotinic* (Acid meta-pyridinecarb- oxylic, Acid beta-pyridinecarboxy- lic) C 5 H 4 NCOOH. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 228C; boil- ing-point: Sublimes. Soluble in hot alcohol; slightly soluble / in water and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of quinolinic and hydrochloric acids. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Nitrating.* A mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid (often called "mixed acid") used for nitrating cellulose, phenol, toluol, etc. Acid Nitric* (Aqua fortis, Hydrogen nitrate, Acid azotic) HNOs. Color and properties: Transparent, colorless or yellowish, fuming, suf- focating, caustic and corrosive liquid. Constants: t Specific gravity 1.530; melting-point -4i.3C.; boiling-point Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) Until the establish- ment of plants to obtain nitric acid by the fixation of atmospheric nitro- gen, nitric acid was made by the ac- tion of sulfuric acid on sodium ni- trate. The sodium nitrate used is purified Chili saltpeter, 98-99 per cent. It must be free from chlorides. The nitrate of soda and sulfuric acid are heated in a retort and the vapors which escape are condensed in a ser- ies of glass or earthenware Woulff bottles, or in condensers of special form and materials. At the end of the series is placed a coke tower, fed with water or concentrated sulfuric acid to condense the fumes, escaping from the bom-bonns. In the Valen- tiner process, distillation is per- formed in a vacuum, (b) Oxidation of ammonia obtained from coal-tar ammonia, the modified Haber pro- cess and various other nitrogen fix- ation processes. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical (usually 36 to 44 Be. Grade generally known as Aqua fortis being about 4i^Be. or 65.67 per cent HNO 3 ); U. S. P.; B. P.; Pure; Fuming (See Acid nitric, Fuming). Strength of solutions: 38, 40, 42, 43Be. Containers: Carboys; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufacture of dyestuffs, drugs, explosives, cellu- loid and nitrates; metallurgy; medi- cine; photo-engraving; etching steel tools and the like. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Nitric, Fuming (Acid nitrosonitric) Acid nitric (which see) containing more than 86 per cent HNOs, and haying a sp.g. above 1.480. Caution! Violently corrosive and will promote combustion in contact with most organic substances. Acid Nitrobenzoic, Meta-* C 6 H 4 (N0 2 )COOH. Color and properties: Yellowish-white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.494; melting-point I4O-I4I C. Soluble in^ alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the nitration of benz- oic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Nitrobenzoic, Ortho-* C 6 H 4 (N0 2 )C09H. Color and properties: Yellowish-white crystals. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 1.575; melting-point i47.7C. Soluble ^ in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the nitration of benz- oic acid. Acid Nitrobenzoic 35 Acid Oleic Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Nitrobenzoic, Para-* (Acid nitro- dracylic) C 6 H 4 (NO 2 )COOH. Color and properties: Yellowish-white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity I-5497J melting-point 238C. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: Ey the nitration of benz- oic acid. Method of purification. Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Nitrodracylic. See Acid nitrobenz- oic, Para-. Acid Nitro-muriatic. See Aqua regia. Acid Nitronaphthalcncsulfonic* (Laur- ent's acid) CioH6(NO 2 XSO 3 H) 1:5. Color and properties: Pale-yellow needles. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By sulfpnating nitronaph- thalene with a mixture of chlorhy- drin and sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Nitrosalicylic, Meta-* (Acid meta- nitrohydroxybenzoic, Asymmetric) C 6 H 3 COOH:OH:NO 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 235C. Soluble in water and in alcohol. Derivation: By the nitration of sal- icylic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Nitrosonitric. Fuming. See Acid nitric, Acid CEnanthic (Acid hepotic, Normal, Acid heptylic, Acid oenanthylic) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 COOH. Color and properties: Clear, oily liquid; unpleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9212; melting-point -io.5C.; boiling-point 223 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By oxidizing oenanthol with potassium bichromate and sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid GEnanthylic. See Acid cenanthic. Acid Octoic. See Acid caprylic. Acid Octylic. See Acid caprylic. Acid Oleic* (Acid oleinic, "Red oil") C 8 Hi 7 CHCH(CH 2 ) 7 CH 2 H. Color and properties: Yellowish, oily liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8908; melting-point -10.5 C.; boiling-point 222.4 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From olein, the glycer- ide of oleic acid, the free fatty acid (mixed with other acids) is obtained by the Twitchell or some other split- ting process. The fatty acids ob- tained are redistilled with steam or Acid Olefnfc 36 Acid Oxybenzoic allowed to stand for a few days in shallow pans at about 3OC. when the palmitic and stearic acids crys- tallize. The magma is first pressed cold and then at 40 C. in bags in a hydraulic press; the liquid oleic acid separated forms the commercial "red oar. Impurities: Linolic and other fatty acids, soap, etc. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. (S.G. 0.898 at I5C); B. P. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Soap stock; manufacture of oleates; medicine; polishing com- pounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Oleinic. See Acid oleic. Acid Ortho-aminobenzoic. See Acid anthranilic. Acid Ortho-aminobenzoylformic, See Isatin. Acid Ortho-arsenic* HaAsO 4 .#H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.5; melt- ing-point 35.5C. Soluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: Arsenic or arsenic oxide is treated with concentrated nitric acid, or with chlorine and water. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; insecticides. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aeid Ortho-boric. See Acid boric. Acid Ortho-hydroxybenzoic. See Acid salicylic. Acid Ortho-phosphoric. See Acid phos- phoric. Acid Ortho-phthalic. See Acid phthalic. Acid Osmic, Anhydride* (Osmium tet-i roxide, Perosmic anhydride, Perosmic oxide) OsO 4 . Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals; very pungent, disagreeable odor; highly poisonous; vapor irritating when breathed. Constants: Specific gravity 8.89; melt- point 2OC.; boiling-point iooC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating powdered os- mium in air, or by treating it with nitric acid, aqua regia, or chlorine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers^ ^ Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; microscopic reagent; photography; incandescent gas man- tles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Oxalic* CO 2 H.CO 2 H.2H 2 O. Color and properties: Transparent, i colorless crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.653; melt-] ing-point i87C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) Sodium carbonate heat-: ed under pressure with carbon diox-1 ide gives sodium formate, which when] heated with sodium carbonate gives! sodium oxalate. A calcium salt isl added to precipitate calcium oxalate,] which treated with sulfuric acid gives] oxalic acid, (b) Sawdust treated with. dilute acids or alkalis gives oxalic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization.! Grades: Technical (crystals and pow-j der; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: ^Dyestuff industry; purifying glycerine; purifying stearine; bleach- i ing strawj metal polishes; textile in- 1 dustries; ink and rust removers; tan-t] ^ning; analytical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. I Acid Oxyacetic. See Acid glycolic. Acid Oxybenzoic, Meta-* C 6 H 4 (OH)COOH.H 2 O. Acid Oxybenzoic Add Parm-mlno Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 210 C. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of meta- aminobenzoic acid and nitrous acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Oxybenzoic, Para-* C 6 H 4 (OH)COOH.H 2 0. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 210 C. Soluble in alcohol and in ether. Derivation: By the interaction of para- aminobenzoic acid and nitrous acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Oxybutyric. See Aldol. Acid Oxybutyric, Beta* CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 COOH. Color and properties: Viscid, yellow mass. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of acetoacetic acid and sodium amalgam. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Oxyphenic. See Pyrocatechin. Acid Oxysuccinic. See Acid malic. Acid Oxytricarballylic. See Acid citric. Acid Palmitic* (Acid palmitinic, Acid cetylic) melting-point 63.4 C.; boiling-point !3Z-i39 f C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From spermaceti by sa- ponification. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soap stock. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Palmitinic. See Acid palmitic. Acid Para-aminobenzenesulfonic. See Acid sulfanilic. Acid Para-aminobenzoic (Acid amino- dracylic) NH 2 C 6 H 4 CO 2 H. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses at I58C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By nitration of benzoic acid and subsequent reduction. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels and kegs. Uses: Dyes; drugs; perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Para-aminobenzolsulfonic. Acid sulfanilic. See Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8465; Acid Para-aminophenylarsinic. See Acid arsanilic. Acid Para-aminosalicylic* NH 2 C 6 H 3 (OH)CO 2 H. Color and properties: Grayish-white crystals. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By nitration and reduction of salicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Intermediates; manufacture of transfer paper. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Acid Para-aniline 38 Acid Phenylacetic Acid Para-anilinesulfonic. See Acid sul- fanilic. Acid Para-cresotinic. See Acid cresotic, para. Acid Para-cresylic. See Cresol, Para-. Acid Para-mandelic. See Acid amyg- dalic. Acid Para-rosilic. See Acid rosolic. Acid Para-tartaric. See Acid racemic. Acid Para-toluylic. See Acid toluic, Para-. Acid Pentiformic. See Acid caproic. Acid Pentoic, Primary. See Acid valeric, Iso. Acid Perchloric* (Fraude's reagent) HC10 4 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid concentrated solutions explo- sive. Constants: Specific gravity 1.764. Soluble in water. Derivation: By distilling potassium perchlorate with strong sulfuric acid (96 per cent), under reduced pres- sure in an oil bath at i40-iopC. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P., strength of solution 6-20 per cent. Containers: < Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Acid Periodic* HIO 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point I3O-I33C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of io- dine and concentrated perchloric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Oxidizing material. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: label. Yellow Acid Phenoldisulfonic* C 6 H 3 OH(SO 3 H)2. Color and properties: Deliquescent, colorless needles. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of phen- ol and sulfuric acid with sulfurous acid. Method of ourification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phenolsulfonic* (Acid sulfocar- bolic) C 6 H 5 S0 3 H. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid, becoming brown on exposure to air. A mixture of ortho- and para-phen- olsulfonic acids. Soluble in water and in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on phenol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phenylacetic* (Acid alpha-toluic) Color and properties: Shiny, white plates. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0809; melting-point 76C; boiling-point 262 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the acetylization of phenol and subsequent distillation. (b) From the interaction of benzyl cyanide and alkali. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tin cans. Uses: Perfumes; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phenylboric 39 Acid Phosphoric Acid Phenylboric. See Acid borophenyl- ic. Acid Phenylcinchonine. Grades: U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phenylformic. See Acid benzoic. Acid Phenylglycolic. See Acid amyg- dalic. Acid Phenylhydroxyacetic. See Acid amygdalic. Acid Phenylic. See Phenol. Acid Phenylpropiolic* C 6 H 5 C:COOH. Color and properties: Colorless needles. Keep dark. (Used in the form of sodium phenylpropiolate.) Constants: Melting-point I36-I37C.; boiling-point: sublimes. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating ethylcinnamic dibromide with alcoholic potash. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; amber glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phosphomolybdic* (Sonnenschein's reagent) H3PO4.i2MoO3. Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating ammonium phosphomolybdate with aqua regia. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Heavy metals. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Reagent for alkaloids. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phosphoric (Ortho-phosphoric acid) H 3 PO 4 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless, sirupy liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.884; melt- ing-point 38.6C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By decomposing bone ash (tricalcium phosphate) by heating it with the calculated quantity of dilute sulfuric acid. The solution is filtered and concentrated. It is obtained in a purer form by oxidizing white phos- phorus, first in air and then with nitric acid and evaporating the solu- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Carboys. Strength: 6o.5Be., 85 per cent; crude paste; 48Be., 50 per cent; commer- cially pure; 44Be., 40 per cent; chemically pure; 34Be. Uses: Preparation of various phos- phates; preparation of hydrogen per- oxide; sugar industry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Phosphoric, Anhydrous* (Phos- phorus pentoxide) P2Os. / Color and properties: Soft, white pow- / der. Constants: Specific gravity 2.387; melt- ing-point 800 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By burning phosphorus in iron cylinders in a current of dry air. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron canisters, hermeti- cally sealed; sealed glass vials. Uses: Preparation of phosphoric acids: dehydrating agent; organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Acid Phosphoric, Glacial* HPO 3 . Color and properties: Transparent, highly deliquescent, glassy mass. Constants: Specific gravity 2.2-2.488. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating phosphoric Acid Phosphotungstic 40 Acid, Polishing acid to redness; it is also easily ob- tained by treating phosphorus pcn- toxide with the calculated quanin/ of water or by heating diammoniu.u phosphate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; C. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Pharmacy; medicine; phos- phates; analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Phosphotungstic* (Phosphowolf- ramic acid) 2(H 3 PO 4 )2WO 3 39^2) Color and properties: Heavy, greenish crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating ammonium phosphotungstate with aqua regia. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Reagent for alkaloids. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Phosphowolframic. See Acid phos- photungstic. Acid Phthalic* (Acid orthophthalic, Acid naphthalic) CeH^(COsH)s. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.585; melt- ing-point 213 C. Soluble in alcohol: sparingly soluble in water and ether. Derivation: (a) By oxidizing naphtha- lene with fuming sulfuric acid in presence of cerium or thorium salts which act catalytically. (b) By elec- trolysis of naphthalene in presence of an acid solution of a cerium com- pound. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Synthesis of indigo; pyronine dyes; medicine; phenolphthalein. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Pickling. Sulfuric acid, usually 60* Be. used for treating iron and steel wire, plates, etc. Acid Picramic* (Acid picraminic, Dinit- roaminophenol) C 6 H2(NO2)2(NH 2 )OH. Color and properties: Red crystals. Constants: Melting-point i68C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By partial reduction of picric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Azo dyestuffs. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Picraminic. See Acid picramic. Acid Picric* (Acid picronitric, Trinitro- phenol) C 6 H2(NO 2 )3OH. Color and properties: Very poisonous, explosive especially in contact with metals or metallic oxides. Yellow crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.767; melt- ing-point 122 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and in ether. Derivation: (a) By the nitration of monochlorobenzol in presence of sul- furic acid, (b) By the nitration of the mixture of phenol-sulfuric acid, obtained by heating phenol with con- centrated sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. U. S. P.; B. P.' Containers: Wooden kegs or boxes free from metal nails or screws. Iron barrels with special linings. Uses: Explosives, Dyeing silk; medi- cine. Fire hazard: Cangerous. RrTroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Acid Picronitric. See Acid picric. Acid Plumbic, Anhydrous. See Lead oxide, Brown. Acid, Phthalic, Anhydride. See Phthalic anhydride. Acid, Polishing. Oxalic, hydrochloric, nitric or sulfuric acid. Acid Potassium 41 Acid Quinic Acid Potassium Oxalate. See Potassium binoxalate. Acid Potassium Sulfate. See Potassium bisulfate. Acid Propionic* (Acid methylacetic, Acid metactonic, Acid ethylcarbonic) CH 3 CH 2 C0 2 H. Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9870; melting-point -I9.3C; boiling-point 140.7 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From beet-root molasses by the Effront process and subse- quent fractional distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Propylacetic. See Acid valeric, Normal. Acid Propylformic. See Acid butyric. Acid Prussic. See Acid hydrocyanic. Acid Pyrocatechinic. See Pyrocatechin. Acid Pyrogallic* (Pyrogallol) C 6 H 3 (OH) 3 . Color and properties: White, lustrous crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.463; melt- ing-point 132. 5C; boiling-point 293C. Soluble in water, alcohol and in ether. Derivation: By heating gallic acid with three times its weight of water, in an autoclave. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid; strong odor of furfural; containing 7 / per cent acetic acid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.018-1.030. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the destructive distil- lation of wood. Method of purification: Rectification. Impurities: Methyl alcohol; pyridine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Lime acetate; methyl alcohol. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Pyromucic* Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point I34C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By oxidation of furfural. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tin cans. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: . None. Acid Pyrotartaric* (Acid methylsuccinic) COOH.CH. Color and properties: White or yel- lowish crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.4105; melting-point H7-ii8 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. _ Derivation: By distilling tartaric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Pyrotartaric, Normal. See Acid glutaric. Acid Quercitinic. See Quercitin. Acid Quercitrinic. See Quercitrine. Acid Pyroligneous* (Wood vinegar, Pyroligneous vinegar) Acid Quinic* (Acid chinic, Acid kinic) C 6 H 7 (OH)4COOHH 2 O. Acid Quininic 42 Acid Salicylic Color and properties: White, transpar- ent crystals; very acid taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.637; melt- ing-point i6oC; boiling-point: De- composes. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: From cinchona bark. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fife hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Quininic. CHsOCaHsNCOjH. Color and properties: Yellow prisms. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses at 280 C; boiling-point: Sub- I' limes in part. Slightly soluble in alcohol; very slight- ly soluble in water and ether. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid R. See Acid naphtholdisulfonic, Beta-. Acid RG. See Acid naphtholdisulfonic, Alpha-. Acid Racemic* (Acid para-tartaric, Acid, tartaric, Inactive, Acid uvic) C 2 H 4 02(COOH)2.H 2 O. Color and properties: Transparent,! colorless crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.697; melt- ing-point 205-2O6C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: A by-product of the manu- facture of tartaric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes; wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Ricinolcic* Ci 7 H 8 2(OH)COOH. Color and properties: Yellowish, vis- cid liquid (solid at I5C.) Constants: Specific gravity 0.945; melt- ing-point i6C.; boiling-point 25oC. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: Saponification of castor oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soaps; Turkey red oils; textile finishing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Rosolic* (Acid para-rosolic) Color and properties: Red lumps. Constants: Melting-point 27OC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol with arsenic acid and sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid S. See Acid aminonaphtholsulfonic 1:8:4. Acid Saccharolactic. See Acid mucic. Acid Salicylic* (Acid ortho-hydroxybenz- oic) C 6 H 4 (OH)(COOH). Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.483; melt- ing-point I56C-I59C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the addition of hydro- chloric acid to a solution of sodium salicylate, filtration and drying. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels, boxes. Uses: Preservative; dyestuffs; per- fumes; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Salicylous 43 Acid Stearic Acid Salicylous (Salicylic aldehyde, Or- tho-oxybenzaldehyde)- C 6 H 4 OHCOH. Color and properties: Yellow oil; aro- matic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.165-1.172; melting-point -ioC.; boiling-point i 9 6C Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of phenol and chloroform in presence of potassium. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Sand. See Acid Hydrofluosilicic.; Acid, Schaeffer's. See Acid beta-naphthol- sulfonic 2:6. Acid Selenious. See Acid selenous. J Acid Selenous* (Acid selenious) H 2 Se0 3 Color and properties: Transparent, col- orless crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.0066; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hot nitric acid on selenium. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Silicofluoric. See Acid hydro- v fluosilicic. Acid Silicotungstic (Acid silicowolfram- ic) 4H 2 SiO 2 .i2WO 3 .22H 2 O. Color and properties: White to yellow- ish-white crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By heating ammonium silicotungstate with aqua regia. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent for alkaloids; mordant for basic dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Silicowolframic. tungstic. See Acid silico- Acid, Sludge. Waste or spent sulfuric acid. Acid, Soldering. See Acid hydrochloric. Acid Stannic* H 2 SnO 3 Color and properties: White powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: A solution of stannic chlor- ide is treated wkh ammonium hydrox- ide, a white gelatineous precipitate being formed. The precipitate loses water gradually until the dioxide re- mains. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Preparation of tin salts; textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Stearic* (Acid stearinic, Acid cetylacetic, Acid stearophanic) CH 3 (CH 2 )i 6 C0 2 H. Color and properties: Solid, white, glossy, odorless mass. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8428; melt- ing-point 69.32 C.; boiling-point 291 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From natural fats and oils by splitting, followed by cooling, pressing, distilling, etc., or from oleic acid by hydrpgenation. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Manufacture of candles; stear- ates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Stearinic 44 Acid Sulfuric Acid Stearinic. See Acid stearic. Acid Stearophanic. See Acid stearic. Acid Succinic* (Acid ethylenesuccinic, Acid ethylenedicarboxylic) CO 2 H(CH 2 ) 2 CO 2 H Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.552; melt- ing-point i85C.; boiling-point 235C. Soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the fermentation of am- monium tartrate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Sulfanilic, Meta- (Acid metanilic) C 6 H. 1 (NH 2 )S0 3 H 1:3. Color and properties: Small colorless needles. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the reduction of meta- nitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Nitroben- zene is sulfonated until the product is soluble in water. The mixture is then poured into water and reduced with iron, made alkaline with lime and the lime salt dissociated with sodium carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Sulfethylic. See Acid ethylsulfuric. Acid Sulfocarbolic. See Acid phenylsul- fonic. Acid Sulfocholeic. See Acid taurocholic. Acid Sulfovinic. See Acid ethylsulfuric. Acid Sulfovinous. See Acid ethylsulfur- ous. Acid Sulfuric* (Oil of vitrol) & 2 SO 4 . Color and properties: Strongly corro- sive, dense, oily liquid; colorless to dark brown, depending on purity. Or- dinary commercial (not pure) acid dissolves all metals, including plati- num, although the latter dissolves very slowly. Concentrated acid (65 per cent) when cold, attacks iron, aluminum, copper and lead slowly. Heating the concentrated acid in- increases its action on metals, ex- cept when the boiling-point of the acid is passed. Dilute acid dissolves aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and other metals, particularly if heated. It does not dissolve lead or mercury, and has very little action on high- silica iron. Sulfuric acid rapidly dis- integrates wood, rubber, textiles and organic materials in general. Constants: Specific gravity 1.8342; melt- ing-point io.46C; boiling-point 210- 33C Soluble in water in all proportions with evolution of heat. Derivation: (a) Chamber Process Py- rites or sulfur is roasted in specially designed furnaces and the sulfur di- oxide collected in a lead chamber, in presence of water, oxygen (or air) and nitrous anhydride. First there is a union of sulfur dioxide, nitrous an- hydride, oxygen and water to form nitrosylsulfuric acid. But in presence of water vapor, this nitrosylsulfuric acid is at once decomposed, sulfuric acid being formed and nitrous anhy- dride regenerated. The oxidation of the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide is due to the interaction of the various oxides of nitrogen with sulfur dioxide and subsequent dissociation of the nitrosulfuric and nitrososulfuric acids. The chamber acids are concentrated in various forms of evaporating de- vices built of lead, platinum, stone- ware, acid-proof metal, fused silica, acid-proof brick, etc. (b) Catalytic process (Contact proc- ess) The raw materials are sulfur dioxide from pyrites or sulfur and oxygen from the air to produce sulfur trioxide which is absorbed in water. Any concentration of acid can be Acid Sulfuric 45 Acid Tannic made. The combining of the sulfur dioxide and oxygen is carried on in presence of a catalyzer. The catalyz- ers most in use are spongy platinum Iand iron oxide from pyrites burners. The gases 'from the furnaces are cleansed by cooling, scrubbing with water, injecting steam or filtering. Flue dust, sulfur vapors, arsenic, phosphorus, or mercury compounds present in the mixed gases, must be removed to prevent injurious effects on the contact mass. (c) Much sulfuric acid is made from waste gases of copper or zinc smelters (which are rich in sulfur dioxide) by the chamber process. Method of purification: Distillation. Impurities: Arsenic; iron; lead sulfate. Grades: Technical: The commonest grades are: "Chamber Acid", 53Be. or 66.6 per cent H 2 SO4; "Tower Acid", 60 Be. or 77.7 per cent H 2 SO4j "66 Acid", 66Be. or 93.2 per cent H 2 SO 4 ; "98 Acid" or "Contact Acid", 98 per cent H2SO4; Oleum, 100 per cent H2SO4 with various additional amounts of SOs in solution; Oil of vitriol (O.V.) by which 66Be. acid is generally meant. The uses of sul- furic acid are so numerous that almost every strength of acid appears in commerce for some purpose; U. S. P. Sp.G. 1.826 at 25C, 92.5 per cent H 2 S0 4 ; U. S. P. Dil. Sp.G. 1.067 at 25C., 10 per cent H 2 SO 4 ; B. P. Containers: Carboys; iron drums; tank cars; glass bottles. Strength: Commercial: 66Baume. Uses: Fertilizers; petroleum refining; explosives; organic synthesis; leather industry; textile industry; metallur- gical; inorganic preparations; sul- fates; electric batteries; pickling iron and steel; making alum, hydro- chloric acid, nitric acid, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad Shipping regulations: White label. Acid Sulfuric, Aromatic* (Elixir of vitriol) Color and properties: Straw-colored li- quid; peculiar, aromatic odor; pleas- (/ ant acid taste when diluted. Soluble in water. Derivation: A mixture of sulfuric acid with alcohol, tincture of ginger, and oil of cinnamon. Grades: U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid, Sulfuric, Fuming. Sulfuric acid, 100 per cent H 2 SO4 -f- additional amounts of SOs generally about 10 per cent. Acid Sulfurous* H 2 SO 3 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; suffocating sulfur odor. Soluble in water. Derivation: By calcining pyrites and absorbing the gas in water; concen- tration by means of stills. Grades: Technical; U. S. P., strength 6 per cent; B. P. Containers: Carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis; bleaching hats, wicker-ware, textiles, etc.; paper manufacture; wine manufacture; brewing; metallurgy; medicine; an- alytical chemistry; sulfites. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Sulfurous, Anhydride. See Sulfur dioxide. Acid Tannic* (Acid gallotannic, Tannin, Acid digallic) CioHi 4 O 9 . Color and properties: Lustrous, faintly yellowish, amorphous powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes at 2ioC. Soluble in water and alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: Extraction of powdered gall-nuts with water and alcohol, evaporation and subsequent crystalli- zation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine; textile industry; tan- nates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Tantalic 46 Acid Tiglic Acid Tantalic. See Tantalum pentoxide. Acid Tartaric* (Acid dioxysuccinic, Acid dextrotartaric) CO 2 H[CH(OH)]2CO 2 H.H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.7598; melt- ing-point I7OC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Wine-lees containing cream of tartar and calcium tartrate are treated with sufficient milk of lime to convert the cream of tartar into calcium tartrate. The calcium tar- trate is dissociated with sulfuric acid, the solution filtered and the tartaric acid obtained by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyeing industry; medicine; ef- fervescing beverages. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Tartaric, Inactive. See Acid race- mic. Acid Taurocholic* (Acid choleic, Acid choleinic, Acid choliaic, Acid sulfo- choleic) C 26 H 4 5NSO 7 . Color and properties: Yellowish, crys- talline f mass. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Obtained from ox bile. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Telluric* (Trihydrated telluric ox- ide, Dihydrated telluric hydroxide) H 2 Te0 4 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.425; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at i6oC. Soluble in hot water and alkalis; insol- uble in cold water. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on barium tellurate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Tetrachlorophthalic* C 6 C1 4 (C0 2 H) 2 Color and properties: Colorless, crystal- line plates. ^Soluble in hot water; sparingly soluble in cold water. Derivation: By passing a stream of chlorine through a mixture of phthal- ic anhydride and antimony penta- chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Thiacetic.* See Acid thioacetic. Acid Thioacetic* (Acid thiacetic, Acid ethanethiolic) CH 3 COSH. Color and properties: Clear liquid; pun- gent, acetic and hydrogen sulfide odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.074; melt- ing-point -I7C; boiling-point 93C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating glacial acetic acid and phosphorus pentasulfide, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Thymic. See Thymol. Acid Tiglic* (Acid methylcrotonic, Acid crotonolic) CH 3 CHC(CH 3 )CO 2 H Color and properties: Thick, sirupy \/ liquid or colorless crystals; very poi- sonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9641; melt- ing-point 65 C.; boiling-point I98.5C. Acid Titanic 47 Acid Tribromo Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Obtained from croton oil, which is extracted from seeds of Croton tiglium. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations^ None. Acid Titanic* (Titanic hydroxide, Acid meta-titanic) H^TiOs. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in mineral acids and alkalis; in- soluble in water. Derivation: From hydrochloric acid so- lution of titanates by treating with ammonia and then drying over con- centrated sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Mordant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Titanic, Anhydride. See Titanium oxide. Acid Toluenemonosulfonic, Ortho- and Para-* C 6 H 4 (SO 3 H)(CH 3 ) Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By sulfonating toluol with concentrated sulfuric acid below 100 C. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Toluic, Meta-* (Acid meta-toluylic) C 6 H 4 CH 3 COOH. Color and properties: White to yellow- ish crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0543; melt- ing-point io8-io9C.; boiling-point 263 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By oxidation of meta-xylol with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Toluic, Ortho-* (Acid toluylic, Acid methylphenylformic, Acid methyl- benzoic) C 6 H 4 CH 3 COOH. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0621; melt- ing-point IO4C.; boiling-point 25QC. Soluble in water, alcohol and chloro- form. Derivation: By oxidizing ortho-xylol with dilute nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic ^synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Toluic, Para-* (Acid para-toluylic) C 6 H 4 CH 3 COOH. Color and properties: Transparent crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point i8oC; boil- ing-point 275C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By treating cymene or tur- pentine with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Toluidine-meta-sulfonic, Ortho-* C 6 H 3 (CH 3 )(NH2)SO 3 H 1:2:5. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. m ^ Soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether. /Derivation: By heating acid ortho- toluidine sulfate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Tribromoacetic* CBr 3 COOH. Acid Trichloro 48 Acid Valeric Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point I35C.; boil- ing-point 245-25oC. Derivation: By oxidizing bromal with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles, kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Trichloroacetic* (Acid trichlorace- , tic) CC1 3 COOH. // Color and properties: Deliquescent, colorless crystals; pungent, suffocat- ing odor; strongly caustic. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6298; melting-point 57.3C; boiling-point I95C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From glacial acetic acid by the action of chlorine in presence of sunlight, ultra-violet radiation or catalysts. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tightly stoppered glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis; reagent for detection of albumin; corn and wart removers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Acid Tricyanic. See Acid cyanuric. Acid Trihydroxybenzoic. See Acid gal- lic. Acid Trioxybenzoic. See Acid gallic. Acid Tungstic* (Acid wolframic, Acid ortho-tungstic) W2Os(OH)2. Color and properties: Yellow powder. i Insoluble in water. Derivation: Fusion of wolframite, scheelite or any other tungsten min- eral with alkali and subsequent de- composition with sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Mordant; tungsten metal, wire, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Uranic. See Uranium oxide, Red. Acid Ureous. See Xanthine. Acid Uric* (Acid lithic, Uric oxide) CO(NH) 2 COC2CO(NH) 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants. Specific gravity 1.855-1.893; melting-point: Decomposes; boiling- point: Decomposes. Soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid very slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: From urine or bird ex- crement. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Uvic. See Acid racemic. Acid Valerianic. See Acid valeric, Iso. Acid Valeric, Iso* (Acid pentoic, Pri- mary, Acid valerianic, Acid valeric, Anhydrous, Acid valeric, Monohy- drate, Isobutylcarbonyl) (CH 3 )2CH.CH2.CO 2 H. Color and properties: Transparent, colorless, oily liquid; exceedingly dis- agreeable, rancid odor; bitter burn- ing taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.95592; melting-point 38C.; boiling-point I76.7C Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By oxidizing amyl al- cohol with bichromate and sulfuric acid, (b) From root of Valeriana of- ficinalis by distillation. Acid Valeric 49 Acidum Nitricum Grades: Technical; U; S. P. Containers: Carboys; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; artificial fruit es- sences; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid Valeric, Normal* (Acid propylacet- ic, Normal) CH 3 (CH 2 )3CO2H. Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid; butyric acid odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9415; melt- ing-point -58.5 C; boiling-point 186.4 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Obtained synthetically from propylmalic acid or butylcyan- ide. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Carboys; glass bottles. Uses Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acidum Aceticum Glaciale, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid acetic, Glacial. Acidum Acetylsalicylicum, B. P. See Aspirin. Acidum Arseniosum, B. P. See Arsenic trioxide. Acidum Benzoicum, U. S. P., B. P. See x "Acid benzoic. Acidum Boricum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid boric. Acidum Carbolicum, B. P. See Phenol. Acidum Carbolicum Liquefactum, B. P. See Phenol (Liquefied carbolic acid). Acidum Chromicum, B. P. See Acid chromic. Acid Vanadic (a) Meta- HVO 3 ; (b) Ortho- H 3 VO 4 ; (c) Pyro- H 4 V 2 O 7 . These acids have never been prepared and apparently do not exist in the pure state. Various investigators have claimed to be able to produce meta- vanadic acid and pyro-vanadic acid, but recent studies have proven that they only obtained various acid vana- dates. The three acids above named, however, are represented in the various alkali and other metal vanadates. Ordi- narily, when vanadic acid is mentioned, vanadium pentoxide (vanadic acid an- hydride) is meant. Acid Vanadic, Anhydride. See Vana- dium pentoxide. Acid, Vinegar. See Acid acetic. Acid, White. A mixture of ammonium bifluoride and hydrofluoric acid used for etching glass. Acidum Citricum, U. S. P., B. P. See v Acid citric. Acidum Gallicum, U. S. P. See Acid gallic. Acidum Hydriodicum Dilutum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid hydriodic, Diluted. Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid hydrobromic, Di- luted. Acidum Hydrochloricum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid hydrochloric. Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid hydrocyanic, Di- luted. Acidum Hypophosphorosum, U. S. P. See Acid hypophosphorous. Acidum Lacticum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid lactic. Acidum Aceticum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid acetic. Acidum Nitricum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid nitric. Acidum Nitro 50 Acrolein Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum, U. S. P. See Acid nitrohydrochloric. Acidum Oleicum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid oleic. Acidum Phosphoricum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid phosphoric. Acidum Picricum, B. P. See Acid picric. Acidum Salicylicum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid salicylic. Acidum Stearicum, U. S. P. See Acid stearic. Acidum Sulphuricum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid sulfuric. Acidum Sulphurosum, B. P. See Acid sulfurous. Acidum Tannicum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid tannic. Acidum Tartaricum, U. S. P., B. P. See Acid tartaric. Acidum Trichloraceticum, U. S. P. See Acid trichloroacotic. Acid Wolframic. See Acid tungstic. Aconiti Radix, B. P. See Aconite. Aconite* (Aconite root, Monkshood, Wolfsbane, Friar's cowl, Mouse- base) Dried tubers of Aconitum nap- pellus. Habitat: Mountainous regions of Eu- rope, Asia and North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Burlap bags and boxes. Uses: Pharmacy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aconitina, U. S. P., B. P. See Aconitine. Aconitine* Color and properties: White crystalline alkaloid; feeble bitter taste; intensely poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I95C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction and crystal- lization from the root of Aconitum napellus. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Salts obtained by interaction of the acid and alkaloid: Hydrobromide C 3 4H 4 7NOii.HBr.2.5H 2 M. P. 163 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Hydrochloride C 23 H47NOnHC1.3H 2 O. Soluble in water and alcohol. Nitrate C 34 H 4 7NOn.HN0 3 .5.5H 2 O. Soluble in water and alcohol. Sulfate (C 34 H 47 NOii)2. H 2 S0 4 . Soluble in water and alcohol. Aconitum, U. S. P., B. P. See Aconite. Acorn Sugar. See Quercitol. Acrolein* (Propenal, Acrylic aldehyde, Acraldehyde) CH 2 CHCHO. Color and properties: Colorless or yel- lowish liquid; inflammable; disagree- able choking odor; has a violent ac- tion on the eyes; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.84; boil- ing-point 52 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the oxidation of allyl alcohol, (b) By the distillation of fats, (c) By heating glycerine with potassium bisulfate. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufacture of military poison gas. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Actae 51 Agate Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Actae. See Cimicifuga. Actinolite. A light-green calcium-mag- nesium-iron amphibole, 3Mg(Fe)O.CaO.4SiO 2 . See Asbes- tos. Actol. See Silver lactate. Adamsite.* A military poison gas de- veloped and used by the U. S. Navy during the late war. Adeps, U. S. P., B. P. See Lard. Adeps Lanae, U. S. P., B. P. See Lanum. Adeps Lanae Hydrosus, U. S. P., B. P. See Lanum, Hydrated. Adipic Acid. See Acid adipic. Adipinic Acid. See Acid adipinic. Adrenalin (Adrenalinum, Epinephrin, Laeva-methylaminoethanolcatechol) C 9 Hi 3 NO 3 . Color and properties: Light brown or nearly white, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point 2O5-2i2C. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Derivation: From the suprarenal glands of sheep and cattle. Grades: B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Adrenalinum, B. P. See Adrenalin. Adurol. A photographic developer, pre- pared by the action of bromine on hy- droquinone. Aegerite. See Wurtzilite. Aegirite. A monoclinic pyroxene having the general composition, Na2O.Fe2Os. 4SiO2. Vanadiferous aegirite near Libby, Mont., contains 4 per cent of which replaces a part of the . Montana. Aconite. See Wurtzilite. Aether, U. S. P., B. P. See Ether. Aether Aceticus, B. P. See Ethyl ace- tate. Aether Purificatus, B. P. See Ether, purified. Aethylis Carbamas, U. S. P., B. P. See Ethyl carbamate. Aethylis Chloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Ethyl chloride. African Saffron. See Carthamus. Agalmatolite. See Pyrophyllite. California, North Carolina. Agar. See Agar-Agar. Agar-Agar (Japanese gelatine Japan agar, Japan, Bengal, Ceylon, or Chi- nese isinglass or gelatine, Layor carang; sometimes called Vegetable Slue). Thallus of various species of elidium and Eucheuma, Rhodophy- ceae (Algae) and Sphaero coccus. Habitat: Pacific and Indian Oceans; Japan sea. Long transparent strips resembling goose-quill pith. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; sizing for silk; adhe- sives; foodstuffs; substitute for gela- tin; nutrient in bacteriology. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shioping regulations: None. Agate. A variegated chalcedony, SiO2- Arkansas, California, Colorado, Con- Agnin 52 Albumin necticut, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Texas and Wyoming. Agnin. See Lanum. Agnolin. See Lanum. Agropyrum, B. P. See Triticum. Ague Tree. See Sassafras. Ajowan Oil (Carum ajowan) Color and properties: Yellow liquid. Has a very strong odor of thymol, as it contains between 45 and 55 per cent of this phenol. Also contains a considerable amount of cymene. Specific gravity: 0.900 to 0.930. Optical rotation: -fi.o to +1.5. Derivation: By expression of the seeds of Carum ajowan. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron drums. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ajowan Oil, Hydrogenated.* By hydro- genation of the oil. Albahaca Oil. See Tolu oil. Alabandite. Natural manganese sulfide, MnS. Colorado. Alabaster.* Natural compact fine- grained gypsum, white or delicately shaded. See Gypsum. Arizona, California. Alant Acid Anhydride. See Helenin. Alant Starch. See Inulin. Alantolactone. See Helenin. Alapurin. See Lanum. Albertite. A natural, jet-black, pitch-like, brittle hydrocarbon with conchoidal fracture, differing from ordinary as- phalt in being only partly (about 30 per cent) soluble in turpentine and in very imperfect fusion when heated. Specific gravity about i.i. On de- structive distillation yields mineral oil and coke. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Albite (Soda feldspar). A natural sili- cate of aluminum and sodium, Na2O.Al 2 O 3 .6SiO2. See Feldspar. Albolene. See Petrolatum, Liquid. Albumen. See Albumin. Albumin, Blood.* Derivation: Ox-blood is allowed to coagulate and the serum separated by centrifuging. The decanted liquor is filtered, decolorized and subse- quently evaporated. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Photographic papers; textile printing; clarifying agent; leather in- dustry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Albumin, Egg.* Fresh white separated from the yolk, diluted with water, beaten to froth and subsequently fil- tered and evaporated. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Leather industry; foodstuffs; clar- ifying agent; photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Albumin, Milk.* Casein is coagulated from milk by rennet or by dilute acids, filtered and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Adhesives; varnishes; ivory substitutes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Alcohol, Absolute 53 Aldehyde, Cuminic Alcohol, Absolute. See Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol, Acetone. See Alcohol methyl. Alcohol, Allyl. See Allyl alcohol. Alcohol, Amyl. See Amyl alcohol. Alcohol, Benzyl. See Benzyl alcohol. Alcohol, Butyl. See Butyl alcohol. Alcohol, Butyric. See Butyl alcohol. Alcohol, Caprylic. See Caprylic alcohol. Alcohol, Cetylic. See Cetylic alcohol. Alcohol, Cinnamyl. See Cinnamyl alco- hol. Alcohol Dehydratum, U. S. P., B. P. See Ethyl alcohol, Absolute. Alcohol, Denatured. See Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol, Ethyl. See Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol, Ethylene. See Glycol. Alcohol, Ethylic. See Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol, Ethylphenyl. See Ethylphenyl alcohol. Alcohol, Glycyl. See Glycerine. Alcohol, Grain. See Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol, Hecdecatylic. See Cetylic al- cohol. Alcohol, Heptylic. See Heptylic alcohol. Alcohol, Hexadecyl. See Cetylic alco- hol. Alcohol, Isobutyl. See Isobutyl alcohol. Alcohol, Isopentylic. See Amyl alcohol. Alcohol, Isopropyl. See Isopropyl alco- hol. Alcohol, Methyl. See Methyl alcohol. Alcohol, Octoic. See Caprylic alcohol. Alcohol, Octylic, Secondary. See Capryl- ic alcohol. Alcohol, Palmityl. See Cetylic alcohol. Alcohol, Phenylallylic. See Styrone. Alcohol, Propenyl. See Glycerin. Alcohol, Propyl. See Propyl alcohol. Alcohol, Pseudobutyl. See Butyl alco- hol, Tertiary. Alcohol, Pseudopropyl. See Isopropyl alcohol. Alcohol, Styrylic. See Styrone. Alcohol, Wood. See Methyl alcohol. Aldehyde, Acetic. See Acetaldehyde. Aldehyde, Anisic. See Anisic aldehyde. Aldehyde, Caprylic. See Caprylic alde- hyde. Aldehyde, Cinnamic. See Cinnamic alde- hyde. Aldehyde, Cinnamyl. See Cinnamic alde- hyde. Aldehyde, Cuminic, See Cuminol, Aldehyde, Furfurane 54 Alkanna Aldehyde, Furfuranecarboxylic. See Fur- fural. Aldehyde, Heptoic. See CEnanthol. Aldehyde, Isobutyl. See Isobutyl alde- hyde. Aldehyde, Isobutyryl. See Isobutyl aldehyde. Aldehyde, Isovaleric. See Isovaleric aldehyde. Aldehyde, Oenanthic. See Oenanthol. Aldehyde, Para-cuminic. See Cuminol. Aldehyde, Para-isopropylbenzoic. See Cuminol. Aldehyde, Propionic. See Propylic alde- hyde. Aldehyde, Propylic. See Propylic alde- hyde. Aldehyde, Pyromucic. See Furfural. Aldehyde, Salicylic. See Acid salicylous. Aldehyde, Valeric, Iso. See Isovaleric aldehyde. Alder Buckthorn (European). See Frangula. Aldol* (Acid oxybutyric) CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 COH. Color and properties: Thick, colorless, odorless liquid. Constants: Boiling-point 90 to I05C.; decomposed at I35C. Miscible with water and alcohol. Derivation: Condensation of aldehyde with cold hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tin cans. Uses: Medicine and organic research. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aletis (Star grass; Starwort; Blazing star; Colic root). Derivation: Rhizome of Aletris fari- nosa. Habitat: Ontario. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Algarobilla. Derivation: The pods of Csesalpinia brevifolia. The pods contain 45 per cent tannin. Habitat: South America. Grades: Based on tannin content. Containers: Bags. Uses: Tanning extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Algaroth Powder. chloride. See Antimony oxy- Alite. One of the four fundamental component parts of cement. Alizarin* (Dioxyanthraquinone) C 6 H4(CO)2C 6 H2(OH)2. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Melting-point 28gC.; boil- ing-point 430 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: Anthracene is oxidized to anthraquinone, the sulfonic acid of which is then fused with caustic soda and potassium chlorate, the melt is run into hot water and the alizarin precipitated with hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Manufacture of dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Alkanet. See Alkanna. Alkanna (Alkanet, Orcanette anchusa); Derivation: Root of Alkanna (An- chusa) tinctoria. Allanite 55 Almond Oil Habitat: Mediterranean region, Hun- gary and Western Asia/ Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Coloring oils red. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Allanite (Orthite) A natural complex variable silicate of aluminum, iron, the cerium metals (cerium, didymium, lan- thanum), and in smaller quantity those of the yttrium group. New_ York, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia and I Wyoming. Allophanamide. See Biuret. Allspice. See Pimenta. Allspice Oil* (Oil of pimenta). Color and properties: A colorless or pale-yellow liquid, becoming darker and thicker with age and exposure to the air; strong, aromatic, clove-like odor; pungent and spicy taste. Con- tains eugenol. Constants: Specific gravity 1.018 to 1.048; refractive index 1.5309-1.5303- Optical rotation: -i to -5. Soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisul- fide and glacial acetic acid. Derivation: Distilled from pimenta, the nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta omcin- alis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. I Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. I Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Allyl Alcohol* CH 2 CHCH 2 OH. Color and properties: Limpid liquid; pungent odor; violent effect on eyesf poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8491; melt- ing-point -129 C boiling-point 96.69C. Soluble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating glycerol, oxalic acid and ammonium chloride. Prod- uct recovered by distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis; mil- itary poison gas. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ally! Isothiocyanate. See Mustard oil, Artificial. Allyl Mustard Oil. See Mustard oil, Ar- tificial. Allylpyrocatecholmethylene Ester. See Safrol. Almond, Bitter. Derivation: Ripe seed of Prunus amy- gdalus (Amygdalus communis). Habitat: Italy, Spain and Southern France. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Barrels; burlap bags. Uses: Preparation of amygdalin; re- covery of the essential oil; flavoring compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Almond Meal.* Derivation: Residue obtained after ex- pressing oil from almonds. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Cosmetics; manufacturing bitter almond water; perfume base; cook- ing; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Almond Oil, Artificial. See Benzalde- hyde. Almond Oil, Bitter.* Color and properties: Yellowish, highly refracting liquid; aromatic odor; bitter, acrid, burning taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.045-1.060; boiling-point i8oC. Almond Oil 56 Aloxite Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By maceration of the seeds of Amygdalus communis with water and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Almond Oil, Bitter, Artificial. See Ni- trobenzene. Almond Oil, Sweet.* Color and properties: Yellowish liquid; aromatic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.915-0.920. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Expressed from the seed of Amygdalus communis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes; lubricant for delicate mechanisms; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aloes, Barbadoes (Curacao aloes.) Derivation: Inspissated juice of leaves of Aloes vulgaris and other species. Habitat: West Indies (Barbadoes and Jamaica). Color and properties: Orange-brown to blackish-brown, opaque, resinlike masses; saffron-like odor; strongly bitter taste. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aloes, Cape. Derivation: Inspissated juice from leaves of various species of aloe, chiefly Aloe ferox, Aloe africana, and Aloe spicata. Habitat: Cape of Good Hope, Africa. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; dyeing; manufactur- ing brown dye. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aloes, Hepatic (Curacao). Derivation: Inspissated juice of leaves of Aloe vulgaris, Aloe chinensis and other species. Habitat: Dutch West Indies. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aloes, Socotrine. Derivation: Inspissated juice of leaves of Aloe perryi and other species. Habitat: Island of Socotra. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None, Aloin (Barbaloin) Ci7Hi 8 O 7 .HH 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow crystals; bitter taste. Soluble in alkalis and formamide; slightly soluble in water and in al- cohol. Derivation: From Barbadoes aloes. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aloinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Aloin. Aloxite* ("Aluminum oxide) Color and properties: White to dark wine colored, very tough and dense crystalline masses of artificial alumi- num oxide. Constants: Specific gravity 3.9-4.0. Derivation: Prepared by fusion of bauxite in an electric furnace. Grades: Grains, from 8 mesh to finest powders. Containers: Kegs. Alpha-Bromo 57 Alum, Pearl Uses: Chemical apparatus; abrasives; Alpha-Phenylnaphthylamine. See Phe- refractories; grinding wheels; filters. nylnaphthylamine, Alpha-. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Alpha-Propenyldichlorohydrin. See Di- chlorohydrin, Alpha-. Alpha-Bromoanthracene. See Dibro- moanthracene. Alpha-Terpineol. See Terpineol. Alpha-Dibromoanthracene. See Dibro- Alpha-Toluic Acid. See Acid phenylac- moanthracene. etic. Alpha-Dichloroethane. See Ethylidene Altaite. A natural lead telluride. chloride. Pb. Te. Colorado. Alpha-Dimethylglyoxime. See Dime- Althea* (Marshmallow). thylglyoxime. Derivation: Dried root flowers and leaves of Althaea omcinalis from Mpha-Dinitrophenol. See Dinitrophe- Habitat. Europe, Western and North- ern Asia; native in Eastern U. S. Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid. See Acid Grades: Technical; U. S. P. lactic. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Alpha-Monobromonaphthalene. See Fire hazard: None. Monobromonaphthalene, Alpha-. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Alpha-Monobromopropionic Acid. See Alum. See Aluminum-potassium sul- Acid monobromopropionic. fate; aluminum-sodium sulfate, etc. The term alum strictly refers to double sul- apAp tronaptnalene, Alpha-. paper-makers, tanners, etc., to refer to various grades of aluminum sulfate. Alpha-Naphthol. See Naphthol, Alpha-. Alum, Ammonia. See Aluminum-am- Alpha-Naphtholsulfonic Acid. See Acid monium sulfate. alpha-naphtholsulfonic. .. , __ Alum, Burnt. See Aluminum-potassium Alpha-Naphthylamme. See Naphthyla- su if ate Calcined. mine, Alpha-. Alpha-Naphthylamine, Hydrochloride. Chrome. See Aluminum-chrom- See Naphthylamine, Hydrochloride, mm sulfate ' Alpha-. Alum, Extra Concentrated. Alum con- Alpha-Naphthylaminesulfonic Acid. See taining 22 per cent of aluminum. Acid alpha-naphthylaminesulfonic. Alum, Pearl. Specially prepared alumi- Alpha-Nitronaphthalene. See Nitro- num sulfate for the paper making in- nylnaphthylamine, Alpha-. dustry. Alum, Pickle 58 Aluminum Bromide Alum, Pickle. Aluminum sulfate pre- pared to meet specifications of packers and preservers. Alum, Porous. See Sodium-aluminum sulfate. * Alum, Roman. Aluminum salts contain- ing insoluble iron salts made at Tolfar, Italy. Alum, Root. See Geranium. Alum, Sodium. See Aluminum-sodium- sulfate. Alumen, U. S. P., B. P. See Aluminum- potassium sulfate. Alumen Purificatum, B. P. See Alumi- num-potassium sulfate. Aluminium. See Aluminum. Aluminum* (Aluminium) Al. Color and properties: Silvery, ductile metal. Constants: Specific gravity 2.708; melt- ing-point 657 C. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the electrolysis of the oxide in a bath of molten cryolite (a naturally occurring fluoride of so- dium and aluminum). Grades: Ingot; sheet; dust; foil; flake. Containers: Boxes; kegs; barrels; etc. Uses: Electrical conductors; alloys; manufacture of steel; metallurgy; aluminothermic welding; household utensils; chemical equipment especi- ally for handling acetic acid, oils, etc.; aluminum salts; photographic flash powders; coins. Granulated aluminum is used for reduction of ferro-vanad- ium, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Acetate* (a) normal A1(C 2 H 3 O 2 )3; (b) basic A1(C 2 H 8 02)20H. Color and properties: Amorphous, white powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of me- tallic aluminum or aluminum hyd- roxide and acetic acid. The product is recovered by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; also sold in solu- tion. Containers: Wooden barrels; boxes; drums; carboys (solutions). Uses: Waterproofing cloth; mordant in textile dyeing; preparation of lakes; embalming fluids; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum-Ammonium Sulfate* (Am- monia alum) Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.645; melt- ing-point 94-5C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By crystallization from a mixture of ammonium and aluminum sulfates. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; lump, ground, pow- dered. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Borate* 2A1 2 O3,B 2 O3.H 2 O. Color and properties: White, granular powder. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of alu- minum hydroxide and boric acid. Method /of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Glass and ceramic industries. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Bromide* Al 2 Br 6 .i2H 2 O. Aluminum Carbide 59 Aluminum Nitrate Color and properties: White to yel- lowish, deliquescent crystals. Constants: Melting-point 93 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By passing bromine over heated aluminum. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Air-tight drums; sealed glass vials. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Carbide* AUC 3 . Color and properties: Greenish-gray, pulverized mass; decomposes in water with liberation of methane. Constants: Specific gravity 2.36. Derivation: By heating aluminum oxide and coke in an electric furnace. Grades : Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Generating methane. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Aluminum Chloride* (a) (b) A1 2 C1 6 .I2H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellowish-white, granular, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point 190 C. Soluble in water, ether and alcohol. Derivation: By passing chlorine gas over alumina contained in a heated tower. The product is recovered by sublimation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Air-tight drums; sealed glass vials. Uses: Catalytic agent; petroleum re- fining; Friedel and Craft's reaction in organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Fluoride* A1 2 F67H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystal- line powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: Action of hydrofluoric acid on aluminum hydroxide and sub- sequent recovery by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Hydrate. See Aluminum hy- droxide. Aluminum Hydroxide* (Hydrated alu- mina; Precipitated oxide of alumi- num) A1 2 O 3 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.426. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fusing bauxite a natur- ally occurring hydrated oxide of alu- minum with soda ash. The melt (so- dium aluminate) is dissociated with hot water and the aluminum hy- droxide is precipitated by passing in a stream of carbon dioxide. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Barrels; tanks. Uses: Mordant for dyeing; manufac- ture of colors and lakes; filtering ma- terial. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Iodide* Alls. Color and properties: Brown, crystal- line pieces. Constants: Melting-point i85C; boil- ing-point 360 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating aluminum ox- ide and iodine in a sealed tube. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters. Uses:- Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Nitrate* (a) A1(N0 3 ) 3 ; (b) A1(N0 3 ) 3 .9H 2 0; (c) Al(N0 3 ) 3 .i8H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals. Aluminum Oleate eo Aluminum Silicate Constants: (b) Melting-point 73C.; boiling-point: Decomposes at I34C. Soluble in cold water; decomposes in hot water. Derivation: Formed by the action of nitric acid on aluminum and crystal- lization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textiles; leather. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Aluminum Oleate* Al(Ci g Has 02)3. Color and properties: Yellowish-white mass. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating aluminum hyd- roxide, water and oleic acid. The re- sultant mixture is filtered and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Waterproofing; dryer for paints, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Oxide* (Alumina) Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.73; melt- ing-point 2020 C. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By calcining aluminum hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: ^Wooden barrels. Uses: Aluminum metal; abrasives; lab- oratory crucibles; refractory tubes, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Aloxite, Alundum and Borolon. Aluminum Palmitate* Al(Ci 5 ^4204)3. Color and properties: Yellowish-white mass. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating aluminum hyd- roxide and palmitic acid and water. The resultant mixture is filtered and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Waterproofing; lubricating oils. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Phosphate* A1PO4. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.54. Insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of aluminum sulfate and sodium phosphate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum-Potassium Sulfate* (Potash alum) A1 2 (SO4)3K2SO4.24H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.7571; melt- ing-point 105 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation^ Alunite (K.Na) (A1 2 OH). (504)2 is roasted in reverberatory furnaces. The melt is leached and the salt recovered by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; lump; ground; pow- dered; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Medicine; textiles; paper. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Resinate* Color and properties: Brown mass. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating of aluminum hydroxide and rosin. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dryer for varnishes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Aluminum Rhodanide. See Aluminum sulfocyanate. Aluminum Silicate. See Kaolin. Aluminum- S o dium 61 Alunitc Aluminum-Sodium Sulfate* (Soda alum) Al 2 Na2(SO 4 )4.24H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless trans- parent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.675; melt- ing-point 6iC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By treating aluminum sul- fate with sodium sulfate and crystal- lizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; lump; ground; pow- dered; C. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile industry; mordant; paper industry; dry color industry; water purification. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Stearate* Color and properties: Yellowish mass. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating aluminum ace- tate and sodium stearate together. The product is filtered and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Waterproofing; dryer; lubricat- ing oils; cutting compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Juminum Sulfate* (sometimes errone- ously called alum) (a) Ahz (804)3; (b) Al2(SO 4 )3.i8H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific Gravity Melting-point (a) 2.71 Decomposes at 7?oC (b) 1.62 Decomposes Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By treating pure kaolin or aluminum hydroxide with sulfuric acid. The insoluble silicic acid is re- moved by filtration and the sulfate is obtained by crystallization. Grades: Iron-free; technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; burlap bags. Uses: Tannage of white leather; sizing paper; lakes; alums; mordant for dye- ing; water purification (chiefly the anhydrous salt). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Sulfocyanate* (Aluminum sulfocyanide, Aluminum rhodanide) Al(SCN) t . Color and properties: Yellowish pow- der. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Aluminum cyanide is boiled with sulfur. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Sulfocyanide. See Aluminum sulfocyanate. Aluminum Tannate.* Color and properties: Light brown powder. Derivation: By the interaction of aluminum acetate and tannic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aluminum Trihydrate. hydroxide. See Aluminum Alundum* (Aluminum oxide) Al 2 Os. Color and properties: White to dark wine colored, very tough and dense crystalline masses. Constants: Specific gravity 3.9-4.0. Derivation: Prepared by fusion of bauxite in an electric furnace. Grades: Grains, from 8 mesh to finest powders. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Chemical apparatus; abrasives; refractories; grinding wheels; filters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Alunite. A natural hydrous sulfate of aluminum and potassium, K 2 O 3 . A1 2 O 3 .4SO 3 .6H 2 O. Alunogen 62 Aminoacetanilide It is white or gray in color with a vitre- ous luster and contains 11.4 per cent potash, K2O; specific gravity 2.83; hardness 3.5-4. California, Colorado, Nevada and Utah. Alunogen. A natural hydrous aluminum sulfate, Al 2 O3.3SO3.i8H 2 O. New Mex- ico. Alva Marina Derivation: A prepared seaweed. Grades: Technical. Containers: Large bags. Uses: By upholsterers for stuffing chairs, sofas and mattresses. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amalgam.* An alloy of mercury with one or more metals. More specifically a native compound of silver and mer- cury, in which the percentage of silver ranges from 27.5 to 95.8. Native gold amalgam carrying 39 to 42.6 per cent gold has also been found in California and Colorado. Amaranth. A coal-tar dyestuff giving a deep red shade. Ambergris. Derivation: Morbid concretion from the intestinal tract of the sperm whale. Color and properties: Irregular, gray, grayish-brown or black, streaked or mottled, waxy, opaque masses; pe- culiar odor. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amber Oil.* Color and properties: Brown, thin, liquid, volatile oil; darkens with age; empyreumatic, balsamic odor. Chief constituents: Phenols. Constants: Specific gravity 0.915-0.975. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: From amber, the fossil resin from Pinus succinifer and other extinct coniferse, by destructive distil- lation and redistillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. , Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amber Seed. See Abelmoschus. Amblygonite. A natural fluophosphate of aluminum and lithium, Li(AlF)PO4. California and South Dakota. Ambrette. See Abelmoschus. American Ginseng. See Ginseng. American Hellebore. See Veratrum. American Ipecac. See Gillenia. American Saffron. See Carthamus. American Valerian. See Cypripedium. American Veratrum. See Veratrum. American Wormseed Oil. See Cheno- podium oil. Amianthus. See Asbestos. Amides. See Amines. Amidin. See Holocaine hydrochloride. Amido. See Amino. Amidol. Trade name for diamidophe- nol; a photographic developer. Aminoacetanilide, Para* NH 2 CeHoNHOCCHi. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point i62C. Aminoacetic Acid 63 Aminobenzenyl Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Acetylization of para-phen- ylenediamine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminoacetic Acid. See Acid aminoacetic. Aminoanthraquinone* Ci 4 HQ 62 N H . (a) i-Amino; (b) 2-Amino. Color and properties: (a) Red, irides- cent needles. (b) Red or orange-brown needles. Constants: Melting-point: (a) 256C.; (b) 3O2C.; boiling-point, sublimes. Slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in chloroform, benzol and acetone. Derivation: By reduction of nitroanth- raquinones, or by substituting the amino radicle direct in nitro-, halo- gen- or oxyanthraquinones. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: (a) For manufacture of dyestuffs (cyanathrol and alizarin blue, etc.). (b) For manufacture of dyestuffs (indanthrene and flavanthrene, etc.). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Diaminoanthraquinones. Aminoazobcnzcne* Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Melting-point 1274 C; boil- ing-point: Below 360 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Diazoaminobenzene when heated with aniline hydrochloride, yields aminoazobenzene. The aniline hydrochloride acts as a catalyzer and does not enter into the reaction. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs (chrysoidines). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminoazobenzene-beta-naphthol* (Su- dan Red III) C 6 H 5 NNCGH4NNCioH 6 OH. Color and properties: Brown powder. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By heating aminoazobenz- ene and beta-naphthol. Method of purication: Crystallization from alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers; Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Coloring oils red. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminoazobenzene Hydrochloride* NH 2 C 6 H 4 N 2 C 6 H5HC1. Color and properties: Steel-blue crys- tals. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By passing dry hydrochlor- ic acid gas into a solution of amino- azobenzene. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; coloring lacquers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminoazotoluene Hydrochloride* Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of amino- azotoluol and dry hydrochloric acid gas. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminobenzene. See Aniline. Aminobenzenesulfonic Acid. See Acid. sulfanilic. Ammobenzenyl-ortho-ammothiocresol. See Dehydrothio-para-toluidine. Aminobenzoic Acid 64 Ammonia Aminobenzoic acid, Meta-. aminobenzoic. See Acid Aminonaphtholsulfonic Acid. See Acid aminonaphtholsulfonic. Aminodimethylaniline, Para-* (Dimethyl- para-phenylenediamine) Color and properties: Colorless, asbes- tos-like, long needles; stable in air when pure. If impure, the crystals liquefy. Constants: Melting-point 4iC; boil- ing-point 257C. Soluble in water, alcohol and benzol. Derivation: By reduction of para-nitro- sodimethylaniline with zinc dust and hydrochloric acid. The aminodimeth- ylaniline is not isolated, but the solution is worked up. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion from mixture of benzol and ligroin. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Base for production of methylene blue; photo developer; reagent for detection of hydrogen sulfide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminodimethylbenzene. See Xylidine. Aminodracylic Acid. See Acid para- aminobenzoic. Aminoethane. See Ethylamine. Aminoethanoic Acid. See Acid amino- acetic. Aminoform. See Hexamethylenetetra- mine. Ammo-Mercuric Chloride. See Mer- cury, Ammoniated. Amino-meta-xylene. See Xylidine, Meta. Aminomethane. See Methylamine. Aminonaphtholdisulfonic Acid. See Acid aminonaphtholdisulfonic. Amino-para-xylene. See Xylidine, Para-. Aminophenol* (a) Ortho C 6 H 4 (NH 2 ) (OH) 1.2. (b) Meta C 6 H 4 (NH 2 )(OH) 1.3. (c) Para C 6 H 4 (NH 2 )(OH) 1.4. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point (a) 170 C.; (b) 122 C.; (c) i4C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By reduction of ortho- nitrophenol mixed with aqueous am- monia by means of a stream of hy- drogen sulfide. (b) Fusion of meta-sulfanilic acid with caustic soda and subsequent ex- traction of the melt with ether. (c) (i) By reduction of para-nitro- phenol with iron. (2) By electrolytic reduction of nitrobenzene in sulfuric acid solution. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: (a,b,c) Dyestuff manufacture; (c) Photographic developer; fur dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aminosalicylic Acid, Hydrochloride. See Acid aminosalicylic hydrochloride. Arninosuccinic Acid. See Acid aspara- ginic. Aminotoluenyl-ortho-aminothioxylenol. See Dehydrothioxylidine. Aminoxylene. See Xylidine. Aminoxylol. See Xylidine. Ammonia, Anhydrous.* Derivation: Purified ammonia gas lique- fied by cold and pressure. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Organic preparations; refrigera- tion. Ammonia 65 Ammonio-Ferric Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Ammonia, Aqua. See Ammonium hy- droxide. Ammonia Liquor* (Gas liquor) Derivation: A condensed watery solu- tion obtained in the destructive dis- tillation of a bituminous coal in gas or coke manufacture, composed of ammonia and ammonium compounds, and containing sulfuretted hydrogen and cyanogen. Uses: Production of anhydrous am- monia, aqua ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium sulfate and other ammonium salts; as a source of ammonia in the Solvay process for producing soda ash. (See sodium carbonate.) Grades: Technical. Containers: Tank cars. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammoniac (Gum ammoniac). Derivation: Gum resin from Dorema ammoniacum. Habitat: Persia, Northern India and Southern Sibera. Color and properties: Irregular, round- ed tears; peculiar odor; sweetish-bit- ter, somewhat acrid taste. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; as ingredient of porce- lain cements. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammoniac, Oil of* Color and properties: A dark-yellow, essential oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.891; boil- ing-point 25O-29OC. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol. Derivation: Distilled from gum am- moniac. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammoniacal Liquor. See Ammonia liquor. Ammoniacum, B. P. See Gum ammoni- acum. Ammoniated Mercury Chloride. See Mercury, Ammoniated. Ammoniated Mercury Nitrate. See Mer- cury oxide, Black. Ammonii Benzoas, U. S. P., B. P. See Ammonium benzoate. Ammonii Bromidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Ammonium bromide. Ammonii Carbonas, U. S. P., B. P. See Ammonium carbonate. Ammonii Chloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Ammonium chloride. Ammonii lodium, U. S. P. See Am- monium iodide. Ammpnii Salicylas, U. S. P. See Am- monium salicylate. Ammpnii Valeras, U. S. P. See Am- monium valerate. Ammonio-Cupric Sulfate. See Copper- ammonium sulfate. Ammonio-Ferric Citrate, See Ferric- ammonium citrate. Ammonio-Ferric Oxalate. See Ferric- ammonium oxalate. Ammonio-Ferric Sulfate. See Ferric- ammonium sulfate. Ammonium Acetate 66 Ammonium Bitartrate Ammonium Acetate* Color and properties: White, hygro- scopic, crystalline mass. Constants: Melting-point 8QC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of gla- cial acetic acid and ammonia gas. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium, Aqua. See Ammonium hy- droxide. Ammonium Benzoate* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes at 193. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of ammonium hydroxide on benzoic acid with sub- sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Bicarbonate* Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.586; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at 36-6oC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By heating ammonium hy- droxide with an excess of carbon di- oxide, and evaporation. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Ammonium carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Production of ammonium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. explodes in contact with many sub- stances. Constants: Specific gravity 2.153; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water. Derivation: Action of chromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Mordant for dyeing. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Ammonium Bifluoride* (NH 4 )FHF. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.211. Soluble in cold water; decomposes in hot water. Derivation: Action of ammonium hy- droxide on hydrofluoric acid with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes; glass bot- tles. Uses: Ceramics; chemical reagent; etch- ing glass (white acid); sterilizer for brewery, dairy and other equipment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Binoxalate* Ammonium Bichromate* Color and properties: Yellow needles Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.556. Soluble in water. Derivation: Action of ammonium hy- droxide on oxalic acid with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Bitartrate* (Acid ammonium tartrate) Ammonium Borate 67 Ammonium Chloride Color and properties:. White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.680. Soluble in water, acids and alkalis; in- soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of ammonium hydroxide on tartaric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Baking powder. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Borate* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.38-2.95. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of ammonium hydroxide on boric acid with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Bromide* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.327; melt- ing-point: Sublimes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Action of hydrobromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Precipitating silver salts for photographic plates; medicine; an- alytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Carbamate (Ammonium car- baminate) NH 4 HCO 3 .NH4CO 2 . Color and properties: White, crystalline powder; exceedingly volatile; the "anhydride" of ammonium carbonate. Constants: Melting-point: Sublimes. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of dry ammonia gas and carbon dioxide. Is recovered from gas liquor with the ammonia and ammonium carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Production of ammonium car- bonate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Carbaminate. See Ammo- nium carbamate. Ammonium Carbazotate. See Ammo- nium picrate. Ammonium "Carbonate"* ("Hart- shorn," a mixture of ammonium acid carbonate and ammonium carbonate; Ammonium crystals) (NH4)HCOi+(NH 4 )(NH 2 )COj. Color and properties: Colorless crystal plates; unstable in air, being con- verted into the bicarbonate. Constants: Melting-point 85C. Soluble in water; decomposes in hot water, yielding ammonia and carbon dioxide. Derivation: (a) Ammonium bicarbonate is heated with ammonium hydroxide, (b) Ammonium salts are heated with calcium carbonate. Grades: Technical; lumps; cubes; pow- der; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels; boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Ammonium salts; medicine; baking powders; smelling salts; dye- ing; rubber manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Chloride* (Sal ammoniac) NH 4 C1. Color and properties: White crystals; commercial article grayish. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 1.520; melting-point: volatilizes. Soluble in water and ammonium hy- droxide. Derivation: By the action of ammonia Ammonium Chromate Ammonium Iodide or ammonia salts on hydrochloric acid and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical lumps or powder; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis; electric batteries; soldering flux; tex- tile printing; manufacture of various ammonia compounds, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Chromate* Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.866; melting-point 185 C. Soluble in cold water. Derivation: By the addition of am- monium hydroxide to a solution of ammonium bichromate; recovery by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Bichromates. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Mordant in dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Cuprate.* Derivation: A cold aqueous solution of copper sulfate is treated with the exact amount of caustic soda, below 20 C., to produce a blue precipitate. This is washed repeatedly with dis- tilled water, pressed to remove most of the water and dissolved in am- monium hydroxide. Uses: Waterproofing fabrics. Ammonium Crystals. See Ammonium carbonate. Ammonium Dichromate. See Ammo- nium bichromate. Ammonium Fluoride* NE^F. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in cold water. Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Gutta-percha or paraffin bottles. Uses: Fluorides; analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Hydroxide* (Aqua ammo- nia; Ammonium hydrate) NH4OH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Boiling-point 38.5 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: (a) The gas liquor from coke and gas manufacture is distilled, the ammonia and volatile salts are ab- sorbed in sulfuric acid. The result- ant ammonium sulfate is heated, some- times with lime, the ammonia distilled off and collected in water, (b) Waste animal matter from abattoirs is dried and destructively distilled, ammonia being obtained, (c) Decomposition of calcium cyanamid by superheated steam, (d) By union of nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure and by means of a catalytic agent or the electric arc. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; 16; 20; 26. Containers: Carboys; iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Textiles; ammonium com- pounds; saponifying fats and oils; organic synthesis; detergent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Hyposulfite. See Ammo- nium thiosulfite. Ammonium "Ichthyolsulfonate." See Ichthyol. Ammonium Iodide* NH4I. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.501; melting-point: Sublimes. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Action of ammonium hy- Ammonium Meta-vanadate Ammonium Persulfate droxide on hydriodic acid with sub- sequent crystallization.- Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles; tins. Uses: Iodides; medicine; photog- raphy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Meta-vanadate. See Am- monium vanadate. Ammonium Molybdate* Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.38-2.95; melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids. Derivation: Interaction of a solution of molybdic acid and ammonium hy- droxide with subsequent crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Analytical chemistry; manufac- ture of pigments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Muriate. See Ammonium chloride. Ammonium-Nickel Sulfate. See Nickel- ammonium sulfate. Ammonium Nitrate* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; explosive! Constants: Specific gravity 1.725; melting-point i53-i66C.; boiling- point: Decomposes at 2ioC. Soluble in water, alcohol and alkalis. Derivation: By the action of ammo- nium hydroxide on nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters. Uses: Pyrotechnics; explosives; manu- facture of nitrogen monoxide, "laugh- ing gas." Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Cannot be shipped by express. Ammonium Oxalate* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.502. Soluble in water. Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and oxalic acid and subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Perchlorate* NH4C1O4. Color and properties: White crystals; explosive! Constants: Specific gravity 1.95; melt- ing-point: decomposes. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of am- monium hydroxide and perchloric acid. Recovery by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Explosives; pyrotechnics; an- alytical chemistry. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Ammonium Persulfate* Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water. Derivation: Electrolysis of a concen- trated solution of ammonium sulfate. Recovered by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Glass bottles; stone crocks. Ammonium Phosphate 70 Ammonium Sulfate Uses: Analytical chemistry; photog- raphy; oxidizing copper; electro-plat- ing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Phosphate* (Diammonium ortho-phosphate; Ammonium diphos- phate) (NH 4 ) 2 HP0 4 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.619. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and phosphoric acid with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. . Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Medicine; fireproofing; fertiliz- ers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Phosphomolybdate* 2(NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 .24MoO 3 .I2H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. Soluble in water and alkali; insoluble in acohol and acids. Derivation: By the interaction of am- monium molybdate and phosphoric and nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Reagent for alkalis.' Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Phosphotungstate* (Am- monium phosphowolframate) 2(NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 .24WO3.xH 2 p. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water and alkali; insoluble in acid. Derivation: By the interaction of am- monium tungstate, ammonium phos- phate and nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Phosphowolframate. See Ammonium phosphotungstate. Ammonium Picrate* (Ammonium car- bazotate) NH 4 C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 O. Color and properties: Yellow crystals; highly explosive! Constants: Melting-point: decom- poses. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of ammon- ium hydroxide on picric acid with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters. Uses: Explosives; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Cannot be shipped by express. Ammonium Picronitrate. See Ammo- nium picrate. Ammonium Salicylate* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of ammo- nium hydroxide on salicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Sulfate* (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Color and properties: Brownish-gray to white crystals according to degree of purity. Constants: Specific gravity 1.7687; melting-point I4OC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) The ammoniacal liquors from the destructive distilla- tion of coal are led into sulfuric acid, Ammonium Sulfide 71 Ammonium Valeriate followed by crystallization and dry- ing. This forms the crude ammonium sulfate of commerce, (b) Tankage materials high in nitrogen are heated with sulfuric acid and sodium sul- fate. Caustic soda is then added in excess and the ammonia distilled over into sulfuric acid and the sul- fate crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion or sublimation. Grades: Commercial; technical; U. S. P. Containers: Barrels; bags. Uses: Fertilizer; ammonium hydrox- ide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Sulfide* i Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Melting-point: decom- poses. Soluble in water, alcohol and alkalis. Derivation: By the interaction of am- monium hydroxide and hydrogen sul- fide. M-ethod of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Sulfocyanate* NH4SCN. Color and properties: Colorless, deli- quescent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.3057; melting-point 159 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By boiling an aqueous so- lution of ammonium cyanide with sul- fur or polysulfides. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Sulfocyanide. See Ammo- nium sulfocyanate. Ammonium Tartrate* Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.601. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of tartaric acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Thiocyanate. See Ammo- nium sulfocyanate. Ammonium Tungstate* (Ammonium wolframate) (NH^V^pis.St^O. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and tungstic acid with sub- sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Preparation of ammonium phos- photungstate and other tungsten compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Valerianate. See Ammon- ium valeriate. Ammonium Valeriate* (Ammonium va- lerianate) NH 4 C5H 9 C>4. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; nauseating odor; must be kept well stoppered. Constants: Melting-point: decom- poses. Soluble ^ in wate.r and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of am- monium hydroxide and valeric acid with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Ammonium Vanadate 72 Amyl Alcohol Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Vanadate* NH 4 yC>3. Color and properties: White crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in warm water; slightly solu- ble in cold water. Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and vanadic acid with sub- sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Vanadates; mordant in dyeing and textile printing; manufacture of other vanadium salts; manufacture of inks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ammonium Wolframate. See Ammo- nium tungstate. Amomum Melegueta (Grains of para- dise; Guinea grains; Melegueta pepper; Paradise seed). Derivation: The seed of Amomum melegueta. Habitat: Ceylon and the western coast of Africa. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amygdala Amara, B. P. Bitter almond. Amygdala Dulcis, U. S. P., B. P. Sweet almond. Amygdalic Acid. See Acid amygdalic. Amygdalinic Acid. See Acid amygdalic. Amyl Acetate* (Isoamyl acetate; Ba- nana oil; Amylacetic ether) Color and properties: Colorless liquid; banana-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8659; boiling-point 148 C. Very slightly soluble in water; insol- uble in alcohol. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a mixture of amyl alcohol and acetic acid with subsequent recovery by distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums; tin cans. Uses: Preparation of flavoring com- pounds; solvent for nitrocellulose (gun cotton) in the preparation of lacquers, and waterproofing com- pounds; bronzing liquids; metallic paints; perfumery. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Amylacetic Ether. See Amyl acetate. Amyl Alcohol, Active* (Amyl hydrate, Secondary butylcarbinol) C2H 5 CH 3 CHCH 2 OH. Color and properties: Clear colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8169; boiling-point I28C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By fractional distillation of the amyl alcohol of fermentation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Amyl Alcohol, Fermentation* (Fusel oil, Grain oil, Potato spirit) CH 3 CH 3 CH(CH) 2 OH. Color and properties: Clear colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.810; boil- ing-point I3OC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Obtained as a by-product in the fermentation of starch or sugar containing materials to produce ethyl alcohol. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrel*. Amyl Alcohol 73 Amyl Salicylate Uses: Production of pure amyl alcohol, amyl acetate and ' amyl compounds generally. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Amyl Alcohol, Normal* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 OH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; disagreeable odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.817; boil- ing-point I38C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Reduction of yaleraldehyde. This alcohol is of little importance. Amyl Formate* (Isoamyl formate) CH 2 OC 5 Hn. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity: 0.9018; boiling-point 130.4 C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in al- cohol and ether. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a mixture of amyl alcohol and formic acid and subsequent recovery by dis- tillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses:. Flavoring compounds; friut sirups. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amyl Alcohol, Tertiary* (Amylene hyd- rate) (CH 3 ) 3 C(OH)CH 2 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8144; melting-point -I2C; boiling-point I02C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From amylene by the in- direct action of water in presence of sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; drums, barrels. Uses: Fruit essences; organic synthe- sis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: label. Red Amyl Butyrate* (Isoamylbutyric ester) C 4 H 7 02C 5 Hii. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8592; boiling-point I53-I55C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a mixture of amyl alcohol and butyric acid with subsequent recovery by dis- tillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of liqueurs; or- ganic synthesis; extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amyl Hydrate. See Amyl alcohol. Amyl Hydride. See Pentane. Amylis Nitris, U. S. P., B. P. See Amyl nitrite. Amyl Nitrite* (Isoamyl nitrite) N0 2 C 5 Hn. Color and properties: Yellowish, transparent, diffusive, unstable liquid; penetrating odor; orange-colored va- por. Keep away from fire or light. Constants: Specific gravity 0.880; boil- ing-point 97-99C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to the mixture of amyl alcohol and so- dium nitrite. The product is recov- ered by distillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Dark amber, glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Medicine; perfumes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Amyl Salicylate* C 7 H 5 O 3 :C5Hii. Color and properties: Colorless to yel- lowish liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.045; boil- ing-point 268-273C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Amyl Valerianate 74 Ancthum Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a mixture of isoamyl alcohol and salicylic acid and subsequent recov- ery by distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring extracts; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amyl Valerianate. See Amyl valeriate. Amyl Valeriate* ("Apple essence"; "Apple oil"; Amyl valerianate) Amylene Hydrate. Tertiary. See Amyl alcohol, Color and properties: Clear liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8812; boiling-point 203. 7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a mixture of amyl alcohol and valeric acid. Subsequent recovery by distil- lation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Amylene* (Beta-isoamylene; Pental; Pentene; Trimethylethylene) (CH 3 ) 2 CCHCH 3 . Color and properties: Colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid; disagreeable odor; readily polymerized. Constants: Specific gravity 0.666; boil- ing-point 37-42C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of zinc chloride on the amyl alcohol of fer- mentation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Tin cans; glass bottles. Uses: Local anesthetic. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Amylit. A trade name for diamalt com- pound, an enzymic product that is used for desizing in the textile industry. Amylodextrin. See Starch, Soluble. Amylum, U. S. P., B. P. See Starch. Analgesine. See Antipyrine. Anarcotine. See Narcotine. Anesthesia Ether. See Ether. Anethi Fructus, B. P. See Dill. Anethol* (Anis camphor; Para-meth- oxypropenylbenzene ; Para-ally Iphen- ylmethylic ester) Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline mass; liquid at ordinary tem- perature. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9936; melting-point 2i-22C.; boiling-point 232-234C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From anise and fennel oils by crystallization. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Flavoring compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anethum* (Garden dill; Dill seed). Derivation: Fruit of Anethum graveo- lens. Habitat: Asia Minor and Europe; cul- tivated in U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anglesite 75 Angostura Oil Anglesite. A natural lead sulfate, PbSCU. Contains 68 per cent lead. Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Angelic Acid. See Acid angelic. Angelica Tree. See Xanthoxylum. Angelica Root Oil* (German). Color and properties: A limpid liquid, colorless when freshly distilled, be- coming yellow on exposure and hav- ing a strong aromatic odor and taste. Chief known constituents Phellan- drene and valeric acid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.857 to 0.918; saponification value 37.7; boil- ing-point 6o-7OC.; refractive index 1.4800; optical rotation +16 to +32. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the root of Archangelica officinalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; preparation of liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Angelica Root Oil (Japanese). Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals, differing in odor and composi- tion from the German oil; having the character of a fatty acid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.915; melt- ing-point 62C; boiling-point 170 and 3OOC. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the root of either Angelica refracta or Angelica anomala. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Angelica Seed Oil.* Color and properties: Pale-yellow oil; darkens with age; resembles in odor the oil from the root, but is much finer. Chief known constituents: phellandrene and valeric acid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.856-0.890; optical rotation +11 to +12. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the seed of Archangelica officinalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preparation of liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Angelica (Garden angelica). Herb, root and seed of Archangelica officinalis. Habitat: Europe and Asia. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Angelinic Acid. See Acid angelic. Angostura (Carony bark). Bark of Cus- paria trifoliata. Habitat: Northern South America and West Indies. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Angostura Oil.* Color and properties: A yellow liquid oil, .becoming darker on exposure to the air; aromatic odor and taste; chief known constituents: Cadinene, galipol, galipene and pinene. Specific gravity: 0.930-0.960; boiling- point 200-220 C.; optical rotation 36 to 50. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the bark of Galipea cusparia. Anhalonidine 76 Aniline Black Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preparation of liqueurs and bitters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anhalonidine* Ci2Hi 5 NO 3 . Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 154 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from mes- cal buttons. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins: glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anhalonine* Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 85.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction and subse- quent crystallization from seed of mescal buttons (Anhalonium lew- ninii). Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anhydrite. A natural calcium sulfate, CaSO4. Contains 41.2 per cent lime and 58.8 per cent sulfur trioxide. Usu- ally associated with gypsum, to which it alters. Differs from it in being harder and in lacking water of crystal- lization. California, Michigan and Nova Scotia. Anhydroecgonine* Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 235C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Obtained from ecgonine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anhydroecgonine Hydrochloride* C 9 Hi 3 NO 2 .HCl. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 240. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on anhydroecgonine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aniline* (Aniline oil, Phenylamine; Aminobenzene) (CeHsNt^). Color and properties: Colorless oily liquid; rapidly becomes brown on ex- posure to air and light; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0235; melting-point -5.96 C.; boiling-point 184.4 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By reduction of nitrobenz- ene with finely ground cast-iron bor- ings ("Swarf") and acid. The ani- line is recovered by distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Commercial; pure. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs; rubber industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aniline Black. A black color developed on cotton and other textiles from a bath containing aniline hydrochloride, an oxidizing agent and a catalyzer (usually a vanadium or copper salt). Aniline Chloride 77 Anise Oil Aniline Chloride. Se Aniline hydro- chloride. Aniline Hydrochloride* (Aniline salt, Aniline chloride) C 6 H 5 NH 2 HC1. Color and properties: White plates; commercial article frequently green- ish in appearance. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2215; melt- ing-point I98C.; boiling-point 245C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By passing a current of dry hydrochloric acid gas into an etheral solution of aniline. (b) Neutralizing aniline at iooC. with concentrated hydrochloric acid and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs; dyeing and printing aniline black. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Aniline Oil. See Aniline. Aniline Red. See Fuchsine. Aniline Salt. See Aniline hydrochloride. Animal Charcoal. See Charcoal, Animal. Animal Oil. See Bone oil. Anime. See Copal. Anise.* (Anise seed) Derivation: Fruit of pimpinella anisum from cultivated plants. Habitat: Western Asia, Egypt; culti- vated in Southern Europe, India and U. S. Grades: U. S. P. (Spanish, Star, Levant, Italian); B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Manufacture of anise oil; condi- ment; flavor. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anise Bark Oil. Color and properties: Light yellow oil, with an odor reminding of safrol and estragon; spicy, slightly sweetish taste; chief known constituent: Meth- ylclavicol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.969. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from a bark of uncertain botanical origin from Mad- agascar. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anise Camphor. See Anethol. Anise Oil* (Oleum anisi viridum, Anise- seed oil, Illicium oil, Aniseed oil). Color and properties: A colorless, thick liquid oil having the identifying char- acteristic of solidifying at about I5C. to a crystalline mass; chief constitu- ents: Solid anethol (90 per cent); liquid anethol, a terpene and methyl- clavicol (10 per cent). Constants: Specific gravity 0.985; melt- ing-point 10 to I5C. > L9"g standing may reduce the solidifying point to o or lower. Refractive index 1.544 to 1.560; optical rotation: Laevogy- rate 1.9 +i to 2.0 Derivation: By distillation of seeds of Pimpinella anisum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: As a source of anethol; in medi- cine as a carminative and to promote the flow of milk; when terpene free in perfumery and to flavor liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also: Anise oil, Star. Anise Oil, Star (Illicium anisatum). Color and properties: Colorless liquid, laevogyrate oil; chief constituent: Anise-seed Oil 78 Anthracene Anethol; also contains anise alde- hyde, safrol, etc. Constants: Specific gravity 0.980 to 0.990; solidifying-point 14 to i8C; refractive index 1.552 to 1.558. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Expressed from the fruit of Illicium anisatum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacture of liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anise-seed Oil. See Anise oil. Aniseed Oil. See Anise oil. Anisi Fmctus, B. P. See Anise. Anisic Aldehyde* (Anisaldehyde, Aube- pine, Para-methoxybenzaldehyde) C 6 H 4 (O.CH 3 )CHO. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; aromatic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.126; melt- ing-point -2.iC; boiling-point 248 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: Obtained from anethol by oxidation. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anisum, U. S. P., B. P. See Anise. Annabergite. A natural hydrous nickel arsenate, Ni3As2Os8H2O. Nevada. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Coloring foodstuffs (butter and cheese). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Annidalm. See Thymol iodide. Annotta. See Annatto. Anodynine. See Antipyrine. Anona Oil. See Ylang-ylang oil. Anthemidis Flores, B. P. See Anthemis. Anthemis* (Roman chamomile; Grotnd apple; Chamomile; Garden chamo- mile). Derivation: Dried flower heads of An- themis nobilis from cultivated plants. Habitat: Southern and Western Europe and U. S.; cultivated in Germany, Great Britain, France and Belgium. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Sacks. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anthion. See Potassium persulfate. Anthracene* (Para-naphthalene; Anthra- cin; Anthracene oil) Annatto* Vegetable dyestuff containing bexin. Derivation: From the seeds of Bixa orellana. Habitat: South America and West In- dies. Grades: Technical. Color and properties: Yellow crystals with blue fluorescence. Constants: Specific gravity 1.147; melt- ing-point 2i6C; boiling-point 36oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By distilling crude anthra- cene oil. This is purified by distilla- tion from iron retorts with alkali car- bonate, the distillate containing only anthracene and phenanthrene. The latter is removed by carbon bisulfide. The residual anthracene is purified by crystallization from crude benzol and further by sublimation with super- heated steam. Anthracene Oil 79 Antimony Impurities: Phenanthrene, carbazol and chrysene. Grades: Commercial (30-90 per cent). Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; alizarin; phenan- threne; carbazol. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anthracene Oil. See Anthracene. Anthracin. See Anthracene. Anthracite (Hard coal). A hard, black, lustrous 'coal containing 85 to 95 per cent carbon as against 70 to 85 per cent in bituminous or "soft" coal. See Coal. Colorado, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Nova Scotia, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. Anthragallol* (Trioxyanthraquinone) Ci4H 5 (OH) 3 2 . Color and properties: Brown powder. Constants: Boiling-point: Sublimes at 290 C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: Obtained as a product of the reaction of benzoic, gallic and sul- furic acids. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Anthranilic Acid. See Acid anthranilic. Anthraquinone* Color and properties: Yellow needles. Constants: Specific gravity 1.419-1.438; melting-point 284.6C.; boiling-point 380 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and acetone; insoluble in water. Derivation: By oxidizing a glacial acetic solution of anthracene with alkali bi- chromate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; quinazarine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antichlor. See Sodium thiosulfate. Antifebrin. See Acetanilide. Antiformin. A strong alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite. Derivation: By the addition of sodium carbonate to a solution of calcium hypochlorite. Uses: Disinfectant. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bot- tles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antifungin. See Magnesium borate. Antihypo. See Potassium percarbonate. Antimonial Glass. See Antimony sul- fide, Vitreous. Antimonial Saffron. See Antimony ox- ide, Brown. Antimonii et Potasgii Tartras, U. S. P., B. P. See Antimony-potassium tar- trate. Antimonii Oxidum, B. P. See Antimony trioxide. Antimonine. See Antimony lactate. Antimonium Tartaratum, B. P. See Antimony-potassium tartrate. Antimony* Sb. Color and properties: Gray metal, sometimes found native. See also Cervantite, Dyscrasite, Jamesonite, Nagyagite, Polybasite, Stibiconite and Stibnite. Arizona, Arkansas, California, Col- Antimony Anhydride 80 Antimony Oxide orado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Washington. Constants: Specific gravity 6.69; melt- ing-point 630C. Soluble in acids. Derivation: Stibnite is roasted in air to remove the sulfur. The white oxide which remains is mixed with carbon and reduced with strong heat. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; drums. Uses: Metallurgy; alloys; type metal; britannia metal; stereotype metal. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antimony Anhydride, oxide. See Antimony Antimony, Butter, chloride. See Antimony tri- Antimony Chloride* (Butter of anti- mony; Antimony trichloride) SbCla. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent, crystalline mass. Butter of antimony is a clear strongly caustic liquid with an acid reaction. Sp. Gr.: i.35=38Be. Constants: Specific gravity 3.064; melt- ing-point 73.2C; boiling-point 223.5 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and acids. Derivation: By the interaction of chlor- ine and antimony. Grades: Technical; Butter of antimony. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs. Uses: Antimony salts; bronzing iron; mordant; manufacturing lakes; color- ing zinc black. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antimony Chloride, Basic. mony oxychloride. See Anti- Antimony Cinnabar* (Antimony thiosul- fate) Sb2S2Os. Found as such in na- ture, or prepared by treating antimony chloride with a solution of sodium thio- sulfate. Antimony, Diaphoretic. antimoniate. See Potassium (a) 4-370 2 9 2C Sublimes (b) 3.990 Antimony Fluorides* (a) Antimony trifluoride SbFa; (b) Antimony pentafluoride SbFs. Color and properties: (a) Octahedral crystals, (b) Oily liquid. Constants Specific Gravity Melting-point Boiling-point Soluble in water and potassium fluoride. Derivation: Direct union of antimony and fluorine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tin boxes; lead bottles. Uses: Ceramics; mordanting cotton. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antimony Glance. See Stibnite. Antimony Glass. See Antimony oxide. Antimony Lactate* (Antimonine) Sb(C 3 H 5 O 3 )3. Color and properties: Tan colored mass. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of an- timony hydroxide and lactic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Mordant; textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antimony Needles, fide. See Antimony sul- Antimony Ocher. See Stibiconite. Antimony Oxides* (a) Trioxide Sb2Og; (b) Tetroxide Sb 2 O 4 ; (c) Pentoxide Sb2Os. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 5.2-5.67. (b) 4.07. (c) 3.78. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water. Antimony Oxide 81 Antimony Sulfide Derivation: By oxidizing antimony with nitric acid or by combustion of anti- mony with a limited amount of oxy- gen. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Antimony salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antimony Oxide, White. See Potassium antimoniate. Antimony Oxychloride* (Powder of al- garoth; Antimony chloride, Basic; Mercurius vitae) SbOCl. Color and properties: White crystalline powder. Soluble in hydrochloric acid; insoluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the interaction of water and antimony chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Antimony salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Antimony Oxysulfide. See Antimony sulfide. Antimony Pentachloride. See Antimony chloride. Antimony Pentafluoride. See Antimony fluorides. Antimony Pentasulfide. See Antimony sulfide. Antimony Pentoxide. See Antimony ox- ide. Antimony-Potassium Tartrate* (Tartar emetic) K(SbO) C 4 H 4 O4. Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Ken- tucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Caro- lina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Caro- lina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyo- ming. Barium* Ba. Color and properties: Golden-yellow, slightly lustrous, somewhat malleable metal. All barium salts are poison- ous and are the cause of "loco" disease in man and cattle. Constants: Specific gravity 3.78; melt- ing-point 850 C; boiling-point 950 C. Soluble in acids; decomposes water. Derivation: By electrolysis of barium chloride in presence of ammonium chloride. Grades: Technical (not an article of commerce as yet; small quantities available at a very high price from dealers in rare minerals, etc.). Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Barium salts; alloys. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Acetate* Ba(C 2 H 3 O2)2.H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 2.02. Soluble in water. Derivation: Acetic acid is added to a solution of barium sulfide. The pro- duct is recovered by evaporation and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bot- tles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Binoxide. See Barium peroxide. Barium Bromide* BaBr2.2H2O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; poisonous, Barium Carbonate 93 Barium Ethylsulfate Constants: Specific gravity 3.852. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of barium sulfide and hydrpbromic acid, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Manufacturing bromides. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Carbonate* BaCOs. Color and properties: White powder; poisonous; found in nature as the mineral witherite. Constants: Specific gravity 4.275; melt- ing-point i36oC. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: Sodium carbonate is added to a solution of barium sulfide. The barium carbonate is filtered, washed and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Ceramics; barium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Chlorate* Ba(ClO 3 ) 2 .H2O. Color and properties: Colorless prisms or white powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.179; melt- ing-point 4I4C. Soluble in water. Derivation: Electrolysis of barium chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron Drums. Uses: Pyrotechnics; dyeing. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Barium Chloride* BaCl 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless flat crystals; poisonous! Constants: Specific gravity 3.097; melt- ing-point 86oC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on barium sulfide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical (crystals or pow- dered); U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine; leather industry; rat and vermin poison; boiler com- pounds; analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Chromate* BaCrCU. Color and properties: Heavy, yellow, crystalline powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 4498. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of barium chloride and sodium chromate. The precipitate is washed, filtered and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Paint pigment; safety matches. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations' None. Barium Cyanide* Ba(CN)2. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydrocy- anic acid on barium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel barrels. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Dioxide. See Barium peroxide. Barium Ethylsulfate* (Barium sulfo- vinate) Ba(C2H 5 SO 4 )2.2H2O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of barium hydroxide and ethylsulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Barium Fluoride 94 Barium Nitrate Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations' None. Barium Fluoride* BaF. Color and properties: White powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 4.828; melt- ing-point i28oC. Sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of barium sulfide and hydrofluoric acid followed by crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Enamels; antiseptic; embalming fluids. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Hydrate. See Barium hydroxide. Barium Hydroxide* (Barium hydrate; Caustic baryta) Ba(OH)2.8H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder; poisonous; absorbs carbon dioxide from air. Keep well stoppered! Constants: Specific gravity 1.656; melt- ing-point 78 C., losing its water of crystallization; boiling-point I03C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By dissolving barium oxide in water and subsequent crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Iron and calcium in some commercial grades. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical (crystals or anhy- drous powder) ; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic preparations, barium salts, sugar industry, refining animal and vegetable oils. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Iodide* BaI 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; decompose and redden on ex- posure to air; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 5.150; melt- ing-point: Loses 2H2O at 539C. and melts at 740C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydriodic acid on barium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bottles; iron drums. Uses: Iodides; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Manganate* (Manganese green, Cassel's green, Rosenstiehl's green) BaMnO 4 . Color and properties: Emerald-green powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 4.85. Insoluble in water; decomposed by acids. Derivation: By heating manganese di- oxide with barium nitrate and barium sulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Monosulfide. See Barium sulfide. Barium Monoxide. See Barium oxide. Barium Nitrate* Ba(NO 3 )2- Color and properties: Lustrous, white crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.244; melt- ing-point 575C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on barium carbonate, oxide or hy- droxide and subsequent crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; crystals; fused mass or powder. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Pyrotechnics; green railroad torches; marine signals, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Barium Oxide 95 Barm Barium Oxide* (Barium monoxide, Ba- rium protoxide, Calcined baryta) BaO. Color and properties: White to yellow- ish-white powder; poisonous; absorbs carbon dioxide readily from air; keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 4-73-5-46. Soluble in acids; with water forms the hydroxide. Derivation: By calcining barium hy- droxide. Impurities: Barium carbonate, iron. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels. Uses: Glass industry; manufacturing barium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Peroxide* (Barium binoxide) BaO 2 . Color and properties: Grayish-white powder; poisonous! Constants: Specific gravity 4.96. Soluble in acids; decomposes in water. Derivation: By heating the monoxide in a stream of oxygen. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of oxygen and hy- drogen peroxide; bleaching. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Barium Protoxide. See Barium oxide. Barium Rhodanide. cyanate. See Barium sulfo- Barium Sulfate* (Synthetic or artificial barytes, "Blanc fixe," "Permanent white," Artificial heavy spar) BaSCU. Color and properties: White, crystalline powder; poisonous; found in nature as barite or barytes. Constants: Specific gravity 4.476. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on solutions of barium salts fol- lowed by careful drying and grinding. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Sizing for paper; leather; paints; pigments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Sulfide* (Barium monosulfide) BaS. Color and properties: Yellowish-green or gray powder or lumps; poisonous! Keep from air! Constants: Specific gravity 4.25. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Barium sulfate and coal are roasted in a furnace. The melt is lixiviated with hot water, filtered and evaporated. Impurities: Iron, arsenic. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Depilatory; barium salts; vul- canizing; weighting gutta-percha; generating perfectly pure hydrogen sulfide for analytical purposes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Sulfocyanate* (Barium sulfocy- anide; Barium rhodanide). Ba(SCN) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating barium hydrox- ide with ammonium sulfocyanate and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: For making aluminum or potas- sium sulfocyanates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Barium Sulfocyanide. See Barium sulfo- cyanate. Barium Sulfovinate. See Barium ethyl- sulfate. Barm. See Yeast. Baryta 96 Bear's Weed Baryta, Calcined. See Barium oxide. Baryta, Caustic. See Barium hydroxide. Baryta Water. A solution of barium hy- droxide. Barytes. See Barium sulfate. Barytes, Synthetic. See Barium sulfate. Basalt. A dense to glassy, dark-colored, basic, volcanic rock, composed essen- tially of soda-lime feldspar and pyro- xene; with or without olivine and with accessory magnetite or ilmenite and apatite. The glassy varieties are com- posed of the uncrystallized constituents of these minerals and are called ob- sidian. California, Connecticut, Massa- chusetts, New Jersey, Oregon and Washington. Basil Oil. Color and properties: Yellow, liquid oil; aromatic odor; solidifies on long standing. Chief known constituents: Methyl clavi- col, cineol and linalol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.945-0.987; optical rotation +7 to + 12. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: From the leaves of the sweet basil, . Ocymum basilicum, by distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. 'Basofor." sulfate. A trade name for Barium Bass Wood. See Linden. Bastose. The cellulosic substance of jute fiber. Battery Acid. See Acid, Battery. Bauxite. Natural hydrated alumina, es- sentially A\2 O3.2H2O. Alabama, Ar- kansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Tennessee and Virginia. Bay. See Laurus. Bay Oil. See Myrcia oil. Bay Oil, Sweet. See Laurel oil, Volatile. Bay Plum. See Guava. Bay Salt. Derivation: Produced by exposure of sea-water to evaporation by the ac- tion of the atmosphere or the rays of the sun. Contains sodium chloride (sea salt). Containers: Bags. Bay-berry. See Laurus myrica cerifera. Bay-berry Oil. See x Myrcia oil. Bay-berry Wax.* Derivation: From the bark of the Myrica (Candle-berry; Bay-berry; Wax myrtle; Wax-berry; Tallow shrub) by extraction. Color and properties: Green. The wax consists of palmitin, palmitic acid, myristin and lauric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; candles. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Bayer Acid. See Acid beta-naphthyla- minemonosulfonic 2:7. Bean Oil. See Soya-bean oil. Bean Oil, Chinese. See Soya-bean oil. Bear's Weed. See Eriodictyon. Bearberry Bark 97 Benzal Green Bearberry Bark. See Cascara sagrada bark. Bearwood. See Cascara sagrada bark. Bebeerine* (Bebirine) Color and properties: Yellowish-brown, amorphous powder. Constants: Melting-point 214 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By extraction of the bark of Nectandra rodiae or Pareira brava and subsequent crystallization. ^ . Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Bebeerine Hydrochloride Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 .HCl. Color and properties: Reddish-brown scales. Constants: Melting-point 259C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on bebeerine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass Bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Bebirine. See Bebeerine. Beeswax.* Constants: Specific gravity 0.965-0.969; Dnstants: specific gravit melting-point 63-64C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone and chloroform. Derivation: From the honey-comb of bees by melting in hot water and drawing off the wax into moulds. It is bleached by exposure in thin films to the sun, or by the moderate action of chromic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, or ozone generated by elec- tric discharge. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Candle making; pharmacy; leather dressing; shoe polishes; ce- ments. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Belae Fructus, B. P. (Bael fruit). The fresh, half-ripe fruit of <4 . Color and properties: White crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point ioo.C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction and subse- quent crystallization from the tubers of Corydalis cava. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Buranhem. See Monesia. Burdock. See Lappa. Burgundy Pitch. See Pitch, Burgundy. Burning Bush. See Euonymus. Burnt Lime. See Calcium oxide. Burnt Sugar. See Caramel. Burrstone. A tough, siliceous rock used for millstones. See Millstone. Butane Dioxime. See Dimethylgly- oxime. Butea Gum (Buteae gummi, Bengal kino). Derivation: Inspissated juice obtained from incisions in the stem of Butea frondosa. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Buteae Gummi, B. P. See Butea gum. Buteae Semina, B. P. Butea seeds, ob- tained from Butea frondoas. Butter Color. See Annatto. Buttercup Yellow. See Zinc chromate. Butter of Antimony. See Antimony tri- chloride. Butter of Arsenic, ide. See Arsenic trichlor- Butter of Tin. See Stannous chloride. Butter of Zinc. See Zinc chloride. Butter Oil. Any edible oil used in the manufacture of oleomargarine or other butter substitute. Butylacetic Acid. See Acid butylacetic. Butyl Alcohol, Normal.* CH 3 (CH) 3 OH. Color and properties: Limpid, color- less liquid; vinous odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.814; boil- ing-point n/C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the fermentation of glycerol or mannitol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Manufacturing fruit essences; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Butyl Alcohol, Iso. hoi. See Isobutyl alco- Butyl Alcohol, Secondary* (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH(pH). Color and properties: Limpid, color- less liquid; strorg. pleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.803; boil- ing-point 77-8C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction, of buty- lene and hydriodic acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Butyl Alcohol 118 Buxine Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; barrels; iron drums. Uses: Manufacturing fruit essences; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Constants: Melting-point 78 C. Soluble in water, glycerin and alcohol. Derivation: By adding water to butyl- chloral. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Butyl Alcohol, Tertiary* (CH 3 )2COHCH 3 . Color and properties: White crystals; camphor-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.786; melting-point 25.5C; boiling-point 83C Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hot 75 per cent sulfuric acid on isobutylene. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; barrels; iron drums. Uses: Manufacturing fruit essences; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Butylene Isobromide* (Dibromoisobut- ane) (CH 3 ) 2 CBrCH 2 Br. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.798; boil- ing-point I49C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of bromine on isobutylene. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Butylmercaptan* QHgSH. A military poison gas used in the late war. Butylcarbinol, Secondary, cohol, Active. See Amyl al- Butylchloral Hydrate (Trichlorobutyl- idene glycol, Butyl-chloral hydras) C 4 H 7 C1 3 8 . Color and properties: Pearly white laminae. Butyric Acid. See Acid butyric. Butyric Alcohol. See Butyl alcohol. Butyric Ether. See Ethyl butyrate. Buxine. See Bebeerine. Cabbage-seed 119 Cadmium Bromide Cabbage-seed Oil. Derivation: A variety of mustard oil, from Brassica oleracea. Uses: Illuminant; soap manufacture; ointments and liniments; edibile oil, substitute for olive oil. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cacao Butter (Theobroma oil, Cocoa butter). Color and properties: Yellowish, brittle, solid fat; chocolate odor and taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.976-0.995; saponification value 192-200; iodine value 32-37-7; melting-point 3O-35C. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol and alcohol. Derivation: From the cacao bean, 't"he seeds of Theobroma cacao. Grades: Crude; refined; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Pharmacy; toilet soaps; confec- tionery. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cacao Shells (Theobroma shells; Cocoa shells). Derivation: Shells of the seed of Theo- broma cacao. Habitat: South America, Mexico and West Indies. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of theo- bromine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cacodylic Acid. See Acid cacodylic. Cadaverine. See Ptomaines. Cade Oil. Color and properties: Thick, clear liquid; tarry odor; burning, bitter taste. Chief known constituent: Cadinene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.980- 1.055. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By the dry distillation of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; animal soap; oint- ments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium* Cd. Color and properties: Silver-white, blue-tinged metal. Constants: Specific gravity 8.642; melting-point 321 C.; boiling-point 766 C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By extraction from roasted zinc blende, as cadmium sul- fate forms the residue, (b) In the re- duction of zinc, the cadmium being more volatile, is obtained as a brown- ish powder. Refined by distillation at low red heat, with reducing mate- rial. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; bags. Uses: Alloys; cadmium salts; dental amalgam. Fire hazard: None, Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Bromide* CdBr2. Color and properties: Yellowish, crys- talline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 5.192; melt- ing-point s68C.; boiling-point 806- 8i2C. Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By heating cadmium to redness in bromine vapor. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Cadmium Chloride 120 Cadmium Sulfate Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Chloride* (a) (b) CdQ 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Small white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 4.05, (b) 3.327; melting-point (a) 568C; boiling-point (a) 86i-954C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on cadmium with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs. Uses: Preparation of cadmium sulfide; analytical chemistry; photography; dyeing and calico printing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Hydrate. See Cadmium hy- droxide. Cadmium Hydroxide* (Cadmium hy- drate) Cd(OH) 2 . Color and properties: White, amorph- ous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.79; melt- ing-point: Loses H 2 O at 300 C. Soluble in acids and ammonium hy- droxide; insoluble in water and al- kalis. Derivation: By the action of sodium hydroxide on a cadmium salt solu- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Cadmium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Iodide CdI 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, flaky crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 5.644; melt- ing-point 385 C.; boiling-point 708- 7I9C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydriodic acid on cadmium oxide and crystal- lization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Photography; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Nitrate* Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: White, amorph- ous pieces or hygroscopic needles. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 2.455; melt- ing-point 59-5C.; boiling-point I32C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on cadmium or cadmium oxide and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Ceramic industry (for coloring glass and porcelain). Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Cadmium-Potassium Iodide* CdI 2 .2KI.2H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.359. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By combining cadmium iodide and potassium iodide in solu- tion, in proportion of their combining weights and subsequent crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; C. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Sulfate* (a) CdSO 4 ; (b) 3CdSO 4 .8H 2 O; (c) CdSO 4 .4H 2 O. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 4.72; (b) 3.087; (c) 3.05; melting-point (a) ioooC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of dilute sul- Cadmium Sulfide 121 Caesium Chloride furic acid on cadmium or cadmium oxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; kegs. Uses: Manufacture of normal cadmium electric cells. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Sulfide* (Cadmium yellow; Jaune brilliant) CdS. Color and properties: Light yellow powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.9-4.8; boiling-point 98oC. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By passing hydrogen sul- fide gas into a solution of a cadmium salt, acidified with hydrochloric acid. The precipitate is filtered and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; tins. Uses: Paint pigments; soap color; py- rotechnics; mixing with ultramarine to produce green pigments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Tungstate* (Cadmium wol- framate) CdWoO 4 . Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide; very slightly soluble in waten Derivation: By the interaction of cad- mium nitrate and ammonium tung- state. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Fluorescent paint. Fire hazard' None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cadmium Wolframate. See Cadmium tungstate. Cadmium Yellow. See Cadmium sulfide. Cassalpina echinata. See Pernambuco. Caesium* Cs. Color and properties: Silver-white, soft ductile metal; decomposes water, set- ting free hydrogen which ignites. Must be kept immersed in naphtha or kerosene. Constants: Specific gravity 1.87; melt- ing-point 28.45 C.; boiling-point 670 C. Soluble in acids and alcohol; decom- poses water. Derivation: By the reduction of caesium oxide by means of powdered mag- nesium. Grades- Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Caesium- Aluminum Sulfate* (Caesium alum) Cs 2 SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.0215; melt- ing-point H7C. ^ Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By adding a solution of caesium sulfate to a solution of potas- sium sulfate, concentrating and crys- tallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caesium Carbonate* Cs2COs. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent, crystalline powder. Constants: Boiling-point: Decomposes at 6ioC. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By passing carbon dioxide into a solution of caesium oxide and subsequent crystallization. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Brewing; manufacture of min- eral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caesium Chloride* CsCl. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tal^ Caesium Nitrate 122 Caffeine Constants: Specific gravity 3.972; melt- ing-point 646 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on caesium oxide and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; brewing; manufactur- ing mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caesium Nitrate* CsNO 3 . Color and properties: Glittering, crys- talline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.687; melt- ing-point 4I4C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on caesium oxide and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Pure. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Caesium salts. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Caesium Oxides* (a) Cs 2 O; (b) Cs 2 O 2 ; (c) Cs 2 3 ; (d) Cs 2 4 . Color and properties: (a) Orange-red crystals. (b) Yellow needles. (c) Chocolate-brown crystals. (d) Yellow crystals. Constants: (a) (b) (c) (d) Specific gravity 4.78 4-47 4-25 3-77 Melting-point 4OO-4SoC 4QOC sisC Solubilities: (a) (b) (c) (d) Water Very soluble Soluble Decomposed Soluble Acids Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Derivation: By calcining caesium ni- trate. Grades: Technical; Pure. Containers: Tins. Uses: Caesium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caesium Silicate* Cs 2 SiOa. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of a caesium salt and sodium silicate. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Tins. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caesium Sulfate* Cs 2 SO 4 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 4.2434. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on caesium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Pure. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Brewing; mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caffea usta. Roasted coffee beans. Caffea viridis. beans. Dry, unroasted coffee Caffeina, U. S. P., B. P. See Caffeine. Caffeina Citrata, U. S. P., B. P. Caffeine, Citrated. Caffeinae-Sodio Benzoas, U. S. P. Caf- feine-sodium benzoate. Caffeine* (Theine; Guaranine; Methyl- theobromine: Trimethylxanthine) C 8 HioN 4 2 .H 2 : Color and properties: White, fleecy masses or long flexible, silky crystal- line alkaloid. Constants: Melting-point 236.8 C. Soluble in chloroform; slightly soluble in water and alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction of coffee, tea. guarana, paraguay tea or kola nuts, Caffeine Salts 123 Calaverite evaporation of the solvent and crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caffeine Salts: Caffeine benzoate Caffeine citrate Caffeine hydrobromide C 8 HioN 4 O2.HBr.2H 2 O. Caffeine hydrochloride Color and properties: White crystals. All caffeine salts are soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of the respec- tive acids on caffeine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cahoun Oil. See Cohune oil. Cahune Oil. See Cohune oil. Cajeputene. See Dipentene. Cajeputol. See Eucalyptol. Cajuput Oil. Color and properties: Thin, colorless or greenish liquid. Chief known con- stituents: Cineol and teroinol. Constants: Optical rotation 10 to 4; refractive index 1.460 to 1.466. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca leucadendron. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calabar. See Physostigma. Calamine. A natural hydrous zinc sili- cate, 2ZnO.SiO 2 .H 2 O. Contains 54 per cent zinc. Arkansas, Connecticut, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia. Calamus* (Sweet flag, Calmus, Sweet cane, Sweet grass). Derivation: Unpeeled, dried rhizome of Acorus calamus. Habitat: Europe, North America and Western Asia. Grades: U. S. P. Containers: Bales; bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calamus Oil (Oil of sweet flag). Color and properties: A clear, thick, brownish-yellow liquid; strong aro- matic odor; aromatic, bitter taste. Chief known constituents: As'arone, eu- genol, acetic acid, fatty acids. Constants: Specific gravity 0.960-0.080; boiling-point I7O-3OOC.; optical ro- tation + 10 to +31; refractive index I.507-I.5IS. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the rhizome of Acorus calamuy (Sweet flag). Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Preparation of liqueurs; medi- cine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calaverite. A natural telluride of gold and silver (Au.Ag)Te 2 . Variable in composition, but contains about 39.5 per cent gold and 3.1 per cent silver. Cali- fornia and Colorado. Calcined Baryta 124 Calcium Arsenite Calcined Baryta. See Barium oxide. Calcic Liver of Sulfur. See Calcium sul- fide. Calcii Bromidum, U. S. P. See Calcium bromide. Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus, U. S. P., B. P. See Calcium carbonate, Precipi- tated. Calcii Chloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Calcium chloride. Calcii Glycerophosphas, U. S. P. See Calcium glycerophosphate. Calcii Hydras, B. P. See Calcium hy- droxide. Calcii Hypophosphis, U. S. P., B. P. See Calcium hypophosphite. Calcii Lactas, U. S. P., B. P. See Cal- cium lactate. Calcii Phosphas, B. P. See Calcium phosphate. Calcii Sulphidum Crudum, U. S. P. See Calcium sulfide, Crude. Calcinol. See Calcium lactate. Calciovolborthite. A natural vanadate of copper and calcium. Contains about 38 per cent V^Os. California, Colorado and Utah. Calcite (Calcspar). Natural crystallized calcium carbonate, CaCOs. Contains 56 per cent lime, CaO. Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri and Tennessee. Calcium* Ca. Color and properties: Soft, white metal; brilliant crystalline surface when freshly cut. Keep dry, in well itop* pered bottles. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5446; melt- ing-point 8o5C. Soluble in acid; decomposes water slowly. Derivation: By electrolyzing molten calcium chloride. Containers: Airtight tins; glass bottles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Acetate* Ca(C 2 H 3 O 2 )2.H 2 O. Color and properties: Brown or gray lumps or white crystals. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol. Derivation: By the action of pyroligne- ous acid on calcium hydroxide, the solution being filtered and evaporated to dryness, yielding gray acetate of lime. If the acid is neutralized with lime before distilling off the methyl alcohol, the product is contaminated with much tar and when evaporated to dryness forms "brown acetate of lime." Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; brown, grey, pure. Containers: Barrels; freight cars. Uses: Manufacture of acetone; manu- facture of acetic acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Arsenate* (Tricalcium ortho- arsenate) Cas(AsO4) 2 . Color and properties: White powder. Very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of cal- cium chloride and sodium arsenate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Insecticide; germicide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Arsenite* CaAsOsH. Color and properties: White, granular powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of cal- cium chloride and sodium arsenite, Calcium Benzoate 125 Calcium Carbonate Grades: Technical. - Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Germicides; insecticides. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Benzoate* Ca(C7H 5 02)2.3^0. Color and properties: White powder or crystals. Keep well stoppered. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of benzoic acid on calcium hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Biphosphate. See phosphate, Monobasic. Calcium Calcium Bisulfite* Ca(HSO 3 )2. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid with strong sulfur dioxide odor. Soluble in water and acids. Derivation: By action of sulfur dioxide on calcium hydroxide. Strength of solution: 8Be. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Antichlor; textile industries; pre- servative; bleaching sponges. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Bromide* (a) CaBr2 ; (b) CaBr 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: White, granular, very deliquescent crystals; sharp, sa- line taste. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 3-353- Melting-point (a) 68o-76oC.; (b) 35C. Boiling-point (a) 8o6-8i2C; (b) I49-I50C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on calcium oxide, carbon- ate or hydroxide and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacturing mineral waters; photography; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Carbide* CaC2- Color and properties: Grayish-black, ir- regular lumps; must be kept dry. Constants: Specific gravity 2.22. Decomposes in water, with formation of acetylene. Derivation: By the interaction of finely pulverized limestone or quick lime with coke in an electric furnace. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels; tin cans. Uses: Generation of acetylene gas; sig- nal fires; metallurgy; reduction of copper sulfide; production of calcium cyanamide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Carbonate* (Chalk; Limestone) CaC0 3 . Color and properties: White amorphous powder or colorless crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.72-2.95. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: Found in nature in many forms. (a) Limestone, a compact, indis- tinctly crystalline variety. (b) Marble, a distinctly crystalline form. (c) Chalk, a deposit consisting of the calcareous parts of minute or- ganisms. (d) Calcite and Iceland spar, pure crystallized forms. (e) As a precipitate by adding a soluble carbonate to a calcium salt solution. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels; burlap bags, freight cars. Uses: Metallurgy, manufacture of cal- cium oxide, medicine, dentifrices, paint pigments, ceramics, glass, build- ing stone, organic synthesis, carbon dioxide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Chlorate 126 Calcium Glycerophosphate Calcium Chlorate* Ca(ClO3) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White to yellow- ish crystals. Keep well stoppered. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of chlorine on calcium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters; glass bot- tles. Uses: Photography, pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Calcium Chloride* (a) CaCl 2 ; (b) CaCl 2 .H 2 O; (c) CaCl 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent crystals, granules or lumps. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 2.152; (c) 1.654. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By the action of hydro- chloric acid on calcium carbonate and subsequent crystallization. (b) Commercially obtained as a by- product in the Solvay soda process and in the manufacture of potassium chlorate. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; fused; pure; U. S. P.; B. P. frequently sold in solutions of different concentrations. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dehydrating agent; preservative; fire proofing paints; freezing mix- tures; sizing compounds; mineral waters; making ammonium chloride. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Cyanamide* CaCN 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Decomposes in water, liberating am- monia. Derivation: Calcium- carbide is finely powdered and heated in an electric oven, into which nitrogen is passed. The charge remains in the furnace 24 to 36 hrs. It is then removed and the calcium carbide that is uncom- bined is leached out. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels; tank cars. Uses: Fertilizers; nitrogen products. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Ferrocyanide* Ca 2 Fe(CN) 6 .i2H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in hot water. Derivation: By decomposing ferric- ferrocyanide with quicklime in a closed vessel with steam. The solu- tion of calcium ferrocyanide is evapo- rated and recovered by crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Potassium ferrocyanide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Fluoride* CaF 2 . Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.15-3.18; melting-point 1300 C. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By powdering pure fluorite or fluorspar. (b) By the interaction of a sol- uble calcium salt and sodium fluoride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; freight cars. Uses: Flux in metallurgy; manufactur- ing hydrofluoric acid; ceramics; enamels; etching glass; calcium cy- anamide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Glycerinophosphate. See Cal- cium glycerophosphate. Calcium Glycerophosphate* (Calcium glycerinophosphate) CaCCsHgOeP)^ Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Derivation: By extraction from cereal grains. Grades: Technical; pure; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Guaiacol 127 Calcium Lactophosphate Calcium Guaiacolmonosulfonate. See Guaiacyl. Calcium Hydrate. See Calcium hydrox- ide. Calcium Hydroxide* (Calcium hydrate; Slaked lime; Lime hydrate) Ca(OH) 2 . Color and properties: White, dry powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.078; melt- ing-point: Loses water at 580 C. Soluble in acids; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of water on calcium oxide. Impurities: Calcium carbonate, mag- nesium salts, iron. Grades: Technical; chemical lime (in- soluble matter under 2 per cent, Mg under 3 per cent); building lime; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; paper bags. Uses: Mortar; cements; calcium salts; depilatory; manufacture of lime paints; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Hypochlorite* (Calcium oxy- chloride; "Chloride of lime"; Calx chlorinata, Bleaching powder) Ca(C10) 2 .4H 2 0. Color and properties: White powder; strong chlorine odor. Decomposes in water and acids. Derivation: By conducting chlorine into a box-like structure containing slaked lime spread upon perforated shelves. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; iron drums. Uses: Textile bleaching; organic syn- thesis; deodorizer; disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Hypophosphite* Ca(H2PC>2)2. Color and properties: White to gray- ish-white crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By boiling lime, water and phosphorus together, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron canisters; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Iodide* CaI 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder; decomposes in air by ab- sorption of carbon dioxide. Constants: Specific gravity 3.956; melt- ing-point 63i-740C.; boiling-point 7o8-7i9C. Soluble in water, ethyl alcohol and amyl alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydri- odic acid on calcium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Lactate (Calcinol) Ca(C 3 H 5 3 ) 2 .5H 2 0. Color and properties: White, almost tasteless powder. Constants: Melting-point: Loses 3H2O at iooC. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By neutralizing dilute lac- tic acid with calcium carbonate and evaporating the solution. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tin cans; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; calcium lactophos- phate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Lactophosphate.* Derivation: A mixture of calcium lac- tate, calcium acid lactate and calcium acid phosphate in variable propor- tions. Calcium Linoleate 128 Calcium Perborate Color and properties: White crystals or powder. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Linoleate* Ca(Ci8H3iO 2 ) 2 . Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of calcium chloride and sodium linoleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Waterproofing compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium-Magnesium Chloride* CaCl 2 .MgCl 2 . Color and properties: White, deliques- cent crystals. Soluble in water and acids; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) A by-product in the salt industry, (b) By the action of hydrochloric acid on dolomite. Method of purification: Crystalliza- zation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels. Uses: Same as calcium chloride. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Molybdate* CaMoO 4 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in mineral acids; insoluble in alcohol, ether or water. Derivation: By the fusion of calcium oxide and a molybdenum ore. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Molybdic acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Nitrate* Ca(NO 8 ) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: White, delique- scent mass. Constants: Specific gravity 1.82; melt- ing-point 42C; boiling-point I32C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric .acid on calcium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Calcium Ortho-phosphate. See Calcium phosphate, Tribasic. Calcium Ortho-tungstate. See Calcium tungstate. Calcium Oxide* (Lime, Burnt lime; Calx) CaO. Color and properties: White, hard lumps, gradually crumbling on expo- sure to moist air. Constants: Specific gravity 3.15-3.40; melting-point 25/oC. Soluble in acid; very slightly soluble in water, uniting to form calcium hy- droxide. Derivation: Calcium carbonate is roasted in kilns until all of the carbon dioxide is driven off. Impurities: Calcium carbonate magne- sium oxide; iron; aluminum. Grades: Technical; chemical lime; ag- ricultural lime; building lime. Containers: Wooden barrels; bags; freight cars. Uses: Slaked lime; leather industry; manufacture of heavy chemicals; building; metallurgy; organic syn- thesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Perborate* CaBOs. Color and properties: Gray-white lumps. Calcium Permanganate 129 Calcium Phosphate Derivation: From the mineral coleman- ite. Soluble in acids. Grades: Crude. Containers: Freight cars. Uses: Borax; boric acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Permanganate* La(MnO 4 ; 2 .4hl 2 O. Color and properties: Violet crystals. Keep well stoppered. Soluble in water and ammonia. Derivation: By mixing pyrolusite and calcium hydroxide, evaporating to dryness and calcining at red heat with access of air. The manganate formed is changed into permangan- ate by dissolving the melt and pass- ing carbon dioxide into the solution, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Textile industry; sterilizing water; dentistry; medicine; disinfect- ant. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Calcium Peroxide* (Calcium superoxide) Ca0 2 .8H 2 0. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. . Constants: Melting-point: Loses 8H 2 O at I30C. Slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of a calcium salt and sodium peroxide, with subsequent crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Calcium Phenolsulfonate* (Calcium sul- focarbolate; Calcium sulfophenate; Calcium sulfophenylate) Ca(C 6 H 4 OHSO 3 ) 2 .5H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Derivation: By the action of phenol- sulfonic acid on calcium hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Phosphate, Acid. See Calcium phosphate, Monobasic. Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic* (Dicalcium ortho-phosphate; Bicalcic phosphate; Calcium phosphate, Secondary; Cal- cium phosphate, Bibasic) CaHPO 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.306; melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of a calcium salt and sodium diphosphate. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Tins; boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; dentistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Phosphate, Monobasic* (Cal- cium biphosphate; Acid calcium phos- phate; Calcium phosphate, Primary; Monocalcium phosphate) CaH 4 (PO 4 ) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, pearly scales; deliquescent in air. Constants: Specific gravity 2.220; melt- ing-point: Loses H 2 O at iooC.; boiling-point: Decomposes at 200 C. Soluble in water and acids. Derivation: By decomposing rock phosphate (calcium tribasic phos- phate) with sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Calcium Phosphate 130 Calcium Sulfate Uses: Baking powder; fertilizer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Phosphate, Precipitated. See Calcium phosphate, Tribasic. Calcium Phosphate, Primary. See Cal- cium phosphate, Monobasic. Calcium Phosphate, Secondary. See Cal- cium phosphate, Dibasic. Calcium Phosphate, Tertiary. See Cal- cium phosphate, Tribasic. Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic* (Precipi- tated calcium phosphate; Tricalcium ortho-phosphate; Tricalcic phosphate; Calcium phosphate, Tertiary) Ca 3 (P0 4 )2. Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.18; melt- ing-point I550C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By the interaction of solutions of a calcium salt and so- dium triphosphate. (b) From bone ash. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; source of phosphorus; polishing powder; ceramics; porce- lain; enameling; manufacturing milk glass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Phosphide (Photophor) Ca 2 P 2 . Color and properties: Gray masses; decomposes on contact with water generating hydrogen phosphide, which takes fire in air. Constants: Specific gravity 2.51. Insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating calcium phos- phate and aluminum. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters. Uses: Signal fires. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Calcium Resinate* Ca(C 4 4H 6 2O 4 )2. Color and properties: Yellowish- white, amorphous powder. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By boiling calcium hy- droxide with rosin and filtering. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Waterproofing; manufacturing paint driers. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Calcium Silicofluoride* CaSiFe- Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.662. Very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action hydrosili- cofluoric acid on calcium carbonate and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Stearate* Ca(Ci8H 35 O 2 ) 2 . Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- dium stearate and calcium chloride and filtration. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Waterproofing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Sulfate* (Plaster of Paris: Gyp- sum) (a) CaSOf (b) CaSO 4 .2H 2 O Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 2.964; Calcium Sulfate 131 Calcium Wolframate (b) 2.32; melting-point: (a) 1360 C. Insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Found in large quan- tities in nature as anhydrite, CaSO 4 . (b) The dihydrate, CaSO 4 .2H 2 O, occurs in granular masses. Gypsum is a perfectly crystallized form- of this salt, (c) As by-product in many industrial operations. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; freight cars; bags. Uses: Interior decoration (stucco); white pigment; polishing powder; artificial ivory; surface-coating paper; cements, especially "Keene's cement." Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Sulfate, Hydrated. cium sulfate. See Cal- Calcium Sulfhydrate. See Calcium hy- drosulfide. Calcium Sulfide* (Calcic liver of sulfur) CaS. Color and properties: Light-gray cubes. Constants: Specific gravity 2.8. Soluble in acids; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By strongly heating pul- verized calcium sulfate and charcoal. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Iron barrels. Uses: Luminous paint; depilatory. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Sulfide, Crude. See Lime, Sul- furated. Calcium Sulfite* CaSO 3 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in sulfurous acid; slightly sol- uble in water. Derivation: By the action of sulfurous acid on calcium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Disinfectant; antichlor; preserv- ative; cellulose industries. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Sulfocarbolate. See Calcium phenolsulfonate. Calcium Sulfophenate. See Calcium phenolsulfonate. Calcium Sulfophenylate. See Calcium phenolsulfonate. Calcium Superoxide. See Calcium per- oxide. Calcium Superphosphate. See Calcium phosphate, Monobasic. Calcium Tartrate. CaC 4 H 4 O 6 .H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of a calcium salt and crude cream of tar- tar. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Tartaric acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Tungstate* (Calcium wolfra- mate) CaWO 4 . Color and properties: Shining, crystal- line scales. Constants: Specific gravity 6.062. Soluble in ammonium chloride; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of cal- cium chloride and sodium tungstate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Luminous paint. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calcium Wolframate. See Calcium tungstate. Calcspar 132 Camphor Calcspar. See Calcite. Caledonite. A green basic sulfate of lead and copper of uncertain composi- tion. California. Calendula* (Marigold, Mary-bud, Gold- bloom). Derivation: Dried florets of .Calendula officinalis. Habitat: Southern Europe and Levant; cultivated everywhere. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; coloring butter; adul- terant for saffron. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Californite. A compact, massive vesu- vianite, used as an ornamental stone. California. Calmus. See Calamus. Calomel. See Mercurous chloride. Calomel, Colloidal. See Calomelol. Calomel, Soluble. See Calomelol. Calomelol* (Colloidal calomel; Soluble calomel). Color and properties: Whitish-gray, odorless, tasteless powder. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and benzol. Derivation: 80 per cent calomel and 20 per cent albuminoids. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calumba (Columbo). Derivation: Root of Jateorhiza pal- mata. Habitat: Eastern Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Calumbae Radix, B. P. See Calumba Calx, U. S. P., B. P. See Calcium oxide. Calx Chlorinata, U. S. P., B. P. See Cal- cium hypochlorite. Calx Sulfurata, B. P. See Lime, sulfur- ated. Cam-wood. See Logwood. Cambogia, U. S. P. See Gamboge. Camgainba. See Manaca. Camomile Oil. See Chamomile oil. Camphene* Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8446; melting-point 49.5C.; boiling-point I57C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By treating pinene hydro- chloride with alcoholic potash. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; camphor substitute. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Camphor (Gum camphor; Formosa cam- phor; Japan camphor; Laurel cam- phor) C 9 Hi 6 CO. Color and properties: White, translu- cent masses, easily broken. Constants: Specific gravity 0.986-0.996; melting-point 175 C; boiling-point 204 C. t Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the wood of the Camphor, Alant 133 Camphor-wood camphor laurel tree (Cinnamomum camphora), native in Japan and Bor- neo, by distilation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; celluloid, pyrotech- nics, tooth powder; lacnuers; moth preventive. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Camphor, Alant. See Helenin. Camphor, Artificial. See Terpene hy- drochloride. Camphor, Baras. See Borneol. Camphor, Benzoated.* Derivation: Mixture of benzoic acid and camphor. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Camphor, Bitter Almond Oil. See Gum benzoin. Camphor, Borneo. See Borneol. Camphor, Bromated. See Camphor monobromate. Camphor, Brominated. See Camphor monobromate. Camphor, Cantharides. See Cantharidin. Camphor, Elecampane. See Helenin. Camphor, Formosa, See Camphor. Camphor, Chun, See Camphor. Camphor, Inula. See Helenin. Camphor, Japan. See Camphor. Camphor, Laurel. See Camphor. Camphor, Malayan. See Borneol. Camphor Monobromate* (Bromocam- phor; Brominated camphor) Ci Hi 5 BrO. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 76 C; boil- ing-point 274C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and oils; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating camphor with bromine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Camphor Oil* ' Color and properties: Light, colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Chief known constituents: Pinene, camphor, cineol and phellandrene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.870-1.040; optical rotation + 12 to +32. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By fractional distillation of crude camphor oil (Cinnamomum camphora). Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins: glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; illumination. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Camphor, Thyme. See Thymol. Camphor-wood Oil. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line mass; liquid at higher tempera- tures. Camphor, Peppermint 134 Canella Alba Chief known constituent: Apiol. Constants: Specific gravity 1.155; op- tical rotation +2.7. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By dry distillation of the wood of the camphor tree, Dryobal- anops aromatica. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass Bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Camphor, Peppermint. See Menthol. Camphor, Sumatra. See Borneol. Camphor, Tonka Bean. See Cumarin. Camphora, U. S. P., B. P. See Camphor. Camphora Monobromata, U. S. P. See Camphor monobromate. Camphoric Acid. See Acid camphoric. Canada Balsam. See Balsam, Canada. Canada Snake-root Oil. See Asarum canadense oil. Canada Turpentine. See Balsam, Can- ada. Canadian Hemp. See Apocynum. Canadol. See Petroleum ether. Cananga Oil, Java. (Ilang-ilang oil.) Color and properties: Yellow essen- tial oil; agreeable odor. Chief known constituents: Esters of geraniol and linalol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.896-0.042; optical rotation 27 to 87; refrac- tive index 1.4788-1.5082. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the flowers of Cananga odorata. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Canarium. See Gum elemi. Candelilla Wax.* Color and properties: Yellowish- brown, opaque to translucent solid wax. Constants: Specific gravity 0.983; melting-point 67-68C; saponifica- tion value 65; iodine number 37; re- fractive index 1.4555. Derivation: Found coating the entire surface of the wild candelilla plant of Mexico from which it is obtained by immersing the plant in boiling water, and skimming off the wax which rises to the surface of the water. Method of purification: Treatment with sulfuric acid or niter cake. Impurities: Bark fragments, etc. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Leather dressing; furniture pol- ishes; shoe polishes; candle manufac- ture; cements; varnishes; substitute for carnauba wax and beeswax. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Candleberry. See Myrica. Candle-nut Oil. See Lumbang oil. Candle Pitch. See Stearin pitch. Cane Sugar. See Sugar, cane. Canella Alba* (White cinnamon; False Winter's bark; Bahama white wood; Wild canilla). Derivation: Bark of Canella alba. Habitat: West Indies and Florida. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Canella Oil 135 Caprylic Alcohol Uses: Medicine; condiment; addition to smoking tobacco. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Canella Oil. Color and properties: Colorless oil; spicy odor and taste. Chief known constituents: Eugenol; cineol; caryophylene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.920-0.935; optical rotation -f-i8'. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the bark of Canella alba. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Canna (Common canna; Indian shot; Tpus-les-mois). Derivation: Root of Canna indica. Habitat: Europe; widely distributed in the tropics. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine; source of starch. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cannabis Indica* (Indian hemp: Indian cannabis). Derivation: Dried flowering tops of cannabis sativa, gathered while yet undeveloped and carrying the whole of their natural resin. Habitat: Persia, East India; culti- vated in Europe, Asia and Western U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; corn removers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cantharides (Spanish fly; Blistering fly; Blistering beetle). Derivation: The dried fly, Cantharis vesicatoria. Habitat: Southern and Central Eur- ope. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; hair tonics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cantharidin* (Cantharides camphor; Lactone of cantharidic acid) CioHi 2 O 4 . Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline scales. Constants: Melting-point 218 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From Cantharis vestica- toria. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cantharidinum, B. P. See Cantharidin. Cantharis, U. S. P., B. P. See Can. tharides. Caoutchouc. See Rubber. Capparis. See Simulo. Caprilic Acid. See Acid caprylic. Caproic Acid. See Acid caproic. Capronic Acid. See Acid caproic. Caproyl Hydride. See Hexane. Caprylic Acid. See Acid caprylic. Caprylic Alcohol* (Capryl alcohol; Sec- ondary octylic alcohol; Octoic alco- hol) CH 3 (CH2)5CHOHCH 3 . Colorless and properties: Colorless oily liquid; pungent aromatic odor. Caprylic Aldehyde 136 Carbazol Constants: Specific gravity 0.832; boil- ing-point I79C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From acetyl ether of nor- mal octylic alcohol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Caprylic Aldehyde* (Octoic aldehyde; Methylhexyl ketone) C 7 Hi 5 CHO. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.819; melt- ing-point i6C.; boiling-point 171- C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By distilling sodium ricin- oleate with caustic soda. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Capsici Fructus, B. P. See Capsicum. Capsicum* (Cayenne pepper; African pepper; Chillies; Bird pepper; Red pepper). Derivation: Dried ripe fruit of Capsi- cum fastigiatum. Habitat: Southern India; cultivated ex- tensively in the tropics. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caramel (Sugar coloring; Burnt sugar). Color and properties: Dark-brown, deli- quescent mass or semi-solid; bitter taste. Derivation: Obtained by carefully heating sugar. $oluble in water. Grades: Technical; also sold in solu- tion. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Coloring liquids; confectionery; tobacco flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caraway* (Carum). Derivation: Dried seed of Carum carvi. Habitat: Europe, Central and Western Asia; cultivated in England, Russia and U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; flavoring; liqueurs; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caraway Oil (Caraway-seed oil). Color and properties: Colorless or pale- yellow, thin, liquid; characteristic odor; mild, spicy taste. Chief known constituents: Carvone and dextro-limonene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.907-0.915; boiling-point I75-23OC.; optical ro- tation +70 to +85; refractive index 1.4867-1.49/0. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from caraway seed. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caraway-seed Oil. See Caraway oil. Carbamide. See Urea. Carbamide Carbonate. See Guanidine carbonate. Carbanilide. See Diphenylurea. Carbazol* (Diphenylimide; Imimophen- yl) Carbazotic Acid 137 Carbon Hexachloride Color and properties: White to reddish- white crystals. Constants: Melting-point 238 C.; boil- ing-point 351. 5C Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From crude anthracene cake by selective solution of the phenanthrene with crude solvent naphtha, removal of the anthracene by conversion into a sulfonic deriva- tive and extraction by means of water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carbazotic Acid, B. P. See Acid picric. Carbolic Acid. See Phenol. Carbo Ligni, U. S. P., B. P. See Char- coal, Wood. Carbona.* A proprietary cleaning fluid composed of benzine and carbon tetra- chloride. Carbon Bisulfide* (Carbon disulfide)CS2. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, inflammable liquid; almost odorless when pure; the commercial article has a strong disagreeable odor; poi- sonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2927; melting-point iii.6C; boiling- point 46.25C.; .flash-point i49.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the action of sulfur vapors on red-hot carbon, the vapors formed being condensed. (b) By heating sulfur and carbon in an electric furnace and condensing the carbon bisulfide vapors. Method of purification: Treatment with lead acetate followed by lime water with subsequent distillation. Impurities: Sulfur compounds. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent; varnishes; matches; pre- servative; insecticide, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Carbon Black. See Charcoal, Animal. Carbon, Decolorizing. See Charcoal, Animal. Carbon, Deodorizing. See Vegetable or animal charcoal. See Tetrachloro- Carbon Dichloride. ethylene. Carbon Dioxide* (Carbonic acid) Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less gas or heavy, volatile, colorless liquid or white snow-like solid. Constants: Gas: Specific gravity 1.53; Liquid: Specific gravity 1.057; melt- ing-point -6sC.; boiling-point 78.2C.; Solid; specific gravity 1.56; melting-point -65C.; boiling-point -78.2 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: Carbon dioxide gas gen- erated by combustion of carbon in any form; by fermentation (e. g. in breweries) or by action of acids on marble, limestone or dolomite is purified, collected and subjected to pressure. Grades: Technical. Containers: When liquid, steel cylin- ders. Uses: Aerating water, wine, beer, etc.; manufacture of soft drinks; fire ex- tinguisher; refrigeration; chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. .Carbon Disulphidum, B. P. See Car- bon bisulfide. Carbon Hexachloride. See Carbon tri- chloride. Carbon, Mineral 138 Cardamom Oil Carbon, Mineral. See Graphite. Carbon Tetrachloride* (Tetrachlorome- thane: Perchloromethane) CCU. Color and properties: Light, colorless liquid, peculiar odor, yielding heavy vapors; non-inflammable; poisonous! Constants: Specific gravity 1.5835; melting-point 22.g$C.; boiling-point 76.74 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of car- bon bisulfide and chlorine in presence of a catalyzer. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical.' Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent; fire extinguishers; cleaning compounds; rendering ben- zine non-inflammable. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carbon Trichloride* (Hexachloroethane; Perchloroethane; Carbon hexachlor- ide; Tetrachloroethylene dichloride) CC1 3 .CC1 3 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; camphor-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.9988; melting-point i85C; boiling-point i85C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of sunshine on chlorine and ethyl and ethylene chlorides. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carbonic Acid. See Carbon dioxide. Carbonyl Chloride* (Phosgene) Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; extremely poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.392; melting-point 75 C.; boiling-point 8.2C. Derivation: By passing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine through charcoal with or without a catalyst. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Lethal gas for warfare; bleach- ing sand for glass manufacture; chlorinating agent; dyestuff manu- facture (methyl violet). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Cannot be shipped by express or railroad. Carborundum* (Silicon carbide) SiC. Color and properties: Green to bluish- black, irridescent, porous, crystalline, sharp-grained platelets or mass. Constants: Specific gravity 3.12-3.20. Derivation: By heating a mixture of coke, sand, shale and sawdust in the electric furnace. Grades: Grains, from 10 mesh to finest powders. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Abrasive; grindstones; hones; sharpening-stones; anti-slip pave- ments, grinding wheels, refractories. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cardamom. Derivation: Dried, nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria repens. Habitat: Malabar; cultivated in India and Ceylon. Grades: Technical ;-U. S. P. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cardamom Oil, Ceylon. Color and properties: Pale-yellow, es- sential oil; strongly aromatic, cam- phoraceous odor and taste. Chief known constituents: Terpinene, dipentene, limonene and acetic ester. Constants: Specific gravity 0.895-0.905; refractive index 1.460 to 1.470; op- tical rotation +12 to +15. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Cardamom Oil 139 Carnotite Derivation: Distilled from the seeds of Elatteria repens. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; liqueurs; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cardamom Oil, Malabar. Color and properties: Pale-yellow, es- sential oil; strongly aromatic, cam- phoraceous odor and taste. Chief known constituent: Cineol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.933 to 0.943; optical rotation +26 to H~34 Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the seed of a species of Elatteria. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cardamom Oil, Siam. Color and properties: Pale-yellow es- sential oil; strongly aromatic, cam- phoraceous odor and taste. Chief known constituent: Borneol. Constants: Optical rotation -f-384'j refractive index 1.4339- Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the seed of a species of Elatteria. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Grades: Technical. 'Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carica Papaya. See Papaw. Carmine. Derivation: Pigment from dried fe- male of Coccus cacti. Color and properties: Small, brilliant, red lumps. Soluble in water and alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Dyes, inks, indicator in chemi- cal analysis; coloring food materials, medicines, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carminic Acid. See Acid carminic. Carnauba Wax (Brazil wax). Color and properties: Hard, amor- phous, yellowish-green or light-yel- low, brittle lumps; peculiar, agree- able odor. Constants: Specific gravity o.995C; melting-point 84-86 g C. Soluble in ether, boiling alcohol and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: An exudation from leaves of the wax palm Copernica cerifera. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Substitute for beeswax, shoe- polishes, candles, leather finishes, varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cardomomi Semina, U. S. P., B. P. See Cardamom. Carex* (Sand sedge, Sand star; Red couch-grass; German sarsaparilla). Derivation: The rhizome or Carex arenana. Habitat: Europe, United States. adventitious in Carnotite. A canary-yellow mineral, somewhat variable in composition, con- taining uranium and vanadium, with either or both lime and potash and small proportions of various rare ele- ments. Is ordinarily a mixture of true carnotite, ^UOs.V^Os.K^O+xHoO, and tyuyamunite, 2UO 3 . V 2 O 5 .CaO.xH 2 O. Is radioactive and is the chief source of Carolina Pink 140 Cascara Amarga radium. Colorado, Arizona, Pennsyl- vania and Utah. Carolina Pink. See Spigelia. Carpame Ci 4 H 25 NO 2 . Color and properties: White crystal- ine alkaloid. Constants: Melting-point I2IC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from the leaves of Carica papaya. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carpaine Hydrochloride Ci 4 H 25 N0 2 .HCl. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 225C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By solution of carpaine in hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Carragheen. See Chondrus. Carron Oil.* A mixture of linseed or cotton-seed oil with lime water, used in the treatment of burns. Carthamus (Safflower, African saffron, Thistle saffron, American saffron, Dejer's saffron, False saffron, Bas- tard saffron). Derivation: Florets of Carthamus tinc- torius. Habitat: Levant and Orient; cultivated extensively in Europe and America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine; dyestuff; coloring cos- metics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cartier Hydrometer. Standard in Spain for the alcoholic content of liquors. Carui Fructus, B. P. See Caraway. Carum, U. S. P., B. P. See Caraway. Carvol CioHi 4 O. Color and properties: Pale yellowish or colorless liquid; fine caraway like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.960; boiling-point 230 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: From caraway oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caryophyllic Acid. See Eugenol. Caryophyllus (Cloves). Derivation: Dried ilower-buds of Eu- genia aromatica. Habitat: Molucca Islands, Zanzibar, Sumatra, South America, West In- dies, etc. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; manufacturing clove oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cascara Amarga (Honduras bark). Derivation: Bark of Picramnia pen- tandra. Habitat: West Indies and Mexico. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cascara Sagrada 141 Cassia Fistula Cascara Sagrada, Bark (Sacred bark, Chittem bark, Chittam bark, Chittim bark, Persian bark, Bear-berry, Bear- wood). Derivation: Bark of Rhamnus pur- shiana. Habitat: Idaho and California. Properties: The bark loses its cathar- tic properties on being kept for I year. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags, bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cascarilla (Eleuthera bark, Sweet-wood bark). Derivation: Bark of Croton eluteria. Habitat: Bahamas, Cuba and Hayti. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine; tobacco flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Casein* Color and properties: White to yel- lowish albuminoid produced as a granular powder or amorphous lumps. Soluble in alkalis, alkaline carbonates and moderately strong acids; insolu- ble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By precipitation from milk by means of very dilute acids in excess, (b) By precipitation by solutions of salts of heavy metals, yielding a caseinogenate of the re- spective metal, (c) By means of an enzyme, such as rennet, yielding cal- cium para-caseinogenate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Food (cheese); leather finish- ing; adhesives; sizing paper; water paints; varnishes; substitute for al- bumin, celluloid, shellac, gelatin, gums, horn and hard rubber; manu- facturing ornaments; films. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Casein Ammonia. See Eucasin. Cashew-nut Oil. See Cashew oil. Cashew Oil (Cashew-nut oil). Color and properties: Clear, pale yel- low, colorless, fixed oil. Constants: Saponification value 179.84; iodine number 60.6. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol and carbon bisulfide; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the cashew nut, Ana- cardium occidentals, by expression. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cashoo. See Extract of cutch. Cassava Starch* (Arrowroot). Derivation: From the roots of several species of manihot, by heating the damp starch in shallow pans, the granules burst and adhere together, forming irregularly shaped, translu- cent kernels, known as tapioca. Grades: Technical. Containers: Burlap bags; wooden bar- rels. Uses: Foodstuffs; laundry starches; adhesives. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cassel's Green. See Barium manganate. Cassella's Acid. See Acid naphtholsul- fonic, Beta- 2:7. Cassella's Acid F. See Acid naphthyl- aminemonosulfonic, Beta-. Cassia Bark. See Cinnamon. Cassia Fistula (Purging cassia, Drum- stick, Indian laburnum, Pudding pipe, Pudding stick). Derivation: Dried fruit of Cassia fist- ula. Habitat: Upper Egypt and East In- dia; cultivated in tropical America and Africa. Cassia Oil 142 Catechu Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Cassia Oil (Cinnamon Oil, Chinese). Color and properties: Yellow or brownish liquid. Chief known constituent: Cinnamic aldehyde (Not less than 80 per cent). Constants: Specific gravity 1.045-1.063; optical rotation +i to i; boiling- point 240-260 C; refractive index 1.585-1.605. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation^ Distilled from the bark of a species of Cinnamomum grown in China. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cassia Fructus, B. P. See Cassia. Cassiae Pulpa, B. P. Cassia pulp. Cassiterite. Natural tin oxide, SnO. Contains 79 per cent tin. The source of practically all the tin now used. California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, New Hamp- shire, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Wales, Washington and Wyoming. Cassius* Purple. See Gold purple. Castanha Oil (Brazil-nut oil) Color and properties: Pale, yellow, odorless, fixed oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9180; mele- ing-point o.4C; saponification value 193.4; iodine number 106.22. Soluble in ether, carbon bisulfide and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the brazil-nut, Ber- tholletia excelsa, by expression. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron drums. Uses: Perfumery; soap; food; illumi- nation. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cast-iron. See Iron. Castor* (Canadian beaver; Siberian beaver). Derivation: Dried preputial follicles with their secretions of the common beaver, Castor fiber. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Castor Bean. See Ricinus. Castor Oil* (Ricinus oil). Color and properties: Yellow to yel- lowish-brown liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.960-0.970; saponification value 178; iodine value 85; acid value 19.21. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, chloro- form and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the seeds of Ricinus communis. They are cold pressed for the first grade of medicinal oil and hot pressed for the common quali- ties, about 40 per cent of the oil being obtained. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Large cans. Uses: Preparation of Turkey red oil; lubricant for aircraft engines; medi- cine. Fire hazard; None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cat's Hair. See Euphorbia pilulifera. Catechol. See Pyrocatechin. Catechu (Cutch, Terra japonica). Derivation: From the wood and pods of Acacia catechu and from the betel nut, the fruit of Areca catechu, a spe- Catechu Nigrum 143 Celery-seed Oil cies of the palm tree. Both are na- tives of India. Grades: Extract: 25 per cent Tannin; Solid: 50 per cent Tannin. Containers: Extract: Wooden barrels; Solid: Boxes. Uses: Textile dyeing; Tanning indus- try. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Catechu Nigrum, B. P. See Catechu. Catlinite (Indian pipestone). A red clay found in southwestern Minnesota and formerly used by the Indians for making pipes. Soft when freshly quar- ried, hardens on exposure to air. Catmint. See Nepeta. Catnip. See Nepeta. Caulophyllum* (Blue cohosh, Squaw- root). Derivation: Rhizome and roots of Caulophyllum thalictroides. Habitat: United States and Japan. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caustic. When used alone usually al- ludes to caustic soda, sodium hydroxide. Cedar Leaf Oil.* Color and properties: Colorless liquid, savine-like odor. Chief known constituents: Limonene, cadinene, borneol, bornyl esters. Constants: Specific gravity 0.883-0.888. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of the red cedar (Juniperus virgin- iana). Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cedar Wood Oil.* Color and properties: Pale-yellow or greenish-yellow liquid; characteristic agreeable odor; poisonous. Chief known constituents: Cedrene; cedar camphor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.945-0.960; optical rotation 30 to 40; refrac- tive index 1.498 to 1.503. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the wood of Juniperus virginiana. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Medicine; perfuming soap; scenting; insectifuge. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Caustic Baryta. See Barium hydroxide. Caustic Lime. See Calcium hydroxide. Caustic, Lunar. See Silver nitrate. Caustic Potash. See Potassium hydrox- ide. Caustic Soda. See Sodium hydroxide. Cayenne Pepper. See Capsicum. Cedrus (Cedar). Wood of Cedrus libani. Habitat: Asia Minor. Uses: Source of cedar oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Celandine. See Chelidonium. Celery-seed Oil.* Color and properties: Yellowish es- sential oil; characteristic odor; celery taste. Chief known constituents: Limonene, phenols, sedanolide, sedanonic acid. Celestite 144 Cerargyrite Constants: Specific gravity 0.870-0.895; optical rotation +67 to +79. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Apium graveolens. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Celestite. Natural strontium sulfate, SrSO4. Arizona, Arkansas, California, Ohio and Texas. Celloidin* (Celluidine). Color and properties: Slightly milky, white, transparent; tough gelatinous tablets, chips or shreds. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: A very pure nitrocellulose. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; bags. Uses: Imbedding sections in micros- copy; electrochemistry; photography; galvanoplastics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Celluidine. See Celloidin. Celluloid.* Derivation: By mixing nitrocellulose and camphor in the following man- ner: Well stabilized, powdered, and partially dried collodion cotton is soaked in alcohol in a covered cen- trifuge, then gelatinized with alco- hol and one-third or one-fourth of its weight of camphor, pigment is added if necessary, homogenized be- tween rolls and then formed into dense, compact blocks by pressing while hot. It is then ready to be cut, sawn and polished. Various sub- stitutes for the camphor are used. Uses: Toilet articles; toys; amber sub- stitute; ivory substitute; ebonite sub- stitute; tortoise-shell substitute; pho- tographic films. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden or cardboard boxes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cellulose Acetate* (Sericose). (a) C 6 H5(C0 2 CH8)5. (b) (c) Color and properties: Yellowish, transparent amorphous mass. Non- inflammable. (a) Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water; (b) Insoluble in water; (c) Insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the acetylization of cellulose in presence of sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Artificial silk; airplane dope; non-inflammable photographic and cinematograph films. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cement Rock. Argillaceous limestone used in the manufacture of natural hy- draulic cement. Contains lime, silica, and alumina in varying proportions, and usually more or less magnesia. Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Califor- nia. Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, In- diana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- sissippi, Missouri. Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Da- kota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Penn- sylvania, South Carolina, South Da- kota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Ver- mont, Virginia^ Washington, West Vir- ginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Centaury. See Erythaea. Cephaelis. See Ipecac. Cerargyrite (Horn silver). Natural sil- ver chloride, AgCl. Contains 75 per cent silver. Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. Cera Alba 145 Cerium Cera Alba, U. S. P., B. P. White wax. Cera Flava, U. S. P., B. P. Yellow wax. Ceratum, U. S. P. Cerate. Ceratum Cantharidis, U. S. P. Cantha- rides cerate. Ceratum Resinae, U. S. P. Rosin cerate. Ceresin* (Ozokerite, Earth-wax, Miner- al wax, Cerosin, Cerm). Color and properties: White, waxy cakes; odorless; tasteless. Constants: Specific gravity 0.92-0.94; melting-point 74C.-8oC. Soluble in alcohol, benzol, chloroform, naphtha; insoluble in water. Derivation: Purification of ozokerite by treatment with concentrated sul- furic acid and filtration through ani- mal charcoal. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Candles; sizing; substitute for white wax. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ceric- Ammonium Nitrate* (Cerium-am- monium nitrate) Ce(NO 3 )4.2NH 4 NO3. Color and properties: Small prismatic, orange-red crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By mixing solutions of cerium nitrate and ammonium ni- trate, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Ceric Fluoride* (Cerium fluoride) CeF 4 .H 2 0. Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of cerium nitrate and sodium fluoride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ceric Oxide* (Cerium dioxide, Cerium oxide) CeO2. Color and properties: Pale-yellow, heavy powder. Constants: Specific gravity 7.65. Soluble in nitric and sulfuric acids; in- soluble in water and dilute acids. Derivation: By decomposing cerium nitrate by heat. Impurities: Other rare metal oxides. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: ^ Incandescent gas mantles; ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ceric Sulfate* (Cerium sulfate) Ce(SO 4 ) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Reddish-yellow crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on cerium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Reducer in photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cerii Oxalas, U. S. P. See Cerous oxa- late. Cerin. See Ceresin. Cerium.* Ce. Color and properties: Gray, ductile, malleable metal; tarnishes in moist air. Constants: Specific gravity 6.92; melt- ing-point 645 C. Cerium-Ammonium 146 Cerous Oxalate Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Reduction of the oxide by magnesium powder; (b) Electrol- ysis of the fused chloride. Grades: Technical, contains consider- able quantities of various of the rare earth metals. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Cerium salts; cerium-iron pyro- phoric alloys ("misch-metall")- Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cerium-Ammonium Nitrate. See Ceric- ammonium nitrate and Cerous-ammo- nium nitrate. Cerous Chloride* (Cerium chloride) Ce 2 Cl 6 .i4H2O. Color and properties: Reddish-white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.88; melt- ing-point 848 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on cerium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cerium Chloride. See Cerous chloride. Cerium Dioxide. See Ceric oxide. Cerium Fluoride. See Ceric fluoride. Cerium Nitrate. See Cerous nitrate. Cerium Oxalate. See Cerous oxalate. Cerium Oxide. See Ceric oxide. Cerium Sulfate. See Ceric sulfate. Cerous Nitrate* (Cerium nitrate) Ce(N0 3 ) 3 .6H 2 0. Color and properties: Red crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Loses 3H2O at I5OC.; boiling-point: De- composes at 200 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on cerium or cerium dioxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Cerodine. See veratrine. Cerous- Ammonium Nitrate* (Cerium- ammonium nitrate) Ce 2 (N0 3 ) 6 3NH4N0 3 .ioH 2 O. Color and properties: White, transpar- ent crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in nitric acid. Derivation: By adding ammonium hy- droxide to a nitric acid solution of cerium nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: Dangerous: Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Cerous Oxalate (Cerium oxalate) Ce 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 .9H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellowish- white, odorless, tasteless, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in dilute sulfuric and hydro- chloric acids; very slightly soluble in water; insoluble in oxalic acid solu- tion, alkalis, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from mona- zite sand with oxalic acid or with hydrochloric acid and conversion into the oxalate, followed by crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Ceruse 147 Chalcopyrite Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Medicine; isolation of the met- als of the cerium group. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ceruse. See Lead carbonate. Ccrusite. Natural lead carbonate, PbO.CO2. Contains 77.5 per cent lead. Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecti- cut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Mis- souri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Cervantite. A natural, infusible anti- mony oxide, Sb2O4. Idaho and New Mexico. Cetaceum, U. S. P., B. P. See Sperma- ceti. Cetin (Palmitic acid cetyl ester) Ci 5 H 3 iCOOCi6H 3 3. Color and properties: White crystal- line wax-like substance. Chief con- stituent of commercial purified sper- maceti. Constants: Melting-point 50 C; boil- ing-point 360 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu- ble in water. Derivation: By solution from sperma- ceti. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Base for ointments, cerates and emulsions; manufacture of candles, soaps, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cetylacetic Acid. See Acid stearic. Cetylic Acid. See Acid palmitic. Cetylic Alcohol* (Ethal, Ethol, Cetyl al- cohol, Hecdecatylic alcohol, Normal primary hexadecyl alcohol, Palmityl alcohol) CieHssOH. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8176; melting-point 50 C.; boiling-point 344 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By saponifying sperma- ceti with caustic alkali. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Cevadilla. See Sabadilla. Chabert Oil.* A mixture of three parts of turpentine oil with one part of bone oil; used in medicine. Chalcanthite. Natural copper sulfate. CuO.SO3.sH2O. Arizona, Califor- nia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Ne- vada, North Carolina and Tennessee. Chalcocite (Copper glance). A natural copper sulfide, Cii2S. Contains 79.8 per cent copper. Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada. New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Caro- lina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Da- kota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Chalcopyrite (Copper pyrites, Yellow copper ore). A natural sulfide of cop- per and iron, CuFeS2. Contains 34.5 per cent copper. Alabama, Arizona, California. Canada. Colorado. Connecti- cut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Massachu- setts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hamoshire, New Jersey, New Mexico. New York, North Caro- lina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina. South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah. Vermont, Vir- ginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Chalcophanite 148 Checkerberry Chalcophanite (Hydrofranklinite). A natural hydrous manganese-zinc oxide (Mn,Zn)O.2MnO 2 .2H 2 O. New Mexico. Chalk. A soft, compact, light-colored, natural amorphous calcium carbonate composed of the delicate skeletons of rhizopods and other marine organisms. Alabama, Iowa and Nebraska. Much of the chalk of commerce is imported from England. Chalk, Precipitated. See Calcium car- bonate. Chamoelirium. See Helonias. Chamomile. See Anthemis. Chamomile Oil, German. (Camomile oil.) Color and properties: The oil has at first a bluish color, which by expo- sure to light turns into green and brown; characteristic odor of cha- momile; bitterish, aromatic taste. Chief known constituent: A paraffin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.930-0.940. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the flower heads of Matricaria chamomilla. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chamomile Oil, Roman. Color and properties: See Chamomile oil, German. Chief known constituents: Esters of butyric, angelic and tiglic acids. Constants: Specific gravity 0.905-0.915; refractive index 1.4455. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the flower heads of Anthemis nobilis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Charcoal, Animal* (Abaiser, Bone- black). Derivation: By the destructive distil- lation of bones. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; barrels. Uses: Decolorizing agent; filtering medium; sugar refining. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Charcoal, Wood.* Derivation: Formerly the chief pro- duct now a by-product of the de- structive distillation of wood. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Decolorizing agent; filtering medium; component of ordinary gun powder; fuel; pharmacy. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Charlton White. See Lithopone. Chaulmoogra Oil (Oleum chaulmoograe, Gynocardia oil). Color and properties: Brownish-yel- low oil or soft fat; characteristic odor; somewhat acrid taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.940; sa- ponification value 198-213; iodine value 96-104; acid value 21-27. Soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Expressed from the seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Checkerberry. See Gaultheria. Chelandine 149 Chestnut Extract Chelandine. See Chelidonium. Chelene. See Ethyl chloride. Chelidonine* C2oHi 9 NO 5 .H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I35-I36C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction of Chelido- nium majus and subsequent crystal- lization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chelidonine Hydrochloride* C 2 iHi 9 NO 5 .HCl. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol, ether and water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on chelidonine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chelidonium* (Celandine; Chelandine; Tetterwort). Derivation: The entire plant, Chelido- nium majus. Habitat: Europe and U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chelerythrine* Ci9HiiNO 2 (OCH 8 ) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 2O3C. Slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction of Chelido- nium majus or Sanguinaria canaden- sis and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping .regulations: None. "Chemick." A cold dilute solution of bleaching powder (Calcium hypochlor- ite) used in the textile industry. Chenopodium Oil* (Oil of American wormseed; Goose-foot oil). Color and properties: Colorless or yel- lowish liquid; characteristic penetrat- ing odor; pungent and bitterish taste. Chief known constituent: A hydro- carbon, CioHie. Constants: Specific gravity 0.965-0.985; optical rotation 5 to 18. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Chenopodium ambrosioides. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cherry Laurel Oil.* Color and properties: Pale-yellow liquid; characteristic odor of oil of bitter almonds. Chief known constituents: Benzalde- hyde and hydrocyanic acid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.054-1.066. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Prunus lauro-cerasus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chestnut Extract.* Derivation: By leaching the bark of Castanea sativa, yielding an extract, the composition of whose tannin is unknown. Grades: Ordinary 25 per cent tannin; clarified 25 per cent tannin. Chestnut Oak 150 Chinoidine Containers: Tank cars; wooden bar- rels. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chestnut Oak Extract.* Derivation: From Quercus primus. Native of the southern states of the United States. Grades: 25 per cent tannin. Containers: Tank cars; wooden bar- rels. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chichory. See Cichorum. Chili Niter. See Sodium nitrate. Chili Saltpeter. See Sodium nitrate. Chillies. See Capsicum. Chimaphila* (Pipsissewa, Prince's pine, Bitter wintergreen, Rheumatism weed, Ground holly, Pyrola, Pine tulip). Derivation: Dried leaves of Chima- phila umbellata. Habitat: Europe, Asia and North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. China Bark. See Quillaja. China Clay. See Kaolin. China Wood Oil. See Tung oil. Chinaldine. See Quinaldine. Chinaphthol. See Quinaphthol. China Oil. See Balsam, Peru. Chinese Bean Oil. See Soya bean oil. Chinese Blistering Flies. See Mylabris. Chinese Cantharides. See Mylabris. Chinese Blue. See Prussian blue. Chinese Cinnamon. See Cinnamon. Chinese Red. See Mercuric sulfide, Red. Chinese Root. See Galangae. Chinese Wax (Insect wax). Color and properties: White to yel- lowish-white solid; nearly odorless and tasteless. Chief constituent: Ceryl cerotate. Constants: Specific gravity 0.970; melting-point 8o-83C; iodine num- ber 1.4; saponification number 80-93. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzol and naphtha. Derivation: Secreted by an insect (Coccus ceriferus). The wax is de- posited on the branches of some trees and is removed by hand and then melted in boiling water to re- move dirt, bark, etc. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude. Containers: Burlap bags, wooden bar- rels. Uses: Fine candles; medicine; paper ^size; furniture polish. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chinese White. See Zinc oxide. Chinic Acid. See Acid quinic. Chinidine. See Quinidine. Chinium. See Quinium. Chinoline. See Quinoline. Chinoidine. See Quinoidine. Chinone 151 Chlorbenzene Chinone. See Quinone. Chinosol. See Quinosol. Chirata (Chiretta Bitter-stick, East In- dian balmony). . Derivation: The dried plant, Swertia chirayita. Habitat: East Indies. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chiretta. See Chirata. Chittam Bark. See Cascara. Chittem Bark. See Cascara. Chittim Bark. See Cascara. Chloral* (Tnchloroacetic aldehyde) CC1 3 :CHO. Color and properties: Colorless, mo- bile, oily liquid; penetrating odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5121; melting-point -57-5C.; boiling-point 97.7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; combines with water forming chloral hydrate. Derivation: By the chlorination of al- cohol and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloral Formamide (Chloral formami- dum) CsH 4 Cl*NOi. Color and properties: Colorless, lus- trous crystals. Constants: Melting-point ii4-ii5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of for- mamide and anhydrous chloral. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Rairoad shipping regulations: None. Chloral Formamidum, B. P. 'See Chloral formamide. Chloral Hydrate* ("Knockout drops") CC1 3 CH(OH) 2 . Color and properties: Transparent, colorless crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.901; melt- ing-point 57C.; boiling-point 97.5C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of 1/5 of its volume of water on chloral. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical, U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; liniments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloralum Hydratum, U. S. P., B. P. See Chloral hydrate. Chloranil* (Tetrachloroquinone) C 6 C1 4 2 . Color and properties: Yellow leaflets. Constants: Melting-point 285C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of phe- nol or aniline with potassium chlor- ate and hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Oxidizer in manufacturing coal- tar dyes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chlorazotic Acid. See Aqua regia. Chlorbenzene. See Chlorobenzene. Chlorbenzol 152 Chloroform Chlorbenzol. See Chlorobenzene. Chlorobenzol. See Chlorobenzene. Chloride of Lime. See Calcium hypo- chlorite. Chlorine* Cla. Color and properties: Heavy, green- ish-yellow gas or liquid; poisonous 1 Constants, gas: Specilic gravity 2.491; melting-point -102 C; boiling-point -33-6 C. Soluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: By the electrolysis of so- dium chloride in solution. The chlorine is released at the positive electrode. The chlorine is either liquefied by compression in steel cyl- inders or employed at once for mak- ing bleach or bleaching powder, or for chlorinating organic substances. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Organic synthesis; textile bleaching liquor; water purification; chlorination; military poison gas; manufacture of hydrochloric acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Chloroacetone* (Monochloroacetone, Monochlorinated acetone) CH 3 COCH 2 C1. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.162; boil- ing-point H9C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the chlorination of acetone. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; military poison gas. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloroazotic Acid. See Aqua regia. Chlorobenzal. See Benzyl bichloride. Chlorobenzene, Mono* (Monochloro- benzol) L 6 H 5 C1. Color and properties: Clear liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1064; melting-point -44.9C; boiling-point I32C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By passing dry chlor- ine into benzol to which a small alu- minum mercury couple is added as a carrier. Action is stopped when the additional weight corresponding to the replacement of one hydrogen atom by one of chlorine. The liquid is neutralized with caustic soda, de- hydrated over calcium chloride and finally recovered by distillation, (b) By passing chlorine into benzol in presence of molybdenum chloride. Method of purification. Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; carboys. Uses: Picric acid, dyestuffs; organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloroform* (Trichloromethane, Meth- enyl trichloride) CHC1 3 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless, highly refractive, volatile liquid; characteristic odor; non-inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 1.49887; melting-point -63.2 C.; boiling-point 6i.20C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the reaction of cal- cium oxychloride with acetone and distillation. (b) Chloral is treated with an aqueous caustic soda solu- tion and then distilled, (c) Carbon tetrachloride is reduced in the heat by hydrogen and distilled. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical, U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent; anesthetic; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations.: None, Chloroformum 153 Cholic Acid Chloroformum, U. $. P., B. P. Sec Chloroform. Chlorohydric Acid. See Acid hydro- chloric. Chloromethane. See Methyl chloride. Chloromethylchloroformate* (Palite) C1COOCH2L1. A military poison gas used in the late war. Chloromethymenthyl Ester. See For- man. Chloronitrobenzene, Meta-* (Meta- chloronitrobenzol) CoH4Cl(NO2) i :3. Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.534: melt- ing-point 44 C; boiling-point 236C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: By chlorinating nitro- benzene in presence of iodine. Method of purification: Kecrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloronitrobenzene, Ortho- (Ortho- chloronitrobenzol) C 6 H 4 Cl(NO 2 )i:2. Color and properties: Yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.368; boil- ing-point 245. 5C. Soluble in alcohol and benzol. Derivation: By nitrating chloroben- zene. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloronitrobenzene, Para- (Para-chloro- nitrobenzol) Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.520; melt- ing-point 83C.; boiling-point 242*C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on chlorobenzene Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chloronitrobenzol. See Chloronitroben- zene. Chlorophthalic Acid. See Acid chlor- phthalic. Chloropicrin. See Nitrotrichlorome- thane. Chloroplatinic Acid. See Acid chloro- platinic. Chloropropyleneglycol. See Monochlor- ohydrin. Chlorosulfonic Acid. See Acid chloro- sulfonic. Chlorotoluene, Omega-. See Benzyl chloride. Chlorotoluol, Omega-. See Benzyl chlo- ride. Chlorpicrin. See Nitrotrichloromethane. Choleic Acid. See Acid taurocholic. Choleinic Acid. See Acid taurocholic. Choliaic Acid. See Acid taurocholic. Cholic Acid. See Acid glycholic. Cholepyrrhin 154 Chromic Hydroxide Cholepyrrhin. See Bilirubin. Cholesterin* Color and properties: Unctuous white, pearly scales. Constants: Specific gravity 1.067; melting-point I48.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From gall, brain and veg- etable fats. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chondrus* (Carragheen; Irish moss; Pig-wrack; Pearl moss; Killeen; Rock-salt moss). Derivation: Dried plant of Chondrus crispus. Habitat: Irish coast, New England and Atlantic Ocean. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Burlap bags. Uses: Medicine; nutrient; demulcent; emulsifier; leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chrome Alum. See Chromium-potas- sium sulfate. Chrome Green. See Chromic oxide. Chrome-iron. See Chromitron. Chrome Orange. Basic lead chromate, PbCrO 5 . Chrome Red. See Lead chromate, Basic. Chrome Yellow. See Lead chromate. Chromic Acid. See Acid chromic. Chromic Chloride* (Chromium chloride; Chromium sesquichloride) CrClq or CrCl 3 .6H 2 0. Color and properties: Reddish-violet, crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.757; boil- ing-point I20O-I5OOC. Anhydrous: Insoluble in water, but a trace of chromous chloride or stan- nous chloride will cause it to go into solution. Hydrous: Soluble in water and alcohol. ' Derivation: Anhydrous: Chlorine is passed over a heated mixture of chromic oxide and carbon, and sub- limation. Hydrous: By the action of hydrochloric acid on chromium hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Chromium salts; mordant in the ^textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chromic Fluoride* (Chromium fluoride) CrF 3 .4H 2 O. Color and properties. Fine, green crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.78. Soluble in water and acids; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of chromium hydroxide and hydrofluor- ic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Printing and dyeing woolens; coloring and hardening marble. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chromic Hydrate. See Chromic hy- droxide. Chromic Hydroxide* (Chromium hy- droxide; Chromium hydrate) Cr(OH) 3 . Color and properties: Green, gelati- nous precipitate. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding a solution of sodium hydroxide to the solution of a chromium salt. Grades: Technical. Chromic Oxide 155 Chromium Hydrate Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Chromium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chromic Oxide* (Chrome green) Cr 2 3 . Color and properties: Bright-green, crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 5.04; melt- ing-point I99OC. Insoluble in water and acids. Derivation: (a) By heating chromium hydroxide, (b) By heating dry am- monium bichromate, (c) By heating potassium bichromate with sulfur and washing out the potassium sulfate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Metallurgy; paint pigment; ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Acid chromic, Anhydride. Chromic Phosphate* (Chromium phos- phate; Arnaudon's green; Plessy's green) Cr(PO 4 ). Color and properties: Bluish-green powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of chromium chloride and so- dium phosphate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chromic Sulfate* (Chromium sulfate) (a) Cr 2 (S0 4 ) 3 . (b) Cr 2 (S0 4 ) 3 .i5H 2 0. Color and properties: (a) Violet or red powder, (b) Dark-green amorphous scales. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 3.012. (b) 1.867. (a) Insoluble in water and acids, (b) Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on chromium hydroxide, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile industries; green var- nishes; green ink. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations.: None. Chromii Trioxidum, U. S. P. See Chro- mic oxide. Chromite. A natural chromate of iron, FeCr 2 O 4 . Contains 68 per cent chro- mic oxide. California, Georgia, Mary- land, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vir- ginia and Wyoming. Chromitron.* An acid-resisting alloy of chromium and iron. Chromium* Cr. Color and properties: Shining, steel- gray metal. Constants: Specific gravity 6.0,2; melt- ing-point 1520 C. ; boiling-point 2200 C. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By reduction of the oxide with aluminum filings by the Gold- > schmidt process. Grades: Technical. Containers: Cars; barrels. Uses: Metallurgy; chromium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chromium Acetate, tate. See Chromous ace- Chromium Chloride, chloride. See Chromic Chromium Fluoride. See Chromic fluor- ide. Chromium Hydrate. See Chromic hy- droxide. Chromium Hydroxide 156 Cimicifuga Chromium Hydroxide. See Chromic hy- droxide. Chromium Oxide. See Chromic oxide. Chromium Phosphate. phosphate. See Chromic Chromium-Potassium Sulfate* (Chrome alum) K 2 SO4.Cr2(SO 4 )3.24H2O. Color and properties: Dark, violet-red crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.81278. Soluble in water. Derivation: By reducing potassium bi- chromate in dilute sulfuric acid with sulfurous acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Tanning industry; chrome-tan liquors; textile industry as a mor- dant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chromium Sesquichloride. See Chromic chloride. Chromium Sulfate. fate. See Chromic sul- Chromous Acetate* (Chromium acetate) Color and properties: Grayish-green powder or bluish-green, pasty mass. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on chromium hydroxide. The solution is evaporated and crystal- lized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; paste; powder. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chrysamine. A coal-tar dyestuff used in dyeing textiles and leather yellow. Chrysarobin* (Medicinal "chrysophanic acid"; Purified goa powder) CsoHjJdOT. Derivation: Neutral principle from goa powder, a substance deposited in the wood of Vouacapoua araroba; yielding chrysophanic acid on oxidi- zation. Constants: Specific gravity 0.920-0.922; melting-point I57C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Chrysarobinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Chrysarobin. Chrysazine. See Dioxyanthraquinone, Chrysocolla. A natural hydrous copper silicate. Contains about 36 per cent of copper. Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah, Virginia and Wyoming. Chrysoidine. An orange dyestuff for wool, silk, cotton and leather; also used in coloring confectionery and liqueurs. Chrysophanic Acid. See Chrysarobin. Chrysophenine.* A yellow synthetic dyestuff, used in dyeing textiles and leather. Chrysotile (Fibrous serpentine). See Asbestos. Arizona, Maryland, Ver- mont and Wyoming. Cimicifuga* (Black snake root, Actaea, Black cohosh, Bugbane, Bugwort). Derivation^ Dried rhizome and roots of Cimicifuga racemosa. Habitat: United States and Canada. Grades: Technical; U. S. P, Containers: Bales. Cina 157 Cinchonine Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cina. See Santonica. Cinchona Bark, Calisaya (Peruvian bark, Yel^w cinchona bark, Calisaya bark, Jesuits' bark). Derivation: Dried bark of Cinchona calisaya or other species of cinchona. Habitat: South America; cultivated in Java, India, Jamaica, Ceylon and West Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinchona Bark, Loxa (Loxa bark, Cin- chona pallida, Crown bark, Pale cin- chona, Loja bark, Huanuco bark, Cuenca bark). Derivation: Bark of Cinchona offici- nalis and other species of cinchona. Habitat: Loxa and other parts of Ecuador; cultivated in India. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinchona Bark, Succirubra (Red cin- cinchona, Red Peruvian bark, Red bark, St. Ann's bark). Derivation: Dried bark of Cinchona succirubra or of its hybrids. Habitat: South America; cultivated in Japan, Java, India and Western Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinchona Pallida. See Cinchona bark, Loxa. Cinchona Rubra, U. S. P., B. P. See Cinchona bark, Succirubra. Cinchpnidmae Sulfas, U. S. P. See Cin- chonidine. Cinchonidine.* (a) Alkaloid: Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O. (b) Hydrochloride: Ci9H 2 2N2O.HCl.H 2 O. (c) Bisulfate: (d) Sulfate: (Ci9H 2 2N 2 O) 2 . H 2 SO 4 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: White prisms or powder. Constants: Melting-point (a) 207.2; (d) 205-3C. (a) Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water and ether. (b) Soluble in alcohol; slightly solu- ble in water. (c) Soluble in water and alcohol. (d) Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction of certain varieties of cinchona bark, and sub- sequent crystallization. The salts are formed by the action of the re- spective acid on the alkaloid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinchoninae Sulfas, U. S. P. See Cin- chonine. Cinchonine.* (a) Alkaloid: Ci 9 H 2 2N 2 O. (b) Hydrochloride: Ci 9 H 22 N 2 O.HC1.2H 2 0. (c) Nitrate: (d) Bisulfate: (e) Sulfate: (Ci 9 H22N 2 0) 2 H2S0 4 .2H2O. Color and properties: White, shining prisms or needles. Constants: Melting-point (a) 264.3 C.; (e) 198.5. Cinchotine 158 Cinnamon Leaf (a) Slightly soluble in water, alcohol and ether. (b) Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. (e) Soluble in water and alcohol; water. (d) Soluble in alcohol, ether and water. (e) Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction of the bark of various species of cinchona and subsequent crystallization. The salts are formed by the action of the re- spective acid on the alkaloids. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinchotine. See Quinidine. Cinene. See Dipentene. Cineol. See Eucalyptol. Cinnabar. A natural vermilion mercury sulfide, HgS, containing 86 per cent of mercury. It is the common ore of mer- cury and forms hexagonal crystals. See Metacinnabarite and Mercury sulfide, Red. Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas and Utah. Cinnabar, Austrian. See Lead chromate, Basic. Cinnamaldehyde. See Cinnamic alde- hyde. Cinnamene. See Styrene. Cinnamenol. See Styrene. Cinnamic Acid. See Acid cinnamic. Cinnamic Aldehyde* (Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamyl aldehyde) C 6 H 5 CH.CH.CH. Color and properties: Yellowish oil; cinnamon odor. Keep well stop- pered. Constants: Specific gravity 1.129, melt- ing-point -8C.; boiling-point 248 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon oils. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamic Ether. See Ethyl cinnamate. Cinnamol. See Styrene. Cinnamon, Cassia (Cinnamon, Cassia bark, Chinese cinnamon). Derivation: Bark of Cinnamomum cas- sia. Habitat: Southern China and Anam. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; source of cinnamon oil; flavoring; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamon, Ceylon. Derivation: Inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Habitat: Ceylon, Sumatra and Borneo; cultivated in tropical Africa, America and Asia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses. Medicine; source of cinnamon oil; flavoring; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamon Leaf Oil. Color and properties: A pale-yellow, limpid liquid; combined cinnamon and clove odor. Chief known constituents: Eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde and safrol. Constants: Specific gravity 1.044-1.065; Cinnamon Oil 159 Citronella Oil refractive index 1.535; optical rota- tion o5' to +1. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring. . . Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamon Oil, Ceylon. Color and properties: A pale-yellow liquid; characteristic odor of cinna- mon; aromatic, spicy odor. Chief known constituents: Cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol. Constants: Specific gravity 1.024-1.040; refractive index 1.590-1.599; optical rotation o to I. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the bark of Ceylon cinnamon bark. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamon, Saigon. Derivation: Bark of an undetermined species of Cinnamomum. Habitat: Anam (Cochin China); culti- vated in Java, Sumatra and South America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; source of cinnamon oil; flavoring; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamon Wood. See Sassafras. Cinnamomum Saigonicum, U. S. P. See Cinnamon, Saigon. Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, U. S. P., B. P. See Cinnamon, Ceylon. Cinnamyl Alcohol* (Styrone, Styryl al- cohol) C 6 H 5 CH:CH:CH 2 pH. Color and properties: White needles or crystals; hyacinth-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0397; melting-point 33C.; boiling-point 257C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of styracin and potassium hydroxide and distillation. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tin cans; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cinnamyl Aldehyde. See Cinnamic al- dehyde. Cinnamylic Acid. See Acid cinnamic. Cinnamylic Ether. See Ethyl cinna- mate. Citric Acid. See Acid citric. Citronella Oil* (Lana batu). Color and properties: A limpid, yel- lowish or greenish-yellow liquid; agreeable odor. Chief known constituents: Geraniol; citronellal and methyl eugenol. Constants: Refractive index 1.4811- 1.4830; optical rotation 5 to 21. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the grass of a species of Andropogon. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses:^ Soaps; perfumes, medicine; in- sectifuge. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Citronella Oil, Singapore. Color and properties: A colorless oil; agreeable verbena-like odor. Citrullui 160 Club-moss Chief known constituents: Geraniol and citronellal. Constants: Specific gravity 0.886-0.900; optical rotation -o34' to -3; re- fractive index 1.465-1.468. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Tetranthera citrata. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; insectifuge. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Citrullus colocynthis. See Colocynth. Citrus aurantium. See Orange. Citrus vulgaris. See Orange. Civet (Zibeth). Derivation: Unctuous secretion from the civet cat, Viverra civetta. Habitat: Asia, Molucca Islands and East Indies. Soluble in hot alcohol and ether; insol- uble in water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Clay. A natural substance which, when finely ground and mixed with water, forms a pasty, moldable mass that pre- serves its shape when air dried; the particles soften and coalesce upon being highly heated and form a stony mass upon cooling. Clays vary greatly mineralogically and chemicallv and consequently in their physical proper- ties. Most of them contain many im- purities, but their base is hydrous alu- minum silicate. Clay, Ball. Secondary plastic clay, readily forming balls, also known as fat clay and pipe clay. Clay, Fat. See Clay, Ball. Clay, Fire. Kaolins containing a con- siderable amount of free silica as quartz. The deposits are found under- lying coal beds. Used for manufactur- ing fire-brick and other refractories. Clay, Pipe. See Clay, Ball. Clay, Porcelain. See Kaolin. Clay, Refractory. See Clay, Fire. Cleve's Acid. See Acid naphtholsul- fonic, Alpha- 1:5. Climbing Ivy. See Rhus toxicodendron. Clove. See Caryophyllus. Clove Oil.* Color and properties: A pale-yellow, thin liquid; darkens and thickens with age and exposure; strong aro- matic odor; pungent and spicy tast*e. Chief known constituent: Eugenol. Constants: Specific gravity 1.048-1.0/0; boiling-point 250-26oC.; refractive index 1.5301-1.5360; optical rotation: Laevogyrate to -iio / . Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from cloves, the unexpanded flowers of Eugenia aro- matica. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring; dentistry; perfumery; confectionery; soaps. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Clotbur. See Lappa. Club-moss. See Lycopodium. Coal 161 Cobalt Chloride Coal. Derivation: A carbonaceous substance formed from the remains of vegeta- tion by partial, progressive decompo- sition (oxidation), the successive stages being peat, lignite or brown coal, bituminous or soft coal and an- thracite or hard coal. These sub- stances vary primarily in their physi- cal structure, hardness, volatile con- stituents and carbon content, the latter being the most important char- acteristics. Percent Per cent carbon volatile Peat 24 to 30 49 to 56 Lignite 27 to 43 31 to 38 Bituminous coal.. 50 to 80 14 to 35 Anthracite 70 to 85 4 to 14 Uses: (a) Bituminous: Fuel; coke production; illuminating and fuel gas manufacture; briquet manufacture. (b) Anthracite: Fuel. Coal Oil. Crude petroleum, kerosene or the crude oil from the destructive dis- tillation of bituminous coal. Coal-tar.* Derivation: A black, viscous liquid, by- product of the destructive distillation of coal. Grades: Crude; refined; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tank-cars; barrels. Uses: Waterproofing, paints, pipe- coating, roads, roofing, insulation, production of benzol, toluol, xylol, phenol, anthracene, lampblack and pitch, by distillation; medicine. Coal-tar Naphtha. See Naphtha, Sol- vent. Coal-tar Pitch. See Pitch, Coal-tar. Cobalt* Co. Color and properties: Steel-gray, shin- ing, hard, ductile, somewhat malle- able metal, not found native. See Cobaltite, Erythrite, Linnaeite Smaltite. Canada, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Nevada, South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington and Wyom- ing. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Reduction of the ox- ide with carbon in the electric fur- nace. (b) Reduction of the oxide by the Goldschmidt process. (c) Re- duction of the oxalate or oxide with hydrogen. Grades: Technical containing more or less nickel and iron; pure cobalt "shot" (granules about 98 per cent Co.) Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Metallurgy; cobalt salts; alloys; electroplating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobalt Acetate. See Cobaltous acetate. Cobalt-Ammonium Sulfate* Color and properties: Ruby-red crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.902. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of dilute sul- furic acid of ammonio-cobaltous hy- droxide with subsequent crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Seramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobalt Arsenate. See Cobaltic arsenate. Cobalt Bloom. See Erythrite. Cobalt Bromide. See Cobaltous bro- mide. Cobalt Carbonate. See Cobaltous car- bonate. Cobalt Chloride. See Cobaltic chloride and Cobaltous chloride. Cobalt Green 162 Cobaltic Arsenate Cobalt Green. See Cobalt zincate. Cobalt Hydrate. See Cobaltic hydrox- . ide and Cobaltous hydroxide. Cobalt Hydroxide. See Cobaltic hy- droxide and Cobaltous hydroxide. Cobalt Iodide. See Cobaltous iodide. Cobalt Linoleate. See Cobaltous lino- leate. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; yellow pigment; painting on glass or porcelain. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobalt Pyrites. See Linnaeite. Cobalt Resinate. See Cobaltous resi- nate. Cobalt Sulfate. See Cobaltous sulfate. Cobalt Nitrate. See Cobaltous nitrate. Cobalt Oleate. See Cobaltous oleate. Cobalt Oxide. See Cobaltic oxide and Cobaltous oxide. Cobalt Oxide, "A.K.O." See Cobaltic arsenate. Cobalt Oxide, "A.K.O." See Cobaltic carbonate. Cobalt Oxide, "P.K.O." See Cobaltous phosphate. Cobalt Peroxide. Cobaltic oxide. Cobalt Phosphate. See Cobaltous phos- phate. Cobalt-Potassium Nitrite* (Cobalt yel- low, Potassium cobaltinitrite) 2CoK3(NO 2 ) 6 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow, micro- crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses at 20OC. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By adding potassium ni- trite and acetic acid to a solution of a cobalt salt. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Cobalt Tungstate. See Cobaltous tung- state. Cobalt Wolframate. See Cobaltous tungstate. Cobalt Yellow. See Cobalt-potassium nitrite. Cobalt Zincate* (Rinman's green, Co- balt green). Color and properties: Bright-green powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By moistening zinc oxide with cobalt nitrate and igniting. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Paint pigments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltic Arsenate* (Natural erythrine, Cobalt arsenate, Cobalt oxide "A.K.O.") Co 3 (As0 4 ) 2 .8H 2 0. Color and properties: Violet-red pow- der. Constants: Specific gravity 2.948. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of sodium arsenate and of a cobalt salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; boxes. Uses: Painting on glass and porcelain in light blue colors. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltic Chloride 163 Cobaltous Chloride Cobaltic Chloride* (Cobalt chloride) CoCl 3 . Color and properties: Ruby-red crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.94; melt- ing point: Sublimes. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on cobaltic oxide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Barometers; hydrometers; gal- vanoplating ; sympathetic inks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltic Hydroxide* (Cobalt hydroxide; Cobalt hydrate) Co(OH) 3 . Color and properties: Dark-brown powder. Soluble in cold concentrated acids; in- soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the addition of sodium hydroxide to a solution of a cobaltic salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Cobalt salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltic Oxide* (Cobalt oxide) Co 2 O 3 . Color and properties: Steel-gray pow- der. Constants: Specific gravity 4.81-5.60; melting-point: Decomposes at red- heat. Soluble in concentrated acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating cobaltic hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltite (Cobalt glance). A natural sulfarsenide of cobalt, CoAsS. Con- tains 35.5 per cent of cobalt. Oregon. Cobaltous Acetate* (Cobalt acetate) Co(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Reddish-violet, deliquescent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.7043. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on cobaltous hydroxide with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure crystalline. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Sympathetic inks. Fire hazard: None.. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Bromide* (Cobalt bromide) CoBr 2 . Color and properties: Red crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 4.909; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on cobalt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: In hydrometers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Carbonate* (Cobalt carbon- ate, Cobalt oxide "K.O.H.") CoCO 3 . Color and properties: Light-rose col- ored powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium carbon- ate to a solution of cobaltous acetate, followed by filtration and drying. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacturing cobaltic oxide; cobalt pigments; cobalt salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Chloride* (Cobalt chloride) (a) CoCl 2 ; (b) CoCl 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Ruby-red crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point (a) (b) Su 3.348 1.84 ablimes 86.7SC Cobaltous Hydroxide 164 Cobaltous Oxide Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on cobalt oxide with sub- sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Barometers; hydrometers; ab- sorbent for ammonia, gas in military and industrial gas-masks; galvano- plating; sympathetic inks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Hydroxide* (Cobalt hydrox- ide; Cobalt hydrate) Co(OH) 2 . Color and properties: Rose-red powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.597. Soluble in acids and ammonium salt solutions; insoluble in water and al- kalis.. Derivation: By the addition of sodium hydroxide to a solution of a cobal- tous salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Cobalt salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Iodide* (Cobalt iodide) CoI 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Brownish-red crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydriodic acid on cobalt. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: In hydrometers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Linoleate* (Cobalt linoleate) Co(Ci8H 3 i0 2 )2 : Color and properties: Brown, amorph- ous powder. Soluble in alcohol, ether and acids; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By boiling a cobalt salt and sodium linoleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Varnish driers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Nitrate* (Cobalt nitrate) (Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O). Color and properties: Red crystals, deliquescent in moist air. Constants: Specific gravity 1.83; melt- ing-point s6C. Soluble in water and in acids. Derivation: By the action -of nitric acid on cobalt with subsequent crystalli- zation. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Sympathetic inks; cobalt pig- ments. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Cobaltous Oleate* (Cobalt oleate) Co(Ci 8 H 33 O 2 ) 2 . Color and properties: Brown, amorph- ous powder. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating cobaltous chlor- ide and sodium oleate, followed by filtration and drying. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Varnish driers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Oxide* (Cobalt oxide) CoO. Color and properties: Blue or black powder. Constants: Specific gravity 5.6-5.75; melting-point 286oC. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating cobaltous hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Phosphate 165 Cocaine Hydrochloride Cobaltous Phosphate* (Cobalt phos- phate, Cobalt oxide "P.K.O.") Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Pink powder. Soluble in phosphoric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of cobalt salts and sodium phos- phate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Manufacturing cobalt pigments; coloring glass; painting on porcelain in light blue colors. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Resinate* (Cobalt resinate) Co(C 44 H 62 4 ) 2 . Color and properties: Brown powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating a cobalt salt and rosin oil. Grades: Technical; pure precipitated. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Varnish drier. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Cobaltous Sulfate (Cobalt sulfate) (a) CoSO 4 ; (b) CoSO 4 ./H 2 O. Color and properties: Red powder. Constants: (a) (b) Specific Gravity 3-472 1.918 Melting-point 989C g6.8C Boiling-point 4 2oC Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on cobaltous oxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cobaltous Tungstate* (Cobalt tungstate; Cobalt wolframate) CoWO 4 . Color and properties: Reddish-orange powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding a sodium tung- state solution to a solution of ft cobalt salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses; Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coca (Erythroxylon; Cuca; Hayo; I pa do) Derivation: Dried leaves of Erythrox- ylon coca, known commercially as Huanaco coca, or Truxillense Rusby, known commercially as Truxillo coca. Contains a very small amount of cocaine. Habitat: Bolivia, Chili and Peru. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cocaina, U. S. P., B. P. See Cocaine. Cocainae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine* Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- talline alkaloid; poisonous, habit- forming drug. Constants: Melting-point 98 C. Derivation: By extraction of the leaves of Erythroxylon coca with sodium carbonate solution, treatment of the latter with dilute acid and extraction with ether, evaporation of the sol- velt, re-solution of the alkaloid and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; local anesthesia; den- tistry (sold subject to strict govern- mental supervision in most coun- tries). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cocaine Hydrochloride* Ci 7 H 2 iNO 4 .Ha Coccus 166 Cod-liver Oil Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous, habit forming drug. Constants: Melting-point i83-l9iC. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on cocaine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; dentistry. (Sold sub- ject to strict governmental supervi- sion in most countries). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coccus, U. S. P., B. P. See Cochineal. Cochineal Derivation: Dried bodies of the female insects of Coccus cacti, which live on cactus plants in Mexico, Central America, Algeria and the East Indies. They are collected and killed by heat. The coloring principle is carminic acid CiTHisOio. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Technical; coloring food and medicinal products, toilet prepara- tions; manufacture of red and pink lakes and carmine; indicator in an- alytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cocoa. Indiscriminately and incorrectly used to designate both cacao and the coco-nut. Cocoa Butter. See Cacao butter. Cocoa-nut Oil. See Coco-nut oil. Cocoa Shells. See Cacao shells. Coco-nut Oil (Coco-nut palm oil, Cocoa- nut oil). Color and properties: White, semi-solid, lard-like fat; characteristic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9115; sa- ponification value 250-258; iodine value 8.9; melting-point 20C-28C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the coco-nut (Cocos nucifera), the chief commercial supply coming from India, Ceylon and the South Sea Islands. The fresh meat of the nut is pressed, boiled in water or heated with solvents and the oil extracted. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined; Ceylon; Co- chin; Manila. Free fatty acid con- tent: 2 per cent; 5 per cent; 7 per cent; 72 per cent. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Marine soaps; butter substitutes; foodstuffs; cosmetics. Fire hazard: None. , Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Copra oil. Coco-nut Palm Oil. See Coco-nut oil. Cocoic Ether. See Ethyl cocoinate. Cocoinic Ether. See Ethyl cocoinate. Cod-liver Oil* (Banks oil). Color and properties: Yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, liquid, fixed, non- drying oil; characteristic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.922-0.930; saponification value 182-189; iodine value 141-159; maumene test 102-113; acid value 204-207. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the livers of the cod- fish (Gadus morrhua), which are ren- dered by steam heat and the oil sep- arated and chilled until the stearin solidifies, when it is pressed and the clear oil collected. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: U. S. P.; pale; light-brown; dark-brown. Containers: Wooden barrels; tank-cars. Uses: Medicine; leather dressing; chamois leather tanning. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Codeina 167 Colchicine Codeina, U. S. P., B. P. See Codeine. Cohune-nut Oil. See Cohune oil. Codeinae Phosphas, U. S. P., B. P. See Codeine. Codeinae Sulfas, U. S. P. See Codeine. Codeine* (a) Alkaloid: Ci8H 2 iNO 3 .H 2 O. (b) Hydrochlonde: Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 .HC1.2H 2 O. (c) Phosphate: Ci 8 H 2 iNO 3 PO 4 .2H 2 O. (d) Sulfate: (Ci 8 H 21 N0 3 ) 2 .H 2 S0 4 .5H 2 0. Color and properties: Colorless or al- most colorless crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point (a) I54.9C.; (b) 264 C; (c) 2 3 5C.; (d) 2 7 8C. (a) Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. (b) Soluble in water. (c) Soluble in water; slightly soluble in ether and alcohol. (d) Soluble in water; insoluble in alco- hol and ether. Derivation: From opium by extraction and subsequent crystallization. The salts are obtained by the action of the respective acid on the alkaloid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Codoil. See Rosin oil. Coffee. See Caffea. Cognac Ether. See Ethyl cocoinate. Cognac Oil. See Ethyl cenanthate. Cohosh. See Caulophyllum. Cohosh, Black. See Cimicifuga. * Cohune Oil* (Cohune-nut oil; Cahoun- nut oil; Cahune-nut oil; Corozo-nut oil). Color and properties: Yellowish, fixed, semi-liquid fat. Constants: Melting-point i8-2OC.; saponification value 253.9; iodine num- ber 12.9-13.6. Soluble in ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the cohune-nut, At- talea cohune, by expression. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Candles; soap; substitute for coco-nut oil in cooking, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coke. Coal from which the volatile con- stituents have been driven off by heat, air or oxygen being excluded, so that the fixed carbon and the ash are fused together and remain as coke. Com- monly artificial, but natural coke is also known. New Mexico and Virginia. Cola (Kola; Soudan coffee; Guru). Derivation: Seeds of Cola acuminata. Habitat: West Africa, West Indies, Ceylon and India. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Colchici Cormus, U. S. P., B. P. See Colchicum. Colchici Semina, B. P. See Colchicum. Colchicina, U. S. P. See Colchicine. Colchicine* C 22 H 25 NO 6 . Color and properties: Yellow crystal- line alkaloid or amorphous powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I42.5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Colchicum 168 Colocynthidit Derivation: From Colchicum autum- nale by extraction and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: RecrystalKza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Colchicum (Meadow saffron; Autumn crocus; Wild saffron; Meadow cro- cus). Derivation: Dried corm of Colchicum autumnale. Habitat: Central and Southern Europe and North Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine; extraction of col- chicine. Colcothar. A red oxide of iron made by calcining copperas. Colemanite. A natural hydrous borate of calcium, 2CaO.3B 2 O 3 .5H 2 O. The commonest source of borax in the United States. California and Oregon. Colic Root. See Galangae. Collargol* (Argentum Crede; Colloidal silver). Derivation: Soluble silver in finely divided form. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Collaurin* (Colloidal gold). Derivation: Soluble gold in finely divided form. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Collodion* (Pyroxylin; Flexible collo- dion). Derivation: Solution of nitrated cellu- lose (mixture of trinitrocelluiose and tetranitrocellulose) in ether and al- cohol or other solvent. Color and properties: Pale-yellow, sirupy liquid; very inflammable. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles: iron drums. Uses: Photographic films; cementing; coating wounds and abrasions; manu- facturing patent leather; solvent for drugs; corn removers. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label Collodion Cotton. See Pyroxylin. Collodion Wool. See Pyroxylin. Collodium, U. S. P., B. P. See Collo- dion. Collodium Cantharidatum, U. S. P. Cantharidal collodion. Collodium Flexile, U. S. P. See Col- lodion. Colloidal Gold. See Collaurin. Colloidal Silver. See Collargol. Colloxylin. See Pyroxylin. Colocynth (Bitter apple; Bitter cucum- ber; Bitter gourd). Derivation: Peeled dried fruit of Citrul- lus colocynthis. Habitat: Mediterranean region, Asia and Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Colocynthidis, U. S. P., B. P. See Colo- cynth, Cologne Spirits 169 Conhydrine Cologne Spirits. A very pure grade of Ethyl alcohol. Colophony* (Common rosin). Derivation: A resin obtained by the distillation of turpentine oil from crude turpentine. Constants: Specific gravity 1.08; melt- ing-point ioo-i4OC. Grades: "Virgin"; . yellow dip; hard. Rosin is graded B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, W-G (window-glass), W-W (water-white). The grading is done by color, B being the darkest and W-W the lightest rosin. Ordi- narily the first three grades, B, C and D are not separated. Occa- sionally (e.g. in the case of rosin used for shrapnel) factors other than color are considered in the grading, such as the acidity and the melting- point. Containers: Barrels. Uses: The darker grades, B, C and D are used for making rosin oil, and also in the manufacture of linoleum and dark varnishes; E. F and G. (es- pecially F) are used for making size for the paper industry; the grades G to K are used in the manufacture of soap, depending on the quality of the soap being made; for some fine soaps even lighter grades are occasionally used; the grades higher than K (espe- cially W-G and W-W) are used for making light varnishes; sealing wax; munitions (shrapnel); adulterating other resins; fastening cutlery into handles; increasing the friction of the horsehair of the bows of musical string instruments; soldering flux. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Columbian Spirits. See Methyl alcohol. Columbite. A natural, variable colum- bate and tantalate of iron and man- ganese containing preponderant colum- bium and grading into tantalite, in which tantalum preponderates. Colo- rado, Connecticut, Maine, North Caro- lina, South Dakota, and Virginia. Columbium (Niobium) Cb. A rare metal, related to vanadium and tan- talum, occurring in nature in the form of columbates, in columbite and other rare minerals. Columbo. See Calumba. Columnian Spirits. See Methyl alcohol. Colza Oil. See Rape-seed oil. Conchinine. See Quinidine. Condensite.* A synthetic resin pro- duced by condensing phenol and for- maldehyde. Condor Vine. See Condurango. Condurango (Cundurango; Eagle vine; Mata-perro; Condor vine). Derivation: Bark of Gonolobus con- durango. Habitat: Ecuador and Peru. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Condy's Liquid. A solution of sodium permanganate. Cone Flower. See Echinacea. Conhydrine* (Oxyconiine) Color and properties: Colorless crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 120.6 C.; boil- ing-point 22O-225C. Soluble in alcohol and ether and chlor- oform; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction of the seeds Conium maculatum and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine, Conhydrine, Pseudo 170 Copaiba Oil Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Conhydrine, Pseudo Color and properties: Colorless crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point ioi-i02C.; boiling-point 230 C. Soluble in water alcohol, ether and benzol. Derivation: By extraction of seeds of Conium maculatum and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coniine* Color and properties: Colorless, oily liquid alkaloid; mousy odor; poison- ous. Constants: Melting-point -2.5C; boil- ing-point i66C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction of Conium maculatum and subsequent distilla- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coniine Hydrochloride CsHijN.HCl. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 2o8-2ioC. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on coniine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Conium* (Hemlock; Poison hemlock; Spotted hemlock; Poison parsley; Spotted cowbane). Derivation: Full grown, but unripe carefully dried fruit of Conium maculatum. Habitat: Europe, Asia and United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; extraction of coniine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Consumptive's Weed. See Eriodictyon Convallaria* (Lily-of-the-valley; May lily; Park lily; May blossom). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Convallaria "majalis." Habitat: United States, Europe and Northern Asia; cultivated in U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Convolvulus Scoparius. See Rhodium. Copaiba (Jesuits' balsam; Balsam co- paiba; Balsam capivi). Color and properties: Transparent, viscous, light-yellow to brownish-yel- low liquid; peculiar odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.940- 0.990. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol and carbon bisulfide; insolu- ble in water. Derivation: The oleoresin from one or more South American species of Copaiba. Habitat: Brazil, Venezuela and Co- lombia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; varnishes; brighten- ing old paintings. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copaiba Oil. Color and properties: Colorless or Copal 171 Copper Abietinate pale-yellowish liquid; characteristic odor; aromatic, bitterish, pungent taste. Chief known constituents: Chiefly ses- quiterpenes. Constants: Specific gravity o 0.895- 0.905; boiling-point 25O-275C.; op- tical rotation 7 to 35- Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the so- called balsam of copaiba. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copal (Gum Copal, Resin Copal, Anime, Kaurie, Cowrie). Color and properties: Yellowish to yel- lowish-brown lumps of varying size; hard or soft in consistency; conchoi- dal fracture; odorless and tasteless. Chief constituents: Trachylolic acid, resene, dammaran. Habitat: Zanzibar (both fossil and re- cent), Manila, West Indies and Aus- tralia. Soluble in oil of turpentine and linseed oil, after fusion. Hard copals are al- most insoluble in the usual solvents. Soft copals are partly soluble in al- cohol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; bags. Uses: Varnishes; cements; amber sub- stitute. Fire hazard^: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copernicia. See Carnuaba. Copper* Cu. Color and properties: Reddish, lus- trous, flexible, ductile, malleable, hard metal; sometimes found native. See also Azurite. Azurmalachite, Beaverite, Bornite, Brochantite. Chal- canthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, En- argite, Famatinite, Freibergite, Gold- fieldite, Linarite, Malachite, Mela- conite, Stromeyerite, Tennantite, Ten- orite and Tetrahedrite. Constants: Specific gravity 8.96; melt- ing-point 1083 C.; boiling-point 2 3 10C. Soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, hot concentrated nitric acid and dilute nitric acid; slightly soluble in dilute sulfuric acid, ammonium hy- droxide and organic acids; very slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid; insoluble in cold concentrated nitric acid, water and alcohol. Derivation: By roasting the ore to drive off sulfur and other volatile matter, the oxide remaining. This is reduced with carbon and a siliceous flux in a puddling furnace or cupola, furnishing the "matte" of commerce containing 40 to 50 per cent of cop- per. The matte is bessemerized in a converter, "poled" with wood to re- move occluded gases, yielding "blister" copper, containing 96 to 08 per cent of the metal. This is melted and cast into "anode" plates for elec- trolytic refining. Method of purification: The electro- lytic refining is carried out by the "series system" in which one side of the anode plate serves as anode and the other as cathode. After a suit- able amount of pure metal has been deposited on the cathode side, the plates are "stripped." i.e. the remain- ing anode material is split off. The cathode metal is melted and cast into ingots of varying sizes. These in- gots are 99.90 to 09.94 per cent pure, and are the usual commercial form of copper for the metal-working indus- tries. Grades: Electrolytic; cast. Containers: Freight cars. Uses: Electrical equipment; chemical apparatus and equipment; copper salts; brass, bronze and other alloys; metallurgy; roofing; cooking utensils; coinage. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Abietinate* (Cupric abietinate) Copper Acetate 172 Copper Borate Color and properties: Green scales; poisonous. Soluble in alcohol, and in oils, with fine green color; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating copper hy- droxide with abietinic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Wood preservative. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Acetate* (Cupric acetate; Green verdigris; Crystallized verdigris) Cu(C2H 3 O 2 )2.H 2 O. Color and properties: Greenish-blue, fine powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.9; melt- ing-joint: Decomposes at 240C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on copper and subsequent crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine, insecticide; textiles; ceramics; reagent in analytic chem- istry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Acetate, Basic* (Copper subace- tate; Green verdigris) CuO-Cu(C 2 H 3 O2)2.6H2O. Color and properties: Greenish-blue, very fine powder; poisonous. Soluble in water, alcohol and acids. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on copper. Method of purification: 'Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigment; insecticide; dye- ing and printing fabrics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Acetoarsenite* (Cupric acetoar- senite; Paris green; Schweinfurth green; Imperial green) Color and properties: Emerald-green powder; poisonous. Soluble in acids; insoluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By boiling copper basic acetate with arsenic trioxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment; insecticide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Aminosulfate. See Copper-am- monium sulfate. Copper-Ammonium Sulfate* (Cupric- ammonium sulfate; Amino-cupric sulfate; Copper aminosulfate) CuSo 4 .4NH 3 .H 2 0. Color and properties: Dark blue, crys- talline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. ^ Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By dissolving copper sul- fate in ammonium hydroxide and pre- cipitating with alcohol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Calico printing; manufacturing copper arsenate; insecticide "azurin" Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Arsenite* (Cupric arsenite; Copper ortho-arsenite; Scheele's green) CuHAsO 3 . Color and properties: Fine, light- green powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of copper sulfate and sodium arsenite. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment: insecticide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Borate* (Cupric borate) CuBO4. Color and properties: Bluish-green, crystalline powder. Copper Carbonate 173 Copper, Electrolytic Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of copper hydroxide and boric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs; tins. Uses: Oil pigment; painting on por- celain. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Carbonate* (Cupric carbonate; Artificial green malachite; Mountain green; Brunswick green; Bremen green; Verditer green) Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 . Color and properties: Green powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.7-4.0. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium carbo- nate to a solution of copper sulfate, filtering and drying. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pigments; pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Chlorate* (Cupric chlorate) Cu(C10 3 )2.6H 2 0. Color and properties: Bluish-green, deliquescent crystals; poisonous. Keep dry. Constants: Melting-point 6sC. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of copper hydroxide and chloric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Mordant in dyeing and printing fabrics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Copper Chloride* (Cupric chloride) (a) CuCl 2 ; (b) CuCl 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Yellow powder; (b) Greenish-blue, delique- scent crystals; poisonous. (a) (b) 2.47 Constants: Specific gravity Melting-paint Soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the union of copper and chlorine, (b) Copper car- bonate is dissociated with hydro- chloric acid and the product is crys- tallized. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Mordant in dyeing and printing fabrics; sympathetic ink; aniline dyes; oxidizing agent; disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Chromate* (Basic cupric chro- mate) CuCrO 4 .2CuO.2H 2 O. Color and properties: Light chocolate- brown powder; poisonous. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of chromic acid on copper hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Cyanide* (Cupric cyanide) Cu(CN) 2 . Color and properties: Green powder; exceedingly poisonous; Keep well stoppered! Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the addition of po- tassium cyanide to a solution of copper sulfate, cupric cyanide is pre- cipitated. This is dried, but is not stable and gives off cyanogen, leav- ing cuprous cyanide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; kegs. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper, Electrolytic.* Copper refined Copper Fluoride 174 Copper Oxide by electrolysis. The purest form of copper available. Copper Fluoride* (Cupric fluoride) CuF 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Blue crystals; poisonous. Soluble in water, alcohol and acids. Derivation: By decomposing copper carbonate with hydrofluoric acid and subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Ceramics; enamels. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Constants: Specific Gravity Melting-point (a) a.i; "4-5 (b) 2.07, 26.4! Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By treating copper or copper oxide with nitric acid. The solution is evaporated and product recovered by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine; preparation of light sensitive papers for reproductive pro- cesses. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Copper Fluosilicate. See Copper silico- fluoride. Copper Glance. See Chalcocite. Copper Hydrate. See Copper hydroxide. Copper Hydroxide* (Cupric hydroxide; Hydrated copper oxide; Copper hy- drate) Cu(OH) 2 . Color and properties: Blue powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.368; melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of a solution of a copper salt and an al- kali. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Copper salts; pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Monoxide. See Copper oxide, Black. Copper Nitrate* (Cupric nitrate) (a) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .3H 2 O; (b) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Blue, delique- scent crystals; poisonous. Copper Oleate* (Cupric oleate) Cu(Ci 8 H 33 2 ) 2 . Color and^ properties: Brown powder or greenish-blue mass; poisonous. Soluble in ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the interaction of copper sulfate and sodium oleate. (b) By dissolving 10 per cent copper oxide in oleic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Ortho-arsenite. See Copper ar- senite. Copper Oxide, Black* (Cupric oxide, Copper monoxide) CuO. Color and properties: Brownish-black, amorphous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 6.32; melt- ing-point 1064 C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the ignition of copper carbonate or copper nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Producing green or blue colors on glass, faience, porcelain and stone- ware; reagent in analytic chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Oxide 175 Copper Subacetate Copper Oxide. Hydrated. See Copper hydroxide. Copper Oxide, Red* (Cuprous oxide) Cu 2 O. Color and properties: Reddish-brown crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 5-75-6.O9; melting-point 1210 C.; boiling-point 1800 C. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Oxidation of finely di- vided copper, (b) Addition of bases to cuprous chloride, (c) Action of glucose on cupric hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Copper salts; ceramics; porce- lain red glaze; red glass; electro- plating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Phosphide* (Cuprous phosphide) Cu 3 P 2 , Color and properties: Greyish-black. metallic powder. Constants: Specific gravity 6.67. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating copper and phosphorus. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Phosphor bronze. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Precipitate. Trade name for copper used in electrolytic processes. Copper Pyrites. See Chalcopyrite. Copper Pyrites. Copper ores found in nature as sulfide. Copper Resinate* (Cupric resinate) Cu(C 2 oH 2 9O 2 )2. Color and properties: Green powder; poisonous. Soluble in ether and oils; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating copper sul- fate and rosin oil. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Preservative metal paint, par- ticularly for ships' bottoms. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Copper Sesquicarbonate. See Copper carbonate, Blue. Copper Silicide. See Silicon copper. Copper Silicofluoride* (Cupric fluosili- cate; Cupric silicofluoride) CuF 2 SiF 4 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Blue, hygro- scopic crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 2.182. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of cop- per hydroxide and hydrofluosilicic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing and hardening white marble; treating grape vines for "white disease." Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Stearate* (Cupric stearate) Cu(Ci8H 36 2 ) 2 . Color and properties: Light blue, amorphous powder; poisonous. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol and turpentine; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of copper sulfate and sodium, stearate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Bronzing plaster statues. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Subacetate. See Copper acetate, Basic. Copper Subcarbonate 176 Copra Oil Copper Subcarbonate. See Copper car- bonate, Green. Copper Suboxide. See Copper oxide, Red. Copper Sulfate* (Cupric sulfate; Blue vitriol; blue stone) CuSCUoi^O. Color and properties: Blue crystals, .slowly efflorescing in air; almost white when dehydrated; poisonous. Found in nature as chalcanthite. Constants: Specific gravity 2.284. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of dilute sulfuric acid on copper or copper oxide in large quantities, with evap- oration and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile industry; leather in- dustry; germicides; insecticides; pig- ments; electric batteries; electrolytic baths; copper salts; metallurgy; hair dyes; reagent in analytical chemis- try; medicine. The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Sulfide (Cupric sulfide) CuS. Color and properties: Grayish-blue powder or lumps; found as such in nature. Constants: Specific gravity 3.18-4.16 melting-point nooC. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By passing hydrogen sul- fide gas into a solution of a copper salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Copper metal; protective paint for vessels. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Sulfide (Cuprous sulfide) Cu 2 S. Color and properties: Black powder or lumps; 'found as such in nature. Constants: Specific gravity 5.52-5.82. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating cupric sulfide in a stream of hydrogen. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Copper metal; protective paint for vessels. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copper Trisalyt. Trade name for a cop- per sulfate preparation used in electro- plating. Copperah Oil. See Copra oil. Copperas. See Ferrous sulfate. Copra. Derivation: The dried meat of coco- nut. Obtained from the South Sea Islands and the East Indies. Grades: Cebu; Java; Macassar; South Sea; spot, sundried Pacific coast and Padang. Containers: Bags. Uses: For the extraction of coco-nut oil; confectionery; food. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Copra Oil* (Copperah oil; Coco-nut oil, not the same as coco-nut palm oil; often erroneously called cocoa-nut oil). Color and properties: White, wax-like, semi-solid; somewhat disagreeable odor; mild taste. Chief constituents: Trymyristin and trilaurin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.910-0.926; melting-point 23-27C; iodine num- ber 8-9; saponification value 251-268; refractive index 1.441. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the dried meat of the coco-nut, Cocus nucifera, by boil- ing and pressing. Method of purification: Decolorization with bone-black or fullers' earth. Coptis 177 Corundum Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; wooden barrels. Uses: Soap; candles; food; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Coco-nut oil. Coptis (Gold thread). Derivation: Roots of Coptis trifolia. Habitat: Canada, South to Maryland; Minnesota. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coquina. A porous, coarse limestone composed of fragments of marine shells. Florida. Cordierite (lolite, Water sapphire). A natural magnesium-iron-aluminum sili- cate. Sometimes used as a gem. Colo- rado, Connecticut. Coriander. Derivation: Dried, ripe fruit of Cori- andrum sativum. Habitat: Asia and Europe. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coriander Oil. Color and properties: Colorless or slightly yellowish liquid; character- istic, aromatic odor; warm, spicy taste. Chief known constituents: Linalol; pinene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.863- 0.878; refractive index 1.4665. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Coriandrum sativum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coriandrum, U. S. P.; B. P. See Cori- ander. Corn. In U. S.: Indian corn or maize; in England: oats or other grain. Corn Oil* (Maize oil). Color and properties: Pale-yellow liquid; characteristic taste. Constants: . Specific gravity 0.920- 0.925; saponifaction value 188 193; iodine value in 123. Soluble in ether, chloroform, amyl ace- tate benzol and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: The germ of common corn (Indian corn, Zea mays) is re- moved from the grain and pressed. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Foodstuffs; soap; lubricants; leather dressing; rubber substitutes; lard substitutes (by hydrogenation). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Corn Sugar. See Dextrose. Cornish Stone. A partially weathered feldspar, used as a flux and fusible in- gredient in porcelain and tiles. Coronadite. A natural manganate ofr lead and manganese (Mn,Pb)Mn3O7. Resembles psilomelane in general as- pect. Arizona. Corozo-nut oil. See Cohune oil. Corrosive Sublimate. See Mercuric chloride. Corundum (Aluminum oxide) The clear colored varieties form the gems, sapphite, ruby, oriental emerald, and oriental topaz; the granular im- pure variety is known as emery. Ala- Corypha 178 Coumarin bama, California, Colorado, Connecti- cut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Massa- chusetts, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wyom- ing. Corypha. See Carnauba. Cosalite. A natural sulfide of lead and bismuth, Pb2JBi2Ss. Contains 42 per cent bismuth. Colorado, Utah and Washington. Cosmoline. See Petrolatum. Cotarninae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P. See Cotarnine hydrochloride. Cotarnine Hydrochloride* (Stypticin) Ci 2 Hi 4 NO 3 Cl. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I42-I44C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on the alkaloid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cotton Ball. See Ulexite. Cotton-root Bark. See Gossypium-root bark. Cotton-seed Oil* (Seed oil). Color and properties: Pale yellow or yellowish-brown to dark ruby-red or black-red liquid, fixed> non-drying oil depending on the nature and condi- tion of the seed. Constants: Specific gravity 0.922-0.930; saponification value 191-196; iodine value 101-116. Soluble in ether, benzol, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: The seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium herbaceum), are crushed in a mill, the meal is heated in iron kettles at 75-9OC and pressed in cloths, under 3000-4000 Ib. per sq. in. The press cake is sold as a cattle food. The oil, after set- tling, is refined by being heated with a solution of caustic soda, to senar- ate the foots. The sediment of "foots" containing lye, coloring mat- ter and albuminous bodies, settle "to the bottom. The "foots" are used for soap. The cottonseed oil is clarified by filtration. On standing, or by chilling below I2C., the pal- mitin and stearin in part crystallize and are removed by pressing. This solid fat is known as "cotton-seed stearno" and is used in making oleo- margarine. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined; prime sum- mer yellow; bleachable. Containers: Barrels; tank cars. Uses: Medicine; leather dressing; soap stock; food product; lubricant; pro- ducing carron oil. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Couch Grass. See Triticum. Coumarin* (Cumarin; Tonka bean cam- phor; Cumaric anhydride) CgH6O2. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals, flakes or powder; fragrant odor. Constants: Melting-point 67 C.; boil- ing-point 290C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating salicylic alde- hyde, sodium acetate and acetic anhy- dride. Condensation occurs between the aldehyde and the fatty acid, with the elimination of water, which is taken up by the anhydride. The an- hydride is converted into the acid, which liberates the coumarin from its sodium salt. The product is finally recovered by distillation. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Flavoring; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Coumai 179 Crcsol Coumaroir -.3 Ccan. See Tonka. Coumarone. See Para-coumarone. Covellite. A natural indigo-blue cop- per sulfide, CuS. Contains 66.4 per cent copper. Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, South Carolina, Utah and Wyoming. Cowrie. See Copal. Cramp Bark. See Viburnum opulus. Cranberry Tree. See Viburnu mopulus. Cranesbill. See Geranium. Cream of Tartar. See Potassium bitar- trate. Creosote, Beechwood.* Color and properties: Colorless or faintly yellow, oily liquid; character- istic smoky odor; caustic, burning taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.080; boil- ing-point 205 -220 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: A mixture of phenols and phenol derivatives obtained by the destructive distillation of wood-tar, preferably that of Fagus sylvatica or Fagus ferruginea. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; blue bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Creosote, Coal-tar.* Color and properties: Yellowish, oily, clear liquid; phenol-like odor; poiso- nous. Constants: Specific gravity i.07;boil- ing-point 20O-225C. Soluble in alcohol, benzol and toluol. Derivation: Anthracene oil, from coal- tar, is treated to remove anthracene, carbazol and phenanthrene. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Wood preservative; disinfect- ants. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regluations: Red label. Creosoti Carbonas, U. S. P. The car- bonate of beechwood creosote. Creosotum, U. S. P., B. P. See Creo- sote, Beechwood. Cresol, Meta-* (Meta-cresylic acid; Meta-oxytoluene; Meta-methylphenol; Cresylic acid) CH 3 C 6 H 4 OH. Color and properties: Colorless to yel- lowish liquid; phenol-like odor; poi- sonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0419; melting-point 10.9 C; boiling-point 202 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation of crude cresol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Disinfectant; production of synthetic resins; photographic de- veloper; nitrocresol explosives. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cresol, Ortho-* (Cresyl alcohol; Ortho- cresylic acid; Ortho-oxytoluene; Or- tho-methyl-phenol) CH 3 C(5H 4 OH. Color and properties: White crystals; phenol-like odor; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0511; melting-point 3O.4C; boiling-point I9IC. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form: slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Bv fractional distillation of crude cresol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Disinfectant; coumarin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Crcsol 180 Cryolite Cresol, Para-* (Para-cresylic acid; Para- oxytoluene; Para-methyl phenol) CH 3 C(jH 4 OH. Color and properties: Crystalline mass; phenol-like odor; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.039; melting-point 36C.; boiling-point 202C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By fractional distil- lation of crude cresol. (b) By fus- ing para-toluenesulfonic acid with po- tassium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Disinfectant; cresotinic acid; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cresotic Acid. See Acid cresotic. * Cresotinic Acid. See Acid cresotic. Cresylic Acid. See Cresol. Cresylol. See Cresol. Creta Praeparta, U. S. P., B. P. See Chalk. Crimson Antimony. See Antimony sul- fide. Crispmint (Balm mint; Curled mint; Cross mint). Derivation: Leaves of Mentha crispa. Habitat: Germany. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Crocoite. Natural lead chromate, PbO.CrOs. Contains 68.9 per cent PbO and 31.1 per cent CrOa. Arizona. Crocus (Saffron; Spanish saffron; French saffron). Derivation: Stigmas of Crocus sativus. Habitat: Western Asia, France and Spain. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; coloring; flavoring. , Fire hazard: None. 'Railroad shipping regulations: None. Crocus Antimony. See Antimony ox- ide, Brown. Crocus Martis. See Ferric hydroxide. Crocus Martis Adstringens. See Ferric oxide, Red. Crocus Metallorum. See Antimony ox- ide, Brown. Crocus, Polishing. See Ferric oxide. Cross Mint. See Crisp mint. Croton Oil.* Color and properties: Brownish-yel- low liquid; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.940-0.960. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expression from the seeds of Crotm tiglium. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Croton Tiglium. See Tiglium. Crotonic Acid. See Acid crotonic. Crotonolic Acid. See Acid tiglic. Crown Bark. See Cinchona bark, Loxa. Crude Oil. See Petroleum. Cryolite (Cryolith, Kryolith). A natural fluoride of sodium and aluminum, 3NaF.AlFs. Colorado and Green- land. Cryptopine 181 Cucurbita Cryptopine* Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 2I7C. Soluble in chloroform and boiling al- cohol; insoluble in water and ether. Derivation: From opium, by extrac- tion and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Crystallose. See Sodium benzosulfinide. Crystolon* (Silicon carbide) SiC. Color and properties: Green to bluish- black, irridescent, porous, crystalline, sharp-grained platelets or mass. Constants: Specific gravity 3.12*-3.20. Derivation: By heating a mixture of coke, sand, shale and sawdust in the electric furnace. Grades: Grains, from 10 mesh to finest powders. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Abrasive; grindstones; hones; sharpening-stones; anti-slip pave- ments; grinding wheels; refractories. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cuba Wood. See Fustic wood. Cubeb. See Cubeba. Cubeb Oil. Color and properties: Colorless pale- greenish or yellowish liquid; char- acteristic odor of cubebs; warm cam- phoraceous taste. Chief known constituents: Cadinene; dipentene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.905- 0.925; boiling-point i75-28oC; re- fractive index 1.49-1.496; optical ro- tation 25 to 40. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the unripe fruit of Piper cubeba. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. F~ire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cubeba (Cubebs; Tailed pepper; Java pepper). Derivation: Dried, unripe, but fully grown fruit of Piper cubeba. Habitat: Southern Asia (Java, Borneo and Sumatra);' cultivated in Ceylon and West Indies. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cubebae Fructus, B. P. (Cucurbitae semina praeparate; Melon pumpkin seeds). Derivation: Fresh ripe seeds of culti- vated plants of Cucurbitae maxima. Grades- Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulation: None. Cubic Niter. See Sodium nitrate. Cubic Saltpeter. See Sodium nitrate. Cuca. See Cocoa. Cucumber Oil* (Gourd oil). Color and properties: Greenish-yellow, fixed, drying oil; faint red fluores- cence. Constants: Specific gravity 0.923; melt- ing-point -i6C; saponification value 188.7; iodine number 121. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the seeds of the cu- cumber, pumpkins, etc., by pressing. Containers: Glass bottles; tins; iron drums. Grades: Technical. Uses: Medicine; illumination; fuel. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cucurbita. See Pepo. Cudbear 182 Cupric Salts Cudbear. See -Archil. Cuenca Bark. See Cinchona bark, Loxa. Culvers. See Leptandra. Cumaric Anhydride. See Coumarin. Cumaron. See Para-coumarone. Cumene* (Pseudo cumol; Pseudo cu- mene; Trimethylbenzene: Cumol) C 6 H 5 CH(CH 3 )2. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8020; boiling-point i52.7-i69C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the interaction of benzol and isopropyl iodide, (b) By distilling cuminic acid. c) By the interaction of benzal chloride and zinc methyl. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Sterilizing catgut; organic syn- thesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cumidin* C 6 H2(CH3) 3 NH 2 1:2:4:5. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 62C.; boil- ing-point 236 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating crude xylidine with methyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid in an autoclave. The pure cumi- din is separated from the product 'by means of its sparingly soluble, crys- talline nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cumin (Cummin). Derivation: Fruit of Cuminum cymi- num. Habitat: Mediterranean region and Northern Africa. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cumin Oil. Color and properties: Colorless or yel- lowish, limpid liquid; characteristic odor of cumin; sharp spicy taste. Chief known constituents: Cumene; cumic aldehyde. Constants: Specific gravity 0.900-0.930; optical rotation +4 to -r8. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Cuminum cyminum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cuminic Aldehyde. See Cuminol. Cummin. See Cumin. Cumol. See Cumene. Cumyl Anhydride. See Cuminol. Cundurango. See Condurango. Cupferron* (Ammpnium-nitroso-beta- phenylhydroxylamine) C 6 H 5 .N.NO.ONH4. Color and properties: Creamy-white crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By treating an ethereal solution of beta-phenylhydroxyl- amine with dry ammonia gas and amyl nitrite. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cupric Salts. See under Copper. Cupri Sulfas 183 Cyanogen Chloride Cupri Sulfas, U. S. P., B. P. See Copper sulfate. Cuprite. A natural red copper oxide, CugO. Contains 88.8 per cent copper. Arizona, California, Colorado, Connec- ticut, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, Ne- vada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Ten- nessee, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia and Wyoming. Cupro-Magnesium. An alloy of copper and magnesium. Cupro-Tungsten. An alloy of copper and tungsten. Cupro-Vanadium. An alloy of copper and vanadium possessing great tough- ness. Cupro-Vanadium-Aluminum. An alloy of copper, vanadium and aluminum. Cuprous Salts. See under Copper. Curacao Aloes. See Aloes, Barbadoes. Curcuma (Turmeric; Curry; Indian saf- fron). Derivation: Rhizome of Curcuma longa. Habitat: China, East Indies and many tropical countries. Grades: Technical. Containers: Burlap bags. Uses: Medicine; coloring foodstuffs; condiment (curry powder); textile dyeing; indicator in analytic chemis- try. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Curled Mint. See Crisp mint. Cuscus Oil. See Vetiver oil. Cusparia. See Angostura. Cusso. See Kousso. Cuttle-fish Bone. See Sepia. Cyanacetic Acid. See Acid cyanacetic. Cyanegg. A proprietary brand of egg- shaped lumps of sodium cyanide. Cyangran. A proprietary brand of gran- ular sodium cyanide. Cyanite (Disthene). A mineral identi- cal in chemical composition with anda- lusite and sillimanite, Al2Oa.SiO2, but differing in crystal form. Generally in flat-bladed pieces. Sometimes used as a gem. Delaware, Massachusetts and North Carolina. Cyanogen* Color and properties: Colorless gas; pungent penetrating odor; burns with a purple-tinged flame; Extremely poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.8064 (compared to air); liquefaction-point 2iC.; solidification-point -34C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Potassium cyanide solu- tion is slowly dropped into copper sulfate solution; mercury cyanide is heated. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Liquefied cyanogen: Iron cylinders. Uses: Organic synthesis; poison gas in warfare. Fire hazard; Dangerous. Railroad snipping regulations: Red label. Cyanogen Chloride* CNC1. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; poisonous! Constants: Melting-point -5C.; boil- ing-point I3C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of chlorine on moist sodium cyanide suspended in carbon tetrachloride and kept cooled to -3C, followed by distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron cylinders. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufacture of military poison gases. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cyanogen Iodide 184 Cytisine Cyanogen Iodide. See Iodine cyanide. Cyan Salt. Made by fusing ferrocyanide with sodium carbonate. Cyanuric Acid. See Acid cyanuric. Cyclobutane. See Naphthenes. Cyclopentane. See Naphthenes. Cyclopropane. See Naphthenes. Cydonia (Quince seed). Derivation: Seed of Cydonia vulgaris. Habitat: Southern Asia and Europe; widely cultivated. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Cymene* (Cymol, Isopropyltoluene, Para-cymol, Para-methylpropylben- zene) CHsCeH^CI^CI^CHs. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent liquid; aromatic odor. Constants: Orth - Specific gravity 0.8748 Nie 'ting-point -i82C Boiling -point i8i c C Meta- Para- - I75.6C 0.8551 -73.5C Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By heating camphor with phosphoric anhydride, (b) By the interaction of turpentine and io- dine with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cymol. See Cymene. Cymophenol, Beta-. See Carvacrol. Cynosbata. See Rosa canina. Cypress Oil.* Color and properties: Pale-yellow liquid; characteristic odor. Chief known constituents: Pinene; cymene; valeric acid; camphene cy- press camphor. Constants: Boiling-point i6o-250C.; optical rotation +4 to +31. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Cypressus sempervirens. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cypripedium* (Lady's slipper; American valerian; Nerve root; Noah's ark; Yellow moccasin flower). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Cypripedium hirsutum. Habitat: Nova Scotia south to Ala- bama and west to Nebraska and Mis- souri. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Cyrtolite. A yellowish to brownish mineral containing zirconia, yttria, ceria, and other rare earths. Found in pegmatites. New York, North Caro- lina and Texas. Cystamin. See Hexamethylenetetra- mine. Cystogen. See Hexamethylenetetra- mine. Cytisine* (Ulexine) CnHi 4 N 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, yel- lowish-white crystals. Constants: Melting-point I52-I53C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insolu- ble in ether. Derivation: By extraction of the seeds of Cytisus laburnum and many other Papilionaceae and subsequent crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers^ ^ Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dahlin 185 Dchydrothiotoluidine Dahlin. See Inulin. Dammar. See Gum dammar. Damson, Bitter. See Simaruba. Dandelion. See Taraxacum. D'Arcet Metal. See Metals, Fusible. Dark Ruby Silver. See Pyrargyrite. Datolite. A natural hydrous silicate of boron and calcium, H2O.2CaO.B 2 O32SiO 2 . Used as a gem. Michigan. Daturae Folia. Derivation: Dried leaves of Datura fastuosa and other species of Datura. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Daturae Semina. Derivation: Dried seeds of Datura fastuosa. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Daturine. See Atropine. Dead Oil (Heavy oil). The oil, with a density greater than that of water, ob- tained in the distillation of coal-tar. Decocta. U. S. P. and B. P. term for decoctions, the liquid produced by boiling one or more drugs in water and filtering. Deer's Tongue. See Liatris. Degener's Indicator. See Phenacetolin. Degras.* (Sod oil). Color and properties: Dark-brown unctuous fat; disagreeable odor. Derivation: Crude grease obtained by washing sheep's wool. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Leather stuffing; belt dressing compound; producing lanolin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Degras, Moellon.* Derivation: A by-product of the tan- nage of chamois leathers by impreg- nation with cod or menhaden fish oils. An oxidation of a part of the fatty acids of the oils takes place. When the tannage is complete, the excess of the oil contained in the skins is pressed out. This, when com- pounded forms the moellon degras of commerce. Grades: Anhydrous; 20 per cent water; 30 per cent water; 35 per cent water. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Stuffing leathers; belt dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dehydrothio-para-toluidine (Amino- benzenyl-ortho-aminothiocresol) C 7 HoNSCCH 4 (NH2)i:4. Color and properties: Long, yellow- ish, iridescent needles. Solutions have a violet-blue fluorescence. Constants: Melting-point I9IC; boil- ing-point 434 C. Soluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating para-toluidine and primuline base with sulfur and separation from the primuline base by distillation in vacuo. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dehydrothioxylidine 186 Dextrine Dehydrothioxylidine (Aminotoluenyl- ortho-aminothioxylenol) Color and properties: Yellowish white prisms. Constants: Melting-point 107 C; boil- ing-point 283 C. Soluble in hot alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating meta-xylidme with sulfur. The product is distilled in vacuo and separated from the isohydrothioxylidine formed by ex- traction with hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Delphinine* Color and properties: White, crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point H9C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from the seeds of Delphinium staphisagria. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Delphinium (Staphisagria; Larkspur). Derivation: Ripe seed of Delphinium staphisagria. Habitat: Mediterranean basin; culti- vated in France and Italy. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Denatured Alcohol. See Ethyl alcohol. Denver Mud. See Kaolin cataplasm. Deodorized Oils. Oils which have been subjected to hydrogenation^ or other treatment to remove objectionable odors, in order to make them fit for human consumption. Depilatories. Sodium, potassium or bar- ium sulfides used for the removal of hair. The leather industry uses large amounts of sodium sulfide as a dehair- ing agent. See Sodium sulfide. Dermatol. See Bismuth subgallate. Descloizite. A natural vanadate of lead and zinc. Arizona, New Mexico and South America. Devil's Apple. See Stramonium. Dextrine* (British gum; Gommeline; Starch gum; Artificial gum; Vege- table gum). Color and properties: Yellow or white amorphous, powder or granules. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating dry starch to 200 to 250 C. in a revolving iron cylinder over a free flame, or in an oil bath, or in a steam-jacketed kettle; or the starch may be moist- ened with nitric or hydrochloric acid, dried at 5OC. and the heated to 140- 1 70 C., giving a lighter colored product. The dextrine is powdered in a mill and sieved through a bolt- ing cloth. Dextrine is prepared from the following starches: Cassava, corn, potato, sago or wheat. Grades: Technical, yellow and white; granulated; precipitated by alcohol. Containers: Bags; wooden barrels. Uses: Adhesives^ textile printing; brewing; confectionery; thickening tanning extracts; sizing paper and textiles; pharmacy; substitute for gum arabic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dextrine, Cassava.* Derivation: A dextrine prepared from cassava starch. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; barrels. Uses: Adhesives; textile printing, con- fectionery, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dextroglucosc 187 Diaminodiphenic Dextroglucose. See Dextrose. Dextrose* (Glucose; Dextroglucose; Grape sugar; Corn sugar; Corn sirup) Color and properties: White amor- phous anhydrous lumps or powder or thick sirupy liquid. Soluble in water. Derivation: From cane sugar by in- version and from starch and starchy substances by action of mineral acids. Impurities: Dextrin; gallisin. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; barrels. Uses: Manufacturing wine and con- fectionery; preparing tobacco; chrome tanning liquors. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dextrotartaric Acid. See Acid tartaric. Diabase A basic igneous rock usually occurring in dikes or intrusive sheets, and composed essentially of plagioclase feldspar and augite with small quanti- ties of magnetite and apatite. The plagioclase forms lath-shaped crystals lying in all directions among the dark irregular augite grains, giving rise to the peculiar diabasic or ophitic texture, which is a distinctive feature in the coarser-grained occurrences. Canada, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Newfoundland, New Jersey, New York and Virginia. Diacetylmorphina, U. S. P., B. P. See Diacetylmorphine. Diacetylmorphinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P., B. P. Diacetylmorphine hy- drochloride. Diacetylmorphine* (Heroin) Ci7H 17 NO(C 2 H30 2 )2. Color and properties: White crystalline alkaloid; poisonous; habit-forming drug. Constants: Melting-point I73C. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the acetylization of morphine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine (The hydrochloride, produced by the action of hydro- chloric acid, is also extensively used). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diacetyltannin* (Tannigen; Acetyltan- nin) Ci4H 8 (CqCH 3 )2O<). Color and properties: Yellowish-white, amorphous, odorless, tasteless pow- der. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the acetylization of tannin. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diamalt.* The proprietary name for a brand of diastase. Diaminoazotoluene* (Diaminoazotoluol ; Azoxytoluidene) (CH 3 ). Color and properties: Yellow or orange crystals. Constants: Melting-point i68C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By alkaline reduction of para-nitro-orthp-toluidine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminobenzene. See Phenylenedia- mine. Diaminobenzol. See Phenylenediamine. Diaminodiphenic Acid. See Acid diami- nodiphenic. Diaminodiphenyl 188 Diaminonaphthalene Diaminodiphenyl. See Benzidine. Diaminodiphenylamine. HN(C6H 4 KH 2 )2 1:4- Color and properties: Yellowish crys- stals. Constants: Melting-point I58C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of the blue indamine obtained by the oxi- dation of the hydrochlorides of ani- line and para-phenylenediamine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminodiphenylethylene. See Diamino- stilbene. Diaminodiphenylmethane Color and properties: Large silvery crystals. Constants: Melting-point 86C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and benzol. Derivation: By heating formaldehyde anilide with aniline hydrochloride and aniline. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminodiphenylthiourea C 6 H4(NH 2 )NH:C 6 H4(NH2)NH.CS Color and properties: Colorless plates or crystalline solid. Constants: Melting-point .IQ5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By boiling para-phen- ylenediamine with carbon bisulfide. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: 'Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminodiphenylurea Ct 5 H 4 (NH2)(NH):C 6 H4(NH2)(NH) Color and properties: Colorless plates. Soluble in alcohol and hot water; spar- ingly soluble in cold water. Derivation: By the reduction of tet- ranitrodiphenylurea. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminoditolylmethane Color and properties: Glistening, crystalline plates. Constants: Melting-point I49C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating formaldehyde and ortho-toluidine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminoethoxydiphenyl. See Ethoxy- benzidine. Diaminonaphthalene* (Naphthalenedia- mine) CioHr,(NH2)2. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 190 C.; boil- ing-point sublimes. Soluble in alcohol and hot water; very sparingly soluble in cold water. Derivation: (a) By the reduction of alpha-dinitronaphthalene. (b) By heating dioxynaphthalene with aque- ous ammonia. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminonaphthalene 189 Dianisidine Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acid. See Acid diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic. Diaminonaphthalenesulfonic Acid. See Acid diaminonaphthalenesulfonic. Diaminophenol, Ortho-.* C 6 H 4 (NH 2 ).C6H 5 . Color and properties: Gray-white crystals. Constants: Melting-point 49C.; boil- ing-point 29QC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of dini- trophenol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Photographic developer; organ- ic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminophenol, Para-* CeH 4 NHi.CH. Color and properties: Gray-white crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 53 C.; boil- ing point 302C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of dinitro- phenol. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Photographic developer; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminophenol Hydrochloride* (Ami- dol) C 6 H 3 (NH 2 )20H.2HC1. Color and properties: Grayish-white crystals. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of di- aminophenol and hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs; boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Photographic developer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminostilbene, Para-* (Diaminodi- phenyiethylene) C*H4(NHft)CH.CH.C*H4(NH*) Color and properties: Colorless needles or plates. Constants: Melting-point 227C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of dinitro- stilbene. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Preparation of dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaminostilbenesulfonic Acid. See Acid diaminostilbenesulfonic. Diaminotoluene. See Tolylenediamine, Meta-. Diaminotoluol. See Tolylenediamine, Meta-. Diaminoditolyl. See Tolidine. < Diammonium Ortho-phosphate. Ammonium phosphate, Dibasic. Diamylene. See Dipentene. See Dianisidine* 1:3:4- Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point I37C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: The methyl ether of ortho- nitrophenpl is reduced by zinc dust and caustic soda to the hydrazp com- pound, which is then boiled with hy- drochloric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diaphoretic 190 Dibromobenzol Diaphoretic Antimony. See Potassium antimonate. Diarsenol. Trade name for salvarsan. Diastase.* Color and properties: Yellowish-white to brownish-yellow amorphous pow- der. Soluble in water. Derivation: Organic protein ferment in wheat and barley malt, which con- verts insoluble into soluble sugars. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Fermentation processes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diastase, Taka* (Koji). Color and properties: Whitish-yellow, very hygroscopic powder; converts over 100 times its weight of starch into maltose. Derivation: An amylolytic enzyme pro- duced by the action of Aspergillus oryzal on rice. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Fermentation agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diastasum, U. S. P. See Diastase. Diastofor. The proprietary name for a product used as a diastasic ferment. Diatomaceous Earth. See Kieselgur. Diax. The proprietary name for a prod- uct used as a diastasic ferment. Diazoaminobenzene* (Diazoaminoben- zol; Diazobenzeneanilide, Benzene- azoanilide) C 6 H 5 N.N.NHC6H 5 . Color and properties: Golden-yellow scales. Explodes on heating. Constants: Melting-point 96 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of ni- trous acid and an alcoholic solution of aniline. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diazoaminobenzbl. See Diazoaminoben- zene. Diazobenzeneanilide. See Diazoamino- benzene. Diazobenzenesulfonic Acid. See Acid diazobenzenesulfonic. Dibromoanthracene* (Alpha-dibromoan- thracene) CsJ^QjB^CeH^ Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Meiting-point 22iC.; boil- ing-point: Sublimes. Soluble in chloroform; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the bromination of an- thracene. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dibromoethane. See Ethylene bromide. Dibromobenzene, Para- (Benzene di- bromide, Para-) CeH4Br2. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 8Q C.; boil- ing-point 2I9C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Obtained by the interaction of benzol with an excess of bromine in presence of a little iron. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Monobromobenzene. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dibromobenzol. See Dibromobenzene. Dibromoisobutane 191 Dichloroethyl Dibromoisobutane. See Butylene iso- bromide. Dibromoketone* CH 3 COCHBrCH 2 Br. A military poison gas used in the late war. Dibromomethane. See Methylene brom- ide. Dibromopropane. See Trimethylene bromide. Dicalcium Ortho-phosphate. See Cal- cium phosphate, Dibasic. Dichlorbenzene. See Dichlorobenzene. Dichlorbenzol. See Dichlorobenzene. Dichlorhydrin. See Dichlorohydrin. Dichloroacetic Acid. See Acid dichloro- acetic. Dichlorobenzaldehyde C 6 H 3 C1 2 CHO. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the chlorination of benzaldehyde in presence of iodine or antimony. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dichloroethane. See Ethylene chloride. Dichlorobenzene* (Dichlorobenzol) C 6 H 4 C1 2 . Color and properties: Ortho: Colorless liquid; Meta-: Colorless liquid; Para-: White crystals. Constants: Ortho- Meta- Para- Boiling-point xo. v> I79C I73-7C Solubilities: Water: Para-: Very solu- ble. Alcohol: Ortho-: Soluble. Meta-: Soluble. Para-: soluble. Ether: Ortho-: Soluble. Meta-: Soluble. Para-: Soluble. Derivation: By the further chlorina- tion of monochlorobenzene. Method of purification: Rectification. Containers: Iron drums; wooden bar- rels. Grades: Technical. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dichlorobenzidine C6H 3 C1NH 2 :C 6 H 3 C1.NH2. Color and properties: Crystalline solid. Constants: Melting-point I33C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the chlorination of di- acetylbenzidine and subsequent sa- ponification. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dichlorobenzol. See Dichlorobenzene. Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide* (Mustard gas; Yperite; Yellow cross gas) (CH 2 C1CH 2 ) 2 S. A military poison gas used in the late war. Dichloroether* (Dichloroethyl oxide) CH 2 C1CHC10C 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless, inflam- mable liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.174; boil- ing-point I40-I45C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the chlorination of ethyl ether. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Dichloroethylarsine* AsC 2 H5Cl 2 . A mil- itary poison gas used in the late war. Dichloroethyl 192 Diethylaniline Dichloroethyl Oxide. See Dichloro- ether. Dichlorohydrin, Alpha-* (Alpha-pro- penyldichlorohydrin; Glycerin di- chlorohydrin; Dichloroisopropyl al- cohol) CH 2 C1CH(OH)CH 2 C1. Color and properties: Colorless, ethe- real liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.396; boil- ing-point I74C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of glycerin and dry hydrochloric acid gas and subsequent distillation. Method of purihcation: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent for hard resins and nitro- cellulose; manufacture of photo- graphic lacquers, cement for cellu- loid; binder for water colors; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Dichloroisopropyl Alcohol. See Di- chlorohydrin, Alpha-. Dichloromethane. See Methylene chlor- ide. Dichloromethyl Ether* (CH 2 C1) 2 O. A military poison gas used in the late war. Dichlorophthalic Acid. See Acid di- chlorophthalic. Dicyandiamine* NH:C(NH 2 )NHCN. Color and properties: Grayish-white powder. Constants: Melting-point 204-205C. Soluble in water and alcohol; sparingly soluble in ether. Derivation: By heating cya .amide to I50C. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Fertilizers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Didymium. See Praseodymium and !Neodymium. Didymium Nitrate.* Color and properties: Violet-red, hy- groscopic crystals. Recent ciiemical investigations show that didymium nitrate consists of a mixture of praseodymium and neodymium ni- trates. Derivation: From monazite sand ex- traction, after removal of cerium and thorium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Diethylacetal. See Acetal. Diethylaldehyde. See Acetal. Diethylamine* (C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH. Color and properties: Volatile, color- less, inflammable, strongly alkaline liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.710; boil- ing-point 56C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of dilute potassium hydroxide and dinitrodi- etLylaniline. Method of ourification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Diethylaniline ( C 2 H r , ) 2 N C 6 H 5 . Color and properties: Yellowish to brownish inflammable liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.0,351; melt- ing-point 38.8C.; boiling-point 2i 3 .5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating aniline, aniline hydrochloride and ethyl alcohol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Diethylbarbituric 193 Digitoxin Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: label. Red Diethylbarbituric Acid. See Veronal. Diethylenediamine. See Piperazine. Diethylglycocollguaiacol Hydrochloride. See Gujasanol. Diethylketone* (Metacetone; Propione; Ethyl propionyl) C2H5COC2H5. Color and properties: Colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid; acetone-like odor. Constants: Boiling-point ioiC. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By distilling sugar with an excess of lime. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Diethylmalonylurea. See Veronal. Diethyl-raeta-aminophenolphthalein. See Rhodamine B. Diethyl Oxalate. See Ethyl oxalate. Diethyl Succinate. See Ethyl succinate. Diethyl Sulfate* (OC 2 H 5 )2SO 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.185; boil- ing-point 2o8C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of fuming sulfuric acid on ethyl alcohol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Diethyl Sulfide. See Ethyl sulfide. Diethylsulfonediethylmethane. See Tet- ronal. Diethylsulfonedimethylmethane. Sulfonal. See Diethylsulfonemethylethylmethane. See Sulfoneethylmethane. Digallic Acid. See Acid tannic. Digitalin* (Digitonin; Digitin) Color and properties: Coarsely granu- lar, crystalline glucoside; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes above 235C. without melting. Soluble in water and in a mixture of alcohol and chloroform- slightly sol- uble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: From Digitalis purpurea. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Digitalis* (Fox-glove; Purple fox-glove; Fairy gloves). Derivation: Dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. Habitat: Southern and Central Europe; cultivated in the U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Folia. B. P. term for Digitali leaves. Digitin. See Digitalin. Digitonin. See Digitalin. Digitoxin* C2846io. Color and properties: White, crystal- line glucoside; poisonous. On boil- ing with dilute acid it decomposes into digitoxose Dihydrated 194 Dill Oil Soluble in alcohol and chloroform; slightly soluble in ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From Digitalis, purpurea. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dihydrated Telluric Hydroxide. See Acid telluric. Dihydroxyanthraquinone. See Quina- zarin. Dihydroxyphthalophenone. See Phenol- phthalein. Diiodaniline* (Meta-diiodoaniline) C 6 H 3 l2NH 2 . Color and properties: Shining, brown crystals. Constants: Melting-point 96 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetic ether and carbon bisulfide; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of iodine chloride on acetanilide, saponifica- tion and distillation with steam. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diiododithymol. See Thymol iodide. Diiodoethane. See Ethylene iodide. Diiodoform* (Ethylene tetraiodide; Ethylene periodide; lodoethylene) C 2 I 4 . Color and properties: Fine, yellow, odorless needles. Constants: Melting-point i87C. Soluble in chloroform, benzol, toluol and carbon bisulfide; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From acetylene iodide with an excess of iodine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diiodomethane. See Methylene iodide. Diiodosalicylic Acid. See Acid diiodo- salicylic. Diisoamylamine. See Diamylamine. Dilem Leaf Oil. Color and properties: Thick, yellow- ish-green oil; patchouli-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.962; boil- ing-point 250C.-300C. Soluble in alcohol, ether; benzol and chloroform. Derivation: Distilled from a Javanese plant, the botanical origin of which is unknown. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles'. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dill. See Anethum. Dill Oil.* Color and properties: Pale yellow, es- sential oil; characteristic penetrating odor. Chief known constituents: Limonene and carvol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.905-0.915; optical rotation +70 to +80. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol and chloroform. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Anethum grayeolens. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring agent; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimagnesium 195 Dimethylaminobenzol Dimagnesium Ortho-phosphate. Magnesium phosphate. See Dimagnesium Phosphate. See Magne- sium phosphate. Dimethylacetic Acid. See Acid butyric, Iso. Dimethylacetal* (Ethylidenedimethyl ester) CH 3 (OCH 3 ) 2 CH. Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.879; boil- ing-point 62 J -63C. Soluble in \vater, alcohol, ether and chloroform. Derivation: By the interaction of al- dehyde, methyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid, with subsequent distilla- tion. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine CioH 7 N(CH 3 )2. Color and properties: Clear, oily liquid. Constants: Boiling-point 273C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating alpha-naphthyl- amine hydrochloride, with methyl al- cohol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. pimethylaminoantipyrine. See Pyram- idon. Dimethylaminoazobenzene* (Dimethyl- aminobenzol ; Benzeneazodimethylani- line) C 6 H5.N.N.C6H4.N(CH 8 )2. Color and properties: Golden-yellow crystalline leaflets. Constants: Melting-point u6C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: A solution of aniline hyd- rochloride is diazotized, then added to a solution of dimethylahiline in dilute hydrochloric acid and precipi- tated by a concentrated solution of sodium acetate. Method of purification: Recrystalli- zation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Coloring butter; indicator in volumetric analysis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethylaminoazobenzene Sulfpnate* (Sulfobenzeneazodimethylaniline) Color and properties: Violet crystals or powder. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the sulfonation of di- methylaminoazpbenzene. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacturing helianthin and related dyes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, Para-* C 6 H 4 (N(CH 3 ) 2 )CHOi:4. Color and properties: Colorless crys- talline plates. Constants: Melting-point 73C. Soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By mixing dimethylani- line, anhydrous chloral and phenol and allowing the mixture to stand. The phenol is removed by shaking with dilute caustic soda and the resi- due dissolved in water and hydro- chloric acid and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethylaminobenzol. aminobenzene. See Dimethyl- Dimethylaminobenzoyl 196 Dimethylglyoxime Dimethylaminobenzoylpentanol Hydro- chloride. See Stovaine. Dimethylaniline* Color and properties: Colorless oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.954; melt- ing-point 2.5C; boiling-point 192.5 -I93.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating a mixture of aniline, aniline hydrochloride and methyl alcohol (free from acetone) in an autoclave and distilling. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethylaniline Orange. See Methyl orange. Dimethylarsenic Acid. See Acid cacody- lic. Dimethylbenzene. See Xylol. Dimethybenzol. See Xylol. Dimethyl-beta-naphthylamine Ci H 7 N(CH 3 )2. Color and properties: Crystalline solid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.008; melting-point 46 C.; boiling-point 305C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of di- methylamine and beta-naphthol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethyldiphenylurea* (Zentralin) Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point I20C. Soluble in 'alcohol, ether and benzol; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By saturation of mono- methylaniline with carbonyl chloride, removal of benzol by distillation, washing the residue with acid water and crystallizing from alcohol. The crystals are warmed with alcoholic ammonia, diluted with water to pre- cipitate, washed with water, dissolved in alcohol and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Stabilizer for smokeless powder, explosives and nitro-compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethyloxyquinizine. See Antipyrine. Dimethylglyoxime* (Butane dioxime) (CH 3 )2C 2 (NOH) 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 232-233C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By methylatmg gly- oxime which is prepared from gly- oxal and hydroxylamine. (b) Sulfur dioxide gas is passed into mixed, su- persaturated, cooled solutions of so- dium sulfite and nitrite until a water- white solution results. This is warmed on a steam bath for a few hours, cooled and a mixture of ethyl- methylketone and ethyl nitrite added, with constant stirring, yielding a curdy precipitate. This is stirred un- til converted into a mass of crystals, (c) Nitrosomethylethyl ketone is pre- pared from methylethyl ketone, amyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid and is extracted from the reaction mixing with sodium hydroxide solution under continuous stirring and separation of the amyl alcohol formed. The solu- tion is neutralized with more sodium hydroxide, if necessary, and heated with a freshly prepared hydroxyl- amine sulfate solution, yielding di- methylglyoxime. This is filtered hot, washed with hot water, dried and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Dimethylketonc 197 Dinitroaniline Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry, especially as a reagent for nickel. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethylketone. See Acetone. Dimethylnitrobenzene. lene. See Nitroxy- Dimethylnitrobenzol. See Nitroxylene. Dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine* (Para-aminodimethylaniline) C6H 4 NH2N(CH 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: Brown, crystal- line mass. Constants: Melting-point 4iC; boil- ing-point 257C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and benzene. Derivation: A solution of sodium ni- trite is slowly run into a solution of dimethyaniline in hydrochloric acid and water mixed with chopped ice. The nitrosodimethylaniline is re- duced with zinc dust. It is then fil- tered and the filtrate, after concen- tration, is mixed with caustic soda and extracted with benzol and crystal- lized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dimethylpiperazine. See Lupetazin. Dimethylpyridine. See Lutidine. Dimethyl Sulfate* (Methyl sulfate) (CH 3 ) 2 S0 4 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; very poisonous! Constants: Specific gravity 1.3516; melt- ing-point -ioC.; boiling-point i88C. Soluble in alcohol; very slightly solu- ble in water. Derivation: By adding fuming sulfuric acid to methyl alcohol and distilling in vacuo. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Methylating agent for amines and phenols; military poison gas in the late war. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Dimethyl Sulfide. See Methyl sulfide. Dimethyltrithiocarbonate* CSs(CH3)2. A military poison gas used in the late war. Dimethylxanthine. See Theobromine and Theophylin. Dimethylenemethane, Alpha-. See Flu- orene. Dmaphthyl-meta-phenylenediamine C 6 H4(NHCioH 7 )2 1:3. Color and properties: Colorless nee- dles. Constants: Melting-point igiC. Sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water and ether. Derivation: By heating meta-phenyl- enediamine with beta-naphthol and subsequent extraction with alcohol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dinitroaminophenol. See Acid picramic. Dinitroaniline* Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.615; melting-point 187.5 -i88C. Slightly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water. Derivation: By the nitration of para- nitraniline with hot mixed acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion, Dinitrobenzene 198 Dinitrotoluene Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dinitrobenzene* (Dinitrobenzol) C6H 4 (N0 2 )2. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Para- 1-587 37a-373C 299 C Constants: M *a- Ortho- Specific gravity 1.546 1.565 Melting-point 89.9 1179 Boiling-point 302.8 319 Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By nitration of nitrobenz- ene with hot mixed acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Dinitrobenzol. See Dinitrobenzene. Dinitrobenzyldisulfonic Acid. See Acid dinitrobenzyldisulfonic. Dinitrochlorobenzene* (Dinitrochloro- benzol) C 6 H 3 (NO 2 ) 2 C1. Color and properties: Colorless needles Constants: Specific gravity 1.69; melt- point 37.i-53C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the chlorination of di- nitrobenzene. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels. Uses: DyestufFs; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dinitrochlorobenzol. See Dinitrochloro- benzene. Dinitronaphthalene* Ci H 6 (NO 2 ) 2 (a) 1:5 (b) 1:8. Color and properties: (a) Yellowish- white needles; (b) Yellowish-white, thick, crystalline tablets. Constants: Melting-point (a) 2i7C.; (b) i~2 C. (a) Sparingly soluble in pyridine; (b) Soluble in pyridine. Derivation: By dissolving alpha-nitro- naphtbalene in sulfuric acid and add- ing nitric acid. The solution is heated to So-goC. and cooled. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Dinitrophenol* (Alpha-dinitrophenol) C 6 H 3 OH(N0 2 ) 2 ; (a) 2:3; (b) 2:4; (c) 2:6. Color and properties: Yellow crystal- line tablets. (a) (c) (b) .... 1.683 I44C H4-iisC 6i.78C Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By heating phenol with dilute sulfuric acid, cooling the product, and then nitrating, keeping the temperature below soC. (b) By nitration with mixed acid with very careful temperature control. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs, especially sulfur col- ors; picric acid; picramic acid. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Dinitrostilbenesulfonic Acid. See Acid dinitrostilbenesulfonic. Dinitrotoluene* ( Dinitrotoluol) CH 3 CH 3 (N0 2 ) 2 (a)2: 4 ; (b) 3 :4; Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: () 0>) (c) Specific gravity 1.3208 1.33 .... Melting-point To.jC 6iC i.sC Dinitrotoluol 199 Dioxynaphthalene Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By nitration of nitrotol- uene with hot nitrosulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic syntheses; toluidins; tolidins; dyestuffs; explosives. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Dinitrotoluol. See Dinitrotoluene. Dionin* (Ethylmorphine hydrochloride) Ci 9 H23N0 3 HC1.2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystal- line powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I25C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on ethylmorphine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diopside. A natural calcium-magne- sium silicate, CaMg(SiOs)2. California and Georgia. Diorite. A granitoid rock composed es- sentially of hornblende and feldspar which is mostly or wholly plagioclase, with accessory biotite and (or) augite. Minute grains of magnetite and titanite may be visible. Quartz may be pres- ent in considerable amount, in which case the rock is called quartz diorite. Quarried for crushed rock in the Dis- trict of Columbia, Virginia and many other states. Diosma. See Buchu. Dioxyanthraquinone, 1:2. See Alizarine. Dioxyanthraquinone, 1:4. ; See Quina- zarin. Dioxyanthraquinone* (Anthrarufine) Ci 4 H 6 2 (OH)2 1:5. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line tablets. Constants: Melting-point 28oC. Soluble in alcohol; very sparingly solu- ble in water. Derivation: By heating anthraquinone* with boric acid and sulfuric anhy- dride. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: (Dioxyanthraquinone 1:8; Chrysazine.) Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxyanthraquinone (Chrysazine) Ci4H 6 2 (OH)2 1:8. Color and properties: Reddish-brown needles. Constants: Melting-point I9IC. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From dinitroanthraqui- none (1:8) by reduction and subse- quent diazotization. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxybenzene, Meta-. See Resorcin. Dioxybenzol, Meta-. See Resorcin. Dioxynaphthalene* CioHe(OH)2 1:2. Color and properties: Silvery plates. Constants: Melting-point 6oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By reduction of beta- naphthoquinone with sulfurous acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene 200 Dioxynaphthalene Dioxynaphthalene* (Naphthoresorcin) CioHu(OH) 2 1:3.. Color and properties: Transparent, crystalline plates. Constants: Melting-point 124 'C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating naphthalene- disulfonic acid (1:3) with dilute acids at 23OC. Under pressure. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* Ci H 6 (9H) 2 1:5. Color and properties: White needles. Constants: Melting-point 26oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By fusing naphthalenedi- sulfonic acid (1:5) with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* Ci H 6 (OH) 2 1 :6. Color and properties: White crystal- line plates. Constants: Melting-point I36C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By fusing naphthalenedi- sulfonic acid (1:6) with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden, casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* CioH 6 (OH) 2 1:7. Color and properties: Fine white needles. Constants: Melting-point I58C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By fusing naphthalenedi- sulfonic acid (1:7) with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* CioH 6 (OH) 2 i :8. Color and properties: White needles or plates. Constants: Melting-point I38C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From naphthosulfone by fusion with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* Ci H 6 (OH) 2 2:3. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point i6oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From beta-naphtholdisul- fonic acid R by fusion with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* Ci Ho(OH) 2 2:6. Color and properties: White, crystal- line plates. Constants: Melting-point 2i6C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From beta-naphthol-beta- sulfonic acid by fusion with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs; Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxynaphthalene* Ci H 6 (OH) 2 2:7. Color and properties: Long, white, crystalline needles or plates. Constants: Melting-point i86C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: From beta-naphtholsul- fonic acid F by fusion with caustic soda. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Dioxystearic 201 Diphenylamine Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dioxystearic Acid. See Acid dioxy- stearic. Dioxystearinic Acid. See Acid dioxy- stearic. Dioxysuccinic Acid. See Acid dioxy- succinic. Dioxytoluene. See Orcin. Dioxytoluol. See Orcin. Dioxytriphenylphthalide. phthalein. See Phenol- Dip Oil.* A 25 per cent crude carbolic acid used to manufacture cattle-dips and disinfectants. Di-para-aminodimethoxydiphenyl. Dianisidine. See Di-para-tolyl-meta-phenylcnediaminc* C 6 H4(NHC 7 H7)2 1:3- Color and properties: Long needles. Constants: Melting-point I37C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating resorcin and para-toluidine in presence of zinc chloride. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: W O( te n kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Di-para-tolylnaphthalenediaminc* CioH6(NHC 7 H 7 )2 2:7. Color and properties: Fine needles. Constants: Melting-point 237 C. Sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating dioxynaphtha- lene (2:7) with para-toluidine and para-toluidine hydrochloride. Method of purification. Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dipcntene* (Diamylene; Cinene; Inactive limonene; Dipentine; Cajeputene; Kautschin) CioHie. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant, lemon-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.85; boil- ing-point i8i-i82C. Miscible with alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From various ethereal oils, particularly Levant wormseed oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dipenteneglycol. See Terpin hydrate. Dipentine. See Dipentene. Diphcnyl* Color and properties: White scales; pleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9845; melting-point 70 C.; boiling-point 255 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By slowly passing ben- zol through a red hot iron tube, (b) By heating bromobenzene and so- dium, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphenylamine* (Phenylaniline) (C 6 H 5 ) 2 NH. Color and properties: Colorless tg grayish crystals, Diphenylethylene 202 Diphenylurea Constants: Specific gravity 1.159; melting-point 52.85 C.; boiling-point 3ioC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating equal formula weights of aniline and aniline hydro- chloride in an autoclave. The prod- uct is boiled with dilute hydro- chloric acid to remove the unaltered aniline, and the residue is distilled. Method of purification: Crystalliza- ation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphenylethylene. See Stilbene. Diphenylchloroarsine* (CeHs^AsCl. A military poison gas used in the late war. Diphenylcyanoarsine* A military poison gas used in the late war. Diphenylimide. See Carbazol. Diphenylketone. See Benzophenone. Diphenyl-meta-phenylenediamine* C 6 H4(NHC 6 H5)2 1:3- Color and properties: Flat crystalline needles. Constants: Melting-point 95C. Soluble in hot alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating resorcin with aniline in presence of calcium chlo- ride and zinc chloride. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphenylmethane* (Benzylbenzene) (C 6 H 6 ) 2 CH2. Color and properties: Long colorless needles. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0056; melt- ing-point 26.5 C.; boiling-point 264.7 Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By condensation of two formula weights of benzol with alde- hydes or of one formula weight of aromatic aldehyde with one of benzol under the influence of concentrated sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphenylnaphthylenediamine* Ci H 6 (NHC 6 H5) 2:7. Color and properties: Silvery, crystal- line plates. Constants: Melting-point 164 C. Slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating dioxynaphtha- lene with aniline and aniline hydro- chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphenyl Oxide* (C 6 H 5 )2O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0728; melt- ing-point 27 C.; boiling-point 25QC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the oxidation of di- phenyl with chromic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphenylurea* (Carbanilide) (NHC 6 H5)CO(NHC6H 5 ). Color and properties: Colorless prisms. Constants: Melting-point 235C; boil- ing-point 260 C. Diphosgene 203 Dogwood Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From aniline and phenyl- cyanate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diphosgene. See Trichloromethylchloro- formate. Dipotassium Ortho-phosphate. See Potassium phosphate. Dippel's Oil. See Bone oil. Dipping Acid. See Acid sulfuric. Dipropylenediamine. See Lupetazin. Dipropylmethane. See Heptane. Dipterix. See Tonka. Diresorcin* (Tetroxydiphenyl) (OH) 2 C 6 H 3 :C6H3(OH) 2 . Color and properties: White crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point 310 C. Soluble in hot water and alcohol. Derivation: By fusing resorcin and phenol with caustic soda. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Diresorcinphthalein. See Fluorescein. Disodium Ortho-phosphate. See So- dium phosphate. Disodium Pyrophosphate. See Sodium phosphate. Disthene. See Cyanite, Ditaine* (Echitamine.) C 22 H 28 N 2 O4.4H 2 O. Color and properties: White, thick, glistening, crystalline alkaloid; poi- sonous. Constants: Melting-point 2o6'C. Soluble in water and alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction from the bark of Alstonia scholaris. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. <* Dithymol Diiodide. See Thymol iodide. Divanadyl Tetrachloride. See Vanadium chloride. Divi Divi Fruit. Derivation: The fruit of a West Indian tree, Caesalpinia copiaria. Forms very thin pods about 3 inches in length. Grades: Technical. Containers: Burlap bags. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Extract Divi Divi. Djamboe. See Guava. Dog-fish Oil. See Shark oil. Dog-grass. See Triticum. Dog-tooth Spar. See Calcite. Dogwood* (Cornus florida; Flowering dogwood). Derivation: Root bark of Cornus florida. Habitat: Eastern United States and Ontario. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dolomite 204 Dyscrasite Dolomite. A natural carbonate of cal- cium and magnesium, (Ca, Mg)COs. Alabama, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Rhode Island, Tennessee and Virginia. Dolphin Oil. See Porpoise oil. Donovan's Solution. Solution of arse- nous and mercuric iodides. Dover's Powder. Derivation: Powdered ipecac and opium together with powdered milk sugar. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dragon's Blood. See Gum dragon's blood. Drop Chalk. See Calcium carbonate. Drumstick. See Cassia fistula. Dryopteris. See Aspidium. Dufrenoysite. A natural sulfarsenide of lead, Pb2As2S5. Arizona and Idaho. Dulcin. See Dulcite. Dulcite* (Dulcitol; Melampyrit; Dulcin; Dulcose; Euonymit) CeHgCOH^. Color and properties: White, glistening crystals; slightly sweet taste. Constants: Melting-point i88-i8g C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: A sugar from Melampyrum nemorosum. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Dulcitol. See Dulcite. Dulcose. See Dulcite. Duotal. See Guaiacol carbonate. Durene* (Durol; Symmetrical tetra- methylbenzene) Ce^CCHs)^ Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; camphor-like odor. Constants: Melting-point 79-8iC.; boiling-point i89-i9iC. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By heating ortho-xylene arid methyl chloride in presence of aluminum chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Durol. See Durene. Dutch Drops. See Linseed oil, Sulfu- rated and terebinthinated. Dutch Liquid. See Ethylene chloride. Dutch Metal. A cheap imitation of gold- leaf made of an alloy of copper and zinc. Dutch Oil. See Linseed oil, Sulfurated and terebinthated. Dwarf Bay. See Mezereum. Dwarf Elder. See Ebulus. Dyer's Saffron. See Carthannis. Dyscrasite. A variable, natural silver antimonide, including Ag2Sb. Arizona. Eagle Vine 205 Egg Yolk E Eagle Vine. See Condurango. Earth, Diatomaceous. See Kieselgur. Earth, Infusorial. See Kieselgur. Earth-nut Oil. See Peanut oil. Earth, Siliceous. See Kieselgur. Earth Wax. See Ceresin. East Indian Balmony. $ee Chirata. Eau de Javelle. See Javelle water. Eau de Labarraque. See Sodium hypo- chiorite. Ebonite.* Black, hard, vulcanized rubber used for valves, faucets, pipes, electrical equipment, fountain-pens, toilet articles, handles, etc., made from the cheaper grades of rubber. Ebulus (Blood elder: bloodwort; Dwarf elder). Derivation: Fruit, herb and root of Sambucus ebulus. Habitat: Europe. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ecboline. See Cornutine. Echinacea* (Cone flower; Black samp- son; Purple cone flower. Derivation: Root of Echinacea angusti- folia. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eehitamine. See Ditaine. Eclipse. See Benzopurpurine. Ecgonine* Color and properties: White, crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point io8C. Soluble in water and alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By decomposition of co- caine with hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ecgonine Hydrochloride* C 9 Hi 5 N0 3 HCl. Color and properties: White, crystal- line tablets; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 246 C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on ecgonine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Edible Oils, Vegetable or animal oils, containing not over o.i per cent of free fatty acid, used for food purposes (cook- ing, salad-dressing and manufacture of oleomargarine or other butter substi- tutes), such as butter oils, deodorized oils, margarine oils, salad oils. Edinol. A photographic developer com- posed of aminosaligenineacetone sulfite, potassium hydroxide and potassium bromide. Egg Oil. See Egg yolk. Egg Yolk.* (Egg oil). Derivation: From the eggs of hens, ducks and geese. The yolks are sep- arated from the whites and the yolks are then mixed with common salt; Eglestonite 206 Elemi Oil sometimes a small amount of borax is added as a preservative. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Leather dressing; bakeries; soap; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. A natural mecury oxy- Texas. Eglestonite. chloride, H Egyptian Privet. See Henna. Eikonogen* (Sodium salt of amino-beta- naphthol-beta-monosulfonic acid) Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- dium carbonate and amino-beta- naphthol-beta-monosulfonic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photographic developer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Elastica. See Rubber. Elaterin* Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point 2i6C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloro- form and benzol. Derivation: From the juice of Echal- lium elaterium. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Elaterinum, U. S. P. See Elaterin. Elaterium (White, English or Clutter- buck's elaterium). Color and^ properties: Grayish-green, flat or slightly curled small pieces or powder. Derivation: Sediment from the juice of Ecballium elaterium. Partially soluble in hot alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Elayl Chloride. See Ethlyene chloride. Elder. See Sambucus. Elder, Blood. See Ebulus. Elder, Dwarf. See Ebulus. Elecampane. See Inula. Elecampane Camphor. See Helenin. Electrolon* (Silicon carbide) SiC. Color and properties: Green to bluish- black, irridescent, porous, crystalline, sharp-grained platelets or mass. Constants: Specific gravity 3.12-3.20. Derivation: By heating a mixture of coke, sand, shale and sawdust in the electric furnace. Grades: Grains, from 10 mesh to finest powders. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Abrasive; grindstones; hones, sharpening-stones; anti-slip pave- ments; grinding wheels; refractories. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Electmm. A natural alloy of gold and silver containing approximately 40 per cent of silver. California and Nevada. Elemi. See Gum elemi. Elemi OU. Color and properties: An almost color- less, liquid oil; agreeable aromatic odor and taste. Chief known constituent: Dipentene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.870-0.910. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from Manila Elcuthera 207 Emplastrum Resinae elemi, an oleoresin of uncertain botanical origin. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eleuthera Bark. See Cascarilla. Elfwort. See Cascarilla. Elixir Aromaticum, U. S. P. Aromatic Elixir. Elixir Glycyrrhizae, U. S. P. Elixir of glycyrrhiza. Elixir of Vitrol. See Acid sulfuric, Aro- matic. Elm. See Ulmus. Eluteria Bark. See Cascarilla. Embelia. Derivation: Dried fruit of Embelia ribes or Embelia robusta. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Embolite. A natural chlorobromide of silver, Ag(ClBr). Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Emerald Green. See Copper acetoarsen- ate. Emery. Derivation: An impure natural corun- dum(Al2Os). Canada, Massachu- setts, New York, Virginia, Europe and Asia Minor. Grades: According to degree of fine- ness. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Abrasive. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Emetic Root See Euphorbia corollata. Emetin.* Derivation: Purified extract of the res- inoid from root Cephaelis ipecac- uanha. Color and properties: Yellowish-brown, light lumps. Soluble in water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; dentistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Emetinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P. See Emetine. Emetine* C 3 oH 4 oN2O 5 . Color and properties: Whitish, pulveru- lent mixture of alkaloids; very bitter taste; darkens on exposure to light; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 62-65C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction and crystalli- zation from root of Cephaelis ipecac- uanha. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; dentistry; the hydro- chloride is extensively used. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Emplastrum Belladonna, U. S. P., B. P. Belladonna plaster. Emplastrum Cantharidis, U. S. P., B. P. Cantharides plaster. Emplastrum Capsici, U. S. P. Capsicum plaster. Emplastrum Elasticum, U. S. P. Rub- ber plaster. Emplastrum Plumbi, U. S. P., B. P. Lead plaster. Emplastrum Resins, U. S. P., B. P. Rosin plaster. Emplastrum Sinapis 208 Ergot Oil Emplastrum Sinapis, U. S. P. Mustard plaster. Emussum Amygdalae, U. S. P. Emul- sion of almond. Emulsum Asafcetidae, U. S. P. Emul- sion of asafetida. Emulsum Olei Morrhuae, U. S. P. Emul- sion of cod liver oil. Emulsum Olei Terebinthinae, U. S. P., B. P. Emulsion of oil of turpentine. Enargite. A natural copper sulfarsen- ide, CusAsS4. Contains 48.4 per cent copper. Colorado, Montana, Nevada, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Utah. Endlichite. See Vanadinite. New Mex- ico. Eosine* C2oH 8 Br 4 O 5 . Color and properties: Red, crystalline powder. Soluble in alcohol and acetic acid; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By the bromination of fluorescein. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Dyeing silk, cotton and wool; making red writing ink. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ephedrine* Ci Hi 5 NO. Color and properties: Colorless crys' tals. Constants: Boiling-point 225C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from the leaves of Ephedra helvetica and crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard : None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Epigaea* (Trailing arbutus, Gravel plant, Ground laurel). Derivation: Leaves of Epigaea repens. Habitat: U. S. (Florida to Michigan and northwards). Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Epsom Salt. See Magnesium sulfate. Epsomite. A natural, hydrous mag- nesium sulfate MgSO4-7H2O. New Mexico, Tennessee and Wyoming. Equisetum* (Horsetail, Field horsetail, Bottlerush). Derivation: Whole plant of Equisetum aryense and of Equisetum hyemale. Habitat: Northern Europe, Asia and North America (south to Virginia and California). Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; polishing agent for tinware. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ergot (Secale cornutum, Spurred rye). Derivation: Sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea. Habitat: Europe; cultivated in Spain and Russia. Grades: Spanish; Russian; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; ergot oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ergot Oil.* Color and properties: Brown, liquid, fixed oil. Chief constituents: Cholesterin, tri- glycerides of olein and palmitin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.924. Soluble in alcohol and alkaline solu- tions; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the ergot of rye, Claviceps purpurea, by extraction with alcohol, and evaporation of the latter. Method of purification: Distillation. Ergota 209 Eserine Grades : Technical. Containers: Tins: glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ergota, U. S. P., B. P. See Ergot. Ergotinine* Color and properties: Yellowish, crys- talline alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 205 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction of sclerotium of ergot, Claviceps purpurea and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ericin. See Mesotan. Erigeron* (Fleabane, Horseweed, Scabi- ous). Derivation: Leaves and tops of Erig- eron canadensis. Habitat: Northern and central U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Erigeron Oil* (Oil of fleabane). Color and properties: Pale, yellow, limpid liquid; darkening and thicken- ing with age and exposure; peculiar aromatic, persistent odor; aromatic, slightly pungent taste. Chief known constituents: D-limonene; terpineol; esters. Constants: Specific gravity 0.850; boil- ing-point i75-i8o C.; optical rota- tion: +45. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the fresh, flowering herb of Erigeron cana- dense. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eriodictyon* (Yerba santa; Consump- tives' weed; Bear's weed; Mountain balm; Gum plant). Derivation: Dried leaves of Eriodictyon californicum. Habitat: California. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations 1 *: None. Erubescite. See Bornite. Erythraea* (European centaury; Bitter herb; Bloodwort). Derivation: Leaves and tops of Ery- thaea centaurium. Habitat: Europe and United States. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Erythrite (Cobalt bloom). A natural hydrous cobalt arsenate, Co3As2Og.- 8HaO, of a purple-pink color. Found in the oxidized parts of cobalt and arsenic bearing veins. California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Nevada, Ontario. Ery thro sine.* Derivation: A dyestuff prepared by the iodization of fluroescein. Grades: Dependent on strength of dye- stuff. Containers: Wooden kegs; tin cans. Uses: Textile and leather dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Erythroxylon. Cee Coca. Eserine. See Physostigmine. Eserine-Pilocarpine. See Physostigmine- pilocarpine. Esparto 210 Ether, Cocoic Esparto. A grass with a tough fibre, cultivated in Spain, and used chiefly for cordage and papermaking. Essence of Mirbane. See Nitrobenzene. Essence of Niobe. See Methyl benzoate. Estragon Oil. Color and properties: Clear, colorless oil; peculiar odor; aromatic taste. Chief known constituent: Para-meth- oxyallylbenzene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.906 to 0.932; optical rotation: 5 15' to 8 10' Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the herb, Artemisa dracunculus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethal. See Cetyl alcohol. Ethanediamine. See Oxamine. Ethanethiolic Acid. See Acid thio- acetic. Etching Ink. See Diamond ink. Ether* (Sulfuric ether; Anesthesia ether; Ethyl ether; Ethyl oxide) (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O. Color and properties: Very light, trans- parent, colorless, volatile, exceedingly inflammable, mobile liquid; pleasant aromatic odor. Note: Have no flames or sparking electrical equip- ment anywhere that ether is being used! Constants: Specific gravity 0.71994; melting-point -ii6.2C; boiling- point 34.97 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on ethyl alcohol, followed by distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P.; C. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles; tin cans. Uses: Manufacture of smokeless pow- der; medicine; anesthetic; organic synthesis; solvent; analytical chem- istry. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ether, Acetic. See Ethyl acetate. Ether, Acetolsalicylic. See Salacetol. Ether, Amyl. See Amyl oxide. Ether, Amylic. See Amyl oxide. Ether, Amylacetic. See Amyl acetate. Ether, Anesthesia. See Ether. Ether, Benzoic. See Ethyl benzoate. Ether, Beta-naphtholmethyl. See Naph- tholmethyl ether, Beta-. Ether, Beta-naphthylmethyl. See Naph- thylmethyl ether, Beta-. Ether, Bromic. See Ethyl bromide. Ether, Butyric. See Ethyl butyrate. Ether, Capric. See Etftyl caprate. Ether, Caprinic. See Ethyl caprate. Ether, Caproic. See Ethyl caproate. Ether, Capronic. See Ethyl capronate. Ether, Caprylic. See Ethyl caprylate. Ether, Carbanilic. See Euphorin. Ether, Carbonic. See Ethyl carbonate. Ether, Chloroformic. See Ethyl chloro- carbonate. Ether, Cinnamic. See Ethyl cinnamate. Ether, Cocoic. See Ethyl cocoinate. Ether, Cocoinic 211 Ethyl Acetoacetate Ether, Cocoinic. See Ethyl cocoinate. Ether, Cognac. See Ethyl cocoinate. Ether, Diacetic. See Ethyl acetoacetate. Ether, Diamyl. See Amyl oxide. Ether, Diethylcarbonic. See Ethyl car- bonate. Ether, Ethyl. See Ether. Ether, Formic. See Ethyl formate. Ether, Hydriodic. See Ethyl iodide. Ether, Hydrobromic. See Ethyl brom- ide. Ether, Hydrocyanic. See Ethyl cyanide. Ether, Isobutyric. See Ethyl butyrate, Iso. Ether, Methenyltriethyl. See Ethyl formate, Ortho-. Ether, Nitric. See Ethyl nitrate. Ether, Nitrous. See Nitrous ether. Ether, Oenanthic. See Oenanthic ether. Ether, Ortho-formic. See Ethyl for- mate, Ortho-. Ether, Ozonized. See Hydrogen perox- ide, ethereal solution. Ether, Petroleum. See Petroleum ether. Ether, Pyroacetic. See Acetone. Ether, Quininecarbonic. See Equinine. Ether, Sulfuric. See Ether. Ethidene Bichloride. See Ethylidene chloride. Ethiops Mineral. See Mercuric sulfide, Black. Ethol. See Cetyl alcohol. Ethoxybenzidine (Diaminotheoxydi- phenyl) C 6 H4NH2:C6H3(OC2H5)NH 2 . Color and properties: Glistening, flat needles. Constants: Melting-point I35C. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating ethpxybenzi- dine monosulfonic acid, obtained from benzeneazophenetolsulfonic acid, with water in an autoclave. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Acetate* (Acetic ether; Vinegar naphtha) CH 8 COaC 2 H5. Color and properties: Colorless, fra- grant, inflammable liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9003; melting-point -82.4 C; boiling-point 7M5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating acetic acid and ethyl alcohol in presence of sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; solvent; organic syn- thesis; flavoring; perfumery. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ethylacetic Acid. See Acid butyric. Ethyl Acetoacetate* (Diacetic ether) nyl Acetoacetate* (Diaci CH 3 COCH 2 COOC2H 5 . Ethyl Alcohol 212 Ethylaniline Color and properties: Colorless liquid 1 , fruity odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0212; melting-point -80 C; boiling-point i8o-i8i*C. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of metallic sodium on ethyl acetate and acetic acid, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; antipyrine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Alcohol* (Grain alcohol; Fermen- tation alcohol; Cologne spirit; Spirits of wine) C 2 H 5 OH. Color and properties: Colorless, lim- pid, volatile liquid; ethereal, vinous odor; pungent taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.78510; melting-point -H2.3C.; boiling-point 78.4C. Soluble in water, methyl alcohol and ether. Derivation: Alcohol is prepared by fermentation of the sugars derived from starch by conversion with di- astase, or of molasses, etc. Yeasts (saccharomycetes) decompose them into alcohol and carbon dioxide. When yeast is added to a solution of cane sugar, hydrolysis into dextrose and levulose first occurs, followed by the immediate decomposition of the dextrose and levulose by the enzyme of the starch into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The alcohol is separated from the water and other products of fermentation by distillation and puri- fied by further fractional distillation. The manufacture of ethyl alcohol from wood waste and from waste liquors of the sulfite pulp process is being carried on commercially on a small scale. Impurities: Higher alcohols, empyreu- matic substances, esters, etc.. Method of purification: Filtration through wood-charcoal or bone-black and repeated distillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. (the phar- macopoeia permits I per cent water) ; B. P.; absolute alcohol (an alcohol which has been dehydrated to 99.8 per cent by distillation with a water- removing substance, such as lime, so- dium, etc.); proof spirit (U. S.: a di- lute alcohol containing 42.52 per cent of alcohol by weight, or 50 per cent by volume; Gt. Britain: a dilute al- cohol containing 49.24 per cent of al- cohol by weight or 57.06 per cent by volume); , under-proof (U.P.) and overproof spirit (O.P.) spirit are re- spectively weaker and stronger than proof spirit: denatured alcohol (an alcohol rendered unfit for human con- sumption by the addition of methyl alcohol, pyridine or other authorized denaturant); rectified spirit (an al- cohol containing 95 or more per cent of pure alcohol) ; Cologne spirit (a very pure distillate containing 95 to 96 per cent of alcohol). Containers: Barrels; iron drums; tank cars; carboys; tin cans; wooden bar- rels. Uses: Organic synthesis; explosives; perfumes; food extracts; medicine; preserving anatomical specimens; sol- vent; fuel; liquors and liqueurs; prep- aration of tinctures for pharmaceu- tical purposes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ethylaniline* (Monoethylaniline) C 2 H 5 NH.C 5 H6. Color and properties: Colorless liquid, becoming brown on exposure to light. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9631; melting-point 8oC.; boiling-point 200 \^, Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water and ether. Derivation: By heating aniline and ethyl alcohol in presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylbenzene 213 Ethyl Butyratc Ethylbenzene* (Ethylbenzol) C 6 H 5 C 2 H5. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.867; melting-point 94 C.; boiling-point I36C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating benzol and ethyl chloride in presence of alumi- num chloride, with subsequent dis- tillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Benzoate* (Benzoic ether) Color and properties: Colorless, aro- matic liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0509; melting-point 32.7 C.] boiling-point 2I2.9C Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in hot water. Derivation: By heating ethyl alcohol and benzoic acid in presence of sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring extracts; "Peau d'Es- pagne" perfumery; "Essence of Niobe." Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylbenzol. See Ethybenzene. Ethylbenzoylecgonine. See Cocaethy- line. Ethylbenzylanilin* Color and properties: Clear colorless oil. Constants: Specific gravity 1.034; boiling-point 286C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating monoethyl aniline, benzyl chloride and aqueous caustic soda, with subsequent distil- lation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dyestuffs; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Bromide* (Monobromoethane, Hydrobromic ether, Bromic ether) C 2 H 5 Br. Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable, volatile liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.4384; melting-point -ii5oC.; boiling-point 38.4 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: Red phosphorus is added to absolute ethyl alcohol, bromine is then slowly added to the mixture which is then distilled. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ethyl Butyrate* (Butyric ether) C 3 H 7 C0 2 C 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless vola- tile liquid; pine-apple-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8788; melting-point -93-3 C.; boiling-point 1 20.6 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are heated together in presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent dis- tillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades : Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring extracts. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Butyrate* (Isobutyric ether) (CH 3 ) 2 CHCOOC 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid. Ethyl Caprate 214 Ethyl Carbonate Constants: Specific gravity 0.889; boiling-point iio-iiiC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating isobutyric acid and ethyl alcohol, with subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic syntrTesis; flavoring extracts. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Caprate* (Capric ether, Caprinic ether; Ethyl caprinate) C 9 Hi 9 COOC 2 H5. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; fragrant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.870; boil- ing-point 243 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating capric acid, absolute alcohol and sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufactur- ing wine-bouquet and cognac essence. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Caprinate. See Ethyl caprate. Ethyl Caproate* (Ethyl capronate; Ca- proic ether; Capronic ether) C 5 HiiCOOC 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless to yel- lowish liquid; pleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.872; boil- ing-point 167 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating absolute al- cohol, normal caproic acid in pres- ence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Capronate. See Ethyl caproate. Ethyl Caprylate* (Ethyl octoate; Capry- hc ether) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 COOC 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pineapple odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.873; melt- ing-point -48 C.; boiling-point 205- 206^ Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating caprylic acid alcohol and sulfuric acid, with sub- sequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Carbamate* (Urethane; Ethylure- thane) CO(NH 2 )OC 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; odorless; saltpeter-like taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9862; melting-point 49C.; boiling-point i8oC. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. Derivation: By heating ethyl alcohol and urea. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Carbonate* (Carbonic ether; Die- thylcarbonic ether) (C 2 H 5 ) 2 COa. Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable liquid; pleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.978; boil- ing-point I26C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the heating of ethyl iodide and silver carbonate, with sub- sequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ethyl Chloride 215 Ethylic Ethyl Chloride* (Monochlorethane; Kelene; Chelene) C 2 H 5 C1. Color and properties: Gas at ordinary temperature; compressed colorless, highly inflammable, volatile liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9214; melting-point 140.85 C; boiling- point I2.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By-product in the manufacture of chloral, (b) By pass- ing hydrogen chloride into a solution of zinc chloride and ethyl alcohol. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Steel cylinders; small glass tubes. Uses: Medicine; local anesthetic; den- tistry; organic synthesis; refrigera- tion. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red (Gas) label. Ethyl Chloridum, B. P. chloride. See Ethyl Ethylcarbonic Acid. See Acid propionic. Ethyl Cinnamate* (Cinnamic ether) C 6 H 5 C 2 H 2 C0 2 C 2 H 5 < Color and properties: Limpid, oily liquid; strawberry-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0546; melt- ing-point I2C.; boiling-point 27iC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble. Derivation: By heating ethyl alcohol and cinnamic acid in presence of sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Extracts. Fire hazard; None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Cocoinate* (Cocoinic ether; Co- coic ether; Cognac ether) Color and properties: Yellow, oily liquid; odor of russet apples. Constants: Specific gravity 0.855. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of dry hy- drochloric acid gas on an alcoholic solution of the fatty acids of cocoa- nut oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring cognac. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Cyanide* (Propionitrile; Propan- enitrile; Hydrocyanic ether) C 2 H 5 CN. Color and properties: Mobile, color- less liquid; etheral odor; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.7799; melting-point 103.5 C.; boiling- point 97.08 C. Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By heating barium-ethyl sulfate and potassium cyanide, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles.- Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyldimethylaminopentanolbenzoyl Hydrochloride. See Stovaine. Ethyl Formate* (Formic ether) HC0 2 .C 2 H 5 . Color and properties: ^Mobile, color- less liquid; peach-kernel odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9231; melting-point 8o.5C; boiling-point 54.05C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating ethyl alcohol with formic acid in presence of sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Flavoring extracts; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Hydroxide. See Ethyl alcohol. Ethylic. See Ethyl. Ethyl Iodide 216 Ethyl Sulfide Ethyl Iodide* (Monolodoethane) CH 8 CH 2 I. Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid; turns brown on exposure to light. Constants: Specific gravity 1.9228; melting-point -uo.9C.; boiling-point 72.34 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By digesting red phos- phorus with absolute ethyl alcohol, after which iodine is added. The mixture is heated under a reflux con- denser and finally distilled. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylmalonic Acid. See Acid ethylma- lonic. Ethylmethyl Ketone. See Methylethyl ketone. Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride. See Di- onin. Ethylmustard Oil. See Ethyl thiocar- bamide. Ethyl Nitrate* (Nitric ether) C 2 H 5 N0 3 . Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable liquid; pleasant odor; sweet taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.116; melt- ing-point U2C.; boiling-point 87.6C. Soluble in alcohol and water; insoluble in^ water. Derivation: By heating alcohol, urea nitrate ^and nitric acid, with subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ethyl Nitrite. See Nitrous ether. Ethyl Octoate. See Ethyl caprylate. Ethyl-ortho-toluidine* C6H4(CH 3 )NH 2 C 2 H5. Color and properties: Colorless oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9534; boiling-point 214 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating ethyl alcohol with ortho-toluidine and hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyl Oxide. See Ether. Ethylphenyl Alcohol* C6H 5 CH 2 CH 2 qH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0235; melting point 27C; boiling-point 259 C.. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of ethyl alcohol and phenol in presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent dis- tillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tin cans and glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylpropionyl. See Diethylketone. Ethyl Sulfide* (Diethyl sulfide) (C 2 H 5 ) 2 S. Color and properties: Colorless, oily liquid; garlic-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.837; melting-point -99.5C.; boiling-point 92-93C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating potassium- ethyl sulfate and potassium sulfide, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Ethylsulfuric Acid 217 Ethylene Chloride Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylsulfuric Acid. See Acid ethybul- furic. Ethylsulfurous Acid. .See Acid ethylsul- furous. Ethyltartaric Acid. See Acid ethyltar- taric. Ethyl Thiocarbimide* (Ethylmustard oil) C 2 H 5 N:CS. Color and properties: Colorless li- quid; pungent odor; inflames the skin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9952, boil- ing-point i3i-i32C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of thio- cyanic ether and phosphorus penta- chloride, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. (Ethyl Urethane. See Urethane. Ethyl Valeriate* C 5 H 9 p 2 C 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant, fruity odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8765; boiling-point I44.5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating valeric acid and ethyl alcohol in presence of sul- furic acid, with subsequent distilla- tion. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Essential oils. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylene* C 2 H 4 . Color and properties: Colorless gas. Constants: Specific gravity 0.5650; melting-point -169 C; boiling-point -I02.5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By passing carbon mo- noxide and hydrogen over finely di- vided nickel or platinum at 100 C. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Organic preparations; produc- tion of mustard gas. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red (Gas) label. Ethylene Alcohol. See Glycol. Ethylene Bromide* (Dibromoethane) CH 2 BrCH 2 Br. Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile, emulsifiable liquid; chloroform- like odor; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 2.189; boil- ing-point I29-I3IC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of bromine on ethylene gas. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylene Chloride* (Dichloroethylene; Dutch liquor; Elayl chloride) CH 2 C1.CH 2 C1. Color and properties: Colorless oily, liquid; garlic-like odor; sweet taste; irritating vapor. Constants: Specific gravity 1,2823; melt- ing-point -35-3C.; boiling-point 83.7 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of chlorine on acetylene, with subsequent distil- lation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drugs; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; anesthetic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylene Cyanide 218 Eucaine, Beta Ethylene Cyanide* (Succinonitrile) C 2 H 4 (CN) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, de- liquescent crystals. Constants: Melting-point 5i-55C.; boiling-point is8 -i6oC. Soluble in alcohol, water and chloro- form. Derivation: By the interaction ethy- lene bromide and potassium cyanide in presence of alcohol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylenediamine* NH 2 CH 2 .CH 2 NH 2 . Color and properties: Volatile, alkaline liquid; ammonia odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.902 C.; boiling-point ii7C. Soluble in water; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By heating ethylene chlor- ide and ammonia, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent for albumin and fibrin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid. See Acid succinic. Ethylene Glycol* (Ethylene alcohol; Glycol; Glycohol alcohol) CH 2 OH.CH 2 OH. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, sirupy liquid; sweet taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.125; melt- ing-point -I2C.; boiling-point I97.37C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From ethylene iodide by silver acetate and saponification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethyleneimine. See Piperazine. Ethylene Monochlorochloride* (Mono- chloroethylene chloride; Monochlor- inated Dutch liquid; Vinyl trichlor- ide) CH 2 C1CH 2 C1 2 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.458; boil- ing-point 114. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of antimony pentachloride on vinyl chloride, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; anesthetic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ethylenenaphthalene. See Acenaph- thene. Ethylenenaphthene. See Acenaphthene. Ethylene Periodide. See Dii'odoform. Ethylene Tetraiodide. See Diiodoform. Ethylic. See Ethyl. Ethylidenediethyl Ether. See Acetal. Ethylidenedimethyl Ether. See Dime- thylacetal. Ethylidenelactic Acid. See Acid lactic. Eucaine,* Beta- (Benzoylvinyldiacetone- alkamine) Ci5H 2 iNO 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 78 C. Derivation: By benzoylating vinyl- diacetonealkamine (prepared from diacetoneamine and paraldehyde and reducing the product). Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eucaine, Beta-, Hydrochloride* (Ben- zoylvinylacetonealkamine hydro- chloride) Ci 5 H 2 iN0 2 .HCl. Eucalyptol 219 Euonymi Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 268C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on beta-eucaine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eucalyptol* (Cineol; Cajeputol) Color and properties: Colorless oil, camphor-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9267; melting-point -i to 3C; boiling- point I76C. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By heating eucalyptus oil with caustic potash and subsequent treatment with sulfuric acid, followed by distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Pharmacy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eucalyptus* (Gum-wood; Australian fever tree; Blue gum tree). Derivation: Dried leaves of Eucalyp- tus globulus. Habitat: Australia; cultivated in the subtropics, Europe, Northern Africa and Southern and Western United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eucalyptus Oil* (Oleum eucalypti). Color and properties: Colorless or faintly yellowish liquid oil; charac- teristic, aromatic, somewhat cam- phoraceous odor; pungent, spicy and cooling taste. Chief known constituents: Phelland- rene, cineal, citral, pinene, terpenes. Constants: Specific gravity 0.850- 0.940. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, or other species of Eucalyptus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flotation process of ore concentration; perfumes; soap. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eucasin (Casein-ammonia). Color and properties: Fine white pow- der. Derivation: By passing ammonia gas over casein. Soluble in warm water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Euchinin. See Euquinone. Eugenic Acid. See Eugenol. Eugenol* (Para-oxy-meta-methoxyallyl- benzene; Eugenic acid; Caryophyllic acid) C 3 H 5 C6H3(OH)OCH3. Color and properties: Colorless or yel- lowish, oily liquid, becomes brown in the air, spicy odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0696; boiling-point 253. 5C. Slightly soluble in alcohol; very slight- ly soluble in water and ether. Derivation: By extraction of clove oil with aqueous potash, liberation with acid and rectification in a stream of carbon dioxide. Method of purification. Redistillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Perfumes; essential oils; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None Euonymi Cortex (Euonymus bark). Derivation: Dried root bark of Euony mus atropurpureus. Euonymit 220 Extractum Cascarae Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Euonymit. See Dulcit. Euonymus* (Wahoo; Arrow wood; In- dian arrow wood; Bitter ash; Burn- ing bush; Strawberry tree; Spindle tree). Derivation: Dried root bark of Euony- mus atropurpureus. Habitat: United States, east of the Mississippi. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Euonymus Bark. See Euonymi cortex. Eupatorium* (Boneset; Thoroughwort). Derivation: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Eupatorium perfoliatum. Habitat: Canada to Florida and west to Texas and Nebraska. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Eupatorium Purpureum* (Trumpet weed; Queen of the meadow; Gravel root; Purple boneset). Derivation: Root of Eupatorium pur- pureum. Habitat: U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Euphorbia Pilulifera (Pill-bearing spurge; Snake weed; Cat's hair; Queensland asthma weed; Flowery head spurge). Derivation: Whole plant, Euphorbia pilulifera. Habitat: Queensland. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Euphorbium (Gum resin Euphorbium). Derivation: Gum resin from Euphor- bia resinfera. Habitat: Morocco. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. European Ash. See Fraxinus excelsior. European Centaury. See Erythaea. European Huckleberry. See Vaccinium. "Explon." Proprietary name for an ab- rasive, made in the electric furnace, similar to carborundum, alundum, etc. Extracta, U. S. P., B. P. Extracts pre- pared according to the requirements of the U. S. and British Pharmacopeias. Extracts, Tanning. These are now pre- pared from nearly all of the tannin substances by extraction with water in specially designed extracting equipment and then evaporating the tannin solu- tion to a thick sirup or even to dry- ness, generally by aid of vacuum. See Chestnut; fustic; sumac; gambier; my- rabolans; larch; hemlock; logwood; mangrove; oak; chestnut-oak; que- bracho; quercitron; young fustic, pal- metto; spruce sulfite; osage orange. Extractum Aconiti, U. S. P. See Aco- nite. Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum, U. S. P., B. P. See Belladonna. Extractum Cannabis, U. S. P. See Can- nabis. Extractum Cascarae Sagradae, U. S. P., P f P. See Cascara sagrada. Extractum Cimicifugae 221 Feldspar Extractum Cimicifugae, U. S. P. See Extractum Hyoscyami, U. S. P., B. P. Cimicifuga. See Hyoscyamus. Extractum Colchici Cormi, U. S. P., Extractum Malti u. s . p. See Malt B. P. See Colcnicum. Extractum Colocynthidis, U. S. P. See Extractum Nucis Vomicae, U. S. P., Colocynth. B - P - See Nux vomica. Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum, Extractum Opii, U. S. P., B. P. See U. S. P., B. P. See Colocynth. Opium. Extractum Ergotae, U. S. P., B. P. See Extractum Phy so S tigmatis, U. S. P. See Er S Qt - Physostigma. Extractum Felis Bovis, U. S. P. See Oxgall. Extractum Rhei, U. S. P., B. P. See Rhubarb. Extractum Felsemii, U. S. P. See Gel- semium. Extractum Stramonii, U. S. P. See Stra- Extractum Gentianae, U. S. P., B. P. See Gentian. _ _ Extractum Sumbul, U. S. P. See Sum- Extractum Glycerrhizae, U. S. P., B. P. bul. See Glycyrrhiza. _, , . _ TT o. T Extractum Taraxaci, U. S. P., B. P. See Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum, U. S. P. Taraxacum See Glycyrrhiza. Extractum Hydrastis, U. S. P., B. P. See Extractum Viburni Prunifolii, U. S. P. Hydrastis. See Viburnum prunifolium. F Acid. See Acid beta-naphthylamine- monosulfonic 2:7. False Bittersweet. See Celastrus. False Grape. See Ampelopsis. False Saffron. See Carthamus. False Unicorn Root. See Aletris. False Winter's Bark. See Canella. Famatinite. A natural copper-antimony sulfide, 3Cu2S.Sb2S 5 . Contains 43.3 per cent copper. Nevada. Fel Bovis, U. S. P. See Oxgall. Fel Bovinum Purificatum, B. P. See Oxgall. Feldspar. A general name for a group of abundant rock-forming minerals, the names and compositions of which are as follows: Orthoclase, a monoclinic potassium-aluminum silicate, K2O.Al2Os6SiO2; varieties are known as adularia and sanidine. Felon-grass 222 Ferri Hydroxidum Microcline, a triclinic variety of the same composition as orthoclase. An- prthoclase, a triclinic feldspar contain- ing both sodium and potassium. Pla- gipclase feldspars are a subgroup of triclinic minerals at one end of which is albite, a sodium-aluminum silicate, Na2O.Al2p36SiO2; and at the other end anorthite, a calcium-aluminum sili- cate, CaO.Al2Os.2SiO2. Mixtures of these two molecules, which may be represented by Ab and Ah, respectively, form: Oligoclase, AbeAni to AbsAn-i. Andesine, AbsAni to Labradprite, AbiAni to Bytpwnite, AbiAns to Celsian is similar to anorthite, but contains barium in place of calcium, BaO.Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 . Hyalophane is a monpclinic form con- taining barium and calcium. Feldspar is found in practically all igneous rocks throughout the United States and Can- ada. Numerous attempts have been made to utilize the potash in feldspar, none of which as yet are permanently commercially successful. Felon-grass. See Imperatoria. Felon-wort. See Imperatoria. Fennel* (Large fennel; Sweet fennel). Derivation: Dried, nearly ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Habitat: Southern Europe and West- ern Asia; widely cultivated. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fennel Oil.* Color and properties: A colorless or pale yellowish liquid; characteristic aromatic odor; sweetish, mild and spicy taste. Chief known constituents: Anethol, fenchone, limonene and phellandrene Constants: Specific gravity 0.965-0.975; boiling-point i6o-22OC.; refractive index 1.525-1.534. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Foeniculum capillaceum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins'; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; liqueurs; perfumery; soap-making. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fennel Flower. See Nigella damascena. Fenugreek (Foenum graecum). Derivation: Seeds of Trigonella. Habitat: Egypt, Asia Minor, France and Germany. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; veterinary medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Ntfne. Ferberite. A natural iron tungstate, FeWO4. Name applied to the wolfra- mites which carry little or no manga- nese. Ferberite contains 76.3 per cent tungsten trioxide, WOg. Colorado and South Dakota. Fergusonite. A natural metacolumbate and tantalate of yttrium, with erbium, cerium, uranium, etc. Found in peg- matites. Texas and Virginia. Fernambuco. See Pernambuco. Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, U. S. P., B. P. Saccharated ferrous carbonate. Ferri Chloridum, U. S. P. See Ferric chloride. Ferri et Ammonii Citras, U. S. P., B. P. Iron-ammonium citrate. Ferri et Potassi Tartras, B. P. See Ferric-potassium tartrate. Ferri et Quininae Citras, U. S. P., B. P. Iron-quinine citrate. Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii Oxido, U. S. P. Ferric hydroxide with magne- sium oxide. Ferri Phosphas 223 Ferric-Ammonium Sulfate Ferri Phosphas, U. S. P. See Ferric phosphate. Ferri Phosphas Saccharatas, B. P. Fer- ric phosphate, Saccharated. Ferri Sulphas, U. S. P., B. P. See Fer- rous sulfate. Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus, U. S. P., B. P. Ferrous sulfate, Dried. Ferri Sulphas Granulatus, U. S. P. Fer- rous sulfate, Granulated. Ferric Acetate* Fe 2 (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 6 . Color and propertied: Brownish-red crystalline scales. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on iron, with subsequent crystal- lization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Textile dyeing; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Acetate, Basic* (Iron acetate, Basic) Fe(C 2 H 3 O 2 )2OH. Color and properties: Red powder. Soluble in alcohol and acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of pyrplig- neous acid or acetic acid on iron, with subsequent crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine; textile industries. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Albuminate* (Iron albuminate). Color and properties: Brown, very stable powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating ferric hydrox- ide with a serum-albumin under pres- sure. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric- Ammonium Citrate* (Iron-am- monium citrate; Ammonioferric cit- rate). Color and properties: Reddish-brown, transparent, hygroscopic crystalline scales; saline taste; deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the addition of citric acid to ferric hydroxide, then adding ammonium hydroxide, followed by Alteration. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; blueprint photog- raphy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric-Ammonium Oxalate (Iron-ammo- nium oxalate; Ammonioferric oxa- late) (NH 4 ) 3 Fe(C 2 4 ) 3 .3H 2 0. Color and properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of am- monium binoxalate and ferric hy- droxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Blueprint photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric- Ammonium Sulfate* (Iron-am- monium sulfate; Ammonioferric sul- fate) FeNH 4 (SO 4 ) 2 .i2H 2 O. Color and properties: Lilac to violet, efflorescent crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By mixing solutions of ferric sulfate and ammonium sulfate, followed by evaporation and crystal- lization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry; textile dyeing. Ferric Benzoate 224 Ferric Citrate Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Benzoate* (Iron benzoate) . Color and properties: Brown powder. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of fer- ric hydroxide and benzoic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers : Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Bichromate* (Iron dichromate; Ferric dichromate) Fe2(Cr2C>7)3. Color and properties: Reddish-brown granules. Soluble in water and acids. Derivation: By heating aqueous chro- mic acid and moist ferric hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Preparation of pigments. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Ferric Bromide* (Ferric tribromide, Ferric sesquibromide, Iron bromide) FeBr 3 . Color and properties: Dark-red, de- liquescent crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Sublimes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of bromine on iron filings. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: ^Medicine; analytical chemistry; bromine salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Chloride* (Ferric trichloride; Iron chloride; Iron sesquichloride; Flores martis; Iron perchloride) (a) FeG 8 ; (b) FeCl s .6H 2 0. Color and properties: Very deliques- cent, orange-yellow crystals. Constants: (a) (b) Specific gravity 2.804 Melting-point 3 oiC 3 7C Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the action of hy- drochloric acid on iron oxides or ferrous carbonate, with subsequent crystallization, (b) By passing chlo- rine into a solution of ferrous chlo- ride, (c) By oxidizing a solution of ferrous chloride with nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P.; sublimed. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis; reagent in analytic chemistry; chlori- nating silver and copper ores; mor- dant in dyeing; purifying factory ef- fluents. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Chloride-Antipyrine. See Fer- ropyrine. Ferric Chromate* (Iron chromate) Fe 2 (Cr0 4 ) 3 . Color and properties: Reddish-brown crystals. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding sodium chro- mate to a solution of a ferric salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Citrate* (Iron citrate) Fe 2 (C 6 H 5 O 7 )2.6H2O. Color and properties: Reddish-brown scales. Keep away from light. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of citric acid on ferric hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; amber glass bottles. Ferric Bichromate 225 Ferric Oxide Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Bichromate. See Ferric bichro- mate. Ferric Ferrocyanide* (Prussian blue, Iron ferrocyanide) Fe4(FpN)e)3. Color and properties: Blue, amor- phous powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of a ferric salt and of po- tassium ferrocyanide. The product is filtered and then dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. . Uses: Paints; inks; dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Hydrate. See Ferric hydroxide. Ferric Hydroxide* (Ferric hydrate; Iron hydrate; Ferric sesquioxide, Hy- drated; Hydrated iron oxide; Hy- drous iron peroxide). Fe(OH)g. Color and properties: Brownish powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3-4-3-9 J melt- ing-point: Loses H 2 O at 500 C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of a ferric salt and of sodium hydroxide, with subsequent filtration and drying. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacturing pigments; rubber industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Nitrate* (Iron nitrate). Fe(N0 3 )3.9H 2 0. Color and properties: Gray-white crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6835; melt- ing-point 47.2 C.; boiling-point: De- composes. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on iron filings, with subsequent crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile industries; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Ferric Malate* (Iron malate). Color and properties: Brown, hygro- scopic crystals. Keep well stoppered. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of ferric hydroxide and malic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad Shipping regulations: None. Ferric Oleate* (Iron oleate). Fe(Ci 8 H 33 2 )3. Color and properties: Brownish-red lumps. Soluble in alcohol, ether and acids; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of ferrous sulfate and sodium oleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; kegs. Uses: Medicine; varnish dryer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Oxide, Black* (Ferrosoferric ox- ide, Magnetic iron oxide, Iron ethi- ops) FeO.Fe 2 O 3 . Color and properties: Reddish-black, amorphous powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, al- cohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By burning iron in an excess of oxygen. (b) Occurs in nature as the mineral magnetite. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy; medicine; pigment; polishing compound. Ferric Oxide 226 Ferric Sesquisulfate Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Oxide, Brown* (Iron oxide, brown; "Iron subcarbonate"; "Iron carbonate, Precipitated") Fe2O3. Color and properties: Reddish-brown powder, containing ferric carbonate with ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)s, and Fe(OH>2 in varying quantities. Not a true oxide. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lution of ferrous sulfate and sodium carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Oxide, Red* (Iron oxide, Red; Iron ore; Indian red; Venetian red; Colcothan; Iron trioxide; Iron sesqui- oxide; Crocus martis; Rouge; Hema- tite). Fe2Os. Color and properties: Dense dark-red powder or lumps. Constants: Specific gravity 5.12-5.24; melting-point 1548 C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Found in nature as hematite ore. (b) By calcining ferrous sulfate or oxalate. (c) By dehydrating ferric hydrox- ide. (d) By-product in some industries. Grades: Technical sold on iron oxide content and covering properties. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Metallurgy; gas purification; paint pigment; polishing compounds; theatrical rouge; grease paints. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Oxide, Hydrated. See Ferric hy- droxide. Ferric Oxide, Magnetic. See Ferric ox- ide, Black. Ferric Peroxide, Hydrous. See Ferric hydroxide. Ferric Persulfate. See Ferric sulfate, Basic. Ferric Phosphate* (Iron phosphate). FePO 4 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.87. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding a solution of sodium phosphate to a solution of ferric chloride. The product is fil- tered and then dried. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric- Potassium Sulfate* (Iron-potas- sium sulfate; Iron alum). Color and properties: Pale-violet crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.806. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By mixing solutions of potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Sesquibromide. See F'erric brom- ide. Ferric Sesquichloride. See Ferric chlor- ide. Ferric Sesquioxide. See Ferric oxide, Red. Ferric Sesquioxide, Hydrated. See Fer- ric hydroxide. Ferric Perchloride. See Ferric chloride. Ferric Sesquisulfate. See Ferric sulfate Ferric-Sodium 227 Ferric Tungstate Ferric-Sodium Oxalate* (Iron-sodium oxalate). Na 3 Fe(C2O4)3.4^H 2 O. Color and properties: Emerald-green crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- dium acid oxalate and ferric hydrox- ide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Stearate* (Iron stearate). Fe(Ci 8 H 35 02)3. Color and properties: Light-brown powder. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of ferrous sulfate and sodium stearate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish dryers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping, regulations: None. Ferric Sulfate* (Iron sulfate; Iron ter- sulfate; Iron sesquisulfatc). (a) Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; (b) Fe 2 (SO 4 )8.9HjO. Color and properties: Grayish-white powder. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point (a) (b) 3.0Q7 2-2.1 Decomposes Decomposes Soluble in water. Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to a solution of ferrous sulfate. Impurities: Ferrous sulfate; water; sul- furic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pigments; medicine; reagent in analytic chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Sulfate, Basic* (Iron sulfate; Fer- ric subsulfate; Monsel's salt; Ferric persulfate). Fe 4 O(SO 4 ) 5 . Color and properties: Yellow, hygro- scopic powder. Derivation: By adding ferrous sulfate to hot dilute sulfuric and nitric acids and boiling until all the nitric acid is driven off and filtering if necessary. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine, in the form of a solu- tion. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Tannate* (Iron tannate). Fe2(Ci 4 H 7 9 )(OH)3. Color and properties: Dark-brown powder. Soluble in alkalis; insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of fer- ric acetate and tannic acid solutions. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Tantalate* (Iron tantalate). Fe 2 (Ta0 4 )3. Color and properties: Grayish-brown powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium tantalate to a solution of a ferric salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Tersulfate. See Ferric sulfate. Ferric Tribromide. See Ferric bromide. Ferric Trichloride. See Ferric chloride. Ferric Trioxide. See Ferric oxide, Red. Ferric Tungstate* (Iron tungstate; Iron wolframate). Fe2(WoO4)3. Color and properties: Brown powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding sodium tung- state to a solution of ferric salt. Grades: Technical. Ferric Vanadate 228 Ferroso-Ferric Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferric Vanadate* (Iron vanadate). FeVO 3 . Color and properties: Grayish-brown powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding a solution of a ferric salt to the liquor obtained by leaching vanadium ores with caustic soda solution or by lixiviating the slags obtained when vanadium ores are fused with soda ash, etc. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferripyrine. See Ferropyrine. Ferro-Carbon-Titanium.* An alloy of iron and titanium containing carbon, sometimes added to steel to make it tougher. Ferro-Cerium* (Auer metal). Pyro- phoric alloys of iron and cerium with other metals of the cerium group ("misch-metall"), used in strike-a-Hghts, cigar lighters, etc. Ferro-Chrome.* Alloys of iron and chromium containing 50 to 65 per cent of chromium and 5 to 9 per cent of carbon. They are added to steel to produce great hardness. Ferro-Chromium. See Ferro-Chrome. Ferre-Magnesite.* Derivation: By dead-burning mag- nesite mixed with iron ore. Uses: Refractory linings for steel and copper furnaces. Ferro-Manganese* (Spiegeleisen). Al- loys of iron and manganese, actually manganese carbide with iron, contain- ing 20 to 80 per cent of manganese and 5 to 7 per cent of carbon, produced from ores or iron and manganese in the blast furnace and extensively used in steel-making for the production of man- ganese steel, non-magnetic steel, and in conjunction with ferro-silicon as a de- oxidizing agent, to prevent blowholes. Ferro-Molybdenum.* Alloys of iron and molybdenum used in steel making for producing hard tool steels and for per- manent magnets. Ferro-Nickel* (Invar). Alloys of iron and nickel containing 25 or more per cent of nickel, used in rheostats and in steel-making for reducing the linear ex- pansion. Ferro-Phosphorus.* Alloys of iron and phosphorus used in steel-making when very thin castings are to be produced, by increasing the fluidity of the metal. Ferropyrine* (Ferripyrine; Ferric chloride-antipyrine; Iron chloride- antipyrine) (CiiHi2N 2 O)3.Fe2Cl6. Color and properties: Red, crystalline powder, containing 64 per cent anti- pyrine, 12 per cent iron and 24 per cent chlorine. Constants: Melting-point 22o-225C. Soluble in water, alcohol and benzol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By mixing ferric chloride and antipyrine solutions and crystal- lizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferro-Silicon.* Alloys of iron and silica containing 30 or more per cent of sili- con; but practically no carbon, used in the production of hydrogen and steel- making in conjunction with ferro-man- ganese as a deoxidizing agent, for converting white cast iron into gray iron. Ferroso-Ferric Oxide. See Ferric oxide, Black. Ferrostyptin 229 Ferrous Carbonate Ferrostyptin (CH 2 )6H 4 .HCl.FeCl8. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point mC. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and ace- tone. Derivation: By the action of formalde- hyde on ferric chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferro-Titanium.* Alloys of iron and titanium used in steel-making for re- moving occluded gases and impurities. Ferro-Tungsten.* Alloys of iron and tungsten containing 65 to 85 per cent of tungsten and i to 2 per cent of carbon, used in steel-making for pro- ducing tool steels, magnet steels and "self-hardening" steels. Ferro-Uranium.* Alloys of iron and uranium containing 35 to 50 per cent of uranium and 1.5 to 4 per cent of carbon, used for making high-speed steels. Ferro-Vanadium*. Alloys of iron and vanadium containing 25 to 40 per cent of vanadium and o to 7 per cent of car- bon, used in steel-making for making steels possessing great strength and ability to resist "fatigue," without de- creasing their ductility. Also used in breaking cast iron. Ferrous- Ammonium Sulfate* (Mohr's salt; Iron-ammonium sulfate) Fe(SO 4 ).(NH4)2SO4.6H 2 O. Color and properties: Light-green crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.865. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By mixing solutions of fer- rous sulfate and ammonium sulfate, followed by evaporation and subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tipn. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry; metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Arsenate* (Iron arsenate) Fe 3 (AsO4) 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Green, amorphous powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of sodium arsenate and ferrous sulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Bromide* (Iron bromide) FeBr 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Reddish, crystal- line powder. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 4.636; melt- ing-point 27 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of bromine on iron filings. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Carbonate* (Iron carbonate; Iron protocarbonate) (a) FeCO 3 ; (b) FeCO 3 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Greenish-brown crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.70-3.87; melting-point 470 C.; boiling-point: Decomposes at 88oC. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Found as such in na- ture (siderite) (b) By precipitation of a solution of a ferrous salt with sodium carbon- ate, yielding a slightly hydrolyzed salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels, Ferrous Chloride 230 Ferrous Sulfate Uses: Iron salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Chloride* (Iron chloride; Iron dichloride; Iron protochloride) (a) FeCl 2 ; (b) FeCl 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Greenish-white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 2.988; (b) 1.93. Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on an excess of iron, with subsequent crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Mordant in dyeing; metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Fluoride* (Iron fluoride) FeF 2 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.09. Soluble in acids; slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of fluorine on iron filings. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Ceramics; manufacturing alkaline fluorides. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Iodide* (Iron iodide; Ferrous protoiodide) FeI 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Crystalline, gray- ish-black masses. Constants: Specific gravity 2.873; melt- ing-point I77C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of iodine on iron filings. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacture of alkali metal iodides. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Oxalate* (Iron oxalate) FeC 2 O 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Pale-yellow, odor- less, crystalline powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of ferrous sulfate and sodium oxalate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; boxes. Uses: Medicine; photographic devel- oper. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous-Potassium Tartrate* (Iron- potassium tartrate). Color and properties: Green powder or black, lustrous scales. Soluble in water and acids; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By mixing the solutions of ferrous tartrate and potassium bi- tartrate, with subsequent crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Protiodide. See Ferrous iodide. Ferrous Protochloride. chloride. See Ferrous Ferrous Protoi'odide. See Ferrous iodide. Ferrous Protosulfide. See Ferrous sul- fide. Ferrous-Quinine Citrate* (Ferri et quin- inae citras; Iron-quinine citrate) Color and properties: Greenish-yellow, thin scales; somewhat deliquescent in air. Slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By adding quinine to a so- lution of ferric citrate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Sulfate* (Iron sulfate; Cop- peras; Green vitriol) FeSO 4 .7H 2 O. Color and properties: Greenish crystals, Ferrous Sulfide 231 Flagstone often musty in color from oxidation and efflorescence. Constants: Specific gravity 1.8987; melt- ing-point 64C. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) A by-product from the pickeling of steel. (b) By the action of dilute sulfuric acid on iron and with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; sugar sulfate (an- hydrous); U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Water purification; writing inks; pigments; medicine; Prussian blue; textile industry; leather industry; pho- tography; iron salts; deodorizer; dis- infectant; reagent in analytical chem- istry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ferrous Sulfide* (Iron sulfide; Iron pro- tosulfide; Iron sulfuret) FeS. Color and properties: Dark-brown or black metallic pieces, sticks or gran- ules. Constants: Specific gravity 4.75-5.40; melting-point U79C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fusing iron and sulfur. Impurities: Arsenic. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: The manufactured sulfide is used for generating hydrogen sulfide; the natural pyrites is used in the manu- facture of sulfuric acid, liquid sulfur dioxide and in the sulfite process for making wood pulp. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Pyrites. Ferrum, U. S. P., B. P. See Ferrum reductum. Ferrum Reductum (Reduced iron). Color and properties: Gray, amorphous. fine granular powder. Derivation: By reducing ferric oxide, heated to a dull redness, in a stream pf dry hydrogen, Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fibrin, Muscle. See Syntonin. Field Horsetail. See Equisetum. Fig.* Derivation: The partially dried fruit of Ficus carica. Habitat: Western Asia; cultivated in subtropics, Italy, France and Cali- fornia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; food; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Filix Mas, B. P. See Aspidium. Filt-Char.* Proprietary name of a brand of bone charcoal used as a filtering, decolorizing and deodorizing medium. "Filter-Cell."* Proprietary name of a brand of infusorial earth used as a fil- tering medium. Fire Clay. See Clay, Fire. Fir-wood Oil. See Pine oil. Fish Berries. See Cocculus indicus. Fish Oil. See Black-fish, halibut, herr- ing, menhaden, salmon, sardine and tuna oils. Flag, Sweet. See Calamus. Flagstone. A rock which may be cleft into large slabs suitable for sidewalks. See Bluestone. Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming. Flake Lead 232 Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizas Flake Lead. See Lead carbonate. Flax-seed. See Linseed. Flax-seed Oil. See Linseed oil. Fleabane. See Erigeron. Fleabane Oil. See Erigeron oil. Flea Mint. See Pulegium. Flea-seed. See Psyllium. Flea-wort. See Psyllium. Flint. A rather loose term, used in United States for a dense fine-grained form of silica which is very tough and breaks with a conchoidal fracture and cutting edges. Of various colors, white, yellow, gray and black. Canada, Mary- land, Nebraska and Wisconsin. True flint is not found in the western hemi- sphere. See Chert. Florence Oil. See Olive oil. Flores Martis. See Ferric chloride. Flower of Paradise. See Henna. Flowers of Sulfur. See Sulfur. Flowers of Tin. See Stannic Anhydride. Flowers of Zinc. See Zinc oxide. Flowery Head Spurge. See Euphorbia pilulifera. Fluidextracta, U. S. P. Fluid extracts of drugs. Fluidextractum Aconiti, U. S. P. Fluid extract of aconite. Fluidextractum Aromaticum, U. S. P. Aromatic fluid extract. Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari, U. S. P. Fluid extract of bitter orange peel. Fluidextractum Belladonna Radicis, U. S. P. Fluid extract of belladonna root. Fluidextractum Buchu, U. S. P. Fluid extract of buchu. Fluidextractum Cannabis, U. S. P. Fluid extract of cannabis. Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of cascara sagrada. Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aro- maticum, U. S. P. Aromatic fluid ex- tract of cascara sagrada. Fluidextractum Cimicifugae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of cimicifuga. Fluidextractum Cinchonas, U. S. P. Fluid extract of cinchona bark. Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis, U. S. P. Fluid extract of colchicum seed. Fluidextractum Digitalis, U. S. P. Fluid extract of digitalis. Fluidextractum Ergotae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of ergot. Fluidextractum Eriodictyi, U. S. P. Fluid extract of eriodictyon. Fluidextractum Eucalypti, U. S. P. Fluid extract of eucalyptus. Fluidextractum Frangulae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of frangula. Fluidextractum Gelsemii, U. S. P. Fluid extract of gelsemium. Fluidextractum Gentianae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of gentian. Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis, U. S. P. Fluid extract of aspidosperma, Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of glycyrrhiza. Fluidcxtractum Granati 233 Fluorene Fluidextractum Granati, U. S. P. Fluid Fluidcxtractum Senna, U. 8. P. Fluid extract of pomegranate. extract of senna. Fluidextractum Grindeliae, U. S. P. Fluid Fluidextractum Spigellae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of grindelia. extract of spigeha. Fluidextractum Guaranae, U. S. P. Fluid Fluidextractum Staphisagriae, U. S. P. extract of guarana. Fluid extract of staphisagria. Fluidextractum Hydrastis, U. S. P. Fluidextractum Stillingiae U S P Fluid extract of hydrastis. Fluid extract of stillingia. Fluidextractum Hyoscyami, U. S. P. Fluidextractum Sumbul, U. S. P. Fluid Fluid extract of hyoscyamus. extract of sumbul. Fluidextractum Ipecacuanha, U. S. P. Fluidextractum Taraxaci, U. S. P. Fluid Fluid extract of ipecac. Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of nux vomica. Fluidextractum Pilocarpi, U. S. P. Fluid extract of pilocarpus. Fluidextractum Podophylli, U. S. P. Fluid extract of podophyllum. extract of taraxacum. Fluidextractum Tritici, U. S. P. Fluid extract of triticum. Fluid extractum Uvae Ursi, U. S. P. Fluid extract of uva ursi. Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis, U. S. P. Fluid extract of veratrum viride. Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii, U. S. P. Fluid extract of viburnum pruni- folium. Fluidextractum Rhei, U. S. P. Fluid ex- tract of rhubarb. Fluidextractum Zanthtoxyli, U. S. P. Fluidextractum Rosas, U. S. P. Fluid ex- Fluid extract of zanthoxylum. tract of rose. Fluidextractum Zingiberis, U. S. P. Fluidextractum Sabal, U. S. P. Fluid ex- Fluid extract of ginger, tract of sabal. Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of sarsasparilla. Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Composi- tum, U. S. P. Compound fluid extract of sarsaparilla. Fluidextractum Scillae, U. S. P. Fluid extract of squill. Fluidextractum Senegas, U. S, P. Fluid extract of senega. Fluorene* ( Dimethyl enemethane, Alpha-) C6H4CeH4CH. Color and properties: Small, white, crys- talline plates; fluorescent when im- pure. Constants: Melting-point u6C; boil- ing-point 295 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol and carbon bisulfide; insoluble in water. Derivation: By reduction of diphenylene ketone with zinc. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Woxxlen kegs. Fluorescein 234 Formaldehyde Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fluorescein* (Resorcinolphthalein;. Di- resorcinolphthalein ; Tetraoxyphthalo- henonanhydride) Color and properties: Orange-red, crys- talline powder; very dilute alkaline solutions exhibit a very intense, greenish-yellow fluorescence by re- flected light, while the solution is reddish-orange by transmitted light. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes at 290 C. Soluble in dilute alkalis, boiling alcohol, ether and dilute acids. Derivation: By heating phthalic anhy- dride and resorcinol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Preparation of dyestuffs; dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fluorescem-Sodium. See Uranine. Fluorhydric Acid. See Acid hydrofluoric. Fluorine* F2. Color and properties: Colorless gas; corrosive; poisonous! Constants: Specific gravity 1.14 (Air=i); melting-point -223C.; boil- ing-point -187 C. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By electrical decomposition of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid at -23 C. Containers: Made where and as used, as no practical container has been de- vised. Uses: Organic synthesis; fluorine com- pounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Fluorite. See Fluorspar. Fluorol. See Sodium fluoride. Florspar (Fluorite). A natural calcium fluoride, CaF2. Color commonly pur- ple, green or white. Arizona, Califor- nia, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Illi- nois, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachu- setts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. Flux, Black.* Derivation: Potassium carbonate or so- dium carbonate, sodium nitrate and carbon. Containers: Tin cans. Uses: Assaying. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Flux, White.* Sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. Color and properties: White powder; strong oxidizer. Containers: Tin cans. Uses: Metallurgy; welding. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Fceniculum, U. S. P. See Fennel. Fceniculi Fructus, B. P. See Fennel. Foenum Graecum. See Fenugreek. Fool's Gold. See Pyrites Formal. See Methylal. Formaldehyde* (Oxymethylene; Forma- lin; Formalith; Formic aldehyde) H.CO.H. Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid; suffocating pungent odor; poi- sonous. An aqueous solution of for- maldehyde gas. Constants: Specific gravity 1.075-1.081; boiling-point: (gas) -21 C. Miscible with water and alcohol. Derivation: By passing the vapors of methyl alcohol through a heated cop- per tube and subsequent absorption m water. Formaldehydeacetamide 235 Formin Grades: U. S. P.; B. P.; in the U. S. all formaldehyde is sold on the basis of the U. S. P. specification of a mini- mum of 37 per cent, absolute CH 2 O by weight, 40 per cent by volume. Actually the content varies from 40 to 42 per cent by volume. Containers: Wood barrels; carboys. Uses: Organic synthesis, dyestuffs; phenol and cresol synthetic resins and lacquers; rubber goods; inks; leather tanning; photography; disinfecting; preservative for adhesives, anatomical speciments, etc.; hexmethylenetetra- mine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Formaldehydeacetamide. See Formicin. Formaldehyde Acetate. See Methylene diacetate. Formaldehyde Gelatine. See Glutol. Formaldehyde, Para-. See Trioxymeth- ylene. Formaldehyde, Polymerized. See Tri- oxymethylene. Formalin. See Formaldehyde. Formalith. See Formaldehyde. Formamidated Chloral. See Chloral- formamide. Formamide* (Methanamine) H.CO.NH 2 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless, oily liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.146; btfil- ing-point 2OO-2i2C, with partial de- composition. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of ethyl formate and ammonia, with subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Forman* (Chloromethylmenthyl ester) CioHi 9 OCH 2 Cl. Color and properties: Colorless, oily liquid; fumes slightly in the air. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of for- maldehyde and menthol in presence of hydrochloric acid gas, with subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Formanilide* (Phenylformamide) C 6 H 5 NH.CHO. Color and properties: Colorless to yel- lowish crystals. Constants: Melting-point 46C. Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the reaction of aniline and formic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Formic Acid. See Acid formic. Formic Aldehyde. See Formaldehyde. Formic Ether. See Ethyl formate. Formicin (Formaldehydeacetamide) CH 3 CO.NHCH 2 OH. Color and properties: Colorless, sirupy liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.25. Soluble in water, alcohol and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of aceta- mide and formaldehyde, with subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Formin. See Hexamethylenetetramine. Formin Salicylate 236 Fuchsine Formin Salicylate. See Saliformin. Formol. See Formaldehyde. Formonitrile. See Acid hydrocyanic. Formopyrine* (Methylenediantipyrine) (CnHiiN 2 0) 2 CH2. Color and properties: Colorless crystals. Constants: Melting-point I76-I77C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of form- aldehyde and antipyrine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Formosa Camphor. See Camphor. Formyl Tribromide. See Bromoform. Formyl Trichloride. See Chloroform. Formyl Triiodide. See lodoform. Fossil Flour. See Kieselgur. Fossil Wax. See Ozokerite. Franciscea. See Manaca. Frangula (Buckthorn; Alder buckthorn; Black dogwood; Berrv alder; Arrow wood; Persian berries). Derivation: Dried bark of Rhamnus frangula; collected at least one year before use. Habitat: Europe, Siberia and Mediter- ranean coast of Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard^ None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Frankincense. See Gum thus. Franklinite. A natural iron-manganese- zinc oxide. (Fe,Zn,Mn)O.(Fe,Mn)2Os. New Jersey. Fraude's Reagent. See Acid perchloric. Fraxinus Excelsior (European ash). Derivation: Bark and herb of Fraxinus excelsior. Habitat: Europe. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Dyeing; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Freestone. See Sandstone. Freibergite. A silver-rich tetrahedrite. See Tetrahedrite. Idaho, Nevada. Freieslebenite. A natural lead-silver sulfantimonide, approximately 5(Pb.Ag2)S.2Sb2Ss. Contains 24.5 per cent silver. Arizona and Colo- rado. French Chalk. See Talc. French Saffron. See Crocus. French Turpentine. See Turpentine, French. Fructose* (Fruit sugar; Levulose) C 6 Hi 2 6 . Color and properties: Yellowish, white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.555; melt- ing-point 95C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) Found together with glucose in sweet fruits and in large quantities in honey. (b) By the hydrolysis of inulin. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Foodstuffs; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fruit Sugar. See Fructose. Fuchsiacine. See Fuchsine. Fuchsine* (Magenta, Roseine, Fuchsia- cine, Harmaline, Aniline red). A Fuller's Earth 237 Gabian Oil synthetic, roseaniline dyestuff. Used in the coloring of silk, wool, cotton and leather a blush red. Grades: Technical, based on the strength. Containers: Wooden kegs; tin boxes. Uses: Textile and leather industries. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fuller's Earth.* Derivation: An imperfectly understood clay relatively high in magnesia. It may or may not be plastic. Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Massa- chusetts and South Carolina, South Dakota and Texas. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; barrels. Uses: Decolorizing agent; filtering medium. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Furfural* (Furfuraldehyde; Furol; Fur- furol; Artificial oil of ants; Pyromucic aldehyde; Furfuranecarboxylic alde- hyde) (CH) 3 OC.COH. Color and properties: Colorless, aro- matic liquid; turns reddish-brown on exposure. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1594; boil- ing-point i62C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By distilling bran or carbo- hydrates with dilute sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Furfuraldehyde, See Furfural. Furfuranecarboxylic Aldehyde. See Fur- fural. Furfurol. See Furfural. Furol. See Furfural. Fusel Oil. tation. See Amyl alcohol, Fermen- Fustic, Old. See Morus tinctoria. Fustic Wood (Cuba wood). Derivation: The heart-wood of Chloro- phpra tinctoria or Manchura tinctoria. Habitat: West Indies and South Amer- ica. Uses: Textile dyeing; leather industry. Containers: Burlap bags. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. G Acid. See Acid Naphtholdisulfonic, Beta 2:6:8. G Salt. The sodium salt of Acid naph- tholdisulfonic, Beta- 2:6:8. G R Acid. See Acid naphtholdisulfonic, Alpha-. G R Salt. The sodium salt of Acid naph- tholdisulfonic, Alpha-. Gabbro. A finely to coarsely crystalline igneous rock composed mainly of lime- soda feldspar (labradorite or anorthite), pyroxene, and frequently olivine. Mag- netite or ilmenite, or both, and apatite are accessory minerals. It is generally dark colored. California, Canada, Mary- land, South Dakota and Virginia. Gabian Oil. A very inflammable, mineral naphtha. * Gadolinite 238 Gallipoli Gadolinite. A natural complex silicate of glucinum, iron and the yttrium and cerium rare-earth metals. Occurs in pegmatites. Arizona, Colorado and Texas. Gahnite. A natural zinc aluminate, Zn(AlO 2 ) 2 . Galactose* C 6 Hi 2 O 6 . Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline tablets. Constants: Melting-point i7o-i7iC. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol. Derivation: By oxidation of dulcitol. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Galangae (Galangal; Colic root; East India root; Chinese ginger). Derivation: Rhizome of Alpinia offici- narum. Habitat: China. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Galangal. See Galangae. Galangal Oil. Color and properties: A reddish-yellow liquid; aromatic cajuput-like odor; strong camphoraceous taste. Chief known constituent: Cineol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.921. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the rhizome of Alpinia officmarum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Galbanum. Derivation: Gum resin obtained from Ferula galbaniflua. Habitat: Persia. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Galega (Goat's rue). Derivation: Whole plant of Galega offi- cinalis. Habitat: Mediterranean region to Cen- tral Europe. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Galena. Natural lead sulfide, PbS, in massive formation. Contains 86.6 per cent lead. The principal lead ore of commerce also frequently worked for the silver it carries. Found throughout United States and Canada. Galenite. The mineral lead sulfide, PbS, which forms the ore galena. Gall, Hog.* Color and properties: A yellowish pow- der; disagreeable, bitter taste. Soluble in water. Derivation: Dried purified bile of the hog. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gall, Ox.* Color and properties: Yellowish-green, thick extract; unpleasant odor, dis- agreeable, bitter tas.te. Derivation: Thickened bile of the ox. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Galla, U. S. P., B. P. See Galls. Gallic Acid. See Acid gallic. Gallipoli. An impure olive oil used in the textile industries. Gallotannic Acid 239 Garnierite Gallotannic Acid. See Acid tanriic. Galls (Nutgalls; Galla; Aleppo galls; Mecca galls; Turkey galls). Derivation: Excresences on various kinds of oak trees. The best grades (55-6o per cent tannic acid) come from Persia, Syria, Turkey and Tripoli. The poorer grades come from Italy, France, Germany and Austria. Grades: 55-60 per cent tannin; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; bags. Uses: Tanning industry; ink manufac- ture; medicine; textile dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gambicr, U. S. P. See Gambir. Gambir (Gambier). Derivation: Extracted from the leaves of an Indian shrub, Uncaria dacyo- neura. Grades: 25 per cent Tannin extract; Common; No. i Cubes; No. 2 Cubes; U. S. P. Containers: Extract: Wooden barrels; Cube: Matted bags. Uses: Textile dyeing; tanning industry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gamene. See Madder. Canister. A highly refractory siliceous sedimentary rock used for metallur- gical furnace linings. Pennsylvania. Garanceaux. Derivation: A preparation of madder from the exhausted madder, collected from the dye-becks. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Garancine. A dye material prepared from fresh madder. Garantose. See Saccharin. Garden Lavender. See Lavender. Garganine. A madder extract, obtained by use of the sulfuric acid process. Garlic Oil. Color and properties: Pale yellowish liquid; characteristic, exceedingly penetrating odor. Chief known constituents: Allylpropyl bisulfide and diallyl bisulfide. Constants: Specific gravity 1.053. Soluble in alcohol, ether and carbon bi- sulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the bulb and herb of Allium satiyum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Garnet. A group of silicate minerals including several species with related chemical structure commonly crys- tallized in dodecahedrons or trapezo- hedrons. Garnets are not always pure but may be a mixture of two species, giving rise to intermediate types, as the gem rhodolite. Common varieties are: Almandite, iron-aluminum garnet (abra- sive and gem, precious garnet). Andradite, lime-iron garnet. Essonite, gem, variety of grossularite. Grossulariet, lime-aluminum garnet. Pyrope, magnesium-aluminum garnet; gems "Arizona ruby," "Cape ruby," etc. Rhodolite, isomorphous mixture of 2 molecules of pyrope and I molecule of almandite. Spessartite, manganese-aluminum gar- net; used as a gem, sometimes called hyacinth. Arizona, California, Canada, Colo- rado, Connecticut, Georgia, Green- land, Idaho, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jer- sey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Garnierite. A natural silicate of nickel and magnesium. New Caledonia and Oregon. Gas Black 240 Gelsemin Gas Black. See Lampblack. Gas Liquor. See Ammonia liquor. Gas Oil. Color and properties: Yellow to brown oily liquid; kerosene-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.3063 to 1.4078; boiling-point 3I5-343C. Derivation: From petroleum by distil- lation. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Gas manufacture. Fire ha2ard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. "Gasol." Color and properties: Yellowish, mobile liquid; gas-like odor. Derivation: Condensed from casing- head gas by pressure. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Fuel-gas manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gasoline* (Petrol, Motor spirit). Derivation: (a) From the distillation of petroleum, the products ranging in gravity from 50 Be to 90 Be and over, which are extracted from the still gases by the compression method. There are two general grades of gas- oline: The normal gasoline which ex- ists naturally in petroleum and the "cracked" gasoline formed by the decomposition of the heavier prod- ucts. (b) From natural gas, by compres- sion and fractionation. Grades: 60, 62, 63, 64, 68 and 72Be Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Fuel for internal combustion en- gines; solvent; cleansing clothing, etc.; paint mixing; rubber cements. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Gaultheria Oil, Artificial. See Methyl salicylate. Gaultheria Oil* (Wintergreen oil). Color and properties: A colorless, yel- low or reddish liquid; characteristic, strongly aromatic odor; sweetish, warm and aromatic taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.175-1.185; boiling-point 2i8-22iC. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens (Checker- berry, partridge-berry or boxberry). Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iro,n drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring compounds; medicine; perfumery; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gedanite. A resin resembling rosin, not containing succinic acid. Found on the shores of the Baltic. Gelatine.* Color and properties: Yellow, translu- cent sheets or flakes. Derivation: By extraction with water from certain kinds of bones and parts of the skin of cattle, selected, washed and treated with especial care so that the resulting product is cleaner and purer than ordinary glue. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Paper packages; boxes; barrels. Uses: Foodstuffs; confectionery; clari- fying agent; leather finishing com- pounds; adhesives; ^medicine; medic- inal capsules; containers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gelatine, Insoluble. Gelatine treated with formaldehyde, not soluble in water. Gelatinum, U. S. P., B. P. Gelatine. Gelatinum Glycerinatum, U. S. P. Glycerinated gelatin. Gelsemii Radix, B. P. Gelsemium root. Gelsemin. Color and properties: Yellowish-brown powder. Soluble in alcohol. Gelscminine 241 Geranium Oil Derivation: From the rhizome and root of Gelsemium sempervirens. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gelseminine* 22 [26^03. Color and properties: White crystalline alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I72C. Soluble in benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from the root of Gelsemium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gelseminine Hydrochloride* C 22 H 26 N 2 O3.HCL Color and properties: White crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point 330 C. Soluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on gelseminine. Method of purification; Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Genthite. A natural hydrous nickel- magnesium silicate, theoretically 2NiO.2MgO.3SiO 2 .6H 2 O, but the nickel content is variable. Georgia and Ore- gon. Gentian (Gentiana; Yellow gentian; Bit- ter root). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea. Habitat: Central and Southern Europe. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gentiana, U. S. P. Gentian. Gentiana, Radix, B. P. Gentian root. Geoform. See Methylenediguaiacol. Geraniol* C 9 Hi 5 CH2pH. Color and properties: Pale yellow, liquid oil; pleasant geranium-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8812; melt- ing-point -15 C.; boiling-point 23OC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From geranium oil. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Geraniol Acetate* Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the acetylation of geraniol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass. bot- tles. Uses: Essential oils. Fire hazard: None. Raihoad shipping regulations: None. Geranium* (Cranes-bill; Storksbill; Alum root). Derivation: Dried rhizome of Geranium maculatum. Habitat: Canada and Eastern United States, south to Georgia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Geranium, Blood. See Sanguinaria herb. Geranium Oil, Rose* (Africa, Algeria). Color and properties: Pale-yellowish or greenish liquid; exceedingly agree- able rose-like odor. Chief known constituent: Geraniol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.886-0.898; optical rotation -7 to 12. Geranium Oil 242 Gingili Oil Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the herb of several species of Pelargonium, espe- cially P. radula, P. capitatum and P. odoratissumum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks, glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Geranium Oil, Turkish (East Indian). Color and properties: A nearly color- less or pale-yellowish liquid. Chief known constituent: Geraniol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.890 to 0.900. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the grass of a species of Andropogon. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Geratacaca. See Manaca. German Chamomiles. See Matricaria. German Sarsaparilla. See Carex. German Silver* (Victory silver; Pack long; New silver). An alloy of zinc, nickel and copper. Germantown Black. See Lampblack. Gillenia* (American ipecac, Indian physic). Derivation: Root of Gillenia triofoli- ata. Habitat: Canada to Florida. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gilsonite (Uintahite; Uintaite). Color and properties: A brilliant black, lustrous, very brittle asphalt having a marked conchoidal fracture; is the purest natural bitumen. On exposure to air it readily breaks down into a brown powder. It is plastic when warmed, decrepitates, but fuses easily in a candleflame. Constants: Specific gravity 1.065-1.070. Soluble in carbon bisulfide, alcohol and hot turpentine. Derivation: Obtained from a deposit in Utah. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Coach and other varnishes; pav- ing; insulation; waterproofing. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gingelly Oil. See Sesame oil. Ginger Oil.* Color and properties: A pale-yellow liquid; characteristic odor; aromatic, somewhat burning taste. Chief known constituents: Camphene; phellandrene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.880-0.885; optical rotation -25 to -45. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Flavoring; preparation of li- queurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ginger-grass Oil. CoTor and properties: A pale yellow liquid oil. It is less valuable than Turkish geranium oil, and is often grossly adulterated, especially with fatty oils. Derivation: Distilled from the grass of a species of Andropogon. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard : None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gingili Oil. See Sesame oil. Ginseng 243 Glue, Fish Ginseng* (Panax; American ginseng). Derivation: Root of Panax quinque- folium. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Technical; by the Chinese, medi- cinally. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glass, Soluble. See Sodium silicate. Glass, Volcanic. See Obsidianite. Glass, Water. See Sodium silicate. Glass-makers' Soap. See Manganese di- oxide. Glauber's Salt. See Sodium sulfate. Glauberite. A natural sodium-calcium sulfate, Na 2 SO 4 .CaSO 4 . Arizona, New Mexico. Glauconite (Greensand). Essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium, but the material is usually a mixture, and consequently varies much in com- position. The potash ranges from 2.2. to 7.9 per cent. See Marl. Glucinum (Beryllium) Gl. Constants: Specific gravity 1.85; melt- ing-point 1280 C. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By electrolysis of the double fluoride of glucinum and potassium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Glucinum salts; copper alloys, used in musical instruments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glucinum Nitrate (Beryllium nitrate) G1(N0 3 ) 2 .3H 2 0. Color and properties: White to faintly yellowish, deliquescent mass. Constants: Melting-point 90 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on glucinum oxide, with subsequent evaporation and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Glucinum Ore. See Beryl. Glucinum Oxide (Beryllium oxide) G1O. Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.016. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating glucinum nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers Glass bottles. Uses: Glucinum salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glucose. See Dextrose. Glucosum, U. S. P., B. P. See Dextrose. Glue, Animal.* Derivation: Made from tannery and slaughter-house offal, such as flesh- ings, pates, ear-laps, sinews, feet and tails of cattle and sheep. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Adhesives; finishing textiles; felt- hat manufacture; plastics; sand-paper. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glue, Cold. See Glue, Liquid. Glue, Fish.* Derivation: By boiling the heads, fins and tails of fish. It has weak jelly- ing properties and is generally made into liquid glue. The disagreeable odor is masked with oil of sassafras. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; tins. Uses: Adhesives. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glue, Liquid 244 Glycerinum Aluminis Glue, Liquid.* Derivation: By treating fish or com- mon glue with acetic, nitric or hydro- chloric acid. The property of gela- tinizing is lost, but the adhesiveness is not changed. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Adhesives. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glue, Stick. A crude glue made by evap- oration of packing house refuse. Glue, Vegetable (Aparatine; Agar-agar is sometimes erroneously called vegetable glue). Color and properties: Yellow, thick, semi-liquid mass. Derivation: By treatment cf starch with caustic soda, with heat and stir- ring. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Adhesive, particularly for ve- neering wood; finishing textiles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gluside. See Saccharin. Glusidum, B. P. See Saccharin. Glusimide. See Saccharin. Glutaric Acid. See Acid glutaric. Glutin. Color and properties: Amorphous odorless, tasteless protein, having great adhesive strength. Soluble in hot water. Derivation: A constituent of glue. Glycol. See Ethylene glycol. Glycol Alcohol. See Ethylene glycol. Green Oil. See Anthracene oil. Glycerin Dichlorohydrin. See Dichloro- hydrin, Alpha-. Glycerine* (Glycerol) C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless, or pale yellow, odorless, sirupy liquid; sweet, warm taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2604; melting-point 17 C; boiling-point 290 C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: From the spent lye liquor from the saponification of fats and oils in the soap industry, by precipi- tation of salt, albuminoids and me- tallic soaps of the higher fatty acids by iron persulfate (crude) or alumi- num sulfate and concentration with subsequent steam distillation. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Crude; Technical; Dynamite; U, S. P.; B. P.; C. P. Containers: Iron drums, olain or gal- vanized; boxed tin cans. Uses: Explosives; medicine; phar- macy; perfumery; cosmetics; food- stuffs, flavoring tobacco; liqueurs; sugar substitute; solvent; printers' ink rolls; confectionery; rubber stamp inks. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glycerine Substitute. See Nulomoline. Glycerin ocarbolic Acid. See Acid gly- cerocarbolic. Glycerinophosphoric Acid. See Acid glycerophosphoric. Glycerinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Glycer- ine. Glycerinum Acidi Borici, B. P. Glyceryl- boric acid. Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici, B. P. Gly- cerylphenol. Glycerinum Acidi Tannici, U. S. P., B. P. Glyceryltannic acid. Glycerinum Aluminis, B. P. Glyceryl- alum. Glycerinum Amyl 245 Gold, Artificial Glycerinum Amyl, B. P. Glyceryl- starch. Glycerinum Amyli, U. S. P. Glyceryl- starch. Glycerinum Boracis, B. P. Glyceryl borax. Glycerinum Boroglycerini, U. S. P., B. P. Glyceryl-boroglycerin. Glycerinum Hydrastis, U. S. P. Gly- ceryl-hydrastis. Glycerinum Pepsini, B. P. Glyceryl- pepsin. Glycerinum Phenolis, U. S. P., B. P. Glyceryl-phenol. Glycerinum Plumbi Subacetatis, B. P. Glyceryl lead acetate. Glycerinum Tragacanthae, B. P. Gly- ceryl-tragacanth. Glycerocarbolic Acid. See Acid glycero- carbolic. Glycerol. See Glycerine. Glycerophosphoric Acid. See Acid gly- cerophosphoric. Glyceryl Stearic Ester. See Stearine. Glyceryl Trinitrate. See Nitroglycerine. Glycine. See Acid aminoacetic. Glycocholic Acid. See Acid glycocholic. Glycocoll. See Acid aminoacetic. Glycol Alcohol. See Ethyleneglycol. Glycolic Acid. See Acid glycolic. Glycolin. See Petrolatum, Liquid. Glycollic Acid. See Acid glycolic. Glycophenol. See Saccharine. Glycosine. See Saccharine. Glycyl Alcohol. See Glycerine. Glycyrrhiza (Licorice; Sweet-root) Derivation: Dried rhizomes and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra or glandulifera. Habitat: Southern Europe to Central Asia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Glycerrhizae Radix, B. P. See Liquor- ice root. Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum, U. S. P. Ammoniated glycyrrhizin. Goa Powder, Purified. See Chrysarobin. Goat's Rue. See Galega. Gold* (Au). Color and properties: Yellow, ductile metal. Constants: Snecific gravity 19.2; melt- ing-point 1062 C.; boiling-point 2530 Soluble in aqua regia; insoluble in acids. Derivation: Generally found native en- closed in quartz with iron pyrite and other minerals, or as gold telluride and recovered by amalgamation with mercury or solution in cyanide (so- dium or potassium), followed by pre- cipitation and fusion. See also Amal- gam, Calaverite, Electrum, Krenner- ite, Nagyagite, Petzite, Sylvanite. Gold is found all over the world, but the great producing centers today are Alaska (Klondike), California, South Africa, Colorado, British Co- lumbia. Australasia, Canada, India, China, Russia and Mexico. Grades: Technical. Containers: Canvas sacks; wooden boxes. Uses: Coins; jewelry; gold salts; den- tistry; amalgams; gilding; decora- tion; gold leaf; gold plating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gold, Artificial. See Stannic sulfide. Goldbloom 246 Gossypium Bark Goldbloom. See Calendula. Gold Chloride.* (a) AuQ 3 (b) AuCl 3 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By decomposing chloro- auric acid with heat. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography; gold plating; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gold, Colloidal. See Collaurin. Gold-Potassium Chloride* (Potassium aurichloride) AuCl3.KCl.2H2O. Color and properties: Yellow crys- tals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By neutralizing chloroau- ric acid with potassium carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography; painting porcelain and glass; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gold-Potassium Cyanide* (Potassium cyanaurate) KAu(CN)2. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; poisonous. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- cyanic acid on potassium aurate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; electrogilding. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gold-Sodium Chloride* NaAuCl 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By neutralizing chlorauric acid with sodium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Containers: Glass bottles. Grades: Technical. Uses: Photography; staining glass; decorating porcelain; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gold Thread. See Coptis. Gold-Tin Precipitate. purple. See Gold-tin Gold-Tin Purple (Purple of Cassius; Gold-tin precipitate). Color and properties: Brown powder. Soluble in ammonia. Derivation: By the reaction of a neu- tral solution of gold chloride with stannous and stannic chlorides, yield- ing a mixture of gold chloride and tin oxide in varying proportions. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacture of ruby glass; col- oring enamels; painting porcelain. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Golden Antimony. See Antimony sul- fide. Golden Seal. See Hydrastis. Goldenthread. See Coptis. Goldfieldite. A natural sulfantimonide of copper in which part of the antimony is replaced by arsenic and bismuth and part of the sulfur by tellurium. Nevada. Gommeline. See Dextrine. Goose-foot Oil. See Chenopodium oil. Gossypii Radicis Cortex, B. P. Cotton- root bark. Gossypium, B. P. Cotton. Gossypium Bark* (Cotton-root bark). Derivation: Dried bark of the root of Gossypium herbaceum and other cul- tivated species of Gossypium. Habitat: India, China, Arabia, Egypt, West Indies, Spain, Australia, South America and United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P, Gossypium Purificatum 247 Gray Antimony Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gossypium Purificatum, U. S. P., B. P. Punned cotton. Gossypose. See Raffinose. Goulard's Extract. A 25 per cent solu- tion of lead subacetate. Gourd Oil. See Cucumber oil. Grahamite. A natural hydrocarbon re- sembling albertite in its jet-black luster, occurring in veinlike masses. Is solu- ble in carbon bisulfide and chloroform but not in alcohol, and is fusible. Spe- cific gravity 1.145. Has a conchoidal fracture and is brittle. Colorado, Okla- homa and West Virginia. Grain Alcohol. See Ethyl alcohol. Grain Oil. See Amyl alcohol. Grains of Paradise. See Amomum mele- gueta. Graminis. See Triticum. Granatonine. See Pseudo pelletierine. Granatum* (Pomegranate). Derivation: Bark of stem and root of Punica granatum. Habitat: Mediterranean region and Eastern, Western ajnd Southern Asia; cultivated in semi tropical countries. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Grape-seed Oil (Grape-stone oil; Wine- stones oil). Color and properties: Yellow, liquid, fixed oil; unpleasant odor; bitter taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9202- 0.9350; solidification-point -10 to -I5C.; saponification value 178-180; iodine number 94-06.5; Maumene number 52-54. Soluble in benzol, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the dried, ground seeds of the grape, Vitis vinifera, by steeping in water, heating and press"- ing, or by extraction with a volatile solvent. Method of purification: Decolorization with bone-black. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron drums. Uses: Lubricant; fuel; illumination; food; soap-making. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Grape-stone Oil. See Grape-seed oil. Grape Sugar. See Dextrose. Graphite* (Black lead, Mineral carbon, Plumbago, Wad). Color and properties: A soft, steel- gray to black, more or less impure, native form of carbon. Derivation: The best grades of com- mercial, natural graphite come from Ceylon, but it is also found in Ala- bama, Arizona, Austria, Brazil, Cali- fornia, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Cumberland, Georgia, Maine, Massa- chusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Siberia, South Carolina, South Dakota, Ten- nessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Graphite is now also made arti- ficially from other forms of carbon in the electric furnace. It also separ- ates out in certain grades of iron. Uses: Pencil manufacture; anodes for electric cells; arc-light carbons; lu- bricants; paint pigment; crucibles. Grades: Powder; flake. Containers: Wooden kegs; boxes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gravel Plant. See Epigaea. Gravel Root. Eupatorium purpureum. Gray Antimony. See Stibnite. Gray Copper 248 Guaiac Wood Gray Copper Ore. See Tennantite and Tetrahedrite. Gray Manganese Ore. See Manganite. Grease. See Fatty acids. Green, Paris. See Copper acetoarsenite. Green Hellebore. See Veratrum. Green Lead Ore. See Pyromorphite. Green Soap. See Soap, Soft. Green Verdigris. See Copper acetate, Basic. Green Vitriol. See Ferrous sulfate. Greenockite. A natural cadmium sul- fide, CdS. Contains 77.7 per cent cad- mium. Greenockite occurs as a second- ary mineral in zinc deposits in various parts of the United States, but not as a commercial deposit at any place. The majority of sphalerite deposits are cad- miferous, and cadmium in commercial quantity is obtained as a by-product in smelting these ores at certain plants. Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri and Pennsylvania. Greensand. See Glauconite. Greensand Marl. Sands of marl con- taining glauconite. See Marl. Griffiths' White. See Lithopone. Grindelia* (Gum plant). Derivation: Dried leaves and flower- ing tops of Grindelia robusta and Grindelia squamosa. Habitat: California. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Grindstone. A tough sandstone of fine and even grain, composed almost en- tirely of quartz, mostly in angular grains. It must have sufficient cement- ing material to hold the grains together but not enough to fill the pores and cause the surface to wear smooth. The finest grindstones come from certain localities in New York, Ohio and Great Britain, but usable grindstones are also found in Colorado, Connecticut, Indi- ana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wyoming and Canada. Ground Holly. See Chimaphila. Ground Laurel. See Epigaea. Ground-nut. See Peanut. Ground-nut Oil. See Peanut oil. Guacamphol (Guaiacol camphorate) C 8 Hi4(COOC6H 4 OCH3) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less, tasteless, crystalline needles. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of guaiacol and camphoric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guacetin. See Guaiacetin. Guaiaci Lignum, B. P. Guaiac wood. Guaiaci Resina, B. P. Crtiaiac resin. Guaiac Wood Oil.* Color and properties: A very thick and viscid oil, becoming crystalline at or- dinary temperatures; very agreeable violet and tea-like odor. Chief known constituent: Guaiol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.965-0.975; optical rotation -6 y to -7. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the wood of an undetermined species of guaiacum Guaiacetin 249 Guaiacyl from South America, where it is known as balsam wood. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiacetin* (Guacetin, Sodium pyro- catechin monacetate; Sodium phen- oneacetate) C6H4(OH)OCH 2 COONa. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of sodium carbonate on phenoneacetate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiacol* (Monomethylcatechol; Pyro- catechin monomethylester; Protoca- techin methylester) OHC 6 H 4 OCH 3 . Color and properties: Faintly yellowish, limpid, oily liquid; characteristic aro- matic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1395; melt- ing-point 27.9 C; boiling-point 205 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By shaking beechwood creosote with ammonia, treating with alcoholic potash, washing with ether, crystallizing the potash compound from alcohol and decomposing it with dilute sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiacol Camphorate. See Guacamphol. Guaiacol Carbonas, B. P. See Guaiacol carbonate. Guaiacol Carbonate* (Neutral guaiacol carbonate, Duotal, Guaiacol ester of carbonic acid) (QI^OCHshCOs. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point 84-87C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of carbonyl chloride on sodium guaiacolate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiacol Salicylate. See Guaiacol-salol. Guaiacol-Salol* (Guaiacol salicylate) Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 65C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of guaia- col and salicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiacolis Carbonas, U. S. P. See Guaia- col carbonate. Guaiacum. (Gum guaiac, Resin guaiac). Derivation: A resin from certain West Indian trees, especially Guaiacum sanctum and G. omcinale. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, chlor- oform and caustic soda. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Medicine; varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiacyl* (Calcium guaiacolmonosulfon- ate) Ca(C6H 3 OH.OCH3S0 3 )2. Color and properties: Bluish-gray pow- der. Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the interaction of cal- cium hydroxide and guaiacolmonosul- fonic acid, Guaiaform 250 Gujasanol Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Local anesthetic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaiaform. See Methylene diguaiacol. Guaiasanol* (Diethylolycocollguaiacol hydrochloride) CH 3 O.C6H4.0.CO.CH 2 .N(C2H 5 )2HC1. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point i84C. Soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: Guaiacol is treated with chloroacetyl chloride and the reaction product is treated with diethylamine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guajava. See Guava. Guanidine* (Iminourea) NHC(NH 2 )2. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By heating cyanamide with ammonium iodide; (b) By heat- ing thiourea with ammonium thiocy- anite; (c) By the action of aqua regia on dicyanodiamine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guano. Derivation: The dried excrements, feathers and carcasses of sea fowl. Formed on certain islands near the coast of Peru and Chili. Grades: Technical. Containers: Burlap bags; barrels. tjses: Fertilizer. Fir,e hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guarana (Brazilian cacao). Derivation: Dried paste consisting chiefly of crushed seeds of Paullinia cupana. Habitat: Brazil. Grades: U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guaranham. See Monesia. Guaranhem. See Monesia bark. Guava (Common guava, Bay plum, Gua- java, Djamboe). Derivation: Leaves of Psidium pyri- ferum. Habitat: Tropical Asia and America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guhr. See Kieselgur. Guignet's Green.* Derivation: Chrome green made by fus- ing potassium chromate and boric acid. The mass is washed, ground and dried. The chromium borate formed is decomposed by water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Guinea Grains. See Ammonium mele- gueta. Gujasanol* (Diethylglycocollguaiacol hy- drochloride) OCH 8 C6H40.COCH2N(C2H B )2.HC1. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; faint guaiacol odor. Constants: Melting-point 184 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on diethylglyococollguai- acol. Gum Acacia 251 Gum Damar Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Acacia. See Gum Arabic. Gum Accroides (Black-boy gum, Xan- thorrhea resin). Derivation: A resin obtained from sev- eral species of the Xanthorrhea trees. Habitat: Australia. Soluble in alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Animi. Derivation: A resin found in two forms "fossil" and "recent," on the island of Zanzibar and the adjoining African mainland. Constants: Specific gravity 1.062-1.068; melting-point 240 -250 C. Insoluble in most solvents. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Arabic (Gum acacia, Gum Sene- gal). Color and properties: Yellow, translu- cent tears or powder. Derivation: From numerous plants of the Acacia family, mostly native in Africa. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; bags. Uses: Pharmacy; adhesives; inks; tex- tile printing; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum, Artificial. See Dextrine. Gum Benzoin, Siam (Benzoin, Gum ben- jamin, Resin benzoin, Bitter-almond oil camphor). Color and properties: Almond shaped, pale, reddish-brown tears. Chief constituents: An ethereal oil, ben- zoic acid, vanillin, resins. Derivation: Balsamic resin from Styrax benzoin and other species. Habitat: Siam, Cambodia, Cochin, China and Sumatra. Soluble in warm alcohol and carbon bi- sulfide; insoluble in water. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine; perfumery; cosmetics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Benzoin, Sumatra. Differs from Gum benzoin, Siam, in many respects. The odor is not so strong and it does not melt so easily. Generally contains 12 per cent to 15 per cent of woody matter. Chief constituents: Cinnamic acid, ben- zoic acid, vanillin, resins. Soluble in warm alcohol and carbon bi- sulfide; insoluble in water. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. . Containers: Bags. Uses: Cinnamic acid; varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum, British, See Dextrine. Gum, Brown, Barbary. Derivation: A gum obtained from a cer- tain species of Acacia. See Gum arabic. Gum Camphor. See Camphor. Gum, Cape. Derivation: A gum obtained from a cer- tain species of the Acacia tree. See Gum arabic. Gum Copal. See Copal. Gum Barbary, Brown. See Gum arabic. Gum Cowrie. See Copal. Gum Benjamin. See Gum benzoin. Gum Damar. See Gum dammar. Gum Dammar 252 Gum Plant Gum Dammar (Gum damar, Resin damar). Color and properties: Yellowish-white, semi-transparent, roundish, friable masses. Constants: Specific gravity 1.04-1.12; melting-point 120 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulfide, concentrated sul- furic acid and oil of turpentine. Derivation: A resinous exudation from Shorea wiesneri. Habitat: East Indies and Philippines. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes; lacquers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Elemi. Derivation: A resin from certain trees, Canarium commune, in the Philippine Islands, Canarium maritanum in Mauritius and Amyris elemifera in Mexico and Brazil. Soluble in alcohol, benzol and turpen- tine; insoluble in water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes; lacquers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Frankincense. Gum thus. Gum Gallipot. Derivation: A resin similar to Bur- gundy pitch obtained from the Pinus maritiana. Gum Ghatti. One of the acacia gums. See Gum arabic. Gum Indian. A gum obtained from a certain species of the Acacia tree. See Gum arabic. Gum Jelutong. See Gum pontianak. Gum Juniper. See Gum sandarac. Gum Kauri. Constants: Specific gravity 1.050; melt- Soluble in alcohol, turpentine, petro- leum spirit and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: A fossil resin from Auck- land, New Zealand. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Kaurie. See Copal. Gum Kino. See Kino. Gum Manila Copal. Color and properties: Generally pebble- like pieces of a pale brownish color. Constants: Specific gravity 1.062; melt- ing-point 230-250 C. Soluble in ether, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol; partially soluble in amyl alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: A copal resin imported from the Philippine Islands. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Spirit varnishes; enamel paints. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Mastic. Color and properties: Small, yellow, translucent tears. Soluble in acetone, alcohol and oil of turpentine; insoluble in water. Derivation: From Pistaci alentiscus. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Mastic. Gum Mogador. Derivation: A gum from a certain spe- cies of Acacia. See Gum Arabic. Gum Opium. See Opium. Gum Oriental, Sweet. See Styrax, Gum P}ant. See Grindelia. Gum Pontianak 253 Gutta-percha Gum Pontianak (Jelutong). Derivation: From species of Dyera in- digenous to Malacca and Borneo and from the quayule from Parthenium, a shrub indigenous to the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Rubber manufacture; chewing gum. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Resin Euphorbium. See Euphor- bium. Gum Sandarac. Color and properties: Yellow, brittle, translucent, amorphous lumps or pow- der. Soluble in alcohol, ether, amyl alcohol and hot caustic alkali; partially solu- ble in volatile oils, carbon bisulfide, choroform and oil of turpentine; in- soluble in benzine, benzol and water. Derivation: The resin from Callitris quadrivalvis, indigenous in Morocco Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Incense; varnishes, lacquers, dental cements. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Senegal. See Gum arabic. Gum Sennaar. Derivation: A gum obtained from a certain species of Acacia. See Gum arabic. Gum Shellac. See Shellac. Gum, Soft Copal. Derivation: A gum from living trees in Java, Sumatra, the Philippine Islands and New Zealand. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum, Starch, See Dextrine. Gum Sweet, Oriental. See Styrax. Gum Thus (Gum Frankincense). Derivation: A resin from Boswellia carterii and other species of Bos- wellia. Habitat: Nubia, Egypt and Somaliland. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Pharmacy; incense. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Tragacanth. Color and properties: Dull white, trans- lucent plates or yellowish powder. Soluble in alkaline solutions, aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution; swells up with water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: An exudation from Astrag- alus gummifer. Habitat: Levant. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Pharmacy; adhesives; leather dressing; calico printing; emulsifying agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gum Vegetable. See Dextrine. Gum Wattle. A gum obtained from a certain species of Acacia. See Gum arabic. Gum-wood. See Eucalyptus. Gum Zanzibar. See Gum animi. Gummi Indicum, B. P. See Gum arabic. Guncotton. See Nitrocellulose. Guru. See Cola. Gutta-percha. Color and properties: Yellowish or grayish, hard, leathery sticks. Constants: Melting-point I20C. Soluble in carbon bisulfide, chloroform and warm benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the juice of Isonon- dra gutta, a tree native in the East Indies. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Gynocardia Oil 254 Halibut Oil Uses: Insulating electric wires, cables arid conduits; dentistry; making im- pressions of medals; waterproofing; fastening incandescent electric bulbs into their sockets; machinery belting; cutlery handles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gynocardia Oil. See Chaulmoogra oil. Gypsite. See Gypsum. Gypsophila (Levant soapwort; Spanish Soapwort; Radix saponaria alba). Derivation: Root of Gypsophila stru- thium. Habitat: Mediterranean region. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; detergent; source of saponin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Gypsum. Derivation: Natural, hydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O. Contains 32.5 per cent lime, 46.6 per cent sulfur trioxide and 20.9 per cent water. Alabaster is a fine-grained, compact variety, white, shaded or tinted. Gypsite is an incoherent mass of very small gypsum crystals or par- ticles, and has a soft, earthy appear- ance; contains various impurities, generally silica and clay. Satin spar is a fine fibrous variety which has a pearly, opalescent appearance. Se- lenite is a variety which occurs in distinct crystals or in broad folia. Some crystals are 3 or 4 feet long and clear throughout. Also see Cal- cium sulfate. The principal American sources are New York, California, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Uses: Plaster of Paris; Keene's cement; fireproof building blocks; fertilizer; sulfur; foundry cores. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. H H Acid. See Acid aminonaphtholdisul- fonic 1:8:3:6. Haarlem Oil* (Linseed oil, sulfurated and terebinthinated). Color and properties: Brownish-red oil. Soluble in oil of turpentine; insoluble in water. Derivation: By mixing sulfurated lin- seed oil with oil of turpentine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Haematoidin. See Bilirubin. Haematoxyli Lignum, B. P. wood. See Log- Haematoxylin Color and properties: Colorless to yel- lowish crystals. Constants: Melting-point 140 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From the heartwood of Hematoxylon campechianum. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Coloring agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hahnemann's Soluble Mercury. See Mercuric oxide, Black, Hahnemann's. Halibut Oil. Color and properties: Pale-yellow to dark-red liquid. Halite 255 Helenin Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expressing and boiling halibut livers. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude, refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Halite. See Sodium chloride. Halloysite. A clay-like, natural alumi- num silicate, resembling kaolinite but amorphous and containing a larger, but uncertain quantity of water, 2H 2 O. A1 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .Aq. Alabama and Georgia. Halotrichite. A natural hydrous sulfate of iron and aluminum, FeSO 4 .Al 2 (SO 4 )3.24H 2 O. New Mex- ico. "Halowax." A proprietary name for a chlorinated naphthalene (hexa), non-in- flammable. Hamamelidis Cortex, B. P. See Hama- melis. Hamamelidis Folia, B. P. See Hama- melis. Hamamelis* (Witch-hazel; Winter bloom; Snapping hazel; Striped alder; Tobacco wood; Wych-hazel). Derivation: Dried leaves and bark (also twigs) of Hamamelis virginiana. Habitat: North America (New England to Minnesota, southward to Louisi- ana. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P.; Ex- tract. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy; toilet prep- arations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hard Coal. See Anthracite. "Hardened" Oil. See Hydrogenated oil. Harmaline. See Fuchsine. Hartshorn. See Ammonium carbonate. Hartshorn, Spirit of, Ammonium hy- droxide. Hatchetin, also called "Hatchettite," an inflammable mineral tallow, found in bogs and coal beds. Hayo. See Coca. Heavy Spar. See Barite. Hecdecatylic Alcohol. See Cetylic alco- hol. Hedeoma* (Pennyroyal; Squaw mint). Derivation: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Hedeoma pulegioides. Habitat: U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hedeoma Oil* (American pennyroyal oil). Color and properties: A pale yellowish limpid liquid, essential oil; character- istic, pungent, mint-like odor and taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.930-0.940; optical rotation +18 to +21. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegioides. Method of purification: Rectification; Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; insectifuge. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Helcosol. See Bismuth pyrogallate. Helenin (Inula; Elecampane camphor; Alant camphor; Alant acid anhydride; Alantolactone). Color and properties: Wh* te crystals. Constants: Melting-point 64-66C; boiling-point I92C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Helenin 256 Hemlock Derivation: A stearoptene from Inula helenium. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Helenin. See Inulin. Helenium. See Inula. Helianthine. See Methyl orange. Helianthus* (Sunflower). Derivation: Flowers and seeds of He- lianthus annuus. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Source of sunflower-seed oil; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Helichrysum (Immortelles). Derivati9n: Flowers of Helichrysum arenarium. Habitat: Europe. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; preservative for furs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Heliotropin* (Piperonal; Piperonyl al- dehyde) C 6 H3(CH 2 00) COH. m Color and properties: White, shining crystals. Constants: Melting-point 37C.; boil- ing-point 263 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Synthetically from piper- ine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Helium* He. Color and properties: Colorless odor- less, non-inflammable gas. Constants: Specific gravity 0.1368 (Air) 1.98 (Hydrogen); melting-point -26oC.; boiling-point -268.75 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: From natural gas or ni- trogen (from air). Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel bottles. Uses: Balloon and airship filler in- stead of hydrogen; electric lamps. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Helmet Flower. See Scutellaria. Hematine Crystals. tals. Hematine Extract. tract. Hematine Liquid. tract. See Logwood crys- See Logwood ex- See Logwood ex- Hematine Paste. See Logwood paste. Hematite (Specular iron; Red iron ore) Natural iron oxide Fe2Oa. Contains 70 per cent iron (also see Ferric oxide, Red). The principal American sources are Minnesota, Michigan, Alabama, New York, Wisconsin, Cuba, Canada and New Foundland. Hematoidin. See Bilirubin. Hematoxylin. See Haematoxylin. Hemlock (Conium). Derivation: From the bark of the hem- lock fir, Pinus canadensis. Habitat: Northern and Western parts of the United States and Canada. Grades: 25 per cent Tannin. Containers: Extract; wooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hemlock Oil 257 Heroin Hemlock Oil.* Color and properties: A colorless liquid; agreeable odor, resembling spruce oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.913; op- tical rotation -23 55'. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves and twigs of Tsuga canadensis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hemp, Canadian. See Apocynum. Hemp Oil. See Hemp-seed oil. Hemp-seed Oil (Hemp oil). Color and properties: Light green, fixed, non-drying liquid; becomes brownish-yellow on standing. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9255- 0.9280; saponification value 172-192; Maumene number 97; iodine number 148. Soluble in ether, benzol and carbon bi- sulfide. Derivation: From hemp-seed, Cannabis sativa, by pressing or extraction. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron drums. Uses: Illumination; soft soap; paints; varnishes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Henbane. See Hyoscyamus. Henna (Egyptian privet; Flower-of- paradise). Derivation: Leaves of Lawsonia alba. Habitat: Orient; Mediterranean re- gion; Southern Asia and Australia. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; hair dye. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hepar Antimony. Potassium-antimony sulfide or Sodium-antimony sulfide. Hepar Calcis. See Calcium sulfide. Hepar Sulfuris. See Potassium sulfide. Hepatica. See Liverwort. Hepotic Acid. See Acid oenanthic. Heptane* (Heptyl hydride; Methyl hex- ane; Normal heptane; Dipropylme- thane) CHstCH^CHs. Color and properties: Volatile, color- less liquid; highly inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.694; boil- ing-point 95-98C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation of petroleum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins. Uses: Anesthetic; solvent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Heptanal. See (Enanthol. Heptoic Acid. See Acid oenanthic. Heptoic Aldehyde. See (Enanthol. Heptyl Hydride. See Heptane. Heptylic Acid. See Acid oenanthic. Heptylic Alcohol* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 OH. Color and properties: Colorless, fra- grant liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.830; melt- ing-point -36.5C; boiling-point Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From oenanthol by re- duction. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Heroin* (Diacetylmorphine) Herring Oil 258 Hexoic Acid Color and properties: White, crystal- line, odorless, bitter powder; poison- - ous; habit forming drug. Constants: Melting-point i7iC. Soluble in hot alcohol, chloroform and benzol; insoluble in water and ether. Derivation: By the acetylation of mor- phine. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine (also used extensively in the form of the hydrochloride). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Herring Oil. Color and properties: Pale yellow to dark-red liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9202- 0.932; saponification value 179-194; iodine value 130-142; refractive in- dex 1.478. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By boiling and pressing herring. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: No. i; No. 2; No. 2, blown; winter-pressed. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soap, leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hexachlorobenzene* Color and properties. White needles. Constants: Melting-point 229 C; boil- ing-point 326 C. Soluble in benzol and boiling alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating hexyl iodide with iodine chloride. Method of purification; Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hexachlorobenzol. See Hexachloroben- zene. Hexachloroethane. See Carbon tri- chloride. Hexahydropyridine. See Piperidine. Hexahydrothymol. See Menthol. Hexamethylenamma, U. S. P. Hexame- thylenetetramine. Hexamethylenetetramine* ( Cy stamin ; Cystogen; Formin; Aminoform; Uro- tropin; Hexamine; erroneously, "Hexamethylenamine"). (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of ammonia on formaldehyde. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical, B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; rubber accelerator; mixed 'with sodium phenate and so- dium hydroxide, as an absorbent for phosgene in military gas masks; syn- thetic resins. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hexamina, B. P. See Hexamethylene- tetramine. Hexamine. See Hexamethylenetetra- mine. Hexane* (Hexyl hydride; Caproyl hy- dride) C 6 Hi 4 . Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; faint, peculiar odor; highly inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.660; boil- ing-point 69 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation from petroleum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Solvent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations : Red label. Hexoic Acid. See Acid caproic. Hexyl Hydride 259 Horse Oil Hexyl Hydride. See Hexane. Hexylic Acid. See Acid caproic. Hiddenite. An emerald-green spodu- mene. Used as a gem. See Spodu- mene. North Carolina. "Hi-Flash" Naphtha. See Naphtha, Coal-tar. High Cranberry. See Viburnum opulus. Hinsdalite. A mineral related to alu- nite, but with replacements as indicated in the following formula: 2PbO. 3 A1 2 O 3 .P2 O 5 -6H 2 O. Colorado. Hippuric Acid. See Acid hippuric. "Hirathiol."* Proprietary name of a com- pound used as a substitute for ichthyol. Hirudo, B. P. Leeches. Hoarhound. See Marribium. Hog's Bean. See Hyoscyamus. Hog-weed. See Scoparius. Homatropinae Hydrobromidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Homatropine hydrobromide. Homatropine* Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 95.5C. Slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By evaporating a mixture of atropine-mandelic acid with dilute hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Homatropine Hydrobromide Ci 6 H 2 iNO 3 Br. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 213.8 C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on homatropine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Homopyrocatecholmonomethyl ester. See Creosol. Homoguaiacol. See Creosol. Honduras Bark. Cascara amarga. Honey Sugar. See Dextrose. Hops. See Humulus. Hop Oil.* Color and properties: A green essen- tial oil; strong penetrating odor. Chief known constituents: Humulene, geraniol, terpenes. Constants: Specific gravity 0.855-0.880. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the strobiles of Humulus lupulus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Aromatizing beer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Horehound. See Marribium. Horn Silver. See Cerargyrite. Hornstone. See Chert. Horse-heal. See Inula. Horse Oil.* Color and properties: Yellow-brown- ish yellow liquid. Soluble in chloroform, benzol and ether. Derivation: By pressing horse fat and filtering. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Horsemint Oil 260 Hydrastinae Uses: Soap stock. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Horsemint Oil* (Monarda oil). Color and properties: A yellowish-red or brownish-red essential oil; strong thyme-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.920 to 0.936. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the herb, Monarda punctata. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Preparation of liniments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Horseradish Root. See Armoraciae radix. Horsetail. See Equisetum. Horseweed. See Erigeron. Huanuco Bark. See Cinchona bark, Loxa. Huberts Reagent. For free mineral acid. An aqueous solution of ammonium molybdate and potassium ferrocyanide. With the exception of boric acid and ar- senic trioxide, free mineral acids afford a reddish-brown precipitate, or a tur- bidity with the reagent. Hubnerite. Nearly pure, natural man- ganese tungstate, MnWO-t. When pure it contains 76.6 per cent tungsten tri- oxide, WOs. Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah and Wash- ington. Humulus* (Hops). Derivation: Carefully dried strobiles of Humulus lupulus. Habitat: Europe, Asia and North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; brewing beer and beer substitutes. Fire hazafd: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyalite. A variety of opal (hydrous silica) which occurs in clear globular or botryoidal forms resembling drops of melted glass. Georgia and Kansas. Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, U. S. P. See Mercuric chloride. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, U. S. P., B. P. See Mercurous chloride. Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum, U. S. P. See Mercurous iodide, Yellow. Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum, U. S. P., B. P. See Mercuric iodide, Red. Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum, U. S. P., B. P. See Mercuric oxide, Yellow. Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum, U. S. P., B. P. See Mercuric oxide, Red. Hydrargyri Perchloridum, B. P. See Mercuric chloride. Hydrargyri Salicylas, U. S. P. Mercuric salicylate. Hydrargyri Subchloridum, B. P. See Mercurous chloride. Hydrargyrum, U. S. P., B. P. See Mer- cury. Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum, U. S. P., B. P. Ammoniated mercury. Hydrargyrum cum Greta, U. S. P., B. P. Mercury with chalk. Hydrargyrum Oleatum, B. P. Oleated mercury. Hydrastina, U. S. P. See Hydrastine. Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P. See Hydrastine hydrochloride. Hydrastine 261 Hydrocotarninc Hydrastine* C 2 iH 2 iNO 6 . Clor and properties: White pulveru- lent alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I3IC. Slightly soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction of the root of Hydrastis canadensis, with subse- quent crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrastine Hydrochloride C2iH 2 iN0 6 .HCl. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Soluble in water and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on hydrastine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrastinine* Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point n6-ii7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction of the root of Hydrastis canadensis, with sub- sequent crystallization. The salts are obtained by the action of the respec- tive acid on the alkaloid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrastis* (Golden seal; Orange root; Yellow root; Yellow puccoon; Tur- meric root; Indian turmeric). Derivation: Dried rhizomes and roots of Hydrastis canadensis. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Hydrastis Rhizoma, B. P. See Hydras- tis. Hydrazine* NH 2 NH 2 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.013; melt- ing-point 1.4 C; boiling-point ii3.5C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By reduction of nitrosa- mine with zinc dust and acetic acj_d. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron Drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; phenylhydra- zine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Hydriodic Acid. See Acid hydriodic. Hydroberberine* Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 167 C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By reducing berberine with nascent hydrogen. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrobromic Acid. See Acid hydrobro- mic. Hydrobromic Ether. See Ethyl bro- mide. Hydrochinone. See Hydroquinone. Hydrochloric Acid. See Acid hydro- chloric. Hydrocotarnine* Color and properties: White crysta.1- line alkaloid; poisonous, Hydrocyanic Acid 262 Hydrogen Sulfide Constants: Melting-point 5o-55C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: From op'ium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrocyanic Acid. See Acid hydrocy- anic. Hydrodisodium Phosphate. See Sodium phosphate. Hydrofluoric Acid. See Acid hydrofluo- ric. Hydrofluosilicic Acid. See Acid hydro- fluosilicic. Hydrogen* H. Color and properties: ^ Colorless gas; highly inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.06949; melting-point 259 C.; boiling-point 252 C Soluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the electrolytic dis- sociation of water, (b) By passing a current of steam through heated iron pipes, (c) By the action of dilute sul- furic acid on iron filings, (d) By the silicol process in which a silicon alloy (ferro-silicon, mangano-silicon or silico-spiegel) is allowed to act on a hot, strong solution of caustic soda, (e) By the action of water on an alloy of magnesium and lead. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel bottles. Uses: Hydrogenation of oils; oxy-hy- drogen flame for welding; balloons and airships; organic preparations. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Hydrogen Bromide. See Acid hydro- bromic. Hydrogen Carboxylic Acid. See Acid formic. Hydrogen Chloride. See Acid hydro- chloric, Hydrogen Cyanide. See Acid hydrocy- anic. Hydrogen Dioxide. See Hydrogen per- oxide. Hydrogen Fluoride. See Acid hydro- fluoric. Hydrogen Iodide. See Acid hydriodic. Hydrogen Nitrate. See Acid nitric. Hydrogen Peroxide* H2O2. Color and properties: Colorless, heavy liquid, appearing in commerce in the form of an aqueous solution. Keep cool and dark. A powerful oxidizing agent. Constants: (Anhydrous); Specific gravity 1.4584; melting-point -2C.; boiling-point 80.2 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the action of dilute mineral acid, usually sulfuric, on barium peroxide, (b) By treating barium peroxide with carbon dioxide under pressure, in presence of water. Impurities: The commercial article generally contains a little acetanilide, added to preserve the peroxide solu- tion. Inferior brands sometimes con- tain free sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; 30 per cent by weight, Sp. G. i.ui; 3 per cent by weight. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Bleaching; antiseptic; oxidizing agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Hydrogen Sulfide (Sulfuretted hydro- gen) HgS. Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable gas; offensive odor; sweet- ish taste. Constants: m Specific gravity 1.1895; melting-point 83.8C; boiling-point 60.2 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By the action of di- lute sulfuric acid on a sulficje, usually Hydrogen Tellurate 263 Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride iron sulfide. (b) By direct union of hydrogen and sulfur vapor at a defi- nite temperature and pressure. Containers: Not an article of com- merce, prepared as wanted or kept in glass bottles in aqueous solution. Uses: Purification of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids; precipitating sulfides of metals; reagent in analytic chem- istry. Hydrogen Tellurate. See Acid telluric. Hydrogenated Oils* ("Hardened" oils) Oils treated with hydrogen in presence of a catalyst, thereby converting all or part of the oleic acid or olein into stearic acid or stearin. The oils thus treated are rendered suitable for hu- man consumption, the manufacture of hard soaps (where previously they could only be used for making soft soaps), and for making lubricants. Hydrogenated oils are also used for making lard substitutes, tanner's greases, varnishes, etc. Hydrohydrastinine* CnHi3NO 2 . Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 66 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction of Hydras- tis canadensis, and subsequent crys- tallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrol, Michler's. See Tetramethyldia- minobenzhydrol. Hydrolite. See Calcium hydride. Hydroquinone* (Para-dioxybenzene) C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.330; melt- ing-point i69C.; boiling-point 285C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By oxidizing aniline in the cold with sulfuric and chromic acids, (b) By reducing quinone with sulfurous acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Barrels; boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Photographic developer; organ- ic synthesis; adurol. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydrosilicofluoric Acid. See Acid hy- drofluosilicic. Hydroxyacetic Acid. See Acid glycolic. Hydroxylamine* (Oxammonium) NH 2 OH. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; decomposes when heated and explodes at 130 C. Constants: Specific gravity 1.227; melting-point 33C.; boiling-point 70 C. Soluble in alcohol, acids and cold water. Derivation: By decomposing hydroxyl- amine hydrochloride with a base and distilling in vacuo. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Reducing agent; organic synthe- sis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride* (Oxam- monium hydrochloride) NH 2 OH 2 HC1. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point i5iC; boil- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on moist mercury fulmi- nate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis; photographic developer; medicine. Hydroxylamine Sulfate 264 Hyoscyamine Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydroxylamine Sulfate* (Oxammonium sulfate) (NH 2 OH) 2 .H 2 S0 4 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; solution has a corrosive action on the skin. Constants: Melting-point 140 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the electrolytic re- duction of nitric acid in presence of hydrochloric acid, (b) Soda ash is added to a cooled solution of sodium nitrite and sulfur dioxide passed into the solution which must constantly be kept cooled below oC. The solu- tion of disulfonic acid is decanted, concentrated, acidified if necessary and heated. It is then almost com- pletely neutralized with sodium car- bonate, allowed to stand for a time, then filtered. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis; dimethylgly- oxime. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hydroxybenzene. See Phenol. Hydroxybenzol. See Phenol. Hydrozincite (Zinc bloom). A natural, basic zinc carbonate, exact composi- tion undertain, perhaps 3ZnO.CO 2 .2H 2 O. Arkansas, Kansas and New Mexico. Hyoscinae Hydrobromidum, B. P. See Hyoscine hydrobromide. Hyoscine* (Scopolamine) Color and properties: Thick, colorless, sirupy liquid alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 50-59C. Soluble ^ in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction of various solanaceae, and subsequent crystal- lization. Graces: Technical Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscine Hydrobromide* Ci 7 H 2 iN0 4 HBr.3H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 191 C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on hyoscine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscine Sulfate* (Ci 7 H 2 iN0 4 ) 2 .H 2 SO 4 .2H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on hyoscine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: ^ Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscyami Folia, B. P. See Hyoscya- mus. Hyoscyaminae Hydrobromidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Hyoscyamine hydrobro- mide. Hyoscyaminae Sulfas, B. P. See Hyos- cyamine sulfate. Hyoscyamine* Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point io8.5C. Derivation: By extraction of Bella- donna or Scopola roots, and subse- quent crystallization. Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide 265 Hyssop Oil Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide* Ci7H 2 NO.HBr. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point igi-ig2C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on Jiyoscyamine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscyamine Hydrochloride* Ci 7 H 2 3N0 3 .HCl. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on hyoscyamine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscyamine Sulfate* (Ci7H23N0 3 )2.H 2 S0 4 . Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 198.9 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on hyoscyamine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion, Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hyoscyamus* (Henbane; Hog's bean; Insane root; Poison tobacco; Black henbane). Derivation: Dried leaves and flower- ing tops of Hyoscyamus niger. Habitat: Europe, Asia and United States; cultivated in England. Grade: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. U?es: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Hypnone. See Acetophenone. "Hypo." See Sodium thiosulfate. Hypophosphorous Acid. See Acid hy- pophosphorous. Hypophysis Sicca, U. S. P. Hypophy- sis, Desiccated. Hypovanadic Hydrochloride. See Van- adium chloride. Hyssop Oil. Color and properties: A colorless, liquid essential oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.932. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the herb, Hyssopus officinalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preparation of liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None, latrol 266 Immortelles latrol* Color and properties: Grayish-white, odorless powder. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water and glycer- ine. Derivation: By the action of nascent iodine on certain coal-tar derivatives. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades : Technical. Containers: Boxes; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ibit* (Bismuth oxyiodotannate). Color and properties: Greenish-gray, odorless, tasteless powder. Insoluble in alcohol, water or ether. Derivation: By the interaction of a bismuth salt and iodotannic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iceland Moss. See Cetraria. Iceland Spar. See Calcite. Ichthalbin* (Ichthyol albuminate). Color and ^properties: Grayish-brown, odorless,' tasteless powder. Insoluble in all solvents. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ichthoform* (Ichthyol-formaldehyde). Color and properties: Brownish-black, odorless and tasteless powder. Insoluble in all solvents. Derivation: By the interaction of ich- thyol and formaldehyde. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ichthyocolla. See Isinglass. Ichthyol* (So-called "Ammonium sul- foichthyolate" or "Ammonium-ich- thyol sulfonate"). Color and properties: Thick, blackish- brown liquid; bituminous odor. Soluble in alcohol and ether, water and glycerine. Derivation: An undefinable chemical combination of sulfonated hydrocar- bons, obtained by dry distillation of bituminous shale found in Seefeld, Tyrol. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ichthyol Albuminate. See Ichthalbin. Ichthyol-Formaldehyde. See Ichtho- form. Ilang-ilang Oil. See Cananga oil. Illicium (Star anise; Chinese anise). Derivation: Fruit of Illicium verum. Habitat: China. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of liqueurs and volatile oils. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Illicium Oil. See Anise oil. Ilmenite (Menaccanite). Natural iron- titanium oxide, FeTiOs. Contains 36.8 per cent iron and 31.6 per cent titanium (52.7 per cent TiO2). South Carolina, Texas, Virginia and Wyoming. Iminodiphenyl. See Carbazol. Iminourea. See Guanidine. Immortelles. See Helichrysum. ^ Imperatoria 267 Indigotin Imperatoria* (Master-wort; Felon grass; Felon-wort). Derivation: Rhizome of Imperatoria ostruthium. Habitat: Central and Southern Europe and U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Imperial Green. See Copper acetoar- senite. Impsonite. An asphalt much like alber- tite, but almost insoluble in turpentine. Oklahoma. Inderie. See Para-coumarone. India-rubber. See Caoutchouc. Indian Arrow-wood. See Euonymus. Indian Balsam. See Balsam, Peru. Indian Barley Caustic. See Sabadilla. Indian Cannabis. See Cannabis indica. Indian Corn. Maize. Indian Hemp. See Cannabis indica. Indian Laburnum. See Cassia fistula. Indian Physic. See Gillenia. Indian Pink. See Spigelia. Indian Pole. See Veratrum viride. Indian Red.* Color and properties: A pale red pow- der. Derivation: Obtained as such in nature as an iron ore. Grades: Depending on content of iron oxide (75 per cent.) Containers: Wooden barrels. .Uses: Pigment; polishing compound. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Indian Saffron. See Curanna. Indian Shot. See Canna. Indian Tobacco. See Lobelia. Indian Tumeric. See Hydrastis. Indigo* (Crude indigo blue). Color and properties: Dark-blue, odor- less, tasteless powder. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Derivation: (a) From various species of Indigofera. (b) From phenylgly- cin. (c) From anthranilic acid. Grades: Technical; natural; synthetic. Containers: Barrels; tins. Uses: Textile dyeing and printing; inks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Indigo Blue. See Indigotin. Indigo Carmine* (Soluble indigo; In- digo extract; Sodium indigotindisul- fonate; Sodium coerulinsulfate) Color and properties: Blue powder or pasty mass. Soluble in water. Derivation: Indigotindisulfonic acid is treated with soda. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Indigo Extract. See Indigo carmine. Indigo, Soluble. See Indigo carmine. Indigotin* (Indigo blue) Ci6Hi N 2 O 2 . Color and properties: Dark-blue, crys- talline powder; bronze lustre. Indium 268 Infusum Krameriae Constants: Specific gravity 1.35; melt- ing-point: Sublimes at 300C; boil- ing-point 390C. Soluble in aniline, nitrobenzene, chloro- form, glacial acetic acid and concen- trated sulfuric acid; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By fusing phenylglyco- coll-ortho-carboxylic acid with al- kali, (b) Extraction of leaves and branches of Indiofera tinctoria. Grades: Technical; natural; synthetic. Containers: Wood kegs. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Indium In. Color and properties: Ductile, shiny, silver-white metal; softer than lead. Constants: Specific gravity 7.362; melt- ing-point I55C; boiling-point 700C. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By the reduction of in- dium oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Indium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Indoform* (Salicylic acid methylene acetate). Color and properties: White powder; acid, astringent taste. Constants: Melting-point io8-i09C. Soluble in hot water; very slightly sol- uble in cold water. Derivation: By the action of for maldehyde on acetylsalicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Indole* (Ketole) C 6 H 4 (CH.NH)CH. Color and properties: Colorless to yellowish scales; intense fecal odor. Constants: Melting-point 52C.; boil- ing-point 254C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water. Derivation: By heating ortho-nitro- cinnamic acid with potassium hydrox- ide and iron filings. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent; perfumery; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Infusa, U. S. P. Infusions. Infusorial Earth. See Kieselgur. Infusum Alstoniae, B. P. Infusion of al- stonia. Infusum Aurantii, B. P. Infusion of orange peel. Infusum Aurantii Compositum, B. P. Compound infusion of orange peel. Infusum Buchu, B. P. Infusion of bu- chu. Infusum Calumbae, B. P. Infusion of calumba. Infusum Caryophylli, B. P. Infusion of cloves. Infusum Cascarillae, B. P. Infusion of cascarilla. Infusum Chiratae, B. P. Infusion of chiretta. Infusum Cinchona Acidum, B. P. Acid infusion of cinchona bark. Infusum Digitalis, U. S. P., B. P. Infu- sion of digitalis. Infusum Ergots, B. P. Infusion of er- got. Infusum Gentianae Compositum, 3. P. Compound infusion of gentian, Infusum Krameriae, B. P. Infusipn of krameria. Infusum Quassiae 209 lodeosine Infusum Quassias, B. P. Infusion of quassia. Infusum Rhei, B. P. Infusion of rhu- barb. Infusum Rosse Acidum, B. P. Acid in- fusion of roses. Infusum Scopari, B. P. Infusion of broom. Infusum Senegae, B. P. Infusion of sen- ega. Infusum Sennae, B. P. Infusion of sen- na. Infusum Sennae Composition, U. S. P., B. P. Compound infusion of senna. Infusum Uvae Ursi, B. P. Infusion of bear-berry. Injectio Apomorphinae Hypodermica, B. P. Hypodermic injection of apomor- phine. Injectio Cocainae Hypodermica, B. P. Hypodermic injection of cocaine. Injectio Ergotae Hypodermica, B. P. Hypodermic injection of ergot. Injectio Morphinae Hypodermica, B. P. Hypodermic injection of morphine. Injectio Strychininae Hypodermica, B. P. Hypodermic injection of strychnine. Ink, Diamond. See Diamond ink. Ink, Etching. See Diamond ink. Insane Root. See Hyoscyamus. Insect Powder. See Chrysanthemum pyrethrum. Insect Wax. See Chinese wax. Inula* (Scab-wort, Elf-wort, Horse-heal, Helenium). Derivation: Root of Inula helenium. Habitat: Central Asia, Europe and U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Inula Camphor. See Helenin. Inulin (Alant starch). Color and properties: Horny, color- less, amorphous lumps or white pow- der. Soluble in hot water. Derivation: A carbohydrate from the bulbs of Dahlia variabilis. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Diabetic bread; manufacture of fructose. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Invar. See Ferro-nickel. Invertase. See Invertin. Invertin* (Invertin zymase, Invertase). Color and properties: Whitish, pulve- rulent enzyme. Soluble in water. Derivation: From yeasts of the sac- charomyces species. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Converting sucrose into dex- trose and levulose. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. lodeosine* (Tetraiodofluorescein) Color and properties: Red powder. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of fluor- escein and iodine in presence of iodic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Indicator in analytic chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. lodethylene 270 Iodine Tribromide lodethylene. See Diiodoform. Jodie Acid. See Acid iodic. Iodine* 12. Color and properties: Purplish-black flat, volatile crystals; poisonous; cor- rosive. Constants: Specific gravity 4.98; melt- ing-point II4.2C; boiling-point 184 C. Soluble in alcohol, carbon bisulfide, chloroform, ether, glycerine and al- kaline iodide solutions; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the ashes of sea- weeds or mother liquors of Chili salt- peter by the addition of sodium by- sulfite solution. The precipitated io- dine is collected and dried. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; organic compounds; dyestuffs; iodides; iodates; tincture of iodine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iodine Bromide. See Iodine monobro- mide, tribromide and pentabromide. Iodine Chloride. See Iodine monochlor- ide and trichloride. Iodine Cyanide* (Cyanogen iodide) ICN. Color and properties: Colorless needles; very pungent odor; acrid taste; violent poison. Constants: Melting-point I46.5C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating a metal cya- nide with iodine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Taxidermists' preservative. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iodine Monobromide* (Bromine iodide) IBr. Color and properties: Crystalline, purplish-black mass. Constants: Melting-point 36 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of io- dine and bromine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; metal boxes. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iodine Monochloride* IC1. Color and properties: Reddish-brown, oily liquid. Constants: Melting-point 25C; boil- ing-point ioiC. Soluble in alcohol and dilute hydro- chloric acid. Derivation: By the action of dry chlor- ine on iodine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Iodine Pentabromide* Color and properties: Brown liquid. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of bro- mine and iodine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iodine Tincture, U. S. P. A solution of iodine and potassium iodide in alcohol. Iodine Tincture, Colorless. A solution of iodine and potassium iodide in an aqueous solution of sodium thiosul- fate. Iodine Tribromide* Color and properties: Brown liquid. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of io- dine and bromine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iodine Trichloride 271 Iridium Iodine Trichloride* IC1 8 . Color and properties: Orange-yellow, deliquescent, crystalline powder; pun- gent, irritating odor; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 33C. Soluble in water, alcohol and benzol. Derivation: By interaction of iodine and chlorine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. lodistol. See Thymol iodide. Iodized Oil.* Almond oil, containing dissolved iodine, used for linimental purposes in medicine. lodoethylene. See Diiodoform. lodoform* (Triiodomethane; Methenyl triiodide; Formyl triiodide). Color and properties: Small, yellow crystals; characteristic, penetrating odor. Constants: Specific gravity 4.08; melt- ing-point H9C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By heating, acetone or methyl alcohol with iodine in pres- ence of an alkali or alkaline carbo- nate, (b) Electrolytically, by pass- ing a current through a solution con- taining potassium iodide, methyl al- cohol and sodium carbonate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. lodoformum, U. S. P., B. P. See lodo- form. lodohydromol. See Thymol iodide, lodomethane. See Methyl iodide, lodosol. See Thymol iodide. lodotannic Acid. See Acid iodotannic. lodotannin. See Acid iodotannic. lodothymol. See Thymol iodide, lodum, U. S. P., B. P. See Iodine. lodyrite. Natural silver iodide, Agl. Contains 46 per cent silver. New Mex- ico. lolite. See Cordierite. losol. See Thymol iodide, lothymol. See Thymol iodide. Ipado. See Coca. Ipecac,* U. S. P. (Ipecacuanha hippo). Derivation: Dried root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Habitat: Brazil and Bolivia; cultivated in India. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ipecacuanha, U. S. P. See Ipecac. Ipecacuanhae Radix, B. P. See Ipecac. Ipomoeae Radix, B. P. Orizaba jalap (Mexican scammony root). Iridium* Ir. Color and properties: Silvery, ductile metal. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) White spongy, 15.86; (b) Crystalline, 22.42. Melting-point: (a) White spongy, 2250C; (b) Crystalline, 1950 C. (a) Soluble in acids, (b) Insoluble in aqua regia and other acids. Derivation: Separated from platinum by dissolving native platinum or its ores in aqua regia, iridium being in- soluble. Impurities: Palladium; platinum; os- mium. Grades: Technical. Iridosmine 272 Iron Containers: Boxes. Uses: Alloys; points on gold pens. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iridosmine. A natural alloy of iridium and osmium. Analyses show 43 to 77 per cent of iridium, 17 to 49 per cent osmium, and a little rhodium, ruthe- nium, platinum, iron and copper. Wash- ington. Irish Mpss* (Chondrus crispus). Derivation: A kelp found along coast of Ireland and New England. Grades: Technical. Containers: Burlap bags. Uses: Medicine; leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iron and Steel* (Ferrum) Fe. Color and properties: Silvery-white, tenacious, lustrous, malleable, duc- tile metal, rarely found native except in basalts and meteorites. The only metal which can be tempered, i. e., hardened by heating and sudden cool- ing; heating and slow cooling make it very pliable. It is magnetic and can be magnetized, but soon loses its magnetism (steel retains it). It rapidly oxidizes (rusts) in damp or salty air. Water is decomposed by iron at all temperatures from o to iooC., yielding hydrogen. It is very brittle at very low temperatures, soft- ens at red-heat, can be welded at white-heat and becomes brittle above white heat. Constants: (a) Pure iron: Specific gravity 7.85-7.88; melting-point 1530- C; boiling-point 2450C. (b) Wrought-iron: Specific gravity 7.80; melting-point 1600 C. (c) White pig- iron: Specific gravity 7.58-7.73; melting-point IO75C. (d) Gray pig- iron: Specific gravity 7.03-7.13; melt- ing-point I27^C. (e) Steel: Specific gravity 7.60-7.80; melting-point I375C. Soluble in dilute acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, ether and alkalis. Derivation: By smelting- the ores (ox- ides, carbonates or sulfides) (Brown iron ore. Hematite, Ilmenite, Limon- ite, Magnetite, Marcasite, Pisanite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Siderite, Specular- ite) with carbon (coke, charcoal or coal) in blast or electric furnaces, yielding iron with combined and free carbon in solution. The proportion and condition of the carbon and amount of dissolved slag determine the properties of the resulting metal and yield cast-iron, wrought-iron or steel. The iron is run into moulds ("sows") or sent in molten condition in ladles to the steel plants. The crude (cast) iron is converted into wrought-iron by burning out the car- bon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur present in reverberatory furnaces. Steel is produced (a) by bessemerizing (oxidizing by means of an air-blast in a "converter"); (b) by the open-hearth process (smelting in a regenerative-reverberatory furnace; (c) by the crucible process in which the best quality wrought-iron is melted in graphite or clay crucibles with charcoal; (d) By the cementa- tion processes in which bars of wrought-iron are kept at yellow heat for a long time in long fire-brick chests in which the iron is imbedded in charcoal. The Bessemer and open- hearth processes produce mild (low carbon) steel. The crucible and ce- mentation processes produce the best steel, free from slag. Grades: Cast-iron, gray and white (pig- iron); wrought-iron; mild steel; pud- dled steel; blister steel; weld steel; ingot steel; alloy steels; spiegeleisen; silico-spiegel. Uses: Alloy steels: Nickel steel: great tensile strength, hardness, high limit of elasticity and great ductility. For war-ship armor, etc. Manganese steel: Very hard and tough. For rock-crushing machinery, safes, car-wheels, etc. Chrome steel: Great hardness and high elastic limit. For armor-piercing shells, projectiles, shoes and dies of stamp-mills, safes, etc. Vanadium steel: For making equip- ment which must resist great strains and shocks. Tungsten steel: For making mag- nets. Iron Acetate 273 Iron Liquor Chrome-tungsten (high-speed) steel: Retains its hardness when heat- ed to 6ooC. by the friction of the work performed. For lathe tools for cutting iron and other metals and hard substances. Iron filings and powder all used as concrete hardeners and as reducing agents. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iron Acetate. See Ferric acetate. Iron Acetate, Basic. See Ferric acetate, Basic. Iron Acetate Liquor.* Derivation: By the action of pyrolig- neous acid on iron filings. Grades: Technical; 25Tw. Containers: Wooden . barrels. Uses: Textile industries; mordanting. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iron Albuminate. nate. See Ferric albumi- Iron Alum. See Ferric-potassium sul- fate. Iron-Ammonium Citrate. See Ferric- ammonium citrate. Iron-Ammonium Oxalate. See Ferric- ammonium oxalate. Iron-Ammonium Sulfate. See Ferric- ammonium sulfate. Iron Arsenate. See Ferrous arsenate. Iron Benzoate. See Ferric benzoate. Iron Bromide. See Ferric bromide and Ferrous bromide. Iron Buff* (Nankin yellow) Ferric hy- droxide dyed on cotton or cotton goods by steeping the latter in a solution of ferrous sulfate, basic ferric sulfate or ferric nitrate and precipitating the hy- droxide on the fiber by means of cal- cium hydroxide solution, sodium hy- droxide solution or soda-ash. Iron Carbonate. See Ferrous carbonate, Green. Iron Carbonate, Precipitated. See Ferric oxide, Brown. Iron Chloride. See Ferric chloride and ferrous chloride. Iron Citrate. See Ferric citrate. Iron "Cyanide." See Ferric ferrocyan- ide. Iron Bichloride. See Ferrous chloride. Iron Bichromate. See Ferric dichrom- ate. Iron Ethiops. See Ferric oxide, Black. Iron Ferrocyanide. See Ferric ferrocy- anide. Iron Fluoride. See Ferrous fluoride. Iron Gallotannate. See Ferric tannate. Iron Glycerinophosphate. See Iron Glyc- erophosphate. Iron Glycerophosphate* (Iron glycerino- phosphate). Derivation: By the interaction of a sol- uble ferric salt and glycerphosphoric acid. Color and properties: Yellowish scales. Soluble in water, alcohol and sirups. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iron Hydroxide. See Ferric hydroxide. Iron Iodide. See Ferrous iodide. Iron Liquor. See Iron acetate liquor. Iron Malate 274 Iron-Sodium Iron Malate. Se Ferric malate. Iron Monosulfide. See Ferrous sulfide. Iron Nitrate. See Ferric nitrate. Iron Oleate. See Ferric oleate. Iron Oxalate. See Ferrous oxalate. Iron Oxide, Black. See Ferric oxide, Black. Iron Oxide, Brown. See Ferric oxide, Brown. Iron Oxide, Hydrated. See Ferric hy- droxide. Iron Oxide Magnetic. See Ferric oxide, Black. Iron Oxide, Red. See Ferric oxide, Red. Iron Perchloride. See Ferric chloride. Iron Oxide, Yellow* (Umber; Sienna). Derivation: Natural mineral product, varying from bright yellow to brown. Grades*. Based on covering properties and iron oxide content. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pigments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iron Peroxide, Hydrous. See Ferric hy- droxide. Iron Persulfate. See Ferrous sulfate, Basic. Iron Phosphate. See Ferric phosphate. Iron-Potassium Tartrate. See Ferric- potassium tartrate. Iron Protocarbonate. See Ferrous Car- bonate. Iron Protochloride. See Ferrous chlor- ide. Iron Protoiodide. See Ferrous iodide. Iron Protosulfide. See Ferrous sulfide. Iron Pyrites (Pyrite; Iron sulfide; Fool's gold). A natural, pale-yellow, crystallized iron bisulfide, FeS2, con- taining 15 per cent of iron. See also ferrous sulfide. Found in Canada, Cuba, Virginia, Massachusetts, Spain, etc. Grades: Technical (Based on sulfur content). Containers: Freight cars; tramp steam- ers. Uses: Manufacturing sulfuric acid and liquid sulfur dioxide; in the sulfite process for making paper pulp. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Ferrous sulfide. Iron Pyrolignite. See Iron acetate li- quor. Iron Pyrophosphate* Fe4 (1*207)3. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in acids and carbonated water. Derivation: By the addition of a ferric salt to a solution of pyrophosphoric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Iron, Reduced. See Ferrum reductum. Iron Salts. See Ferric and Ferrous. Iron Sesquibromide. See Ferric bromide. Iron Sesquichloride. See Ferric chlor- ide. Iron Sesquioxide. See Ferric oxide. Iron Sesquioxide, Hydrated. See Ferric oxide. Iron Sesquisulfate. See Ferric sulfate. Iron-Sodium Oxalate. See Ferric-sodium oxalate. Iron Sponge 275 Isocyanuric Acid Iron Sponge. Iron oxide used for ab- sorbing sulfur in the purification of coal gas. Iron Stearate. See Ferric stearate. Iron Subcarbonate. See Ferric oxide, Brown. Iron Subsulfate. See Ferric sulfate, Basic. Iron Sulfate. See Ferric sulfate and Fer- rous sulfate. Iron Sulfate Basic. See Ferric sulfate, Basic. Iron Sulfide. See Ferrous sulfide. Iron Sulfuret. See Ferrous sulfide. Iron Tannate. See Ferric tannate. Iron Tersulfate. See Ferric sulfate. Iron Tribromide. See Ferric bromide. Iron Trichloride. See Ferric chloride. Iron Trioxide. See Ferric oxide. Iron Vanadate. See Ferrous vanadate. Isatin (Ortho-aminobenzoylformic acid; Isatic acid, Anhydride; Isatic acid lac- time) C 6 H 4 CO:C(OH).N. Color and properties: Yellowish-red crystals; bitter taste. Constants: Melting-point 200 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From indigo by oxidation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Isinglass* (Ichthyocolla, Fish glue). Derivation: A pure white, odorless, tasteless gelatine prepared from the inner skins of the swimming bladders of fish, usually the sturgepn. Mica is often erroneously called isinglasi. Grades. Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Adhesive; clarifying agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Isobutyl Alcohol* (Isopropylcarbinol) (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OH. Color and properties: Clear, mobile liquid; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.806; boil- ing-point IO7C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the formation of the corresponding iodic compound from the fusel oil from potato alcohol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; barrels; iron drums. Uses: Manufacturing fruit essences; or- ganic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Isobutyl Aldehyde* (Tsobutyryl alde- hyde) (CH 3 ) 2 CH.CHO. Color and properties: Transparent, colorless highly refractive liquid; pungent odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.797; boil- ing-point 63-64C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By oxidizing isobutyl alco- hol with chromic acid. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Isobutylcarbinol. See Amyl alcohol. Isobutylcarboxyl. See Acid Isovaleric. Isobutyryl Aldehyde. See Isobutyl alde- hyde. Isocaproic Acid. See Acid butylacetic. Isocyanuric Acid. See Acid cyanuric. tsohexoic Acid 276 Ivy, Three-leaved Isohexoic Acid. See Acid isohexoic. Isonandra Gutta. See Gutta-percha. Isopropyl Alcohol* CH 3 CHOHCH 3 . Color and properties: Colorless, clear, mobile liquid; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.80; boil- ing-point 82.8C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the reduction of acetone with sodium amalgam. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Isopropylbenzoic Aldehyde, Para-. See Cunimol. Isopropylcarbinol. See Isobutyl alco- hol. Isopropyl-meta-cresol. See Thymol. Isopropyltoluene. See Cymene. Isopropyltoluol. See Cymene. Isotartaric Acid. See Acid meta-tartaric. Isovaleral. See Isovaleric aldehyde. Isovaleric Aldehyde* (Isovaleral) (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CHO. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; apple-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.804; boil- ing-point Q2C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the oxidation of amyl acetate or the distillation of isovaler- ates. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring compounds; perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Isoxylene. See Xylol, Meta-. Isoxylol. See Xylol, Meta-. Ispaghula. Derivation: Dried seeds of Plantago ovata. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Itrol. See Silver citrate. Iva Oil. Color and properties: Bluish-green liquid oil; aromatic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.934. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the flowering herb of Achillea moschata. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Preparation of Swiss iva liqueur. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ivory Black.* Derivation: By heating the refuse from ivory working in closed retorts until all of the organic constituents are de- composed. The charred mass is ground very fine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; barrels. Uses: Decolorizing agent; filtering me- dium. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Ivy, Climbing. See Rhus toxicodendron. Ivy, Poison. See Rhus toxicodendron. Ivy, Three-leaved. See Rhus toxicoden- dron. Jaborandi 277 Japan Lacquer Jaborandi. See Pilocarpus. Jaborandi Oil. Color and properties: Bright yellow liquid; penetrating odor. Chief known constituents: Pilocarpene; ketones. Constants: Specific gravity 0.865-0.895; boiling-point i8o -2QO C; optical ro- tation +3 25'. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Pilocarpus pennatifolius. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; hair tonics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Jack. See Sphalerite. Jacquemart's Reagent. For ethyl alco- hol. An aqueous solution of mercur- ic nitrate with nitric acid. On heating the liquid with the reagent, the mercury salt is partially reduced and if ethyl alcohol is present, yields a black pre- cipitate on the addition of ammonia water. Methyl alcohol does not pro- duce this reaction. Jade (Jadeite, Nephrite). A hard and extremely tough material of varying composition, greenish white to deep green in color, used in making orna- ments. Part of the so-called jade is jadeite, a variety of pyroxene, essen- tially a meta-silicate of sodium and aluminum. Part is nephrite, a variety of amphibole, and essentially a meta- silicate of iron, lime and magnesium; and part is a variety of saussurite, which is commonly a complex altera- tion product of plagioclase feldspar. Williamsite, a variety of serpentine, is sometimes mistaken for jade. Massa- chusetts, China and Philippine Islands. "Jaggary" Sugar. A low grade crude sugar produced in India from the date palm. Jalap. Derivation: Dried tuberous root of Ex- ogonium purga. Habitat: Mexico; cultivated in India. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Jalap, Orizaba (Mexican scammony root). Derivation: Dried root of Ipomoea ori- zabensis. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Jalapa, U. S. P., B. P. See Jalap. Jalapae Resina, B. P. Jalap resin. James* Febrile Powder. Calcium phos- phate, Antimoniated. Jamesonite (Feather ore). A natural sul- fide of lead and antimony, Pb2Sb2Ss. Arizona, Nevada and South Dakota. Jamestown Weed. See Stramonium. Japaconitine. See Aconite. Japan* Derivation: A lacquer or varnish pre- pared by heating linseed oil with lith- arge and Prussian blue and thinning down the mixture with a solvent (naphtha, turpentine, etc.). Grades: Technical. Containers: Tin cans. Uses: Lacquer for metal and wood; patent leather. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Japan Camphor. See Camphor. Japan Lacquer. See Japan, Japan Wax 278 Juniper-berry Japan Wax. Derivation: From a species of Rhui by boiling the fruit in water. Color and properties: A pale-yellow solid wax. Constants: Specific gravity 0.970-0.980; melting-point 53C. Soluble in benzol and naphtha. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Candles; wax matches; furniture polish; leather dressing. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Japanese Belladonna. See Scopola. Japanese Gelatine. See Agar-agar. Jasmine Oil. Color and properties: t Colorless, light yellow oil; characteristic odor. Chief known constituents: Benzal ace- tate; linalyl acetate; linalol. Constants: Specific gravity 1.007-1.018; optical rotation +2.5 to 3.5. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the flowers of Jasmium grandiflorum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Jateorhiza. See Calumba. Jaulingite. A mineral resin from a vari- ety of lignite; very inflammable. Jaune Brilliant. See Cadmium sulfide. Jaune D'or. See Martius yellow. Java Pepper. See Cubeba. Javelle Water* (Eau de Javelle). Derivation: A solution of sodium hypo- chlorite, prepared by adding soda ash to a solution of calcium hypochlorite. Containers: Glass bottles. Grades: Technical. Uses: Bleaching agent; disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Jaw Oil. See Black-fish oil. "Jellitac." A prepared starch-gluten sold in powder form, and forming an ad- hesive paste when stirred with cold water. Jelutong. See Gum pontianak. Jeppel's Oil. See Bone oil. Jesuits' Balsam. See Copaiba. Jesuits' Bark. See Cinchona bark. Jet. A dense black lignite, taking a good polish. Sometimes used for jewelry. Colorado. Jews' Pitch. See Asphalt. Jimson Weed. See Stramonium. Jimpson Weed. See Stramonium. Josephinite. A natural iron-nickel alloy, Fe2Ni5. Oregon. Judean Pitch. See Asphalt. Juniper. See Juniperus. Juniper-berry Oil.* Color and properties: A colorless or faintly greenish-yellow liquid; be- comes darker and thicker with age and exposure to air; characteristic odor. Chief known constituents: Pinene; cadi- nene; juniper camphor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.865-0.882; optical rotation n to 15; refrac- tive index 1.474-1.488. Soluble in alcohol, ether and carbon bi- sulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Juniperus communis. Juniperus 279 Kaolin Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preparation of gin and liqueurs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Juniperus* (Juniper). Derivation: Berries, wood and tops of Juniperus communus. Habitat: Northern Europe, Asia and North America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; gin; cordials; fumigat- ing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Non. Jute. Derivation: The bast fiber of several species of Corchorus of which C. cap- sularis is the most important. Habitat: India. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Bags; twine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kainite. Derivation: A mineral found in the Stassfurt deposits containing potas- sium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride. Grades: Based on potash content. Containers: Bags. Uses: Potash; magnesium; fertilizers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kakodylic Acid. See Acid cacodylic. Kaladana. (Pharbitis seeds). Derivation: Dried seeds of Ipomcea hederacea. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kaladana Resin (Pharbitisin). Derivation: A mixture of resins ob- tained from Kaladana. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kaladanae Resinae, B, P, resin. See Kaladana Kalinite (Potash alum). Natural hy- drous aluminum-potassium sulfate, K 2 SO 4 . A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .24H 2 O. California and Nevada. Kaolin (Terra alba; White bole; Kao- linite; China clay; Bolus alba; Ar- gilla; Porcelain clay) Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: A white clay, mainly hydrous aluminum silicate, from which porcelain may be made. Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Califor- nia, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, In- diana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Soluble in hydrochloric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: Quarried. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Ceramics; pigments; pencil man- ufacture, for mixing with graphite; filler for paper and textiles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kaolin Cataplasm (Antiphlogistine, Den- ver mud). Derivation: By the mixing of the fol- lowing ingredients: Kaolin 577 parts; Boric acid 45 parts; Thymol 0.5 parts; Kaolinite 280 Kieselgur Methyl salicylate 2, parts; Peppermint oil 0.5 parts; Glycerine 375 parts. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kaolinite. See Kaolin. Kaolinum, B. P. See Kaolin. Kapoc Oil (Kapok oil). Derivation: By pressing the seeds of Eriodendron anfractuosium and Bom- bax ceila. Habitat: The tropics. Color and properties: Yellowish-green oil; pleasant odor and taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9235; sa- ponification number 181-205; iodine value 117-129. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Edible oil; soap stock. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kapok Oil. See Kapoc oil. Katchung Oil. See Peanut oil. Kauri. See Gum Kauri. Kaurie. See Copal. Kautschin. See Dipentene. Kava. Derivation: The peeled, dried and di- vided rhizome of Piper methysticum. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kavae Rhizoma, B. P. See Kava. Kelene. See Ethyl chloride. Keene's Cement. Produced by calcining gypsum or by partially calcining lump gypsum, soaking the lumps in a solu- tion of alum or aluminum sulfate, re- calcining and grinding. Used as a building material. Kelp. Derivation: Large, coarse seaweed. Uses: Production of iodine, potash, ace- tone and other solvents. Kerite, Artificial caoutchouc. Kermes Mineral. See Antimony, Sul- furated. Kerosene* (Astral oil, Crude oil, Coal oil, sometimes called Paraffin oil. Color and properties: A white, mobile liquid consisting of a mixture of hy- drocarbons; free of gasoline, naphtha and heavy oils. Constants: Specific gravity: About 1.440; boiling-point: About 230- 235C. Derivation: By fractional distillation from petroleum. Grades: 150 C. flash-point, water-white. Containers: Barrels; tank cars; tank ships. Uses: Fuel; illuminant. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Kesso Oil. See Valerian oil, Japanese. Ketole. See Indole. Ketone, Ethylmethyl. See Ethyl methyl- ketone. Ketone, Michler's. See Tetramethyldi- aminobenzophenone. Ketopropane. See Acetone. Kieselgur (Kieselguhr, Guhr, Infusor- ial earth, Siliceous earth, Diatoma- ceous earth, Fossil flour, Tripolite). Color and properties: White powder or lumps, capable of taking up and holding four times its weight of water. Alabama, California, Colora- do, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Ne- Kidney Liverleaf 281 Krenneritc vada, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, South Carolina, South Da- kota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and Washington. Soluble in hydrochloric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: A soft, white, earthy rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags; barrels. Uses: Dynamite absorbent; packing for inflammable or caustic sub- stances; heat insulation; filtering me- dium; ceramics; abrasive soaps; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kidney Liverleaf. See Liverwort. Kieserite. A natural magnesium sulfate, MgSO^.HoO, occurring in the Stass- furt salt beds. Killeen. See Chondrus. King's Yellow. See Arsenic sulfide, Yel- low. Kinic Acid. See Acid quinic. Kino (Resin kino; Gum kino). Derivation: Inspissated juice of Ptero- carpus marsupium. Habitat: Western Africa, East India, Ceylon and Bengal. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; textile industry; tan- ning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kish. See Graphite. Kittool Fiber. Derivation: From the leaves of a spe- cies of palm from Ceylon. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Brush manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Kleinenberg's Fat Mixture. A solution of cacao-butter and spermaceti in castor oil. used as an imbedding material in microscopy. Kleinite. A natural mercury ammonium chloride of uncertain formula. Texas. Klein's Reagent. Derivation: A saturated solution of cad- mium borotungstate. . Specific gravity 3.28. Uses: For the separation of minerals by specific gravity. "Klucine." A proprietary waterproofing compound. Kola. See Cola. Kola Nuts. See Cola nuts. Kool. Mat bags, used in Russia for packing linseed for export. Kooringa Fiber. A substitute for flax, prepared in Tanjore. "Koreon." A proprietary brand of basic chromium sulfate, Cr(OH)SC>4, used in the tanning industry. Kousso (Cusso: Brayera). Derivation: Female inflorescence of Hagenia abyssinica. Habitat: Abyssinia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers:. Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Krameria (Rhatany; Payta). Derivation: Dried root of Krameria triandra and Krameria argentia. Habitat: Peru: Bolivia and Brazil. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Krennerite. A natural telluride of gold and silver of variable composition, Kreosol 282 Ladanum Oil (AuAg)Te2. At Cripple Creek, analy- Kresalol, Ortho-. See Cresalol, Ortho-. sis gives gold 43.86 per cent, silver 0.46 per cent, tellurium 55.68 per cent. Col- Kresalol, Para-. See Creealol, Para*. orado. Kreosol. See Cresol. Kreosote. See Creosote. Kresalol, Meta-. See Cresalol, Meta-. Kresol. See Cresol. Kresotic Acid. See Acid cresotic. Kryolith. See Cryolite. Labradorite. A lime-soda feldspar. See Feldspar and Moonstone. Lac. See Shellac. Lacca. See Shellac. Lacmoid* (Resorcinol blue) C6H 3 (OH)2NOOH.C 6 H3. Color and properties: Lustrous, dark- violet, crystalline scales. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, phe- nol and glacial acetic acid; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From resorcinol by treat- ment with sodium nitrite. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Indicator in analytical chem- istry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lacmus. See Litmus. Lac Sulphuris. See Sulfur. Lactic Acid. See Acid lactic. Lactoglucose. See Galactose. Lactone of Cantharidic Acid. See Can- tharidin. Lactophenine* (Lactylphenetidine) OC 2 H5.C 6 H4.NHCOCH(OH)CH 3 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point n8C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol. Derivation: By the action of lactic acid on phenetidine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lactose. See Milk sugar. Lactylphenetidine. See Lactophenine. Ladanum Oil. Color and properties: A golden-yellow, essential oil; fine, ambergris odor. A crystalline body separates on stand- ing. Constants: Specific gravity i.on. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By distillation of the gum resin of Cistus creticus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lady's Slipper 283 Lapis Lazuli Lady's Slipper. See Cypripedium. Lakes.* A class of pigments which are indefinite compounds of metallic salts with organic chromophoric com- pounds. Derivation: By adding freshly pre- pared aluminum hydroxide to a solu- tion of dyestuff bases, alizarine or an- thracene. The precipitate is washed, filtered, dried and finely ground. Grades: Based on color and tinctorial value. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigments; lithographic and printing inks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lampblack.* Derivation: From natural gas or oils by burning under plates or rollers. Grades: According to coloring prop- erties. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Paint; inks; rubber. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Lanain. See Lanum. Lanalin. See Lanum. Lanesin. See Lanum. Lanichol. See Lanum. Laniol. See Lanum. Lanolin. See Lanum. Lanthanite, Artificial. See Lanthanum carbonate. Lanthanum.* La. Color and properties: White, malle- able, ductile metal; oxidizes rapidly in air. Constants: Specific gravity 6.154; melt- ing-point 8ioC. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By electrolysis of lantha- num chloride. Grades: Technical, Containers: Boxes. Uses: Lanthanum salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lanthanum Carbonate* (Artificial lan- thanite) La 2 (CO 3 )3.3H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium carbo- nate to a solution of lanthanum ni- trate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lanthanum Oxide* (Lanthanum triox- ide; Lanthanum sesquioxide) La2Og. Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from mona- zite sand. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Instead of lime in calcium lights; incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lanthanum Sesquioxide. See Lantha- num oxide. Lanthanum Trioxide. See Lanthanum oxide. Lanum* (Lanolin, Lanalin, Lanain, Lane- sin, Laniol, Lanichol). Derivation: Purified wool grease. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy; cosmetics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lapis Calaminaris. See Calamine. Lapis Lazuli. Derivation: A translucent, rich, berlin- blue, azure-blue, violet-blue, or green- ish-blue stone. It is a mixture of U- Lapis Smiridis 284 Laurel Oil zurite, hauynite and other blue miner- als. California. Uses: Ornaments; jewelry; pigment (ultramarine). Lapis Smiridis. See Emery. Lappa* (Clotbur; Bardana; Burdock). Derivation: Dried root of Arctium lappa and some other species of Arc- tium, from plants of the first year's growth. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Larch Extract.* Derivation: By leaching the bark of the Pinus larix. Grades: Larch extract, 25 per cent Tannin. Larch crystals, 50 per cent Tannin. Containers: Extract: Wooden bar- rels; Crystals: Bags. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lard Oil.* Color and properties: Colorless or yel- lowish oil. Chief constituents: Olein, with a small percentage of the glycerides of solid fatty acids. Constants: Specific gravity 0.915; sa- ponification value 195-196; iodine value 56-74. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By cold pressing lard. Impurities: Cotton seed; petroleum oils. Grades: Prime winter edible; Prime winter inedible; off prime; Extra No. i; No. i; No. 2. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Lubricant; illuminant; metal cutting compounds; oiling wool. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Large Fennel. See Fennel. Larix Cedrus. See Cedrus. Larkspur. See Delphinum. Laudanine* Color and properties: Small prisms; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point i66C. Soluble in benzol and chloroform; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from opium. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Laudanosine* Color and properties: White needles; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 89C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From opium. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Laudanum* (Tincture of opium). Color and properties: Brown liquid; poisonous. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Granulated opium dis- solved in dilute alcohol. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Laughing Gas. See Nitrous oxide. Laurel. See Laurus. Laurel Camphor. See Camphor. Laurene. See Pinene. Laurel Oil, Volatile* (Bay oil). Color and properties: A bright yellow liquid; aromatic odor, Laurent's Acid 285 Lead Acetate Chief known constituents: Cineol; pinene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.924. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves or berries of Laurus nobilis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins; iron drums. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Laurent's Acid. See Acid nitronaph- thalenesulfonic 1:5. Laurus (Sweet bay; Bay; Noble laurel; Bay berry). Derivation: Leaves and fruit of Laurus nobilis. Habitat: Mediterranean region; culti- vated in Mexico. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; source of expressed bay oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lava. A rock that has reached the sur- face of the earth while molten. Lavender Flower Oil* (Oleum lavandu- lae florum). Color and properties: A colorless or yellowish liquid; fragrant, lavender odor. Chief known constituents: Linalool; linaloyl acetate; gerariiol; cineol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.885 to 0.897; optical rotation 5 to 8. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the fresh flowers of Lavandula officinalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lavender Spike Oil*. Color and properties: A colorless or yellowish liquid, less fragrant than the official lavender oil. Chief known constituents: Pinene; camphene; cineol; linalool; camphor: borneol; geraniol Constants: Specific gravity: 0.905-0.920; optical rotation o to +3. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the flower- ing herb, Lavandula -spica. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Veterinary medicine; liniments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lawsonia Alba. See Henna. Lead* (Plumbum) Pb. A heavy, malle- able, ductile, gray, soft metal of small tensile strength, rarely found native. See also Altaite, Anglesite, Brong- niardite, Cerusite, Crocoite, Dufre- noysite, Galena, Jamesonite, Leadhil- lite, Linarite, Massicot, Mimetite, Minium, Plumbojarosite, Pyromor- phite. Constants: Specific gravity II-34; melt- ing-point 327C; boiling-point I525C. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By roasting galena. Method of purification: Roasting. Impurities: Zinc; silver; cadmium. Grades: Technical; sold in pigs, sheets, granules and powder. Containers: Freight cars. Uses: Chemical apparatus; water pipes; lead pigments; white lead; stor- age batteries; lining for acid-proof vessels; piping, valves, etc.; making cables; insulator in electrotechnic apparatus; solder; alloys. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Acetate* (Sugar of lead) Pb(C 2 H 3 2 )2.3H20. Color and properties: White crystals (Commercial grades are frequently brown or gray lumps); poisonous. Lead Acetate 286 Lead Carbonate Constants: Specific gravity 2.50; melt- ing-point: Loses 3H2O at 75C; boiling-point 28oC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on litharge. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Lead carbonate. Grades: Brown, broken; white, broken; granular; white crystals; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine; lead salts; dyeing and printing cottons; manufacturing varnishes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Acetate, Monobasic* (Lead subace- tate) Pb 2 O(CH 3 COO) 2 . Color and properties: White powder; poisonous. Soluble in water, alcohol and acids. Derivation: By the interaction lead oxide and acetic acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins;, glass bottles. Uses: Lead salts; analytical chemis- try; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Acetate, Tribasic* (Tribasic lead acetate) Pb(C2H 3 O2)2.2PbO.H 2 O. Color and properties: Lustrous, white, microscopic needles; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on lead oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Weighting silk; textile printing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Antimonate* (Naples yellow) Pb 3 (Sb0 4 ) 2 . Color and properties: Orange-yellow powder; very poisonous. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of lead nitrate and potassium antimonate, concentration and crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigment; staining glass, crockery and porcelain. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Arsenate* Pb 3 (AsO 4 )2. Color and properties: White crystals; very poisonous. Specific gravity 6.42. Soluble in nitric acid. Derivation: By the action of a solu- ble lead salt on a solution of sodium arsenate, concentration and crystalli- zation. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Insecticide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Beta-naphthalenesulfonate. See Lead naphthalenesulfonate, Beta-. Lead, Black. See Graphite. Lead Borate* (Pb(BO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 5.598. Soluble in dilute nitric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of lead hydroxide and boric acid, with subsequent crystallization Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish and paint drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Carbolate. See Lead phenate. Lead Carbonate* PbCO 3 . Color and properties: White, powdery crystals; poisonous. Lead Carbonate 287 Lead Hydroxide Constants: Specific gravity 6.43. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding a solution of sodium bicarbonate to a solution of lead nitrate. Impurities: Basic lead carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Carbonate, Basic* (Lead subcarbo- nate; White lead; Ceruse, Lead flake) 2PbCO 3 .Pb(OH) ? . Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Dutch process. By the corrosion of lead buckles in pots by means of acetic acid and carbon dioxide generated by the fermenta- tion of waste tan-bark, (b) Carter process. By treating very finely di- vided lead in revolving wooden cyl- inders with vinegar (dilute acetic acid) and carbon dioxide. Grades: Dry; ground in oil. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigment; putty. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Chloride* PbCl 2 . Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 5.88; melt- ing-point 498C.; boiling-point 86i- 954C. Slightly soluble in hot water and dilute hydrochloric acid; insoluble in alco- hol and cold water. Derivation: By the addition of hydro- chloric acid or sodium chloride to a solution of a lead salt, with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Preparation of lead salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Chromate* (Leipzig yellow) PbCrO4. Color and properties: Yellow crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 6.123; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at 600 C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By interaction of solu- tions of sodium chromate and lead ni- trate. Method of purification: Washing. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tin cans. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Cyanide* Pb(CN) 2 . Color and properties: White powder; very poisonous. Slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of potassium cyanide and lead acetate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Dioxide. See Lead oxide, Brown. Lead Dust. Lead in very finely pow- dered form. Lead, Electrolytic. Pure lead obtained by electrolytic deposition. Lead Flake. See Lead carbonate, Basic. Lead Hydrate. See Lead hydroxide. Lead Hydroxide* (Lead hydrate, Hydrat- ed lead oxide) 2PbO.H 2 O. Color and properties: White, bulky powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 7.502; melting-point: Decomposes at 145 C. Soluble in alkalis; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the addition of sodium or ammonium hydroxide to a solu- tion of a lead salt with subsequent filtration and drying. Lead Hyposulfite 288 Lead Oleate Grades: Technical. Containers: Cans. Uses: Lead salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Hyposulfite. See Lead thiosulfate. Lead Iodide* PbI 2 . Color and properties: Golden-yellow crystals or powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 6.12; melt- ing-point 358 C; boiling-point 86i- 954 C. . Soluble in potassium iodide; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of lead acetate and potassium iodide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Tin boxes. Uses: Bronzing; mosaic gold; print- ing; photography; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Linoleate* (Lead plaster) Pb(Ci 8 H 3 i0 2 )2. Color and properties: Yellowish-white paste; poisonous. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By heating a solution of lead nitrate with sodium linoleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. 'Uses: Medicine; varnish. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Molybdate* PbMoO 4 . Color and properties: Yellow powder; poisonous. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding a solution of lead nitrate to a solution of ammo- nium molybdate, concentration and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Monosulfide. See Lead sulfide. Lead Monoxide. See Lead oxide, Yel- low. Lead Naphthalenesulfonate, Beta-* (Lead beta-naphthalenesulfonate) Pb(CioH 7 S0 3 )2. Color and progenies: White crystal- line powder; poisonous. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of lead ace- tate on beta-naphthalenemonosulfonic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Organic preparations: Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Nitrate* Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: White crystals; promotes combustion in contact with organic matter; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 4.53; melt- ing-point: Decomposes between 205 and 223C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on lead. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wood barrels. Uses: Lead salts; medicine; mordant in dyeing and printing calico; match- es; paint pigment; mordant for stain- ing mother-of-pearl; oxidizer in the dyestuff industry; sensitizer in pho- tography. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Lead Oleate* Color and properties: White, ointment- like granules or mass; poisonous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, turpentine and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of lead acetate and sodium oleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnishes; lacquers; paint drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Oxide 289 Lead Sesquioxide Lead Oxide, Brown* (Lead dioxide; An- hydrous plumbic acid; Lead peroxide; Lead superoxide) PbO2. Color and properties: Brown, hexago- nal crystals; will cause many mater- ials to take fire if merely mixed with them owing to its strong oxidizing action hence care needed in storing and shipping; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 8.91; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in glacial acetic acid; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding bleaching pow- der to an alkaline solution of lead hydroxide. Impurities: Lead chloride. Grades: Technical; U..S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Oxidizing agent; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Lead Oxide, Hydrated. See Lead hy- droxide. Lead Oxide, Red* (Red lead; Minium; Plumbo-plumbic oxide) PbaO-j. Color and properties: Bright-red powder. Constants: Specific gravity 9.096; melt- ing-point: Decomposes between 500 and 53pC. Soluble in acids; insoluble' in water. Derivation: By heating litharge in a furnace in a current of air. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; ceramics; ceramic ce- ments; matches; red pencils; lead per- oxide; paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Oxide, Yellow* CPlumbous oxide; Lead protoxide; Litharge; Massicot; Lead monoxide) PbO. Color and properties: Yellow to yel- lowish-red powder. Constants: Specific gravity 9-375; melt- ing-point 888C. Soluble in alkalis and acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By gently heating lead in a reverberatory furnace. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; ceramics; metallurgy; varnishes; ceramic cements; paint pigment; lutes; acid-resisting ce- ments; rubber manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Peroxide. See Lead oxide, Brown. Lead Phenate* (Lead phenolate; Lead carbolate) Pb(OH)OC 6 H 5 . Color and properties: Yellowish to grayish-white powder; poisonous. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By boiling phenol with litharge. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Phenolate. See Lead phenate. Lead Plaster. See Lead linoleate. Lead Protoxide. See Lead oxide, Yel- low. Lead Resinate* Pb(C 2 oH 29 O2)2. Color and properties: Yellowish-white paste; poisonous. Insoluble in most solvents. Derivation: By heating a solution of lead acetate and rosin oil. Impurities: .Lead oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Paint and varnish drier. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Lead Sesquioxide* Color and properties: Reddish-yellow powder. Constants: Melting-point 370 C. Soluble in alkalis and acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By gently heating metallic lead. Lead Silicate 290 Lead Tungstate Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine, ceramics, ceramic ce- ments; metallurgy, varnishes; paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Silicate* PbSiO 3 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Insoluble in most solvents. Derivation: By the interaction of lead acetate and sodium silicate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Ceramics; fireproofing fabrics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Stearate* PbCdsHssC^. Color and properties: Yellowish-white paste. Soluble in ether and alcohol. Derivation: By heating a solution of lead acetate with sodium stearate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tin cans. Uses: Varnish and lacquer drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Subacetate. See Lead acetate, Monobasic. Lead Subcarbonate. See Lead carbo- nate, Basic. Lead, Sugar of. See Lead acetate. Lead Sulfate* PbSO 4 . Color and properties: White, rhombic crystals; poisonous. Slightly soluble in hot water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Paint pigments. Fire hazard; None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Sulfide* CGalenite; Galena) PbS. Color and properties: Silvery, metallic crystals or black powder. Constants: Specific gravity 7.13-7.7; melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: (a) Found in nature as the mineral galenite. (b) By passing hy- drogen sulfide gas into an acid solu- tion of lead nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Ceramics; metallic lead. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Superoxide. See Lead oxide, Brown. Lead Tetrachloride* PbCl 4 . Color and properties: Yellow, oily liquid; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.18; melt- ing-point -15 C. Decomposes in contact with water. Derivation: By passing chlorine gas into lead chloride dissolved in concen- trated hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Thiosulfate* (Lead hyposulfite) . Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Melting-point: Decomppses. Soluble in acids and sodium thiosulfate solution; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- lutions of lead nitrate and sodium thiosulfate, concentration and crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Tungstate* (Lead wolframate) 4. Color and properties: Yellowish pow der; poisonous. Lead Wolframate 291 Lepidine Constants: Specific gravity 8.235. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By mixing solutions of lead nitrate and sodium tungstate, concentrating and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lead Wolframate. See Lead tungstate. Lead Water. A i per cent solution of basic lead acetate. Lead, White. Basic. See Lead carbonate. Lead Yellow. See Lead chromate. Leadhillite. Natural sulfato-carbonate of lead, perhaps 4PbO.SO3.2SO 2 .H 2 O. Arizona. Lecithin* (Ova-lecithin). The phos- phorus-containing constituent of brain substance. Derivation: Obtained from egg yolk or cereal grains. Color and properties: Yellowish-white waxy mass. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether; insoluble in water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Leiocom. See Dextrin. Leipzig Yellow. See Lead chromate. Lemeet. See Aluminum acetate. Lemon Oil* (Oleum limonis). Color and properties: A pale yellow, limpid liquid; fragrant odor; aro- matic, bitterish taste. Chief known constituents: Limonene; pinene; citral; citronellal. Constants: Specific gravity 0.858-0.859; optical rotation +60 to +64. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By expression from fresh lemon peel, the rind of the recent fruit of Citrus limonum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Flavoring agent; soft drinks; perfumery; confectionary. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lemon Peel* (Limonis cortex). Derivation: The outer rind of the ripe fruit, Citrus limonum. Habitat: Northern India, cultivated in Italy and West Indies, Spain, U. S. and other semi-tropical countries. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; cooking; confection- ery; lemon oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lemon, Salt of, Essential. See Potas- sium binoxalate. Lemon Yellow. See Lead chromate. Lempngrass Oil (Verbena oil; Melissa oil). Color and properties: Colorless, yel- lowish or brownish-yellow, liquid, es- sential oil; fragrant odor. Chief known constituent: Citral. Constants: Specific gravity 0.895-0.905. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone and benzol. Derivation: Distilled in the East In- dies from the grass, Andropogon ci- tratus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Food extracts; perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lepidine* ( Gamma-methyl quinoline; Cincholepidine) Lepidolite 292 Lily-of-the-Valley C 6 H 4 C(CH 3 )CH.CH.N. Color and properties: An oily liquid; quinoline-like odor; turns red-brown on exposure to light. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From cinchonine. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Organic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lepidolite. A light-colored (pearly, rose- red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish) lithi- um-bearing mica. Contains from 3.9 to 5.9 per cent lithia, Li2O. California, Connecticut, Maine and South Dakota. Leptandra* (Culver's root; Black root). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Veronica virginica. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Leucite. A mineral found in nature con- taining aluminum and potassium sili- cates. Leucogen. See Sodium bisulfite. Leucoline. See Quinoline. Levant Soapwort. See Gypsophila. Levant Wormseed. See Santonica. Levisticum. See Lovage. Levisticum Oil. See Lovage oil. "Levuline." The proprietary name of a preparation used in the textile industry for finishing. Lewisite. A" military poison gas devel- oped by the Chemical Warfare Service of the U. S. Army during the late war. Ley. See Sodium hydroxide and Potas- sium hydroxide. Liatris* (Deer's tongue; Vanilla plant). Derivation: Leaves of Liatris odora- tissima. Habitat: U. S. (Virginia to Florida and Louisiana). Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; perfumery; flavoring tobacco. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Licorice. See Glycyrrhiza. Light Oils.* Fractional distillates from coal-tar, with boiling points ranging from 110 to 2ioC, consisting of a mixture of benzol, pyridine, toluol, xylol, phenol and cresols. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tank cars; iron drums. Uses: Source of benzol, solvent naph- thas, toluol, xylol, phenol and cresols. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Light Ruby Silver. See Proustite. Lignite. A brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable ma- terial has proceeded farther than in peat, but not so far as in sub-bitumi- nous coal. Alberta, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana^ Manitoba, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Minnesota, Montana. North Carolina, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tenne- see and Texas. Lignolite. A magnesium compound used in flooring, wall and other deco- rations. Ligroin, Light. See Canadol. Ligusticum. See Lovage. Lilacine. See Terpineol. Lily-of-the-Valley. See Convalleria. Lima Wood 293 Linalool Lima Wood. Derivation: A redwood of commerce obtained from Caesalpinia bijuga. Habitat: Peru and Central America. Grades: Technical. Uses: The extract is used in dyeing textiles red. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lime. See Calcium oxide. "Lime, Chloride of." See Calcium hy- pochlorite. Lime, Chlorinated. See Calcium hypo- chlorite. Lime Hyppphosphite. See Calcium hy- pophosphite. Lime, Liver of. See Lime, Sulfurated. Lime, Slaked. See Calcium hydroxide. Lime, Sulfurated* (Calcic liver of sul- fur; Liver of lime; Hepar calcis; Cal- cium sulfide, Crude). A mixture of calcium monosulfide and sulfate. Color and properties: Yellowish-gray powder; odor of hydrogen sulfide. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By roasting calcium sul- fate with coke. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; depilatory; luminous paint. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lime Water. Calcium hydroxide solu- tion. Limes, Oil of. Color and properties: A golden-yellow liquid; exceedingly refreshing odor. Chief known constituents: Citral; li- monene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.882; op- tical rotation +35 to +4OC. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol and acetone, Derivation: By expression from tht rind of the fruit, Citrus limetta. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Food extracts; perfumes; flavor- ing; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Limestone. A rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. Occurs in all parts of the United States (except District of Columbia and North Da- kota) and in the southern parts of Canada. Uses: Production of lime; metallurgy; building material. Limonene, Inactive. See Dipentene. Limonis Cortex, U. S. P., B. P. See Lemon peel. Limonite (Brown iron ore). A natural hydrated iron oxide, 2Fe2Os.3H2O, an important iron ore. Linaloe Oil.* Color and properties: A colorless, fra- grant liquid. Chief known constituents: Linalool; geraniol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.875 to o.Sqo. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol. Derivation: Distilled in Mexico from a wood of uncertain botanical origin. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Linalool* CioHi 7 OH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; odor similar to that of bergamot oil and French lavender. Constants: Specific gravity 0.873; boil- ing-point IQ5 -I99C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Linalyl Acetate 294 Linseed Oil Derivation: From linaloe oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Linalyl Acetate* (Bergamiol) CioHi 7 C 2 H 3 02. Color and properties: Clear, colorless liquid; odor of bergamot. Constants: Boiling-point io8-noC. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on linalool in presence of sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Linarite. A natural basic lead and copper sulfate, PbO.CuO.SO 3 .H 2 O. California. Linden* (Tilia; Basswood; White wood; Linn tree). Derivation: Flowers of Tilia ulmifolia and various species of Tilliaceas. Habitat: Europe and Asia; cultivated in the United States. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. --J Linimentum Ammoniae, U. S. P., B. P. Liniment of ammonia. Linimentum Belladonna, U. S. P., B. P. Belladonna liniment. Linimentum Calcis, U. S. P., B. P. Lime liniment. Linimentum Camphorae, U. S. P., B. P. Camphor liniment. Linimentum Chlproformi, U. S. P., B. P. Chloroform liniment. Linimentum Saponis, U. S. P., B. P. Soap liniment. Linimentum Saponis Mollis, U. S. P. Liniment of soft soap. Linimentum Terebinthinae, U. S. P., B. P. Turpentine liniment. Linn Tree. See Linden. Linnaeite (Cobalt pyrites). A natural cobalt sulfide, COsS^ A part of the cobalt is nearly always replaced by nickel and to a less extent by iron and copper. Linseed* (Flaxseed; Linum). Derivation: Ripe seeds of Linum usi- tatissimum. Habitat: Cultivated everywhere. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; source of linseed oil Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Linseed Oil* (Boiled oil; Flax-seed oil). Color and properties: Golden-yellow, amber or brown oil; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9316-0.9354; iodine value 170-188; saponification value 189-195. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, amyl acetate, carbon bisulfide, benzol and turpentine. Derivation: From the seeds of the flax plant, Linum usitatissimum by ex- pression. The cold pressed oil is golden yellow while the hot pressed product is amber or brown. The lat- ter may be bleached by treating with a solution of ferrous sulfate and ex- posing it to sunlight. Habitat: Ireland, Northern Europe, Italy, Turkey, India, Argentine, Can- ada and the United States. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Raw; boiled; double boiled; varnish oil. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins; tank cars. Uses: Paints; varnishes; patent leather lacquers; linoleum; rubber substi- tutes; preparing carron oil. Linum 295 Lithii Citras Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Linum, U. S. P., B. P. See Linseed. Liquid Ammonia. See Ammonia, Anhy- drous. Liquid Amber Orientalis. See Styrax. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of arsenous acid. Liquor, Ammonia. See Ammonia liquor. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of ammonium acetate. Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of arsenous and mecuric iodides. Liquor Calcis, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of calcium hydroxide. Liquor Cresolis Compositus, U. S. P., B. P. Compound solution of cresol. Liquor lodi Compositus, U. S. P. Com- pound solution of iodine. Liquor Magnesii Citratis, U. S. P. Solu- tion of magnesium citrate. Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of lead subacetate. Liquor Potassii Arsenitis, U. S. P. Solu- tion of potassium arsenite. Liquor Potassii Citratis, U. S. P. Solu- tion of potassium citrate. Liquor Potassi Hydroxidi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of potassium hydroxide. Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of chlorinated soda. Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of sodium arsenate. Liquor Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus, U. S. P. Solution of sodium chloride, Physiological. Liquor Ferri Chloridi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of ferric chloride. Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, U. S. P. Solution of iron and ammonium acetates. Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, U. S. P. Sol- ution of ferric subsulfate. Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of ferric sulfate. Liquor Formaldehydi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of formaldehyde. Liquor, Gas. See Ammonia liquor. Liquor Sodii Glycerophosphatis, U. S. P. Solution of sodium glycerophosphate. Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi, U. S. P. Solu- tion of sodium hydroxide. Liquor Zinci Chloridi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of Zinc chloride. Liriosma Ovata. See Muira puama. Litharge. See Lead oxide, Yellow. Lithic Acid. See Acid uric. Lithii Bromidum, U. S. P. See Lithium bromide. Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi, U. S. P., B. P. Solution of hydrogen dioxide. Lithii Carbonas, U. S. P., B. P. See Lithium carbonate. Liquor Hypophysis, U. S. P. Solution of hypophysis. Lithii Citras, U. S. P., B. P. See Lithium citrate. Lithiophyllitc 296 Lithium Fluophosphate Lithiophyllite. A mineral containing Lithium-ferro-mangahese phosphate. Lithium* Li. Color and properties: Soft, silvery metal; must be kept under naphtha or kerosene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.534; melt- ing-point i86C; boiling-point: Above I400C. Soluble in acids; decomposes water, setting hydrogen free. Derivation: By electrolysis of the fused chloride. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles containing kerosene. Uses: Lithium salts; metallurgical re- search. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Benzoate* Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of benzoic acid on lithium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Bromide* LiBr. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.466; melt- ing-point 442-547C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on lithium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Carbonate* Li 2 Cq 3 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.111; melt- ing-point 6i8-7ioC. Soluble in acids; slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, Derivation: By the action of sodium carbonate on a solution of lithium chloride, with subsequent crystalliza- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Lithium chloride; sodium carbonate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Chloride* LiCl. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.998-2.074; melting-point 6o2C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on lithium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Citrate* Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of citric acid on lithium hydroxide, followed by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Fluophosphate* LiF.Li 3 PO 4 .H 2 p. Color and properties: White crystals. Derivation: By the interaction of lith- ium fluoride and lithium phosphate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Fluoride 297 Lobelia Lithium Fluoride* LiF. Color and properties: White, crystal- line tablets. Constants: Specific gravity 2.601; melt- ing-point 8oiC. Soluble in hydrofluoric acid; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydroflu- oric acid on lithium hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Enamels. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Hydroxide* LiOH. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of water on lithium metal. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Lithium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithium Iodide* (a) Lil; (b) LiI.3H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) White crys- tals; (b) white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 4.063. Melting-point (a) 330-446C.; (b) 7 2C. . Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydriodic acid on lithium hydroxide, with sub- sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine: mineral waters. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lithographic Stone. A fine-grained, homogeneous limestone sui'able for etching. Alabama, Iowa, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Dakota and Tennes- see. Lithophone. See Lithopone. Lithopone* (Lithophone. Orr's white, Charlton white, Griffith's white). Color and properties: White powder, consisting of barium sulfate, zinc sul- fide and zinc oxide. Derivation: By mixing solutions of bar- ium sulfide and zinc sulfate, filtering, washing and drying the precipitate. The latter is heated to redness, plunged into water while hot, ground with water, thoroughly washed and dried. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Litmus.* Color and properties: A blue, amorph- ous powder (frequently compressed into small cakes or sticks). Soluble in water. Derivation: By treating various lichens (particularly Variolaria lecanora and V. rocella) with ammonia and potash and then fermenting the mass. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles: boxes. Uses: Indicator in analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Liver of Sulfur. See Potassium sulfide. Liverleaf. See Liverwort. Liverwort (Hepatica; Liverleaf; Noble liverwort; Kidney liverleaf). Derivation: The whole plant of Hepa- tica. Habitat: Europe. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lobelia* (Indian tobacco; Wild tobacco; Ematic herb). Derivation: Dried leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata. Habitat: Canada and United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lobelinc 298 Lubricating Oils Lobeline* Ci8H 28 NO 2 . Color and properties: Yellow, honey- like liquid; poisonous. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction from the seeds of Lobelia inflata. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Logwood. Derivation: The heartwood of Haema- toxylin campechianum. The raw log- wood comes in the form of rough logs, 3 feet long, which are either ground or rasped into small chips. These chips after being aged by be- ing exposed to the atmosphere, are subjected to extraction. Habitat: Central America and West In- dies (Jamaica). Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Freight cars. Uses: Textile and leather dyeing; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Logwood Crystals* (Hematine crystals). Derivation: By concentrating logwood liquor in evaporating pans and by crystallizing. Grades: Technical, sold on basis of tinc- torial value. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile and leather dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Logwood Extract* (Hematine extract, Hematine paste). Derivation: By concentrating logwood liquor in vacuum pans until it reaches a specific gravity of 1.25 (5qTw). Grades: Technical, sold on basis of tinc- torial value. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile and leather dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Logwood Extract, Solid* (Hematine ex- tract, Solid). Derivation: By evaporating logwood extract to dryness. Grades: Technical, sold on basis of tinc- torial value. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Textile and leather dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Logwood Liquor. Derivation: An unstable decoction of logwood obtained by extracting the chips with water. It usually has a strength of i5Tw. (Specific gravity 1.075). Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile and leather dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Loja Bark. See Cinchona bark, Loxa. Lovage (Levisticum; Sea parsley; Ligus- ticum). Derivation: Whole plant of Levisticum officianale. Habitat: Southern Europe. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lovage Oil* (Levisticum oil). Color and properties: A colorless oil; characteristic odor. Constants: Specific gravity: Root oil, 103; Fruit oil, 0.935; Herb oil, 0.928. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulfide, acetone and benzol. Derivation: Distilled from the root, fruit or herb of Levisticum officianale. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Loxa Bark. See Cinchona. Lubricating Oils.* Derivation: Mineral oils obtained by fractional distillatkm from petroleum, Lugol Solution 299 Lycopodium coal-tar, etc., by removal of the light- er constituents. Vegetable and ani- mal oils are also used for lubricating purposes, but are not generally known as lubricating oils. Classification: Cylinder stocks, neutral oil, paraffin oil, engine oil, machine oils, spindle oil's, transformer oil, etc. Grades: In accordance with their vis- cosity and specific gravity. Containers: Wooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Lubrication. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Lugol Solution. See Potassium iodide. Lumbang Oil (Candle-nut oil). Color and properties: A limpid, color- less or yellowish liquid; pleasant odor; bland taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.923; sa- ponification value 184-192; iodine value 163.7. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the candle-nut, the seed of Aleuritis moluccana, by ex- pression. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Illuminant; paints; caulking; soap manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lunar Caustic. See Silver Nitrate. oily Lupanine* Color and properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 44C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From the seeds of Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolios. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lupetazine* fDimethylpiperazine, Di- propylenediamine) NH(C 2 H 3 CH 8 )2NH. Color and properties: Colorless, liquid. Constants: Boiling-point I53-I58C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of di- methylpyrazine with alcoholic sodium. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lupinine* Color and properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 68.5-69.2C.; boiling-point 25^-2S7C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone and chloroform; decomposed by water. Derivation: By extraction from the seeds of Lupinus luteus and Lupinus niger. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lupulin.* Derivation: Glandular trichomes separ- ated from fruit of Humulus lupulus. Habitat: Europe, Asia and North Amer- ica. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lustrose. The proprietary name of a compound used in the textile trade for sizing. Lycopodium* (Club-moss, Vegetable sul- fur). Color and properties: Fine yellow pow- der. ^Derivation: Spores of Lycopodium cla- vatum. Habitat: North America, Asia and Eu- rope. Lycorine 300 Mace Oil Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lycorine* Color and properties: Yellow crystals; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 208 C. Slightly soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction of Lycoris radiata. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lye. See Sodium hydroxide and potas- sium hydroxide. Lysidine* (Methylglyoxalidine, Ethyl- eneethenyldiamine) CH 3 CNCH 2 CH 2 NH. Color and properties: Pinkish, hydro- groscopic crystals; mousy odor. Constants: Melting-point i05-io6C.; boiling-point I98-200C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From ethylenediamine hy- drochloride and sodium acetate by dry distillation, decomposing the hy- drochloride of the new base with con- centrated potassium hydroxide and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; 50 per cent solution. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Lysol.* Color and properties: Brown, oily liquid; creosote odor; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.042. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloro- form and benzol. Derivation: A mixture of alkali com- pounds of the higher phenols with fat and resin soaps, obtained by boiling a mixture of heavy tar-oils, fats and resin with alkali. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Disinfectant; germicide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. M Mace. Derivation: The arillodes of the seeds of Myristic fragans. Habitat: Molucca Islands; cultivated in the tropics and East Indies, Ceylon, South America, India and Philippine Islands. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mace Oil. Color and properties: Colorless or pale yellowish liquid; agreeable, aromatic odor. Chief known constituents: Pinene, di- pentene, myristicol and myristiclin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.91 to 0.93; optical rotation +10. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from mace, the arillodes of the seeds of Myristica fragments. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring. Mackintoshite 301 Magnesium-Ammonium Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mackintoshite. A natural hydrous uran- ium-thorium silicate. Texas. Macrotin. See Cimicifugin. Madder. Derivation: Pulverized root of Rubia tinctorum, a plant formerly cultivated in Europe and Asia Minor. The glu- cosides contained therein, when de- composed by fermentation yield ali- zarin, now largely replaced by alizarin obtained from the anthracene oil of coal-tar. Magell. See Mezereum. Magenta. See Fuchsine. Magister of Bismuth. See Bismuth sub- nitrate. Magma Bismuthi, U. S. P. Bismuth magma. Magma Magnesias, U. S. P. Magnesia magma. Magnalium. An alloy of aluminum and magnesium. Magnesia. See Magnesium oxide. Magnesia Alba. See Magnesium carbon- ate, Basic. Magnesia, Calcined. See Magnesium ox- ide. Magnesia, Calcined, Heavy. See Mag- nesium oxide. Magnesia, Calcined, Light. See Magne- sium oxide. Magnesia, Heavy. See Magnesium ox- ide. Magnesia Levis. See Magnesium oxide. Magnesia, Light. See Magnesium oxfSe. Magnesii Carbonas, Levis, U. S. P., B. P. See Magnesium carbonate. Magnesii Carbonas Ponderosus, U. S. P., B. P. See Magnesium carbonate, Basic. Magnesii Oxidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Magnesium oxide. Magnesii Oxidum Ponderosum, U. S. P., B. P. See Magnesium oxide. Magnesii Sulfas, U. S. P., B. P. See Magnesium sulfate. Magnesite. Natural magnesium carbon- ate, MgCOs. British Columbia, Cali- fornia, New Jersey, New York, Wash- ington, Quebec, Austria and Greece. Uses: Refractory linings for steel and copper furnaces and other metallur- gical equipment and for Portland ce- ment kilns; making wood pulp; Sor- el's cement; magnesium metal and salts; ferro-magnesite. Magnesium* Mg. Color and properties: Silvery, malleable, moderately hard metal. Burns with an intense white light. Constants: Specific gravity 1.69-1.75; melting-point 65OC.; boiling-point II20C Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By electrolysis of fused carnallite or magnesite. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical; pure; powder; rib- bon; ingots; sheets; bars. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pyrotechnics; photographic flash-light powder, ribbon and sheets; alloys; magnesium salts; alloyed with lead for production of hydrogen. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Magnesium Alba. See Magnesium car- bonate, Basic. Magnesium-Ammonium Phosphate* (Magnesium-ammonium ortho-phos- phate) MgNH 4 PO 4 .6H 2 O. Magnesium Biphosphate 302 Magnesium Carbonate Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 1.71; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids; insoluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of a magnesium salt and am- monium phosphate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Biphosphate* (Magnesium phosphate, Monobasic; Acid magne- sium phosphate; Magnesium-tetrahy- drogen phosphate; Monomagnesium phosphate) MgH 4 (PO 4 )2. Color and properties: Yellowish, crys- talline powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of ortho- phosphoric acid on magnesium hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Borocitrate* Mg(B0 2 )2.Mg 3 (C 6 H 5 7 )2.Aq. Color and properties: White powder or small, white, lustrous scales. Soluble in water. Derivation: By mixing magnesium bo- rate and magnesium citrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. ' Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Bromide* MgBr2.6H2O. Color and properties: Colorless, very deliquescent crystals; bitter taste. Constants: Melting-point; Decomposes. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on magnesium oxide with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium-Calcium Chloride. See Cal- cium-magnesium chloride. Magnesium Carbonate* (Light magne- sium carbonate) (a) MgCO 3 ; (b) MgC0 8 .3H 2 0. Color and properties: Very light, white powder, consisting of a mixture of crystals and amorphous particles. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 3.04; (b) i. 808. Melting-point (a) Decomposes at 350 C.. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Found as such in nature, (b) By mixing solutions of magne- sium sulfate and sodium carbonate, boiling, filtering, washing and drying. Method of purification: Washing. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Magnesium salts; fireproofing; composition flooring; tooth-pastes; boiler-scale prevention; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Carbonate, Basic* (Heavy magnesium carbonate, Magnesia alba) (a) 4MgCO 3 .Mg(OH)2.5H 2 O (b) 3MgC08.Mg(OH2).3H 2 0. Color and properties: White, granular powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.18. Soluble in dilute acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By mixing solutions -of magnesium sulfate and sodium car- bonate, evaporating to dryness, di- gesting with water, filtering, washing and drying. Method of purification: Washing. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Magnesium salts; fireproofing; composition flooring; medicine; face powder; dry-cleaning clothes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Carbonate 303 Magnesium Hydrogen Magnesium Carbonate, Heavy. See Magnesium carbonate, Basic. Magnesium Carbonate, Light. See Mag- nesium carbonate. Magnesium Chloride* (a) MgCb; (b) MgCl 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Colorless or white crystals; (b) Colorless or white crystals. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Boiling-point (a) 2.177 ?o8C Red heat (b) 1.569 Loses aHjOat iooC Decomposes Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By heating magnesium- ammonium chloride; (b) By the ac- tion of hydrochloric acid on magne- sium oxide. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Magnesium salts; dressing cotton fabrics; manufacturing disinfectants; fire extinguishers; fireproofing wood; magnesium cement. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Citrate* . Color and properties: White scales. Soluble in water and acids. Derivation: By the action of citric acid on magnesium hydroxide. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- ^tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Dust.* Finely divided mag- nesium metal used in pyrotechnics, pho- tographic flash-lights and chemical preparations. Magnesium Fluoride* MgF 2 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.472', melt- ing-point 1396 C. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in alco- hol and water. Derivation: By adding sodium fluoride or hydrofluoric acid to a solution of magnesium salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Fluosilicate. See Magnesium silicofluoride. Magnesium Formate,* Mg(CHO 2 )2.2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of formic acid on magnesium oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Glycerinophosphate. Magnesium glycerophosphate. See Magnesium Glycerophosphate* (Magne- sium glycerinophosphate) MgP04.C 3 H 5 (OH) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless pow- der. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of glycero- phosphoric acid on magnesium hy- droxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Hydrate. See Magnesium hydroxide. Magnesium-Hydrogen Phosphate. See Magnesium phosphate. Magnesium Hydroxide 304 Magnesium Oxide Magnesium Hydroxide* (Magnesium hy- drate) Mg(OH) 2 . Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.36; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in solutions of ammonium salts; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By precipitation from a solution of a magnesium salt by so- dium hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Sugar refining; magnesium ox- ide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Hypophosphite* Mg(H 2 P0 2 ) 2 .6H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hyppphos- phoric acid on magnesium oxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Iodide* MgI 2 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating magnesium in iodine vapors. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Lactate* Mg(C 8 H B 8 )2.3H20. Color and properties: White crystals; very bitter taste. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of lactic acid on magnesium oxide, with subsequent crvstallization. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Lactophosphate* (Magne- sium phospholactate). Color and properties: White powder, containing 45 per cent of magnesium lactate. Soluble in water. Derivation: By mixing magnesium lac- tate and magnesium phosphate, dis- solving and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Nitrate* Mg(NO3)2.6H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.464; melt- ing-point QOC. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on magnesium oxide, with subse- quent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Magnesium Oleate* Mg(Ci 8^3302)2- Color and properties: Yellowish mass. Soluble in linseed oil; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of mag- nesium chloride and sodium oleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish driers. Fire hazard: None. . shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Oxide* (Magnesia, Heavy magnesia, Heavy calcined magnesia, Light calcined magnesia) MgO. Magnesium Oxide 305 Magnesium Silicofluoride Color and properties: White powder, either light or heavy depending on whether it is prepared by heating magnesium carbonate or basic mag- nesium carbonate. Constants: Specific gravity 3.22; melt- ing-point 2800 C. Soluble in acids and ammonia salts; insoluble in water. Derivation: By calcining magnesium carbonate or basic magnesium car- bonate. Impurities: Carbonate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine; heat insulation; pipe coverings; making refractories. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Oxide, Heavy. See Magne- sium oxide. Magnesium Oxide, Light. See Magne- sium oxide. Magnesium Perborate* Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of boric acid on magnesium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dryers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Peroxide* MgO. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: From sodium or barium peroxide with magnesium sulfate in a concentrated solution. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: ^ Bleaching woolen and silk fabrics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. gen phosphate, Magnesium phosphate, Dibasic) MgHPO 4 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.123. Soluble in acids; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of meta-phos- phoric acid on magnesium oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Phosphate, Dibasic. See Magnesium phosphate. Magnesium Phosphate, Monobasic. See Magnesium biphosphate. Magnesium Phospholactate. See Mag- nesium lactophosphate. Magnesium Salicylate* Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of salicylic acid on magnesium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Silicate* 3MgSiC>3.5H2O. Color and properties: Fine, white pow- der. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of a magnesium salt and a soluble silicate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Silicide. See Silicon-magne- Magnesium Phosphate* (Dimagnesium ortho-phosphate, Magnesium-hydro- Magnesium Silicofluoride* (Magnesium fluosilicate) MgSiFe. Magnesium Sulfate 306 Male Fern Oil Color and properties: White, crystalline powder. Derivation: By acting on magnesium hydroxide or carbonate with hydro- fluosilicic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Ceramics; concrete hardeners. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Sulfate* (Epsom Salt) (a) MgS0 4 ; (b) MgS0 4 .7H 2 0. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 2.65; (b) 1.6784. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) By the action of sul- furic acid on magnesium oxide, hy- droxide or carbonate. (b) Mined in a high degree of purity in British Columbia. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Medicine; leather industry; fire- proofing; warp-sizing cotton goods; loading cotton-goods. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Sulfite* MgSO 3 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Loses 6H 2 O at 20OC.; boiling-point: Decomposes. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfurous acid on magnesium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium-Tetrahydrogen Phosphate. See Magnesium biphosphate. Magnesium Tungstate* (Magnesium wolframate) MgWoC>4. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of magnesium sulfate and am- monium tungstate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Fluorescent screens for Roentgen rays; luminescent paint. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Magnesium Wolframate. See Magne- sium tungstate. Magnetic Pyrites. See Pyrrhotite. Magnetite (Magnetic iron ore, Lode- stone). Natural magnetic iron oxide, FeO.Fe2O3. Contains 72.4 per cent iron. Found throughout United States and Canada. Maize Oil. See Corn oil. Malachite. Natural, green, basic cop- per carbonate, 2CuO.CO2.H2O. Con- tains 40.3 per cent copper. Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Flor- ida, Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Caro- lina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Ver- mont, Virginia, Washington, Wiscon- sin and Wyoming. Malachite, Artificial. See Copper car- bonate, Green. Malachite, Artificial, Blue. See Copper carbonate, Blue. Male Fern Oil.* Color and properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid. Chief known constituents: Hexyl and ocytl esters of fatty acids. Constants: Specific gravity 0.850; boil- ing-point I40-25OC. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the rhizome of Dryopteris filix-mas marginalis. Maleic Acid 307 Manganese Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Use: Medicine; preparation of liquors (gin). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Maleic Acid. See Acid maleic. Malenic Acid. See Acid maleic. Malic Acid. See Acid malic. Mallow, Marsh. See Althea. Malon Oil. See Black-fish oil. Malonic Acid. See Acid malonic. Malonic Acid Diethylester* (Ethyl mal- onate) CH 2 (CO ? C 2 H B )2. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.061; boil- ing-point ig8C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By passing hydrogen chlor- ide into cyanoacetic acid dissolved in absolute alcohol, with subsequent dis- tillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Malonurea. See Veronal. Maltha (Pissasphalt). Natural, dark, viscous bitumen. Soluble in benzol, carbon bisulfide, etc.; insoluble in water. Maltose. Malt sugar. Maltum, U. S. P. Malt. Manaca (Vegetable mercury; Camgan- iba; Manacan; Mercuric-vegetal; Geratacaca; Brunfelsia). Derivation: Root of Franciscea uniflora. Habitat: Brazil. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manacan. See Manaca. Mandarin Oil. Color and properties: Yellow, liquid oil; characteristic odor. Chief known constituents: Limonene; citral; methylester of methyl anthran- ilate. Constants: Specific gravity 0.85 to 0.86; boiling-point I75-I79C.; optical ro- tation +70. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Expressed from the fresh peel of the mandarin orange, Citrus bigaradia sinensis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mandrake. See Podophyllum. Manganese.* A reddish-gray metallic element, Mn. Occurs abundantly in nature, chiefly as oxides. See Ala- bandite, Braunite, Chalcophanite, Co- ronadite, Manganite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite, Tephroite, Wad. Various mangamf- erous minerals are found throughout the United States and Canada. The manganese ores of commerce are chiefly pyrolusite and wad, which come chiefly from India, Brazil and Russia. Constants: Specific gravity 7-42; melt- ing-point i26oC; boiling-point IQOOC. Soluble in dilute acids; decomposes water. Derivation: By aluminothermic reduc- tion of the oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Metallurgy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Acetate 308 Manganese Dioxide Manganese Acetate* Mn(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Pale red crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on manganese hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Textile dyeing; manufacturing bistre. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese, Battery. See Manganese di- oxide. Manganese Binoxide. dioxide. See Manganese Manganese Borate* MnB 4 O7. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of boric acid on manganese hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish and oil drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese-Boron. An alloy of man- ganese and boron used in the making of brass, bronze and other alloys. Manganese Carbonate* MnCOs. Color and properties: Rose colored crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.125-3.66; melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in dilute acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: A precipitate from the addi- tion of sodium carbonate to a solu- tion of a manganese salt followed by filtration, washing and drying. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Chloride* (a) MnCl 2 ; Tb) MnCl 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Rose colored crystals. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 2.478; (b) 1.913. Melting-point (a) 65OC.; (b) 87.5C. Boiling-point (b) io6C. Soluble in water, slightly soluble iii alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on manganese dioxide, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Citrate* Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of citric acid on manganese hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese-Copper. An alloy of man- ganese and copper used for electric re- sistances and the stay-bolts of locomo- tive fire-boxes. Manganese Dioxide* (Manganese binox- ide; Battery manganese; Manganese peroxide) MnO 2 . Color and properties: Black crystals or amorphous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 5.026; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in hydrochloric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Found as such in na- ture. (b) By heating manganese ox- ide in a furnace in presence of oxy- gen. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Oxidizing agent; electric dry- cells; manganese compounds, medi- cine. Manganese Glycerinophosphate 309 Manganese Oxalate Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Manganese Glycerinophosphate. Manganese glycerophosphate. See Manganese Glycerophosphate* (Man- ganese glycerinophosphate) MnC 3 H 7 O 3 .PO3. Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder. Soluble in water and acids. Derivation: By the action of glycero- phosphoric acid on manganese hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Green. See Barium mangan- ate. Manganese Hydrate. See Manganic hy- droxide. Manganese Hydroxide. See Manganic hydroxide. Manganese Hypophosphite* Mn(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Rose-red crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hypophos- phoric acid on manganese hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses. Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Iodide. See Manganous iodide. Manganese Lactate* Mn(C 3 H 5 3 ) 2 .3H 2 0. Color and properties: Pale red crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of lactic acid on manganese hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese-Lead Resinate.* Derivation: A mixture of lead and man- ganese resinates. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish and oil drier. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Manganese Linoleate* Mn(CisH 3 iO 2 )2. Color and properties: Dark-brown, plaster-like mass. Soluble in linseed oil. Derivation: By boiling a manganese salt, sodium linoleate and water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Monoxide. See Manganous oxide. Manganese Oleate* Color and properties: Brown, granular mass. Soluble in oleic acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By boiling manganese chloride, sodium oleate and water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. ^ Uses: Medicine; varnish drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Oxalate* MnC2O 4 .2^H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.453; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at 150C. Soluble in dilute acids; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium oxalate to manganese chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels, Manganese Oxide 310 Manganous Ortho-phosphate Uses: Metallic manganese; varnish drier. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganese Oxide. See Manganous ox- ide. Manganese Peroxide. See Manganese dioxide. Manganese Phosphate. See Manganous ortho-phosphate. Manganese Protoxide. See Manganous oxide. Manganese Resinate* Color and properties: Dark, brownish- black mass. Soluble in hot linseed oil; insoluble in water. Derivation: By boiling manganese hy- droxide, resin oil and water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Varnish and oil drier. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Manganese Silicate. See Manganous silicate. Manganese Sulfate. See Manganous sul- fate. Manganese-Titanium. An alloy of man- ganese and titanium. Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum, U. S. P. See Manganese dioxide. Manganic Hydroxide* (Manganese hy- droxide; Manganese hydrate) Mn(OH) 2 . Color and properties: A brown powder, occurring in nature as psilomelane. Constants: Specific gravity 3-258; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding a solution of sodium hydroxide to a solution of a manganese salt, filtering, washing and drying. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Pigment for fabrics; ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganin.* An alloy of copper and man- ganese with small amounts of nickel and iron, of high resistance and exceed- ingly low temperature coefficient. Manganite. Gray manganese ore. A natural hydrated manganese ^oxide, Mn2Os.H2O. Alabama, Georgia and New Mexico. Manganous Fluoride* (Manganese fluor- ide) MnF 2 . Color and properties: Reddish powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.98; melt- ing-point 8s6C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- fluoric acid on manganous hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganous Iodide* (Manganese iodide) MnI 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish-brown, deliquescent, crystalline mass. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water with decomposition. Derivation: By the action of hydriodic acid on manganous hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganous Ortho-phosphate* (Man- ganese phosphate) Mns(PO 4^2-7^20. Color and properties: Reddish-white powder. Soluble in mineral acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of ortho- Manganous Oxide 311 Marble phosphoric acid on manganous hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganous Oxide* (Manganese protox- ide; Manganese oxide) MnO. Color and properties: Grass-green pow- der. Constants: Specific gravity 5.09-5.18; melting-point: Is converted into Mn 3 O 4 . Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By reduction of the dioxide in hydrogen, (b) By heating the carbonate with exclusion of air. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; iron drums. Uses: Medicine; textile printing; an- alytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganous Silicate* (Manganese sili- cate) MnSiOs. Color and properties: Red crystals or yellowish-red powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.35; melt- ing-point i2i8C. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of man- ganese oxide and hydrosilicic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Ceramics; coloring glass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manganous Sulfate* (Manganese sul- fate) MnSO 4 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Translucent, pale rose-red, efflorescent prisms. Constants: Specific gravity 2.107; boil- ing-point 30 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on manganese oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; kegs. Uses: Medicine; textile dyeing; cera- mics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mangrove. Derivation: From Rhizophora mangle. Habitat: West Africa and Borneo. Grades: Mangrove cutch: 55 per cent tannin; Liquid: 25 per cent tannin. Containers: \Vooden barrels. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manihot Utilissima. See T? Manna. Derivation: Concrete saccharine exu- dation of Fraxinus ornus. Habitat: Mediterranean basin, Spain to Asia Minor. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Manna Sugar. See Mannite. Mannite* (Manna sugar) C 6 H 8 (OH) 6 . Color and properties: White crystal- line prisms. Constants: Specific gravity 1.521; melt- ing-point i65-i66C; boiling-point 2 9 0-205C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction from manna, Fraxinus ornus. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Maranta. See Starch, Arrowroot. Marble. Crystalline, granular lime- stone or dolomite, generally susceptible of a high polish. Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachu- Marcasite 312 Mastic setts, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsyl- vania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Vir- ginia, Washington and Wyoming. Marcasite (White iron pyrite) Natural, orthorhombic iron disulnde, FeS2. Con- tains 46.6 per cent iron. Canada, Colo- rado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Oregon and Wisconsin. Margarine Oils.* Edible oils, used in the manufacture of oleomargarine, and con- taining not over o.i per cent of free fatty acid. Marignac's Salt. See Potassium stanno- sulfate. Marigold. See Calendula. Marjoram* (Sweet marjoram; Knotted marjoram). Derivation: The entire herb, Origanum marjoram). Habitat: Southern Europe and Western Asia; widely cultivated. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Marjoram, Common. See Origanum. Marjoram Oil.* Color and properties: Yellowish or greenish-yellow liquid; strong, pene- trating odor. Chief known constituents: Terpineol; terpenes. Constants: Specific gravity 0.890-0.910; optical rotation +5 to + 18. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the herb, Origanum maiorana. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfuming soaps. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Marl. A soft, earthy deposit of cal- cium carbonate, containing more or less clay and sand, used in manufacture of cement. Alabama, Arkansas, Canada, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jer- sey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming. Marrubium* (Horehound; Hoarhound). Derivation: Dried leaves and tops of Marrubium vulgare. Habitat: Europe, Central Asia and United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes; bags. Uses: Medicine; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. .Railroad shipping regulations: None. Marseillene. Soap soluble in gasoline. Marshmallow. See Althea. Mary-bud. See Calendula. Massa Ferri Carbonatis, U. S. P. Mass of ferrous carbonate. Massa Hydrargyri, U. S. P. Mass of mercury. "Massecuite." A mixture of sirup and cane-sugar crystals obtained in the su- gar industry. Massicot. Natural lead monoxide. PbO. Contains 92.8 per cent lead. Colorado, Idaho, Nevada and Virginia. Masterwort. See Imperatoria. Mastic (Balsam tree; Lentisk; Pistachia galls; Mastiche; Mastix). Derivation' Concrete resinous exuda- tions ot Pistacia lentiscus. Habitat: Mediterranean Mastic Oil 313 Melarapyrit Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment; tooth ce- ments; chewing-gum; adhesive; lac- quers; plasters; incense. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Gum mastic. Mastic Oil. Color and properties: A yellow liquid; characteristic, strongly balsamic odor. Chief known constituents: Pinenes. Constants: Specific gravity 0.858; op- tical rotation +25. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from mastic. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mata-Perro. See Condurango. Matico. Derivation: Leaves of Piper angusti- folium. Habitat: Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico and Cuba. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Matico Oil. Color and properties: Yellowish- brown, liquid oil; peculiar odor. Chief known constituents: Asarone; methyl eugenol. Constants: Specific gravity: Leaf: 0.93; Flower: 1.13; optical rotation +5-5 to -0.25. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves or flowers of Piper angustifplium. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Matricaria* (German chamomile; Wild chamomile). Derivation: Dried flower-heads of Matricaria chamomilla. Habitat: Europe and Western Asia; cultivated in the United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. May Apple. See Podophyllium. May Blossom. See Convallaria. May Lily. See Convallaria. Mazola. See Corn oil. Meadow Crocus. See Colchicum. Meadow Saffron. See Colchicum. Meconic Acid. See Acid meconic. Meerschaum (Sepiolite). A tough, compact, natural, hydrous magnesium silicate. California, New Mexico. Megass. See Bagasse. Mel, U. S. P. Honey. Mel Depuratum, U. S. P., B. P. Clari- fied honey. Mel Rosae, U. S. P. Honey of rose. Melaconite. Natural black copper ox- ide, CuO. Contains 79.8 per cent cop- per. The name given to an earthy, black, massive variety of tenorite. Ala- bama, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vir- ginia, Washington and Wyoming. Melampyrit. See Dulcite. Melegueta Pepper 314 Mercuric Acetate Melegueta Pepper. See Amomum mele- gueta. Meletim. See Quercetin. Melissa Oil. See Lemongrass oil. Mellimide. See Paramide. Mellitimide. See Paramide. Mellitose. See Raffinase. Mellitriose. See Raffinose. Melon Pumpkin Seeds. See Cucurbitse semina prseparata. Menaccanite. See Ilmenite. New Jer- sey, New York and North Carolina. Menhaden Oil* Color and properties: A yellowish- brown or reddish-brown liquid; char- acteristic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.927-0.933; saponification value 190.6; iodine value 139-180; refractive index 1.480. Soluble in ether, benzol, naphtha and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By cooking or pressing the body of the menhaden (moss- bunker) fish. Winter oils are made by chilling which separates stearine. Method of purification: Filtration and bleaching with fullers' earth. Grades: Prime crude; brown strained; strained; bleached; winter oil; bleached winter white oil. Also sometimes graded: A, extra pale; B, pale; C, brown; D, dark brown. Containers: Wooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Leather dressing; chamois tan- ning; soap making, after hydrogena- tion; tempering steel; adulterating cod-liver oil. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mentha Aquatica. See Watermint. Mcntha Crispa. See Crispmint. Mentha Piperita, U. S. P. See Pepper- mint. Mentha Pulegium. See Pulegium. Mentha Viridis, U. S. P. See Spear mint. Menthene. See Pinene. Menthene CioHis or Derivation: (a) A dehydration pro- duct of menthol or the hydrogena- tion product of cymene. (b) The same as pinene (q.v.). Menthol (Hexahydrothymol; Methyl- propylphenyl hexahydride; Pepper- mint camphor) CioHigOH. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; peppermint-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.890; melt- ing-point 44.5C.; boiling-point 2i5-5C. Soluble in alcohol and etrier; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By reducing the tempera- ture of the oil until the menthol crys- tallizes. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; perfumery; confec- tionery. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Menthol Valerate. See Validol. Menyanthin. See Inulin. Mercer's Liquor. A solution containing potassium ferricyanide used for etching. Mercuric Acetate Hg(C 2 H 3 O 2 )2. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity: 3.2544. Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on mercury. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Mercuric-Ammonium 315 Mercuric Iodide Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric-Ammonium Chloride* (Ammo- niated mercury chloride; White pre- cipitate; Aminomercuric chloride; Ammomated mercury) HgNH2Cl. Color and properties: White, pulveru- lent lumps; earthy, metallic taste; poisonous. Soluble in ammonium carbonate and sodium thiosulfate solutions and in warm acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By precipitating mercuric chloride with ammonium hydroxide in excess. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Benzoate* H g (C 7 H 5 02)2.H2O. Color and properties: White crystals; poisonous. Soluble in solutions of sodium chloride and ammonium benzoate; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of a mercuric salt and sodium benzoate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Biniodide. See Mercuric io- dide. Mercuric Bromide* HgBr2. Color and properties: White, rhombic crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 5.74; melt- ing-point 235C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By adding potassium bro- mide to a solution of a mercuric salt and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: .Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric .Chloride* (Corrosive subli- mate; Mercury bichloride; Mercury chloride, Corrosive) HgLb. Color and properties: White crystals; very poisonous! Constants: Specific gravity 5.32; melt- ing-point 265 C.; boiling-point 303 C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, pyridine and acetic acid ester. Derivation: By subliming mercuric sul- fate and common salt. Method of purification: Recrystaliiza- tion and sublimation. Impurities: Mercurous chloride. Grades: Technical; lump; crystals; granular; powder; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden boxes; glass bot- tles. Uses: Antiseptic; medicine; tanning; wood-preservative; hat manufacture; embalming; textile printing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Cyanide* Hg(CN)2. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent prisms, darkened by light; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 4.018; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of mer- curic oxide and an aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; manufacturing cyano- gen gas; photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Iodide* (Mercuric biniodide) HgI 2 . Color and properties: (a) Red, tetrago- nal crystals; (b) Yellow, rhombic crystals; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity Melting point Boiling-point (a) (b) 6.2-^5.32 5.91-6.06 2 4 IC-257C 2 4 IC 340C 340C Mercuric Nitrate ' 316 Mercuric Sulfide Soluble in sodium thiosulfate or potas- sium iodide solutions; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the direct union of mercury and iodine, (b) As a precipi- tate by adding potassium iodide to a solution of a mercuric salt. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Nitrate* Hg(NO 3 )2.2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals or white deliquescent powder; poisonous. Soluble in water and nitric acid; in- soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hot nitric acid on mercury. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Mercurous nitrate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; felt manufacture. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Mercuric Oleate.* Color and properties: Yellowish to red liquid, semi-solid or solid mass; pois- onous. Soluble in ether and in oils; insoluble in water. Derivations: By mixing yellow mer- curic oxide with oleic acid. Strength of solutions: 5 per cent; 10 per cent; 15 per cent; 20 per cent. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Oxide, Red* (Red precipitate; Mercury oxide, Red) HgO. Color and properties: Heavy, bright, orange-red powder; very poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 11.00-11.29; melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in acids; very slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and Derivation: By heating mercurous ni- trate. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Paint pigment; mercury salts; medicine; antifouling marine paints. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric-Potassium Cyanide* (Mercury- potassium cyanide) Hg(CN)2.2KCN. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; very poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By mixing mercuric and potassium cyanides and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Silvering glass in mirror manu- facture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Sulfate* (Mercury persulfate, Mercury bisulfate) HgSO-i. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 6.466; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at red heat. Soluble in acids; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on mercury, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; producing calomel and corrosive sublimate; extracting gold and silver from roasted pyrites; galvanic batteries. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Sulfide, Black* (Ethiops min- eral) HgS. Color and properties: Black powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 7.55 7.70; sublimes at 446 C. Soluble in sodium sulfide solution; in- soluble in water, alcohol and nitric Mercuric Sulfide 317 Mercury Derivation: By passing hydrogen sul- fide gas into a solution of a mercury salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment for coloring horn. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Sulfide, Red* (Vermilion, Ar- tificial cinnabar, Red mercury sul- furet) HgS. Color and properties: Fine, bright- scarlet powder; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 8.06-8.12; melting-point: Sublimes at 446C. Insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By heating mercury and sulfur, with subsequent recovery by sublimation. Method of purification: Resublimation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; paint pigment; color- ing sealing-wax. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercuric Sulfocyanate* (Mercuric sul- focyanide; Mercuric rhodanide) Hg(SCN) 2 . Color and properties: White powder; poisonous; explosive. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By precipitation of mer- curic nitrate with ammonium sulfo- cyanate and subsequent solution in a I large amount of hot water and crys- tallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography; producing "Pha- raoh's serpents." Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Mercuric-Vegetal. See Manaca. Mercurius Vitae. See Antimony oxy- chloride. Mercurous Chloride* (Mercury Mono- chloride; Mercury chloride, Mild; Calomel) HgCl. Color and properties: White, rhombic crystals or white crystalline powder; non-poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 6.993; melt- ing-point: Sublimes at from 40*0 to 500 C. without melting. Insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating mercuric chlor- ide and mercury, with subsequent sublimation. Method of purification: Sublimation. Impurities: Mercuric chloride. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercurous Oxide, Black* (Hahnemann's soluble mercury, Black precipitate, Ammoniated mercury nitrate, Oxydi- mercurous-ammonium nitrate) Hg20.NH 2 Hg 2 N03. Color and properties: Black to gray- ish-black powder; poisonous. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By adding ammonium hy- droxide to a solution of mercuric nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Dark amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercury* (Quicksilver; Hydrargyrum) Hg. Color and properties: A silvery, liquid, metallic element, sometimes found native; poisonous. See also Amal- gam, Cinnabar, Eglestonite, Kleinite, Metacinnabarite, Montroydite, Ter- linguaite, Tiemannite. California. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 13.5053; melting-point -38.85 C.; boiling- Point 357-33C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, al- cohol and ether. Mercury Acetate 318 Mercury Persulfate Derivation: By heating cinnabar in air, 01 with lime. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Leather bottles; stone bottles; iron flasks. Uses: Mercury salts; thermometers; medicine; mirror manufacture; mer- cury vapor lamps (Copper-Hewitt, etc); amalgams; extraction of gold and silver from their ores; physical and chemical apparatus; catalyst; production of fulminate, and vermil- ion; electric rectifiers; pharmacy; ca- thode in electrolytic chemical proces- ses. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mercury Acetate. See Mercuric acetate. Mercury, Ammoniated. See Mercuric- ammonium chloride. Mercury-Ammonium Chloride. See Mer- curic-ammonium chloride. Mercury Benzoate. See Mercuric ben- zoate. Mercury Bichloride. See Mercuric chlo- ride. Mercury Biniodide. See Mercuric io- dide. Mercury Bisulfate. See Mercuric sul- fate. Mercury Bromide. See Mercuric bro- mide. Mercury Chloride. See Mercuric chlor- ide and Mercurous chloride. Mercury Chloride, Ammoniated. See Mercuric-ammonium chloride. Mercury Chloride, Corrosive. See Mer- cury chloride. Mercury Cyanide. See Mercuric cyanide. Mercury Fulminate* Hg(CNO) 2 . Color and properties: Dark brown, crystalline powder; explodes when dry under the slightest friction or shock; must be kept moist until used. Constants: Specific gravity 4.42; melt- ing-point: Explodes. Soluble in alcohol, ammonium hydrox- ide and hot water; slightly soluble in cold water. Derivation: By acting on mercury with strong nitric acid and alcohol, in lots of five pounds in glass bottles. Grades: Technical. Containers: Canvas bags in stone crocks filled with water. Uses: Manufacture of caps and deto- nators for producing explosions for military, industrial and sporting pur- poses. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Cannot be shipped by express. Mercury, Hahnemann's Soluble. See Mercurous oxide, Black. Mercury Iodide, Red. See Mercuric io- dide. Mercury Iodide, Yellow. See Mercuric iodide. Mercury Monochloride. See Mercurous chloride. Mercury Nitrate. See Mercuric nitrate. Mercury Nitrate, Ammoniated. See Mercurous oxide, Black. Mercury Oleate. See Mercuric oleate. Mercury Oxide, Black. See Mercurous oxide, Black. Mercury Oxide, Red. See Mercuric oxide, Red. Mercury Chloride, Mild. See Mercurous chloride. Mercury Persulfate. See Mercuric stil- fate. Mercury-Potassiium 319 Meta-titanic Acid Mercury- Potassium Cyanide. See Mer- curic-potassium cyanide. Mercury Rhodanide. See Mercury sul- focyanide. Mercury, Soluble, Hahnemann's. See Mercurous oxide, Black. Mercury Sulfate. See Mercuric sulfate. Mercury Sulfide, Black. See Mercuric sulfide, Black. Mercury Sulfide, Red. See Mercuric sul- fide, Red. Mercury Sulfocyanate. See Mercuric sulfocyanate. Mercury Sulfocyanide. See Mercuric sulfocyanate. Mercury Sulfuret, Red. See Mercuric sulfide, Red. Mescal Buttons. See Anhalonium. Metacetonic Acid. See Acid propionic. Metacinnabarite. A mineral of the same composition as cinnabar, but black in color, and crystallizing in isometric forms (tetrahedral). See Cinnabar. California. Meta-chloronitrobenzene. See Chloro- nitrobenzene, Meta-. Meta-chloronitrobenzol. See Chloroni- trobenzene, Meta-. Meta- Compounds are substitution prod- ucts derived from benzol (q.v.), in which the substituting radicals or groups are (constitutionally) placed in certain definite positions in the benzol nucleus. See also Ortho- compounds and Para- compounds. The meta- com- pounds will be found under the name of the compound, as: Meta-cresol see Cresol, Meta-; Meta-toluidine see Tol- uidine, Meta-; etc. Meta-cresol. See Cresol, Meta-. Meta-dimethylbenzene. See Xylol, Meta-. Meta-dimethylbenzol. See Xylol, Meta-. Meta-dinitrobenzene. See Dinitroben- zene, Meta-. Meta-dinitrobenzol. See Dinitrobenzene, Meta-. Meta-dioxybenzene. See Resorcinol. Meta-dioxybenzol. See Resorcinol. M eta-gelatine. See Gelatine. Metanilic Acid. See Acid sulfanilic, Meta-. Meta-nitraniline. See Nitraniline, Meta-. Meta-nitrohydroxybenzoic Acid. See Acid nitrosalicylic. Meta-nitro-para-toluidine. See Nitro- para-toluidine, Meta-. Meta-para-cresol* A mixture of approxi- mately 40 per cent meta-cresol and 60 per cent para-cresol. Meta-phenylenediamine. See Phenylene- diamine, Meta-. Meta-phosphoric Acid. See Acid phos- phoric, Meta-. Meta-phosphorous Acid. See Acid phos- phorous. Meta-pyridinecarboxylic Acid. See Acid nicotinic. Meta-stannic Acid. See Acid stannic. Meta-tartaric Acid. See Acid isotar- taric. Meta-titanic Acid. See Acid titanic. Meta-toluylenediamine 320 Methyl Alcohol Meta-toluylenediamine. See Toluylene- diamine, Meta-. Meta-toluylic Acid. See Acid toluic, Meta-. Meta-vanadic Acid. See Acid vanadic. Metal, Dutch. See Dutch metal. Metal, Fusible, D'Arcet.* A grayish- white metallic alloy consisting of: Bismuth, 50 per cent; Lead, 25 per cent; Tin, 25 per cent. Constants: Melting-point 94C. Uses: Valves, wires, etc., for safety sprinklers, boilers, fusible plugs, etc. Metal, Fusible, Rose.* A grayish-white metallic alloy consisting of: Bismuth, 50 parts; Lead, 28.1 parts; Tin, 24.1 parts. Constants: Melting-point Q5C. Uses: Valves, wires, etc., for safety sprinklers, boilers, fusible plugs, etc. Metal, Fusible, Wood.* Whitish-gray metallic alloy consisting of: Bis- muth, 50 per cent; Lead, 25 per cent; Tin, 12.5 per cent; Cadmium, 12.5 per cent. Constants: Melting-point 70C. Uses: Valves, wires, etc., for safety sprinklers, boilers, fusible plugs, etc.; making casts of the human body. Metal, Monel. See Monel metal. Methanamide. See Formamide. Methanecarboxylic Acid. See Acid acetic. Metkanedicarbonic Acid. See Acid ma- Ionic. Methanethiomethane. See Methyl sul- fide. Methenyl Tribromide. See Bromoform. Methenyl Trichloride. See Chloroform. Methenyl Triiodide. See lodoform. Methyl Acetate* CH 3 CO2.CH 3 . Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; fragrant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.92438; melting-point -g8.05C.; boiling-point 54-05 "C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating methyl alco- hol and acetic acid in presence of sul- furic acid and distilling. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Extracts; perfumery; solvent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylacetic Acid. See Acid propionic. Methylacetone. See Methylcthylketone. Methylacetyl. See Acetone. Methylal* (Methylenedimethyl ester; Formal ; Methylenedimethylate) CH 2 (OCH 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; chloroform-like odor; pungent taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.855C.; boiling-point 42C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By distilling methyl alco- hol, with sulfuric acid and manganese dioxide. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methyl Alcohol* (Wood alcohol; Wood spirit; Wood naphtha; Methyl hy- droxide; Methyl hydrate: Columbian spirits; Columnian spirits) CHaOH. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.7913; melting-point -9/.8C; boiling-point 66.78 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Pyroligneous acid obtained M ethylaminophenol 321 Methylbenzene from destructive distillation of wood is neutralized witn lime and the methyl alcohol distilled off. Ihe distillate is purified by dilution with water, to effect a separation of ace- tones and hydrocarbon oils. The liquid is redistilled over lime in a rec- tifying still and then filtered through a tower containing charcoal to re- move the coloring matter and un- pleasant odor. By distilling again over lime, methyl alcohol of 99 per cent is obtained. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Pure (acetone-free); crude (wood spirit) ; U. S. P. Containers: Barrels; iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Solvent for varnish gums; manu- facturing formaldehyde; organic syn- thesis; denaturing ethyl alcohol; gen- eral solvent; fuel. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red la- bel. Methylaminophenol Sulfate, Para-* C6HN.CH 3 SO 4 . Color and properties: White needles. Constants: Melting-point 25O-26oC. Soluble in water and. alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on methyl-para-aminophenol. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Photographic developer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylaniline ( Monomethylaniline) CoH 5 NH(CH 8 ).. Color and properties: Reddish-brown, oily liquid. Constants: Specific gravity o.QQi; melt- ing-point -8oC; boiling-point 190- TOIC. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; slightly soluble in wa f er. Derivation: By heating methyl iodide with aniline and subsequent distilla- tion. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methyl Anthranilate* (Neroli oil) Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.168; melt- ing-point 24.5C; boiling-point I32C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating anthranilic acid and methyl alcohol in presence of i>ul- furic acid, with subsequent distilla- tion. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylanthraquinone* Color and properties: White needles. Constants: Melting-point I77C.; boil- ing-point: Sublimes. Soluble in ether and benzol; very slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By heating anthraquinone and methyl alcohol in presence of sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylated Spirits (Denatured alcohol). Derivation: Ethyl alcohol rendered un- fit for human consumption by the ad- dition of 10 per cent of methyl al- cohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Parrels; iron drums. Uses: Solvent: fuel. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Methylbenzene. See Toluol. Methyl Benzoate 322 M ethy Icinnamy 1 Methyl Benzoate* (Essence Niobe) Color and properties: Colorless solu- tion. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 1.0937; melting-point -I2.3C; boiling-point i98.6C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating methyl alco- hol and benzoic acid in presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distil- lation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylbenzoic Acid. See Acid toluic, Ortho-. Methylbenzol. See Toluol. Methylbenzoylecgonine. See Cocaine. Methylbeta-naphtholate* (Nerolin; Yara-yara) CioH 7 OCH 3 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line scales. Constants: Melting-point 72 C.; boil- ing-point 274 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By boiling beta-naphthol with methyl alcohol and zinc chloride. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methyl Bromide* (Bromomethane) CH 3 Br. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent, volatile liquid; burning taste; chloroform-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.732; melt- ing-point -84 C.; boiling-point 4.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of bromine on methyl alcohol in presence of phosphorus, with subsequent distilla- tion. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Methyl Chloride* (Chloromethane) CH 3 C1. Color and properties: Colorless gas; ethereal odor. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 0.9197; melting-point -9i.5C.; boiling-point 23.73C Soluble ^in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on methyl alcohol in presence of sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Medicine; refrigeration. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Methylchlorosulfonate* CH 3 C1SO 3 . A military poison gas used in the late war. Methyl Cinnamate* C 6 H 5 CH.CHC02CH 3 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; strawberry-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0415; melt- ing-point 36C.; boiling-point 259.6 e C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating methyl alco- hol, sodium cinnamate and sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes; flavoring; confection- ery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylcinnamylketone. See Benzylidene- acetone. Methylcrotonic 323 Methyl-para-amino Methylcrotonic Acid. See Acid tiglic. Methyl Cyanide* (Acetonitrile) CH 3 CN. Color and properties: Colorless, limpid liquid; aromatic odor; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.7897; melting-point -4iC.; boiling-point 83 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating acetamide with glacial acetic acid, and subse- quent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; perfumes; extracts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methyldichloroarsine* CH 3 AsCl2. A military poison gas used in the late war. Methylester of Protocatechin. See Guai- acol. Methylethylcarbinol. See Butyl alcohol, Secondary. Methylethylketone* (Methylacetone) CH 3 COC 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; acetone-like odor; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.808; boil- ing-point 79.6C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) From the butyl alco- hol obtained as a by-product in the fermentation process of manufactur- ing acetone, (b) By heating methyl- acetoacetate with potassium hydrox- ide and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufacture of smokeless powder; solvent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Methylethylketone, Brominated. See Brominated methylethyl ketone. Methyl Formate* CH 3 COOH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; agreeable odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9731; melting-point -99-75 C.; boiling-point 3i.75C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating methyl alco- hol with sodium formate and hydro- chloric acid, with subsequent distil- lation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylglyoxalidine. See Lysidine. Methyl Hexane. See Heptane. Methyl Hydrate. See Methyl alcohol. Methyl Hydroxide. See Methyl alcohol. Methyl Iodide* (Ipdomethane) CH 3 I. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; turns brown on exposure to light. Constants: Specific gravity 2.2852; melting-point -66.1 C.; boiling-point Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of methyl alcohol, sodium iodide and sulfuric acid, with subsequent distil- lation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylmorphine. See Codeine. Methylnitrobenzene. See Nitrotoluol. Methylnitrobenzol. See Nitrotoluol. M ethyl-para-aminophenol* CH 3 C 6 H 3 OHNHCH2CO 2 H. Color and properties: Colorless Methyl-para-oxy 324 Methylene Chloride needles; poisonous; solutions have ir- ritating effect on the skin. Constants: Melting-point i84C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the interaction of hydroquinone and methylamine. (b) By the methylation of para-aminophe- nol hydrochloride. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis; photographic developer. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methyl-para-oxybenzaldehyde. See An- isic aldehyde. Methylphenylformic Acid. See Acid toluic, Ortho-. Methylpropylphenol. See Thymol. Methylpropylphenyl Hexahydride. See Menthol. Methylprotocatechuic Aldehyde. See Vanillin. Methylquinoline. See Lepidine. Methylquinoline, Alpha-. See Quinal- dine. Methyl Salicylate* (Artificial winter- green oil) OHC(jH 4 CO 2 CH3. Color and properties: Colorless, liquid oil; odor of wintergreen. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1850; melting-point -8.3 C.; boiling-point 222.2 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating methyl alco- hol and salicylic acid in presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distilla- tion. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.: B. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; liniments; extracts; flavoring; confectionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylstyryl Ketone. See Benzylidene- acetone. Methylsuccinic Acid. See Acid pyrotar- taric. Methyl Sulfate. See Dimethyl sulfate. Methyl Sulfide* (Methanethiomethane; Dimethysulfide) (CHs^S. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; disagreeable odor. Constants: Specific gravity o.845C.; melting-point -83.2C.; boiling-point 37-5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of a methyl alcohol solution of potassium sulfide and methyl chloride, with sub- sequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methyltheobromine. See Caffeine. Methylthioninae Chloridum, U. S. P. Methylthionine chloride. Methylene Bichloride. See Methylene chloride. Methylene Chloride* (Methylene bichlo- ride; Dichloromethane) Ct^Cb. Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; poisonous when inhaled. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2615; melting-point -Q7C.; boiling-point 42 C. m Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the chlorination of methyl chloride and subsequent distil- lation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Methylenediantipyrinc 325 Milk Sugar Uses: Organic synthesis; local anes- thetic. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylenediantipyrine. See Formopy- rine. Methylenedimethylate. See Methylal. Methylenedimethyl Ester. See Methylal. Methylene Iodide* (Dilodomethane) CH 2 I 2 . Color and properties: Yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 3.33; melt- ing-point 4C; boiling-point i8oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating iodoform with an alcoholic solution of sodium ace- tate and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel drums; glass bottles. Uses: Separating mixtures of min- erals; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Methylis Salicylas, U. S. P., B. P. See Methyl salicylate. Metol.* The trade name for mono- methyl-para-aminophenol hydrochloride or monomethyl-para-amino-meta-cresol sulfate, a photographic developer. Metozin. See Antipyrine. Mexican Scammony Root. See Jalap, Orizabo. Mezereon. See Mezereum. Mezereum* (Mezereon; Olive spurge; Dwarf bay; Magell; Paradise plant; Spurge flax; Wild pepper). Derivation: Dried bark of Daphne mezereum and other European spe- cies of Daphne. Habitat: Mountainous Europe, Siberia, Canada and New England. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mica. A natural, hydrous silicate, hav- ing a very fine basal cleavage which renders it capable of being split into thin tough transparent plates. Used as an insulator in electrical equipment; lubricants; stove doors. The most common varieties are muscovite and biotite. Phlogopite and lepidolite are prominent locally. Michler's Ketone* (Tetramethyldiami- nobenzophenone) Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline plates. Constants: Melting-point I74C. Soluble in alcohol: insoluble in water. Derivation: Carbonyl chloride is passed into dimethylaniline at ordi- nary temperature, until the latter has increased 40 per cent in weight and the mixture heated until the reaction is completed. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Microcosmic Salt. See Sodium-ammo- nium phosphate. Mignonette Oil. See Reseda oil. Milk of Lime. Calcium hydroxide solu- tion. Milk of Magnesia. Magnesium hydrox- ide solution. Milk of Sulfur. See Sulfur. Milk Sugar* (Lactose; Saccharum lactis) Color and properties: Impalpable, white powder; sweet taste. Millerite 326 Mollin Constants: Specific gravity 1.525; melt- point: Decomposes at 203. 5C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: From whey, by concentra- tion and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Pharmacy; infant foods; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Millerite. Natural nickel sulfide, NiS. Contains 64.1 per cent nickel. Califor- nia and Pennsylvania. Millstone. A hard, tough stone used for grinding cereals, cement rocks and other materials. Usually a coarse- grained sandstone or fine quartz con- glomerate. Alabama, Canada, Georgia, Mississippi, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Mimetite. Natural lead chloroarsenate, 3Pb 3 As 2 O 8 .PbCl2. California, Colo- rado and Nevada. Mimose. See Wattle. Mineral Blue. See Ferric ferrocyanide. Mineral Butter. See Antimony chloride. Mineral Carbon. See Graphite. Mineral Fat. See Petrolatum. Mineral Green. See Copper carbonate, Green. Mineral Oil. See Petroleum. Mineral Paint. Minerals used as pig- ment, including the ochers, iron oxides, barite, etc. See also Ocher, Sienna, Umber. Alabama, Arizona. California, Canada, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachu- setts, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington and Wyoming. Mineral Pitch. See Asphalt. Mineral Rubber. See Asphalt. Mineral Wax. See Ozokerite and Cere- sin. Minium. Natural red oxide of lead, 2PbO.PbO2. Contains 90.6 per cent lead. Colorado. See also Lead oxide, Red. Mirabilite (Glauber's salt). Natural, hy- drous sodium sulfate, Na2SO4. Arizona, Oregon and Wyoming. Mirbane Essence. See Nitrobenzene. Mirbane Oil. See Nitrobenzene. "Misch-'Metall."* The mixture of ceri- um metals obtained from monazite sand, used for manufacturing ferro- cerium, etc. Mispickel. See Arsenopyrite. Mistura Cretae, U. S. P., B. P. Chalk mixture. Mistura Glycyrrizae Composita, U. S. P. Compound mixture of glycyrrhiza. Mixed Acid. See Acid, Mixed. Moellen Degras. See Degras, Moellon. Mohr's Salt. See Ferrous-ammonium sulfate. Mollin.* Derivation: A potash soap from co- co-nut oil, containing about 17 per cent of uncombined fatty acids with glycerin. Color and properties: Yellowish-white, smooth, soft, ointment-like mass; does not become rancid. Soluble in water. Molybdenite 327 Monobromo-alpha Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs. Uses: Ointment base. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Molybdenite. Natural molybdenum sul- fide, MoS2. Contains 60 per cent molybdenum. Arizona, California, Colorado, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Ontario, Quebec, Utah and Washington. Uses: This ore, concentrated, serves as raw material for ferro-molybde- num, molybdic acid and various molybdenum salts. Molybdenum* Mo. Color and properties: Gray metal or black powder; of wide but not abun- dant distribution. See Molybdenite and Wulfenite. Constants: Specific gravity 8.56. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By aluminothermic reduc- tion of molybdic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Metallurgy; molybdenum com- pounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Molybdenum Anhydride. See Acid molybdic. Molybdenum, Ferro. See Ferro-molyb- denum. Molybdenum Sesquioxide. See Molybde- num oxide. Molybdenum Trioxide. See Molybdic acid. Molybdic Acid. See Acid molybdic. Monarda Oil. See Horsemint oil. Monazite. A natural phosphate of the cerium metals (cerium, didymium, lan- thanum) and other rare-earth metals, including thorium, which alone gives it commercial value. Some varieties carry no thorium, but others carry as much as 18 per cent thorium oxide. The source of thorium for the incandescent gas-mantle industry, and of cerium for the production of pyrophoric alloys. Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming and Brazil. Monel Metal.* An alloy of: Nickel, 67 per cent; Copper, 28 per cent; Cobalt and iron, 5 per cent. Uses: Acid resisting chemical equip- ment; cooking apparatus; marine en- gineering; filter cloth; screens; etc. Monesia (Buranhem; Guaranham). Derivation: Bark of Chrysophyllum glyciphloeum. Habitat: Brazil. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Monk's-hood. See Aconite. Mono Acid F. See Acid naphthylamine- monosulfonic, Beta-. 2:7. Monoacetine. See Acetine. M onoaminodiphenylamine Hy drochlor- ide. See Diphenylhydrazine. Monobromoacetic Acid. See Acid mono- bromoacetic. Monobromo-alpha-naphthalene Ci H 7 Br. Color and properties: Yellowish crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.4870; melting-point 6.20 C.; boiling-point 279-5 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the direct bromination of naphthalene. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Organic synthesis. Monobromobenzene 328 Mononitroxylene Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Monochlorobenzene. See Chloroben- zene. Monobromobenzene. See Bromobenzcnc. Monochlorobenzol. See Chlorobenzene. Monobromobenzoic Acid, Para-. See Acid monobromobenzoic, Para-. Monobromobenzol. See Bromobenzene. Monobromobutyric Acid, Alpha-. See Acid monobromobutyric, Alpha-. Monobromoethane. See Ethyl bromide. Monobromonaphthalene, Alpha-. CioH 7 Br. Color and properties: Yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.4870; melting-point 6.2C.; boiling-point 2/9C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the bromination of naphthalene. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Monobromopropionic Acid. See Acid monobromopropionic. Monobromosuccinic Acid. See Acid monobromosuccinic. Monocalcium Ortho-phosphate. See Calcium phosphate, Monobasic. Monocalcium Phosphate. See Calcium phosphate, Monobasic. Monochlorated Acetone. See Chloroace- tone. Monochlorinated Dutch Liquid. See Ethylene chloride. Monochloroacetic Acid. See Acid mono- chloroacetic. Monochloroacetone. See Chloroace- tone. Monochloroethane. See Ethyl chloride. Monochloroethylene Chloride. See Tthylene monochlorochloride. Monochlorohydrin (Alpha-propylene- chlorohydrin; Asymmetric propylene chlorohy drin ; Chloropropyleneglycol) CH 2 a.CH(OH)CH 2 (OH). Color and properties: Yellowish, sir- upy liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.325. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on glycerine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Monochloronaphthalene. See Chloro- naphthalene. Monoethylaniline. See Ethylaniline. Monoethyl Sulfate. See Acid ethylsul- fate. Monoiodoethane. See Ethyl iodide. Monol. See Calcium permanganate. Monomagnesium Phosphate. See Mag- nesium biphosphate. Monomethylaniline. See Methylaniline. Monomethylcatechol. See Guaiacol. Mononitronaphthalene. See Nitro- naphthalene. Mononitrotoluene. See Nitrotoluene. Mononitrotoluol. See Nitrotoluene. Mononitroxylene. See Nitroxylene. Mononitroxylol 329 Morphine Meconate Mononitroxylol. See Nitroxylene. Mono-para-bromobenzoic Acid. See Acid monobromobenzoic, Para-. Monosodium Ortho-phosphate. See So- dium phosphate. Monosulfonic Acid F. See Acid naph- thylaminemonosulfonic, Beta-. 2:7. Slightly soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From opium by extraction and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Monsel's Salt. See Ferric sulfate, Basic. Morphine Acetate* Monsel's Solution. See Ferric sulfate, Basic. Montan Wax. Color and properties: Crude; dark- brown; refined: White, semi-soft wax. Soluble in carbon tetrachloride, benzol and chloroform. Derivation: By extraction of lignites from Saxony and Thuringia. Method of purification: Distillation with superheated steam. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Bags. Uses: Substitute for carnauba wax. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Montroydite. Natural oxide of mer- cury, HgO. Texas. Morphia. See Morphine. Morphina, U. S. P. See Morphine. Morphinae Acetas, U. S. P., B. P. See Morphine acetate. Morphinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Morphine hydrochloride. Morphinae Sulfas, U. S. P. See Mor- phine sulfate. Morphine* (Morphia) Ci7Hi9NO 8 .H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 254*0. Color and properties: White, crystal- line or amorphous powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 200 C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By heating morphine and acetic acid in presence of sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Morphine Bimeconate. See Morphine meconate. Morphine Hydrochloride* (Morphine muriate) Ci7Hi9NO 3 HC1.3H 2 O. Color and properties: Micro-crystal- line needles; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 250 C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation : By the action of hydro- chloric acid on morphine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Morphine Meconate* (Morphine bime- conate) Color and properties: Yellowish-white, crystalline powder; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol, Morphine Muriate 330 Moura Oil Derivation: From opium by extrac- tion. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Morphine Muriate. See Morphine hy- drochloride. Morphine Nitrate* Ci7Hi9NO 3 .HNO 3 . Color and properties: White powder; darkens when exposed to light; poi- sonous. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on morphine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; amber glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard.: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Morphine Sulfate* (Ci7Hi9N0 3 ) 2 .H 2 S0 4 .5H20. Color and properties: Acicular crys- tals or cubical masses; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 250 C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on morphine. Method of purification: CrystallizaT tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None.- Morus Tinctoria (Old fustic; Yellow Brazil wood). Derivation: Yellow dyewood from Morus tinctoria. Habitat: South America, Central- America and Cuba. Grades : Technical. Containers : Bags, Uses: Byeing, _^ Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mosaic Gold. See Stannic sulfide. Moschus, U. S. P. See Musk. Mosoi Flower Oil. See Cananga oil. Motor Spirit. See Gasoline. Mountain Balm. See Eriodictyon. Mountain Blue.* Derivation: The mineral azurite, in ground form. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs; boxes. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None^ Mountain Brown Ore. A local name for limonite or brown iron ore. Applied in Virginia to the low-grade, siliceous variety, which commonly occurs in hard lumps and which is found on the moun- tain slopes at or near the contact of the Cambrian shale and sandstone with the Cambro-Ordovician limestone. See Valley brown ore Virginia. Mountain Green* (Mineral green) Derivation: The mineral malachite in ground form. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs; boxes. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mullein. See Verbascum. Moura Oil. Color and properties: Yellow, semi- liquid fat; bitter, aromatic taste; char- acteristic odor similar to that of cacao beans. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Constants: Specific gravity 0.894-0.898; melting-point 23 -29C.; saponifica- tton value 188-194; iodine value 58-67. Mucic Acid 331 Myrabolans Derivation. From the seeds of Bassia latifolia. Habitat: India (Northern Provinces). Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soaps. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Mucic Acid. See Acid mucic. Mucilago Acacias, U. S. P., B. P. Muci- lage of acacia. See Gum arabic. Mucilago Tragacanthae, U. S. P., B. P. Mucilage of tragacanth. See Gum tra- gacanth. Mungo. Another term for shoddy. Muriates. See chlorides or hydrochlor- ides of the respective metals, bases, al- kaloids, etc. Muriatic Acid. See Acid hydrochloric. Murillo Bark. See Quillaja. Muscle Fibrin. See Syntonin. Muscovite. White, potash-bearing mica, H 2 KAl 3 (SiO4)3. See Mica. Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Canada, New York and Wyoming. Musk. Derivation: Dried secretion from pre- putial follicles of the musk ox, Mos- chus moschiferus. Habitat: Northern Asia; Tonquin and Thibet. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Metal boxes. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Musk-root Oil. See Sumbul oil. Mustard. See Sinapis nigra and S. alba. Mustard Gas. See Dichlorodiethyl sul- fide. Mustard Oil, Artificial* (Allyl isothiocy- anate; Ally! mustard oil) C 3 H 5 CNS. A military poison gas used in the late war. Mustard Oil, Black. See Mustard oil, Volatile. Mustard Oil, Volatile (Black mustard oil; Oleum sinapis volatile). Color and properties: A colorless or pale-yellow, limpid liquid; very pun- gent, acrid odor and taste. Chief known constituents: Allyl iso- sulfocyanate; allyl thiocarbimide. Constants: Specific gravity 1.018 to 1.029; boiling-point i48-i5oC. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From black mustard seed. Brassica nigra, by maceration with water and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Muthmann's Liquid. See Acetylene te- trabromide. Mylabris (Chinese cantharides; Chinese blistering flies). Derivation: The dried insect, Mylabris cichorii. Habitat: China and Eastern India. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; hair tonics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myrabolans. Derivation: The dried fruit of certain Indian and Chinese trees: Myrabo- lanus chebula. They appear in com- merce as dried and shrivelled nuts about an inch long, containing 30 per cent tannin. Grades: Solid, 50 per cent tannin. Ex- tract, 25 per cent tannin. Containers: Dry: Burlap bags. Ex- tract: Wooden barrels. Uses: Tanning industry. Myrbane Oil 332 Myrtle Oil Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myrbane Oil. See Nitrobenzene. Myrcia Oil (Bay-berry oil). Color and properties: A yellow or brownish-yellowish liquid; aromatic, somewhat clove-like odor; pungent, spicy taste. Chief known constituents: Terpenes, eugenol, methylester of eugenol, di- terpene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.965 to 0.985. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Myrcia acris. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery; medicine; bay-rum. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myrica* (Candleberry; Bayberry; Wax myrtle; Wax berry; Tallow shrub). Derivation: Bark of Myrica cerif era. Habitat: Maryland to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bales. Uses: Medicine; source of bayberry wax. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myristica* (Nutmeg; Nux moschata; Nuces nucistae). Derivation: Kernel of the ripe seed of Myristica fragrans. Habitat: Southern Asia and Moluccas; cultivated in many tropical countries. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None, Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myrrh. Derivation: The gum-resin of Commi- phora myrrha. Habitat: Nubia, Somaliland and Ara- bia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; dentrifices. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myrrh Oil, Color and properties: Yellowish, rather viscid liquid; strong odor. Chief constituents: Not known. Constants: Specific gravity 0.988 to 1.007; boiling-point 22O-235C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the gum- resin, Myrrh. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Myrrha, U. S. P., B. P. See Myrrh. Myrtle Oil, Spanish. Color and properties: Light, yellow liquid; agreeabfe aromatic odor. Chief known constituents: Cineol, dextro-pinene; dipentene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.89 to 0.92; optical rotation +10 to +30. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Myrtle communis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Naegeli's Solution 333 Naphthalene N Naegeli's Solution. See Zinc chlorolo- dide, Solution. Nagyagite. A sulfotelluride of lead, gold and antimony, possibly having the formula, AuoPb^SbsTejSii, contain- ing up to ii per cent of silver and found in North Carolina. Nankin Yellow. See Iron buff. Naphtha, Heavy.* Color and properties: Deep amber to dark red liquid; a mixture of xylol and higher homologs, from coal-tar; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.925-0.950; boiling-point i6o-22OC. (about 70 per cent at 200 C); flash-point: About 78.3 C.; evaporation 303 minutes. Derivation: (a) From coal-tar by frac- tional distillation, (b) From illumi- nating gas by scrubbing and distilling the resulting oil. Grades: Technical. Containers: Drums; tank-cars. Uses: Para-coumarone resins; sol- vent for dark colored paints; sol- vent for asphalts, etc., in saturating asbestos-board, brake-linings and the like. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Naphtha, "Hi-Flash."* Color and properties: Water-white, volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.870-0.880; boiling-point I5O-20OC.;' flash-point: Not below 37.8 C.; evaporation 205 minutes. Derivation: A solvent naphtha, from coal-tar or illuminating gas. Grades: Water-white. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Solvent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Naphtha, Petroleum. See Benzine. Naphtha, Solvent* (160 Benzol). Color and properties: A mixture of small quantities of benzol and toluol with xylol and higher homologs, from coal-tar, (a) Crude: Dark straw col- ored liquid; inflammable, (b) Refined: Water-white liquid; inflammable. Constants: (a) (b) Specific gravity 0.862-0.892 0.862-0.872 Boiling-point About i6oC. About i6oC. (80%) (00%) Flash-point About 2S.6C. About 2S.6C. Evaporation 200 on metal surface 3}^" square: (a) 107 minutes; (b) 121 minutes. Derivation: (a) From coal-tar by frac- tional distillation, (b) From illumi- nating gas by scrubbing and distill- ing the resulting oil. Grades: Dark straw; water-white. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Solvent; xylol; cumol. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Naphthalene* (Tar camphor; Naphtha- lin; White tar) Ci H 8 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line, volatile flakes; strong coal-tar odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0070; melting-point 80.05 C.; boiling-point 2i7.o6C. Soluble in benzol, absolute alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) From the coal-tar oils boiling between 170 and 23OC., by cooling the oils in large tanks, (b) From illuminating gas mains, as such. Method of purification: The crude crystals are purified by hydraulic pressing or by centrifuging and by treatment with sulfuric acid followed by sublimation. Impurities: Coal-tar oils. Grades: Flakes; balls; blocks; cubes; grains (rice); powder crushed; tab- lets; crude. Containers: Wooden boxes; barrels. Uses: Moth repellant; insecticide: phthalic acid; dyestuff intermediates; addition to motor spirit; lampblack: Naphthalene, Para- 334 Naphthylamine celluloid as camphor substitute; medi- cine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Naphthalene, Para-. See Anthracene. Naphthalenesulfonic Acid. See Acid naphthalenesulfonic. Naphthalenesulfonic Acid, BeU-. See Acid naphthalenesulfonic, Beta-. Naphthalic Acid. See Phthalic acid. Naphthalin. See Naphthalene. Naphthaquinoneoxime. See Nitroso- naphthol. Naphthenes, Saturated hydrocarbons, generally derivatives of cyclopentane (QHio) or cyclohexane (CeHia), oc- curring in mixture in petroleums of various origins. Baku petroleum con- sists of 80 per cent of naphthenes. Ga- lician petroleums contain considerable amounts. Naphthionic Acid. See Acid naphthyla- minesulfonic, Alpha-. Naphthol, B. P. See Naphthol, Beta-. Naphthol, Alpha-* (Ci H 7 OH). Color and properties: Colorless prisms or powder; disagreeable taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.224; melt- ing-point 04.2 C; boiling-point 2;8C. Soluble in benzol, alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By fusing alpha-naphtha- lenesulfonate and caustic soda. The melt is decomposed with hydrochloric acid and distilled. Method of purification: Redistillation. Impurities: Beta-naphthol. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Naphthol, Beta-* Ci H 7 OH. Color and properties: White, lustrous, bulky scales; darken with age. Constants: Specific gravity 1.217; melt- ing-point I2I.6C.; boiling-point SsC. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, oils and alkaline solutions; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By fusing sodium beta- naphthalenesulfonate with caustic soda. The product is distilled in vacuo. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Naphthol Benzoate, Beta-* (Benzoyl- naphthol; Benzonaphthol) Color and properties: Whitish powder. Constants: Melting-point IO7C. Soluble in hot alcohol; slightly soluble in ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fusing equal parts of beta-naphthol and benzoyl chloride. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Naphtholmethyl Ether, Beta-* CioHeOHCHs. Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating beta-naphthol and methyl alcohol in presence of sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Naphtholsulfonic Acid, Beta-. See Acids naphtholsulfonic, Beta-. Naphthylamine, Alpha-* (Ci H T NH 2 ). Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.223; melting-point 50C.; boiling-point 30iC. NftphthyUmine 880 NeodUraenol Soluble in alcohol and ether; ilightly oltible in water, Derivation; By the redaction of alpha- nitronaphthaiene with iron and hy- drochloric acid, The mass is then mixed with milk of lime and distilled, Method of purification; Crystalliza- tion Grades: Technical Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs, Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestufts, Fire hazard: None, Railroad shipping regulations: None, Grades: Technical, Containers; Bags, Uses: Source of rape-seed oil, Fire hazard: None, Railroad shipping regulations: None, Narcein, An azo dyestuff, Native Paraffin, See Ozokerite. Natrium* The Latin name for sodium, hence the symbol Na in chemical no- menclature, Hydrochloride, Alpha-* Natroa, See Sodium carbonate. Color and properties; White to gray, crystalline powder, Soluble in water, alcohol and ether, Derivation; By the action of hydro- chloric acid on alpha-naphthylamine, Method of purification; Crystafliza- Grades: Technical, Containers: Wooden kegs, Ues: Dye*tuffs; organic synthesis, Fire hazard: None, Railroad shipping regulations: None/ Naphthylenediamine. See Diaminonaph- thalene, Naphthylmethyl Ether, Beta-* < itHfOCHj Color and properties; Colorless liquid; aromatic odor, Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water, Derivation: By the interaction of methyl alcohol and beta-naphthol in pretence of sulfuric acid, with subse- quent distillation, Method of purification; Rectification, Grades: Technical, Containers: Tin cans, Use: Synthetic perfumes; flavors, Fire hazard: None, Railroad shipping regulations: None, Naples Yellow. See Lead antimonate, Napus (Rape): Derivation: Flowers and seeds of Brassica napus, Habitat: Europe, Natural Gas. A mixture of gaseous hy- drocarbons found in nature, usually in association with deposits of petroleum, Used i fuel, for the recovery of gaso- line and helium which it contains, and for manufacture of carbon-black, Neatsfoot Oil* (Oleum bubulum), Color and properties: A fixed, pale yellow oil extracted from the feet of neat (bovine) cattle, Constants: Specific gravity 0,916; sa- ponification value 194-199; iodine value 70, Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and kerosene, Derivation: By boiling the feet and shin-bones of cattle in water, Impurities; Bone oil; marrow fat, Adulterants: Rape, cotton-seed, fish and mineral oils, Grades: 20'; 30'; 40* F,; cold test, being the temperature in degrees F, at which stearine separates, Containers: Wooden barrels, Uses: Leather industry for "fat liquor- ing"; waterproofing and softening leather; lubricant Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. NeoarsaminoL A proprietary name for salvarsan, Neoarsphenamine. A proprietary name for salvarsan. Neodiarsenol, A proprietary name for salvarsan, Neo saccharin 336 Nickel Neosaccharin. See Saccharin. Nephrite. See Jade. Neradol.* Derivation: Soluble phenol or cresol- formaldehyde condensation products used in conjunction with other tan- ning extracts in the tanning industry. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Neroli Oil.* Color and properties: A slightly dex- trogyrate essential, reddish yellow colored oil. There are several varie- ties from various species of orange blossoms, from the petals alone, or from the leaves and unripe fruit. Chief constituents: Linalyl acetate, linalol, geraniol and limonene. Constants. Specific gravity 0.870-0.880. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the flowers of Citrus aurantium vulgaris or Ci- trus bygaradia. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also Orange Oil. Nerolin. See Methyl-beta-naphtholate. Nerve Root. See Cypripedium. Nessler's Reagent. Solution of mer- curic iodide in potassium iodide, used in detecting the presence of ammonia, particularly in very small amounts. "Neutral Alum/'* Derivation: By adding sodium or po- tassium carbonate or caustic soda to an alum solution. Uses: In mordanting, because of the readiness with which it deposits alu- minum hydroxide on the fiber. "Neutral Oils." Light petroleum or re- fined coal-tar oils. Neutralon. See Aluminum silicate. Neville and Winther's Acid. See Acid naphtholsulfonic, Alpha-. 1:4. Niccolite. Native nickel arsenide, NiAs, found in Canada and Colorado, contain- ing 44 per cent of nickel. Nicholsonite. A variety of the mineral aragonite, CaCOs, containing from less than i to 10 per cent of zinc. Found in Colorado. "Nichrome."* A nickel-chromium alloy, used for electric resistances, heat and acid-resisting apparatus. Nickel* Ni. Color and properties: Very hard, sil- very metal, with a faint tinge of yel- low; takes a high polish. Constants: Specific gravity 8.63; melt- ing-point 1450 C. Soluble in dilute mineral acids; insolu- ble in water. Derivation: (a) Matte process. The ore is roasted and smelted in a blast- furnace to obtain the matte, consist- ing of nickel, copper and iron sulfide. The latter is smelted in a converter to remove most of the iron. The matte is then smelted by the Orford process in a blast-furnace with salt- cake and coke. The resulting nickel sulfide is dead-roasted to nickel ox- ide and the latter reduced to metallic nickel by fusing in graphite crucibles with charcoal. (b) Mond process. The matte, nearly free from iron, pro- duced as above, is dead-roasted, crushed and treated with warm, di- lute sulfuric acid to remove the cop- per. The residue is reduced in a tower by means of water gas. (c) Browne electrolytic process. The copper-nickel matte is crushed, dead- roasted, reduced to metal in a rever- beratory furnace and cast into anode plates. The latter are electrolyzed, the nickel going into the electrolyte solution. Any copper remaining in Nickel-Ammonia 337 Nickel Carbonate the electrolyte is precipitated as sul- fide, and the iron removed by means of caustic soda. The solution is now concentrated to allow sodium chlo- ride to crystallize, and the hot solu- tion of nickel chloride is electrolyzed. The nickel of commerce comes almost entirely from the Sudbury district in Ontario, Canada and from the French colony of New Caledonia. Method of purification: Electrolytic re- fining. Grades: Technical. Containers: Ingots; freight cars. Uses: Metallurgy; chemical appara- tus; coins; alloys; nickel salts; nickel plating; surgical instruments; catalyst in hydrogenation of oils. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel-Ammonia Nitrate.* Ni(NO 3 )2.4Nfi3.2H 2 O. Color and properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By adding ammonium hy- droxide to a nitric acid solution of nickel nitrate, with subsequent crys- tallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Nickel plating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel-Ammonium Sulfate* NiS04.(NH4) 2 S0 4 .6H 2 0. Color and properties: Green crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.929. Soluble in water and ammonium sulfate solution. Derivation: An aqueous solution of nickel sulfate is acidified with sul- furic acid, then an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate is added. On concentrating, crystals of the double sulfate separate out. Method of purification: Recrystalfiza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Nickel electrolyte for electro- plating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Black. See Nickel oxide. Nickel Bromide* (Nickelous bromide) (a) NiBr 2 (b) NiBr 2 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Brownish- yellow solid or yellow, lustrous scales. (b) Deliquescent, greenish scales. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 4.64. Melting-point: (a) Decomposes; (b) Loses water of crystallization at about 200 C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and ammonium hydroxide. Derivation: By the action of hydro- bromic acid on nickel oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Bromide- Ammonia* NiBr 2 .6NHs. Color and properties: Violet powder. Constants: Specific gravity 1.837. Soluble in cold water; decomposed by hot water. Derivation: By crystallizing anhy- drous nickel bromide from ammo- nium hydroxide instead of water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Carbonate* NiCO 3 . Color and properties: Bluish-green crystals. Constants: Melting-point: 'Decom- posed. Insoluble in water and acids. Derivation: By the addition of sodium carbonate to a solution of nickel sul- fate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Electroplating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Carbonate 338 Nickel Monoxide Nickel Carbonate, Basic* 2NiCO 3 .3Ni(OH) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Green crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in acids and solutions of am- monium salts; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the addition of sodium carbonate to a solution of nickel sul- fate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Electroplating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Carbonyl* (Nickel tetracarbonyl) Ni(CO) 4 . Color and properties: Colorless, vola- tile liquid; poisonous; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 1.3185; melting-point -25 C; boiling-point 43C.; vapor explodes at 60 C. Soluble in alcohol and concentrated ni- tric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By passing carbon monox- ide gas over finely divided nickel. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: For production of metallic nickel by Mond process. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Chloride* (a) NiCl 2 (b) NiCl 2 . 6 H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Yellow scales; deliquescent in moist air. (b) Green scales; deliquescent in moist air. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 2.56; melting-point: Sublimes. Soluble in water and ammonium hy- droxide. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on nickel oxides. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Nickel plating cast zinc; manu- facture of sympathetic ink, antiseptic; absorbent for ammonia gas in mili- tary and industrial gas masks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Cyanide* Ni(CN) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: Apple-green plates or powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point: Loses 4H 2 O at 200 C.; boiling-point: De- composes. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide and potassium cyanide solution; insolu- ble in water and acids. Derivation: By adding potassium cyan- ide to a solution of a nickel salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Metallurgy, electroplating. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Glance. Natural nickel-arsenic sulfide, NiAsS. Nickel Hydroxide* (a) Nickelous 4 Ni(OH) 2 .H 2 O; (b) Nickelic Ni(OH) 3 . Color and properties: (a) Pale green powder, (b) Black powder. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 4.36. Melting-point: (a) Decomposes; (b) Decomposes. (a) Soluble in acids, ammonium hydrox- ide and alcohol; insoluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: (a) By adding caustic soda to a solution of nickel salt, (b) By adding a hypochlorite to a solution of a nickel salt. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Grades: Technical. Uses: Nickel salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Monoxide* (Nickelous oxide; Nickel protoxide; Green nickel oxide) NiO. Color and properties: Green powder, becoming yellow; is found in nature as the mineral bunsenite. Constants: Specific gravity 6.6-6.8; melting-point: Absorbs oxygen at 40OC. and is reduced to NiO at 600 C. Nickel Nitrate 39 Nicotine Salts Soluble in acids and ammonium hy- droxide; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating nickel hydrox- ide or nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Nickel salts; porcelain painting. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Nitrate* Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Green, delique- scent crystals. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 2.065; melt- ing-point 56.7C.; boiling-point I36.7C Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on nickel oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Nickel plating. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nickel Peroxide* (Nickelic oxide; Nickel sesquioxide; Black nickel oxide) Ni 2 O3. Color and properties: Gray-black powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.84; melt- ing-point: Is reduced to NiO* at 600 C Soluble in acids and ammonium hy- droxide; insoluble in water. Derivation: By gentle heating of the nitrate or chlorate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Production of oxygen; storage batteries. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nickel Sulfate* (a) NiSO 4 ; (b) NiS0 4 .6H 2 0; (c) NiSO 4 .7H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Yellow crys- tals; (b) Blue crystals; (c) Green crystals. (a) (b) (c) Constants: Specific gravity 3418 2.031 1.98 Melting-point Loses SO 3 Loses 6HiO o8-iooC. at 8 4 oC. at 28oC. " All the sulfates are soluble in water; (b) and (c) are soluble in alcohol; (a) is insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on nickel oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Nickel plating; mordant in dye- ing and printing textiles; blackening zinc and brass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nickel Tetracarbonyl. See Nickel car- fa onyl. Nicotine* ( Beta-py ridyl-alpha-normal- methylpyrrolidine) CioHi 4 N 2 . Color and properties: Alkaloid from tobacco; thick water-white, laevoro- tatory oil, turning brown on exposure to the air; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.00924; melting-point: Below 80 C.; boiling- point 246.7 C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and oils. Derivation: By distilling tobacco with milk of lime and extracting with ether. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; insecticide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nicotine Salts* (a) Hydrochloride: Ci Hi 4 N 2 .HCl. (b) Salicylate: CioHi 4 N 2 .C 7 H 6 O 3 . (c) Sulfate: (Ci Hi 4 N 2 ) 2 .H 2 SO 4 . (d) Tartrate: CioHi 4 N 2 .2C 4 H 6 H 6 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Colorless oil; poisonous, (b) White crystals; poisonous, (c) White crystals; poi- sonous, (d) White plates; poisonous. Constants. Melting-point: (b) H7.5C. All the salts are soluble in water, alco- hol and ether. Derivation: By the action of the re- spective acid on the alkaloid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Nicotinic Acid 340 Nitroaniline Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nicotinic Acid. See Acid nicotinic. Nigella Sativa (Nutmeg flower; Small fennel flower; Black cumin; Black caraway) . Derivation: Seed of Nigella sativa. Habitat: Germany and Mediterranean region. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; veterinary medicine; snuff. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nigrite. A variety of asphalt mined at Soldier Summit, Utah, of unknown composition. Nigrosine.* A class of blue or black dye- stuffs, some soluble in water, some in alcohol and some in oil, used in manu- facture of ink and shoe-polish and in dyeing leather, wood, textiles, etc. Niobium. See Columbium. Niter. See Potassium nitrate. Niter Cake. See Sodium acid sulfate. Niter, Chili. See Sodium nitrate. Niter, Cubic. See Sodium nitrate. Niton. See Radium emanation. Nitramidine. A nitrocellulose or py- roxyline made from paper or cardboard. Nitraniline* (a) Meta-; (b) Ortho-; (c) Para-; NO2.CeH4.NH2. Color and properties: (a) Yellow needles, (b) Orange-red needles, (c) Yellow needles. Constants: () (b) (c) Specific gravity 1.398 1443 J-437 Melting-point m.8C 68.gC i48C Boiling-point Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From aniline by nitrati6n after acetylation, with subsequent re- moval of the acetyl group by hy- drolysis. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: (a) Color test for pine wood, (b) Has no commercial uses at pres- ent, (c) Production of para-nitrani- line red. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitratine. See Sodium nitrate. Nitrating Acid. See Acid, Nitrating. Nitre. See Potassium nitrate. Nitre Cake. See Sodium acid sulfate. Nitre, Chili. See Sodium nitrate. Nitre, Cubic. See Sodium nitrate. Nitric Acid. See Acid nitric. Nitric Acid, Fuming. See Acid nitric, Fuming. Nitroacetanilide, Para-* N02.C 6 H 4 .NH.COCH 3 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point 2O7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: ^ By acetylating aniline, then nitrating. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacture of para-nitraniline. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitroaniline. See Nitraniline. Nitrobenzene 341 Nitrogen Monoxide Nitrobenzene* (Nitrobenzol; Oil of mir- bane; Oil of myrbane; Essence of mirbane; Artificial oil of bitter al- monds). Color and properties: Bright yellow crystals or yellow, oily liquid; odor and taste of bitter almonds; poiso- nous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.19867; melting-point 8.7OC; boiling-point 2io.85C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From benzol by nitrating with nitric acid. Method of purification: By washing and distilling with steam, then redis- tilling. Impurities: Unconverted benzol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: In perfumery in place of es- sential oil of almonds; in manufac- ture of dust preventatives; raw ma- terial for manufacture of aniline, benz- idine, quinoline, azobenzene, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitrobenzoic Acids. See Acids nitro- benzoic, Meta-, Ortho- and Para-. Nitrobenzol. See Nitrobenzene. Nitrocellulose* (Gun cotton) C 6 H 7 5 (N0 2 )3. Color and properties: Yellowish, amor- phous lumps; usually trinitrocellu- lose, containing small amounts of lower and higher nitrated celluloses; inflammable; explosive. Constants: Specific gravity 0.1-0.3. Soluble in a mixture of alcohol and ether; ethyl acetate; nitrobenzene; benzol; acetone; amyl acetate; etc. Insoluble in alcohol, water and ether. Derivation: Hanks of cotton, free from impurities are nitrated in mixed acid, removed from the acid, whizzed in a centrifuge to remove as much acid as possible, washed in water until no acid reaction remains and finally boiled in several changes of water. Impurities: Sulfuric esters. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: As explosive for torpedoes (moist, compressed); production of collodion, celluloid, smokeless powder (either alone or admixed with nitro- glycerol, picrates, etc.). Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Pro- hibited by express. Nitrochlorobenzene* (a) Ortho-; (b) Para-. NO2.C6H 4 NH2. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By nitration, yielding a mixture of the ortho- and para-nitro- chlorobenzenes. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitrochlorobenzol. See Nitrochloroben- zene. Nitrochloroform. See Nitrotrichlorome- thane. Nitrodracylic Acid. See Acid nitroben- zoic, Para-. Nitrogen* Na. Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less, tasteless gas constituting about four-fifths of the air; colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity (gas) 0.06737; (liquid) 0.804; (solid) 1.0265; melting-point -2io.5C.; boiling-point -I95.5C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: From liquid air by distill- ing off the oxygen. Impurities: Argon and other "rare gases" of the air; oxygen. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Production of nitric acid, cyana- mid, cyanides and nitrides of metals. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Nitrogen Monoxide. See Nitrous oxide. Nitrogenii Monoxidum 342 Nitron Nitrogenii Monoxidum, U. S. P. Nitro- gen monoxide. Nitroglycerine*. (Nitroleum, Trinitrin, Glyceryl trinatrate, Blasting oil, Trinitroglycerine) CH 2 N03.CHN03.CH 2 N08. Color and properties: Pale yellow, thick, inflammable, explosive liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6009; freezing-point I3.IC.; explosion- point 260 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By dropping glycerine through cooled, mixed acid and stir- ring, followed by. repeated washing with water. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tin cans. Uses: Explosive, production of dyna- mite and other explosives; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Cannot be shipped by express. Nitrolignin. A pyroxylene or nitrocellu- lose made from woody fiber. Nitro-meta-diaminoanisol* Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point i<$2C. Soluble in water and alkaline solutions. Derivation: By acetylation of meta-di- aminoanisol, followed by nitration in sulfuric acid solution, and removal of the acetyl groups. ^ Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: .Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Dyeing hair, fur, feathers, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nitro-meta-diaminophenetol* C 6 H 2 N0 2 (NH 2 ) 2 OC 2 H 5 . Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. Soluble in water and alkaline solutions. Derivation: By acetylation of meta-di- aminophenetol, followed by nitration in sulfuric acid solution and removal of the acetyl groups. 1 Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Dyeing hair, fur, feathers, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nitro-meta-toluylenediamine* C 6 H 2 N0 2 (NH 2 ) 2 CH 3 . Color and properties: Large yellow, crystalline needles with a violent sheen. Constants: Melting-point 154 C. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, hot water and hot acetone; very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By nitrating diacetyltolu- enediamine with cold fuming nitric acid, heating with an excess of strong sodium hydroxide solution and wash- ing with water. Method of purification: Crystallization. Containers: Tins. Grades: Technical. .Uses: Dyeing hair, fur, feathers, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nitro-meta-toluenediamine. A mis- nomer for Nitro-meta-toluylenediamine. Nitromuriatic Acid. See Aqua regia. Nitron* :ron* (Diphenylendoanilohyd zole) CN4.(C 6 H 5 )3.CH. rotria- Color and properties: Lemon-yellow, fine, crystalline needles. Soluble in chloroform, .acetone and acetic acid ester; slightly soluble in ether and alcohol. Derivation: Triphenylaminoguanidin (prepared from thiqcarbanilide and phenylhydrazin), is heated with form- ic acid, the product diluted with much water, filtered, and precipitated with ammonium hydroxide. The product is dissolved in chloroform, the solu- tion concentrated and allowed to crys- tallize. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Reagent for the detection of the nitrate ion (NOs) in very dilute so- lutions, Nitronaphthalene 343 Nitrotoluene Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nitronaphthalene, Alpha-* Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.331; melt- ing-point 6iC; boiling-point 304 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of a mix- ture of nitric and sulfuric acids on finely ground naphthalene. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs; naphthylamine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitronaphthalenesulfonic Acid. See Acid nitronaphthalenesulfonic. Nitrophenol* NO 2 .C 6 H 4 OH. (a) Or- tho-; (b) Meta-; (c) Para-. Color and properties: (a) Light yel- low crystals, (b) Yellow crystals. (c) Colorless or yellowish crystals. Constants: < a > < b > < c > Specific gravity Melting-point 44-27C 95.3' Boiling-point ai4C iO4C 1.057 1-485 1479 >Q ftt of H3-8C Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: (a) and (c) From phenol and dilute nitric acid, and separation by steam distillation, ortho-nitrophe- nol being volatile and para-nitrophe- nol not. (b) Meta-nitroaniline dis- solved in dilute sulfuric acid is diazo- tized. The diazo solution is decom- posed by boiling with dilute sulfuric acid, cooled, extracted with ether and the latter evaporated, (c) By diazotization of sulfanilic acid, after which the diazo compound is treated with warm dilute nitric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: (b) Manufacturing the rhoda- mine dyestuffs. (c) Production of phenacetin, ptienolphthalein, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitrosalicylic Acid, Meta.- See Acid ni- trosalicylic, Meta-. Nitrosodimethylaniline, Para-* NO.C 6 H 4 N(CH3) 2 . Color and properties: Green leaflets. Constants: Melting-point 87.8C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By action of nitrous acid on dimethylaniline. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Production of methylene blue. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nitrosonaphthol* NO.Ci H 6 .OH. (a) Alpha-nitroso-alpha-naphthoL (b) Beta-nitroso-alpha-naphthol.. (c) Al- pha-nitroso-beta-naphthol. Color and properties: Yellow needles. Constants: Melting-point (a) 152 C.; (b) Decomposes at I94C; (c) io6C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the action of ni- trous acid on beta-naphthol. (b) From beta-naphthol by reacting with sodium nitrite and zinc chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Nitrotoluene* Np2.C6H4.CH3 (Monqhi- trotoluene, Nitrotoluol, Methylnitro- benzene). Color and properties: (a) Meta-: Yellow crystals. (b) Ortho-alpha: Yellow li<_ (c) Ortho-beta^ Yellow crystals, (d) Para-: Yellow crystals. Constants: () Specific gravity: 1.1570 Melting-point: (a) i6C (b) Boiling-point: & 23V-S3iC (d) 1.1650 10 (c) - 3 .8 5 C (d) (b) 222. 3 C (d) 237-7C Nitrotoluol 344 Normal Hcxanc Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) From meta-nitro-para- toluidine. Can be nitrated further to dinitrotoluol, only with greater diffi- culty, while ortho- and para- com- pounds are easily converted, (b), (c) and (d) From toluol by nitration and separation by fractional distillation. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades : Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: (a) and (c) No important use. (b) and (d) For production of tolu- idine, tolidine, fuchsine and various synthetic dyestuffs. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Nitrotoluol. See Nitrotoluene. Nitrotrichloromethane* (Nitrochloro- form; Chloropicrin) CClsNC^. A mili- tary poison gas used in the late war. Nitrous Ether* (Ethyl nitrite) C 2 H 5 N0 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish, highly aromatic, ethereal, inflam- mable, exceedingly volatile liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.900; boil- ing-point i6.4C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the action of ethyl alcohol on nitrous oxide gas. (b) By treating alcohol with alkali nitrites and sulfuric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic preparations; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Nitrous Oxide* (Laughing gas) N2O. Color and properties: Colorless, sweet- tasting gas, condensable into a color- less liquid which solidifies when al- lowed to evaporate. Constants: Specific gravity: Gas 0.937; Liquid, 1.530. Melting-point: Liquid, -102 C. Boiling-point: Liquid, -89.8 C, Soluble in alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating a mixture of sodium nitrate and ammonium sul- fate to 23OC. and collecting the gas over mercury or hot water. Grades: Pure. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Anesthetic in dentistry and sur- gery, either pure or mixed with oxy- gen. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Nitroxylene* (Mononitroxylene; Nitro- xylol; Dimethylnitrobenzene) (a) Ni- tro-ortho-xylene; (b) Nitro-meta-xy- lene; (c) Nitro-para-xylene Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Boiling-point (a) %% 2s8C (b) l & 24 6C (c) Liquid 2 4 0C Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By nitrating xylol, result- ing in a mixture of the three nitroxy- lenes, consisting largely of the nitro- meta-xylene (1:3:4). Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Nitroxylol. See Nitroxylene. Nivenite. A Texas variety of uraninite. Noah's Ark. See Cypripedium. Noble Laurel. See Laurel. Noble Liverwort. See Liverwort. Norit. A vegetable char used for the decolorization of sugar. Normal Heptane. See Heptane. Normal Hexane. See Hexane, Novaculite 345 Oenanthic Ether Novaculite. An exceedingly fine-grained quartzose rock, used as an abrasive. Occurs in Arkansas, Georgia, Massa- chusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Tennessee. Nuces Nucistae. See Myristica. "Nulomoline." A proprietary glycerine substitute. Nutgall. See Galls. Nutgall, Chinese. Properties and uses similar to that of galls. Nutmeg. See Myristica. Nutmeg Flowers. See Nigella sativa. Nux Moschata. See Myristica. Nux Vomica (Quaker buttons; Bache- lor's buttons; Poison nut; Dog but- ton; Vomit nut). Derivation: Dried ripe seed of Strych- nos nux vomica. Habitat: Southern Asia and northern Australia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; production of strych- nine and brucine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oak Bark.* Derivation: From Quercus robur (em- bracing Q. peduncularia and Q. ses- siliflora as sub species). Habitat: United States; Great Britain and Europe. Grades: 25 per cent tannin. Containers: Extract: Wooden barrels. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oakum. Hemp fiber produced by un- twisting rope, used for calking in ship and boat-building. Usually impreg- nated with tar or pitch. Obsidianite (Volcanic glass). Extru- sive igneous rock which has been fused and cooled in an amorphous or nearly entirely amorphous condition, usually- dark in color and having a vitreous ap- pearance and fracture. Used in acid concentrating plants on account of its acid-resisting properties. Ocher.* A metallic oxide occurring in nature in an earthy or pulverulent form. Commercially, ocher refers to the earthy iron oxides (yellow, red and brown). Grades: Based on tinctorial value and iron oxide content. Containers: Wood barrels. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ocher, Antimony. See Stibiconite. Ochre. See Ocher. Octahedrite. A natural, crystallized ti- tanium oxide. See also Brookite and Rutile. Octoic Acid. See Acid caprylic. Octylic Acid. See Acid caprylic. Oenanthal. See Oenanthol. Oenanthic Acid. See Acid oenanthic. Oenanthic Ether* (Cognac oil; Oenan- thic ether) CH 2 (CH2)5CO2H.C 2 H5. Color and properties: Clear, colorless oil. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating oenanthic acid and ethyl alcohol in presence of sul- Oenanthol 346 Oil, Black Pepper furic acid, and subsequent recovery Oil, Aniseed. See Anise oil. by distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; manufactur- ing artificial cognac. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oenanthol* (Oenanthic aldehyde; Hep- tanal; Heptoic aldehyde; Oenanthal) C G Hi 3 CHO. Color and properties: Highly refract- ing, volatile, colorless liquid; pene- O il, Asarum Canadense. See Asarum Oil, Anise-seed. See Anise oil. Oil, Anthracene. See Anthracene. Oil, Arachis. See Peanut oil. Oil, Arnica. See Arnica oil. Oil, Asafoetida. See Asafoetida oil. trating, aromatic odor. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 0.850; boil- ing-point I53-I55C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the distillation of cas- tor oil in vacuo, followed by frac- tional distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Heptylic alcohol; organic syn- thesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oenanthylic Acid. See Acid oenanthic. Oil, Ajowan. See Ajowanoi. Oil, Alizarine. See Alizarine. Oil, Allspice. See Allspice oil. Oil, Almond. See Almond oil. Oil, Amber. See Amber oil. Oil, Ammoniac. See Ammoniac oil. Oil, Angelica. See Angelica oil. Oil, Angostura. See Angostura oil. Oil, Aniline. See Aniline. Oil, Animal. See Bone oil. Oil, Anise. See Anise oil. canadense oil. Oil, Asarum Europaeum. See Asarum europaeum oil. Oil, Astral. See Kerosene. Oil, Balm. See Balm oil. Oil, Banana. See Amyl acetate. Oil, Banks. See Cod-liver oil. Oil, Basil. See Basil oil. Oil, Bay. See Laurel oil, Volatile. Oil, Bay-berry. See Myrcia oil. Oil, Bean. See Soya-bean oil. Oil, Bean, Chinese. See Soya-bean oil. Oil, Benne. See Sesame oil. Oil, Bergamot. See Bergamot oil. Oil, Birch. See Birch oil. Oil, Bitter Almonds, Artificial. See Nit- robenzene. Oil, Black-fish. See Black-fish oil. Oil, Black Mustard. See Mustard oil, Volatile. Oil, Black Pepper, See Pepper oil. Oil. Blasting 347 Oil, Copaiba Oil, Blasting. See Nitroglycerine. Oil, Blown. See Blown oil. Oil, Body. See Whale oil. Oil, Boiled. See Linseed oil. Oil, Bone. See Bone oil. Oil, Bottle-nose. See Bottle-nose oil. Oil, Brazil-nut. See Castanha oil. Oil, Butter. See Butter oil. Oil, Cabbage-seed. See Cabbage-seed oil. % Oil, Cade. See Cade oil. Oil, Cahoun. See Cohune oil. Oil, Cahune. See Cohune oil. Oil, Cajuput. See Cajuput oil. Oil, Calamus. See Calamus oil. Oil, Camomile. See Chamomile oil. Oil, Camphor. See Camphor oil. Oil, Camphorated. See Camphor oil. Oil, Camphor-wood. See Camphor- wood oil. Oil, Cananga. See Cananga oil. Oil, Candle-nut. See Lumbang oil. Oil, Canella. See Canella oil. Oil, Caraway. See Caraway oil. Oil, Cardamom. See Cardamom oil. Oil, Carron. See Carron oil. x Qil, Cassia. See Cassia oil. Oil, Cashew. See Cashew oil. Oil, Cashew-nut. See Cashew oil. Oil, Castanha. See Castanha oil. Oil, Castor. See Castor oil. Oil, Cedar. See Cedar oil. Oil, Celery-seed. See Celery-seed oil. Oil, Chabert. See Chabert oil. Oil, Chamomile. See Chamomile oil. Oil, Chenopodium, American. See Che- nopodium oil. Oil, Chenopodium, Levant. See Worm- seed oil. Oil, Cherry Laurel. See Cherry laurel oil. Oil, China-wood. See Tung oil. Oil, Chinese Bean. See Soya-bean oil. Oil, Citronella. See Citronella oil. Oil, Cloves. See Clove oil. Oil, Coal. See Coal oil, iCerosene and Petroleum. Oil, Cocoa-nut. See Coco-nut oil. Oil, Coco-nut. See Coco-nut oil. Oil, Coco-nut Palm. See Coco-nut oil. Oil, Cod-liver. See Cod-liver oil. Oil, Cognac. See Oenanthic ether. Oil, Cohune. See Cohune oil. Oil, Colza. See Rape-seed oil. Oil, Copaiba. See Copaiba oil t Oil, Copperah 348 Oil, Hardened Oil, Copperah. See Copra oil. Oil, Copra. See Copra oil. Oil, Coriander. See Coriander oil. Oil, Corn. See Corn oil. Oil, Corozo-nut. See Cohune oil. Oil, Cotton-seed. See Cotton-seed oil. Oil, Creosote. See Cresote oil. Oil, Croton. See Croton oil. Oil, Crude. See Petroleum. Oil, Cubeb. See Cubeb oil. Oil, Cucumber. See Cucumber oil. Oil, Cumin. See Cumin oil. Oil, Cypress. See Cypress oil. Oil, Dead. See Dead oil. Oil, Deodorized. See Deodorized oils. Oil, Dill. See Dill oil. Oil, Dip. See Dip oil. Oil, Dippel's. See Bone oil. Oil, Dog-fish. See Shark oil. Oil, Dolphin. See Porpoise oil. Oil, Earth-nut. See Peanut oil. Oil, Edible. See Edible oils. Oil, Egg. See Egg yolk. Oil, Elemi. See Elemi oil. Oil, Ergot. See Ergot oil. Oil, Erigeron, See Erigeron oil. Oil, Eucalyptus, See Eucalyptus oil. Oil, Eugenol. See Eugenol. Oil, Fennel. See Fennel oil. Oil, Fir-wood. See Pine oil. Oil, Fish. See Black-fish, cod-liver, hali- but, herring, menhaden, porpoise, salmon, sardine, shark and tuna oils. Oil, Flax-seed. See Linseed oil. Oil, Florence. See Olive oil. Oil, Fusel. See Amyl alcohol. Oil, Galangal. See Galangal oil. Oil, Garlic. See Garlic oil. Oil, Geranium. See Geranium oil. Oil, Gingelly. See Sesame oil. Oil, Ginger. See Ginger oil. Oil, Ginger-grass. See Ginger-grass oil. Oil, Gingily. See Sesame oil. Oil, Glonoin. See Nitroglycerin. Oil, Goose-foot. See Chenopodium oil. Oil, Gourd. See Cucumber oil. Oil, Grain. See Amyl alcohol. Oil, Grape-seed. See Grape-seed oil. Oil, Grape-stone. See Grape-seed oil. Oil, Ground-nut. See Peanut oil. Oil, Guaiacum. See Guaiacum oil. Oil, Halibut. See Halibut oil. Oil, "Hardened." See Hydrogenated oij. Oil. Hemlock 349 Oil, Olibanum Oil, Hemlock. See Hemlock oil. Oil, Hemp. See Hemp-seed oil. Oil, Hemp-seed. See Hemp-seed oil. Oil, Herring. See Herring oil. Oil, Hoof. See Hoof oil. Oil, Hop. See Hop oil. Oil, Horse. See Horse oil. Oil, Hydrogenated. See Hydrogenated oils. Oil, Ilang-ilang. See Cananga oil Oil, Illicium. See Anise oil. Oil, Iodized. See Iodized oil. Oil, Iva. See Iva oil. Oil, Jaborandi. See Jaborandi oil. Oil, Jasmine. See Jasmine oil. Oil, Jaw. See Black-fish oil. Oil, Juniper. See Juniper oil. Oil, Kapoc. See Kapoc oil. Oil, Kapok. See Kapoc oil. Oil, Lard. See Lard oil. Oil, Laurel, Volatile. See Laurel oil, Volatile. Oil, Lavender. See Lavender oil. Oil, Lemon. See Lemon oil. Oil, Lemon-grass. See Lemon-grass oil. Oil, Lime. See Lime oil. Oil, Linseed. See Linseed oil. Oil, Linaloe. See Linaloe oil. Oil, Lumbang. See Lumbang oil. Oil, Mace. See Mace oil. Oil, Maize. See Corn oil. Oil, Malon. See Black-fish oil. Oil, Mandarin. See Mandarin oil. Oil, Margarine. See Margarine oils. Oil, Marjoram. See Marjoram oil. Oil, Mastic. See Mastic oil. Oil, Matico. See Matico oil. Oil, Melissa, East Indian. See Lemon- grass oil. Oil, Menhaden. See Menhaden oil. Oil, Mignonette. See Reseda oil. Oil, Mineral. See Petroleum. Oil, Mirbane. See Nitrobenzene. Oil, Monarda. See Horsemint oil. Oil, Mosoi Flower. See Cananga oil. Oil, Mowra. See Mowra oil. Oil, Mustard. See Mustard oil. Oil, Myrcia. See Myrcia oil. Oil, Myrrh. See Myrrh oil. Oil, Neats-foot. See Neats-foot oil. Oil, NerolL See Neroli oil. Oil, Nutmeg. See Nutmeg oil. Oil, Olibanum. See Olibanum oil. Oil, Olive 350 Oil, Salmon Oil, Olive. See Olive oil. Oil, Olive-kernel. See Olive-kernel oil. Oil, oil. Oil, oil. Oil, oil. Oil, Onion. See Onion oil. Oil, Orange. See Orange oil. Oil, Orange-flower. See Neroli oil. Oil, Oil, Orris. See Orris oil. Oil, Oil, Origanum. See Thyme oil. Oil, Oil, Oxidized. See Blown oil. Oil, Oil, Palm. See Palm butter and Palm- Oil nut oil. Oil, Oil, Palm-kernel. See Palm-nut oil. Oil, Oil, Palm-nut. See Palm-nut oil. Oil, Oil, Palmarosa. See Palmarosa oil. Oil, Oil, Paraffin. See Paraffin oil. Oil, Oil, Parsley. See Parseley oil. Oil, Oil, Patchouli. See Patchouli oil. Oil, Peach-kernel. See Peach-kernel oil. Oil, Peanut. .See Peanut oil. o> . Oil, Pennalene White. See Pennalene _... white oil. Oll Oil, Pennyroyal. See Hedeoma oil. Oil, Oil, Pepper. See Pepper oil. Oil, Oil, Peppermint. See Peppermint oil. oil Oil, Perilla. See Perilla oil. Qil Oil, Pescola. See Pescola oil. QJJ Oil, Petit-grain. See Petit-grain oil. Q.J Oil, Petit-grain Citronier. See Petit- grain oil. Oil, Phenylmustard. See Phenylmustard Phosphorated. See Phosphorated Phosphorized. See Phosphorated Pimento. See Pimento oil. Pine. See Pine oil. Pine-tar. See Pine-tar oil. Pogy. See Menhaden oil. Polymerized. See Blown oil. Poppy-seed. See Poppy-seed oil. Porpoise. See Porpoise oil. Rape-seed. See Rape-seed oil. Rasin-seed. See Grape-seed oil. Ravison. See Ravison oil. Red. See Acid oleic. Reseda. See Reseda oil. Ricinola. See Castor oil. Ricinus. See Castor oil. Rock. See Petroleum. Rose. See Rose oil. Rose Geranium. See Geranium oil. Rosemary. See Rosemary oil. Rosin. See Rosin oil. Sage. See Sage oil. Salad. See Salad oil. Salmon. See Salmon oil. Oil. Sandalwood 351 Oil, Wormsecd Oil, Sandalwood. See Sandalwood oil. Oil, Sardine. See Sardine oil. Oil, Sassafras. See Sassafras oil. Oil, Savin. See Savin oil. Oil, Seal. See Seal oil. Oil, Seed. See Cotton-seed oil. Oil, Sesame. See Sesame oil. Oil Shale. See Shale. Oil, Shark. See Shark oil. Oil, Snake-Root. See Asarum oils. Oil, Sod. See Degras. Oil, Soja-bean. See Soya-bean oil. Oil, Solar. See Kerosene. Oil, Soy. See Soya-bean oil. Oil, Soya-bean. See Soya-bean oil. Oil, Spearmint. See Spearmint oil. Oil, Sperm. See Whale oil. Oil, Spruce. See Spruce oil. Oil, Stillingia. See Stillingia oil. Oilstone. A fine-grained whetstone on which oil is used. Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Ohio. Oil, Storax. See Storax oil. Oil, Sulfur Olive. Olive oil foots. Oil, Sunflower. See Sunflower oil. Oil, Sweet. See Olive oil. Oil, Tallow. See Tallow oil. Oil, Tallow-seed. See Stillingia oil. Oil, Tansy. See Tansy Oil. Oil, Tarragon. See Tarragon oil. Oil, Tea. See Tea oil. Oil, Tea-seed. See Tea oil. Oil, Teel. See Sesame oil. Oil, Thuja. See Thuja oil. Oil, Thyme. See Thyme oil. Oil, Tolu. See Tolu oil. Oil, Tomato-seed. See Tomato-seed oil. Oil, Train. See Whale oil. Oil, Tuna. See Tuna oil. Oil, Tung. See Tung oil. Oil, Tunny-fish. See Tuna oil. Oil, Turkey-red. See Turkey-red oil. Oil, Valerian. See Valerian oil. Oil, Varnish. See Varnish oil. Oil, Verbena. See Verbena oil. Oil, Verti-vert. See Verti-vert oil. Oil, Vitriol. See Sulfuric acid. Oil, Walnut. See Walnut oil. Oil, Walrus. See Walrus oil. Oil, Whale. See Whale oil. Oil, Wine-stones. See Grape-seed oil. Oil, Wintergreen. See Gaultheria oil. Oil, Wormseed. See Wormseed oil. Oil, Wormwood 352 Oleum Oil, Wormwood. See Wormwood oil. Oil, Ylang-ylang. See Ylang-ylang oil. Old Fustic. See Morus tinctoria. Oleic Acid. See Acid oleic. Olein. The glyceride of oleic acid oc- cu ring in fats. Oleinic Acid. See Acid oleic. Oleomargarine.* Derivation: Made from a mixture of natural or hydrogenated animal and vegetable fats colored with annatto or aniline dyes and sometimes fla- vored with butter. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; tubs. Uses: Butter substitute. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oleo Oil.* Color and properties: Yellow liquid fat. Derivation: Liquid olein and some pal- mitin obtained by cold-pressing tal- low. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Making oleomargarine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oleoresin. Derivation: Mixtures of the resin and the essential oil of the plant from which they exude. They have a pun- gent taste and a peculiar odor and are generally referred to as balsams. See Benzoin, Peru, Tolu and Storax bal- sams. Oleoresin Capsicum.* Derivation: From the fruit of Capsi- cum fastigiatum (Cayenne or Afri- can pepper) by acetone extraction. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oleoresin Cubeb.* Derivation: From the fruit of Piper cubeba by alcohol extraction. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oleoresin Ginger.* Derivation: From rhizome Zingiber. officinale by acetone extraction. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oleoresin Pepper.* Derivation: By acetone extraction of the fruit of Piper nigrum. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oleoresina Aspidii, U. S. P. Oleoresin aspidium. Oleoresina Capsici, U. S. P. See Oleo- resin capsicum. Oleoresina Cubebae, U. S. P. See Oleo- resin cubeb. Oleoresina Petroselina, U. S. P. Oleo- resin parsley fruit. Oleoresina Piperis, U. S. P. See Oleo- resin pepper. Oleoresina Zingiberis, U. S. P. See Oleoresin ginger. Oleo-stearine. See Stearine. Oleum. The Latin name for oil, also applied to fuming sulfuric acid (See Acid sulfuric.) Oleum Abietis 353 Oleum Pimentae Oleum Abietis, B. P. See Pine oil. Oleum Cubebae, U. S. P., B. P. See Cubeb oil. Oleum Ajowan, B. P. See Ajowan oil. Oleum Eucalypti, U. S. P., B. P. See Oleum Amygdalae Amarae, U. S. P., B. P. Eucalyptus oil. See Bitter almond oil. Oleum Foeniculi, U. S. P. See Fennel Oleum Amygdalae Expressum, U. S. P. O JI P See Almond oil. Oleum Gaultheriae, B. P. See Gaultheria Oleum Anethi, B. P. See Dill oil. oil. Oleum Anisi, U. S. P., B. P. See Anise Oleum Gossypii Seminis, U. S. P. See oil. Cotton-seed oil. Oleum Anthemidis, B. P. See Chamo- Oleum Graminis Citrati, B. P. See mile oil. Lemon-grass oil. Oleum Arachis, B. P. See Peanut oil. Oleum Juniperi, U. S. P., B. P. See Juniper oil. Oleum Aurantii, U. S. P. See Orange- peel oil. Oleum Lavandulae, U. S. P., B. P. See Lavender oil. Oleum Cadinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Cade oil. Oleum Limonis, U. S. P., B. P. See Lemon oil. Oleum Cajuputi, U. S. P., B. P. See Caiuput oil Oleum Lini, U. S. P., B. P. See Lin- seed oil. Oleum Carui, U. S. P., B. P. See Cara- .. TT c r> T* r> way O ji Oleum Menthae Pipentae, U. S. P., B. P. See Peppermint oil. ^ ry phylli ' U ' S - P - B ' P ' See Oleum Menthae Viridis, U. S. P., B. P. See Spearmint oil. Oleum Cassiae, U. S. P., B. P. See Cin- Qleum Morrhuae> u. S . P., B. P. See namon Ol1 - Cod-liver oil. Oleum Chaulmoograe, B. P. See Chaul- Qleum Myristicae> u. S. P., B. P. See moograoil. Myristica oil. podm otr POdii> U * S * R SeC Chen " Oleum Olivae, U. S. P., B. P. See Olive Oleum Cinnamoni, B. P. See Cinnamon Oleum Phosp horatum, B. P. See Phos- Dlh phorated oil. Oleum Copaibae, B. P. See Copaiba oil. TT o Oleum Picis Liquidas Rectificatum, U. S. Oleum Coriandri, U. S. P., B. P. See P- Oil of tar, Rectified. Coriander oil. Oleum Pimentae, U. S. P. See Pimento Oleum Crotonis, B. P. See Croton oil. oil. Oleum Pini 354 Olive-kernel Oil Oleum Pini Pumilionis, U. S. P. Pine-needle oil. See Oleum Ricini, U. S. P., B. P. See Castor oil. Oleum Rosae, B. P. See Rose oil. Oleum Rosmarini, U. S. P., B. P. See Rosemary oil. Oleum Santali, U. S. P., B. P. See Santal oil. Oleum Sassafras, U. S. P. See Sassafras oil. Oleum Sesami, U. S. P., B. P. See Sesame oil. Oleum Sinapis Volatile, U. S. P., B. P. See Mustard oil. Oleum Terebinthinae, U. S. P. See Tur- pentine oil. Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, U. S. P., B. P. See Turpentine oil, Rectified. Oleum Theobromatis, U. S. P. See Theobroma oil. Oleum Thymi, U. S. P. See Thyme oil. Oleum Tiglii, U. S. P., B. P. See Cro- ton oil. Olibanum. See Gum thus. Olibanum Oil. Color and properties: Yellow liquid. Chief known constituents: Pinene; phellandrene; dipentene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.875- 0.885; optical rotation 11 to 17. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By extraction from gum thus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Olive Oil* (Sweet oil, Florence oil, Oleum olivae). Color and properties: Pale yellow or greenish-yellow, fixed, liquid oil. Chief known constituents: Olein; pal- mitin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.910-0.918; saponification value 185-196; iodine value 77-88. Soluble in ether, chloroform and car- bon bisulfide; sparingly soluble in al- cohol. Derivation: By expressing the pulp of the fruit of the olive tree, Olea euro- pea. The best oil comes from fruit not quite ripe. The crude oil is washed and filtered. The cake is sub- jected to further pressings and finally solvent extraction, a lower grade of oil being produced each time. Impurities: Free fatty acids, sediment, water and adulterants. Adulterants: Cotton-seed, peanut, ses- ame and poppy oils. Grades: Gallipoli; Green foots; Olive foots; U. S. P.; B. P. According to the chemists of the New York Pro- duce Exchange, commercial olive oil should not contain over 2 per cent moisture or sediment, and not over 7 per cent free fatty acids. Oil sold as yellow must be strictly yellow, and not reddish in color. Oil sold as green must be a true green . in color and must not turn brown when treated with a 2oBe. solution of so- dium hydroxide, 8 c.c. of the solution being added to 10 grams of oil. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins; glass bottles. Uses: As food (substitute for butter in Italy and Bother countries); in oint- ments, liniments, etc.; for manufac- ture of "Castile" soap; special textile soaps; lubricant; wool oil; tanning. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Olive-kernel Oil.* Color and properties: Golden-yellow, non-drying liquid, with a greenish cast if pressed hot. When obtained by extraction the oil is dark green. Olive Spurge 355 Oriental Sweet Gum 'Constants: Specific gravity 0.9184-0.9193; iodine number 87; saponification value 182.3-183.8. Soluble in ether, chloroform and car- bon bisulfide; sparingly soluble in al- cohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: From the kernels of the olive, plea europaea, by pressing or extracting. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tins. Uses: Fuel; lubricant; soap; cooking; food. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Olive Spurge. See Mezereum. Omal. See Trichlorophenol. Omega-chlorotoluene. See Benzyl chlo- ride. Omega-chlorotoluol. See Benzyl chlo- ride. Onion Oil. Color and properties: Yellowish liq- uid; penetrating odor. Chief known constituent: Allylpropyl- disulfide. Constants: Specific gravity 1.035-1.045; optical rotation -5. Soluble in ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Opii Pulvis, U. S. P. Powdered opium. Opium Deodoratum, U. S. P. Deodor- ized opium. Opium Granulatum, U. S. P. Granulated opium. Opium, Tincture of. See Laudanum. Orange Flower Oil. See Neroli oil. Orange Oil. See Orange-peel oil. Orange Peel, Bitter (Curacao orange; Seville orange). Derivation: Dried rind of the fruit of Citrus vulgaris. Habitat: Northern India, Spain and West Indies; cultivated near the Mediterranean, Florida, California, etc. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Orange-peel Oil* (Orange oil). Color and properties: Pale yellow, liquid, essential oil, dextrorotatory. Chief known constituent: Limonene. Constants: ( a ) Sweet (b) Bitter Specific gravity 0.848 to 0.857 0.842 to 0.846 OpticalTotation + 95 to + oo + oo to + 93 Refractive index 1.473-1.4740 Soluble in ether, alcohol and chloro- form. Derivation: Expressed from the peel of the fruit of Citrus vulgaris, C. biga- radia, etc. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: (a) Sweet, from Citrus au- rantium, etc.; U. S. P. (b) Bitter, from Citrus bigaradia, etc. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; perfumes; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Orange Peel, Sweet (Sweet orange; Por- tugal orange; China orange). Derivation: Rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus aurantium. Habitat: Northern India, Spain and West Indies; cultivated near the Mediterranean, Florida, California, etc. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Orange Root. See Hydrastis. Oriental Cashew-nut. See Semecarpus Oriental Sweet Gum. See Styrax. Origanum Oil 356 Ortho-oxybenzaldehyde Origanum Oil. See Thyme oil. Orphol. See Bismuth beta-naphtholate. Orpiment. Arsenic trisulfide, As2Ss, found in Utah, containing 63 per cent of arsenic. Orris Oil. Color and properties: Semi-solid, yel- lowish, fatty, volatile oil; slightly dextrogyrate. Chief known constituents: Myristic acid, oleic acid and their methyl es- ters. Constants: Melting-point 44-5oC.; acid value 213-222. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the rhizome of Iris florentina. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes; cosmetics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Orr*s White. See Lithopone. Orseille. See Archil. Orthite. See Allanite. Ortho-aminoberizoic Acid. See Acid anthranilic. Ortho-aminobenzoylformic Acid. See Isatin. Ortho-aminophenylglyoxalic Lactim. See Isatin. Ortho-aminotoluene. See Toluidine, Ortho-. Ortho-aminotoluol. See Toluidine, Ortho-. Ortho-arsenic Acid. See Acid ortho- arsenic. Ortho-boric Acid. See Acid boric. Ortho-bromo-2-phenylacetonenitrile. See Bromobenzyl cyanide, Ortho-. Ortho-bromobenzyl Cyanide. See Bro- mobenzyl cyanide, Ortho-. Ortho-chloronitrobenzene. See Chloro- nitrobenzene, Ortho-. Ortho-chloronitrobenzol. See Chloro- nitrobenzene, Ortho-. Orthoclase. Potassium-aluminum sili- cate, occurring in nature and generally called feldspar or potash feldspar. Ortho- compounds. Ortho- compounds are substitution products derived from benzol in which the substituting radi- cals or groups are (constitutionally) placed in certain definite positions in the benzene nucleus. See also: Meta- compounds and Para- compounds. The ortho- compounds will be found under the name of the compound, as: Ortho- crespl, see: Cresol, Ortho-; Ortho- toluidine, see: Toluidine, Ortho-, etc. Ortho-dihydroxyanthraquinone. See Alizarine. Ortho-dimethylbenzene. See Xylol, Ortho-. Ortho-dimethylbenzol. See Xylol, Or- tho-. Ortho-dioxybenzene. See Pyrocatechin. Ortho-dioxybenzol. See Pyrocatechin. Ortho-hydrobenzoic Acid. See Acid, salicylic. Ortho-methylphenol. See Cresol, Or- tho-. Ortho-nitrophenol. See Nitrophenol, Ortho-. . Ortho-phthalimide. See Phthalimide, Ortho-. Ortho-oxybenzaldehyde. See Acid sali- cylous. Ortho-oxytoluene 357 Oxygen Ortho-oxytoluene. See Cresol, Ortho-. Ortho-oxytoluol. See Cresol, Ortho-. Ortho-phosphoric Acid. See Acid phos- phoric. Oxidized Oil. See Blown oil. "Oxi-Tan." The trade name for a tan- ning compound. Oxone. See Sodium peroxide. Ortho-phthalic Acid. See Acid phthalic. Oxyacetic Acid. See Acid glycolic. Ortho-toluidine-meta-sulfonic Acid. See Acid toluidine-meta-sulfonic, Ortho-. Ortho-vanadic Acid. See Acid vanadic. Ortho-xylene. See Xylol, Ortho-. Ortho-xylol. See Xylol, Ortho-. Osage Orange.* Derivation: Bark of the shrub, native of U. S. Grades: 25 per cent Tannin. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile industry; leather indus- try. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Osmic Acid. See Acid osmic. Osmium* Os. Color and properties: Bluish, amor- phous metal. Constants: Specific gravity 22.48; melting-point 25ooC. Soluble in nitric acid when finely di- vided; insoluble even in aqua regia when massive. Derivation: Reduction of the oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Osmium salts; alloys. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oxalic Acid. See Acid oxalic. Oxammonium. See Hydroxylamine. Oxammonium Hydrochloride. See Hy- droxylamine hydrochloride. Oxammonium Sulfate. See Hydroxyla- mine sulfate. Oxybenzaldehyde, Ortho-. See Acid salicylous. Oxybenzoic Acid, Meta-. See Acid oxy- benzoic, Meta-. Oxybenzoic Acid, Para-. See Acid oxy- benzoic, Para-. Oxybutyric Acid, Beta. See Acid oxy- butyric, Beta. Oxydase. See Enzymes. Oxydimercurpus-ammonium Nitrate. See Mercury oxide, Black. Oxydimethylquinizine. See Antipyrine. Oxygen* O2. Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less, tasteless gas, liquefiable at -190 C. into a slightly bluish liquid, which is solidifiable at -227C. It constitutes four-fifths of the air. Constants: (Gas) Specific gravity 1.10535; melting-point -227C; boil- ing-point -182.5 C. Soluble in molten silver; slightly solu- ble in water. Derivation: (a) From liquid air by fractionation to remove the other gases of the air, by "heating" the liquid air with cold compressed air. by gradual expansion and cooling of compressed air. (b) By electrolysis of water. Impurities: Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, argon, helium and other rare gases. Grades: Technical; Pure; U. S. P. Containers: Steel drums; cylinders or "gas-bottles." Uses: (a) With hydrogen or acetylene for production of exceedingly hot Oxygenium 358 Ozone flames for cutting and welding met- als, including platinum, (b) For re- suscitation in asphyxia and stimula- tion in various diseases, (c) In com- bustion to promote better utilization of fuel, (d) As a constituent of the explosive "oxyliquit." (e) Anesthe- sia. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Ozone: An allotropic form of oxygen, the phy- sical constants of which are such as to require the formula Os, is called ozone. Properties: Ozone is a colorless gas, has a characteristic odor; powerful bleaching action; oxidizes more rap- idly than oxygen and promotes spon- taneous combustion of many sub- stances. Constants: Specific gravity (Gas) 1.658; melting-point: (Liquid) -II9C.; boiling-point: Decomposes at 27oC. Soluble in water, oil of turpentine and oil of cinnamon. Derivation: (a) By heating barium peroxide or potassium permanganate with strong sulfuric acid. This reac- tion should be performed with great caution, (b) By heating peroxides in a current of oxygen, (c) By passing air or oxygen through the blue zone produced by the discharge of high- tension electric currents. Uses: Oxidizing agent; bactericide; bleaching waxes, oils, textiles, etc. Oxygenium, U. S. P. See Oxygen. Oxymel Scillae, B. P. Oxymel of squill. Oxymel Urgineae, B. P. Oxymel of ur- ginea. Oxy-meta-methoxyallylbenzene, Para-. See Eugenol. Oxy-meta-methoxyallylbenzol, Para-. See Eugenol. Oxymethylene. See Formaldehyde. Oxyphenic Acid. See Pyrocatechin. Oxysuccinic Acid. See Acid malic. Oxytoluene. See Cresol. Oxytoluol. See Cresol. Oxytricarballylic Acid. See Acid citric. Ozokerite* (Mineral wax; Fossil wax; Native paraffin). Color and properties: A native, wax- like hydrocarbon mixture, yellow- brown to black or green in color, translucent when pure and having a greasy feel. Constants: Specific gravity 0.85-0.95; melting-point 55-noC., usually about 70C. Soluble in benzine, benzol, turpentine, kerosene, ether, carbon bisulfide; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: Found in nature in Utah Wyoming and Galicia. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Electric insulation; rubber filler; paints; leather polish; sealing wax; candles; ink; electrotypers' wax; carbon paper. i/. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Oone f See Oxygen, Pack Fong 359 Palm-nut Oil Pack Fong. See German silver. Pale Cinchona. See Cinchona bark,- Loxa. Palite. See Chloromethylchloroformate. Palite, Super-. See Trichloromethyl- chloroformate. Palladium* Pd. Color and properties: A malleable, ductile, hard, silver-white metal; found in nature alloyed with gold or selenium. After heating to redness, when cold absorbs 370 times its vol- ume of hydrogen. In sponge form it similarly absorbs 800 volumes at iooC. Constants: Specific gravity 11.4-11.9; melting-point i55qC. Soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia; insoluble in water. Palladium sponge: Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Derivation: From palladium-ammo- nium chloride by ignition. Impurities: Copper; iron. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; kegs. Uses: Alloyed with gold, silver or cop- per in dentistry; for journal bearings, for springs and for balance wheels in watches; for coating silvered ves- sels; for manufacture of lancets and mirrors; palladium black and sponge in analytical chemistry; catalyst in hy- drogenation; combustion of hydro- gen and hydrocarbons with oxygen. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Palladium Chloride* (Palladous chloride, Palladium bichloride) (a) PdCb (b) PdCl 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Dark brown, de- liquescent powder or concretions. Constants: Melting-point (a) 5oiC. Soluble in water and hydrochloric acid. Derivation: By solution of palladium in aqua regia and evaporation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; analytical chemistry; photography on porcelain; manufac- ture of indelible inks; electroplating with palladium. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Palm Butter (Palm oil; Palm grease). Color and properties: A fixed, butter- like, reddish-yellow fatty oil; faint violet odor, which is conveyed to the soap made from the oil. Chief constituents: Free palmitic acid (12 per cent in fresh oil to 55 per cent in older oil), glycerides of pal- mitic and oleic acids, stearic acid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.920-0.927; melting-point 27-42.5C; iodine num- ber 51.5; saponification number 202; Reichert number 0.5. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expression from the putrefied or fermented pulp of the fruit of 'Elaeis guineensis. Method of purification: By fusing and heating to remove water, then heat- ing to iooC. and passing a finely di- vided stream of air through it. Chem- ical decolonization (hydrochloric acid and potassium bichromate) is used to a considerable extent. Grades: Best oil comes from Lagos, Loam, Niger, South America, Liberia and Sierra Leone. "Soft oils" are those low in fatty acids, whereas "hard oils" are those high in fatty acids. The palm oil used in the tin- plate industry always has cotton-seed oil and mineral oils mixed with it. Containers: Wooden barrels; casks. Uses: Manufacture of soaps and candles; emollient; coating iron plates, used in tin-plate industry; lu- bricants; coloring butter substitutes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also: Palm-nut oil. Palm Grease. See Palm butter. Palm-kernel oil. See Palm-nut oil. Palm-nut Oil (Palm-kernel oil; Palm, oil), Palm Oil 360 Papaw Color and properties: A yellowish, fatty oil, free of fatty acids when fresh; rapidly becoming rancid in air. Chief constituents: Triolein (15 to 25 per cent), triglycerides of stearic; palmitic and myristic acids (33 per cent) and triglycerides of lauric, ca- pric, caprylic and caproic acids (45 to 55 per cent). Constants: Specific gravity 0.952; melt- ing-point 26-3pC.; iodine number I34-I3-6; saponification number 247.6. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By crushing the nuts of Elaeis guineensis and pressing, or ex- tracting with solvents. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacture of soaps and choco- late products; pharmacy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. See also: Palm butter. Palm Oil. See Palm butter. Palmarosa Oil. See Geranium oil, East Indian. Palmetto.* Derivation: From Sabal serrulata, na- tive in Florida and Georgia. Grades: 25 per cent tannin. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Palmitic Acid. See Acid palmitic. Palmitinic Acid. See Acid palmitic. Panama Bark. See Quillaja. Panax. See Ginseng. Pancreatin.* Derivation: A mixture of enzymes from the pancreas of warm blooded animals. Color and properties: Yellowish, amor- phous powder. Partially soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Grades: Technical; U. S. P, Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pancreatinum, U. S. P. See Pancreatin. Papain* (Papayotin; Vegetable pepsin). Derivation: An enzyme similar to pep- sin, the concentrated active principal of the juice of the fruit and leaves of Carica papaya. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Papaver* (Poppy heads; Poppy cap- sules). Derivation: Capsules and seeds of Papaver sonniferum. Habitat: Europe and Asia. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Papaverine* (OCH 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: White crystal- line alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point I47C. Soluble in chloroform and hot benzol; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From opium. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine, as such or as the hy- drochloride which is soluble in water. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Papaw* (Carica; Pawpaw; Papaya). Derivation: Leaves of Carica papaya. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Manufacture of carpaine and papaine; digestant Papaya 361 Para-crcsylic Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Papaya. See Papaw. Paprika. Derivation: A sweetish condiment made from common pepper, much used by Hungarians. Para-acetanisidin. See Methacetin. Para-acetphenetidin. See Acetphene- tidin. Para-aminobenzoic Acid. See Acid para-aminobenzoic. Para-aminobenzene Sulfonic Acid. See Acid sulfanilic. Para-aminobenzolsulfonic Acid. See Acid sulfanilic. Para-aminodimethylaniline. See Dime- thyl-para-phenylenediamine. Para-aminodiphenylimide. See Aminoa- zobenzene. Para-aminophenylarsinic Acid. See Acid arsanilic. Para-aminosalicylic Acid. See Acid para-aminosalicylic. Para-aminotoluene. See Toluidine, Para-. Para-aminotoluol. See Toluidine, Para-. Para-anilinesulfonic Acid. See Acid sulfanilic. Para-chloronitrobenzene. See Chloro- nitrobenzene, Para-. Para-chloronitrobenzol. See Chloroni- trobenzene, Para-. Para- Compounds. Para- compounds are substitution products derived from ben- zol in which the substituting radicals or groups are (constitutionally) placed in certain definite positions in the ben- zene nucleus. See also: Meta- com- pounds and Ortho- compounds. The Para- compounds will be found under the name of the compound, as: Para- cresol, see Cresol, Para-; Para-toluidine, see Toluidine, Para-, etc. Para-coumarone (Resin)* (Coumarone resin; Cumaron resin; Benzofurane resin) (C 6 H 4 .CH.O.CH). Color and properties: A resinous body varying from pale yellow to dark red- brown in color. Consists of a mix- ture of para-coumarone, para-indene, meta-styrene, etc., depending upon its source. Constants: Specific gravity 1.05-1.10; melting-point 45-2OOC, depending upon source; boiling-point: Decom- poses at about 25oC. Soluble in ether, coal-tar and petrol- eum solvents, turpentine, pyridine, acetone, carbon bisulfide and carbon tetrachloride; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Polymerization of solvent naphtha by means of heat or mineral acids. Method of purification: Removal of volatile oils by distillation. Impurities: Unpolymerized couma- rone and indene; inorganic matter. Grades: Varying in consistency from soft and gummy to hard and brittle, and from dark to light in color, ac- cording to degree of purification. Containers: Cans; barrels; boxes. Uses: Compounding rubber goods; chicle substitutes for chewing gum, etc.; paints, varnishes and enamels; manufacture of molded goods; in- sulating materials. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Para-cresol. See Cresol, Para-. Para-cresotic Acid. See Acid cresotic, Para-. Para-cresotinic Acid. See Acid cresotic, Para-. Para-cresylic Acid. See Cresol, Para-, Para-cuminic Aldehyde Para-oxy-meta-methoxy Para-cuminic Aldehyde. See Cuminol. Para-cymene. See Cymene. Para-cymol. See Cymene. Para-diaminobenzene. See Phenylene- diamine, Para-. Para-diaminobenzol. See Phenylenedia- mine, Para-. Para-diaminophenol. See Benzidine. Para-dioxybenzene. See Hydroquinone. Para-dioxybenzol. See Hydroquinone. Para-dichlorobenzene. See Dichloro- benzene, Para-. Para-dichlorobenzol. See Dichloro- benzene, Para-. Paraform. See Formaldehyde. Paraformaldehyde. See Formaldehyde. Paraformaldehydum, U. S. P. See For- maldehyde. Paraiba. See Simaruba. Para-indene. See Para-coumarone. Para-isopropylbenzoic Aldehyde. See Cuminol. Paraldehyde* (C2H 4 O) 8 . Color and properties: Water-white liquid; pleasant odor; sharp burning taste. Does not respond to the re- actions for aldehydes. Derivation: Polymerizing ^ action of mineral acid, sulfur dioxide or zinc chloride on acetaldehyde. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis." Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations,: None. Paraldehydum, U. S. P., B. P. See Par- aldehyde. Para-mandelic Acid. See Acid amyg- dalic. Para-methoxybenzaldehyde. See Anisic aldehyde. Para-methylbenzene. See Xylol, Para-. Para-methylbenzol. See Xylol, Para-. Para-methylpropylbenzene. See Cymene. Para-methylpropylbenzol. See Cymene. Para-methylphenol. See Cresol, Para-. Para-morphine. See Thebaine. Para-nephrine.* Color and properties: Yellow, very hy- groscopic, friable mass; the constitu- ent of the suprarenal glands which raises the blood pressure. Soluble in water and methyl alcohol; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from supra- renal capsules, without the use of acids or alkalis. Impurities: Albumoses and peptones. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; dentistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Para-nitraniline. See Nitraniline, Para-. Para-nitroaniline. See Nitraniline, Para-. Para-nitrophenol. See Nitropheno'l, Para-. Para-nitrotoluene. See Nitrotoluene, Para-. Para-nitrotoluol. See Nitrotoluene, Para-. Para-oxy-meta-methoxyallylbenzene. See Eugenol. Para-oxy-meta-rnethoxyailylbeiisol, $e.e Eugenol. Para-oxymethyl 363 Paris Blue Para-oxymethylacetanilide. See Meth- acetin. Para-oxytoluenc. See Cresol, Para-. Para-oxytoluol. See Cresol, Para-. Para-peptone. See Syntonin. Para-phthalein. See Phenolphthalein. Para-rosolic Acid. See Acid rosolic. Para-tartaric Acid. See Acid racemic. Para-toluic Acid. See Acid toluic, Para-. Para-xylene. See Xylol, Para-. Para-xylenol. See Xylenol, Para-. Para-xylol. See Xylol, Para-. Paradise Plant. See Mezereum. Paradise Seed. See Amonium meleque- ta. Paradise Tree. See Simaruba. Paraffin, Native. See Ozokerite. Paraffin Oil.* Color and properties: Yellowish- brown; brown-red to dark green liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 3O-2O Be; flash-point 300 -450 F. Derivation: "Lubricating oils made by dry distillation. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Dependent on viscosity; B. P. Containers: Tank cars; barrels. Uses: Lubricant; leather dressing; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. In certain countries and localities kero- sene is known as paraffin oil. Paraffin Scale. See Paraffin wax. Paraffin Wax* (a) Hard; (b) Soft (Par- affin scale; Ceresin). Color and properties: White translu- cent, waxy, tasteless, odorless solid; consisting of a mixture of solid hy- drocarbons chiefly of the methane series. Before purification it is known as paraffin scale. Constants: Specific gravity 0.880-0.915; melting-point 42-6oC. Soluble in benzine, benzol, chloro- form, turpentine, carbon bisulfide and olive oil; insoluble in water and acids. Derivation: (a) Paraffin oil distillate is chilled and filter pressed or chilled, sweated and melted, (b) Treatment of ozokerite with sulfuric acid and bleaching. Method of purification: Filtration through clay or bone-black. Impurities: Moisture; oil. Grades: Yellow crude scale; white scale; refined wax; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden boxes; card-board boxes. Uses: Manufacture of paraffin candles, waxed paper, etc.; waterproofing wood, cork, etc.; impregnating matches; stearine candles; lubri- cants; preserving eggs; medicine; oil crayons. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Paraffinum, U. S. P., B. P. Paraffin. Paraffin Durum, B. P. See Paraffin wax. Paraffinum Liquidum, B. P. See Para- ffin oil. Paraffinum Molle, B. P. See Paraffin wax. Pareira (Pareira brava: Abutua). Derivation: Dried root of Chondroden- . dron tomentosum. Habitat: Brazil and Peru. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Paris $lue. See Iron ferrocyanide. Paris Green 364 Peanut Oil Paris Green. See Copper arsenoacetate. Paris Yellow. See Lead chromate. Parkesine. See Celluloid. Park Lily. See Convallaria. "Parlodion." The proprietary name for a shredded form of pure concentrated collodion. Parmentine. The proprietary name of a compound used for sizing and finishing cotton, wool and silk, composed of gela- tine, dextrine, glycerine, sodium sulfite and zinc sulfate, all of which are boiled together. Parodyne. See Antipyrine. "Par-O-Lac." The proprietary name for an impregnating compound. Parsley. See Petroselium. Parsley Oil. Color and properties: A colorless or pale greenish-yellow liquid; strong odor of parsley. Constants: Specific gravity 1.07. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the fruit of Petroselinum satiyum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pasque Flower. See Pulsatilla. Patchouli Oil. Color and properties: Brownish-yellow, thick, liquid, volatile oil; fragrant, persistent odor. Chief constituents: Patchouly alcohol, eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, cadinene, para-camphor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.970-0.995; optical rotation 50 to 68. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloio- form. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Pogostemon patchouly. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pawpaw. See Papaw. Payta. See Krameria. Peach-kernel Oil.* Color and properties: A pale yellow liquid; odor and taste similar to almond oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.915; sa- ponification value 191; iodine value 93-109. Soluble in ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide; partly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By expressing the blanched seeds of the peach, Prunus persica. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Nutrient similar to almond and olive oils; flavoring; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Peacock Copper Ore. See Bornite and Erubescite. Peanut Oil* (Arachis oil, Earth-nut oil, Ground-nut oil). Color and properties: A bland, pale yel- low, liquid oil; distinctive nutty odor and taste. Chief constituent: Glyceride of arachic acid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.916-0.922; saponification value 189-196;' iodine value 92-105. Soluble in ether, benzol, chloroform, carbon bisulfide and carbon tetra- chloride; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By pressing peanuts, Ara- chis hypogaea. The pressing is car- ried out in stages, the temperature being increased at each stage. The initial cold press produces the best edibile oil, the second press gives edi- ble oil of^ poorer quality, the final press at high temperature yields oils used for soap, etc. Peanut Ore 365 Pentane Method of purification: Bleaching with fullers' earth or carbon. Hot pressed oil is frequently allowed to stand to deposit stearine (which it will do even at ordinary temperatures) and then filtered. Grades: Oriental oil means oil imported from the Orient, differing to some ex- tent from the domestic production. Oriental oil is stated to be "edible" when it contains less than 2 per cent free fatty acids and is of a light yel- low color. "Off grade" oil is much darker in color and contains over 2 per cent free fatty acids. The New York Produce Exchange chemists de- fine "crude" peanut oil as oil in which the free fatty acids are below 2 per cent and moisture and solid impuri- ties below 0.5 per cent. "Prime crude" is oil that will yield "prime yellow refined" peanut oil on treat- ment with caustic soda. Refined pea- nut oil is graded as "choice," "prime yellow" and "good off." The "choice" refined peanut oil must not contain more than p.i per cent free fatty acids; The "prime yellow" must not contain more than 0.2 per cent free fatty acids and the color must not be deeper than 50 yellow and 5 red on the Equivalent Color Scale. The "good off" oil must conform to the same color and general require- ments as "prime yellow" but may con- tain free fatty acids up to 0.25 per cent. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Substitute and adulterant for olive oil; edible oils; soaps. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Peanut Ore. See Wolframite. Pearlash. See Potassium carbonate. Pearl Moss. See Chondrus. Pear OH. See Amyl acetate. Pearl White. See Bismuth subcarbonate or Bismuth subnitrate. Peat. Derivation: Partly decayed vegetable matter which has accumulated in marshes and wet places. It is dried in the form of blocks, or briqueted and used as fuel. Occurs in the United States and Can- ada in many localities. Pectinose. See Arabinose. "Pegamoid." A proprietary -brand of aluminum paint. Pegmatite (Giant granite). A rock con- sisting of the same constituents as or- dinary granite, namely, quartz, feldspar and mica, but irregular in texture and composed of the constituent minerals in such large size that they can be dif- ferentiated. In addition to its use as a building stone, pegmatite is often a source of lithia, zircon, tin, tungsten, tantalum, tourmaline, uranium, etc. Pegu Catechu. See Extract of Catechu. Pelletierinae Tannas, U. S. P., B. P. Pel- letierine tannate. Pencil Stone. See Pyrophyllite. "Penetrol." The proprietary name for a compound used as a textile detergent. "Pennalene White Oil." A water-white, odorless oil used for medicinal pur- poses. Pennyroyal. See Hedeoma. Pennyroyal Oil. See Hedeoma oil. Pental. See Amylene. Pentane* (Amyl hydride; Normal pen- tane) CH 3 (CH 2 )3CH3. Color and properties: A colorless, mo- bile, inflammable liquid; pleasant, fruity odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.6595; melt- ing-point -130.8 C; boiling-point 36.4 C; solidifying point -2OOC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Pentase 366 Pepsin Derivation: Fractional distillation from petroleum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron drums. Uses: Anesthetic; artificial ice manu- facture; filling low-temperature ther- mometers; lubricant for Claude liquid air machine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Pentase. See Enzymes. Pentene. See Amylene. Pentiformic Acid. See Acid caproic. Pentoic Acid, Primary. See Acid valeric, Iso. Pepo* (Pumpkin seed). Derivation: Ripe seed of Cucurbita pepo. Habitat: Southern Asia; Europe and North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; extraction of oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pepper. See Piper. Pepper, African. See Capsicum. Pepper, Bird. See Capsicum. Pepper Oil* (Black-pepper oil). Color and properties: Yellowish, liquid, volatile oil. Chief known constituents: Phellan- drene, cadinene, dipentene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.870-0.905; optical rotation -5 to + 12. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: From common pepper, Piper nigrum, by extraction and evaporation of the solvent. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pepper, Red. See Capsicum. Peppermint* (Brandy mint; Lamb mint). Derivation: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita. Habitat: Asia, Europe and North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; peppermint oil; men- thol. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Peppermint-camphor. See Menthol. Peppermint Oil (Oleum mentha piper- itae). Color and properties: Colorless or slightly yellowish, volatile, liquid oil; darkening in color and thickening in consistency on being exposed to the air for some time; very strong, aro- matic, minty odor and taste, the lat- ter being followed by a sensation of coolness. Chief constituent: Menthol, varying in amount from 45 per cent to 91 per cent according to country of origin. Other constituents: esters of menthol, cineol, menthone, pinene, lijnonene, etc. Constants: Specific gravity 0.895-0.921; optical rotation -6 to -43. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By distilling the leaves and flowering tops ^ of the peppermint plant, Mentha piperita. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums; tins; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy; tooth-pow- ders and pastes; mouth-washes; man- ufacture of liqueurs; raw material for production of menthol; confectionery; flavoring; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pepsin.* Color and properties: White or yellow- ish white powder. Pepsinum 367 Perugene Soluble in water. Derivation: Proteolytic ferment or en- zyme from the glandular layer of fresh hogs' stomachs. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy; substitute for rennet in cheese making. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pepsinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Pepsin. Peptone.* Color and properties: (a) From albu- min: White or pale yellow, amorph- ous powder. (b) From meat: Light-brown, amorphous powder. The albuminoid or protein formed by the digestion of albumin. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) By digestion of egg al- bumin by pepsin and a small quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid at 38 to 40 C. (body temperature). (b) By digestion of red meat with pancreatin at body temperature. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; glass bottles. Uses: Preparation of nutrient media in bacteriology; nutrient. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Perborin. See Sodium perborate. Perchloric Acid. See Acid perchloric. Perchloroethane. See Carbon trichlor- ide. Perchloroethylene. See Carbon dichlor- ide. Perchloromethane. chloride. See Carbon tetra- Perhydrol. See Hydrogen peroxide. Perilla Oil. Color and properties: Light yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.932-0.945; saponification value 191-193; iodine value 187-202; refractive index 1.4841. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From the seeds of Perilla ocimqides. Impurities: Sometimes adulterated with cotton-seed oil. Habitat: China, Japan and Northern India. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Substitute for linseed oil in printer's ink, varnish, etc.; edibile oil in Japan, China, India, etc.; manufac- ture of cheap varnishes; artificial leather. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Periodic Acid. See Acid periodic. Permanent White. See Barium sulfate. "Permutit." An artificial zeolite used for water purification. Pernambuco. See Lima wood. Perosmic Anhydride. See Acid osmic, Anhydride. Perosmic Oxide. See Acid osmic, An- hydride. Peroxide. See Hydrogen peroxide. Persian Bark. See Cascara sagrada bark. Persian Berries. See Frangula. Persian Red. See Lead chromate, Basic. Persoz's Reagent. A reagent for the de- tection of silk in presence of wool. Zinc chloride log. dissolved in Water iocc., add Zinc oxide 2 g. and shake. If this solution is warmed to 45C., it will dis- solve silk, but not wool. Peru Apple. See Stramonium. Perugene, Synthetic Peru balsam. Peruvian Bark 368 Petroleum Peruvian Bark. See Cinchona bark, Cal- isaya. Pescola Oil. Proprietary name for an oil used in the tanning industry. Petit-grain Oil. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid; odor similar to neroli oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.887-0.900. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves and unripe fruit of Citrus bigaradia. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. "Petralol." A proprietary name for liquid petrolatum. "Petro." A proprietary name for liquid petrolatum. Petrol. See Gasoline. Petrolatum* (Vaseline; Mineral fat; Pe- troleum jelly; Cosmoline; Petroleum ointment; Saxoline). Color and properties: The more or less purified residue from the distillation of petroleum; light yellow to amber- colored gelatinous, oily, translucent, semi-solid, amorphous mass whose consistency varies with the tempera- ture, consisting of a mixture of vari- ous hydrocarbons, chiefly of the methane series; tasteless and odor- less when pure. Constants: Specific gravity 0.820-0.850; melting-point 45-48C. Soluble in chloroform, ether, benzine, carbon bisulfide, benzol and oils; very slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation of still residues from the steam distilla- tion of paraffin-base petroleum, or from steam-reduced amber crudes (oils from which the light fractions have been removed). Method of purification: Filtration through animal charcoal or fullers' earth, while hot. Grades: Natural petrolatum produced as above; artificial petrolatums made by mixing heavy petroleum lubricat- ing oil with a low melting point par- affin wax; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins; barrels. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy; modeling clay; shoe .polishes; lubricating greases; metal polishes; leather grease; lubricant; rust preventative; perfume extractor. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. White petrolatum (White vaseline, Al- bolene) is made from the ordinary petrolatum by bleaching. Petrolatum Album, U. S. P. See Petro- latum. Petrolatum, Liquid* (Paraffin oil). Color and properties: A colorless oily liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.840-0.940. Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bi- sulfide, benzine, benzol and boiling alcohol; insoluble in water arid cold alcohol. Derivation: Distillation of that portion of petroleum boiling between 330 and 39OC, after removal of the light- er constituents. Method of purification: Treatment with sulfuric acid, then with caustic soda, followed by filtration, while hot, through bone-black; on cooling, some solid paraffins separate out, the liquid portion is distilled and only that por- tion boiling above 36oC. retained. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Petrolatum Liquidum, U. S. P. See Pe- trolatum. Petrolene. See Asphalt Petroleum* (Mineral oil; Naphtha; Rock oil; Crude oil). Petroleum Asphalt 369 Phenanthrene Color and properties: A thick, heavy, inflammable liquid, varying in color from yellow to dark reddish-brown or black according to its place of origin. It has a peculiar distinct heavy odor also varying with its place of origin and composition. It usually shows a distinct greenish fluores- cence. Constants: Specific gravity 0.780-0.970. Derivation: All petroleums are mixtures of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the par- affin series, as many as one hundred and fifty different hydrocarbons hav- ing been found in the different crude oils. The important constituents are: benzine, gasoline, kerosene (solar oil), paraffin, petrolatum (vase- line), petroleum ether, ligrain, petro- lene, heavy lubricating oils, etc. Crude petroleum is separated into its constituents by fractional distillation with subsequent chemical purification of the individual fractions, followed by redistillation. Containers: Tank cars; barrels. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Petroleum Asphalt. See Asphalt. Petroleum Coke. See Coke. Petroleum Ether* (Canadol). Color and properties: A mixture of several of the lighter constituents ot petroleum (cymogene, rhigoline and gasoline). Constants: Specific gravity 0.635-0.660; boiling-point 4O-7pC. Derivation: By fractional distillation of petroleum. Method of purification: Washing with sulfuric acid, then with soda and re- distilling. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Tin cans; iron drums. Uses: Solvent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Petroleum Jelly. See Petrolatum. Petroleum Naphtha. See Benzine. Petroleum Ointment. See Petrolatum. Petroselinum* (Parsley). Derivation: Herb, root and seed of Petroselinum sativum. Habitat: Europe; cultivated everywhere. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; cooking. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Petzite. A natural telluride of silver and gold, (Ag.Au)2Te, containing 18 to 25 per cent of gold and 40 to 47 per cent of silver. Found in California and Colorado. Pewter. An alloy consisting of tin with a small amount of antimony. Phalaris. Canary seed. Pharbitis Seeds. See Kaladana. Pharbitisin. See Kaladana resin. Phaseolus. Haricot, Common bean or French string-bean. Phenacite. Glucinum orthosilicate, Gl2SiO4, found in Colorado. Phenacetin. See Acetphenetidine. Phenacetinum, B. P. See Phenacetin. Phenanthraquinone. See Phenanthrene- quinone. Phenanthrene* (Ortho-diphenyleneethyl- ene; Phenanthrin) (CeH4CH)2- Color and properties: Small, colorless, shining crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.063; melt- ing-point 100.35 C; boiling-point 340 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, car- bon bisulfide and acetic acid; insolu- ble in water. Derivation: Fractional distillation of Phcnanthrenequinonc 370 Phenolphthalein high-boiling coal-tar oils, with subse- quent recrystallization from alcohol. Method of purification: Fractional oxi- dation (chromic or nitric acid) to re- move anthracene. Impurities: Anthracene. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenanthrenequinone* (Erroneously : Phenanthraquinone) Color and properties: Yellow-orange, needle-like crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.4045; melt- ing-point 202 C; boiling-point: Sub- limes above 36oC. Soluble in sulfuric acid, benzol, glacial acetic acid and hot alcohol; slightly soluble in ether; insoluble m water. Derivation: By oxidation of a boiling solution of phenanthrene in glacial acetic acid with chromic acid, solu- tion in sodium bisulfite, precipitation by means of hydrochloric acid and recrystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenanthrin. See Phenanthrene. Phenazone. See Antipyrine. Phenazonum, B. P. See Antipyrine. Phenol* (Carbolic acid, Phenic acid, Pheneylic acid, Phenyl hydrate, Hy- droxybenzene) CeHsOH. Color and properties: White, crystal- line mass, turns pink or red if not perfectly pure, absorbs water from the air and liquefies; sharp burning taste; distinctive odor; strong, cor- rosive poison. When in weak solu- tion it has a sweetish taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0677; melt- ing-point 42.5-43C; boiling-point 182.6 C. Soluble in alcohol, water, ether, chloro- form, glycerine and alkalis. Derivation: (a) By treating the coal-tar oil fraction boiling between 170 and 23OC, with caustic soda to form phenolate; the solution is purified by steam to remove naphthalene, treated with acid to set phenol free and puri- fied by distillation. (b) Benzol is converted into the sulfonic acid and the latter fused with caustic soda. On treating the sul- fonate with acid, pure phenol is lib- erated. Method of purification: Dissolved in water, crystallized out, centrifuged and redistilled. Impurities: Cresols; water. Grades: Fused, U. S. P.; Crystals, U. S. P.; synthetic; crude; liquid, U. S. P. (cresol and phenol); B. P. Uses: Antiseptic; medicine; dentistry; manufacture of picric acid, salicylic acid, phenacetin and various interme- diates for the production of dyestuffs; paint and varnish removers; synthetic resins and plastics; phenates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. "Phenolax." See Phenolphthalein. Phenol-bismuth. See Bismuth phenolate. Phenoldisulfonic Acid. See Acid phenol- disulfonic. Phenol Liquefactum, U. S. P. Liquefied phenol. Phenolphthalein* (Dioxytriphenylcar- binolcarboxylic acid anhydride, "Phe- nolax") (C 6 H 4 OH)3CO.C6H4CO. Color and properties: A pale yellow, crystalline powder; forms an almost colorless solution in neutral or acid solution and a bright purple-carmine solution in presence of alkali, but colorless in the presence of large amounts of alkali. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2765; melt- ing-point 25o-253C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: Fused phenol is added to Phenolphthaleinum 371 Phenylenediamine phthalic acid anhydride dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (cooled) and the whole heated 10 to 12 hours, then poured hot into boiling water and boiled with repeated changes of water. The residue is dissolved in warm dilute caustic soda and precipi- tated with acetic acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion from absolute alcohol after filter- ing through animal charcoal. Impurities: Phenol; phthalifi acid. Grades: Technical; pure reagent; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs; tins. Uses: Dyestuffs; indicator in volumetric analysis; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenolphthaleinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Phenolphthalein. Phenol Salicylate. See Salol. Phenolsulfonic Acid. See Acid phenosul- fonic. Phenol Trinitrate. See Acid picric. Phenylacetaldehyde* (Ethylalbenzene) C 6 H 5 CH 2 CHO. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; very strong hyacinth-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0315; melt- ing-point; Below -ioC.; boiling- point I93-I94C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From phenyl-alpha-chloro- acetic acid, by action of alkalis, or by heating phenyllactic acid with dilute sulfuric acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylacetamide. See Acetanilide. Phenylacetic Acid. See Acid phenyl- acetic. Phenylacetic Acid Nitrile. See Benzyl cyanide. Phenylamine. See Aniline. Phenylaniline. See Diphenylamine. Phenylbenzamide. See Benzanilide. Phenylbenzoylcarbinol. See Benzoin. Phenylboric Acid. See Acid borophe- nylic. Phenylcarbylamine Chloride* CeH5NCCl2. A military poison gas used in the late war. Phenyl Chloride. See Monochloroben- zene. Phenylcinchonine Acid. See Acid phe- nylcinchonine. Phenyl Cyanide. See Benzonitrile. Phenyldimethylpyrazole. See Antipy- rine. Phenylene. See Antipyrine. Phenylenediamine* (a) TDrtho-; (b) Meta-; (c) Para-; C 6 H 4 (NH2)2- Color and properties: (a) Colorless crystals. (b) Colorless needles; unstable in air; usually in the form of the stable hydrochloride. (c) Colorless crystals, blackening somewhat in air; poisonous. (a) (b) (c) Constants: Specific gravity 1-1389 .... *S3** S3c 282^84'C $C Soluble in alcohol, ether and water. Derivation: Reduction of ortho-, meta- or para-dinitrobenzenes or nitrani- lines with iron and hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; tins. Uses: (a) No practical use. Phenylcthylene 372 Phenylnaphthylamine (b) Dyestuff manufacture; reagent for detecting nitrous acid. (c) Dyeing hair; rubber industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phcnylethylene. See Styrene. Phenylformamide. See Formanilide. Phenylformic Acid. See Acid benzoic. Phenylglucosazone* Ci s H 2 2 N4 04 . Color and properties: Thin, yellow, needle-like crystals. Constants: Melting-point 2i7C Soluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By condensation of phenyl- hydrazine hydrochloride and glucose with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. RaUroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylglycolic Acid. See Acid amyg- dalic. Phenylhydrazine* C 6 H 5 HN.NH 2 . Color and properties: Pale yellow crys- tals or oily liquid; becomes red- brown on exposure to air; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0978; melt- ing-point iQ-35 C; boiling-point 2 4 3.5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Aniline is diazotized and then reduced, producing the hydro- chloride, which is decomposed by caustic soda and dissolved in ether. The ethereal solution is dried and the ether evaporated. Method of purification: Vacuum distil- lation. Grades: Commercial; C. P.: reagent. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry, for detecting aldehydes, sugars, etc.; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride* C 6 H 5 NHNH 2 .HC1. Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline scales; sublimable, if cau- tiously heated. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: Treatment of phenylhydra- zine with hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry for differen- tiation of sugars; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylhydroxyacetic Acid. See Acid amygdalic. Phenylic Acid. See Phenol. Phenylis Salicylas, U. S. P. See Salol. Phenylisothiocyanate. See Phenylmus- tard oil. Phenylmethane. See Toluol. Phenylmustard Oil* (Thiocarbanil; Phe- nylisothiocyanate ; Phenylthiocarbon- imide) C 6 H 5 NCS. Color and properties: A pale yellow liquid; penetrating irritating odor; readily volatilized with steam. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1382; melt- ing-point -2iC; boiling-point 22iC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By action of concen- trated hydrochloric acid on sulfocarb- anilide; (b) By reaction of thiophos- gene with aniline. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylnaphthylamine* (a) Phenyl-alpha- naphthylamine; (b) Phenyl-beta- naphthylamine. CioH7.NH.CeH5. Color and properties: (a) Crystalline Phenylnaphthylamine 373 Phosphine prisms or scales; (b) Crystal needles. Constants: Melting-point: (a) 62C; (b) i07.5-io8C. Boiling-point (a) 226C; (b) 395- 399.5 C Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating the hydrochlor- ides of alpha- and beta-naphthyla- mines with aniline and zinc chloride. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylnaphthylamine, Alpha-* CioH 7 NH.C 6 H5. Color and properties: Colorless needles or crystals. Constants: Melting-point 62 C; boiling- point 335C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating alpha-naphthol, aniline and aniline hydrochloride to a high temperature. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phenylone. See Antipyrine. Phenylpropiolic Acid. See Acid phenyl- propiolic. Phcnyl Salicyiate. See Salol. Phenylthiocarbonimide. See Phenylmus- tard oil. Phloridzin* (Phlorizin; Phlorrhizin) Color and properties: Light, white, small, silky needles; sweet taste and a bitter after-taste; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 14298; melt- ing-point IO9C, solidifies and then does not melt until a temperature of i/oC. is reached. Soluble in alcohol and hot water; very slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction of the gluco- side from the root-bark of apple, pear, plum and cherry trees. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; biochemical experi- mentation. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phloroglucinol* (Trioxybenzene, Phloro- glucine) C 6 H3(OH)3.2H 2 0. Color and properties: White to yellow- ish crystals. Constants: Melting-point 2i7-2i9C., if rapidly heated; 2OO-2O9C., if slowly heated. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By fusion of resorcinol with caustic soda. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Resorcinol; diresorcinol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: In analytical chemistry as a re- agent for pentoses and with vanillin for determining the presence of free hydrochloric acid; medicine; de'calci- fying agent for bones. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phosgene. See Carbonyl chloride. Phosgene, Di-. See Trichloromethyl- chloroformate. Phosphate Rock. A natural rock con- sisting largely of calcium phosphate used as a raw material for manufacture of acid phosphate. Phosphine* (Hydrogen phosphide; Phos- phuretted hydrogen) PHs. Color and properties: Colorless; spon- taneously inflammable gas; disagree- able, garlic-like odor; exceedingly poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.185; melt- ing-point -I33-5C.; boiling-point -85C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and cuprous chloride; slightly soluble in cold water; insoluble in hot water. Phosphomolybdic Acid 374 Phosphorus Oxychloridc Derivation: By action of nascent hy- drogen or of caustic potash on phos- phorus. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Organic preparations. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Note: There is also a synthetic dyestuff, chrysaniline yellow, which is some- times called phosphine. Phosphomolybdic Acid. See Acid phos- phomolybdic. Phosphorated Oil (Phosphorized oil). Almond oil containing dissolved phos- phorus, used for linimental purposes in medicine. Phosphor-Bronze.* A bearing alloy, having a low coefficient of friction, great resistance to abrasion and great hardness, composed of copper, zinc arid tin, with up to I per cent of phosphorus. Phosphoric Acid, Anhydrous. See Acid phosphoric, Anhydrous. Phosphoric Acid, Glacial. See Acid phosphoric, Glacial. Phosphoric Acid, Ortho-. See Acid phosphoric. Phosphoric Anhydride. See Phosphorus pentoxide. Phosphorized Oil. See Phosphorated oil. Phosphoric Chloride. See Phosphorus pentachloride. Phosphoric Perchloride. See Phosphorus pentachloride. Phosphorus* P. (a) Yellow; (b) Red. Color and properties: (a) Light yel- low, wax-like, semi-transparent, crys- tallizable solid; luminous and phos- phorescent in the dark; exceedingly poisonous. (b) Bright, reddish-brown, odor- less, amorphous powder; non-poison- ous. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Boiling-point Flash-point (a) (b) 2.296 (a) Spontaneously ignites in air; (b) Only ignites above 20oC (a) Soluble in carbon bisulfide and oils; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. (b) Soluble in absolute alcohol; insolu- ble in carbon bisulfide. Derivation: (a) (i) Bone-ash is burnt in air, washed with water and sulfuric acid, followed by conversion into cal- cium meta-phosphate which is heated yielding tricalcium phosphate and phosphorus. (2) By heating bone-ash, or other phosphatic material in the electric fur- nace with silica and coke. (b) By heating yellow phosphorus for 8 to 10 days under pressure. Method of purification: Distillation with moist sand. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: (a) Match industry. Now pro- hibited in most countries (not in Italy); manufacture of rat poison; production of phosphorus penta- chloride and other compounds. (b) Match industry instead of poi- sonous, yellow phosphorus; organic ^synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Black phosphorus (metallic phosphorus, Hittorf's phosphorus) is a denser, al- lotropic form of yellow phosphorus, obtained by crystallizing the latter from molten lead. It is also obtained by heating red phosphorus in sealed tubes to 36oC. for a long time. Spe- cjfic gravity 2.32. Phosphorus Chloride. See Phosphorus trichloride. Phosphorus Oxychloride* (Phosphoryl chloride) POCls. Color and properties; Colorless, fuming liquid, Phosphorus Pentachloride 375 Phosphowolframic Acid Constants: Specific gravity 1.71163; melting-point i.25C.; boiling-point 107.2 C. Decomposed by water and alcohol. Derivation: By distilling phosphorus pentoxide with phosphorus penta- chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Phosphorus Pentachloride* (Phosphoric chloride; Phosphoric perchloride) PC1 5 . Color and properties: Slightly yellow, crystalline mass; irritating odor; fum- ing in moist air; strong irritating ef- fect on the eyes. Constants: Specific gravity 3.60; melt- ing-point: (Under pressure) I48C. Ordinarily sublimes without melting; boiling-point i6o-i65C. Soluble in carbon bisulfide; decomposed by water. Derivation: By action of chlorine on phosphorus or phosphorus trichloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Chlorinating agent in organic chemistry. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Phosphorus Pentoxide* (Phosphoric an- hydride) P2O 5 . Color and properties: Soft, white pow- der; deliquesces in air. Constants: Specific gravity 2.387; melt- ing-point 800 C.; boiling-point: Sub- limes at red-heat. Soluble in water and concentrated sul- furic acid. Derivation: By burning yellow phos- phorus in a current of dry air, usually in iron cylinders. Method of purification: By sublimation in a current of oxygen in presence of red-hot platinum sponge. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tightly stop- pered glass bottles, Uses: Dehydrating agent; sugar refin- ing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phosphorus Sesquisulfide* (Tetraphos- phorus trisulfide) P4Ss. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line mass; very inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 2.00; melt- ing-point I72C; boiling-point 407.8- C. Soluble in carbon bisulfide; insoluble in cold water; decomposed by hot water. Derivation: By gently heating phos- phorus and sulfur. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Phosphorus Trichloride* (Phosphorus chloride) PC1 3 . Color and properties: Clear, colorless fuming liquid; decomposes rapidly in moist air. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6128; melt- ing-point -1 1 1.8 C.; boiling-point 76 C, Soluble in ether, ^benzol, carbon bisul- fide and carbon tetrachloride; decom- posed by water. Derivation: By passing a current of dry chlorine over gently heated phos- phorus which ignites. The trichlor- ide, admixed with some pentachlor- ide, distills over. A small amount of phosphorus is added and the whole distilled. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Chlorinating agent; solvent for phosphorus. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Phosphoryl Chloride. See Phosphorus oxychloride. Phosphotungstic Acid. See Acid phos- photungstic. Phosphowolfraroic Acid, See Acid phos- photungstic. Photal 376 Pilocarpine Photal. Proprietary name for a photo- graphic developer. Photophor. See Calcium phosphide. Phthalic Atid. See Acid phthalic. Phthalic Anhydride* (Acid phthalic an- hydride) C 6 H 4 (CO)2O. Color and properties. White, crystal- line needles; sublimes below boiling- point; characteristic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.527; melt- ing-point 128 C; boiling-point 284.5- C. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in ether and hot water. Derivation: By the distillation of phthalic acid. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacture of phenolphthalein and other phthaleins, eosin dyestuffs, phthalimide and anthranilic acid; or- ganic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Phthalimide, Ortho-* C 6 H4(CO) 2 NH. Color and properties: White, crystalline leaflets. Constants: Melting-point 233. 5 C.; boil- ing-point: Sublimes. Slightly soluble in ether; insoluble in benzol. Derivation: By dissolving phthalic an- hydride in ammonium hydroxide, evaporating to dryness and fusing the residue. Method of purification: Sublimation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; tins. Uses: Production of ^ indigo, via an- thranilic acid; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Physostigma (Calabar bean; Ordeal bean; Chop nut; Split nut). Derivation: Seed of Physostigma vene- nosum. Habitat: West Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; source of physostig- mine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Physostigminae Salicylas, U. S. P. Phy- sostigmine salicylate. Physostigminae Sulfas, U. S. P., B. P. Physostigmine sulfate. Phytolacca* (Poke root; Garget). Derivation: Dried root of Phytolacca decandra Phytolaccaceae. Habitat: North America; Southern Eu- rope. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pichi. Derivation: Leaves, branches and wood of Fabiana Imbricata. Habitat: Chili and Peru. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pickling Acid. See Acid, pickling. Picramic Acid. See Acid picramic. Picraminic Acid. See Acid picramic Picric Acid. See Acid picric. Picronitric Acid. See Acid picric. Pig-wrack. See Chondrus. Pill-bearing Spurge. See Euphorbia pilulifera. Pilocarpine* Cn Color and properties: Colorless or yel- low, hygroscopic, needle-like crys- tals; very poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 34 C. Soluble in^ water, alcohol and chloro- form; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: Alkaloid from the leaves of Pilocarpinae 377 Pinene Pilocarpus jaborandi or Pilocarpus microphyllus. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; hair pomades and tonics. Usually used in the form of the hydrochloride, nitrate or other salt. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P. See Pilocarpine. Pilocarpinae Nitras, U. S. P., B. P. See Pilocarpine. Pilocarpus, U. S. P. Pilocarpus. Pimenta Oil. Color and properties: Colorless or pale yellow liquid; aromatic, clove-like odor; pungent and spicy taste; be- comes darker and thicker with age and exposure. Constants: Specific gravity 1.045-1.055. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: Distilled from the nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta omcinalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pinchbeck.* An alloy of copper and zinc, containing more zinc than in brass, resembling gold in appearance. Pine Oil* (Pine-needle oil, Fir-wood oil). Color and properties: Bright yellow, volatile, thin liquid oil; aromatic odor and taste. Chief known constituents: Pinene, syl- vestrene, limonene and bornyl ace- ^ tate. Constants: Specific gravity 0.853-0.905; boiling-point i5O-i85C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and turpentine. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of various conifers, Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Pine Oil, Siberian (Oleum abietis, Si- berian fir oil). Color and properties: Colorless or pale yellow liquid; aromatic odor; pungent taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.900-0.920; optical rotation -32 to -42; refrac- tive index 1.474. Soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon bisulfide and turpentine. Derivation: Distilled from the fresh leaves of Abies sibirica. Method of purification: Rectification, Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Pine Resin. See Colophony. Pine-tar Oil.* Color and properties: Almost colorless, mobile liquid; strong tarry odor and taste; becomes dark reddish-brown on standing. Is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, acetic and other or- ganic acids and oF other constituents of pine-tar. Constants: Specific gravity 0.970. Soluble in ether, chloroform and tur- pentine. Derivation: Distillation of pine taf. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tank cars; wooden barrels. Uses: Ore concentration by flotation; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Pinene* [Australene; Laurene; "Men- thene" (Not the same as the men- thene from menthol by dehydration, which is CioHis); Terebenthene] Pinene Hydrochloride 378 Pitch, Coal-tar Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent liquid, the chief constituent of oil of turpentine and present in many essential oils. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8587; boil- ing-point I56C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From oil of turpentine by fractionation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of artificial cam- phor. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Pinene Hydrochloride. See Terpene hy- drochloride. Pine Tulip. See Chimaphila. Pink, Carolina. See Spigelia. Pink Salt. See Stannic chloride. Pink, True. See Spigelia. Piper (Pepper; Black Pepper). Derivation: Dried unripe fruit of Piper nigrum. Habitat: India, Malabar coast, Philip- pines, Sumatra, Java, Ceylon and Borneo. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Condiment; medicine; pepper oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Piperazidine. See Piperazine. Piperazine* (Diethylenediamine; Pyra- zine hexahydride; Piperazidine; Eth- yleneimine) NH(CH 2 )2.(CH 2 )2NH. Color 'and properties: Colorless, deli- quescent, transparent, needle-like crystals, which absorb carbon dioxide from the air. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Melting-point 104-107 C; boiling-point 145 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: Treatment of ethylene bromide or chloride with alcoholic ammonia at iooC. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Piperonal. See Heliotropin. Piperonyl Aldehyde. See Heliotropin. Pipsissewa. See Chimaphila. Pisanite. An iron sulfate containing copper found in Montana (FeCu)SC>4.- 7H 2 0. Pissasphalt. See Maltha. Pitayin. See Quinidine. Pitchblende. See Uraninite. Pitch, Burgundy* (Burgundy resin). Color and properties: Yellowish-brown, opaque or translucent, brittle resin- ous lumps; aromatic odor; sweetish taste. Chief known constituents: A volatile oil, abietic acid, pimaric acid. Soluble in glacial acetic acid and hot alcohol. Derivation: Resinous exudations of Abies excelsa and other coniferse. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pitch, Candle. See Stearin pitch. Pitch, Coal-tar.* Color and properties: A dark-brown to black, amorphous body, varying in consistency from soft and sticky to hard and brittle, according to the degree to which distillation has been carried out. Derivation: Coal-tar pitch is the residue remaining after coal-tar has been dis- tilled to recover the light, medium Pitch, Stearin 379 Platinum Black and heavy oils, or refined coal-tar. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Waterproofing; roofing; paving compounds and fillers; insulation; fuel-briqueting; paints; core-com- pounds; electrodes; pitch-coke; fuel. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pitch, Stearin. See Stearin pitch. Pix Carbonis Praeparata, B. P. Prepared coal-tar. Pix Liquida, U. S. P., B. P. See Coal- tar. Plaster of Paris. See Calcium sulfate. Plastic Clay. See Clay. Platinic Chloride. See Platinum chlo- ride. Platinpus Chloride. See Platinum bi- chloride. Platinum* Pt. Color and properties: Dull, silvery, mal- leable, ductile metal; unaffected by moist air or ordinary reagents; some- what softer than silver. Found in nature alloyed with iridium, rhodium, palladium, and sometimes with iron and gold. Ural region of Russia, Colombia, Borneo, Alaska, California, Oregon, New South Wales, Tas- mania, Nevada, Washington. Constants: Specific gravity 21.16; melt- ing-point I753C. Soluble in aqua regia and fused alkali; insoluble in water and ordinary acids and alkalis. Derivation: By solution of metallifer- ous sands in aqua regia, precipita- tion of the insoluble ammonium chloroplatinate, conversion of latter by ignition into platinum sponge, which is converted into the massive metal by melting in the oxy-hydrogen flame. Method of purification: Repetition of the above process, Impurities: Iridium; iron. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Manufacture of platinum black; platinum sponge; platinum salts; ap- paratus, vessels, tubes, wire, etc., for chemical, industrial and scientific uses; catalyst; jewelry; lead-in wires for incandescent electric bulbs; den- tistry; points for spark-plugs for in- ternal-combustion engines. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Platinum-Ammonium Chloride* (Am- monium chloroplatinate) PtCl 2 .2NH 4 Cl. Color and properties: Dark ruby-red crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the addition of ammon- ium hydroxide to chloroplatinic acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Platinum Bichloride* (Platinous chlor- ide) PtCl 2 . Color and properties: Greenish-grey powder which forms double salts with the chlorides of the alkali metals. Constants: Specific gravity 5.87; melt- ing-point: Is decomposed at red-heat yielding platinum. Soluble in hydrochloric acid and am- monium hydroxide; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By heating platinum sponge in presence of dry chlorine; (b) By heating chloroplatinic acid to 200 C. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Platinum salts. P'ire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Platinum Black* (Platinum mohr). Color and properties: Black powder: exhibits a metallic luster when rubbeq\ Platinum Chloride 380 Podophyllin Constants: Specific gravity 15.8-17.6. Soluble in aqua regia. Derivation: Reduction of solution of a platinum salt with zinc or magnesium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Catalyst; oxidizing agent in or- ganic chemistry; absorbent of gases (hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) which it again liberates at red-heat; gas ig- nition apparatus. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Platinum Chloride* (Platinum tetra- chloride; Platinic chloride) (a) PtCU; (b) PtCl 4 .5H 2 q. Color and properties: (a) Brown solid; (b) Red crystals. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point (a) Decomposes (b) 2.43 Loses 4H 2 O at iooC Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By solution of platinum in aqua regia and evaporation. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Note: The platinum chloride of com- merce is usually chloroplatinic acid. Platinum Bichloride. See Platinum bi- chloride. Platinum Sponge* Pt. Color and properties: A grayish-black, porous mass. Soluble in aqua regia. Derivation: By the ignition of platinum- ammonium chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Catalyst; ignition of hydrogen in Doebereiner lamps, illuminating gas, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None.' Platinum Tetrachloride. chloride. See Platinum Plessy's Green. See Chromium phos- phate. Plumbago. See Graphite. Plumbojarosite. A natural hydrous sul- fate of lead and iron found in New Mexico and Utah, PbFe 6 (OH)i 2 .- (S0 4 ) 4 . Plumbi Acetas, U. S. P., B. P. See Lead acetate. Plumbi lodidum, B. P. See Lead iodide. Plumbi Oxidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Lead oxide. Plumbic Acid, Anhydrous. See Lead ox- ide, Brown. Plumbo-plumbic Oxide. See Lead ox- ide, Red. Plumbus Oxide. See Lead oxide, Yel- low. Plumbus Sulfide. See Lead sulfide. Plumbum. The Latin name for lead, hence the symbol Pb in chemical nomenclature and the names Plumbic and Plumbous, as: Plumbic sulfite and Plumbous oxide, etc. Podophylli Indici Resina, B. P. See Podophyllin. Podophylli Indici Rhizoma, B. P. See Podophyllum. Podophylli Resina, B. P. See Podophyl- lin. Podophylli Rhizoma, B. P. See Podo- phyllum. Podophyllin* (Resin podophyllum). Color and properties: Light-yellow powder or small yellow, bulky, fragile jumps; bitter acrid taste; the dust is Podophyllum 381 Porpoise Oil very irritating to the eyes and the mucous membranes. Chief known constituents: Podophyllo- toxin, picropodophyllin, etc. Soluble in alcohol, ether, ammonium hydroxide, chloroform, potassium hy- droxide solution and sodium hydrox- ide solution. Derivation: Extraction of the rhizome or roots of Podophyllum peltatum with alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Podophyllum* (May-apple; Mandrake; Devil's apple; Indian apple; Vege- table calomel). Derivation: Dried rhizome of Podo- phyllum peltatum. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pogy Oil. See Menhaden oil. Poison Hemlock. See Conium. Poison Ivy. See Rhus toxicodendron. Poison Nut. See Nux vomica. Poison Oak. See Rhus toxicodendron. Poison Parsley. See Conium. Poison Tobacco. See Hyoscyanus. Poison Vine. See Rhus toxicodendron. Poke Root. See Phytolacca. Polishing Acids. See Acids, Polishing. Polishing Crocus. See Ferric oxide. Pollantin. An antitoxin for hay-fever, prepared from the pollen of golden-rod and other plants. Pollucite. A complex silicate containing caesium, occuring in pegmatite in Maine, H 2 0(CsNa) 2 O.Al 2 03.5Si02. Polybasite. A natural sulfide of silver and antimony, AggSbSe, often also con- taining copper and arsenic. Found in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana and Nevada. Polycrase. A complex mineral occurring in North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas, containing cerium, columbium, erbium, iron, titanium, uranium and yttrium. Polymerized Oil. See Blown oil. Pomegranate. See Granatum. Poppy Flowers. See Papaver. Poppy Oil* (Poppy-seed oil). Color and properties: Very pale golden yellow, odorless liquid; pleasant taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.924-0.928; saponification value 189-196; iodine value 153-157; refractive index 1.4751- 1.4773- Soluble in ether, chloroform petroleum ether, and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expressing the seed of the poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaver album and Papaver nigrum. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; red; white. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Food oil; artist's colors; adulter- ant for olive oil; soap-stock. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Poppy-seed Oil. See Poppy oil. Porcelain Clay. See Kaolin. Porpoise-blubber Oil. See Porpoise oil, Body. Porpoise Oil, Body* (Dolphin oil, Por- poise-blubber oil). Color and properties: Pale yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9273; sa- Porpoise Oil 382 Potassii Permanganas ponification value 216; iodine value 103; refractive index 1.4688. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By boiling the body-blub- ber of the brown porpoise. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Lubricant; soap-stock; leather dressing; illumination. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Porpoise Oil, Jaw.* Color and properties: Pale yellow li- quid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9292; io- dine value 27.4; refractive index 1.4494- Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By boiling the jaw of the brown porpoise. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Lubricant for watches, chron- ometers, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Porpoise Oil, Junk.* Color and properties: Pale yellow liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9260; io- dine value 22.4; refractive index 1.4485- Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By boiling the body of the brown porpoise. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Lubricant; leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Portland Cement. See Cement, Portland. Porous Alum. See Sodium-aluminum sulfate. Potash. See Potassium carbonate. Potash, Caustic. See Potassium hydrox- ide. Potassa. See Potassium hydroxide. Potassa Caustica, B. P. Potassium hy- droxide. Potassa Sulfurata, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium sulfide. Potassii Acetas, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium acetate. Potassii Bicarbonas, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium bicarbonate. Potassii Bichromas, B. P. See Potas- sium bichromate. Potassii Bitartras, U. S. P., B. P. Potas- sium bitartrate. Potassii Bromidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium bromide. Potassii Carbonas, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium carbonate. Potassii Chloras, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium chlorate. , Potassii Citras, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium citrate. Potassii Citras Effervescens, U. S. P. Potassium citrate, Effervescent. Potassii et Sodii Tartras, U. S. P. See Potassium-sodium tartrate. Potassii Hydroxidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium hydroxide. Potassii Hypophosphis, U. S. P. Potas- sium hypophosphite. Potassii lodidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium iodide. Potassii Nitras, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium nitrate. Potassii Permanganas, U. S. P., B. P. See Potassium permanganate. Potassii Sulfas 383 Potassium Bichromate Potassii Sulfas, B. P. See Potassium sulfate. Potassii Tartras, B. P. Potassium tar- trate. Potassii Tartras Acidus, B. P. See Potassium bitartrate. Potassium* (Kalium) K. Color and properties: Soft, wax-like, silvery metal; rapidly oxidizing in moist air; must be kept submerged in kerosene, ether or the like. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8621; melt- ing-point 63.5 C; boiling-point 757-5C. Soluble in alcohol, mercury and acids; insoluble in ether and kerosene; de- composes water into its constituents hydrogen and oxygen, generating suf- ficient heat to ignite the hydrogen. Derivation: (a) By heating with potas- sium carbonate, wood charcoal and gypsum. (b) By electrolysis of potassium chloride or a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sulfide, using a cathode of molten lead. Method of purification: Distillation and squeezing through a fine-meshed cloth. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: In chemical laboratories only, for experimental work, effecting con- densations, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Acetate* Color and properties: White, crystal- line hygroscopic powder; saline taste. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Melting-point 292C. Soluble in water and in alcohol; insolu- ble in ether. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on potassium carbonate. Impurities: Chlorides; sulfates; heavy metals. Grades: Pure; pure fused; U. S. P.; B. P.; reagent. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Dehydrating agent; reagent in analytical chemistry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Acid Carbonate. See Potas- sium bicarbonate. Potassium Acid Oxalate. See Potassium binoxalate. Potassium Acid Sulfate. See Potas- sium bisulfate. Potassium Acid Sulfite. See Potassium bisulfite. Potassium Aurichloride. See Gold- potassium chloride. Potassium Bicarbonate* (Potassium acid carbonate; known as baking soda in some countries) KHCOa. Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less, transparent crysals or white powder; slightly alkaline, salty taste. Constants: Specific gravity 2.17; melt- ing-point: Decomposes between 100 and I20C. Soluble in water and potassium car- bonate solution; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By passing carbon dioxide into a solution of potassium carbon- ate in water. Grades: Commercial; highest purity; U. S. P.; B. P.; reagent. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins; glass bottles. Uses: In baking instead of yeast or baking powder; medicine; manufac- ture of pure potassium carbonate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Bichromate* (Potassium di- chromate; Red potassium chromate) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 . Color and properties: Bright, yellowish- red, transparent crystals; bitter, metallic taste; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 2.692; melt- ing-point 396C; boiling-point: De- composes at 5ooC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By heating an aqueous Potassium Binoxalate 384 Potassium Br ornate solution of sodium bichromate with potassium chloride, concentrating the solution, whereupon sodium chloride is deposited in the vessel. Lead rods are suspended in the solution and the bichromate crystallizes on these. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Commercial; highest purity; highest purity fused; B. P.; reagent. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; histology; tanning; bleaching; electrotechnology; dyeing; photography; manufacturing fire- works; oxidizing agent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Binoxalate* (Potassium acid oxalate; Acid potassium oxalate; Sal acetosella; Salt of sorrel; Essential salt of lemon) KHCsO^HsO. Color and properties: White crystals; bitter, sharp taste; somewhat hygro- scopic; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity of the anhy- drous salt 2.088; melting-point: De- composes when heated. Soluble in water. Derivation: The neutral potassium ox- alate and oxalic acid are dissolved in water and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliz%- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Removing ink stains; scouring metals; cleaning wood; photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Biphosphate. See Potassium Phosphate. Potassium Bisulfate* (Potassium acid sulfate) KHSO 4 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; the fused salt is deliquescent. Constants: Specific gravity 2.245; melt- ing-point 200 C.; boiling-point: De- composes. Soluble in water, yielding a solution with acid reaction; decomposes in al- cohol. Derivation: (a) By heating potassium sulfate with sulfuric acid; (b) By heating potassium chloride with sul- furic acid to a moderate heat. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Heavy metals; chlorine; arsenic. Grades: Commercial; reagent; fused; highest purity, medicinal. Containers: Glass bottles; barrels. Uses: Flux. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Bisulfite* (Potassium acid sulfite) KHSO 3 . Color and properties: White, crystalline powder; sulfur dioxide odor. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes when heated. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Sulfur dioxide is passed through a solution of potassium car- bonate until no more carbon dioxide is given off; the solution is concen- trated and allowed to crystallize. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Heavy metals; arsenic. Grades: Commercial; reagent; highest purity, medicinal. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Antiseptic; source of sulfurous acid particularly in brewing; analyti- cal chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Bitartrate* (Potassium acid tartrate) KHC 4 H 4 O 6 . Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.956. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: From argols by extraction with water and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; baking powder. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Bf^mate* KBrOs. Color and properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. \ N Potassium Bromide 385 Potassium Chlorate Constants: Specific gravity 3.27; melt- ing-point 434 C.; boiling-point: De- composes when heated above the melting-point. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) By adding potassium sulfate to a solution of barium brom- ate; (b) By passing bromine into a solution of potassium hydroxide, potassium bromide and bromate be- ing formed, which are separated by crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Potassium bromide. Grades: Pure; reagent. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Bromide* KBr. Color and properties: White, crystalline granules or powder; pungent, strong, bitter saline taste; somewhat hygro- scopic. Constants: Specific gravity 2.749; melt- ing-point 73OC; boiling-point I435C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) Potassium hydroxide in hot solution is treated with bromine, the solution evaporated to dryness, the residue mixed with carbon and heated to redness; (b) Solutions of iron bromide and potassium carbon- ate are mixed and heated, the solution filtered and concentrated and the bromide crystallized out. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of effer- vescent headache remedies; photo- graphy. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Carbonate* (Potash, Pearl- ash, Salts of tartar) (a) K 2 CO S ; (b) 2K 2 C0 3 .H 2 0; (c) K 2 C0 3 .H 2 0. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent, granular powder; alkaline reac- tion. Constants: (a) Specific gravity 2.3312; melting-point 90o,C.; boiling-point: Volatile at white heat. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) Lixiviation of wood and plant ashes with water, concentration of the solution and calcination of res- idue, which is extracted with water; (b) Aqueous residue of beet-sugar molasses alter fermentation and dis- tillation to remove alcohol is con- centrated and treated as above; (c) Recovered from wool washing; (d; Recovered in an impure form, by elec- trical precipitation from the fumes of cement factories, metallurgical fur- naces, etc. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sodium carbonate; potas- sium chloride; potassium sulfate. Grades: Crystals; pure; reagent; high- est purity; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacture of soft soaps; glass manufacture; dyeing; medicine; wool washing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Chlorate* (Potassium oxy- muriate) KC1O 3 . Color and properties: Transparent, col- orless crystals or white powder; cool- ing, saline taste; poisonous; must not be ground with sugar, sulfur or other combustible substance, may cause explosions. Constants: Specific gravity 2.337; melt- ing-point 357C; boiling-point: De- composes at about 4OOC., giving off oxygen. Soluble in water and alkalis; very slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By electrolyzing a hot con- centrated alkaline solution of potas- sium chloride. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Highest purity, medicinal; pure granulated; U. S. P., B. P.; commer- cial^ Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Explosives; matches; source of oxygen; printing textile fabrics; py- rotechnics; percussion caps; medicine. Potassium Chloride 386 Potassium Cyanide Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow . label. Potassium Chloride* KC1. Color and properties: Colorless or white crystals or powder; strong sa- line taste. Occurs in nature in the Stassfurt deposits in various min- erals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.987; melt- ing-point 772 C; boiling-point: De- composes at about 4OOC. Soluble in water and alkalis; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in abso- lute alcohol. Derivation: By fusion or extraction of carnallite, MgCl 2 .KCl. 6 H 2 O, with a solution of magnesium chloride. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Heavy metals; alkaline earths. Grades: Highest purity; reagent; com- mercial; crude. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Fertilizer; potassium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Chloroplatinate* (Platinum- potassium chloride; Potassium platini- chloride) K 2 PtCle. Color and properties: Small, . orange- yellow crystals or powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes when heated. Insoluble in alcohol; very slightly sol- uble in water. Derivation: By adding platinic chloride to a solution of a potassium salt and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Chloroplatinite* K 2 PtCl 4 . Color and properties: Ruby-red crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.291. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By adding potassium car- bonate to a solution of chloroplatin- ous acid. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Chromate* K 2 CrO 4 . Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.7319; melt- ing-point 97iC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By adding potassium car- bonate to a solution of potassium, bi- chromate and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Free alkali; sulfates; alumi- num; alkaline earths. Grades; Highest purity; reagent; com- mercial; crude. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry; dyeing; inks; medicine; leather finish- ing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Citrate* K3C 6 H 5 O 7 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless or white crystals or powder; cooling sa- line taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.98; melt- ing-point: Decomposes when heated to about 23oC. Soluble in alcohol and water. Derivation: By the action of citric acid on potassium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystallization Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Cobaltinitrite. See Cobalt- potassium nitrite. Potassium Cyanaurate. See Gold-potas- 'sium cyanide. Potassium Cyanide* KCN. Color and properties: White, amorph- Potassium Diphosphate 387 Potassium Fluoride ous, deliquescent lumps or crystal- line mass; faint odor of bitter almonds; extremely poisonous, do not handle with bare hands! Constants: Specific gravity 1.52; melt- ing-point: At red-heat; boiling-point: At red-heat. Soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. Derivation: (a) Potassium carbonate and carbon are heated in a current of ammonia. The fused mass is ex- tracted with alcohol, the latter dis- tilled off and the cyanide fused, (b) Calcium cyanamid is prepared from calcium carbide and nitrogen and is fused with caustic potash, (c) From by-products of beet-sugar manufac- ture. Grades: Commercial; pure; reagent. Containers: Barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Extraction of gold and silver from ores; electroplating; heat treat- ment of steel; reagent in analytical chemistry; insecticide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Diphosphate. See Potassium phosphate. Potassium Ferricyanide* (Red prussiate of potash; Potassium prussiate, Red) K 3 Fe(CN) 6 . Color and properties: Bright-red, lus- lustrous crystals or powder; poison- ous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.8109; melt- ing-point: Decomposes when' heated. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: Chlorine is passed into a solution of potassium ferrocyanide, the ferricyanide separating out. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Ferrous salts; potassium chloride. Grades: Pure crystals; pure powder; commercial; crude; highest purity re- agent. Containers: Barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Calico printing; wool dyeing; tempering steel; mordant for wood; etching liquid; production of pig- ments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Ferrocyanide* (Yellow prus- siate of potash; Potassium prussiate, Yellow) (K4Fe(CN) 6 .3H 2 0. Color and properties: Lemon-yellow crystals or powder; mild saline taste; effloresceses on exposure to air. .Constants: Melting-point: Loses its water of crystallization when heated to 6oC.; boiling-point: Decomposes when heated to red heat. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: "Spent oxide" from illumi- nating gas manufacture is extracted with water to remove ammonia and soluble salts, the residue is dried and sulfur extracted with carbon bisul- fide, what remains is mixed with lime, heated with steam in closed pans to recover ammonia, yielding a concentrated solution of calcium fer- rocyanide. This is treated with a boiling solution of potassium chloride yielding the calcium-potassium ferro- cyanide which is almost insoluble. This is treated with a solution of potassium carbonate, insoluble cal- cium carbonate being precipitated and a solution of the ferrocyanide re- maining, which is filtered, concen- trated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Potassium carbonate, sul- fate and chloride; calcium slats. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; potassium ferricyan- ide; pigments; reagent in analytical chemistry; tempering steel; dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Fluoride* (a) KF: (b) KF. 2 H 2 0. Color and properties: White, crystal- line, deliquescent powder; sharp sa- line taste. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 2.454. Melting-point: (a) About 8ooC; (b) 4 iC. Soluble in water and hydrofluoric acid; insoluble in alcohol Potassium Glycerinophosphate 388 Potassium Meta-bisulfite Derivation: By saturation of hydroflu- oric acid with potassium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Arsenic. Grades: Technical; pure; purified, free of arsenic. Containers: Wooden kegs; tins, Uses: Etching glass; food preservative. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Glycerinophosphate. See Po- tassium glycerophosphate. Potassium Glycerophosphate* (Potas- sium glycerinophosphate) Color and properties: Pale yellow, sirupy liquid; acid taste. Soluble in alcohol; miscible with water in all proportions. Derivation: Glycerine and phosphorus pentoxide or meta-phosphoric acid are mixed, warmed and exactly neu- tralized with potassium carbonate, warmed and concentrated. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Hydrate. See Potassium hy- droxide. Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate. See Potassium phosphate. Potassium Hydroxide* (Caustic potash, potassium hydrate; Potassa) KOH. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent pieces, lumps or sticks having a crystalline fracture. Keep well stop- pered; absorbs water and carbon di- oxide from th^ air. Constants: Specific gravity 2.044; melt- ing-point 360.4 C.; boiling-point: Sub- limes when heated above melting- point. Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Derivation: (a) Potassium carbonate solution is treated with lime at a boiling temperature and water added to prevent reversal of the reaction. The solution is filtered and evapor- ated to dryness. Method of purification: Sulfur com- pounds are removed by the addition of potassium nitrate to the fused caustic. The purest form is obtained by solution in alcohol, filtration and evaporation. Impurities: Alumina; silica; sulfuric acid. Grades: Commercial; ground; flake; fused (88^92 per cent; purified by al- cohol (sticks, lumps and drops); rea- gent, highest purity; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Soap manufacture; bleaching; manufacture of oxalic acid; manufac- ture of potassium compounds; re- agent in analytical chemistry; medi- cine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Iodide* Ki. Color and properties: White crystals, granules or powder; strong bitter sa- line taste. Constants: Specific gravity 3.123; melt- ing-point 680 C.; boiling-point 1420 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: A hot solution of potas- sium hydroxide is treated with iodine, evaporated to dryness, mixed with carbon and heated to redness. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Potassium carbonate; met- als; sulfuric acid; potassium bromide; potassium chloride. Grades: Crystals; granulated; powder; highest purity; reagent; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; reagent in analytical ^chemistry; photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Meta-bisulfite* (Potassimum pyrosulfite) K^SgOs. Color and properties: White, crystal- line crusts. Slightly soluble in water. Potassium Monophosphate 389 Potassium Permanganate Derivation: By heating potassium bi- sulfite until it loses water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Antiseptic; reagent in analyti- cal chemistry; source of sulfurous acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Monophosphate. See Potas- sium phosphate. Potassium Nitrate* (Niter, Nitre, Salt- peter) KNO 3 . Color and properties: Transparent, colorless or white crystalline powder or crystals; cooling, pungent, saline taste. Constants: Specific gravity 2.1062; melting-point 337C; boiling-point: Decomposes with deflagration at about 400 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) A solution of sodium nitrate and potassium chloride is evaporated until sodium chloride crystallizes out, then decanted and crystallized. (b) Soil, plant ashes and decomposing organic matter (manure) are built into a mound, moistened from time to time and finally extracted with witer. (c) Al- so extracted from certain soils of India and Ceylon, where it occurs abundantly. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Commercial; pure, double re- fined (granulated, small crystals, me- dium crystals, large crystals, extra large crystals, powdered); pure, triple refined (granulated, powdered); U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: ^Kegs; boxes. Uses: Medicine; gunpowder; pyrotech- nics; pickling meat; fertilizer; rea- gent in analytic chemistry; tobacco. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. otassium Ortho-phosphate. See Potas- sium phosphate. Potassium Oxalate* K 2 C2O 4 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless trans- parent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.08; melt- ing-point: Decomposes when heated. Soluble in water. Derivation: Potassium formate or car- bonate mixed with a small quantity of pxalate and a slight excess of al- kali is heated, the oxalate extracted with water and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Heavy metals; chlorine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; reagent in analytical chemistry; source of oxalic acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Oxide* K 2 O. Color and properties: Gray, crystalline mass. Constants: Specific gravity 2.32; melt- ing-point: Red heat. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By heating potassium ni- trate and metallic potassium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron barrels. Uses: Potassium salts; dehydrating agent. Fire hazard? Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Oxymuriate. See Potassium chlorate. Potassium Oxyquinoline Sulfonate. See Quinosol. Potassium Permanganate* KMnC>4. Color and properties: Dark purple crystals having a blue metallic sheen; sweetish, astringent taste. Constants: Specific gravity 2.7032; melting-point: Decomposes 'at 240 C. Soluble in water, in sulfuric acid, acetic acid and alcohol. Derivation: (a) Potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water, manganese diox- ide and potassium chlorate added, the whole boiled, evaporated and the resi- Potassium Peroxide 390 Potassium-Sodium due fused to a pasty consistency, then extracted with water and chlorine, carbon dioxide or ozone passed in. The permanganate separates and is centrifugated. (b) By the oxidation of the manganate (prepared by the fusion of pyrolusite with caustic pot- ash) in an alkaline electrolytic cell, using a porous diaphragm. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sulfuric acid; nitric acid; chloric acid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Disinfectant; deodorant; rea- gent in analytical chemistry; wood preservation; oxidizing agent; bleach- ing textiles; medicine; manufacture of organic chemicals, especially sac- charine; absorbent for poison gases in military gas-masks. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Peroxide* K2O2. Color and properties: Yellow, amor- phous mass. Decomposes in water, evolving oxygen. Derivation: By the oxidation of po- tassium oxide (IQjO) in air. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Oxidizing agent; bleaching agent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Persulfate* Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses below iooC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By electrolysis of a satu- rated solution of potassium sulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; stone jars. Uses: f Bleaching; oxidizing agent; re- ducing agent in photography; antisep- tic. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Phosphate, Dibasic* (Potas- sium hydrogen phosphate; Potassium monophosphate; Dipotassium ortho- phosphate) K 2 HPp4. Color and properties: Deliquescent white crystals or powder. Soluble in water and in alcohol. Derivation: By action of phosphoric acid on potassium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Chlorine; potassium sul- fate. Grades: Commercial; pure; highest purity. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Phosphate, Monobasic* (Po- tassium diphosphate) KH2PO4. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.338; melt- ing-point Q6C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of ortho- phosphoric acid on potassium carbo- nate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; baking powders. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Prussiate, Red. See Potas- sium ferricyanide. Potassium Prussiate, Yellow. See Po- tassium ferrocyanide. Potassium Pyrosulfite. See Potassium meta-bisulfite. Potassium Rhodanide. See Potassium sulfocyanate. Potassium-Sodium Tartrate* (Rochelle salt; Seignette salt) KNaC 4 H 4 6 .4H20. Color and properties: Colorless, trans^ parent crystals or white powder. Constants: Specific gravity 1.77; melt- ing-point 70 to 80 C.; boiling-point: Loses 4H 2 O at 2isC. Potassium Sulfate 391 Potato Flour Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Potassium acid tartrate is dissolved in water, the solution satu- rated with sodium carbonate, con- centrated after purification and crys- tallized. Method of purification: Hydrogen sul- fide passed into remove copper and iron, the solution heated with animal charcoal and filtered. Impurities: Copper; iron. Grades: Highest purity; reagent; com- mercial crystals or powder; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; baking powders. Fire hazard: None. . Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Sulfate* (Arcanum duolica- tum; Tartarus vitriolatus) K^SCU. Color and properties: Colorless or white, hard crystals or powder; bitter, saline taste. Constants: Specific gravity 2.6633; melting-point 1072 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) By treatment of po- tassium chloride with sulfuric acid, (b) By fractional crystallization of kainite. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Highest purity medicinal; rea- gent; commercial; crude; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry; medicine; fertilizer; alum manufac- ture; glass manufacture; raw material for potassium carbonate by the Le- blanc process. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Sulfide* (Potassium sulfuret) K 2 S. Color and properties: Red, crystalline mass, deliquescent in air. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 1.805. Soluble in water, alcohol and glycerine; insoluble in ether. Derivation: Potassium sulfate and car- bon are heated in a tightly closed cru- cible to a moderate temperature. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Cans; glass bottles. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry; depilatory; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Potassium Sulfocyanate* (Potassium rhodanide, Potassium thiocyanate, Potassium sulfocyanide) KCNS. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.906; melt- ing-point I72.3C; boiling-point: De- composes at 500 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and acetone. Derivation: By heating potassium cyanide with sulfur. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Heavy metals, sulfates. Grades: Commercial; pure; purified; reagent. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: In freezing mixtures; manufac- ture of artificial mustard oil; reagent in analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potassium Sulfocyanide. See Potassium sulfocyanate. Potassium Sulfuret. See Potassium sul- fide. Potassium Thiocyanate. See Potassium sulfocyanate. Potato Flour.* Derivation: Flour prepared by drying and milling potatoes. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags; wooden barrels. Uses: Wheat flour substitute; manu- facture of potato starch and dextrine Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Potato Spirit.' See Fusel oil. Potstone. See Talc, Praseodymium 392 Protargol Praseodymium* Pr. Color and properties: One of the me- tallic elements of the rare earth group yielding green salts. Constants: Specific gravity 6.4754; melting-point 940 C. Decomposes water. Derivation: From monazite sand in the form of salts, by extraction with acids. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Praseodymium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Precipitated Calcium Phosphate. See Calcium phosphate, Tribasic. Precipitated Chalk. See Calcium carbo- nate. "Preparing Salt." See Sodium stannate. Priceite. A boron mineral similar to colemanite. Prickly Ash. See Xanthoxylum. Primary Calcium Phosphate. See Cal- cum ry acum ospate phosphate, Monobasic. Primuline. A synthetic dyestuff used in dyeing yellow. Prince's Pine. See Chimaphila. Printer's Acetate. See Aluminum ace- tate. Propanenitrile. See Ethyl cyanide. Propenal. See Acrolein. Propionic Acid. See Acid propionic. Propionic Aldehyde. See Propylic al- dehyde. Propionitrile. See Ethyl cyanide. Propyl Alcohol* CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH. Color and properties: Colorjess Ijquic}; odor similar to ethyl alcohol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.808; melting-point -I27C; boiling-point 97C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By fractional distillation of fusel oil. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis; propyl alde- hyde. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Propyl Aldehyde* (Propionic aldehyde; Propylic aldehyde) CH 3 CH 2 CHO. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; suffocating odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.807; boil- ing-point 48 C. Soluble in water. Derivation: From propyl alcohol by oxidation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. i Propylacetic Acid. See Acid valeric. Propyldioxybenzenemethylene Ester. See Safrol. Propylenechlorohydrin, Alpha-. See Monochlorohydrin. Propylformic Acid. See Acid butyric. Propyl-meta-cresol, Para-. See Thymol. Protargol.* Color and properties: Yellow powder, being a protein compound of silver (8.3 per cent Ag). Soluble in water and glycerine. Grades: Pure. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic; bactericide; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Protein 393 Pulvis Catechu Protein. A horny mass or yellowish powder, used as a nutrient; obtained by hydrolysis from animal (meat) or vegetable (grain) materials. Proustite (Light ruby silver). A natu- ral sulfide of silver and arsenic, 3Ag2S.As2Ss, containing 65 per cent of silver, and mined in Arizona, Colo- rado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada and New Mexico. Pmni Virginianae Cortex, B. P. Wild cherry bark. Prunus Virginiana* (Choke cherry; Wild cherry). Derivation: Bark of Prunus serotina. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Prussian Blue. See Ferric ferrocyanide. Prussiate of Potash, Red. See Potas- sium ferricyanide. Prussiate of Potash, Yellow. See Potas- sium ferrocyanide. Prussiate of Soda, Red. See Sodium ferricyanide. Prussiate of Soda, Yellow. See Sodium ferrocyanide. Prussia Acid. See Acid hydrocyanic. Pseudobutyl Alcohol. See Butyl alco- hol, Tertiary. Pseudocumene. See Cumene. Pseudocumol. See Cumene. Pseudopropyl Alcohol. See Isopropyl alcohol. ing the formula, H 4 MnO5. Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colora- do, Georgia, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont and Virginia. Pterocarpi Lignum, B. P. Red sanders wood. Ptomaines. Derivatives of ethers of the polyhydric alcohols. All are exceed- ingly poisonous and are formed in putrefying proteins, dead bodies, de- cayed meat or fish. They have been prepared synthetically, viz.: Cadaverine is pentamethylenediamine. Muscar- ine is obtained by the oxidation of leci- thin or hydroxethyltrimethylammoni- um hydroxide. Putrescine is tetrame- thylene diamine. Neurine is trimethyl- vinylammonium hydroxide. Ptyalin. See Enzymes. Puccoon Root. See Sanguinaria. Pudding Pipe. See Cassia fistula. Pudding Stick. See Cassia fistula. Pulsatilla* (Pasque flower: Wind flower; Meadow anemone; Easter flower). Derivation: Herb of Anemone pulsa- tilla. Habitat: Europe; Asia; U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pulvis Amygdalae Compositus, B. P. Compound powder of almonds. Pulvis Antimonialis, B. P. Antimonial powder. Pulvis Aromaticus, U. S. P. Aromatic powder. Pulvis Buteae Seminum, B. P. Powder of butea seeds. Psilomelane. A common manganese ore, manganese hydrate, probably hav- Pulvis Catechu Compositus, B. P. Com- pound powder of catechu. Pulvis Cinnamon! 394 Pyrazine Pulvis Cinnamoni Compositus, B. P. Compound powder of cinnamon. Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus, B. P. Aro- matic powder of chalk. Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus cum Opio, B. P. Aromatic powder of chalk with opium. Pulvis Cretae Compositus, U. S. P. Com- pound powder of chalk. Pulvis Effervescens Compositus, U. S. P. Compound effervescing powder. Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus, B. P. U. S. P. Compound powder of liquor ice. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae Compositus, B. P. Compound powder of ipecacuanha. Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii. Powder of ipecac and opium. Pulvis Jalapae Compositus, B. P., U. S. P. Compound powder of jalap. Pulvis Kaladanae Compositus, B. P. Compound powder of caladana. Pulvis Kino Compositus, B. P. Com- pound powder of kino. Pulvis Opii Compositus, B. P. Com- pound powder of opium. Pulvis Rhei Compositus, B. P., U. S. P. Compound powder of rhubarb. Pulvis Scammoniae Compositus, B. P. Compound powder of scammony. Pulvis Sodas Tartaratae Effervescens, B. P. Effervescent sodium tartrate powder.' Pulvis Tragacanthae Compositus, B. P. Compound powder of tragacanth. Pumice. Highly vesicular lava, i.e. a rock which has reached the surface of the earth in a molten condition and varying in composition according to locality of origin. Uses: Abrasive; base for depositing catalyzers; filling for acid towers; abrasive soaps and tooth powders. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pumpkin Seed. See Pepo. Purging Cassia. See Cassia fistula. Purple Boneset. See Eupatorium pur- pureum. Purple Cone Flower. See Echinacea. Purple of Cassius. See Gold chloride. Purple Oxide. See Ferric oxide. Putty. A mixture of whiting (chalk) with 18 per cent of linseed oil, with or without white lead or other pigment. Pyramidon (Dimethylaminoantipyrine) CiiHnN20.N(CH 3 )2. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Melting-point 106 to I07C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of isoni- trosoantipyrine and methylating fhe product. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine, as such or as the cam- phorate or salicylate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pyrargyrite (Dark ruby silver). A com- pound sulfide of silver and antimony, 3Ag2S.Sb2Ss, containing 60 per cent of silver, and mined in Arizona, Califor- nia, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon and Washington. Pyrazine. See Antipyrine. Pyrazine Hexahydride 395 Pyrola Pyrazine Hexahydride. See Piperazine. Pyrite. See Iron pyrites. Pyrazoline. See Antipyrine. Pyrite, White. See Marcasite. "Pyrene." A liquid fire-extinguisher con- sisting of carbon tetrachloride, etc. Pyrethri Radix, B. P. See Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum (Pellitory; Spanish pellitory; Spanish chamomile; Bertram; Long- wort). Derivation: Root of Anacyclus pyre- thrum compositae. Habitat: North Africa. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pyrethrum Flowers (Persian insect flowers; Persian pellitory). Derivation: Flowers of Pyrethrum roseum. Habitat: Persia and Western Asia. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Insecticide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pyridine* CH(CH.CH) 2 N. Color and properties: Slightly yellow or colorless liquid; sharp penetrating empyreumatic odor; burning taste; slightly alkaline in reaction. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9746; melting-pint -42.0 C.; boiling-point ii5.5C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzol, benzol, benzine, and fatty oils. Derivation: Distillation of organic compounds containing nitrogen, gas liquor or light coal-tar oil. Method of purification: Fractional dis- tillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Denaturant for alcohol; solvent for anhydrous metallic salts; solvent in rubber, paint and other industries; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pyrites, Copper. See Copper sulfide. Pyrites, Iron. See Pyrite. Pyrites, Magnetic. See Pyrrhotite. "Pyro" Alcohol. See Methyl alcohol. Pyrocatechin* (Qrtho-dioxybenzene ; Pyrocatechinic acid; Oxyphenic acid; Pyrocatechol; Catechol) C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.371; melting-point IO4C; boiling-point 245C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzol and chloroform. Derivation: By fusion of ortho-phenol- sulfonic acid with caustic potash. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Antiseptic; photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Pyrocatechinmonomethyl Ester. See Guaiacol. Pyrocatechinic Acid. See Pyrocatechin. Pyrocatechol. See Pyrocatechin. Pyrocotton.* A nitrated cellulose not as fully nitrated as gun-cotton, con- taining 12.5 per cent nitrogen, used in the manufacture of smokeless powder, photographic films, airplane dope, cellu- loid and lacquers. Pyrogallic Acid. See Acid pyrogallic. Pyrogallol. See Acid pyrogallic. Pyrola. See Chimaphila. Pyroligneous Acid 396 "Pyxol" Pyroligneous Acid. See Acid pyroligne- ous. Pyrolusite (Black manganese oxide; Manganese dioxide), MnC>2. One of the main sources of manganese (63 per cent Mn) occurring in many states, Canada, Brazil, India, etc. Pyromorphite (Green lead ore). Na- tural lead chlorophosphate^ 3Pb3P2Os.PbCl2, from Arizona, Colo- rado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Mon- tana, Nevada and South Carolina. Pyromucic Acid. See Acid pyromucic. Pyromucic Aldehyde. See Furfural. Pyrope. One of the garnets, 3MgO.Al2Os.3SiO2, used as an abra- sive, and when transparent as a gem. Is deep red to nearly black in color, and is found in Arizona. Pyrophyllite (Pencil stone). Natural hydrous aluminum silicate, H2O.Al2Os.4SiO2, resembles talc in structure, color, luster and feel. It is used for the manufacture of slate pen- cils and the talc or "talcum" of com- merce. Quarried in California and North Carolina. Pyrptartaric Acid. See Acid pyrotar- taric. Pyrotartaric Acid, Normal. See Acid glutaric. Pyrovanadic Acid. See Acid vanadic. Pyroxylin. See Nitrocellulose. Pyroxylinum, U. S. P., B. P. See Nitro- cellulose. Pyrrhotite (Magnetic pyrites). Natural iron sulfide varying in composition. Some varieties contain nickel and are mined for their nickel value. It is one of the valuable and plentiful iron ores found in many of the states and in Canada. Pyrrol* (CH.CH) 2 NH. Color and properties: Yellowish, liquid oil; burning, pungent taste; readily polymerizes by the action of light and turns brown. Constants: ^ Specific gravity 0.9669; boiling-point I3O-I3I C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and dilute acids; insoluble in water and dilute alkalis. Derivation: By the fractional distilla- tion of bone-tar or bone-oil with sul- furic acid. Method of purification: Conversion into the potassium compound (C4H 4 NK), washing with ether and treatment with water, followed by drying and distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of drugs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. "Pyxol." A proprietary disinfectant, consisting of an emulsion of coal-tar acids with soap. Quaker Buttons. See Nux vomica. Quartz (Silica). Natural, crystallized silicon dioxide, SiO2. It is the main constituent of sandstone, and one of the three chief constituents of granite and pegmatite. Varieties of quartz of vary- ing structure and color (usually due to a small amount of an oxide, as of iron, manganese, etc.) are: Agate, amethyst, chalcedony, chert, flint, hyalite, jasper, jaspilite, onyx, opal, rock crystal, rose Quassia 397 Quercitrinic Acid quartz, smoky quartz, etc. Quassia (Bitter ash; Bitterwood tree). Derivation: The wood or bark of Pic- rasma excelsa or Quassia amara; very bitter taste. Chief constituents: Quassin, quassol, picrasmin. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Decoction or tincture as a fly poison; surrogate for hops; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quassiae Lignum, B. P. See Quassia. Quebracho (Aspidosperma). Derivation: The bark of Aspidosperma quebracho-bianco from Argentina. Chief constituents: Aspidospermine, tannin, quebrachine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Tanning; dyeing; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quebracho Extract.* Derivation: From the wood of Aspi- dosperma quebracho and Quebrachu lorentzu, which is imported into the United States in logs. Grades: Liquid: 35-37 per cent Tan- nin. Solid: 65 per cent Tannin. Containers: Extract: Wooden bar- rels; tank-cars. Extract (powdered): Wooden casks. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Queen of the Meadow. Eupatorium pur- pureum. Queens' Root. See Stillingia. Queensland Asthma Weed. See Euphor- bia pilulifera. Quercimetin. See Quercitrine. Quercite. See Quercitol. Quercitin* (Meletin; Quercetinic acid; Tetrahydroxylflavanol) Color and properties: Brown, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point 3i3-3i5C.; boiling-point: Decomposes when heated slightly above the melting- point. Soluble in alkalis; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Action of dilute sulfuric acid on quercitrine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quercitinic Acid. See Quercitin. Quercitol* (Acorn sugar; Quercite; Pentahydroxycyclohexane) C 6 H 7 (OH) 5 . Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; sweet taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5845; melting-point 234C. Soluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By extraction of acorn meal with water. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quercitrine* (Quercimetin; Quercitri- nic acid) C2i H22Oi2-2H2O. Color and properties: Yellow gluco- sidal, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses at i68C. Soluble in acids, alkalis and amyl alco- hol; slightly soluble in alcohol, ether and water. Derivation: By extraction of the bark of the black oak, Quercus tinctoria. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacture of quercitin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quercitrinic Acid. See Quercitrine. Quercitron 398 Quinazarin Quercitron.* Derivation: The powdered bark of Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria. Grades: Extract 25 per cent Tannin. Containers: Bark: Burlap bags. Ex- tract: Wooden barrels. Uses: Leather industry; textile in- dustry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quercus.* Derivation: The dried bark of the white oak, Quercus alba, containing quercitannic acid, oak-red, resin, pec- tin, levulin and gallic acid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quercus Pedunculata. Derivation: The bark of the. British oak, containing large amounts of tan- nin. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quicklime. See Calcium oxide. Quicksilver. See Mercury. Quillaia. See Quillaja. Quillaiae Cortex, B. P. See Quillaja. Quillaja (Soap bark; Quillaia; Panama bark; China bark; Murillo bark). Derivation: The dried bark of Quillaja saponaria from Bolivia, Peru, Chili, etc. Chief constituents: Quillaiae acid; quillaia sapotoxin and tannin. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of sa- potoxin, saponin and quillaiac acid; in the soft-drink and shampoo liquid industries as a foam producer; emul- sifiant for oils, balsams and resins. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinaldine* (Chinaldine; Alpha-methyl- quinoline) CgHeN.CHs. Color and properties: Yellow oily liquid; odor of quinoline; darkens to reddish-brown in air. Constants: Specific gravity 1.1013; boiling-point 246-247C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the treatment of aniline and paraldehyde with hydro- chloric acid and heat, (b) From coal- tar. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of quinoline yel- low. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinalgen. See Analgen. Quinaphthol* (Quinine beta-naphthol- monosulfonate; Chinaphthol) Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder; containing 42 per cent of quinine. Constants: Melting-point i8s-i86C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of qui- nine and beta-naphtholmonosulfonic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: ^ Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinaseptol. See Diaphthol. Quinazarin* (Quinizarin; Chinizarin; Di- hydroxyanthraquinone) C 6 H4(C02).C 6 H(OH) 3 . Color and properties: Lustrous, orange-red crystals. Constants: Melting-point I94-I95C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: (a) By the action of con- centrated sulfuric and boric acids on anthraquinone. (b) By heating hy- droquinone and phthalic anhydride Quince Seed 399 Quinine Beta-naphthol for two hours with concentrated sul- furic acid. The solution is poured into water, the precipitate washed with hot water and boiled with gla- cial acetic acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Production of quinazarin green and analogous dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quince Seed. See Cydonia. Quinic Acid. See Acid quinic. Quinidine (Chinidine; Conchinine; Beta- quinine; Cinchotine; Pitayin) C20H24N2O2. Color and properties: Colorless, lus- trous, crystalline alkaloid; efflorescing on exposure to air. Constants: Melting-point I7I.5C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the extraction of some species of cinchona bark. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; used as the alkaloid or as the bisulfate, citrate, hydrobro- mide, sulfate or tannate, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinina, U. S. P. See Quinine. Quininae Bisulfas, U. S. P. See Qui- nine. Quininae Dihydrochloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Quinine. Quininae et Ureas Hydrochloridum, U. S. P. Quinine and urea hydrochloride. Quininae Hydrobromidum, U. S. P. See Quinine. Quininae Hydrochloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Quinine. Quininae Hydrochloridum Acidum, B. P. See Quinine. Quininae Salicylas, U. S. P. See Quinine. Quininae Sulfas, U. S. P., B. P. See Quinine. Quininae Tannas, U. S. P. See Quinine. Quinine* C2oH 2 4N 2 O2.3H 2 O. Color and properties: Bulky, white, amorphous powder or crystalline al- kaloid; very bitter taste; odorless and laevo-rotatory. Constants : Alkaloid, anhydrous: Alkaloid, hydrous: Bisuliate: C2oH24N2O2.H2SO4.7H2O Hydrobromide: C2oH24N2O2.HBr.H2O Hydrochloride: Salicylate: Melting-point I74-9C 57.0 160.0 (about) iS2-2oo is6-2oo i83-i87 Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulfide, benzine, oils, glycer- ine, potassium hydroxide solution; ammonium hydroxide and acids (with formation of salts); very slightly sol- uble in water. Derivation: Finely ground cinchona bark mixed with lime is extracted with hot high-boiling paraffin oil. The solution is filtered, shaken with dilute sulfuric acid, the latter neutral- ized hot with sodium carbonate and on cooling quinine sulfate crystallizes out. The sulfate is treated with am- monia, the alkaloid being obtained. Method of purification: Precipitation as tartrate from its solution by means of Rochelle salt. Impurities: Other cinchona alkaloids. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Used in medicine as the alkaloid or as the acetate, albuminate, arsen- ate, benzoate, bisulfate, camphorate, citrate, gallate, glycerophosphate, lac- tate, phenolate, hydrobromide, hydro- chloride, phosphate, salicylate, sul- fate, tannate, tartrate, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinine Beta-naphtholsulfonate. Quinaphthol. See Quinine, Crude 400 Quinoxaline Quinine, Crude. See Quinium. Quininic Acid. See Acid quininic. Quinium* (Chinium; Crude quinine). Derivation: Amorphous, friable mass from fresh cinchona bark, extracted by means of potassium hydroxide and alcohol and containing all the con- stituents of the bark except the woody fiber. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; quinine and its salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinizarin. See Quinazarin. Quinoidine (Chinoidine). Color and properties: Brownish-black lustrous mass; resinous appearance; conchoidal fracture; very bitter taste. It is a mixture of the amorphous al- kaloids remaining in the solution from the extraction of cinchona bark, after the crystallizable alkaloids have been removed. Soluble in dilute acids, alcohol and chloroform. Constants: Melting-point: Softens be- low iooC. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine, either as such or as the borate, citrate, hydrochloride, sulfate or tannate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinol. See Hydroquinone. Quinoline* (Chinoline; Leucoline) (CH.CH) 2 C 2 CHCHNCH. Color and properties: A tertiary amine, occuring in coal-tar and obtained from it, but more frequently by syn- thesis; highly refractive, colorless liquid; darkens with age; absorbs water from the air; peculiar, charac- teristic odor. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0899; melt- ing-point -22.6C.; boiling- 238 C. point Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and car- bon bisulfide. Derivation: By treatment of aniline and nitrobenzol with glycerin and sulfuric acid and heat. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Pure, from cinchonine; syn- thetic. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preserving anatomical specimens; manufacture of quinosol. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinone* (Benzoquinone; Chinone) CO(CH.CH) 2 CO. Color and properties: Yellow crystals; characteristic, irritating odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.307; melt- ing-point 115. 7C; boiling-point: Sub- limes; volatile with steam, being in part decomposed. Soluble in alcohol, ether and alkalis; slightly soluble in hot water. Derivation: By the oxidation of aniline with chromic acid, extraction with ether and distillation of the latter. Method of purification: Steam distilla- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of dyestuffs and hydroquinone. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinone Monoxime. See Nitrosophenol, Para-. Quinosol* (Chinosol; Potassium oxy- quinoline sulfonate). Color and properties: Yellow powder, also produced in the form of tablets. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; preserving anatomical specimens. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Quinoxaline. Dyestuffs of the quinone imide group. R Acid 401 Radium Chloride R Acid. See Acid naphthplsulfonic, Beta-. R Salt. The sodium salt of Acid naph- tholdisulfonic, Beta-. Racemic Acid. See Acid racemic. Radium Ra. Color and properties: An exceedingly rare metal occurring in uranium ores, and never isolated as such, always obtained as the bromide or chloride, admixed with barium salts. All ra- dium salts exhibit the phenomena of "radioactivity," i.e. emitting various penetrating radiations and spontane- ously breaking down into a series of decomposition products, of which the first is the radium emanation or Niton. Constants: Melting-point 7OOC. Radium Bromide* RaBr 2 . Color and properties: White crystals, becoming yellow or pink with age; radioactive; powerful corrosive effect on skin and flesh. Do not handle. Constants: Melting-point: Sublimes at 900 C. Derivation: Carnotite, pitchblende or other uranium ore is roasted with sodium carbonate, washed with water and dilute sulfuric acid to remove uranium; the residue is boiled with sodium hydroxide to remove sulfates, washed with water, then treated with hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate, water and hydrochloric acid in suc- cession. The solution is treated with sulfuric acid, filtered and the precipi- tate boiled with sodium carbonate, then treated with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonium hydroxide and sodium carbonate suc- cessively. The solution is now treated with hydrobromic acid to con- vert into the bromide, evaporated to dryness and purified. Method of purification: Fractional crys- tallization. Impurities: Barium salts. Grades: Technical; pure. The purity is determined by the strength of the ionizing power of the salt, i.e., the extent to which it causes air to con- duct electricity. Containers: Glass bottles; sealed tubes enclosed in sheet lead. Uses: Medicine, chiefly in the treatment of cancer; mixed with calcium sul- fide to produce luminescent paint; physical research. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Radium Chloride* Color and properties: Yellowish-white crystals, becoming yellow or pink on standing; radioactive; powerful cor- rosive effect on skin and flesh. Do not .handle. Constants: Melting-point i65OC. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Carnotite, pitchblende or other uranium ore is roasted with so- dium carbonate, washed with water and dilute sulfuric acid to remove uranium; the residue is boiled with sodium Hydroxide to remove sulfates, washed with water, then treated with hydrochloric acid, sodium carbonate, water and hydrochloric acids in suc- cession. The solution is treated with sulfuric acid, filtered and the precipi- tate boiled with sodium carbonate, then treated with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonium hydroxide and sodium carbonate suc- cessively. The solution is now treated with hydrochloric acid to con- vert into the chloride, evaporated to dryness and purified. Method of purification: Fractional crys- tallization. Impurities: Barium salts. Grades: Technical; pure. The purity of radium salts is determined by the strength of their ionizing power, i.e. the extent to which they cause air to conduct electricity. Containers: Glass bottles; sealed tubes enclosed in sheet lead. Uses: Medicine, chiefly in the treat- ment of cancer; mixed with calcium Radium Emanation 402 Red, Chrome sulfide to produce luminiscent paint; physical research. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Radium Emanation (Niton). A gas pro- duced by the breaking down of radium salts. It is soluble in water and occurs dissolved in many mineral waters. It is supposed to have therapeutic value. It breaks down itself, into a series of simpler bodies. Radix Saponaria Alba. See Gypsophila. "Radumine." A synthetic oxalic acid. Raisin-seed Oil. See Grape-seed oil. Randanite. A natural silicious material having uses similar to infusorial earth. Rape Oil. See Rape-seed oil. Rape Oil, Black Sea. See Ravison oil. Rape-seed. See Napus. Rape-seed Oil* (Colza oil; Rape oil). Color and properties: Dark brown when crude; pale yellow when refined. A very viscous, liquid oil; unpleasant taste and odor; deposits stearine on standing. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9132- 0.9168; solidifying-point -2 to -ioC.; melting-point I7-22C.; re- fractive index 1.4720-1.4752; saponifi- cation value 167-179; iodine value 96- 104; maumene value 50-67; Hehner value 95.1; acid value 1.4-13.2. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By the expression of rape- seed, Brassica campestris, followed by treatment of the cake with sol- vents, and evaporation of the solvent. The oil is frequently oxidized or "blown" to increase its density and viscosity. It is refined by treatment with fuller's earth or sulfuric acid. Impurities: Linseed, cotton-seed, fish and mineral oils; ravison oil; mustard- seed oil. Grades: Crude; refined. Sometimes known as "Shirashime" or "water- white." This grade should contain less than 0.5 per cent free fatty acids. Containers: Tins; iron drums. Uses: Refined and "blown" rape-seed oil is used as a lubricant; illuminant; manufacture of rubber substitutes; heat treatment of steel. The refined cold-drawn oil is also used for edible purposes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rattlesnake Root. See Senega. Ravison Oil (Black Sea rape oil). Color and properties: Clear, yellow, semi-drying, liquid oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9183- 0.9217; melting-point -8C.; iodine number 105-117; saponification num- ber 17.79-17.93. Soluble in ether, carbon bisulfide and petroleum ether. Derivation: From the seeds of the Black Sea rape, the wild Brassica campestris, by expression or extrac- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: .Tins; iron drums. Uses: Lubrication; fuel. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Realgar. Natural, arsenic monosulfide* AsS, containing 70 per cent of arsenic. Occurs in Utah and Washington. Reaumur's Thermometric Scale has its boiling point (of water) at 80 and its freezing point at p. It is much used in Italy and Austria. Red, Aniline. See Fuchsine. Red Antimony. See Antimony sulfide, Red. Red Arsenic. See Arsenic sulfide. Red Bark. See Cinchona bark, Suc- cirubra. Red, Chrome. See Lead chromate, Basic. Red Cinchona 403 Resina Jalapae Red Cinchona. See Cinchona bark, Suc- cirubra. Red Couch-grass. See Carex. Red Iron Ore. See Hematite. Red Lead. See Lead oxide, Red. Red Liquor. See Aluminum acetate. Red Mercury Iodide. See Mercuric iodide. Red Mercury Oxide. See Mercuric ox- ide. Red Mercury Sulfuret. See Mercury sul- fide, Red. Red Mustard. See Sinapis nigra. Red Oil. See Acid oleic. Red Orpiment. See Arsenic sulfide, Red. Red Oxide. See Iron sesquioxide. Red Pepper. See Capsicum. Red, Persian. See Lead chromate, Basic. Red Peruvian Bark. See Cinchona bark, Succirubra. Red Precipitate. See Mercuric oxide. Red Prussiate of Potash. See Potassium ferricyanide. Red Prussiate of Soda. See Sodium fer- ricyanide. Red Puccoon. See Sanguinaria. Red Root. See Sanguinaria. Red Santal Wood. See Santalum ru- brum. Red Saunders. See Santalum rubrum. Red, Stone. See Ferric oxide. Red, Venetian. See Ferric oxide. Red Zinc Oxide. See Zincite. Reddle. An ocherous, red clay from Ar- kansas. "Redmanol."* An organic phenolic con- densation product invented by L. V. Redman and used for production of plastics, artificial amber, electrical in- sulation, lacquers, etc. Regulus of Antimony. See Antimony. Rendrock. A dynamite in which the nitroglycerin is mixed with an alkaline nitrate, wood-fiber and paraffin. Rennet. See Enzymes. Resin, Benzoin. See Gum benzoin. Resin, Burgundy. See Pitch, Burgundy. Resin, Copaiba. See Gum copaiba. Resin, Copal. See Copal. Resin, Damar. See Gum damar. Resin, Elemi. See Gum elemi. Resin, Guaiac. See Guaiac. Resin, Jalap. See Jalap. Resin, Kalandana. See Kalandana resin. Resin, Kino. See Kino. Resin, Podophyllum. See Podophyllin. Resin, Tolu. See Balsam tolu. Resina, U. S. P., B. P. See Colophony. Resina Jalapae, U. S. P. See Jalap. Resina Podophylli 404 Rhodium Resina Podophylli, U. S. P. See Podo- phyllum. Resina Scammoniae, U. S. P. Resin of scammony. Resinette. A synthetic resin produced by condensing phenol and formalde- hyde. Resinite. A synthetic resin produced by condensing phenol and formaldehyde. Resorcin. See Resorcinol. Resorcinol* (Resorcin; Meta-dioxyben- zene; Dioxybenzene) CeH4(pH)2. Color and properties: Very white crys- tals, becoming pink on exposure to light when not perfectly pure; un- pleasant, sweet taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2717; melt- ing-point iioC; boiling-point 280 C. Soluble in water, alcohol, benzol and amyl alcohol. Derivation: By fusing benzene-meta- disulfonic acid with sodium hydrox- ide, dissolving the melt in water, acid- ifying the solution with hydrochloric acid and extracting the resorcinol with a volatile solvent, followed by evaporation of the latter. Method of purification: Redistillation. Impurities: Diresorcinol; phenol; sali- cylic acid. Grades: U. S. P.; B. P.; powder; re- sublimed; pure; reagent; commercial; crude. Containers: Tin cans; amber glass bot- tles. Uses: Manufacture of dyestuffs; medi- cine; hair tonics, reagent in analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Note: There is also a compound called resorcinol" obtained by melting the above with iodoform. Resorcinolphthalein. See Fluorescein. Resorcinum, B. P. See Resorcinol. Retinol. See Rosin oil. Retort Carbon. See Carbon, retort. R G Acid. See Acid naphtholdisulfonic. Alpha-. R G Salt. The sodium salt of Acid naph- tholdisulfonic, Alpha-. Rhatany. See Krameria. Rhei Rhizoma, B. P. See Rhubarb. Rheum, U. S. P. See Rhubarb. Rheumatism Weed. See Chunaphila. Rhodanates. The same as sulfocyanates. See under the individual metals which form sulfocyanates. Rhodanides. The same as sulfocyanides. See under the individual metals which form sulfocyanides. Rhodium* Rh. Color and properties: Grayish-white, ductile, malleable, hard metal. Constants: Specific gravity 12.1; melt- ing-point 1970 C. Soluble in aqua regia, when alloyed with platinum. Derivation: By solution of platinum ores or native platinum in aqua regia, successive removal of the iridium and platinum, concentration of the solu- tion and ignition. Impurities: Platinum; iridium; palla- dium. Grades: Metal; powder. Containers: Canvas sacks. Uses: Manufacture of rhodium steel; electrical pyrometers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rhodium (Rose wood). Derivation: Wood of Convolvulus sco- parius. Habitat: Canary Islands and West In- dies. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Cabinet making; perfumery; the volatile oil is used as a bait for marten and fox. Rhodochrosite 405 Roscoclite Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rhodochrosite. The natural manganese carbonate, MnCOs, from Colorado or Georgia. Rhodolite. See Garnet. Rhodonite. The manganese silicate, MnSiOs, found in California, Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, New York and Rhode Island. Rhoeados Petula, B. P. Red-poppy petals. Rhubarb.* Derivation: The dried rhizome of Rheum officianale, R. palmatum, etc. Habitat: Central Asia, Europe and Southern Siberia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rhus Glabra, U. S. P. See Sumac. Rhus Toxicodendrpn* (Poison ivy; Poi- son oak; climbing ivy; Three-leaved ivy; Poison vine). Derivation: The leaves of Rhus radi- cans (toxicpdendron). Chief constituents: Toxicondendrol, toxicodendric acid, resin, gum, rhus- tannic acid and wax. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rice's Bromine Solution. A reagent used for the quantitative determination of urea. Bromine 125 g.; Sodium brom- ide 125 g.; Water to make 1000 cc. Ricinoleic Acid. See Acid ricinoleic. Ricinus* (Castor oil plant; Pal ma christi; Mexico seed; Oil plant; Cas- tor bean). Derivation: The seeds of Ricinus com- menus. Habitat: East Indies, West Indies, Southern Europe, Africa and U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Source of castor oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ricinus Oil. See Castor oil. Riegler*s Test. A reagent composed of sodium naphthionate and beta-naphthol, for the detection of nitrous acid in very small amounts. Roburite. A powerful explosive, used in coal mining consisting of chlorodinitro- benzene and ammonium nitrate. Rochelle Salt. See Potassium-sodium tartrate. Rock Alum. See Aluminum oxide. Rock Crystal. See Quartz. Rock Oil. See Petroleum. Rock Salt. See Sodium chloride. Rock Salt Moss. See Chondrus. Rongalite. See Sodium hydrosulfide. Rosa Gallica (French rose; Dutch rose; Provins rose; Red rose). Derivation: Dried petals of Rosa gal- lica. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; perfumery; flavoring; source of rose oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rosae Gallicae Petala, B. P. See Rosa gallica. Roseine. See Fuchsine. Roscoelite. A vanadium mica carrying Rosemary 406 Rubus sometimes as much as 28 per cent of VzOs, sometimes used as a vanadium ore. Colorado, etc. Rosemary* (Garden rosemary). Derivation: Flowers and leaves of Ros- marinus officinalis. Habitat: Mediterranean basin; culti- vated in gardens. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rosenstiehl's Green. See Barium man- ganate. Rose Oil.* Color and properties: Pale yellow, transparent, volatile, liquid oil; mild, sweet taste; strong, fragrant odor; semi-solid at ordinary temperature. Chief constituents: Geraniol; citronel- lol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.845-0.865; solidifying-point i8-37C.; saponifi- cation value 10-17; acid value 0.5-3. Derivation: By distillation of the fresh flowers of Rosa damascena. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Bulgarian; German; French; U. S. P. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Perfumes; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rose Quartz. See Quartz. Rose's Metal. See Metals, Fusible. Rosin. See Colophony. Rosinjack. See Sphalerite. Rosin Oil (Retinol; Rosinol; Codoil). Color and properties: Water-white to brown liquid; odorless; strong, pecu- liar taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.980-1.110. Soluble in ether, chloroform, fatty oils and carbon bisulfide; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By fractional distillation of rosin in a retort, that portion distil- ling above 360 C. being rosin oil. Method of purification^ Treatment with sulfuric acid, followed by lime water and subsequent distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Lubricant; adulterant for boiled linseed oil. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Rosinol. See Rosin oil. Rosolic Acid. See Acid rosolic. Rotten-stone. See Tripoli. Rouge. See Iron oxide, Red. Rouge, Black. See Iron oxide, Black. Rowlandite. Natural yttrium silicate, 2Yt 2 O 3 .3SiO 2 , from Texas. Rubber. See Caoutchouc. Rubellite. One of the Tourmalines. Rubidium Rb. Color and properties: Soft, silvery- white metal; very easily oxidized in air. Must be kept immersed in naphtha, kerosene or the like. Constants: Specific gravity 1.532; melt- ing-point 39C.; boiling-point 696 C. Soluble in acids and alcohol; decom- poses water. Derivation: (a) Rubidium chloride is fused and electrolyzed. (b) Rubidium hydroxide is heated with aluminum in a current of hy- drogen. Method of purification: Redistillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Rubidium salts. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Rubus* (Blackberry). Derivation: The dried root-bark of Rubus villosus. Ruby 407 Saccharin Habitat: Eastern United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Ruby. A gem-stone consisting of clear red corundum (aluminum oxide). Ruby Silver, Dark. See Pyrargyrite. Ruby Silver, Light. See Proustite. Ruby Wood. See Santalum rubrum. Ruthenium Ru. Color and properties: Grayish-black, brittle metal. Constants: Specific gravity 8.6; melt- ing-point: Above 1950 C. Soluble in aqua regia; insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From platinum ore. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Ruthenium salts; alloys. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Rutile. The most important ahd plenti- ful source of titanium, being natural crystallized titanium oxide, TiC>2. Oc- curs in Arkansas, Colorado, Connecti- cut, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. S Acid. See Acid aminonaphtholsulfonic 1:8:4. St. Ann's Bark. See Cinchona bark, Suc- cirubra. St. Ignatius Beans (Ignatia). Derivation. The bean of Ignata amara. Habitat: Philippine Islands. Grades: Commercial. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. St. John's Bread. See Hypericum. Sabadilla (Cevadilla; .Indian barley-caus- tic). Derivation: Seeds of Asagraea omcin- alis. Habitat: Mexico to Guatemala and Venezuela. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; source of veratrine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sabal* (Saw palmetto). Derivation: Partly dried ripe berries of Serenoa serrulata. Habitat: South Carolina to Florida and West Indies. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sabina. See Savin. Saccharin* (Benzoylsulfonic imide; Ben- zosulfinide; Neo-saccharin; Gluside; Saccharol; Glycosine; Saxin; Sykose; Glusimide; Garantose; Glusidum; Glycophenol; Saccharinol; Saccharin- ose; Ortho-benzoic sulfimide) C 6 H 4 COSO 2 NH. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; exceedingly sweet taste (500 times that of cane-sugar). Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes at 220 C. Soluble in amyl acetate, ethyl acetate, benzol and alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: A mixture of toluenesulfon- ic acids is converted into the sodium salt, then distilled with phosphorus trichloride and chlorine to obtain the ortho- compound, which, by means of ammonia is converted into ortho-tol- Saccharin, Soluble 408 Salicylic Aldehyde uenesulfamide. This is oxidized with permanganate to the alkali salt of ortho-benzenesulfaminic acid and the latter treated with acid and saccharin crystallized out. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Commercial; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacture of sirups; medicine; substitute for sugar, particularly in diabetes; sweetening champagne, oils, soft drinks, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Saccharin, Soluble. See Sodium benzo- sulfinide. Saccharinol. See Saccharin. Saccharinose! See Saccharin. Saccharol. See Saccharin. Saccharolactic Acid. See Acid mucic. Saccharose. See Sugar, Cane. Saccharum, U. S. P., B. P. See Sugar, Cane. Saccharum Lactis, U. S. P., B. P. See Lactose. Saccharum Purificatum, B. P. See Sugar, Cane. Sacred Bark. See Cascara sagrada bark. Safflower. See Carthamus. Saffron. See Crocus. Safranine. A dyestuff, also known as Aniline rose or Aniline pink, prepared by oxidizing para-toluylenediamine, ani- line and ortho-toluidine. Safrol* (Allylpyrocatecholmethylene es- ter; Propyldioxybenzenemethylene ester; Shikimol) CsHgCeHgOaCHa. Color and properties: A colorless or pale yellow, liquid oil; odor of sassa- fras; is the odor-giving constituent of sassafras, camphor-wood and other oils; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0960; solid- ifying-point -20 C.; melting-point nC.; boiling-point 233C. Soluble in alcohol" and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From oil of sassafras. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery and soaps; manufac- ture of heliotropin, piperonal; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sage. See Salvia. Sago Dextrine. See Dextrine. Sal Acetosella. See Potassium binoxa- late. Sal Ammoniac. See Ammonium chlor- ide. Sal Chalybis. See Ferrous sulfate. Sal Prunella. A very fine potassium ni- trate. Sal Soda. See Sodium carbonate. Sal Tartar. See Sodium tartrate. Salad Oil.. Any edible oil, used for mak- ing salad-dressing, usually olive or cot- ton-seed oil. Salicinum, U. S. P., B. P. Salicin. Salicylic Acid. See Acid salicylic. Salicylic Acid Methylene Acetate. See Indoform. Salicylic Acid Phenyl Ester. See Salol. Salicylic Aldehyde. See Acid salicylous. Salicylamide 409 Salufet Salicylamide* C 6 H4(OH)CONH 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, taste- less, gritty, crystalline plates. Constants: Melting-point I39-9C-; boiling-point: Decomposes at 27OC. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Treatment of methyl salicy- late with dry ammonia gas. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Salicylous Acid. See Acid salicylous. Salmon Oil.* Color and properties: Pale golden-yel- low liquid; mild, sweet, tolerably pleasant taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9258; sa- ponification value 182-188; iodine value 161. Soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: A by-product of the salmon canning industry. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wood barrels. Uses: Soap; leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Salol* (Phenyl salicylate; Salicylic acid phenyl ester) CoH 4 OHCp2CGH 5 . Color and properties: White crystals; faint, aromatic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.2614; melt- ing-point 4i.Q C.; boiling-point 172- I73C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol and fatty oils; sparingly solu- ble in water. Derivation: By heating salicylic acid and phenol with phosphorus penta- chlortde or other dehydrating agent. Method of purification: Rec"rystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Saloop. See Sassafras. Salt Cake.* The lumps obtained in the furnaces in the manufacture of sodium sulfate, consisting of Q2 to 99 per cent of sodium sulfate, and containing so- dium bisulfate, calcium sulfate, iron sulfate, iron oxide, magnesium sulfate, silica and sodium chloride as impurities. Salt, Common. See Sodium chloride. Salt, Epsom. See Magnesium sulfate. Salt, Glauber's. See Sodium sulfate. Salt of Lemon. See Potassium binoxa- late. Saltpeter. See Potassium nitrate. Saltpeter, Chili. See Sodium nitrate. Saltpeter, Cubic. See Sodium nitrate. Saltpeter, Soda. See Sodium nitrate. Saltpetre. See Potassium nitrate. "Salt, Preparing." See Sodium stannatc. Salt, Rock. See Sodium chloride. Salt, Sea. See Sodium chloride. "Salt, Silver." The sodium salt of anthra- quinonemonosulfonic acid. Salt of Sorrel. See Potassium binoxa- late. Salt, Table. See Sodium chloride. Salt of Tartar. See Potassium carbon^ ate. Salt, Tin. See Stannous chloride. Salufer. See Sodium silicofluoride. Salvia 410 Santoninum Salvia* (Sage; Garden sage). Derivation: Dried leaves of Salvia offi- cinalis. Habitat: Southern Europe; cultivated in England, France, United States and Italy. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; condiment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Samarskite. A very complex mineral from North Carolina containing cerium, columbium, tantalum, uranium, yttrium and small amounts of other metals. Containers: Copper flasks; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sandalwood, Red. See Santalum rubrum. Sandarac. See Gum Sandarac. Sandstone, Asphaltic. A loose-textured sandstone, containing asphalt. Sandstone, Bituminous. See Sandstone, Asphaltic. Sand Acid. See Acid hydrofluosilicic. Sangrel. See Serpentaria. Sand, Glass. A sand of medium grain consisting of 98 to 100 per cent of silica (SiO2) and never containing as much as i per cent of iron oxides. Found in many parts of the country. Sand, Molding. A sand used for making the molds for casting metal. Sand Sedge. See Carex. Sand-star. See Carex. Sandalwood. Derivation: Chips or pieces of the wood of Pterocarpus santalinus. Habitat: Madagascar. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Perfumes; sandalwood oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sandalwood Oil.* Color and properties: A thick, yellow, volatile, liquid oil; spicy taste; aro- matic odor. Chief constituents: Santatol; santal al- cohols and esters of the latter. Constants: Specific gravity 0.953-0.985; saponification value 5-15; refractive index 1.505-1.510. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distillation of the wood of Santalum album. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Sanguinaria* (Bloodroot; Red puccoon; Red-root; Puccoon root; Tetterwort). Derivation: Dried rhizome of Sangui- naria canadensis. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Santalum Rubrum (Red saunders; Ruby wood; Red sandalwood). Derivation: Heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus. Habitat: East Indies. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Santalwood Oil. See Sandalwood oil. Santonica (Levant worm-seed; Semen cinae). Derivation: Dried, unexpanded flower heads of Artesmisia pauciflora. Habitat: Persia; Turkestan and Russia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Santoninum, U. S. P., B. P. See San- tonin. Sapo 411 Sassafras Pith Sapo, U. S. P. See Soap. Sapo Animalis, B. P. Curd soap. Sapo Durus, B. P. Hard soap. Sapo Mollis, U. S. P., B. P. See Soap, Soft. Saponin* Color and properties: White, amorph- ous glucoside; pungent, disagreeable taste and odor; poisonous. It foams very strongly when shaken with water. Chief constituents: Sapotoxin, lactosin and quillajic acid. Soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from the root of saponaria officinalis, bark of quill- aja root or Indian chestnut. Grades: Crude, purified; highest purity. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Foam producer in beverages; de- tergent in the textile industries; siz- ing; substitute for soap; fire extin- guishers. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sappan Wood. Derivation: A redwood of commerce, Caesalpinia sappan. Habitat: China, Japan and Siam. Grades: Technical; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Textile dyeing; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sardine Oil.* Color and properties: Pale golden-yel- low liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9274- 0.9330; melting-point 28-36C.; acid value 4-25; Hehner value 95-97; sa- ponification value ^189-193; Iodine value 181-193; refractive index 1.4802- 1.4808. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By chopping up sardines and subjecting them to boiling and pressing. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soap; leather stuffing; lubricant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sarsaparilla.* Derivation: The dried root of Smilax officinalis, etc. Habitat: Southern U. S., Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Guatemala and Bra- zil. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; soft drinks. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sassafras Bark* (Saxifrax; Ague tree; Cinnamon wood; Saloop). Derivation: The dried bark of root of Sassafras variifolium. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; confectionery; flavor- ing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sassafras Oil.* Color and properties: Yellowish or red- dish-yellow, volatile liquid oil; pun- gent, aromatic odor and warm, aro- matic taste. Chief constituents: Safrol, eugenol, camphor, pinene, phellandrene. Constants: Specific gravity 1.065-1.095; optical rotation +i to +4. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, tlacial acetic acid and carbon bisul- de. Derivation: Distillation of the bark of Sassafras officinalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Impurities: Terpenes. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring; perfumery; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sassafras Pith.* Derivation: The dried pith of Sassafras variifolium. Habitat: North America. Satin Spar 412 Scoparii Cacumina Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Satin Spar. See Gypsum. Satureja* (Summer savory). Derivation: The herb of the summer savory, Satureja hortensis. Habitat: Europe and U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Savin* (Sabina). Derivation: Tops of Juniperus sabina. Habitat: Europe, northern Asia, North America south to New York and Montana. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; savin oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Savin Oil. Color and properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid. Chief known constituents: Sabinol; ca- dinene; pinene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.910-0.930; optical rotation +40 to +60. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form^ Derivation: Distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs of Juniperous sabina. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Savory, Summer. See Satureja. Saw Palmetto Berries. See Sabal. Saxifrax. See Sassafras. Saxin. See Saccharin. Saxoline. Sec Petrolatum. Scabious. See Erigeron. Scammonise, U. S. P. See Scammony root. Scammoniae Radix, B. P. See Scam- mony root. Scammoniae Resina, B. P. Scammony resin. Scammony Root. Derivation: Root of Convolvulus scam- monia. Habitat: Asia Minor and Greece. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Schaeffer's Acid. See Acid naphtholsul- fonic, Beta-. Schaeffer's Salt. The sodium salt of Schaeffer's acid, beta-naphtholsulfonic acid, used in the manufacture of dye- stuffs. Schaffer's Acid. See Acid naphtholsul- fonic, Beta-. Schaffer's Salt See Schaeffer's salt. Scheele's Green. See Copper-hydrogen arsenite. Scheelite. Natural, calcium tungstate, CaWO4, one of the most important sources of the metal tungsten, contain- ing about 65 per cent of the latter. Found in Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah and Washington. Schweinfurth Green. See Copper aceto- arsenite. Scilla, U. S. P., B. P. See Squill. Scoparii Cacumina, B. P. See Scoparius. Scoparius 413 Selenium Scoparius* (Broom; Green broom; Scotch broom; Irish broom; Hog- weed; Bannal). Derivation: Dried tops of Cytisus sco- parius. Habitat: Western Asia, Southern and Western Europe; cultivated in the United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Scopola (Japanese belladonna). Derivation: Dried rhizome of Scopola carniolica. Habitat: Japan, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Russia. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum, U. S. P. Scopolamine hydrobromide. Scorodite. Natural ferrous arsenate, Fe2O3.As2O5.4H2O, from Utah and Washington. Scotch Broom. See Scoparius. Scutellaria* (Skullcap; Helmet flower). Derivation: Dried plant of Scutellaria lateriflora. Habitat: British America south to Florida and New Mexico. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Scythestone. A whetstone suitable for sharpening scythes. Sea Moss. See Irish moss. Sea Onion. See Squill. Sea Parsley. See Lovage. Sea Salt. See Sodium chloride. Seal Oil.* Color and properties: White or pale yellow to red-brown liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9240- 0.9263; melting-point 22-33C; acid value 1.9-40; solidifying point -2 to -3; Hehner value 93-96; saponifica- tion value 189-196; iodine value 127- 159; refractive index 14741. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: The membranes of brain and back of seals are allowed to melt and putrefy in the sun, then extracted by boiling with water. Grades: "Water-white"; "straw seal"; Containers: Wooden barrels, "yellow seal"; "brown seal." Uses: Soap manufacture. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Secale Cornutum. See Ergot. Secondary Butylcarbinol. See Amyl al- cohol, Active. Secondary Calcium Phosphate. Calcium phosphate, Dibasic. Sedatine. See Antipyrine. Seed Oil. See Cotton-seed oil. Seignette Salt. See Potassium-sodium tartrate. Selenious Acid. See Acid selenous. Selenite. See Gypsum. Selenium* Ses. Color and properties: Steel-gray, non- metallic rods or buttons; very high luster; crystalline surface on being broken. Also occurs in the form of dark-red crystals or powder, soluble in carbon bisulfide and melting be- tween 170 and i8oC. Selenium burns in air with a bluish-red flame, forming selenium dioxide. Constants: Specific gravity 4.26-4.28; melting-point 2i7C.; boiling-point Selenous Acid 414 Serpentaria Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Occurs in nature in copper ores from which it is removed during the electrolytic refining of copper in the mud which settles in the cells. It is obtained by extraction with alkali cyanides and precipitation with hy- drochloric acid, followed by oxidation with nitric acid and evaporation, selenium dioxide remaining. Method of purification: By sublimation and reduction by means of an aque- ous solution of sulfur dioxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Photometry; electrical experi- mental work; glass and rubber manu- facture; bacteriology; photography of sound and its reproduction; wireless telephony; biological chemistry. The allotropic, red powder form is used in microscopy as an imbedding material. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Selenous Acid. See Acid selenous. Semecarpus (Oriental cashew-nut; Malacca nut; Marany nut; Marking nut; Acajou-nut; Mangle). Derivation: The fruit of Semecarpus anacardium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; manufacturing indeli- ble inks; coloring fats and oils black; making the so-called "Silhets' varnish or lacquer' for iron and stone vessels; cashew oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Semen Cinae. See Santonica. Semen Enicae. See Sinapis alba. "Seneca Oil." See Petroleum. Seneca Root. See Senega. Senega* (Senega snakeroot; Seneca root; Rattlesnake root). Derivation: Dried root of Polygala senega. Habitat: North America (Canada to South Carolina, west to Wisconsin). Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Senega Snakeroot. See Senega. Senegae Radix, B. P. See Senega. Senegal Gum. See Gum Senegal. Senna. Derivation: Dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia, etc. Habitat: Nubia, Barbary, Abyssinia. Egypt and Southern India. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sennas Folia, B. P. See Senna. Sennas Fructus, B. P. Senna pods. Sepia (Cuttle-fish bone). Derivation: A calcareous substance found under the skin of the back of the cuttle-fish (Sepia ofiicinalis). Uses: Polishing agent; tooth powders. Sepia. A reddish-brown pigment pre- pared from the ink of the cuttlefish. It is a mixture of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, melanin, and an organic black coloring matter. Sepiolite. See Meerschaum. Sericose. See Cellulose acetate. Serpentaria* (Virginia snakeroot; Snake- root; Snake weed; Sangrel; Birth- wort). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Aristolochia serpentaria. Habitat: U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags: Serpentariae 415 Shark-liver Oil Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Serpentariae Rhizome, B. P. See Ser- pentaria. Serpentine. See Asbestos. Serum Antidiphthericum, U. S. P. Antidiphtheric serum. Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum, U. S. P. Antidiphtheric serum, Purified. Serum Antidiphthericum Siccum, U. S. P. Antidiphtheric serum, Dried. Serum Antitetanicum, U. S. P. Anti- tetanic serum. Serum Antitetanicum Purificatum, U. S. P. Antitetanic serum, Purified. Serum Antitetanicum Siccum, U. S. P. Antitetanic serum, Dried. Sesame Oil* (Benne oil; Teel oil; Gin- gelly oil; Gigily oil). Color and properties: A fixed, bland, yellow, liquid oil. Does not readily become rancid. Chief known constituents: Olein, stearin, palmitin, myristin, linolein and sesamin. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9210- 0.9244; solidifying-point -5C; melt- ing-point 26-32C; acid value 0.2-46; Hehner value 95.7; saponification val- ue 188-193; iodine value 103-114; re- fractive index 1.4748-1.4762. Soluble in chloroform, carbon bisulfide and ether. Derivation: By pressing from Sesame orientale grown in China, Japan, East Indies and South America. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Edible, should contain less than i per cent free fatty acids; semi- refined; coast. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacture of oleomargarine, soap, cosmetics, etc.; general use similar to olive and almond oils which are frequently adulterated with ses- ame oil; production of iodipin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sevum Benzoatum, B. P. suet. Benzoated Sevum Praepartum, U. S. P., B P. Pre- pared suet. Shale. A fine-grained rock formed by the consolidation of silt or clay, hav- ing a slate-like cleavage. When carry- ing petroleum in the interstices it is called oil-bearing shale, when carrying bituminous matter which yields oils and tarry substances when destructively distilled it is called oil-shale. Oil-shale occurs in quantity in Scotland where it has been worked for a number of years as a source of oil, gas and tar. It is also found in Kentucky, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Montana, California and Canada in' workable quantities. Shark Oil (Dog-fish oil). Color and properties: Yellow to red- brown liquid; characteristic odor, not disagreeable if the oil is refined. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9179: sa- ponification value 170; iodine value 126. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzine and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expression from the livers of the dog-fish, Squalus acan- thius. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Paints; currying leather; soaps; waterproofing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Shark-liver Oil. Color and properties: Yellowish-brown- red liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9286; re- fractive index 1.4743; iodine number: 155- Soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon bisulfide and benzol. Sheep Berry 416 Silicon Chloride Derivation: Obtained from the livers of the shark, Hypoprian brevirostris by the same process employed in the cod-liver oil industry. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Yellow strained; red; yellow; yellow-red; Japanese; crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Leather dressing; oil tannage; varnishes; paints. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sheep Berry. See Viburnum prunifolium. Shellac (Lac, Lacca). Derivation: A resin produced by the bite or sting of a certain insect (Coccus lacca), appearing as a thick excrescence on the small twigs of several species of East Indian trees. It is collected and in this form is known as "stick lac." The crude lac is macerated in order to extract a brilliant red dye known as lac dye. The seed lac is refined by melting and straining and is then poured in thin films over cylinders or plates and allowed to cool. When it hardens and scales off in thin flakes, it is known as shellac, or it is poured into moulds to form "button" or garnet lac. This is the orange shellac of commerce. White shellac is made by bleaching orange shellac with so- dium hypochlorite. Grades: D. C; V. S. O.; Diamond i; Superfine orange; Fine orange; Me- dium orange; T. N.; A. C. garnet; Button; Bleached, ground; Bleached, bone-dry. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Varnishes; leather dressing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Shikimol. See Safrol. Shumac. The same as sumac. See Ex- tract of sumac. Siderite (Spathic iron ore). Natural iron carbonate, FeCOs, containing 48 per cent of iron occurring in workable quantity in many states and Canada. Sienna. A brownish orange yellow clay colored by iron and manganese oxides, used as a pigment and found in Ala- bama, California and Pennsylvania. Also used to designate the color. Silex. The same as silica. See Quartz. Silica. See Quartz. Siliceous Earth. See Kieselgur. Silicium. The latin name for silicon. Silicofluoric Acid. See Acid silicofluoric. Silicon* (Silicium) Si. Color and properties: (a) Gray, amor- phous, non-metallic element, which burns in air when ignited. (b) Also obtained as hard, lustrous, crystalline leaflets which do not burn in air. Is a non-conductor of elec- tricity. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Boiling-point (a) 2.00 (b) ,4,'cdg 35oC Soluble in hydrofluoric acid and alkalis; insoluble in water, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Derivation: By heating quartz in an electric furnace with wood charcoal, lime and manganese oxide. Method of purification: Treatment with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Impurities: Iron; carbon. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacture of silicon tetra- chloride, silicon-bronze, silicon-copper and ferro-silicon; production of hy- drogen. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silicon Bronze.* An alloy of copper, tin and silicon used for telephone and tele- graph wires. Silicon carbide. See Carborundum, Crys- tolon and Electrolon. Silicon Chloride. See Silicon tetrachlor- ide. Silicon-Copper 417 Silver Bromide Silicon-Copper* (Copper silicide). Color and properties: A hard, tough, bronze-like alloy. Derivation: From silicon and copper electrolytically. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Manufacture of silicon-bronze. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silicon, Ferro. See Ferro-silicon. Silicon Tetrachloride* (Silicon chloride) SiCl 4 . Color and properties: A clear, colorless, exceedingly mobile, fuming liquid; suffocating odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.524; melt- ing-point -89C.; boiling-point 59.6 C. Decomposes in water. Derivation: Silicon carbide is packed around a resistor and electrically heated, whereupon chlorine is passed through the mass and the silicon tetrachloride condensed from the es- caping gas. Impurities: Silicon hexachloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Smoke screens in warfare. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Silicotungstic Acid. See Acid silicotung- stic. Silicowolframic Acid. See Acid silico- tungstic. "Sil-O-Cel." A proprietary brand of kieselgur and heat insulation products made therefrom. Silver* (Argentum) Ag. Color and properties: White, malleable, lustrous, soft, ductile metal, some- times found native, but more fre- quently as the sulfide or other com- pound. Silver is found in nature in the following minerals or ores: Ac- anthite, amalgam, argentite, brong- niardidite, bromyrite, calaverite, cer- argyrite, dyscrastite, electrum, em- bolite, freibergite, freieslebenite, ga- lena, hessite, iodyrite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite, polybasite, prous- tite, pyrargynte, stephanite, stete- feldite, stromeyerite, sylvanite and xanthoconite. The silver of com- merce comes chiefly from galena, ar- gentite, pyrargyrite, cerargyrite and the complex ores from the Cobalt dis- trict in Canada. The world's silver now comes chiefly from the U. S., Canada, Mexico, South America and Japan. Constants: Specific gravity 10.53; melt- ing-point 96i.5C; boiling-point I955C. Soluble in nitric acid and hot concen- trated sulfuric acid; insoluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: (a) Amalgamation with mercury, which is afterwards distilled off and used again. (b) Extraction with alkali cyanides followed by precipitation with zinc or aluminum. (c) By fusion of the ore with lead and oxidation of the latter. Method of purification: For chemical purposes silver is purified by dissolv- ing in nitric acid, precipitating the chloride with hydrochloric acid, washing the chloride, dissolving and precipitating with pure zinc. Impurities: Other metals, particularly lead. Grades: Powder; sheet; foil; bars; wire; droplets. Uses: Alloys; solder; jewelry; foil; wire; coins; chemical apparatus; manufacture of mirrors; silver plat- ing; table-ware; ornamentation; cut- lery; dentistry; surgery preparation of silver salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silver Bromide* AgBr. Color and properties: Pale yellow crys- tals or powder, darkening on expos- ure to light, finally turning black. Constants: Specific gravity 6.473; melt- ing-point 427C; boiling-point: De- composes at /ooC. Soluble in potassium bromide, potas- sium cyanide and sodium thiosulfate Silver Chloride 418 Silver Nitrate solutions; very slightly soluble in water and ammonium hydroxide. Derivation: Silver nitrate is dissolved in water and a solution of alkali bromide added slowly. The precipi- tated silver bromide is washed re- peatedly with hot water. The whole operation must be carried on in a dark-room under a ruby-red light. Impurities: Silver nitrate; alkali brom- ide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber or black glass bot- tles. Uses: Photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silver Chloride* AgCl. Color and properties: White granular powder, which darkens on exposure to light, finally turning black. Ex- ists in several modifications differing in conduct towards light and also in their solubility in various solvents. Constants: Specific gravity 5.561; melt- ing-point 45iC. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide, con- centrated sulfuric acid and sodium thiosulfate and potassium bromide solutions; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Silver nitrate solution is heated and hydrochloric acid or salt solution added. The whole is boiled, then filtered, all in the dark or under a ruby-red light. Method of purification: Re-solution in ammonium hydroxide and precipi- tation by hydrochloric acid. Impurities: Silver nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber or black glass bot- tles. Uses: Photography; photometry; sil- ver plating; production of pure silver; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silver, Colloidal. See Collargol. Silver Cyanide* AgCN. Color and properties: White, odorless, tasteless powder which darkens on exposure to light; very poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.95; melt- ing-point: Decomposes when heated. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide, dilute boiling nitric acid and potassium cy- anide and sodium thiosulfate solu- tions^ insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium or potas- sium cyanide to a solution of silver nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Amber or black glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silver Glance. See Argentite. Silver Iodide* Agl. Color and properties: Pale yellow, odor- less, tasteless powder, darkening on exposure to light. Constants: Specific gravity 5.675; melt- ing-point 556 C. Soluble in hydriodic acid, potassium iodide, potassium cyanide, sodium chloride and sodium thiosulfate solu- tions; insoluble in water and am- monium hydroxide. Derivation: Silver nitrate solution is heated, alkali iodide solution added and the precipitate washed with boil- ing water, in ^ the dark or under ruby- red illumination. Impurities: Silver nitrate and alkali iodide. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Amber or black glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; photography. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silver Leaf. See Stillingia. Silver Nitrate* (Lunar caustic) AgNOs. Color and properties: Colorless, crys- tal plates, darkening on exposure to light in presence of organic matter; bitter, caustic metallic taste; poison- ous and corrosive. Constants: Specific gravity 4.352; melt- ing-point 2i8C.; boiling-point: De- composes. Silver Ore 419 Silver Sulfide -\ Soluble in water, ether and glycerine. Derivation: Silver is dissolved in dilute nitric acid, the solution evaporated. Method of purification: The mass ob- tained by the evaporation of the solu- tion is heated to a dull red-heat to de- compose any copper nitrate and dis- solved in water, concentrated and allowed to crystallize. Impurities: Copper nitrate. Grades: Crystal; fused; diluted (with potassium nitrate and fused); cones (with 5 per cent AgCl); reagent; technical. Containers: Amber or black glass bot- tles. Uses: Photography; dyeing hair, mother-of-pearl, etc.; reagent in chemical laboratories; silver plating; indelible ink; manufacture of silver salts; glass manufacture; mirror man- ufacture; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Silver Ore, Brittle. See Stephanite. Silver Ortho-phosphate. See Silver phosphate. Silver Oxide* Ag2O. Color and properties: Dark brown odorless powder; metallic taste; must not be triturated with organic mat- ter, may cause explosions. Constants: Specific gravity 7.521; melt- ing-point: Decomposes when heated above 300 C. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide, po- tassium cyanide solution, nitric acid and sodium thiosulfate solution; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Silver nitrate and alkali hy- droxide solutions are mixed, the pre- cipitate filtered and washed. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; polishing glass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Silver also forms two other oxides, Ag42. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 1.919; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in al- cohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: Carbon dioxide and so- dium hydroxide are heated under pressure. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Reducing agent; medicine; manufacture of formic acid and ox- alic acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Glycerinophosphate. See So- dium glycerophosphate. Sodium Glycerophosphate* (Sodium gly- cerinophosphate) Color and properties: Yellowish, vis- cid liquid. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By neutralizing glycero- phosphoric acid with sodium carbo- nate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium-Gold Chloride* (Sodium chloro- aurate; Sodium aurichloride) NaAuCl 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: ^ By mixing equal parts of gold chloride and sodium chloride. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Hydrate. See Sodium hydrox- ide. Sodium Hydroxide* (Caustic soda, So- dium hydrate) NaOH. Color and properties: White, deliques- Sodium Hydrosulfitc 431 Sodium Hyposulfate cent pieces, lumps or sticks; crystal- line fracture. Keep well stoppered, absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air. Constants: Specific gravity 2.13; melt- ing-point 3i8C; boiling-point: White heat. Soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. Derivation: By the electrolysis of so- dium chloride. Method of purification: Solution in al- cohol, in which the carbonate, chlor- ide and sulfate are practically insolu- ble, evaporation of the alcohol, fol- lowed by fusion. Valuation: See Valuation under Soda ash. Impurities: Alumina; silica; sulfuric acid. Grades: Commercial; ground; flake; fused; purified by alcohol (sticks, lumps and drops); reagent, highest purity; U. S. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Petroleum refining; vegetable oil refining; tanning; soap industry; textile industry (mercerizing, etc.); organic synthesis; sodium salts; medi- cine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sodium Hydrosulfite* Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Zinc is dissolved in a so- lution of sodium bisulfite, the zinc- sodium sulfite precipitated by milk of lime leaving the hydrosulfite in solu- tion. Qn adding salt the hydrosulfite, containing water of crystallization is precipitated. The latter is removed by treatment with hot alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Bleaching; reducing agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Hydrosulfide (Rongalite, So- dium sulphydrate) NaSH.2H2O. Color and properties: Colorless needles. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Obtained from calcium sulfide by treating it in the cold with sodium bisulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Analytical chemistry; inorganic preparations. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Hypochlorite* NaOCl. Color and properties: This salt is un- stable in air unless mixed with so- dium hydroxide. It is usually stored and used in solution, known as Eau de Labarraque, having a disagreeable, sweetish odor. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in cold water; decomposed by hot water. Derivation: By electrolyzing a cold dilute solution of salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Bleaching; reagent in analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Hypophosphite* NaH 2 PO 2 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, pearly, crystalline plates or white, granular powder; bitter-sweet, saline taste. Keep well stoppered. May explode if heated. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By neutralizing hypophos- phoric acid with sodium carbonate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Hyposulfate* (Sodium dithio- nate) Na2S2Oe.2H2O. Color and properties: Large trans- parent crystals; bitter taste. Constants: Specific gravity 2.175. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Sodium Hyposulfite 432 Sodium Naphthionate Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Hyposulfite. See Sodium thio- sulfate. Sodium Indigotindisulfonate. See Indi- go carmine. Sodium Iodide* (a) Nal (b) NaI.2H 2 O. Color and properties: White cubical crystals or powder; saline, somewhat bitter taste. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 3.665; (b) 2.448. Melting-point: (a) 653C. Boiling-point: (a) 1350 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Ferroso-ferric iodide, pre- pared from iron, iodine and water, is treated with pure sodium carbonate, filtered, the solution concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sodium iodate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Photography; solvent for iodine; reagent in analytical chemistry; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Manganate* Na2MnO4.ioH2O. Color and properties: Green crystals. Constants: Melting-point 17 C. Soluble in cold water; decomposed by hot water. Derivation: Manganese dioxide is fused with sodium hydroxide or car- bonate in presence of sodium nitrate. The mass is extracted with cold water, concentrated in a vacuum and crystallized. Grades : Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacture of permanganate. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Meta-arsenite. See Sodium ar- senite. Sodium Meta-bisulfite. See Sodium bi- sulfite. Sodium Meta-phosphate. See Sodium phosphate. Sodium Molybdate* Na2MoO4.2H2O. Color and properties: Small, lustrous, crystalline plates. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of so- dium hydroxide and molybdic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Monosulfide. See Sodium sul- fide. Sodium-Naphthalene Sulfonate* CioH 7 SO 3 Na. Color and properties: Yellowish, crys- talline plates. Soluble in water. Derivation: Naphthalene sulfonic acid is prepared by sulfonating naphtha- lene with sulfuric acid. The solution is treated with sodium carbonate fil- tered, concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic preparations; naph- thols. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Naphthionate* (Sodium naph- thylamine sulfonate, Alpha-.) NaCioH 6 (NH2)S0 3 . 4 H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: Alpha-naphthylamine is fused and poured into concentrated sulfuric acid, heated to i8oC, then oxalic acid is added. The molten mass is poured on to lead plates and baked for 8 hours to i8oC. When cold, the porous mass is neutralized with hot caustic soda solution, fil- tered, concentrated and crystallized. Sodium-Naphthylamine 433 Sodium Oxalate Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: For Riegler's reagent for ni- trous acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium-Naphthylamine Sulfonate. See Sodium naphthionate. Sodium Nitrate* (Soda niter, Cubic niter, Chili saltpeter, Soda saltpeter, Cubic saltpeter, Chili niter, Nitratine) NaNOf. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent, odorless crystals; saline, slightly bitter taste. Constants: Specific gravity 2.267; melt- ing-joint 3i6C.; boiling-point: De- composes. Soluble in water and glycerine; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By extraction of Chili saltpeter with water, filtration, con- centration and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Double refined crystals; double refined granulated; powder; fused powder; purified crystal; fused sticks; commercial; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags; tins; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacturing sulfuric and ni- tric acids and potassium nitrate; ox- idizing agent; fertilizer; flux; glass manufacture; pyrotechnics; reagent in analytical chemistry; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sodium Nitrite* NaNO 2 . Color and properties: Slightly yellow- ish or white crystals or touch sticks. Constants: Specific gravity 2.157; melt- ing-point 2i3C; boiling-point: De- composes. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol and ether. Derivation: Sodium nitrate is fused in iron pans, lead added, a little at a time, the temperature being kept be- tween 450 and 500 C. The fused mass is poured into water, neutra- lized with dilute acid (sulfuric or ni- tric) and filtered. The solution is concentrated in open pans to about 40 Be and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Potassium salts; chlorine; heavy metals; sulfates. Grades: Commercial; reagent, sticks; highest purity, sticks; reagent, free from potassium. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuff manufacture, for diaz- otizing; organic synthesis; prepara- tion of nitric oxide; reagent in analy- tical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Nitroprussiate. See Sodium ni- troprusside. Sodium Nitroprusside* (Sodium nitro- prussiate) Na 2 Fe(CN) 5 NO.2H 2 O. Color and properties: Ruby-red, trans- parent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6803. Soluble in water. Derivation: Sodium ferrpcyanide solu- tion is treated with nitric acid, where- upon nitroprusside crystals separate. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sulfates. Grades: Technical; crystals; reagent. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Testing silk for presence of ani- mal hair; in Roussin's photometer; reagent in analytical chemistry for sulfur or sulfides and acetone. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Ortho -phosphate. See Sodium phosphate. Sodium Ortho-vanadate. Sodium vana- date. Sodium Oxalate* Na 2 C 2 C>4. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; poisonous. Soluble in water. Sodium Perborate 434 Sodium Peroxide Derivation: Oxalic acid is dissolved in water, neutralized with sodium car- bonate, the solution filtered, concen- trated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sodium carbonate; sodium binoxalate; chlorine; sulfates; iron salts; potassium salts; organic im- purities. Grades: Commercial; reagent; highest purity; pure. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry; textile industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Perborate* (Perborin) (a) NaBO 3 .H 2 O (b) NaBO 3 4H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses at 40 C. Soluble in alkalis, glycerine and water. Derivation: (a) Solutions of borax, so- dium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide are mixed, heated slightly and allowed to crystallize, (b) Boric acid and so- dium peroxide are mixed and poured into cold, acidified water. The crys- tals of perborate deposit, are filtered out, and dried at 50 C. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; manu- facture of hydrogen peroxide; anti- septic; deodorant; bactericide; bleach- ing; oxidizing agent; toilet prepara- tions. Containers: Wooden kegs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Perchlorate* NaClO 4 . Color and properties: Colorless, de- liquescent crystals. Must not be tri- turated with organic or combustible substances, may cause explosions. Constants: Melting-point 482 C.; boil- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: (a) Sodium chlorate and sodium chloride are mixed and heated until fused. The unchanged chloride is leached out. (b) A cold solution of sodium chlorate is electrolyzed, the solution concentrated and crystal- lized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sodium chloride; sodium chlorate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron canisters; glass bot- tles. Uses: Explosives. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sodium Permanganate* (Conde's liquid) NaMnO 4 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: Purple to red- dish black crystals or powder. Constants: Melting-point: Decom- poses. Soluble in water. Derivation: Sodium manganate is dis- solved in water and a current of chlo- rine, carbon dioxide or ozone passed in. The solution is concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sodium hydroxide; sodium manganate. Grades: Technical; sold commercially in solution. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Oxidizing agent; disinfectant; bactericide; manufacture of sacchar- ine; antidote for poisoning by mor- phine, curare and phosphorus. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sodium Peroxide* (Sodium dioxide; So- dium superoxide; Sodium binoxide; Oxone) Na 2 O 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder, turning yellow when heated. Keep away from alcohol and other similar inflammable liquids, as it will cause ignition, particularly in presence of water. Constants: Specific gravity 2.805; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in cold water, developing great heat; decomposed by hot water. Derivation: Metallic sodium is heated Sodium Phenate 435 Sodium Phosphate to 300 C. in aluminum trays in a re- tort in a current of dry air, from which the carbon dioxide has been removed. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Bleaching; oxidizing agent; rea- gent in analytical chemistry; purify- ing air in sick rooms, diving bells, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sodium Phenate* (Sodium phenolate; Sodium carbolate) NaCetUOH. Color and properties: White, deliques- cent crystals. Keep well stoppered. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Phenol is dissolved in caustic soda solution, concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Antiseptic; in military gas-masks with charcoal and hexamethylenetet- ramine as absorbent for phosgene; salicylic acid; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None- Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Phenolate. See Sodium phe- nate. Sodium Phenoneacetate. See Guacetin. Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic* (Disodium phosphate; Hydrodisodic phosphate; Disodium ortho-phosphate) Na 2 HPO 4 .i2H 2 p. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- luscent crystals or white powder; cooling, saline taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5235; melting-point 35C.; boiling-point: Loses I2H2O at iooC. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) The calcium is precipi- tated from dicalcium phosphate solu- tion by sodium carbonate, (b) Bone- ash or phosphorite is digested with dilute sulfuric acid, the solution fil- tered off and concentrated, refiltered, diluted, and the calcium precipitated \yith sodium carbonate. After filtra- tion the solution is concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Arsenic; heavy metals; sul- fates; nitrates; potassium salts. Grades: Pure granular; twice purified, dried or crystal; highest purity; medi- cinal, crystal or dried; reagent. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; reagent in analytical chemistry; baking powders. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic* (Sodium acid phosphate; Monosodium phos- phate; Mpnosodium ortho-phosphate; Sodium biphosphate) Nat^PCU-t^O. Color and properties: Large, transpar- ent crystals; acid reaction. Constants: Specific gravity 2.040; melt- ing-point: Loses 2H2O at 200 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By boiling disodium phos- phate with nitric acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine; baking powders. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Phosphate, Pyro* Na 4 P2O 7 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, trans- parent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.824; melt- ing-point: The anhydrous salt melts at 970 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By fusing disodium phos- phate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Disodium ortho-phosphate. Grades: Pure crystal; pure dried; fused; reagent. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Electroanalysis of metals; manu- facture of iron pyrophosphate. Sodium Phosphate 436 Sodium Sesquicarbonate Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic* (Sodium ortho-phosphate; Trisodium phos- phate) Na 3 PO 4 .i2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.618-1.645; melting-point 77 C.; boiling-point: Loses nH 2 O at iooC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By saturation of phos- phoric acid with sodium hydroxide and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Commercial; highest purity; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Phosphotungstate* (Sodium phosphowol-framate) 2Na 2 O.P 2 O 5 .i2WO 3 .i8H 2 O. Color and properties: White, granular powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By neutralizing phospho- tungstic acid with sodium carbonate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Reagent for detecting and deter- mining alkaloids. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Phosphowolframate. See So- dium phosphotungstate. Sodium-Potassium Tartrate. See Po- tassium-sodium tartrate. Sodium Prussiate, Red. See Sodium ferricyanide. Sodium Prussiate, Yellow. See Sodium ferrocyanide. Sodium-Pyrocatechin Monoacetate. See Guaiacetin. Sodium Pyrophosphate. See Sodium phosphate. Sodium Rhodanate. See Sodium sulfo- cyanide. Sodium Rhodanide. See sodium sulfocy- anide. Sodium Salicylate NaC 7 H 5 O 3 . Color and properties: Lustrous, white, crystalline scales or powder; sweet- ish, saline taste. The salt prepared from natural salicylic acid has a faint, aromatic odor. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating sodium phen- ate in an autoclave with carbon diox- ide, dissolving and crystallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; production of salicy- lic acid. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Selenite* Na 2 SeO 3 . Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By neutralizing selenious acid with sodium carbonate and crys- tallizing. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Commercial; highest purity. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Glass manufacture; reagent in bacteriology. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Sesquicarbonate* Na 4 H 2 (C0 3 ) 3 .3H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.112; melt- ing-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water. Derivation: By boiling sodium carbo- nate solution, to remove carbon di- oxide, the Sesquicarbonate remaining, which, on cooling the solution, crys- tallizes out. Sodium Silicate 437 Sodium Sulfate Method of purification: Recrystalliz- ing. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Silicate* (Soluble glass; Water glass) (a) Na 2 SiO 3 (b)NaSiO 3 .9H 2 O (c) Na 2 Si 4 O 9 . Color and properties: (Water glass) White to gray-white lumps or pow- der. Constants: Melting-point Boiling-point (b) 48 C Loses 6H2O at iooC Soluble in water and alkalis; insoluble in alcohol and acids. Derivation: Silica (quartz), calcined soda and powdered coal are heated together in a crucible, the molten mass is powdered when cold, is ex- tracted with water and steam in an autoclave, followed by evaporation of the water. Method of purification: Fusion and passing in a current of air. Impurities: Sodium sulfide; iron. Grades: Pure crystal; crude lumps or powder; also marketed in form of solutions of various concentrations ranging from viscous semi-liquids to thin watery fluids. Containers: Wooden barrels: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Fireproofing fabrics; manufac- ture of corrugated paperboard, mail- ing tubes, veneer products, etc.; greaseproofing paper containers, etc.; manufacture of cements; concrete hardeners, etc., manufacture of paints; filling for soap; cementing stones; S waterproofing walls; in hydraulic and acid-proof mortars; dyeing and bleaching; cottonseed oil refining; ce- menting pipe insulation; preservative for eggs; in medicine for fastening splints; manufacture of abrasive wheels, stones, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Silicoflouride* (Sodium fluosili- cate; Salufer) Na 2 SiF 6 . Color and properties: White, odorless", tasteless, granular powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.755; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at red heat. Very slightly soluble in cold water; in- soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By neutralization of fluo- silicic acid with sodium carbonate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Stannate* ("Preparing salt") Na 2 SnO 3 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder or lumps. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) By fusion . of meta- stannic acid and sodium hydroxide. (b) By boiling tin scrap and sodium plumbate solution. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Mordant in dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Subsulfite. See Sodium thiosul- fate. Sodium Sulfanilate* (Sodium-aniline sulfonate; Sodium para-aminobenzene sulfonate) NaC 6 H 4 (NH 2 )SO 3 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White, lustrous, crystalline leaflets. Soluble in water. Derivation: Sulfanilic acid is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide, or carbonate, concentrated and crys- tallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Sulfate* (Glauber's salt) (a) Na 2 S0 4 (b) Na 2 SO 4 .7H 2 O (c) Na 2 SO 4 .ioH 2 O. Sodium Sulfidc 438 Sodium Tartrate (a) 3.671 88SC (b) 1.492 ^.38 C Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By heating sodium chlor- ide in a furnace with sulfuric acid, in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid, the sulfate being a by-product. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Highest purity, crystal and granular; highest purity, medicinal dried; pure dried; commercial; rea- gent, crystal; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Manufacture of sodium carbo- nate, glass and ultramarine; dyeing; freezing mixtures; reagent in analyti- cal chemistry; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Sulfide* (Sodium' sulfuret; So- dium monosulfide) Na2S. Color and properties: Yellow or brick- red lumps. Constants: Specific gravity 1.856. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al- cohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By heating sodium acid sulfate with salt and coal to above 950 C.; extraction with water and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Ammonium salts; sodium sulfite; ferrous sulfide. Grades: Crystal; crystal, free from sul- fite; pure, fused; fused, reagent, crys- tal. Containers: Crystals: Wooden barrels; fused: Iron drums. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry; photography; denitrating artificial silk; dyeing; insecticide; depilatory in tanning; manufacture of sulfur dyes. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sodium Sulfite* (a) Na 2 SO 3 (b) Na 2 SO 3 .7H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals or powder; saline, sulfurous taste. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 2.6334; (b) 1.5939- Melting-point: (a) iSoC; (b) Loses 7H 2 O at iso'C. Boiling-point: (a) Decomposes; (b) Decomposes. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Large sodium carbonate crystals are placed in a lead-lined vat on a perforated false bottom, a cur- rent of sulfur dioxide is passed up through the crystals, a solution of so- dium disulfite collecting at the bot- tom of the vat. This is saturated with sodium carbonate, concentrated and allowed to crystallize. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Heavy metals; arsenic. Grades: Pure, crystal or dried; reagent, crystal or dried; commercial; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Photography; preservative; an- tiseptic; reducing agent; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Sulf hydrate: See Sodium hy- drosulfide. Sodium Sulfocyanate. See Sodium sul- focyanide. Sodium Sulfocyanide* (Sodium sulfocy- anate, Sodium rhodanate, Sodium rhodanide) NaCNS. Color and properties: Colorless, de- liquescent crystals or white powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 287C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By boiling sodium cyan- ide with sulfur. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; pure, crystal or dried. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses : Reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Superoxide. See Sodium perox- ide. Sodium Tartrate* Na 2 C 4 H 4 96.2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 1.794. Sodium Thiosulfate 439 Sodium Vanadate Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: Neutralization of tartaric acid with sodium carbonate, concen- tration and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Thiosulfate* (Sodium hyposul- fite; "Antichlor"; Sodium subsulfite; "Hypo") Na 2 S293.5H 2 O. Color and properties: White, translu- cent crystals; cooling taste and bitter after-taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.729; melting-point 48C; boiling-point: Decomposes. Soluble in water and oil of turpentine; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: The waste sulfide liquors from Le blanc soda process are oxi- dized by exposure to air, producing calcium thiosulfate. The solution of this is boiled with sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Sulfates; sulfites; free al- kali; calcium; sulfides. Grades: Commercial; pure; crystals; reagent; highest purity, crystals and granular; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Photography, fixing agent; chrome tanning; removing chlorine in bleaching and paper-making; ex- traction of silver from its ores; disin- fecting drinking water; mordant in dyeing; reagent in analytical chemis- try: medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Tungstate* (Sodium wolfra- mate) Na 2 WO 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 3.259; melt- ing-point: Loses 2H 2 O at iooC. and then melts at 698 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and acids. Derivation: By dissolving tungsten trioxide in caustic soda solution, con- centration and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Chlorine; sulfates. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Reagent in analytical chemistry; production of phosphotungstates and borotungstates; fire proofing fabrics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Uranate* (Uranium yellow; Yel- low uranium oxide) Na 2 UO4. Soluble in dilute acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By treating a solution of uranyl salt (nitrate or sulfate) with sodium hydroxide, the uranate being precipitated. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Manufacture of yellow-green fluorescent glass; porcelain painting; enameling. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Vanadate* (Sodium ortho-vana- date) Na 3 VO 4 .i6H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Melting-point: Anhydrous - salt melts at 866C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) By fusion of vanadic acid and sodium hydroxide, solution in water, concentration and crystal- lization, (b) By solution of ammo- nium vanadate in sodium hydroxide solution and crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Manufacture of aniline-black and inks; reagent in analytical chem- istry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sodium Wolframate 440 Spanish Grass Sodium Wolframate. See Sodium tung- state. "Soilime."* A line residue from cyana- mid, containing 50 per cent of calcium oxide on a dry basis, one-third in the form of calcium hydroxide and two- thirds as the carbonate. Soja-bean Oil. See Soya-bean oil. Solar Oil. See Kerosene. Solder.* An alloy consisting of two or more metals, having a melting-point be- low that of any of the constituent met- als, and used for joining certain other metals together by filling a joint or covering the juncture, as distinguished from brazing, welding, etc. Ordinary solder is an alloy of equal parts of lead and tin, and melts at about i88C. Zinc solder consists of three parts of lead and five of tin, and melts at 176 C. Solder for brass or copper contains two parts of lead and five of tin, and melts at I7OC. Gold solder consists of: gold, 10 parts; silver, 6 parts; copper, 4 parts. Soft solder consists of one-third lead and two-thirds tin, and melts at about I7OC. Solders of melting-points down to 95C. are made of lead, tin and bis- muth. Soldering Acid. See Acid hydrochloric. Soluble Blue. Soluble Prussian blue. Not to be confused with coal-tar dyes of similar name. Soluble Glass. See Sodium silicate. Soluble Indigo. See Indigo carmine. Soluble Saccharin. See Sodium benzo- sulfimide. Soluble Starch. See Starch, Soluble. Solvent Naphtha. See Naphtha, Solvent. Sorel Cement.* A mixture of caustic, calcined magnesite, magnesium chlor- ide, asbestos, wood-fiber, marble dust or other inert filler, with or without linseed oil. Uses: Sanitary floors; boards (wood substitute); etc. Sorrel Salt. See Potassaium binoxalate. Soy Oil. See Soya-bean oil. Soya-bean Oil* (Soja-bean oil; Bean oil; Chinese bean oil). Color and properties: Pale yellow, fixed oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.924-0.929 Melting-point 22-3iC Refractive index 1.4760-14775 Solidifying point -15 to -8C Hehne r value 94-96 Sappnification value 190-200 Iodine value 121-139 Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Soya-beans (Soja hispida, S. japonica or Phaseolus hispida) are crushed, packed into jute bags, heated over jets of steam and pressed. Solvent extraction is now extensively used both alone and after pressing. Method of purification: Oil to be used for edible purposes is bleached with fuller's earth; oil for technical use is purified with chemicals. Grades: Coast; refined; crude. Soya- bean oil is frequently quoted on f.a.g. (meaning "fair average quality") and mentioning the district from which the oil is obtained. This is a very loose method of grading and is being abandoned in favor of chemically con- trolled specifications, established by such bodies as the New York Pro- duce Exchange. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soap manufacture; illumina- tion; foods (this oil has always been one of the chief articles of diet in China, Japan, etc.); paints; varnishes. Fire hazard^: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Soudan Coffee. See Cola. Spanish Fly. See Cantharides. Spanish Grass. See Esparto. Spanish Saffron 441 Spigelia Spanish Saffron. See Crocus. Spanish Soapwort. See Gypsophila. Spanish White. See Bismuth subnitrate. Sparteinae Sulfas, U. S. P. See Spar- teine. Sparteine* Color and properties: Yellowish, thick, oily, liquid alkaloid; bitter taste; dis- tinctive peculiar odor; usually used in the form of the sulfate, hydriodide, hydrochloride and triiodide; poiso- nous. Constants: Boiling-point i8o-i8iC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction of the tops of Spartium scoparium (broom) with alcohol and evaporation of the latter. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Spathic Iron Ore. See Siderite. Spearmint Oil.* Color and properties: Colorless to pale yellowish liquid; characteristic odor. Chief known constituents: Carvone; phellandrene; pinene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.930-0.940; optical rotation -43. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By distillation of the leaves of Mentha viridis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles; copper flasks. Uses: Flavoring; medicine; confec- tionery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Spermaceti* (Cetaceum). Color and properties: Pearly-white, unctuous, semi-transparent, concrete, fatty substance; almost odorless and tasteless; becomes rancid on expo- sure. Chief constituents: Cetin, esters of laurinic, stearic and myristic acids. Constants: Specific gravity 0.945. Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bisulfide and hot alcohol; insoluble in water and cold alcohol. Derivation: Found in the head of the sperm-whale or floating in the ocean; is filtered under pressure to remove stearin, boiled with water and a small amount of caustic soda, followed by repeated washing with water. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Base for ointments, cerates and emulsions; manufacture of candles, soaps, etc. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Specular Iron. See Hematite. Sperm Oil. See Whale oil. Sperrylite. A Wyoming mineral consist- ing of platinum arsenide, PtAs2, also containing antimony and rhodium. Spessartite. See Garnet. Sphalerite (Blende; Blackjack; Jack; Rosinjack; Zinc blende). The common- est zinc mineral and ore, zinc sulfide, ZnS, crystallizing in isomorphic forms, and containing 67 per cent of zinc. Very widely distributed. See also Wurtzite. Spiegeleisen. See Ferromanganese. Spigelia* (Pinkroot; Indian pink; Caro- lina pink; Maryland pink; Worm- grass). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Spigelia marilandica. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: ^ Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Spikenard 442 Spiritus Menthae Spikenard.* Derivation: Root of Aralia racemosa. Habitat: Northeastern United States. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Me'dicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Spindle Tree. See Euonymus. Spinel. Native magnesium aluminate, when typical having the formula, MgO.A^Os, but the magnesium is of- ten in part replaced by ferrous iron or manganese and the aluminum by fer- ric iron or chromium. Spinel of various colors is found in California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Montana, New York and North Carolina. It is used as an abrasive, also as a gem-stone. Spirit of Ammonia* (Spirit of harts- horn). Color and properties: Colorless, in- flammable liquid; suffocating odor of ammonia; contains 10 per cent of am- monia gas (by weight). Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 0.810. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By absorbing ammonia in alcohol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; pharmacy. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Spirit of Hartshorn. See Spirit of am- monia. Spirit, Potato. See Amyl alcohol. Spirits. See Ethyl alcohol. Spirits, Cologne. See Ethyl alcohol. Spirits, Columbian. See Methyl alco- hol. Spirits, Columnian. See Methyl alcohol. Spirits of Wine. See Ethyl alcohol. Spiritus .ZEtheris, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of ether. Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of nitrous ether. Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus, U. S. P., B. P. Aromatic spirits of ammonia. Spiritus Ammoniae Fetidus, B. P. Fetid spirit of ammonia. Spiritus Amygdalae Amaroe, U. S. P. Spirit of bitter almond. Spiritus Anisi, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of anise. Spiritus Armoraciae Compositus, B. P. Compound spirit of horse-radish. Spiritus Aurantii Compositus, U. S. P. Compound spirit of orange. Spiritus Cajuputi, B. P. Spirit of caju- put. Spiritus Camphorae, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of camphor. Spiritus Chloroformi, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of chloroform. Spiritus Cinnamoni, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of cinnamon. Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, U. S. P. Spirit of nitroglycerine. Spiritus Juniperi, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of juniper. Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, U. S. P. Compound spirit of juniper. Spiritus Lavandulae, U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of lavender. Spiritus Menthae Piperitae U. S. P., B. P. Spirit of peppermint. Spiritus Methae 443 Stannic Anhydride Spiritus Methae Viridis, U. S. P. Spirit of spearmint. Spiritus Myristicae, B. P. Spirit of nut- meg. Spiritus Rectificatus, B. P. See ethyl alcohol. Spiritus Rosmarini, B. P. Spirit of Rosemary. Sppdumene. The principal native source of lithium, a lithium-aluminum silicate, Li2O.AlO3.4SiO2, containing 8 per cent of lithium. When transparent and green in color, it is known as hiddenite and when pink or lilac in color as kun- zite, both of which are used as gems. Occurs in California, Connecticut, North Carolina and South Dakota. Sponge, Platinum. See Platinum black. Spotted Cowbane. See Conium. Spotted Hemlock. See Conium. Spruce Oil.* Color and properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic, agreeable odor. Chief known constituents: Pinene, ca- dinene and bornyl acetate. Constants: Specific gravity 0.905-0.910; optical rotation -22 to -25. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By distillation from the leaves and twigs of Picea alba or Pi- cea nigra. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Spruce Sulfite Extract.* Derivation: A by-product in the paper industry. Grades: 25 per cent Tannin; 50 per cent total solids. Containers: Tank cars; wooden bar- rels. Uses: Tanning industry; core binder in foundries; road binder. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Spurge Flax. See Mezereum. Spurred Rye. See Ergot. Squaw Bush. See Viburnum opulus. Squaw Mint. See Hedeoma. Squaw Root. See Caulophyllum. Squill (Scilla; Sea onion). Derivation: Bulb of Urginea maritima, deprived of its dry, membranous, outer scales, cut into thin slices and carefully dried. Habitat: Mediterranean basin near the sea (Spain, France, Italy, Morocco and Algeria). Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stagbush. See Viburnum prunifolium. Stannic Acid. See Acid stannic. Stannic Anhydride* (Stannic oxide; Tin peroxide; Tin dioxide; Flowers of tin; Tin-stone; Tin ash) SnO2- Color and properties: (a) White, amorphous powder; (b) White crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity Melting-point Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and fused alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) Found in nature as the mineral cassiterite; (b) Tin is melted and heated in air. (c) Tin ash, resulting from the oxidation of the baths of molten tin used in mak- ing tin plate, is refined. Grades: White, pure; white; gray. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Polishing powder for steel, glass etc., manufacture of milk-glass, ala- (a) (b) O.O-O.Q o.7~o-85 H27C Infusible Stannic Chloride 444 Stannous Chloride baster glass, enamel and opaque glass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannic Chloride* (Tin chloride; Tin tetrachloride; sometimes erroneously called Tin bichloride) SnCl 4 . Color and properties: Colorless, fum- ing, caustic liquid, which water con- verts into the crystalline butter of tin, SnCl4.5H2O. Keep well stop- pered. Constants: Specific gravity 2.2788; melting-point -33 C; boiling-point ii4C. Soluble in cold water; alcohol, carbon bisulfide and oil of turpentine; de- composed by hot water. Derivation: (a) Treatment of tin or stannous chloride with chlorine, (b) Tin is dissolved in concentrated hy- drochloric acid, neutralized with soda, heated with concentrated hydrochlo- ric acid and sodium chlorate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Mordant in dyeing; tinning vessels; manufacture of fuchsine; weighting silk. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Stannic Chromate* (Tin chromate) Sn(Cr0 4 ) 2 . Color and properties: Brownish-yel- low, crystalline powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of chromic acid on stannic hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Decorating porcelain. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannic Oxide. See Stannic anhydride. Stannic Phosphide* (Tin phosphide) Sn 2 P 2 . Color and properties: Silver-white, hard mass or lumps. Constants: Specific gravity 6.56. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By heating tin and phos- phorus. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Manufacture of phosphor- bronze. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Stannic Sulfide* (Artificial gold; Mo- saic gold) SnS 2 . Color and properties: Yellow, amor- phous mass or scales. Constants: Specific gravity 4.42-4.60; melting-point: Decomposes at red- heat. Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid and alkaline sulfides; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the action of sul- fide on a solution of stannic chlo- ride, (b) By heating tin amalgam with sulfur and ammonium chloride, distilling off the mercury sulfide and ammonium chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Imitation gilding. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannous Chloride* (Tin chloride; Tin salt; Tin dichloride; Tin protochlo- ride) (a) SnCl 2 . (b) SnCl 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line mass, which absorbs oxygen from the air, being converted into the in- soluble oxychloride. Constants: (a) Specific gravity Melting-point 24Q.3C Boiling-point 6o3-628C Soluble in water, alkalis, tartaric acid and alcohol. Derivation: By dissolving tin in hy- drochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Reducing agent in dyeing; mor- dant in cochineal dyeing; manufac- ture of lakes; tin galvanizing; reagent in analytical chemistry; medicine; re- (b) 2.71 37-7C Decomposes Stannous Chromate 445 Starch moving ink stains; bleaching sugar. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannous Chromate* (Tin chromate) SnCrO 4 . Color and properties: Brown powder. Almost insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of stan- nous chloride and sodium chromate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Decorating porcelain. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannous Oxalate* (Tin oxalate) SnC 2 O 4 . Color and properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By the action of oxalic acid on stannous oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing and printing textiles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannous Oxide* (Tin oxide; Tin mono- oxide; Tin protoxide) SnO. Color and properties: Brownish-black powder; unstable in air. Constants: Specific gravity 6.3; melt- ing-point: Decomposes with com- bustion. Soluble in alcohol and ammonium chlo- ride solution; insoluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: By heating Stannous hy- droxide in a current of carbon diox- ide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Reducing agent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannous Sulfate* (Tin sulfate) SnSO 4 . Color and properties: Heavy, white or yellowish, crystalline powder. Constants: Melting-point: Loses SO 2 at 360 C. Soluble in water and sulfuric acid. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on Stannous oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannous Tartrate* (Tin tartrate) SnC 4 H 4 6 . Color and properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of tartaric acid on stannous oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyeing and printing fabrics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stannum. The Latin name for tin, hence the symbol Sn in chemical nomenclature. Staphisagria* (Stave's acre; Larkspur). Derivation: Ripe seed of Delphinium Staphisagria. Habitat: Mediterranean basin and U. S Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Staphisagriae Semina, B. P. Staphis- agriae seeds. Starch* (C 6 Hi O 5 ). Color and properties: White, amor- phous, tasteless powder or irregular lumps. Constants: Specific gravity 1.499-1.513; melting-point: Does not melt; boil- ing-point: Decomposes (burns) when heated. Insoluble in cold water, alcohol and ether; forms a jelly with hot water. Derivation: From corn (maize), ar- row-root, potatoes and the like; the material is rasped or ground with water, the resulting pulp is ground in the ordinary stone-mills, the milky Starch Gum 446 Stibnitc liquid is strained through sieves, al- lowed to stand a short time to per- mit sand and the like to settle. The milk is then removed to another tank and the starch allowed to settle, the supernatant liquid removed and the starch washed a number of times and then dried. Grades: Commercial; laundry; edible. Varieties: Corn, wheat, rice, potato; tapioca, cassava or arrow-root; alant or inulin. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses:* Manufacture of adhesives; laun- dries; finishing textiles; food mater- ial, as such and in manufacture of invalid foods; explosives; dextrine; reagent in analytical chemistry; medi- cine; face powders. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Starch Gum. See Dextrine. Starch, Soluble* (Amylodextrin). Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By heating starch with glycerin and adding strong alcohol during the cooling. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels, boxes, tins. Uses: Emulsifying agent; textile in- dustry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Star Anise Oil. See Anise oil, Star. Staurolite. A natural iron-aluminum silicate, Fe(AlO) 4 (A1QH) (SiO 4 ) 2 , . oc- curring in North Carolina and Virginia. Stave's Acre. See Staphisagria. Steapsin. See Enzymes. Stearic Acid. See Acid stearic. Stearine* (Tristearine; Glycerylstearic ester) (CigHssOa^CgHs. Color and properties: White, odorless, tasteless powder. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8621; melting-point 7i-7i.5 C. Soluble in ether, chloroform and car- bon bisulfide; very slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: Solid, natural, animal fats. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Candles; soap; leather stuffing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Acid stearic is often erroneously called stearine. Stearinic Acid. See Acid stearic. Stearophanic Acid. See Acid stearic. Steatite. See Talc. Steel. See Iron. Stellite. An exceedingly hard cobalt- chromium alloy used for lathe tools, cutlery, etc. Stephanite (Brittle silver ore). Silver-antimony sulfide, 5AgS.Sb2Ss, containing 68 per cent of silver and oc-: curring in Colorado, Maine, Montana and Nevada. Stetefeldite. A mineral of uncertain composition, containing silver, copper, iron, antimony and sulfur. From Ne-i vada. Stibiconite (Antimony ocher). Natural; hydrous antimony oxide, Sb2O 4 H2O,! from Nevada, containing 74 per cent of antimony. Stibium. The Latin name for the ele- mentary metal antimony, hence the I symbol Sb in chemical nomenclature.; Stibnite (Antimony glance; Gray anti-j mony; Antimony sulfuret). Antimony! sulfide, Sb2Ss, the principal antimony] ore, containing 71 per cent of antimony, j Occurs in Arizona, Arkansas, Califor-i nia, Colorado, Idaho, Maryland, Mon-; tana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, j Utah and Washington. Stick-glue 447 Strontium Stick-glue. See Glue, Stick. Stick Lac. See Shellac. Stilbene* (Toluylene; Diphenylethylene) C 6 H 5 CHCHC6H 5 . Color and properties: Colorless or slightly yellow crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9707; melting-point I24-I25C; boiling- point 3o6-307C. Soluble in benzol and ether; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By passing toluol over hot lead oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Manufacture of dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stillingia* (Queen's root; Yaw root; Sil- ver leaf). Derivation: Root of Stillingia sylva- tica. Habitat: South-eastern U. S. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stillingia Oil (Tallow-seed oil). Color and properties: Pale yellow, limpid, drying oil; peculiar odor like linseed oil; mustard-like taste. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9432- 0.9458; iodine number 160; saponifica- tion number 210. Slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: From the seeds of the tal- low tree, Stillingia sebifera, by press- ing. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; barrels. Uses: Candles; soap; dressing textiles. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stink-weed. See Stramonium. Stockholm Tar. See Pine-tar. Stone, Red. See Ferric oxide. Stone Seed. See Lithospermum. Storax. See Styrax. Storksbill. See Geranium. Stramonii Folia, B. P. See Stramonium. Stramonium* (Jamestown weed; Jimp- son weed; Jimson weed; Thorn ap- ple; Stinkweed; Devil's apple; Apple of Peru). Derivation: Dried leaves of Datura stramonium. Habitat: Europe; Asia and America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strawberry Tree. See Euonymus. Stromeyerite. A natural sulfide of sil- ver and copper, somewhat variable in composition, usually (AgCu)2S. Con- tains about 50 per cent of silver and 30 per cent of copper. From Arizona, California, Colorado and Nevada. Strontianite. An important natural source of strontium, being strontium carbonate, SrCOs. Found in New York, Texas, Nova Scotia, etc. Strontii Bromidum, U. S. P M B. P. See Strontium bromide. Strontii lodidum, U. S. P. See Stron- tium iodide. Strontii Salicylas, U. S. P. See Stron- tium salicylate. Strontium* Sr. Color and p^perties: Pale, yellow, soft metal, similar to sodium. Must be kept immersed in naphtha. Oc- curs in nature in the minerals stron- tianite (carbonate), brewsterite (sili- cate) and celestite (sulfate). Constants: Specific gravity 2.54; melt- Strontium Bromide 448 Strontium Dioxide ing-point 900 C; boiling-point: Burns when heated in air above melting-point. Soluble in alcohol and acids; decom- poses water on contact. Derivation: By electrolysis of stron- tium chloride in a graphite crucible with cooling of the upper, cathodic space. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Strontium Bromide* SrBr 2 . Color and properties: White, hygro- scopic powder. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 4.216; melt- ing-point: Above 630 C.; boiling- point: Decomposes. Soluble in water and alcohol and amyl alcohol. Derivation: A strontium salt (sulfate, chloride, etc.) is treated with bro- mine or hydrobromic acid in pres- ence of a reducing agent. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Anhydrous powder; crystal; U. S. P.; B. P.; technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strontium Carbonate* SrCOs. Color and properties: White, impal- pable powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.62; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at about IO75C; boiling-point: Loses CO 2 at I340C. Soluble in alcohol, acids, carbonated water and solutions of ammonium salts ; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Celestite is boiled with a solution of ammonium carbonate or is fused with sodium carbonate. Method of purification: Ignition to pale red-heat. Grades: Pure; precipitated; technical. Containers: Iron canisters; glass bot- tles. Uses: Pyrotechnics; manufacture of iridescent glass. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strontium Chlorate* (a) Sr(ClO 3 ) 2 (b) Sr(ClO 3 ) 2 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Must not be triturated with organic materials, liable to cause explosions. Constants: (a) Specific gravity 3.152; melting-point: Decomposes at 290 C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: Strontium hydroxide so- lution is warmed and chlorine passed in, w r ith subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Manufacture of red-fire and other pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Strontium Chloride* (a) SrCb (b) SrCl 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line needles; sharp, bitter taste. Constants: Specific gravity Melting point (a) (b) i.g64. & at Loses 6H20 at ii2C Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: Strontium carbonate is fused with calcium chloride, the melt extracted with water, the solution concentrated and crystallized. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Impurities: Lime. Grades: Pure crystal or dried; high- est purity, crystal; technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Manufacture of strontium car- bonate; production of red flames (al- coholic solution). Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strontium Dioxide. See Strontium per- oxide. Strontium Hydrate 449 Strontium Sulfate Strontium Hydrate. See Strontium hy- droxide. Strontium Hydroxide* (Strontium hy- drate) (a) Sr(OH) 2 (b) Sr(OH) 2 .8H 2 0. Color and properties: Colorless, de- liquescent crystals. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 3.625; (b) 1.396. Melting-point: (a) 375C. Soluble in acids and hot water; slight- ly soluble in cold water. Derivation: (a) Strontianite is con- verted into the oxide by ignition, the latter slaked with water, (b) Celes- tite is fused with sodium carbonate under pressure, and the carbonate formed is extracted with water, evap- orated to dryness and ignited as above. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Sugar industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strontium Iodide* (a) Srl2 (b) SrI 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) White, crys- talline plates; decomposes in moist air. Keep well stoppered, (b) White crystals. Constants : *> Specific gravity 4-549 4-415 Melting-point so7-645C Boiling-point Decomposes Soluble in water. Derivation: By treating strontium carbonate with hydriodic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strontium Nitrate* (a) Sr(NOs)2 (b) Sr(N0 3 )2.4H 2 0. Color and properties: White powder. Constants: W W Specific gravity 2.08 2.249 Melting-point 645 C Soluble in water; very slightly soluble in absolute alcohol; insoluble in ni- tric acid and dilute alcohol. Derivation: A concentrated solution of strontium chloride is precipitated by means of sodium nitrate. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Pure dry; dry; impalpable powder; technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pyrotechnics, marine signals, railroad flares, etc. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Strontium Peroxide* (Strontium diox- ide) (a) Sr0 2 .(b) SrO 2 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity: (a) 0.456. Melting-point: (a) Decomposes; (b) Loses 8H2O at iooC. and decom- poses when heated to a higher tem- perature. Soluble in alcohol and ammonium chlo- ride solution; decomposes in hot water. Derivation: By passing oxygen over heated strontium oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Bleaching. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Strontium Salicylate* Sr(C 7 H 5 3 )2.2H 2 0. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of strotium hydroxide and salicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strontium Sulfate* SrSO 4 . Color and properties: White precipi- tate or crystals of the mineral celes- tite. Constants: Specific gravity 3-71-3-97; melting-point 1605 C; boiling-poir.t: Decomposes at white-heat. Slightly soluble in concentrated acids: very slightly soluble in water; insolu- Strophanthi 450 Styrene ble in alcohol and dilute sulfuric acid. Derivation: (a) Celestite is ground; (b) Precipitation of any soluble stron- tium salt by means of sodium sul- fate. Method of purification: Washing with water. Impurities: Sodium sulfate. Grades: Commercial; free from so- dium salts. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pyrotechnics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Strophanthi Semina, B. P. See Stroph- anthus. Strophanthus. Derivation: Ripe seeds of Strophan- thus kombe. Habitat: Central Africa, Asia, Philip- pines. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Styrax (Storax; Oriental sweet gum). Derivation: Balsam from the wood and inner bark of Liquid-ambar ori- entalis. Habitat: Asia Minor. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Medicine; perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Styrax Praeparatus, B. P. See Styrax. Strychnina, U. S. P., B. P. See Strych- nine. Strychninae Hydrochloridum, B. P. See Strychnine. Strychninae Nitras, U. S. P. See Strych- nine. Strychninae Sulphas, U. S. P. See Strychnine. Strychnine* C2iH22N 2 O 2 . Color and properties: Hard, white, crystalline alkaloid; very bitter taste; very poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 268 C. Soluble in chloroform; slightly soluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in water and ether. Derivation: By extraction of the seeds of Nux vomica with acetic acid, ni- tration, precipitation by alkali and filtration. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Crystal; powder; U. S. P.; B. P.; technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: In medicine as such, or as the hydrochloride, bisulfate, lactate, ni- trate, sulfate or other salt. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Stypticin. See Cotarnine hydrochloride. Styrax (Storax, Oriental sweet gum). Color and properties: (a) Amber col- ored droplets or powder (b) Thick, tough, gray, semi-liquid mass. Chief constituents: Styrene; cinnamic acid, ethyl vanillin; styracin, etc. Constants: < a ) (W Specific gravity 0.890-1.100 Boiling-point iso-3ooC Optical rotation -3 to -38 Soluble in ether and warm alcohol; in- soluble in water. Derivation: A balsam obtained from the inner bark of Liquidambar orien- talis. Method of purification: Solution in ether and treatment with fused cal- cium chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; boxes. Uses: Medicine; microscopy; fumigat- ing powders and tablets; perfumery; source of styrene. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Styrene* (Styrol; Phenylethylene, Sty- rolene; Cinnamene; Cinnamol; Vinyl- benzene) CeH 5 CHCHs. Color and properties: Highly refrac- tive, yellowish, oily liquid; aromatic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9121; boiling-point I46C. Styrol 451 Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: From liquid styrax. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Styrol. See Styrene. Styrolene. See Styrene. Styrone. See Cinnamic alcohol. Styrylic Alcohol. See Cinnamic alco- hol. "Sublimate." See Mercuric chloride. Sublimate, Corrosive. See Mercuric chloride. Succinic Acid. See Acid succinic. Succinonitrile. See Ethylene cyanide. Succus Limonis, B. P. Lemon juice. Succus Scoparii, B. P. Juice of broom. Succus Taraxaci, B. P. Juice of taraxa- cum. Sucrose. See Sugar, Cane. Sugar, Acorn. See Quercitol. Sugar, Beet. See Sugar, Cane and Beet. Sugar, Cane and Beet* (Saccharose; Sucrose) Ci2H22pii. Color and properties: Hard, white, dry crystals, lumps or powder; sweet taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.5877; melting-point 189.2 C.', boiling-point: Burns. Soluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By crushing of sugar- cane with water (Saccharum ofricin- arum) or extraction of the sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) with water, and press- ing. Sugar Method of purification: Treatment of solution with lead acetate, filtration, concentration, crystallization and coloring with ultramarine. Grades: Cube, lump or cut: White granular sugar molded or cut into cubes. Powdered, iceing and bar sugars made by grinding coarse granulated sugar into fine particles and then separating these particles by screening them through fine silk cloth. Starch is sometimes added to powdered sugar to prevent it from caking. Bar sugar: A grade of sugar used in the preparation of beverages. Brown and yellow sugars, or "softs" as they are usually called, comprise fif- teen grades, ranging in color from a creamy white to a dark brown. These sugars are used chiefly by bakers in making ginger-bread, pies and cakes, although a small quantity finds its way directly into households for ordinary domestic consumption. The characteristics of yellow sugars are that they have a small grain and contain a sufficient amount of mo- lasses to make them moist to the touch, properties brought about by a radically different method of boil- ing from that applied to white sugars. They also contain a certain amount of invert sugar which preserves the softness of grain and prevents subse- quent caking or hardening. White, confectioner's or granulated su- gar, obtained by thorough bleaching and filtration of crude or raw sugars and subsequent crystallization. The grades vary in accordance with the size of the crystals which is regulated by the conduct of the final stages of the process of evaporation. Demerara yellow is a yellow colored granulated sugar quite extensively used in Eu- rope for household purposes. Loaf sugar: Granulated sugar molded into large, tall cones, which are broken up as needed. The form in which all sugar formerly came into the household; still in considerable use in Europe. Containers: Barrels; bags; cardboard boxes. Uses: Food; sweetening; manufacture Sugar Coloring 452 Sulfur of sirups; confectionery; preserves and jams; demulcent and lenitive; soap; pharmaceutical products; cara- mel. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sugar Coloring. See Caramel. Sugar of Lead. See Lead acetate. Sugar of Milk. See Lactose. Sulfanilic Acid, Meta-. See Acid me- tanilic. Sulfethylic Acid. See Acid ethylsulfuric. Sulfoarsenious Anhydride. See Arsenic trisulfide. Sulfobenzeneazodimethylaniline. See Dimethylaminoazobenzene sulfonate. Sulfocarbolic Acid. See Acid phenylsul- fonic. Sulfocholeic Acid. See Acid taurocholic. Sulfonal* (Sulfone methane; Diethylsul- sulfone dimethyl-methane) (CHs)2C(S0 2 C2H B )2. Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline powder. Constants: Melting-point I25-I26C.; boiling-point: Decomposes at 300 C. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water and ether. Derivation: Anhydrous , acetone and anhydrous ethylmercaptan are com- bined by means of a stream of an- hydrous hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sulfone Methane. See Sulfonal. Sulfonethylmethane (Trional) CH 3 (C2H 5 )C(S02C2H5)2. Color and properties: Colorless, lus- trous, crystalline powder; odorless; characteristic, slightly bitter taste. Constants: Melting-point 76 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By passing dry hydro- chloric acid gas into a mixture of anhydrous mercaptan and methyle- thyl ketone and oxidizing the pro- duct. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sulfourea. See Thiocarbamide. Sulfovinic Acid. See Acid ethylsulfuric. Sulfovinous Acid. See Acid ethylsul- furous. Sulfur* (Brimstone; Flowers of sulfur) S. Color and properties: (a) Amorphous soft; (b) Hard yellow. Found native in Alabama, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Wyom- ing, and Sicily. Constants: (a) lelting^point" About i2oC Boiling-point 444.6C Ignition-point .... (b) 2.046 444.6C 2S5C Soluble in carbon bisulfide and sulfur chloride; insoluble in water. Derivation: Mined as such or molten underground by superheated water, pumped up and allowed to solidify 'in bins from which it is shipped. Method of purification: Precipitation or sublimation. Grades of the hard variety: Crystals; crude (brimstone); roll; precipitated, pure; (milk of sulfur); sublimed (flowers of sulfur) ; washed; U. S. P.; B. P.; flour. Containers: Box cars; barrels; boxes. Uses: Manufacture of gunpowder, matches, sulfuric and sulfurous acids; Sulfur Bichloride 453 Sulfurous Acid sulfurizing wine and beer vats; mak- ing casts and molds; phafmacy bleaching; medicine; iron sulfide; dis- infecting (by burning). Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Sulfur Bichloride. See sulfur dichloride. Sulfur Chloride* (Sulfur monochloride; Sulfur subchloride) S2C12. Color and properties: Amber to yel- lowish-red, oily, fuming liquid; pene- trating odor; irritating effect on the eyes, lungs and mucous membranes. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 1.7094; melting-point -80 C.; boiling-point 138 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, car- bon bisulfide and amyl acetate; de- composes on contact with water. Derivation: By passing chlorine over molten sulfur. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Rubber industry for vulcaniz- ing; manufacturing vulcanized oils; rubber substitutes and cements; puri- fying sugar juices; sulfur ^ solvent; manufacture of military poison gas. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Sulfur Dichloride* (Sulfur bichloride) SC1 2 . Color and properties: Reddish-brown liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 1.622; melt- ing-point -78 C.; boiling-point 59 C.; decomposes at 64 C. Decomposes in water. Derivation: Chlorine is passed into sulfur monochloride to saturation, at 6 to 10, followed by carbon dioxide to drive off the excess of chlorine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Rubber industry for vulcaniz- ing; manufacturing vulcanized oils; rubber substitutes and cements; puri- fying sugar juices; sulfur solvent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: White label. Sulfur Dioxide* (Acid sulfurous, Anhy- dride) SO 2 . Color and properties: Colorless gas or liquid; suffocating odor; corrosive poison. Constants: Gas; specific gravity 1,43368; melting-point -76.iC.; boil- ing-point -ioC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By roasting pyrites in special furnaces. The gas is readily liquefied by cooling it with ice and salt, or at a pressure of three atmos- pheres. Grades: Commercial. Containers: Iron pressure tanks. Uses: Artificial ice industry; bleach- ing straw, feathers and silk; preser- vative for beer, wine and meats; cel- lulose and paper industries. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label (Gas). Sulfur Dioxide. See Acid sulfurous. Sulfur Flour. See Sulfur. Sulfur Flowers. See Sulfur. Sulfur Monochloride. See Sulfur chlo- ride. Sulfur Olive Oil. See Olive oil foots. Sulfur Subchloride. See Sulfur chloride. Sulfur Trioxide. See Acid sulfuric. Sulfuretted Hydrogen. See Hydrogen sulfide. Sulfuric Acid. See Acid sulfuric. Sulfuric Ether. See Ethyl ether. Sulfurous Acid. See Acid sulfurous. Sulfurpus Acid, Anhydride. See Sul- fur dioxide. Sulphonal 454 Syntonin Sulphonal, B. P. See Sulfonal. Sulphonmethanum, U. S. P. See Sul- fonal. Sulphur. See Sulfur. Sulphur Lotum, U. S. P. See Sulfur. Sulphur Praecipitatum, U. S. P., B. P. See Sulfur. Sulphur Sublimatum, U. S. P., B. P. See Sulfur. Sumac* (Shumac, Rhus glabra). Derivation: The leaves and young twigs from various plants of the Rhus family. Found in many coun- tries; best grades from Italy, Spain, Greece and Virginia. Grades: 25 per cent Tannin (liquid). Containers: Powder: Burlap bags. Ex- tract: Wooden barrels. Uses: Textile dyeing; tanning indus- try; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sumac Wax. See Japan wax. Sumbul (Musk root). Derivation: Dried rhizome and root of an undetermined plant, probably belonging to the Umbelliferse. Habitat: Central Asia, East Indies. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; manufacture of per- fumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Sunflower. See Helianthus. Sunflower Oil.* Color and properties: Pale yellow liquid; mild taste; pleasant odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.924- 0.926; iodine value 125; refractive in- dex 1.4611. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expression from the seeds of Helianthus annuus. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Crude; refined. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Varnishes; soap; illuminant; edible oil, particularly in Russia. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Superpalite. See Trichloromethyl chlo- roformate. Suprarenalum Siccum, U. S. P. Dried suprarenal glands. Swallow-Wort. See Vincetoxicum. Sweet Bay. See Laurel. Sweet Bay Oil. See Oil laurel, Volatile. Sweet Cane. See Calamus. Sweet Fennel. See Fennel. Sweet Flag. See Calamus. Sweet Grass. See Calamus. Sweet Gum, Oriental. See Styrax. Sweet Oil. See Olive oil. Sweet Viburnum. See Viburnum pruni- folium. Sweet Wood Bark. See Cascarilla. Sykose. See Saccharine. Sylvanite. A native gold-silver tellu- ride, (AuAg)Te2, containing 24.5 per cent of gold and 13.5 per cent of sil- ver. Found in Colorado, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming. Sylvine. See Potassium chloride. Syntonin* (Para-peptone, Muscle fibrin). Color and properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and alkaline carbonates. Derivation: By conversion of albu- Syrupus 455 Syrupus Zingiberis mose by means of dilute hydrochlor- ic acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Syrupus, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup. Syrupus Acaciae, U. S. P. Sirup of acacia. Syrupus Acidi Citrici, U. S. P. Sirup of citric acid. Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of hydriodic acid. Syrupus Aromaticus, B. P. Aromatic sirup. Syrupus Auranthii, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of orange. Syrupus Auranthii Florum, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of orange flowers. Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of calcium lactophos- phate. Syrupus Cascarae Aromaticus, B. P. Aromatic sirup of cascara. Syrupus Chloral, B. P. Sirup of chloral. Syrupus Codeinae Phosphatis, B. P. Sirup of codeine phosphate. Syrupus Ferri lodidi, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of ferrous iodide. Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis, B. P. Sirup of ferrous phosphate. Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis Cum Quinina Et Strychnina. Sirup of ferrous phos- phate with quinine and strychnine. Syrupus Glucosi, B. P. Sirup of glu- cose. Syrupus Hypophosphitum, U. S. P. Sirup of hypophosphites. Syrupus Ipecacuanhas, U. S. P. Sirup of ipecac. Syrupus Lactucarii, U. S. P. Sirup of lactucarium. Syrupus Limonis, B. P. Sirup of lem- on. Syrupus Picis Liquidae, U. S. P. Sirup of tar. Syrupus Pruni Virginianae, U. S. P., B.P. Sirup of wild cherry. Syrupus Rhei, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of rhubarb. Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus, U. S. P. Aro- matic sirup of rhubarb. Syrupus Rhoceados, B. P. Sirup of red- poppy. Syrupus Rosae, B. P. Sirup of rose. Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus, U. S. P. Compound sirup of sarsaparilla. Synipus Scillae, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of squill. Syrupus Scillae Compositus, U. S. P. Compound sirup of squill. Syrupus Senegae, U. S. P. Sirup of se- nega. Syrupus Sennae, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of senna. Synipus Tolutanus, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of tolu. Syrupus Urgineae, B. P. Sirup of ur- ginea. Syrupus Zingiberis, U. S. P., B. P. Sirup of ginger. Tabbyite 456 Tanacetum Tabbyite. See Wurtzilite. Tabellae Trinitrini, B. P. Nitroglycerin tablets. Table Salt. See Sodium chloride. Tacamahac. Derivation: The resin from various species of Amyris and Icica. Habitat: West Indies and South America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; fumigating mixtures. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tachiol. See Silver fluoride. Tailed Pepper. See Cubeba. "Takatol." A proprietary brand of Para-aminophenol. Talc (Soapstone; Steatite; Potstone). A natural hydrous magnesium silicate, H2O.3MgO.4SiC>2. It is soft, easily cut or powdered and has a greasy or soapy feel. When occurring in more or less impure form in large beds, it is called steatite or soapstpne. It is also called potstone because it was formerly used for making cooking-pots, on ac- count of the ease with which it is hol- lowed out and because of its resistance to ordinary heats. When cut into cray- ons it is called French chalk. Oc- curs widely scattered throughout the United States. See also Magnesium silicate. Talcum. See Magnesium silicate. Talcum Purificatum, U. S. P. See Mag- nesium silicate. Tallow.* Derivation: The fat extracted from the solid fat or "suet" of cattle, sheep or horses. The quality varies de- pending on the season, the food and age of the animal. Chief constituents: Stearin, palmitin and olein. Grades: Edible; inedible; beef tallow; mutton tallow; horse fats. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Soap stocky leather dressing; candles; food; railway axle grease; manufacture of stearine and oleo oil. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tallow-seed Oil. See Stillingia oil. Tallow Shrub. See Myrica. Tallow, Vegetable. Derivation: A hard fat from the fruit of the Chinese tallow tree. The fruit is steamed in a perforated kettle and the fat which melts is collected. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Soap stock. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tamarind.* Derivation: Preserved pulp of the fruit of Tamarindus indica. Habitat: East Indies, Africa and West Indies. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine; condimental sauces. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tamarindus, B. P. See Tamarind. Tanacetum* (Tansy; Tanzy). Derivation: Leaves and tops of Tan- acetum vulgare. Habitat: Asia, Europe and North America. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tankage 457 Tapioca Dextrine Tankage. The press-cake obtained from garbage disposal and abattoir by-prod- uct plants. It is dried and broken up, then used as a filler in fertilizers. Tannic Acid. See Acid tannic. Tannigen. See Diacetyltannin. Tannin. See Acid tannic. Tannin-Formaldehyde. See Tannoform. Tannoform* (Tannin-formaldehyde) Color and properties: Reddish pow- der. Constants: Melting-point 230 C. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the condensation of tannin and formaldehyde. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine; dental cements. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tannopine. Color and properties: Light brown, odorless, tasteless powder. Derivation: A mixture of tannic acid (87 per cent) and hexamethylenete- tramine (13 per cent). Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tansy. See Tanacetum. Tansy Oil.* Color and properties: Yellowish li- quid; strong odor; becomes brown on exposure to air and light; poisonous. Chief known constituents: Thujone; camphor; borneol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.925-0.955. Soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisul- fide and chloroform. Derivation: Distilled from the herb, Tanacetum vulgare. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical, Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tantalic Acid. See Tantalum pentox- ide. Tantalite. A rare mineral of the tan- talite-columbite group consisting of almost pure iron and manganese tan- talate,(FeMn)Ta 2 O 6 . It almost in- variably contains some columbium. Found in the U. S. in South Dakota and Virginia. Tantalum.* Ta. Color and properties: Black powder. Constants: Specific gravity 14.491; melting-point 2900 C. Soluble in fused alkalis; insoluble in acids. Derivation: By heating the double fluoride of potassium and tantalum in an electric furnace. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Alloys; incandescent electric light filaments. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tantalum Oxides* (a) TaO 2 (b) Ta 2 O 4 (c) Ta 2 O 5 . Color and properties: (a) Brown pow- der; (b) Dark gray powder; (c) Rhombic, crystalline prisms. Constants: Specific gravity: (c) 7.6; Melting-point: (a) Oxidizes; (b) Oxi- dizes; (c) Infusible. Insoluble in water and acids. Derivation: From tantalite, by re- moval of other metals. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Tantalum. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tantalum Ore. See Tantalite. Tanzy. See Tanacetum. Tapioca Dextrine. See Dextrine, Tar Camphor 458 Tartar, Crude Tar Camphor. See Naphthalene. Tar, Coal. See Coal-tar. Tar, Dehydrated.* Color and properties: Dark brown, thick, viscid liquid; poisonous. Derivation: Tar from which the water has been driven off. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels; tank cars. Uses: Waterproofing compounds; roads; medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Tar, Hardwood. See Tar, Wood. Tar Oil, Wood.* Color and properties: Almost color- less liquid when freshly distilled; turns dark reddish-brown; strong tarry odor and taste; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 0.862-0.872. Soluble in ether, chloroform and car- bon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from wood-tar obtained by the destructive distilla- tion of the wood of Pinus palustris. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Tar, Pine.* Color and properties: Thick, dark, vis- cous mass; peculiar terebine odor. Derivation: From the destructive dis- tillation of Pinus palustris. Grades: Technical. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Roofing compounds. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Tar, Water-Gas.* Color and properties: Dark brown, thick, viscid liquid; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 1.005-1.15. Derivation: A by-product from the manufacture of illuminating gas (car- buretted water gas). Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Distillation for benzol, phenol, etc. Fire hazard^ Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Tar, Wood.* Color and properties: Dark brown, thick, viscid liquid; poisonous. Derivation: A by-product from the destructive distillation of wood. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tank cars. Uses: Preservative. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Taraxaci Radix, B. P. Taraxacum root. Taraxacum, U. S. P. Taraxacum. "Tarola." The proprietary name for a coal-tar product used as a cattle and sheep dip. Tarragon Oil. Color and properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Chief known constituent: Methyl clavicol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.900-0.949; optical rotation -\-2 to +9; refractive index 1.5165-1.5170. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from Artemisia dracunculus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tartar, Cream of. See Potassium bi- tartrate. Tartar, Crude, See Argols, Tartar Emetic 459 Terminate Chebula Tartar Emetic. See Antimony-potas- sium tartrate. Tartar, Salts of. See Potassium carbo- nate. Tartar, Soluble. See Potassium tartrate. Tartaric Acid. See Acid tartaric. Tartaric Acid, Inactive. See Acid race- mic. Tartarine. A yellow dyestuff. Tartarized Antimony. See Antimony- potassium tartrate. Tartarus Vitriolatus. See Potassium sulfate. Tartrated Antimony. See Potassium- antimony tartrate. Taurocholic Acid. See Acid taurocholic. Tea Oil (Tea-seed oil). Color and properties: Straw or amber colored liquid, resembling olive oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.917-0.927; saponification value 194; iodine value 88. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloro- form. Derivation: By expressing the seeds of Thea sasanqua. (This is not the plant from which tea is prepared, al- though botanically related.) Impurities: Saponin; other similar but cheaper oils. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Tlluminant; soap making; edible oil; hair oil; lubricant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tea-seed Oil. See Tea oil. Teel Oil. See Sesame oil. Telluric Acid. See Acid telluric. Telluric Hydroxide, Dehydrated. See Acid telluric. Telluric Oxide, Trihydrated. See Acid telluric. Tellurium* Te. Color and properties: Dark gray pow- der. Constants: Specific gravity 6.27-6.015; melting-point 452 -446 C.; boiling- point 1390 C. Soluble in sulfuric acid, nitric acid; potassium hydroxide and potassium cyanide solution; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of tel- luric oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Ceramics; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tengerite. A Texas mineral supposed to be chiefly yttrium carbonate. Tennantite (Gray copper ore). A cop- per-arsenic sulfide, 3 Cu2S.As2Ss. Con- tains 57.5 per cent of copper. Part or all of the arsenic may be replaced by antimony, the tennantite gradually grading into tetrahedrite. Found in Colorado, Montana and Wyoming. Tenorite. Natural black copper oxide, CuO, in the form of minute black scales. Contains about 75 per cent of copper. Occurs in Arizona, New Mex- ico, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming. Tephroite. Manganese ortho-silicate, 2MnO.SiO2, as found in New Jersey. Often also contains small quantities of manganese, iron and zinc. Terebenum, B. P., U. S. P. Terebene. Terebinthina Canadensis, B. P. Canada turpentine. Terlinguaite. Natural mercury oxy- chloride. Hg2ClO, containing 88 per cent of mercury from Texas. Terminala Chebula. See Myrabolan. Terpene Hydrochloride 460 Tetrachloroethylene Terpene Hydrochloride* (Artificial cam- phor; Pinene hydrochloride; Turpen- tine monohydrochloride; Turpentine camphor) CioHieHCl. Color and properties: White, crystal- line mass, resembling camphor; tur- pentine and camphor odor. Constants: Melting-point I25C.; boil- ing-point 208 C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating turpentine with hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Terpilenol. See Terpineol. Terpine Hydrate* CioH 20 O 2 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, lus- trous, rhombic crystalline prisms. Constants: Melting-point ii6-U7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Slowly formed from oil of turpentine in contact with dilute nitric acid and alcohol. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Terpineol* (Alpha-terpineol; Beta-ter- pineol) CioHiTpH. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; lilac odor. Constants: Specific gravity: Alpha 0.9357; Beta 0.923. Melting-point: Alpha 35 C; Beta 32 C.; Gamma 69-70 C. Boiling-point: Alpha 2i8C.; Beta 2ioC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating terpine hydrate with phosphoric acid. Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Terpini Hydras, U. S. P. See Terpine hydrate. Terpinyl Acetate* CioHi 7 CO 2 CH3. Color and properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9705; melt- ing-point -50 C.; boiling-point 220 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in waiter. Derivation: By heating terpine with acetic acid in presence of sulfuric acid, and subsequent distillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumes. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Terra Alba. See Kaolin. Terra Blanche. See Whiting. Terra Japonica. See Cutch. Terra Ponderosa. See Barium sulfate. Terra Silicea Purificata, U. S. P. See Kieselgur. Terra Verde. An earthy pigment con- taining ferrous silicate. Tertiary Calcium Phosphate. See Cal- cium phosphate, Tribasic. Tetrachloroethane. See Acetylene tetra- chloride. Tetrachloroethene. See Tetrachloro- ethylene. Tetrachloroethylene* (Carbon bichlor- ide, Tetrachloroethene, Carbon di- chloride) CC1 2 .CC1 2 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; ether-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.6080; melt- ing-point -19 C.; boiling-point Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of chlorine on ethylene. Tetrachloroethylene 461 Tetraoxyphthalo Method of purification: Distillation. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic preparations; solvent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tetrachloroethylene Bichloride. Carbon trichloride. See Tetrachloromethane. See Carbon tetra- chloride. Tetrachlorophthalic Acid. See Acid tetrachlorophthalic. Tetrachloroquinone. See Chloranil. Tetradymite. Natural bismuth telluride, Bi 2 (Te.S)3, or 2Bi 2 Te3.Bi 2 S3, the for- mer containing about 50 per cent and the latter about 60 per cent of bismuth. Also, often contains selenium, gold, copper and iron. Found in Arizona, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mon- tana, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Dakota and Virginia. Tetrahedrite (Gray copper ore). A na- tural copper-antimony sulfide, closely related to tennanite. It is essentially 3Cu 2 S.Sb 2 Ss, contains about 52 per cent of copper. Often contains iron, lead, zinc, mercury, silver and arsenic, and occurs in Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah and Washing- ton. Tetrahydroxyflavenol. See Quercitin. Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol* (Tetra- methyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol) (CH 3 ) 2 N.C6H4CH(OH).C 6 H 4 N- (CH 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless prisms; forms a colorless solution in ether or benzol and a blue one in alcohol or acetic .acid. Constants: Melting-point 96 C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol and acetic acid. Derivation: By the reaction of tetra- methyldiaminodiphenylmethane, hy- drochloric acid and glacial acetic acid, oxidized with lead peroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None.- Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone* (Michler's ketone) (Co(C 6 H 4 N(CH3) 2 ) 2 . Color and properties: Yellowish-white, glittering, crystalline leaflets. Constants: Melting-point 174 C.; boil- ing-point: Decomposes at 36oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By passing carbonyl chlor- ide gas into dimethylaniline at ordi- nary temperature, until the latter has increased in weight by 40 per cent. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol. See Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol. Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane* H 2 C(C 6 H 4 N(CH3)2)2. Color and properties: Yellowish leaflets or glistening plates. Constants: Melting-point 9o-9iC.; boiling-point 39OC. Derivation: By heating dimethylaniline with hydrochloric acid and formalde- hyde. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tetranitroaniline.* (Tetryl). A military explosive, prepared by nitrating aniline. Tetraoxydiphenyl. See Diresorcinol. Tetraoxyphthalophenone Anhydride. See Fluorescein. Tetryl 462 Thioacetic Acid Tetryl. See Tetranitroaniline. Tetterwort. guinaria. See Chelidonium and San- "Textase." A proprietary name for a diatase compound. Textile Soap. See Soap, Textile. Thallium* Tl. Color and properties: Bluish-white, lead-like metal. Constants: Specific gravity 11.85; melt- ing-point 302C.; boiling-point 1280- C. Soluble in nitric and sulfuric acids; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By heating thallium iodide with metallic sodium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Thallium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thebaine* (Para-morphine) Ci 9 H 2 iNO 3 . Color and properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; very poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 193 C. Slightly soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: From opium. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thebaine Hydrochloride* Ci 9 H 2 iNO 8 .HCl.H 2 O. Color and properties: Large rhombic prisms. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on thebaine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thenardite. Sodium sulfate, Na 2 SC>4, occuring native in Arizona. Theobroma Shells. See Cacao shell. Theobrominae-Sodio Salicylas, U. S. P., B. P. Theobromine-sodium salicylate. Theobromine* (Dimethylxanthine) C7H 8 N 4 O 2 . Color and properties: White, crystalline powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 329C. Soluble in chloroform; insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By extraction from the seeds of the Theobroma cacao. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Theophyllina, U. S. P. See Theophyl- line. Theophylline* C 7 H8N 4 O 2 .H 2 O. Color and properties: Crystalline alka- loid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 264C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By extraction from tea leaves. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Theine. See Caffeine. Thenardite. Natural anhydrous sodium sulfate. Thermit.* Proprietary name for a mix- ture of equal parts of iron oxide and finely divided aluminum used in weld- ing iron and steel, and for incendiary bombs in the late war. Thiacetic Acid. See Acid thioacetic. Thioacetic Acid. See Acid thioacetic. Thiocarbamide 463 Thorium Dioxide Thiocarbamide* (Thiourea; Sulfourea) CH 4 N 2 S. Color and properties: White, lustrous crystals; bitter taste. Constants: Specific gravity 1.406; melt- ing-point i8oC.; boiling-point: Sub- limes in vacuo at i5o-i6oC. Soluble in cold water, ammonium sulfo- cyanide solution and ether; almost insoluble in cold alcohol. Derivation: By heating dry ammonium sulfocyanide, extraction with a con- centrated solution of ammonium sul- focyanide, with subsequent crystal- lization. Method of purification: Sublimation in vacuo. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden boxes. Uses: Photography; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thiocarbanil. See Phenylmustard oil. Thiocarbanilide* CS(NHC 6 H 5 ) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless, crystal- line tablets. Constants: Specific gravity 1.3205; melt- ing-point 154 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of ani- line and carbon bisulfide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thiocarbonyl Chloride* (Thiophosgene) CSC12. Color and properties: Reddish liquid; irritating odor. On keeping is con- verted into colorless crystals of the polymeric compound which melts at ii3C. Constants: Specific gravity: 1.5085; boiling-point 74 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By passing chlorine into carbon bisulfide with subsequent steam distillation. The product is converted into thiocarbonyl chloride by reduction with iron and acetic acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thiophosgene. See Thiocarbonyl chlor- ide. Thiophosphoric anhydride. See Phos- phorus pentasulfide. Thiophosphorus Anhydride. See Phos- phorus trisulfide. Thiourea. See Thiocarbamide. Thistle Saffron. See Carthamus. Thomas Balsam. See Balsam tolu. Thomsonite. A natural zeolite, (Na 2 .Ca)O.A 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2#H 2 O from Michigan. Thorianite. A complex mineral of un- certain composition, but consisting in the main of thorium and uranium ox- ides. Usually contains about 12 per cent of UsOs and 71 per cent of ThO 2 . From Montana. Thorium* Th. Color and properties: Gray, heavy, in- fusible powder. Constants: Specific gravity 11.00-11.23; melting-point above 1700 C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in alkalis and water. Derivation: By heating the double chloride or fluoride of thorium and potassium with metallic sodium or potassium. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Thorium compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thorium Anhydride. See Thorium di- oxide. Thorium Dioxide* ThO. Color and properties: Heavy, white powder. Thorium Nitrate 464 Thyme Oil Constants: Specific gravity 9,876. Soluble in sulfuric acid; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of tho- rium nitrate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thorium Nitrate* Th(NO 3 ) 4 .i2H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line mass. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By extraction from mona- zite sand. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Thorium Ore. See Monazite. Thorium Oxide. See Thorium dioxide. Thorn Apple. See Stfamonium. Thorogummite. A natural, hydrous sili- cate of uranium and thorium UO 3 .ThO2.3SiO3.6H 2 O. Found in Texas. Thoroughwort. See Eupatorium. Three-Leaved Ivy. See Rhus toxicoden- dron. Thuja Oil. Color and properties: Pale yellow liquid; characteristic, rather agreeable odor. Chief known constituents: D-pinene; 1-fenchone; thujone. Constants: Specific gravity 0.915-0.925. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of the white cedar, Thuja occidentalis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thus. See Gum thus. Thyme.* Derivation: The herb, Thymus vul- garis. Habitat: Southern Europe; cultivated in England and U. S. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine; flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thyme Camphor. See Thymol. Thyme Oil. Color and properties: Yellowish or yellowish-red liquid; strong odor of thyme; aromatic, pungent, cooling taste. Chief known constituents: Thymol; carvacrol; cymene; linalol; borneol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.905-0.950. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vul- garis. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Flavoring. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thyme Oil, Wild. Color and properties: Yellowish liquid; agreeable melissa-like aroma, with a slight odor of thyme. Chief known constituents: Thymol; carvacrol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.890-0.920. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the dry herb, Thymus serpyllum. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Thymic Acid 465 Tin Bichloride Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thymic Acid. See Thymol. Thymiode. See Thymol iodide. Thymiodol. See Thymol iodide. Thymodin. See Thymol iodide. Thymol* (Isopropyl-meta-cresol, Thyme camphor. Thymic acid, Methypropyl- phenol) (CH3)2CH.C6H 3 (CH3)OH. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Constants: Specific gravity 0.979; melt- ing-point 49 C.; boiling-point 2 3 i.8C. Soluble in alcohol, carbon bisulfide, chloroform, oil, alkalis and ether; slightly soluble in water and glycer- ine. Derivation: From oil of thyme by treatment with caustic soda and de- composition of the sodium salt with hydrochloric acid. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; perfumery; thymol compounds; microscopy; preserva- tive; embalming. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thymol Iodide* (Thymotol, Thymiode, Thymiodol, Thymodin) C 6 H 2 (CH3)(OH)(C 3 H 7 )I. Constants: Melting-point 69 C. Color and properties: Red-brown pow- der or crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of thy- mol and potassium iodide in alkaline solution. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Thymplis lodidum, U. S. P. See Thy- mol iodide. Thymotol. See Thymol iodide. Thyroideum Siccum, U. S. P., B. P. Dried thyroid glands. Tiemannite. Natural mercuric selenide, HgSe, containing 71.7 per cent mercury and 28.3 per cent selenium. Found in Utah. Tiglic Acid. See Acid tiglic. Tilia. See Linden. Tin (Stannum) Sn. Color and properties: Silver-white, ductile metal. Constants: Specific gravity 7.298; melt- ing-point 232 C.; boiling-point 1450- i6ooC. Soluble in acids, and hot potassium hy- droxide solution; insoluble in water. Derivation: By roasting the ore (cas- siterite) in a reverberatory furnace, or by smelting in an electric furnace. The tin of commerce comes chiefly from Straits Settlements, Bolivia and Nigeria. Grades : Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Metallurgy; tin-plate; house- hold utensils; still coils; solder; al- loys; bronze; coinage; chemical ap- paratus; electroplating; piping; tin salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Note: In speaking of fabricated ar- ticles "tin" is often incorrectly used when tin-plate (thin sheets of iron coated with tin) is meant, e.g. "a tin can." To distinguish, articles (such as condenser coils) actually made of solid tin are said to be made of "block tin." Tin Acetate. See Stannous acetate. Tin Anhydride. See Stannic anhydride. Tin Ash. See Stannic anhydride. Tin Bichloride. See Stannic chloride. Tin Bisulfide 466 Titanium Tin Bisulfide. See Stannic sulfide. Tin Bronze. See Stannic sulfide. Tin, Butter of. See Stannic chloride. Tin Chloride. See Stannic chloride and Stannous chloride. Tin Chromate. See Stannic chromate and Stannous chromate. Tin Citrate. See Stannous citrate. Tin Crystals. See Stannous chloride. Tin Dichloride. See Stannic chloride. Tin Dioxide. See Stannic anhydride. Tin Bisulfide. See Stannic sulfide. Tin, Flowers of. See Stannic anhydride. Tin Iodide. See Stannic iodide. Tin Monosulfide. See Stannous sulfide. Tin Monoxide. See Stannous oxide. Tin "Nitro and Oxymuriate." See Stan- nic chloride. Tin Ore. See Cassiterite. Tin Oxalate. See Stannous oxalate. Tin Oxide. See Stannic oxide and Stan- nous oxide. Tin Oxide and Soda. See Sodium stan- nite. Tin Oxymuriate. See Stannic chloride. Tin Peroxide. See Stannic anhydride. Tin Phosphide. See Stannous phos- phide. Tin Protochloride. See Stannous chlo-j ride. Tin Protosulfide. See Stannous sulfide. Tin Protoxide. See Stannous oxide. Tin Salt. See Stannous chloride. Tin-stone. See Cassiterite and Stanm anhydride. Tin Sulfate. See Stannous sulfate. Tin Tartrate. See Stannous tartrate. Tineal. A natural form of borax. Na 2 B 4 7 .H 2 0. Tinctura, U. S. P., B. P. A tincture, ai alcoholic solution of a drug, or an alco holic extract from a drug material. Tincture of Opium, U. S. P., B. P. Se Laudanum. Tinkal. Natural, impure, crystallized so dium borate, containing lime, magne- sia, sulfates and chlorides. Obtained from the Far East. "Titanellow." A proprietary brand of ti-;j tanium oxalate. Titanic Acid. See Acid titanic. Titanic Acid, Anhydride. See Titanium oxide. Titanic Hydroxide. See Acid titanic. Titanium* Ti. Color and properties: Dark gray, amorphous powder very hard,, scratches steel. Constants: Specific gravity 4.50; melt- ing-point I795C- Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating titanous chlo- ride with metallic sodium in a closed vessel. Grades: Technical. Titanium Ore 467 Tolu Oil Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy; titanium salts; al- loys; ferro-titanium. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Titanium Ore. See Rutile; Anatase; Brookite. Titanium Oxalate* Ti 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 .ioH 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow prisms. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of oxalic acid on titanous chloride. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. - Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Mordant in textile dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Titanium Oxides* (a) Ti 2 O 3 ; (b) TiO 2 ; (c) Ti0 3 . Color and properties: (a) Black amor- phous powder; (b) white to black crystals; (c) yellow powder. Constants: Specific gravity: (b) 3.75- 4-25. Melting-point: (a) oxidizes; (b) i56oC. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By the oxidation of the metal, or by heating titanic acid, (c) Titanium peroxide is obtained from solutions of titanic acid with hydrogen peroxide. Grades : Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Titanium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Titanium-Potassium Oxalate. See Po- tassium-titanium oxalate. Titanium Sulfate* (a) Ti 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; (b) Ti 2 (S0 4 ) 2 . 9 H 2 0. Color and properties: White, crystal- line needles. Constants: Specific gravity (a) 4.2252; (b) 2.766. Soluble in hot water; very slightly solu- ble in cold water. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on titanium oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Textile mordant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Titanium Tetrachloride* TiCl 4 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 4.59; melt- ing-point 820 C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and po- tassium chloride solution. Derivation: By heating titanium diox- ide and carbon to redness in a cur- rent of chlorine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: With potassium bitartrate in the textile industry as a mordant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tolidin* (Di-para-aminoditolyl) (C 6 H3(CH 3 )NH 2 )2 1:3:4. Color and properties: Glistening plates. Constants: Melting-point 128 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of ortho- nitrotoluene with zinc dust and caus- tic soda and conversion of the hy- drazo-toluene by boiling with hydro- chloric acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Tolu Balsam Oil. See Tolu oil. Tolu Oil* (Tolu balsam oil; Albahaca oil). Color and properties: Yellow liquid; hyacynth-like odor. Chief known constituents: A terpene, CioHie and esters of cinnamic and benzoic acid. Toluene 468 Toluol Constants: Specific gravity 0.945-1.09 Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: From tolu balsam by dis- tillation. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Toluene. See Toluol. Toluenemonosulfonic Acid. See Acid toluenemonosulfonic. Toluenesulfamide* (Toluenesulfone- amine) CHsCel^USC^NH^. Color and properties: (a) Ortho-: Oc- tahedral crystals; (b) Para-: White leaflets. Constants: Melting-point: (a) i55C.; (b) I37C. Soluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of chloro- sulfonic acid on ortho- and para-tolui- dine. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Saccharine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Toluene Sulfochloride* (Toluene sul- fonechloride) CHsCel^SC^Cl. Color and properties: (a) Ortho-: oily liquid; (b) Para-: rhombic crystals. Constants: Melting-point (b) 69C; boiling-point: (b) I45-I46C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of chlorosul- fonic acid on toluol. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Toluic Acid. See Acid tolui<;, Ortho-, Meta- and Para-. Toluidine, Meta-* CH 3 C6H 4 NH2. Color and properties: Reddish-brown liquid. Constants: Specific gravity 0.996; melt- ing-point -13 C.; boiling-point 2O3C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of meta- nitrobenzylidene chloride with zinc at a low temperature. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Toluidine, Ortho-* CH 3 C 6 HNH2. Color and properties: Light yellow liquid; becomes reddish-brown on ex- posure to air and light; volatile with steam. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0037; melting-point -21 C.; boiling-point I99.7C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of ortho- nitrotoluene or obtained mixed with para-toluidine 'by the reduction of crude nitrotoluene. Impurities: Para-toluidine; aniline. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dyestuffs; saccharine; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Toluidine, Para-* CH3C 6 H 4 NH2. Color and properties: White, lustrous plates or leaflets. Constants: Specific gravity 0.973; melt- ing-point 45C.; boiling-point 2OO.3C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of para- nitrotpluene with iron and hydrochlo- ric acid. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden casks. Uses: Dyestuffs; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Toluol* (Toluene, Methylbenzene, Phenylmethane) Toluolmonosulfonic Tolyl-beta-naphthyl Color and properties: Colorless, re- fractory, inflammable liquid; benzol- like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.86137; melting-point -94.5C; boiling-point iio7C Soluble in alcohol, benzol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By fractional distilla- tion of coal-tar light oil. (b) By ex- traction from illuminating gas. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Pure: Distillation, 100 per cent within 2C. Commercial: Distillation, not over 5 per cent at iooC; approximately and at least 90 per cent at I2OC. Straw color: Distillation, at least 80 per cent at 120 C. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Organic preparations; benzoic acid; dyestuffs; perfumes; ^toluidines; tolidins; saccharine; explosives (T. N. T.). Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Toluolmonosulfonic Acid. See Acid toluenemonosulfonic. Toluolsulfamide. See Toluenesulfamide. Toluol Sulfochloride. See Toluene sul- fochloride. Toluolsulfoncaminc. See Toluenesulfa- mide. Toluol Sulfonechloride. See Toluene sulfochloride. Toluylenc. See Stilbene. Toluylic Acid. See Acid toluic, Ortho-. Tolyl Bromide. See Xylyl bromide. Tolylcnediamine, Meta-* (Diaminotolu- ene) C5, but ar- senic and phosphorus both replace va- nadium, so that the mineral grades into mimetite, 3Pb3As 2 O8.PbCl2 and into pyromorphite, 3Pb3P2O8.PbCl2. End- lichite is a variety of vanadinite con- taining considerable arsenic. Arizona, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico. Vanadium V.* Color and properties: Light gray, crys- talline metal. It does not occur na- tive but is found in the United States in the minerals carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, descloizite, volborthite, calciovolborthite, aegirite. etc. Ari- zona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexi- co, Utah. The principal source of the vanadium products of commerce is patronite, an impure vanadium sul- fide mined in Peru. Constants: Specific gravity 6.025. Melting-point about I73OC. Soluble in mineral acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: Pure vanadium has never Vanadium Chloride 480 Vandyke Brown been prepared; very nearly pure va- nadium containing some carbon, iron, etc., has been prepared in the electric furnace and by reduction with alumi- num, cerium, etc. Vanadium is found in commerce in the form of ferro- vanadium, cupro-vanadium, etc. The constants given for vanadium have been obtained by extrapolation. Vanadium Chloride* (Hypovanadic hy- drochloride; Divanadyl tetrachloride) (VO) 2 C1 4 .5H 2 0. Color and properties: Dark green sir- upy mass; poisonous. Constants: Specific gravity 3.23. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on vanadium oxides. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Mordanting textiles; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanadium Ore. See Vanadinite. Vanadium Oxides* (a) V 2 O 2 (b) V 2 O 3 (c) V 2 4 (d) V 2 5 . Color and properties: (a) Light gray; (b) Black crystals; (c) Blue crystals; (d) Yellow, red-brown or purplish crystals; yellow powder. Constants: (a) (b) (c) (d) Specific gravity 3.64 4.87 3.357 Melting-point Burns Infusible Infusible 6s8C Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: From vanadic acid or am- monium vanadate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Metallurgy; vanadium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanadium Pentasulfide. See Vanadium sulfide. Vanadium Pentoxide* (Acid vanadic, Anhydride) V 2 O 5 . Color and properties: Reddish-brown powder or purple, metallic looking crystals, yielding a yellow powder when crushed. Constants: Specific gravity 3.357; melting-point 6s8 C. Soluble in mineral acids and alkaline solutions; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: From ammonium vanadate by heating. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Photographic developer; medi- cine; catalyst; vanadium salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanadium Sesquioxide. See Vanadium trioxide. Vanadium Sulfate* (Vanadyl sulfate) (a) V 2 2 (S0 4 )2.4H 2 (b) VO 2 SO 3 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: (a) Blue, crys- talline powder, (b) Green crystals. Soluble in cold water and alcohol; de- composed by hot water. Derivation: By the action of concen- trated sulfuric acid on vanadium ox- ide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes; tins. Uses: Textile; mordant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanadium Sulfide* (Vanadium pentasul- fide) V 2 S 5 . Color and properties: Green powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.0; melt- ing-point: Oxidizes. Soluble in acids, alkaline sulfides and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- gen sulfide on vanadium chloride so- lution. Grades: ^Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Vanadium compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanadyl Salts. See under Vanadium. Vandyke Brown.* Derivation: Indefinite mixtures of iron Vanilla Bean 481 Veratrine Sulfate oxide and organic matter. Obtained from bog-earth, peat deposits or from ochers containing bituminous matter. Grades: Based on iron oxide content and tinctorial value. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanilla Bean. Derivation: Cured, full grown, but im- matured fruit of Vanilla planifolia. Habitat: Mexico; West Indies, Reun- ion, lie de France and Seychelles. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Bags; boxes. Uses: Confectionery; flavoring; medi- cine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanilla Plant. See Liatris. Vanillic Aldehyde. See Vanillin. Vanillin* (Methylprotocatechuic alde- hyde; Vanillic aldehyde) C 6 H 3 OHOCH 3 CHO. Color and properties: Colorless prisms; pleasant aroma; vanilla taste. Constants: Melting-point 8o-8iC; boiling-point 285 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the oxidation of eu- genol or coniferyl alcohol. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins. Uses: Perfumes; confectionery; flav- oring; pharmacy; medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vanillinum, U. S. P. See Vanillin. Varnish Gums. See Gums, Varnish. Varnish Oil. An oil obtained by the dis- tillation of a gum resin and used in the manufacture of varnishes. Vaseline. See Petrolatum. Vegetable Albumin. See Albumin. Vegetable Glue. See Glue, Vegetable. Vegetable Gum. See Dextrine. Vegetable Mercury. See Manaca. Vegetable Sulfur. See Lycopodium. Vegetable Wax. See Japan wax. Venetian Red.* Derivation: A very pure form of iron oxide, obtained by calcining ferrous sulfate. Grades: Based on coloring power and iron content. Containers: Barrels. Uses: Pigment; polishing compound. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Venice Turpentine. See Turpentine, Venice. Veratrina, U. S. P. See Veratrine. Veratrine* Color and properties: Colorless, crys- talline alkaloid; very poisonous. Constants: Melting-point i8oC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from the seeds of Asagraea'omcinalis. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Cevadine. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Veratrine Sulfate* Color and properties: White to yellow- ish powder; poisonous. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on veratrine. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Veratroylaconine 482 Vetiver Oil Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Veratroylaconine. See Aconite. None. Veratrum* (American hellebore; Green hellebore; American veratrum; In- dian poke). Derivation: Dried rhizome and roots of Veratrum viride; poisonous. Habitat: North America. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Boxes; burlap bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Veratrum Viride, U. S. P. See Vera- trum. Verbena Oil, East Indian. See Lemon- grass oil. Verbena Oil, Java. See Citronella-fruit oil. Verde Antique. A dark-green rock composed essentially of serpentine (hy- drous magnesium silicate). Usually criss-crossed with white veinlets of magnesium and calcium. Used as an ornamental stone. In commerce often classed as a marble. California, Geor- gia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York and Virginia. Verde Salt. See Thenardite. Verdigris, Blue. See Copper acetate, basic, Blue. Verdigris, Crystallized. See Copper ace- tate. Verdigris Green. See Copper acetate, Basic. Verditer Blue. See Copper carbonate, Blue. Verditer Green. See Copper carbonate, Green. Vermilion. See Mercury sulfide, Red. Veronal* (Diethylmalonylurea; Barbital Malonurea; Diethylbarbituric acid) (C2H 5 )2.C(CONH) 2 CO. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; bitter taste. Constants: Melting-point i82C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of the diethylester of malonic acid and car- bamide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Veronica* (Speedwell). Derivation: The herb, Veronica officin- alis. Habitat: Europe, Asia and United States. Grades: Technical. Containers: Bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Verti-Vert. See Vetiver oil. Vesuvine. A trade name for Bismarck brown. Vesuvianite. A complex calcium-alumi- num silicate of uncertain composition. A massive, light green variety is known as californite. Arkansas and California. Vetiver, Oil (Cuscus oil; Verti-vert). Color and properties: Thick, liquid, yel- low essential oil; violet-like odor. Constants: Specific gravity 1.01-1.02. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzol and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the root of Andropogon muricatus. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Viburnum 483 Vitriol, Green Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Fire hazard: None. Uses: Perfumery. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipipng regulations: None. Vinegar. See Acid acetic. Viburnum Prunifolium* (Black haw; Vinegar Naphtha. See Ethyl acetate. Sweet viburnum; Sheep-berry; Stag bush; Sloe-leaved viburnum) Vinegar, Pyroligneous. See Acid pyro- Derivation: Dried bark of root of Vi- KaSSSm ligneous. Vinegar Salts. See Calcium acetate. Vinegar, Wood. See Acid pyroligneous. burnum prunifolium. Habitat: United States. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Burlap bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vinum Antimoniale, B. P. Antimonial wine. Viburnum Opulus* (Cramp bark; High cranberry; Cranberry tree; Water Vinum Aurantii, B. P. Orange wine. elder; Squaw bush; Snowball bush). Derivation: Dried bark of Viburnum yinum Colchici, B. P. Colchicum wine. opulus. Habitat: Europe, Asia and northern p Iron North America south to Pennsyl- vania. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Burlap bags. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Vichy Salts. See Sodium carbonate. Vinum Ferri Citratis, B. P. Wine of iron citrate. Vinum Ipecacuanha?, B. P. Wine, ipe- cacuanha. . _i j Vinum Quininae, B. P. Wine, quinine. Victoria Green. Trade name for Mala- Vinum Xericum, B. P. Sherry. chite green. ., Vinylbenzene. See Styrene. Vienna Caustic. Potassium hydroxide with lime. Vienna Paste. Potassium hydroxide with lime. Vinylbenzol. See Styrene. Vinyl Trichloride. See Ethylene chlor- ide. Vinasse. The residue obtained from beet Virginia Snake Root. See Serpentaria. sugar molasses fermentation, contain- . ing mineral salts. Vincetoxicum (Swallow-wort; White swallow-wort). Derivation: Root of Vincetoxicum offi- cinale. Containers: Bags. Uses: Veterinary medicine. vinjs Vaccinicum) u. S< p. Vaccine Vitreous Antimony. See Antimony sul- Y fi ^ e> 'it** Blue. See Copper snlfate. Vitriol, Green. See Ferrous sulfate. Vulcanized 484 Water, Bromine Vitriol, Oil of. See Acid sulfuric. Vitriol, White. See Zinc sulfate. Vivianite. A natural form of ferrous phosphate. Volborthite. Natural hydrous vanadate of copper, barium and calcium. Ari- zona and Colorado. Volcanic Ash> Volcanic Tuff. A mate- rial made up of either loose or solidified small fragments and dust of lava, com- monly glassy in character, blown from a volcano and deposited either on land or under water. If numerous large fragments are embedded in the ash, the deposit is called volcanic agglomerate or volcanic breccia. Colorado, Mon- tana, Nevada, Oklahoma and South Dakota. Used as an abrasive and build- ing stone and in the manufacture of fire-brick, hydraulic mortar and con- crete. Volcanic Glass. See Obsidian. Volcanic Tuff. See Volcanic ash. Volhard's Solution. A solution of potassium sulfocyanate used in analyt- ical chemistry. Vomit Nut. See Nux vomica. Vulcanite. Hard rubber. Vulcanized Rubber. Rubber treated with sulfur, etc. rendering it hard and capable of being fabricated into sheets, rods, tubes, piping, etc. Wad (Bog manganese). A natural, im- pure mixture of manganese and other oxides. It contains 10 to 20 per cent of water, and is generally soft, soiling the hand. A variety known as asbolite carries as much as 32 per cent cobalt. Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Mon- tana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Car- olina, Tennessee, Virginia and Wiscon- sin. Wahoo. See Euonymus. Walnut Oil.* Color and properties: The cold-pressed oil is a colorless or pale yellowish green liquid; pleasant odor; agree- able, nutty taste. The hot-pressed oil has a greenish tint and an acrid taste and odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.919-0.929; saponification value 188-196; iodine value 143-148; refractive index 1.4808. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By expressing the seeds ot Juglans regia. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Varnishes; paints. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Washing Soda. See Sodium carbonate. Water of Ammonia. See Ammonium hy- droxide. Water, Baryta. An aqueous solution of barium hydroxide. Water, Bromine. An aqueous solution of bromine. Water, Chlorine 485 White Iron Water, Chlorine. An aqueous solution of chlorine. Water Elder. See Viburnum opulus. Water Glass. See Sodium silicate. Water, Lead. An aqueous solution of lead acetate. Water, Lime. An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. Water, Sulfuretted Hydrogen. An aqueous solution of hydrogen sulfide. Waterproofing Salts. See Aluminum acetate. Wattle. Derivation: From the Australian wat- tles, Accacia pycnantha, Acacia mol- lissina and Acacia binervata. Grades: Based on tannin content; 25 per cent extract. Containers: Bags; barrels. Uses: Tanning industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Wattle Bark Extract See Extract of wattle* bark. Wax Bay-berry. See Bay-berry wax. Wax, Bee's. See Bees-wax Wax-berry. See Myrica. Wax, Carnauba. See Carnauba wax. Wax, Ceresine. See Paraffin. Wax, Chinese. See Chinese wax. Wax, Insect. See Chinese wax. Wax, Japan. See Japan-wax. Wax, Mineral. See Ceresine. Wax, Montan. See Monfan wax. Wax, Myrtle. See Bay-berry wax. Wax, Ozokerite. See Ozokerite. Wax, Paraffin. See Paraffin. Wax, Stearic Acid. See Acid stearic. Wax, White, U. S. P. See Bees-wax. Whale Oil* (Train oil; Sperm oil; Body oil). Color and properties: Yellowish-brown, non-drying, fixed oil; strong fishy odor. Constants: Specific gravity 0.925-0.930; saponification value 188-193; iodine value 1 20. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, chloro- form and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: By boiling the blubber of the Greenland or other whales, and skimming off the oil. Method of purification: Filtration. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tank cars. Uses: Leather dressing; lubrication; tempering steel; soap-making; illu- mination. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Whetstone, A stone suitable for sharp- ening tools. Arkansas, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Ver- mont. White Acid. See Acid, White. White Arsenic. See Arsenic trioxide. White Bole. See Kaolin. White, Charlton. See Lithopone. White, Chinese. See Zinc oxide. White Cinnamon. See Canella. White, Griffith's. See Lithopone. White Iron Pyrite. See Marcasi^e, White Lead Wollastonite White Lead. See Lead carbonate, Basic. White Metal. See Babbit metal. White Mustard. See Sinapis alba. White Oak. See Quercus. White, Orr's. See Lithopone. White Precipitate. Mercury, Ammoni- ated. White Precipitate, Fusible. See Mercury- ammonium bichloride. White, Rubber-maker's. See Whiting. White Swallow-wort. See Vincetoxi- cum. White Tar. See Naphthalene. White Vaseline. See Petrolatum. White Vitriol. See Zinc sulfate. White Wax. See Bees-wax. Whitewood. See Linden. White, Zinc. See Zinc oxide. Whiting. See Chalk. Whortleberry. See Vaccinium. Wigger's Anesthetic Ether. See Ethyl- chloride, Polychlorated. Wild Canilla. See Canella. Wild Chamomile. See Matricaria. Wild Cherry. See Prunus Virginians. Wild Pepper. See Mezereum. Wild Saffron. See Colchicum. Willemite. Natural zinc silicate, 2ZnO.SiO2. Contains 58.6 per cent zinc. The zinc is commonly replaced in part by manganese. Arizona, New Jer- sey and New Mexico. Williamsite. An apple-green impure va- riety of serpentine. See Jade. Wine-stones Oil. See Grape-seed oil. Wintergreen. See Gaultheria. Wintergreen Oil, Natural. See Gaul- theria oil. Wintergreen Oil, Synthetic. See Methyl salicylate. Witch Hazel. See Hamamelis. Witherite. A natural barium carbonate, BaC0 3 . Wolfram. See Tungsten. Wolfram Ores. See Tungsten ores. Wolfram White. See Barium tungstate. Wolframic Acid. See Acid tungstlc. Wolframite. A series of minerals com- posed of tungstate of iron and mangan- ese, (Fe,Mn)WC>4, containing, when the iron and manganese are in a ratio of i to i, 76.4 per cent WOs. As the iron increases and the manganese de- creases, wolframite grades into feberite, the pure iron tungstate, FeWO4, with 76.3 per cent WOs. At the other end of the series is hubnerite, the pure man- ganese tungstate, containing 76.6 per cent WOs. Arizona, California, Con- necticut, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wyoming. Wolfsbane. See Aconite. Wollastonite. A natural calcium meta- silicate, Wood, Agatized 487 Wurtzite Wood, Agatized. See Wood, Silicified. Wood Alcohol. See Methyl alcohol. Wood Naphtha. See Methyl alcohol. Wood, Opalized. See Wood, Silicified. Wood, Petrified. See Wood, Silicified. Wood, Silicified (Petrified wood; Opal- ized wood; Agatized wood). A natural material composed of opal or chalce- dony (agate) and formed by the re- placement of wood by silica. The re- placement of the woody matter by the silica takes place in such a way that the original form and structure of the wood is preserved. Arizona, California, Colorado, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming. Wood Spirit. See Methyl alcohol. Wood-tar. See Tar, Wood. Wood's Metal. See Metal, Fusible. Wool-fat. See Lanum. Wool-grease. See Degras. Worm-grass. See Spigelia. Wormseed. See Santonica. Worm-seed Oil, American. See Cheno- podium oil. Worm-seed Oil, Levant. Color and properties: A yellow, essen- tial oil; penetrating, disagreeable odor. Chief known constituent: Cineol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.930. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, ben- zol, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the unex- panded flower heads of Artemisia pauciflora. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Wormwood Oil. Color and properties: The oil from the fresh herb has a dark green color, while that from the dry herb is yel- lowish-green or yellowish-brown; be- comes dark brown with age; strong, somewhat unpleasant odor. Chief known constituents: Thujone; phellandrene; thujyl alcohol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.925-0.955; refractive index 1.460-1.470. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, ben- zol, chloroform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of Artemisia absinthium. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Wulfenite. Natural lead molybdate, PbMoOs. Calcium, chromium, copper and vanadium are sometimes constitu- ents. Arizona, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, Pennsylvania and Utah. Wurtzilite (Elaterite; Tabbyite; Mon- ite; ^gerite). An asphaltic mineral which is jet-black by reflected light and deep red in thin plates. It softens in hot water, toughens, and becomes more elastic. In a candle flame it softens and burns with a bright flame. It is practically insoluble in gasoline of 76 B.. partly soluble in ether, carbon bisulfide and turpentine and less so in carbon tetrachloride. Utah. Wurtzite. A natural zinc sulfide of the same composition as aphalerite, ZnS, but hexagonal in its crystallization. Montana and Utah, Xanthene Xylenol Xanthene (Diphenylenemethane oxide) CH 2 (C 6 H 4 ) 2 0. Color and properties: Yellowish, crys- talline leaflets. Constants: Melting-point ioo.5C.; boil- ing-point 3i5C. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble in al- cohol; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the condensation of phenol and ortho-cresol by means of aluminum chloride. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xanthine* (Acid ureous) C 5 H 2 N 4 (OH)2 2:6. Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder. Constants: Boiling-point: Sublimes with partial decomposition. Soluble in potassium hydroxide; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of nitrous acid on guanine. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xanthoconite. Natural silver-arsenic sulfide, 3Ag 2 S.As 2 S5. Contains 61.4 per cent silver. New Mexico. Xanthorrhea Resin. See Gum accroides. Xanthoxylin.* Color and properties: Brown powder. Soluble in alcohol. Derivation: Purified alcoholic extrac- tion of prickly ash bark. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xanthoxylum* (Prickly ash; Toothache tree; Yellow wood; Angelica tree). Derivation: Dnecl bark of xylum americanum or Fagara clava- herculis. Habitat: Canada, south to Virginia and Missouri. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Crates; burlap bags. Uses: Medicine; xanthoxylin. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xenon* Xe. Color and properties: Colorless, odor- less gas occurring in the atmosphere in very small proportions. Constants: Specific gravity 4.42; melt- ing-point -140 C; boiling-point Soluble in water. Derivation: By distillation from liquid air. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel bottles. Uses: Filling for incandescent electric lamps. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: Green label. Xenotime. Essentially yttrium phos- phate, YtPO4. Contains phosphorus pentoxide 38.6 per^ cent, yttria 61.4 per cent. North Carolina. Xeroform. See Bismuth tribromocarbo- late. Xylene. See Xylol. Xylene, Meta-. See Xylol, Meta-. Xylene, Ortho-. See Xylol, Ortho-. Xylene, Para-. See Xylol, Para-. Xylenol* (CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 OH. Color and properties: White crystals. There are six isomers. Constants: Specific gravity 1.0362; melt- ing-point 26-75 C.; boiling-point 2II-225C Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and caustic soda solution. Xylidine 489 Xylol Derivation: By fusing the xylenesul- fonic acids with potassium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xylidine, Meta-* (Amino-meta-xylene; Aminodimethylbenzene) CeHs(CHa)sNHs. " Color and properties: Colorless oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.9184; boil- ing-point 2I5C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of nitro- meta-xylene. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xylidine, Ortho-* (Aminodimethylbenz- ene; Amino-ortho-xylene) C 6 H 3 (NH 2 )(CH8)2. Color and properties: Yellow liquid; prone to darken on exposure to air and light. Constants: Specific gravity 0.981-0.984; boiling-point 2I2-2I5C. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzol; in- soluble in water. Derivation: By the reduction of nitro- xylene with iron and hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xylidine, Para-* (Amino-para-xylene; Aminodimethylbenzene) Color and properties: White, crystalline solid or oil. Constants: Specific gravity 0.980; melt- ing-point i5C; boiling-point 2isC- Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the nitration and re- duction of para-xylol. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Dyestuffs. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Xyloidin. See Pyroxlin. Xylol, Meta-* (Xylene, Meta-; Meta-di- methylbenzene) CeH-tCCHs^. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, mobile liquid; characteristic odor; in- flammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8668; melt- ing-point -54 C; boiling-point 139 C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation from crude xylol, obtained from sol- vent naphtha. Grades: Technical; pure. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Organic preparations; solvent; meta-xylidine; microscopy. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Xylol, Ortho-* (Xylene, Ortho-; Ortho- dimethylbenzene) CeH^CHs^. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, mobile liquid; characteristic odor; in- flammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.876; melt- ing-point -28C.; boiling-point I42C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation from crude xylol, obtained from sol- vent naphtha. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Organic preparations; solvent; ortho-xylidine; microscopy. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Xylol, Para-* (Xylene, Para-; Para-di- metfeyibenzene) . CeH* ( CHs >s . Color and properties: Clear, colorless, Xylyl 490 Yellow Prussiate mobile liquid; characteristic odor; inflammable. Constants: Specific gravity 0.8621; melt- ing-point I5C.; boiling-point I38C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Derivation: By fractional distillation from crude xylol, obtained from sol- vent naphtha. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums; tank cars. Uses: Organic preparations; solvent; para-xylidine; microscopy. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Xylyl Bromide* (Tolyl bromide) CHsCeH^CH^Br. A military poison gas used in the late war. Yara-Yara. See Methyl beta-naphthol- ate. Yaw Root. See Stillingia. Yeast* Color and properties: Yellowish-white, viscid, liquid or soft mass, consisting of the cells and spores of Saccharo- myces cerevisiae. Derivation: A ferment obtained in brewing beer. Grades: Technical; brewing; cooking; compressed. Containers: Tins; boxes. Uses: Fermentation of sugars, molasses and cereals for alcohol; brewing; medicine; baking bread and the like. Fire hazards: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yellow Brazil-wood. See Morus tinc- toria. Yellow, Buttercup. See Zinc chromate. Yellow Calisaya Bark. See Cinchona bark, Calisaya. Yellow Chrome. See Lead chromate. Yellow Cinchona Bark. See Cinchona bark, Calisaya. Yellow Cobalt. See Cobalt-potassium nitrite. Yellow Copper. See Chalcopyrite. Yellow Gentian. See Gentian. Yellow Jasmin. See Gelsemium. Yellow, Leipzig. See Lead chromate. Yellow, Lemon. See Lead chromate. Yellow Mercury Iodide. See Mercurous iodide. Yellow Moccasin. See Lady Slipper. Yellow Moccasin Flower. See Cypri pedium. Yellow Mustard. See Sinapis alba. Yellow Nankin. See Iron buff. Yellow, Paris. See Lead chromate. Yellow Precipitate. See Mercury oxide, Yellow. Yellow Prussiate of Potassium. See Po- tassium ferrocyanide. Yellow Prussiate of Sodium. See Sodium ferrocyanide. Yellow Puccoon 491 Yttrium Carbonate Yellow Puccoon. See Hydrastis. Yellow Saunders. See Santalum album. Yellow, Uranium. See Sodium uranate. Yellow Uranium Oxide. See Sodium uranate. Yellow Wolfsbane. See Aconitum ly- coctonum. Yellow Wood. See Xanthoxylum. Yerba Mate. The leaves of a tree found in Paraguay. Used in South America in the same manner as tea, for a bev- erage. Yerba Santa, See Eriodictyon. Ylang-ylang Oil. Color and properties: Pale yellow, li- quid oil, noted for its delicious per- fume. Chief known constituents: Linalol, ger- aniol and their esters, pinene. Constants: Specific gravity 0.911-0.958; saponification value 90-138; refractive index 1.4747-1.4940; optical rotation -27 to -49.7. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, ace- tone and chloroform. Derivation: Distilled in Manila from the flowers of Cananga odorata. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Highest grade; "Satorius." Containers: Copper flasks; glass bottles. Uses: Perfumery. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yohimbine* C 23 H3 2 N 2 O 4 . Color and properties: Glistening, needle-like alkaloid; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point 23iC. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By extraction from the bark of Corynanthe yohimbe. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Young Fustic. Derivation: The heartwood of a sumac, Rhus cotonus; a native of Spain, Italy, Hungary and the Levant. Grades: Technical. Containers: Chips: Burlap bags. Ex- tract: Wooden barrels. Uses: Leather industry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yttria. See Yttrium oxide. Yttrialite. A natural silicate of thorium and the yttrium metals chiefly, but it contains also uranium and other ele- ments in small quantity. Texas. Yttrium* Yt. Color and properties: Dark gray metal. Constants: Specific gravity 3.80; melt- ing-point I25OC. Soluble in dilute acids and potassium hydroxide solution; decomposes water. Derivation: From yttrium oxide by electrolysis. Impurities: Rare earths. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yttrium Acetate* Yt(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 3 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals. Soluble in water. Derivation:. By the action of acetic acid on yttrium oxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Rare earths. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yttrium Carbonate* Yt2(CO 3 )3.3H 2 O. Color and properties: Reddish-white to white powder. Yttrium Chloride 492 Zea Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, al- cohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of yttrium chloride and sodium carbonate. Impurities: Erbium salts. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yttrium Chloride* YtCl 8 .6H 2 q. Color and properties: Reddish-white, transparent, deliquescent prisms. Constants: Specific gravity 2.575; melt- ing-point: Decomposes at iooC. Soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on yttrium oxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Erbium salts. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yttrium Nitrate* (a) Yt(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O; (b) Yt(N0 8 ) 8 .4H 2 0. Color and properties: Reddish-white crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and nitric acid. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on monazite sand. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Rare earths. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Production of yttrium oxide. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Yttrium Oxide, Anhydrous* Color and properties: Yellowish-white powder. Constants: Specific gravity 5.35. Soluble in dilute acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the ignition of yttrium nitrate. Impurities: Rare earths. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Yttrium Sulfate* Yt 2 (SO 4 )3.8H 2 O. Color and properties: Small reddish- white, monosymetric crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.558. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; sparingly soluble in water; insoluble in alkalis. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on monazite sand. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: C. P. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zaffre,* Derivation: A crude cobalt oxide, made by roasting smaltite, cobaltite, or co- balt-nickel pyrites. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Blue pigment. * Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None*. Zaratite. A natural, massive, vitreous emerald-green hydrous nickel carbon- ate, NiCO3.2NifOH)2.4H 2 O. Occurs usually in an incrustation. Maryland. Zea* (Corn-silk; Stigmata maydis). Fresh styles and stigmas of Zea mays. Habitat: U. S. and Hungary. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Zedoary Oil 493 Zinc Blende Containers: Boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zedoary Oil. Color and properties: Pale-yellow, es- sential oil; camphor-like odor. Chief known constituent: Cineol. Constants: Specific gravity 0.992-1.010. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, chlor- oform and carbon bisulfide. Derivation: Distilled from the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria. Method of purification: Rectification. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zentralin, See Dimethyldiphenylurea. Zeolites. A group of minerals occurring in cracks and cavities of igneous rocks, especially the more basic lavas. Zeo- lites are hydrous silicates of aluminum with either sodium or calcium or both, and rarely barium or strontium. Be- fore the blowpipe most of the zeolites fuse readily and with strong intumes- cence, whence their name, derived from the Greek, of "boiling stone." Artificial zeolites are used in purifying water. Zibeth. See Civet. Zinc* Zn. Color and properties: Shining, white metal; bluish-gray, luster; or gray powder. Not found native. See Cala- mine, Franklinite, Hydrozincite, Nicholspnite, Smithsonite, Sphalerite, Willemite, Wurtzite, Zincite. Constants: Specific gravity 7.142; melt- ing-point 4I9C.; boiling-point 9i8C. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By roasting zinc blende in a reverberatory furnace, and collec- tion by distillation. Obtained also electrolytically from zinc concen- trates. Impurities: Lead; copper; silver. Grades: U. S. P.; Electrolytic: 99.92 per cent; Extra High Grade 99.95 per cent. Pigs; bars; sheets; wire; gran- ules; dust or powder; etc. Containers: Wooden barrels; boxes. Uses: Metallurgy; organic synthesis; zinc salts; galvanizing; lining packing cases; boiler plates. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Acetate* Zn(C2H 3 O 2 )2.3H 2 O. Color and properties: White, mono- clinic, crystalline plates; pearly luster. Constants: Specific gravity 1.72; melt- ing-point 235-257C. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on zinc oxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Medicine; preserving wood; mor- dant in dyeing. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Alum. See Aluminum-zinc sulfate. Zinc-Ammonium Chloride* ZnCl 2 .5NH 3 .H 2 9. Color and properties: White powder. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Welding; soldering flux. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Biborate. See Zinc tetraborate. Zinc Bichromate* (Zinc dichromate) ZnCr 2 O 7 . Color and properties: Orange-yellow powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of chromic acid on zinc hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigments. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zinc Blende. See Sphalerite. Zinc Bloom 494 Zinc Chloride Zinc Bloom. See Hydrozincite. Zinc Borate* ZnBO 3 . Color and properties: White, amorph- ous powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the fusion of zinc oxid, potassium binuoride and boron oxide. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Bromate Zn(BrO 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: White, deliques- cent powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.566; melt- ing-point iooC. Derivation: By the interaction of ba- rium bromate and zinc sulfate, with subsequent crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Bromide* ZnBr 2 . Color and properties: White, hygro- scopic, crystalline powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.219; melt- ing-point 394 C.; boiling-point 650 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of barium bromide and zinc sulfate, with subsequent crystalliza- tion. Method of Purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc, Butter of. See Zinc chloride. Zinc Carbolate. See Zinc phenate. Zinc Carbonate* ZnCO 3 . Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.42-4.45; melting-point: Loses CO2 at 300 C. Soluble in acids, alkalis and ammonium salt solutions; insoluble in water. Derivation: (a) By grinding the min- eral smithsonite; (b) By the action of sodium bicarbonate on a solution ot a zinc salt. Method of purification: Crystallization. Impurities: Zinc oxide; zinc hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Medicine; pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Carbonate, Precipitated* (Zinc sub- carbonate) 2ZnCO 3 .3Zn(OH) 2 . Color and properties: Impalpable, white powder. Soluble in dilute acids, ammonium hy- droxide and ammonium carbonate so- lution; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sodium carbonate on a solution of a zinc salt. Impurities: Zinc oxide. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden barrels; tins. Uses: Medicine; pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Chlorate* Zn(ClO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless, very deliquescent crystals. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Melting-point 60 C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of zinc sulfate and barium chlorate, with sub- sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; iron drums. Uses: Oxidizing agent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zinc Chloride* (Butter of zinc) ZnCl 2 . Color and properties: White, granular, deliquescent crystals; poisonous. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 2.91; melt- ing-point 2o"2C.; boiling-point 730 C. Zinc Chloroiodide 495 Zinc Ferrocyanide Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on zinc, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; embalming; wood preservation; dentifrices. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Chloroiodide.* A mixture of zinc chloride and iodide. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Containers: Glass bottles. Grades: Technical. Uses: Disinfectant. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Chromate* (Zinc yellow; Buttercup yellow) ZnCrO 4 .7H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder. Soluble in acids. Derivation: By the action of chromic acid on zinc hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Kegs. Uses: Paint pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Chrysophanate.* Color and properties: Brownish-red powder. Soluble in alkaline solutions. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Citrate* Zn3(C 6 H 5 O7) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White, amorph- ous powder. Slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of citric acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Cyanide* Zn(CN) 2 . Color and properties: White powder; poisonous. Constants: Melting-point: Decomposes. Soluble in dilute mineral acids; insolu- ble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By precipitation of a solu- tion of zinc sulfate or chloride with potassium cyanide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Bichromate. See Zinc bichromate. Zinc Dust. See Zinc. Zinc Ethyl* Zn(C 2 H 5 ) 2 . Color and properties: Colorless liquid; takes fire on contact with air. Constants: Specific gravity 1.18; boil- ing-point ii8C. Decomposes in water. Derivation: By the action of ethyl iodide on zinc and sodium-zinc. Grades: Technical. Containers: Steel cylinders. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Red label. Zinc Ethylsulfate* Zn(C 2 H 5 .SO 4 ) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: Clejar, colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline leaflets. Keep well stoppered. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the interaction of zinc hydroxide and diethyl sulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Ferrocyanide* Zn 2 Fe(CN) 6 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide; in- Zinc, Flowers 496 Zinc Iodide soluble in water and hydrochloric acid. Derivation: By the interaction of zinc sulfate and potassium ferrocyanide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; boxes. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc, Flowers of. See Zinc oxide. Zinc Fluoride* ZnF 2 . Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.612; melt- ing-point 734C. Soluble in hot acids; slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: (a) By the action of hydro- fluoric acid on zinc hydroxide; (b) By the addition of sodium fluoride to a solution of zinc acetate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Ceramics. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Formate* Zn(CHO 2 ) 2 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of formic acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Gallate. See Zinc subgallate. Zinc Glycerinophosphate. See Zinc gly- cerophosphate. Zinc Glycerophosphate* (Zinc glycerino- phosphate) C 3 H 5 (OH) 2 OP0 3 Zn. Color and properties: White, amorph- ous powder. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of glycero- phosphoric acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Hypophosphite* Zn(H 2 P0 2 ) 2 .H 2 0. Color and properties: Colorless, hygro- scopic crystals. Keep well stop- pered. Soluble in water and alkalis. Derivation: By the action of hypophos- phoric acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc lodate* Zn(IO 3 ) 2 . Color and properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in nitric acid and alkalis; very I slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of ba- rium iodate and zinc sulfate, with subsequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Iodide* ZnI 2 . Color and properties: Hygroscopic, white, crystalline powder; sharp, sa- line taste. Keep well stoppered. Constants: Specific gravity 4.696; melting-point 446C.; boiling-point 624 C. Soluble in water, alcohol and alkalis. Derivation: By the interaction of bar- ium iodide and zinc sulfate, with sub-j sequent crystallization. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bot- tles. Uses: Medicine. Zinc Lactate 497 Zinc Perborate Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Lactate* Zn(C 3 H 5 O 3 ) 2 .3H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of lactic acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Malate* ZnC 4 H 4 O 5 .3H2O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of malic acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Nitrate* Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless lumps or crystals. Constants: Specific gravity 2.065; melt- ing-point 36.4C; boiling-point I3IC. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on zinc or zinc oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zinc Oleate* Zn(Ci8H 32 O 2 )2. Color and properties: Dry, white, greasy, granular powder. Soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon bisul- fide and benzine; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of solu- tions of zinc acetate and sodiuYn oleate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Ore. See Calamine, Smithsonite, Franklinite and Zincite. Zinc Ortho-phosphate. See Zinc phos- phate. Zinc Oxalate* ZnC 2 O 4 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.582. Soluble in acids and alkalis; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of zinc sulfate and sodium oxalate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes. Uses: Zinc oxide; organic synthesis. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Oxide* (Chinese white, Zinc white) ZnO. Color and properties: Amorphous, white powder; absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. Constants: Specific gravity 5-78. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By heating zinc carbonate. Impurities: Zinc carbonate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Paint pigment; medicine; zinc salts. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Oxide, Red. See Zincite. Zinc Perborate* Probably ZnBO 3 .xH 2 O. Color and properties: Amorphous, white powder. Insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of boric acid on zinc hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Permanganate 498 Zinc Phosphite Zinc Permanganate* Zn(MnO4)2.2H2O. Color and properties: Violet-brown or black, hygroscopic crystals. Soluble in water and acids; decomposes in alcohol. Derivation: By roasting zinc carbo- nate and zinc nitrate with manganese dioxide. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; oxidizing agent. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zinc Peroxide* Znp2. Color and properties: White powder. Decomposes in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of barium peroxide on zinc sulfate solution, fol- lowed by nitration. Impurities: Zinc oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; iron drums; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; bactericide. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zinc Phenate* (Zinc carbolate; Zinc phe- nolate) Zn(C 6 H5O) 2 . Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: By heating zinc hydroxide with phenol and extracting with al- cohol. Method of purification: Recrystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Phenolate. See Zinc phenate. Zinc Phenolsulfonate* (Zinc sulfophe- nate; Zinc sulfocarbolate) Zn(C 6 H5SO4) 2 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: Clear, colorless, crystals or fine white powder. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By heating zinc hydroxide with phenol sulfate. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Ortho- compound. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Phosphate* (Zinc ortho-phosphate; Zinc phosphate, Tribasic) Zn 3 (PO 4 )24H 2 O. Color and properties: White powder. Constants: Specific gravity 2.76-2.85. Soluble in acids and ammonium hydrox- ide; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the interaction of zinc sulfate and trisodium phosphate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Boxes; wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine; dental cements. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Phosphate, Tribasic. See Zinc phosphate Zinc Phosphide* ZnsP 2 . Color and properties: Dark gray, gritty powder. Constants: Specific gravity 4.55. Soluble in dilute acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By passing phosphine into a solution of zinc sulfate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None, Zinc Phosphite* ZnHPO 3 .2HH 2 O. Color and properties: Granular, crys- talline powder. Soluble in cold water; insoluble in hot water. Derivation: By the action of hypophos- phorous acid on zinc hydroxide. Zinc Picrate 499 Zinc Sulfate Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Picrate* (Zinc picronitrate) Zn(C 6 H2(NO2)3O)2.8H 2 O. Color and properties: Yellow, crystal- line powder, explosive. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of picric acid on a solution of a zinc salt. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zinc Picronitrate. See Zinc picrate. Zinc Powder. Finely divided metallic zinc. See Zinc. Zinc Pyroborate. See Zinc tetraborate. Zinc Pyrophosphate* Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in acids and alkalis; insoluble in water. Derivation: By heating a soluble zinc salt with ammonium phosphate. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Pigment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Rhodanide. See Zinc sulfocyanate. Zinc Salicylate* Zn(C 6 H 4 COO)2.3H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line needles. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation: By heating zinc hydroxide and salicylic acid. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Tins; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Stearate* Zn(Ci 8 H 35 O2)2. Color and properties: White, aggluti- nating powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water, al- cohol and ether. Derivation: By the action of sodium stearate on a solution of zinc sulfate. Grades: Technical; U. S. P. Containers: Tins; wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Subcarbonate. See Zinc carbonate, Precipitated. Zinc Subgallate* (Zinc gallate). A mix- ture of 44 per cent zinc oxide and 56 per cent gallic acid. Color and properties: Greenish-gray, neutral, odorless powder. Insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Sulfate* (White vitriol; Zinc vitriol) ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O. Color and properties: Colorless crys- tals; efflorescent in air. Keep well stoppered. Contants: Specific gravity 1.9661; melt- ing-point 50 C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on zinc or zinc oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Iron and lead salts. Grades: Technical; U. S. P.; B. P. Containers: Glass bottles; barrels. Uses: Medicine; mordant in calico printing; paint pigment; preserving wood and skins. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Sulfide 500 Zircon Zinc Sulfide* ZnS.H 2 O, Color and properties: Yellowish, white powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.98; melt- ing-point 1049 C; boiling-point: Sub- limes at n8oC. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By passing hydrogen sul- fide gas into a solution of a zinc salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden barrels. Uses: Paint pigments; lithopone. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Sulfite* ZnSO 3 .2H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder; absorbs oxygen from the air. Soluble in sulfurous acid; insoluble in cold water and alcohol; decomposes in hot water. Derivation: By the action of sulfurous acid on zinc hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Impurities: Zinc sulfate. Grades: Technical; C. P. Containers: Glass bottles; tins. Uses: Medicine; preservative for ana- tomical specimens. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Sulfocyanate* (Zinc rhodanide; Zinc sulfocyanide) Zn(CNS)2. Color and properties: White powder. Soluble in water, alcohol and am- monium hydroxide. Derivation: By the interaction of zinc hydroxide and ammonium sulfocyan- ate. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zinc Sulfocyanide. See Zinc sulfocyan- ate. Zinc-Tin Amalgam.* Composed of Zinc 25 per cent; Tin 25 per cent; Mercury 50 per cent. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Electrical machines; dental ce- ment. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. I Zinc Vitriol. See Zinc sulfate. Zinc White. See Zinc oxide. Zinc Yellow. See Zinc chromate. Zinci Acetas, U. S. P., B. P. See Zinc acetate. Zinci Carbonas, B. P. See Zinc carbo- nate, Precipitated. Zinci Carbonas Praecipitatus, U. S. P. See Zinc carbonate, Precipitated. Zinci Chloridum, U. S. P., B. P. See Zinc chloride. Zinci Oleastearate, B. P. Zinc oleostear- ate. Zinci Oxidum, U. S. P., B. P. See Zinc : oxide. Zinci Phenolsulphonas, U. S. P. See Zinc phenolsulfonate. Zinci Stearas, U. S. P. See Zinc stearate. Zinci Sulphas, U. S. P., B. P. See Zinc sulfate. Zinci Valeras, U. S. P. Zinc valerianate. Zinci Valerianas, B. P. Zinc valerianate. Zincite (Zinc oxide, Red). Natural zinc oxide, ZnO. Contains 80.3 per cent zinc. New Jersey. Zincum, U. S. P. See Zinc. Zingiber, U. S. P., B. P. See Ginger. Zircon. Natural zirconium silicate, ZrSiO4. When clear and orange-col- Zirconia 501 Zirconium Nitrate ored it is used for the gem known as hyacinth. New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas and Vir- ginia. Zirconia. See Zirconium oxide. Zirconic Anhydride. See Zirconium ox- ide. Zirconium* Zr. Color and properties: Hard, lustrous, grayish, crystalline scales. Constants: Specific gravity 4.15-6.40; melting-point I5OOC-235O C. Soluble in hot acids; insoluble in water and cold acids. Derivation: By the reduction of the oxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Zirconium compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Acetate, Basic* Zr(C 2 H 3 O 2 )3.OH. Color and properties: White crystals. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on zirconium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystallization. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Weighting silk. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Carbide* ZrC 2 . Soluble in acids; decomposes in water. Derivation: By heating zirconium ox- ide and coke in an electric furnace. Grades: Technical. Containers: Iron drums. Uses: Incandescent filamenes; abra- sive. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Carbonate, Basic* 3ZrO 2 CO 2 .6H 2 O. Color and properties: White, amor- phous powder. ^ Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By adding sodium carb- onate to a solution of zirconium salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles; wooden kegs. Uses: Zirconium oxide. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Chloride, Basic. See Zirco- nium oxychloride. Zirconium Chloride* (Zirconium tetra- chloride) ZrCl 4 . Color and properties: White, lustrous crystals. Constants: Boiling-point 400 C. Soluble in alcohol; decomposes in water. Derivation: By the action of hydro- chloric acid on zirconium hydroxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Analytical chemistry. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Hydroxide* Zr(OH>4 Color and properties: White, bulky, amorphous powder. Constants: Specific gravity 3.25; melt- ing point: Loses 2H 2 O at 550 C. Soluble in dilute mineral acids; insolu- ble in water and alkalis. Derivation: By the action of a solu- tion of sodium hydroxide on a solu- tion of a zirconium salt. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs; glass bottles. Uses: Zirconium compounds. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Nitrate* Zr(NO 3 )4.5H 2 O. Color and properties: White crystals. Constants: Melting-point: Decompos- es at iooC. Soluble in water. Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on zirconium oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Contaihers: Wooden kegs. Zirconium Ortho-phosphate 502 Zymase Uses: Food preservative. Fire hazard: Dangerous. Railroad shipping regulations: Yellow label. Zirconium Ortho-phosphate. See Zir- conium phosphate. Zirconium Oxide* (Zirconia; Zirconic anhydride) ZrC>2. Color and properties: Heavy, white, amorphous powder. ^ Constants: Specific gravity 5.0; melt- ing-point 2500 C. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Derivation: By heating zirconium hy- droxide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Wooden kegs. Uses: Incandescent gas mantles; Roentgen ray photography; metal- lurgy; abrasive; substitute for cal- cium oxide in calcium lights; cera- mics; acid-proof enamel; refractory utensils; refractory cements. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Oxychloride* (Zirconium chloride, Basic; Zirconyl chloride) ZrOCl 2 .8H 2 O. Color and properties: White, silky crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Derivation : By the action of hydro- chloric acid on zirconium oxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None, n Zirconium Phosphate* (Zirconium phos- phate, Basic; Zirconium ortho-phos- phate) 5ZrO 2 (P2p5)4.8H 2 p. Color and properties: White, dense, amorphous powder. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: By the action of ortho- phosphoric acid on zirconium hydrox- ide. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. I Zirconium Phosphate, Basic. See Zirco- nium phosphate. Zirconium Sulfate* Zr(SO4) 2 .4H 2 O. Color and properties: White, crystal- line powder. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on zirconium hydroxide. Method of purification: Crystalliza- tion. Grades: Technical. Containers: Glass bottles. Uses: Chemical reagent. Fire hazard: None. Railroad shipping regulations: None. Zirconium Tetrachloride. See Zirco- nium chloride. Zirconyl Chloride. See Zirconium oxy- : chloride. Zylonite. See Celluloid. Zymase. See Invertin. Combining (Atomic) Weights Aluminum , Al 27.1 Antimony Sb 120.2 Argon -. . . A 39.88 Arsenic As 74.96 Barium Ba 137-37 Bismuth Bi 208.0 Boron B n.o Bromine Br 79.92 Cadmium Cd 112.40 Caesium Cs 132.81 Calcium Ca 40.07 Carbon C 12.005 Cerium Ce 140.25 Chlorine Cl 35-46 Chromium Cr 52.0 Cobalt CO 58.97 Columbium Cb 93.1 Copper Cu 63.57 Dysprosium Dy 162.5 Erbium Er 167.7 Europium Eu 152.0 Fluorine F 19.0 Gadolinium Gd 157-3 Gallium Ga 69.9 Germanium Ge 72.5 Glucinum Gl 9.1 Gold Au 197.2 ^Helium He 4.00 Holmium Ho 163.5 I Hydrogen H 1.008 Indium In 114.8 j Iodine I 126.92 Iridium Ir 193.1 tlron Fe 55.84 Krypton Kr 82.92 {Lanthanum La I39-O Lead Pb 207.20 Lithium Li 6.94 Lutecium Lu I75.O ; Magnesium Mg 24.32 ^Manganese Mn 54.93 'Mercury Hg 200.6 Molybdenum Mo Neodymium Nd Neon Ne Nickel Ni Niton Nt Nitrogen N Osmium Os Oxygen O Palladium Pd Phosphorus P Platinum Pt Potassium K Praseodymium Pr Radium Ra Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb Ruthenium Ru Samarium Sa Scandium Sc Selenium Se Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulphur S Tantalum Ta Tellurium Te Terbium Tb Thallium Tl Thorium Th Thulium Tm Tin Sn Titanium Ti Tungsten W Uranium U Vanadium V Xenon Xe Ytterbium (Neoytter- bimu) Yb Yttrium Y Zinc Zn Zirconium . . . Zr 173.5 88.7 65.37 00.6 503 Domestic Weights and Measures Apothecaries' Weight 20 grain I scruple 3 scruples I dram 8 drams I ounce 12 ounces i pound Avoirdupois Weight (short ton) 27 u /32 grains i dram 16 drams i ounce 16 ounces i pound 14 pounds I stone 25 pounds i quarter 4 quarters., i hundredweight (cwt) 20 hundredweights .1 ton Avoirdupois Weight (long ton) 27 11 /s2 grains i dram 16 drams i ounce 16 ounces i pound 1 12 pounds i hundredweight 20 hundredweights I ton Circular Measure 60 seconds I minute 60 minutes I degree 30 degrees i sign 12 signs....i circle or circumference Cublic Measure 1728 cubic inches I cubic foot 27 cubic feet i cubic yard Dry Measure 2 pints i quart 8 quarts I peck 4 pecks i bushel Liquid Measure 4 gills i pint 2 pints i Quart 4 quarts I gallon 31^ gallons i barrel 2 barrels i hogshead Long Measure 12 inches i foot 3 feet i yard SYz yards i rod or pole 40 rods i furlong 8 furlongs i statute mile 5280 feet i statute mile 1760 yards i statute mile 3 miles i league Mariners' Measure 6 feet i fathom 120 fathoms i cable length 7^4 cable lengths i mile 5280 feet i statute mile 6085 feet i nautical mile Paper Measure 24 sheet i quire 20 quires i short ream 500 sheets i long ream 2 reams I bundle 5 bundles I bale Square Measure 144 square inches i square foot 9 square feet i square yard 30^ square yards., i square rod or perch 40 square rods I rood 4 roods i acre 640 acres i square mile 36 square miles I township Troy Weight 24 grains i pennyweight 20 pennyweights i ounce 12 ounces i pound 504 Metric Equivalents Approximate acre 0.40 bushel 35. centimeter 0.39 cubic centimeter 0.06 1 cubic foot 0.028 cubic inch 16. cubic meter 35. cubic meter 1.3 cubic yard 0.76 foot 30. gallon (U. S.) 3.8 gallon (Imperial) 4.5 grain 0.065 gram 15. hectare 2.5 inch 25. kilogram (kilo) 2.2 kilometer 0.62 liter 0.91 liter i.i liter 0.88 meter 3.3 i mile 1.6 I millimeter 0.039 i ounce (av'd) 28. i ounce (Troy) 31. i peck 8.8 i pint (liquid) 0.47 pound 0.45 quart (dry) i.i quart (liquid) 0.95 square centimeter 0.15 square foot 0.093 square inch 6.5 square meter 1.2 square meter II. square yard 0.84 ton (2,000 Ibs.) 0.91 ton (2,240 Ibs.) i. ton (metric) i.i ton (metric) 0.98 yard 0.91 Exact hectare 0.4047 liters 35.24 inch 0.3937 cubic inch 0.0610 cubic meter 0.0283 cubic centimeters 16.39 cubic feet 35-31 cubic yards 1.308 cubic meter 0.7646 centimeters 30.48 liters 3.785 liters 4.546 gram 0.0648 grains 15-43 acres 2,471 millimeters 25.40 pounds 2.205 mile 0.6214 quart (dry) 0.9081 quarts (liquid) (U. S.) 1.057 quart (liquid) (Imperial) .... 0.8799 feet 3.281 kilometers 1.609 inch 0.0394 grams 28.35 grams 31.10 liters 8.810 liter 0.4732 kilogram 04536 liters i.ioi liter 0.9463 square inch 0.1550 square meter _._. . 0.0929 square centimeters 6.452 square yards 1.196 square feet 10.76 square meter 0.8361 metric ton 0.9072 metric ton 1.016 ton (2,000 Ibs.) 1. 102 ton (2,240 Ibs.) 0.9842 meter 0.9144 505 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. -459.4 273. -21. -29.44 17.60 - 8. 56. 13.33 -436. 270. -20.20 -29. 18. - 7.78 57. 13.89 -418. -260. -20. -28.89 19. - 7.22 57.20 14. -400. -240. -19. -28.33 19.40 - 7. 58. 14 44 -382. -233. -18.40 -28. 20. - 6.67 59. 15. -364. -220. -18. 27.78 21. - 6.11 60. 15.56 346. 210. -17. -27.22 21.20 - 6. 60.80 16. -328. -200. -16.60 -27. 22. - 5.56 61. 16.11 -310. -190. -16. -26.67 23. - 5. 62. 16.67- -292. -180. -15. -26.11 24. 4.44 62.60 17. -274. -170. -14.80 -26. 24.80 - 4. 63. 17.22 -256. -160. -14. -25.56 25. - 3.89 64. 17.78 -238. -150. -13. -25. 26. - 3.33 64.40 18. -220. -140. -12. -24.44 26.60 - 3. 65. 18.33 -202. -130. -11.20 -24. 27. - 2.78 66. 18.89 -184. -120. -11. -23.89 28. 2.22 66.20 19. -166. -110. -10. -23.33 28.40 - 2. 67. 19.44 -148. -100. - 9.40 -23. 29. - 1.67 68. 20. -139. - 95. - 9. -22.78 30. - 1.11 69. 20.56 130. - 90. - 8. - 22 . 22 30.20 - 1. 69.80 21. -121. - 85. 7.60 -22. 31. - 0.56 70. 21.11 -112. 80. - 7. 21.67 32. 0. 71. 21.67 -103. 75. - 6. 21.11 33. + 0.56 71.60 22. - 94. - 70. - 5.80 -21. 33.80 1. 72. 22.22 - 85. - 65. - 5. -20.56 34. 1.11 73. 22.78 - 76. - 60. - 4. -20. 35. 1.67 73.40 23. - 67. - 55. - 3. -19.44 35.60 2. 74. 23.33 - 58. - 50. - 2.20 -19. 36. 2.22 75. 23.89 - 49. - 45. - 2. -18.89 37. 2.78 75.20 24. - 40. - 40. j 18.33 37.40 3. 76. 24.44 - 39. - 39.44 0.40 -18. 38. 3.33 77. 25. - 38.20 - 39. 0. -17.78 39. 3.89 78. 25.56 - 38. - 38.89 + 1. -17.22 39.20 4. 78.80 26. - 37. - 38.33 1.40 -17. 40. 4.44 79. 26.11 - 36.40 - 38. 2. -16.67 41. 5. 80. 26.67 - 36. - 37.78 3. -16.11 42. 5.56 80.60 27. - 35. - 37.22 3.20 -16. 42.80 6. 81. 27.22 - 34.60 - 37. 4. -15.56 43. 6.11 82. 27.78 - 34. - 36.67 5. -15. 44. 6.67 82.40 28. - 33. - 36.11 6. -14.44 44.60 7. 83. 28.33 - 32.80 - 36. 6.80 -14. 45. 7.22 84. 28.89 - 32. - 35.56 7. 13.89 46. 7.78 84.20 29. - 31. - 35, 8. -13.33 46.40 8. 85. 29.44 - 30. - 34.44 8.60 -13. 47. 8.33 86. 30. - 29.20 34 9. -12.78 48. 8.89 87. 30.56 - 29. - 33.89 10. -12.22 48.20 9. 87.80 31. - 28. 33.33 10.40 -12. 49. 9.44 88. 31.11 - 27.40 - 33. 11. -11.67 50. 10. 89. 31.67 - 27. - 32.78 12. -11.11 51. 10.56 89.60 32. - 26. - 32.22 12.20 -11. 51.80 11. 90. 32.22 - 25.60 - 32. 13. -10.56 52. 11.11 91. 32.78 - 25. - 31.67 14. -10. 53. 11.67 91.40 33. - 24. - 31.11 15. - 9.44 53.60 12. 92. 33.33 - 23.80 - 31. 15.80 - 9. 54. 12.22 93. 33.89 - 23. - 30.56 16. - 8.89 55. 12.78 93.20 34. - 22. - 30. 17. - 8.33 55.40 13. 94. 34.44 506 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales -Continued Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. 95. 35. 134. 56.67 172.40 78. 211. 99.44 96. 35.56 134.60 57. 173. 78.33 212. 100. 96.80 36. 135. 57.22 174. 78.89 213. 100.56 97. 36.11 136. 57.78 174.20 79. 213.80 101. 98. 36.67 136.40 58. 175. 79.44 214. 101.11 98.60 37. 137. 58.33 176. 80. 215. 101.67 99. 37.22 138. 58.89 177. 80.56 215.60 102. 100. 37.78 138.20 59. 177.80 81. 216. 102.22 100.40 38. 139. 59.44 178. 81.11 217. 102.78 101. 38.33 140. 60. 179. 81.67 217.40 103. 102. 38.89 141. 60.56 179.60 82. 218. 103.33 102.20 39. 141.80 61. 180. 82.22 219. 103.89 103. 39.44 142. 61.11 181. 82.78 219.20 104. 104. 40. 143. 61.67 181.40 83. 220. 104.44 105. 40.56 143.60 62. 182. 83.33 221. 105. 105.80 41. 144. 62.22 183. 83.89 222. 105.56 106. 41.11 145. 62.78 183.20 84. 222.80 106. 107. 41.67 145.40 63. 184. 84.44 223. 106.11 107.60 42. 146. 63.33 185. 85. 224. 106.67 108. 42.22 147. 63.89 186. 85.56 224.60 107. 109. 42.78 147.20 64. 186.80 86. 225. 107.22 109.40 43. 148. 64.44 187. 86.11 226. 107.78 110. 43.33 149. 65. 188. 86.67 226.40 108. 111. 43.89 150. 65.56 188.60 87. 227. 108.33 111.20 44. 150.80 66. 189. 87.22 228. 108.89 112. 44.44 151. 66.11 190. 87.78 228.20 109. 113. 45. 152. 66.67 190.40 88. 229. 109.44 114. 45.56 152.60 67. 191. 88.33 230. 110 114.80 46. 153. 67.22 192. 88.89 231. 110.56 115. 46.11 154. 67.78 192.20 89. 231.80 111. 116. 46.67 154.40 68. 193. 89.44 232. 111.11 116.60 47. 155. 68.33 194. 90. 233. 111.67 117. 47.22 156. 68.89 195. 90.56 233.60 112. 118. 47.78 156.20 69. 195.80 91. 234. 112.22 118.40 48. 157. 69.44 196. 91.11 235. 112.78 119. 48.33 158. 70. 197. 91.67 235.40 113. 120. 48.89 159. 70.56 197.60 92. 236. 113.33 120.20 49. 159.80 71. 198. 92.22 237. 113.89 121. 49.44 160. 71.11 199. 92.78 237 . 20 114 122. 50. 161. 71.67 199.40 93. 238. 114.44 123. 50.56 161.60 72. 200. 93.33 239. 115 123.80 51. 162. 72.22 201. 93.89 240. 115.56 124. 51.11 163. 72.78 201.20 94. 240.80 116. 125. 51.67 163.40 73. 202. 94.44 241. 116.11 125.60 52. 164. 73.33 203. 95. 242. 116.67 126. 52.22 165. 73.89 204. 95.56 242.60 117. 127. 52.78 165.20 74. 204 . 80 96. 243. 117.22 127.40 53. 166. 74.44 205. 96.11 244. 117.78 128. 53.33 167. 75. 206. 96.67 244.40 118 129. 53.89 168. 75.56 206.60 97. 245. 118.33 129.20 54. 168.80 76. 207. 97.22 246. 118.89 130. 54.44 169. 76.11 208. 97.78 246.20 119. 131. 55. 170. 76.67 208.40 98. 247. 119.44 132 55.56 170.60 77. 209. 98.33 248. 120 132.80 56. 171. 77.22 210. 98.89 249. 120.56 133. 56.11 172. 77.78 210.20 99. 249.80 121. 507 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Degs. Degs. Degs. Degs. Degs. Degs. Degs. Degs. 250. 121.11 289. 142.78 327.20 164. 366.80 186. 251 121.67 289.40 143. 328. 164.44 367. 186.11 251.60 122. 290. 143.33 329. 165. 368. 186.67 252. 122.22 291. 143.89 330. 165.56 368.60 187. 253. 122.78 291.20 144. 330.80 166. 369. 187.22 253.40 123. 292. 144.44 331. 166.11 370. 187.78 254. 123.33 293. 145. 332. 166.67 370.40 188. 255. 123.89 294. 145.56 332.60 167. 371. 188.33 255 . 20 124. 294.80 146. 333. 167.22 372. 188.89 256. 124.44 295. 146.11 334. 167.78 372.20 189. 257. 125. 296. 146.67 3S4.40 168. 373. 189.44 258. 125.56 296 . 60 147. 335. 168.33 374. 190. 258.80 126. 297. 147.22 336. 168.89 375. 190.56 259. 126.11 298. 147.78 336 . 20 169. 375 . 80 191. 260. 126.67 298.40 148. 337. 169.44 376. 191.11 260.60 127. 299. 148.33 338. 170. 377. 191.67 261. 127.22 300. 148.89 339. 170.56 377.60 192. 262. 127.78 300 . 20 149. 339.80 171. 378. 192.22 262.40 128. 301. 149.44 340. 171.11 379. 192.78 263. 128.33 302. 150. 341. 171.67 379.40 193. 264. 128.89 303. 150.56 341.60 172. 380. 193.33 264.20 129. 303.80 151. 342. 172.22 381. 193.89 265. 129.44 304. 151.11 343. 172.78 381.20 194. 266. 130. 305. 151.67 343.40 173. 382. 194.44 267. 130.56 305.60 152. 344. 173.33 383. 195. 267.80 131. 306. 152.22 345. 173.89 384. 195.56 268. 131.11 307. 152.78 345 . 20 174. 384 . 80 196. 269. 131.67 307 . 40 153. 346. 174.44 385. 196.11 269.60 132. 308. 153.33 347. 175. 386. 196.67 270. 132.22 309. 153.89 348. 175.56 386.60 197. 271. 132.78 309 . 20 154. 348.80 176. 387. 197.22 271.40 133. 310. 154.44 349. 176.11 388. 197.78 272. 133.33 311. 155. 350. 176.67 388.40 198. 273. 133.89 312. 155.56 350.60 177. 389. 198.33 273.20 134. 312.80 156. 351. 177.22 390. 198.89 274. 134.44 313. 156.11 352. 177.78 390 . 20 199. 275. 135. 314. 156.67 352.40 178. 391. 199.44 276. 135.56 314.60 157. 353. 178.33 392. 200. 276.80 136. 315. 157.22 354. 178.89 393. 200.56 277. 136.11 316. 157.78 354 . 20 179. 393.80 201. 278. 136.67 316.40 158. 355. 179.44 394. 201.11 278.60 137. 317. 158.33 356. 180. 395. 201.67 279. 137.22 318. 158.89 357. 180.56 395 . 60 202. 280. 137.78 318.20 159. 357.80 181. 396. 202.22 280.40 138. 319. 159.44 358. 181.11 397. 202.78 281. 138.33 320. 160. 359. 181.67 397 . 40 203. 282. 138.89 321 160.56 359.60 182. 398. 203 . 33 282.20 139. 321.80 161. 360. 182.22 399. 203.89 283. 139.44 322. 161.11 361. 182.78 399 . 20 204 284. 140. 323. 161.67 361.40 183. 400. 204.44 285. 140.56 323.60 162. 362. 183.33 401. 205 285.80 141. 324. 162.22 363. 183.89 402. 205.56 286. 141.11 325. 162.78 363.20 184. 402 . 80 206 287. 141.67 325.40 163. 364. 184.44 403. 206.11 287 . 60 142. 326. 163.33 365. 185. 404. 206 . 67 288. 142.22 327. 163.89 366. 185.56 404 . 60 207. 508 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. 405. 207 . 22 444. 228.89 483. 250.56 521.60 272. 406. 207 . 78 444.20 229. 483.80 251. 522. 272.22 406.40 208. 445. 229.44 484. 251.11 523. 272.78 407. 208.33 446. 230. 485. 251.67 523.40 273. 408. 208.89 447. 230.56 485 . 60 252. 524. 273.33 408.20 209. 447.80 231. 486. 252.22 525. 273.83 409. 209 . 44 448. 231.11 487. 252.78 525.20 274. 410. 210. 449. 231.67 487.40 253. 526. 274.44 411. 210.56 449 . 60 232. 488. 253 . 33 527. 275. 411.80 211. 450. 232.22 489. 253.89 528. 275.56 412. 211.11 451. 232.78 489 . 20 254. 528.80 276. 413. 211.67 451.40 233. 490. 254.44 529. 276.11 413.60 212. 452. 233.33 491. 255. 530. 276.67 414. 212.22 453. 233.89 492. 255.56 530.60 277. 415. 212.78 453.20 234. 492.80 256. 531. 277.22 415.40 213. 454. 234.44 493 256.11 532. 277.78 416. 213.33 455. 235. 494 256.67 532.40 278. 417. 213.89 456. 235.56 494.60 257. 533. 278.33 417.20 214. 456.80 236. 495. 257.22 534. 278.89 418. 214.44 457. 236.11 496. 257.78 534.20 279. 419. 215. 458. 236.67 496.40 258. 535. 279.44 420. 215.56 458.60 237. 497. 258.33 536. 280. 420.80 216. 459. 237.22 498. 258.89 537. 280.56 421. 216.11 460. 237.78 498 . 20 259. 537.80 281. 422. 216.67 460.40 238. 499. 259 . 44 538. 281.11 422.60 217. 461. 238 . 33 500. 260. 539. 281.67 423. 217.22 462. 238.89 501. 260.56 539.60 282. 424. 217.78 462.20 239. 501.80 261. 540. 282.22 424.40 218. 463. 239.44 502. 261.11 541. 282.78 425. 218.33 464. 240. 503. 261.67 541.40 283. 426. 218.89 465. 240.56 503 . 60 262. 542. 283.33 426.20 219. 465.80 241. 504. 262.22 543. 283 . 89 427. 219.44 466. 241.11 505. 262.78 543.20 284. 428. 220. 467. 241.67 505.40 263. 544. 284.44 429. 220.56 467.60 242. 506. 263.33 545. 285. 429.80 221. 468. 242.22 507. 263.89 546. 285.56 430. 221.11 469. 242.78 507.20 264. 546.80 286. 431. 221.67 469.40 243. 508. 264.44 547. 286.11 431.60 222. 470. 243.33 509. 265. 548. 286.67 432. 222.22 471. 243.89 510. 265.56 548.60 287. 433. 222.78 471.20 244. 510.80 266. 549. 287.22 433.40 223. 472. 244.44 511 266.11 550. 287.78 434. 223 . 33 473. 245. 512. 266 . 67 550.40 288. 435. 223.89 474. 245.56 512.60 267. 551. 288.33 435.20 224. 474.80 246. 513. 267.22 552. 288.89 436. 224.44 475. 246.11 514. 267.78 552.20 289. 437. 225. 476. 246.67 514.40 268. 553. 289.44 438. 225.56 476.60 247. 515. 268.33 554. 290. 438.80 226. 477. 247.22 516. 268 . 89 555. 290.56 439. 226.11 478. 247.78 516.20 269. 555 . 80 291. 440. 226.67 478.40 248. 517. 269.44 556. 291.11 440.60 227. 479. 248.33 518. 270. 557. 291.67 441. 227.22 480. 248.89 519. 270 . 56 557.60 292. 442. 227.78 480.20 249. 519.80 271. 558. 292 . 22 442.40 228. 481. 249.44 520 271.11 559. 292.78 443 228 . 33 482. 250. 521. 271.67 559.40 293. 509 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. 560. 293.33 599. 315. 638. 336 . 67 676.40 358. 561. 293.89 600. 315.56 638.60 337. 677. 358.33 561.20 294. 600.80 316. 639. 337.22 678. 358.89 562. 294 . 44 601. 316.11 640. 337.78 678.20 359. 563. 295. 602. 316.67 640.40 338. 679. 359.44 564. 295.56 602.60 317. 641. 338.33 680. 360. 564 . 80 296. 603. 317.22 642. 338 . 89 681. 360.56 565. 296.11 604. 317.78 642.20 339. 681.80 361. 566. 296.67 604.40 318. 643. 339.44 682. 361.11 566.60 297. 605. 318.33 644. 340. 683. 361.67 567. 297.22 606. 318.89 645. 340.56 683.60 362. 568. 297.78 606.20 319. 645 . 80 341. 684. 362.22 568.40 298. 607. 319.44 646. 341.11 685. 362.78 569. 298.33 608. 320. 647. 341.67 685.40 363. 570. 298 . 89 609. 320.56 647.60 342. 686. 363.33 570.20 299. 609.80 321. 648. 342.22 687. 363.89 571. 299.44 610. 321.11 649. 342.78 687.20 364. 572. 300. 611. 321. 67 649.40 343. 688. 364.44 573. 300.56 611.60 322. 650. 343.33 689. 365. 573.80 301. 612. 322.33 651. 343.89 690. 365.56 574. 301.11 613. 322.70 651.20 344. 690.80 366. 575. 301.67 613.40 323. 652. 344.44 691. 3G6.11 575.60 302. 614. 323.33 653. 345. 692. 366.67 576. 302.22 615. 323.89 654. 345.56 692.60 367. 577. 302.78 615.20 324. 654 . 80 346. 693. 367.22 577.40 303. 616. 324.44 655. 346.11 694. 307.78 578. 303.33 617. 325. 656. 346. G7 694.40 368. 579. 303.89 618. 325.56 656.60 347. 695. 368.33 579.20 304. 618.80 326. 657. 347.22 696. 368.89 580. 304.44 619. 326.11 658. 347.78 696.20 369. 581. 305. 620. 326.67 658.40 348. 697. 309.44 582. 305.56 620.60 327. 659. 348.33 698. 370. 582.80 306. 621. 327.22 660. 348.89 699. 370.56 583. 306.11 622. 327 . 78 660.20 349. 699.80 371. 584. 306 . 67 622.40 328. 661. 349.44 700. 371.11 584.60 307. 623. 328 . 33 662. 350. 701. 371.67 585. 307.22 624. 328.89 663. 350.56 701.60 372. 586. 307.78 624.20 329. 663.80 351. 702. 372.22 586.40 308. 625. 329.44 664. 351.11 703. 372.78 587. 308.33 626. 330. 665. 351.67 703.40 373. 588. 308.89 627. 330.56 665.60 352. 704. 373.33 588 . 20 309. 627.80 331. 666. 352.22 705. 373.89 589. 309.44 628. 331.11 667. 352.78 705 . 20 374. 590. 310. 629. 331.67 667.40 353. 706. 374.44 591. 310.56 629.60 332. 668. 353.33 707. 375. 591.80 311. 630. 332.22 669. 353.89 708. 375.56 592. 311.11 631. 332.78 669.20 354. 708.80 376 593. 311.67 631.40 333. 670. 354.44 709. 376.11 593.60 312. 632. 333.33 671. 355. 710. 376 . 67 594. 312.22 633. 333.89 672. 355.56 710.60 377. 595. 312.78 633.20 334. 672.80 356. 711. 377.22 595.40 313. 634. 334.44 673. 356.11 712. 377.78 596. 313.33 635. 335. 674. 356.67 712.40 378. 597. 313.89 636. 335.56 674.60 357. 713. 378 . 33 597.20 314. 636.80 336. 675. 357.22 714. 378 . 89 598. 314.44 637. 336.11 676. 357.78 714.20 379. 510 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. 715. 379.44 754. 401.11 793. 422.78 831.20 444. 716. 380. 755. 401.67 793.40 423. 832. 444.44 717. 380.56 755.60 402. 794. 423.33 833. 445. 717.80 381. 756. 402 . 22 795. 423.89 834. 445.56 718. 381.11 757. 402.78 795.20 424. 834 . 80 446. 719. 381.67 757.40 403. 796. 424.44 835. 446.11 719.60 382. 758. 403.33 797. 425. 836. 446.67 720. 382.22 759. 403.89 798. 425.56 836.60 447. 721. 382.78 759.78 404. 798.80 426. 837. 447.22 721.40 383. 760. 404.44 799. 426.11 838. 447.78 722. 383 . 33 761. 405. 800. 426.67 838.40 448. 723. 383.89 762. 405.56 800.60 427. 839. 448.33 723.20 384. 762.80 406. 801. 427.22 840. 448.89 724. 384.44 763. 406.11 802. 427.78 840.20 449. 725. 385. 764. 406.67 802.40 428. 841. 449.44 726. 385.56 764 . 60 407. 803. 428 . 33 842. 450. 726.80 386. 765. 407.22 804. 428.89 843. 450.56 727. 386.11 766. 407.78 804.20 429. 843.80 451. 728. 386.67 766.40 408. 805. 429.44 844. 451.11 728.60 387. 767. 408.33 806. 430. 845. 451.67 729. 387.22 768. 408.89 807. 430.56 84i.60 452. 730. 387.78 768.20 409. 807.80 431. 846. 452.22 730.40 388. 769. 409.44 808. 431.11 847. 452.78 731. 388.33 770. 410. 809. 431.67 847.40 453. 732. 388.89 771. 410.56 809.60 432. 848. 453.33 732.20 389. 771.80 411. 810. 432.22 849. 453.89 733. 389.44 772. 411.11 811. 432.78 849.20 454. 734. 390. 773. 411.67 811.40 433. 850. 454.44 735. 390.56 773.60 412. 812. 433.33 851. 455. 735 . 80 391. 774. 412.22 813. 433.89 852. 455.56 736. 391.11 775. 412.78 813.20 434. 852.80 456. 737. 391.67 775.40 413. 814. 434.44 853. 456.11 737.60 392. 776. 413.33 815. 435. 854. 456.67 738. 392.22 777. 413.89 816. 435.56 854.60 457. 739. 392.78 777.20 414. 816.80 436. 855. 457 . 22 739.40 393. 778. 414.44 817: 436.11 856. 457.78 740. 393.33 779. 415. 818. 436.67 856.40 458. 741. 393.89 780. 415.56 818.60 437. 857. 458.33 741.20 394. 780.80 416. 819. 437.22 858. 458.89 742. 394.44 781. 416.11 820. 437.78 858.20 459. 743. 395. 782. 416.67 820.40 438. 859. 459.44 744. 395.56 782.60 417. 821. 438.33 860. 460. 744.80 396. 783. 417.22 822. 438.89 861. 460.56 745. 396.11 784. 417.78 822.20 439. 861.80 461. 746. 396.67 784.40 418. 823. 439.44 862. 461.11 746.60 397. 785. 418.33 824. 440. 863. 461.67 747. 397 . 22 786. 418.89 825. 440.56 863.60 462. 748. 397.78 786.20 419. 825.80 441. 864. 462.22 748.40 398. 787. 419.44 826. 441.11 865. 462.78 749. 398.33 788. 420. 827. 441.67 865.40 463. 750. 398.89 789. 420.56 827.60 442. 866. 463.33 750.20 399. 789.80 421. 828. 442.22 867. 463.89 751. 399.44 790. 421.11 829. 442.78 867.20 464. 752. 400. 791. 421.67 829.40 443. 868. 464.44 753. 400 . 56 791.60 422. 830. 443.33 869. 465. 753.80 401. 792. 422 . 22 831. 443.89 870. 465.56 511 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenher Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. 870.80 466. 909. 487.22 948. 508 . 89 987. 530.56 871. 466.11 910. 487.78 948.20 509. 987 . 80 531. 872. 466.67 910.40 488. 949. 509.44 988. 531.11 872.60 467. 911. 488.33 950. 510. 989. 531.67 873. 467.22 912. 488.89 951. 510.56 989 . 60 532. 874. 467.78 912.20 489. 951.80 511. 990. 532.22 874.40 468. 913. 489.44 952. 511.11 991. 532.78 875. 468.33 914. 490. 953. 511.67 991.60 533. 876. 468.89 915. 490.56 953.60 512. 992. 533.33 876.20 469 915.80 491. 954. 512.22 993. 533.89 877. 469 . 44 916. 491.11 955. 512.78 993.40 534. 878. 470. 917. 491.67 955.40 513. 994. 534.44 879. 470.56 917.60 492. 956. 513.33 995. 535. 879.80 471 918. 492.22 957. 513.89 995.20 535.56 880. 471.11 919. 492.78 957.20 514. 996. 536. 881. 471.67 919.40 493. 958. 514.44 997. 536.11 881.60 472. 920. 493.33 959. 515. 998. 536.67 882. 472.22 921. 493.89 960. 515.56 998.80 537. 883. 472 . 78 921.20 494. 960.80 516. 999. 537.22 883.40 473. 922. 494.44 961. 516.11 1000. 537.78 884. 473.33 923. 495. 962. 516.67 1004. 540. 885. 473.89 924 495.56 962.60 517. 1010. 543.33 885.20 474. 924 . 80 496. 963. 517.22 1020. 548.89 886. 474 . 44 925. 496.11 964. 517.78 1022. 550. 887. 475. 926. 496.67 964.40 518. 1030. 554.44 888. 475 . 56 926.60 497. 965. 518.33 1040. 560. 888.80 476. 927. 497.22 966. 518.89 1050. 565.56 889. 476.11 928. 497.78 966.20 519. 1058. 570. 890. 476.67 928.40 498. 967. 519.44 1060. 571.11 890.60 477. 929. 498.33 968. 520. 1070. 576.67 891. 477.22 930. 498.89 969. 520.56 1076. 580. 892. 477.78 930.20 499. 969.80 521. 1080. 582.22 892.40 478. 931. 499.44 970. 521.11 1090. 587.78 893. 478 . 33 932. 500. 971. 521.67 1094. 590. 894. 478 . 89 933. 500.56 971.60 522. 1100. 593.33 894.20 479. 933.80 501. 972. 522.22 1110. 598.89 895. 479.44 934. 501.11 973. 522.78 1112. 600. 896. 480. 935. 501.67 973.40 523. 1120. 604.44 897. 480.56 935.60 502. 974. 523.33 1130. 610 897.80 481. 936. 502.22 975. 523.78 1140. 615.56 898. 481.11 937. 502.78 975 . 20 524. 1148. 620 899. 481.67 937.40 503. 976. 524.44 1150. 621.11 899.60 482. 938. 503.33 977. 525. 1160. 626 . 67 900. 482.22 939. 503.89 978. 525.56 1166. 630 901. 482.78 939.20 504. 978.80 526. 1170. 632 . 22 901.40 483. 940. 504.44 979. 526.11 1180. 637.78 902. 483.33 941. 505. 980. 526.67 1184. 640 903. 483.89 942. 505.56 980.60 527. 1190. 643.33 903.20 484. 942.80 506 . 981. 527.22 1200 648.89 904. 484.44 943. 506.11 982. 527.78 1202. 650. 905. 485. 944. 506.67 982.40 528. 1210 654.44 906. 485 . 56 944.60 507. 983. 528 . 33 1220 660. 906 . 80 486. 945. 507.22 984. 528.89 1230. 665.56 907. 486.11 946. 507.78 984 . 20 529. 1238. 670. 908. 486 . 67 946.40 508. 985. 529.44 1240 671.11 908 . 60 487. 947. 508.33 986. 530 1250 676.67 512 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Begs. 1256. 680. 1640. 893.33 2030. 1110. 2420. 1326.67 1260. 682 . 22 1650. 898 . 89 2040. 1115.56 2426. 1330 1270. 687.78 1652. 900. 2048. 1120. 2430. 1332.22 1274. 690. 1660. 904.44 2050. 1121.11 2440. 1337.78 1280. 693.33 1670. 910. 2060. 1126.67 2444. 1340. 1290. 698 . 89 1680. 915.56 2066. 1130 2450 1343.33 1292. 700. 1688. 920. 2070. 1132.22 2460. 1348.89 1300. 704.44 1690. 921.11 2080. 1137.78 2462. 1350. 1310. 710. 1700. 926.67 2084. 1140. 2470 1354.44 1320. 715.56 1706. 930. 2090. 1143.33 2480 1360 1328. 720. 1710. 932.22 2100. 1148.89 2490 1365.56 1330. 721.11 1720. 937.78 2102. 1150 2498. 1370. 1340. 726.67 1724. 940. 2110. 1154.44 2500 1371.11 1346. 730. 1730. 943.33 2120. 1160 2510 1376.67 1350. 732.22 1740. 948.89 2130. 1165.56 2516 1380 1360. 737.78 1742. 950. 2138. 1170. 2520 1382.22 1364. 740. 1750. 954.44 2140. 1171.11 2530. 1387.78 1370. 743.33 1760. 960. 2150. 1176.67 2534. 1390 1380. 748.89 1770. 965.56 2156. 1180 2540 1393.33 1382. 750. 1778. 970. 2160. 1182.22 2550 1398.89 1390. 754.44 1780. 971.11 2170. 1187.78 2552 1400 1400. 760. 1790. 976.67 2174. 1190 2560 1404.44 1410. 765.56 1796. 980. 2180 1193.33 2570 1410. 1418. 770. 1800. 982.22 2190 1198.89 2580 1415.56 1420. 771.11 1810. 987.78 2192. 1200 2588. 1420 1430. 776.67 1814. 990. 2200 1204.44 2590. 1421.11 1436. 780. 1820. 993.33 2210 1210 2600 1426.67 1440. 782.22 1830. 998.89 2220 1215.56 2606 1430. 1450. 787.78 1832. 1000. 2228. 1220. 2610. 1432.22 1454. 790. 1840. 1004.44 2230 1221.11 2620 1437.78 1460. 793.33 1850. 1010. 2240. 1226.67 2624 1440 1470. 798.89 1860. 1015.56 2246 1230 2630 1443.33 1472. 800. 1868. 1020. 2250 1232.22 2640 1448.89 1480. 804.44 1870. 1021.11 2260. 1237 . 78 2642. 1450. 1490. 810. 1880. 1026.67 2264. 1240 2650. 1454.44 1500. 815.56 1886. 1030. 2270. 1243.33 2660. 1460 1508. 820. 1890. 1032.22 2280. 1248.89 2670. 1465.56 1510. 821.11 1900. 1037.78 2282. 1250 2678. 1470. 1520. 826 . 67 1904. 1040 2290. 1254.44 2680. 1471.11 1526. 830. 1910. 1043.33 2300. 1260 2690. 1476.67 1530. 832.22 1920 1048.89 2310 1265.56 2696. 1480 1540. 837 . 78 1922 1050. 2318 1270 2700. 1482.22 1544. 840. 1930 1054.44 2320. 1271.11 2710 1487.78 1550. 843.33 1940. 1060. 2330. 1276.67 2714. 1490. 1560. 848.89 1950. 1065.56 2336. 1280 2720. 1493.33 1562. 851). 1958. 1070. 2340 1282.22 2730 1498.89 1570. 851.44 1960. 1071.11 2350. 1287.78 2732. 1500 1580. 860 1970. 1076.67 2354 1290 2740 1504.44 1590. 865 . 56 1976. 1080 2360. 1293.33 2750. 1510 1598. 870. 1980. 1082.22 2370. 1298.89 2760 1515.56 1600 871.11 1990 1087.78 2372. 1300 2768. 1520 1610 876.67 1994 1090 2380 1304.44 2770. 1521.11 1616 880. 2000 1093.33 2390. 1310 2780. 1526.67 1620 882.22 2010 1098.89 2400 1315.56 2786. 1530. 1630 887.78 2012 1100. 2408. 1320 2790. 1532.22 1634 890 2020 1104.44 2410 1321.11 2800. 1537.78 513 Equivalent Temperature Readings for Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales Continued Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. Fahrenheit Degs. Centigrade Degs. 2804. 1540. 3010 1654.44 3220. 1771.11 3430. 1887.78 2810. 1543.33 3020 1660. 3230. 1776.67 3434. 1890. 2820. 1548.89 3030. 1665.56 3236. 1780. 3440. 1893.33 2822. 1550. 3038. 1670. 3240. 1782.22 3450. 1898.89 2830 1554.44 3040. 1671.11 3250. 1787.78 3452. 1900. 2840. 1560. 3050. 1676.67 3254. 1790. 3460. 1904.44 j 2850. 1565.56 3056. 1680. 3260. 1793.33 3470. 1910 2858. 1570. 3060. 1682.22 3270. 1798.89 3480. 1915.56 . 2860. 1571.11 3070. 1687.78 3272. 1800. 3488. 1920. 2870. 1576.67 3074. 1690. 3280. 1804.44 3490. 1921 11 2876. 1580. 3080. 1693.33 3290. 1810 3500. 1926.67 2880. 1582.22 3090. 1698.89 3300. 1815.56 3506. 1930 2890. 1587.78 3092. 1700. 3308. 1820. 3510. 1932.22 ! 2894. 1590. 3100. 1704.44 3310. 1821.11 3520. 1937.78 2900. 1593.33 3110. 1710. 3320. 1826.67 3524. 1940. 2910. 1598.89 3120. 1715.56 3326. 1830. 3530. 1943.33 2912. 1600. 3128. 1720. 3330. 1832.22 3540. 1948.89 ' 2920. 1604.44 3130. 1721.11 3340. 1837.78 3542. 1950 2930. 1610. 3140. 1726.67 3344. 1840. 3550. 1954.44 2940. 1615.56 3146. 1730. 3350. 1843.33 3560. 1960 2948. 1620. 3150. 1732.22 3360. 1848.89 3570. 1965.56 2950. 1621.11 3160. 1737.78 3362. 1850. 3578. 1970. 2960. 1626.67 3164. 1740. 3370. 1854.44 3580. 1971.11 2966. 1630. 3170. 1743.33 3380. 1860. 3590. 1976.67 2970. 1632.22 3180. 1748.89 3390. 1865.56 3596. 1980. 2980. 1637.78 3182. 1750 3398. 1870. 3600. 1982.22 2984. 1640. 3190. 1754.44 3400. 1871.11 3610. 1987.78 2990. 1643.33 3200. 1760. 3410. 1876.67 3614. 1990. 3000. 1648.89 3210. 1765.56 3416. 1880. 3620. 1993.33 3002. 1650. 3218. 1770. 3420. 1882.22 3630. 1998.89 514 Specific Gravity Equivalents for Degrees Baume for Liquids Heavier than Water Table adopted by the U. S. Bureau of Standards from the formula: 145 Degrees Baume = 145 77^5 *Specific Gravity F. 60 ? (H V > (N 4> v>> 8 . \ o >> 8 . 1i ^g *S : J 1 "ri "> a o CO "-> a o i 11 .3=3 So a 03 II i i* ccO 3o 3 tt m u 02 O II 1.0000 8.33 19 1 . 1508 9.59 38 .3551 11.29 57 1 . 6477 13.72 1 1.0069 8.38 20 1 . 1600 9.67 39 .3679 11.39 58 1.6667 13.87 2 1.0140 8.46 21 1 . 1694 9.74 40 .3810 11.51 59 1.6860 14.04 3 1.0211 8.51 22 1.1789 9.81 41 .3942 11.61 60 1.7059 14.21 4 1.0284 8.56 23 1 . 1885 9.90 42 .4078 11.72 61 1.7262 14.38 5 1.0357 8.63 24 .1983 9.99 43 .4216 11.84 62 1.7470 14.55 6 .0432 8.69 25 .2083 10.07 44 .4356 11.96 63 1.7683 14.72 7 .0507 8.75 36 .2185 10.16 45 1.4500 12.08 64 1.7901 14.91 8 .0584 8.81 27 .2288 10.24 46 1 . 4646 12.21 65 1.8125 15.10 9 .0662 8.88 28 .2393 10.32 47 1.4796 12.33 66 1.8354 15.29 10 .0741 8.94 29 .2500 10.41 48 1.4948 12.46 67 1.8590 15.48 11 .0821 9.01 30 .2609 10.51 49 1.5104 12.58 68 1.8831 15.68 12 .0902 9.09 31 .2719 10.59 50 .5263 12.72 69 1.9079 15.89 13 .0985 9.15 32 .2832 10.69 51 .5426 12.85 70 1.9333 16.10 14 .1069 9.21 33 .2946 10.78 52 .5591 12.99 71 1.9595 16.32 15 .1154 9.29 34 .3063 10.84 53 .5761 13.13 72 1.9864 16.55 16 .1240 9.36 35 .3182 10.98 54 .5934 13.27 73 2.0139 16.78 17 .1328 9.43 36 .3303 11.09 55 .6111 13.42 74 2.0423 17.01 18 .1417 9.51 37 .3426 11.18 56 .6292 13.57 75 2.0714 17.25 *A11 densities taken at temperature of 60 F. and referred to distilled water at 60 F. as standard. 515 Specific Gravity Equivalents for Degrees Baume for Liquids Lighter than Water Table adopted by the U. S. Bureau of Standards from the formula: 140 Degrees Baume = po 130 ^Specific Gravity F. 60 fc > Ki L 0) . o >> s- n cc .ti & J2 1 S-r ^ C ^ 52 o a *c .ti a j3 v en 3 cu oj X ^~" 3 QJ rt 05 3 QJ C3 W I""! ed &. *" S3 rS cc es rv 2 c3 CV t-i *' CC 5/20 I-H W cq cFO H-JO P H^O w cflC H-;O 10 1 . 0000 8.33 36 0.8434 7.03 61 0.7330 6.11 86 0.6481 5.40 11 0.9929 8.27 37 . 8383 6.98 62 0.7292 6.07 87 0.6452 5.38 12 0.9859 8.21 38 0.8333 6.94 63 0.7254 6.04 88 0.6422 5.36 13 0.9790 8.16 39 0.8284 6.90 64 0.7216 6.01 89 0.6393 5.33 14 0.9722 8.10 40 . 8235 6.86 65 0.7179 5.98 90 0.6364 5.30 15 0.9655 8.04 41 0.8187 6.82 66 0.7143 5.95 91 . 6335 5.28 16 0.9589 7.99 42 0.8140 6.78 67 0.7107 5.92 92 0.6306 5.25 17 0.9524 7.93 43 . 8092 6.74 68 0.7071 5.89 93 0.6278 5.23 18 0.9459 7.88 44 0.8046 6.70 69 0.7035 5.86 94 0.6250 5.21 19 0.9396 7.83 45 . 8000 6.66 70 . 7000 5.83 95 . 6222 5.18 20 0.9333 7.78 46 . 7955 6.63 71 0.6965 5.80 96 0.6195 5.16 21 0.9272 7.72 47 0.7910 6.59 72 0.6931 5.78 97 0.6167 5.14 22 0.9211 7.67 48 0.7865 6.55 73 0.6897 5.75 98 0.6140 5.11 23 0.9150 7.62 49 0.7821 6.52 74 0.6863 5.72 99 0.6114 5.09 24 0.9091 7.57 50 0.7778 6.48 75 0.6829 5.69 100 0.6087 5.07 25 0.9032 7.53 51 . 7735 6.44 76 0.6796 5.66 101 0.6061 5.05 26 0.8974 7.48 52 0.7692 6.41 77 0.6763 5.63 102 0.6034 5.03 27 0.8917 7.43 53 0.7650 6.37 78 0.6731 5.60 103 0.6009 5.00 28 0.8861 7.38 54 0.7609 6.34 79 0.6699 5.58 104 0.5983 4.98 29 0.8805 7.34 55 . 7568 6.30 80 0.6667 5.55 105 0.5957 4.96 30 0.8750 7.29 5fi 0.7527 6.27 81 0.6635 5.52 106 0.5932 4.94 31 0.8696 7.24 57 0.7487 6.24 82 . 6604 5.50 107 0.5907 4.92 32 0.8642 7.20 58 0.7447 6.20 83 0.6573 5.48 108 0.5882 4.90 33 0.8589 7.15 59 . 7407 6.17 84 0.6542 5.45 109 0.5858 4.88 34 . 8537 7.11 60 0.7368 6.14 85 0.6512 5.42 110 0.5833 4.86 35 0.8485 7.07 *A11 densities taken at temperature of 60 C 60 F. as standard. F. and referred to distilled water at 516 Definitions of Units ACTIVITY. Power or rate of doing work ; unit : the watt. AMPERE. Unit of electrical current. The international ampere, "which is one-tenth of the unit of current of the C.G.S. system of electro- magnetic units, and which is represented sufficiently well for prac- tical use by the unvarying current which, when passed through a solution of nitrate of silver in water, and in accordance with accom- panying specifications, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 of a gram per second." The ampere = i coulomb per second = i volt through i ohm = icr 1 E. M. U. = 3 X io 9 E. S. U. (E. M. U. = C. G. S. electromagnetic units. E. S. U. = C. G. S. electrostatic units.) Amperes = volts/ohms = watts/volts = (watts/ohms)*. Amperes X volts = amperes 2 X ohms = watts. ANGSTROM. Unit of wave-length = icr 10 meter. ATMOSPHERE. Unit of pressure. English normal = 14.7 pounds per sq. in. = 29.929 in. = 760.18 mm. Hg. 3 2F. French normal = 760 mm. of Hg. o C. = 29.922 in. = 14.70 Ibs. per sq. in. BOUGIE DECIMALS. Photometric standard. BRITISH THERMAL UNIT. Heat required to raise one pound of water at its temperature of maximum density, i F. = 252 gram- calories. CALORY. Small calory = gram-calory = therm = quantity of heat re- quired to raise one gram of water at its maximum density, one degree Centrigrade. Large calory = kilogram-calory = 1000 small calories = one kilogram of water raised one degree Centigrade at the temperature of maxi- mum density. CANDLE. Photometric standard. CARAT. The diamond carat standard in U. S. = 200 milligrams. Old standard = 205.3 milligrams = 3.168 grains. The gold carat : pure gold is 24 carats ; a carat is 1/24 part. CARCEL. Photometric standard. CIRCULAR AREA. The square of the diameter = 1.2733 X true area. True area = 0.785398 X circular area. 517 COULOMB. Unit of quantity. The international coulomb is the quan- tity of electricity transferred by a current of one international am- pere in one second. = icr 1 E. M. U. = 3 X 10 9 E. S. U. Coulombs = (volts-seconds) /ohms = amperes X seconds. CUBIT = 1 8 inches. DAY. Mean solar day. = 1440 minutes = 86400 seconds = 1.0027379 sidereal day. Sidereal day = 86164.10 mean solar seconds. DIGIT. 3/4 inch; 1/12 the apparent diameter of the sun or moon. DIOPTER. Unit of "power" of a lens. The number of diopters = the reciprocal of the focal length in meters. DYNE. C. G. S. unit of force = that force which acting for one second on one gram produces a velocity of one centimeter per second. = weight in grams divided by the acceleration of gravity in cm. per sec. ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENT is the ratio of the mass in grams deposited in an electrolytic cell by an electrical current to the quantity of electricity. ENERGY. See Erg. ERG. C. G. S. unit of work and energy = one dyne acting through one centimeter. FARAD. Unit of electrical capacity. The international farad is the ca- pacity of a condenser charged to a potential of one international volt by one international coulomb of electricity. = io~ 9 E. M. U. = 9 X I0 11 E. S. U. The one-millionth part of a farad (microfarad) is more commonly used. Farads = coulombs/volts. FOOT-POUND. The work which will raise one pound one- foot high. FOOT-POUNDALS. The English unit of work = foot-pounds/g. g. The acceleration produced by gravity. GAUSS. A unit of intensity of magnetic field = i E. M. U. = 1/3 X io- 10 E. S. U. GRAM-CENTIMETER. The gravitation unit of work == g. ergs. GGRAM-MOLECULE = x grams where x molecular weight of sub- stance. GRAVITATION CONSTANT = G in 'formula G ^p = 666.07 X io~ 10 cm. 3 /gr. sec. 2 HEAT OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT generated in a metallic circuit without self-induction is proportional to the quantity of electricity which has passed in coulombs multiplied by the fall of potential in volts, or is equal to (coulombs X volts) /4.i8i in small calories. The heat in small or gram-calories per second = (amperes 2 X ohms)/ 4.181 = volts 2 / (ohms X 4.181) = (volts X amperes )/4.i8i = watts/4. 181. 513 HEAT. Absolute zero of heat == -273.13 C, -459-6 Fahrenheit, -218.5 Reaumur. HEFNER UNIT. Photometric standard. HENRY. Unit of induction. It is "the induction in a circuit when the electromotive force induced in this circuit is one international volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampere per sec- ond." = io 9 E. M. U. = 1/9 X iQ- 11 E. S. U. HORSE-POWER. The practical unit of power 33,000 pounds raised one foot per minute : 550 ft. pds. per sec. 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watts. JOULE. Unit of work = io 7 ergs. Joules = (volts 2 X seconds) /ohms = watts X seconds = amperes 2 X ohms X sec. JOULE'S EQUIVALENT. The mechanical equivalent of heat = 4.185 X io 7 ergs. KILODYNE. looo dynes. About I gram. LUMEN. Unit of flux of light-candles divided by solid angles. MEGABAR. Unit of pressure = 0.987 atmospheres. MEGADYNE. One million dynes. About one kilogram. METER CANDLE. The intensity lumination due to standard candle distant one meter. MHO. The unit of electrical conductivity. It is the reciprocal of the ohm. MICRO. A prefix indicating the millionth part. MICROFARAD. One millionth of a farad, the ordinary measure of electrostatic capacity. MICRON. ( ) = one millionth of a meter. MIL. One thousandth of an inch. MILLI-. A prefix denoting the thousandth part. MONTH. The anomalistic month = time of revolution of the moon from one perigee to another = 27.55460 days. The nodical month = draconitic month = time of revolution from a node to the same node again = 27.21222 days. The sidereal month = the time of revolution referred to the stars = 27.32166 days (mean value), but varies by about three hours on ac- count of the eccentricity of the orbit and "perturbations." The synodic month = the revolution from one new moon to another = 29.5306 days (mean value) = the ordinary month. It varies by about 13 hours. OHM. Unit of electrical resistance. The international ohm is based upon the ohm equal to io 9 units of resistance of the C. G. S. system of electromagnetic units, and "is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury, at the tetn- 519 perature of melting ice, 14.4521 grams in mass, of a constant cross section and of the length of 106.3 centimeters." = io 9 E. M. U. = 1/9 X io- 11 E. S. U. International ohm = 1.01367 B. A. ohms = 1.06292 Siemens' ohms. B. A. ohm = 0.98651 international ohms. Siemens' ohm = 0.94080 international ohms. PENTANE CANDLE. Photometric standard. PI = v =z ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter = 3.14159265359. POUNDAL. The British unit of force. The force which will in one second impart a velocity of one foot per second to a mass of one pound. RADIAN = i8o/7r 57.29578 = 57 if 45" = 206625". SECOHM. A unit of self-induction = I second X I ohm. THERM = small calory = quantity of heat required to warm one gram of water at its temperature of maximum density one degree Centi- grade. THERMAL UNIT, BRITISH = the quantity of heat required to warm one pound of water at its temperature of maximum density one de- gree Fahrenheit = 252 gram-calories. VOLT. The unit of electromotive force (E. M. F.). The international volt is "the electromotive force that, steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one international ohm, will produce a current of one international ampere, and which is represented sufficiently well for practical use by 1000/1434 of the electromotive force between the poles or electrodes of the voltaic cell known as Clark's cell, at a tem- perature of 15 C. and prepared in the manner described in the ac- companying specification." = io 8 E. M. U. = 1/300 E. S. U. VOLT-AMPERE. Equivalent to Watt/Power factor. WATT. The unit of electrical power = io 7 units of power in the C. G. S. system. It is represented sufficiently well for practical use by the work done at the rate of one Joule per second. Watts volts X amperes = amperes 2 X ohms = volts 2 /ohms (direct current or alternating current with no phase difference). Watts X seconds = Joules. WEBER. A name formerly given to the coulomb. YEAR. Anomalistic year = 365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, 48 seconds. Sidereal " = 365 " 6 " 9 " 9.314 Ordinary = 365 " 5 " 48 " 46 + Tropical " same as the ordinary year. 520 Transportation of Dangerous Articles other than Explosives by Freight * For transportation purposes dangerous articles other than explosives are divided into the following groups : 1. Forbidden articles. 2. Acceptable articles. Group i. Forbidden Articles (a) Outside packages containing in the same compartment interior packages, the mixture of whose contents would be liable to cause a dangerous evolution of heat, gas, or corrosive materials. (b) Cylinders containing gases capable of combining chemically. (c) Packages containing dangerous articles in a leaking condition or in such an insecure condition as to make leakage probable during transit. (d) Rags or cotton waste oily with more than 5 per cent of vegetable or animal oil, or wet rags, or wet textile waste, or wet paper stock. (e) Charcoal screenings from wet charcoal, or wet screenings, or screenings that have been wet. (f) Dangerous articles not properly packed, marked, labeled, de- scribed, and certified. (g) Iron sponge that has not been properly oxidized during manu- facture ; and spent oxide or spent iron mass except when loaded in open steel cars. Group 2. Acceptable Articles Inflammable Liquids Red Label This group includes any liquid or liquid mixture that gives off in- flammable vapors (as determined by flash-point from Tagliabue's open- cup tester, as used for test of burning oils), at or below a temperature of 80 F. Inflammable Solids Yellow Label This group includes all substances other than those classified as ex- plosives that are liable under conditions incident to transportation to cause fires by self-ignition through friction, through absorption of moist- ure, or through spontaneous chemical changes. Oxidizing Materials Yellow Label This group includes all substances, such as chlorates, permanganates, peroxides and nitrates, that yield oxygen readily to stimulate the com- bustion of organic matter. This group includes the strong mineral acids (in strength greater than one-half concentrated, i.e., 47 per cent sulfuric, 34 per cent nitric, 20 per cent hydrochloric) and other strongly corrosive liquids that are Corrosive Liquids White Label liable to cause fires when mixed with chemicals or with organic matter, or are liable, in case of leakage from their shipping containers, to damage other freight materially. * "Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles by Freight and Express" Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey St., New York, September, 1918. 521 Compressed Gases Red or Green (Gas) Label This group includes all inflammable or non-inflammable gases as- sembled for shipment under pressure exceeding 25 pounds per square inch, except when such gases are in cylinders or tubes not exceeding seven-eighths inch outside diameter and of not more than 4 fluid ounces water capacity.* Regulations for the Transportation of Dangerous Articles other than Explosives by Express. For transportation by express, explosives and other dangerous articles* other than explosives, are divided into the following groups: 1. Forbidden articles. 2. Acceptable dangerous articles. Group I. Forbidden Articles Except when shipped by the War or Navy Department of the United States Government in time of war or of threatened war, the follow- ing articles must not be shipped by express, except properly packed samples for laboratory examination, as provided in section 232 of the act of March 4, 1909. (a) Low explosives or black powder. (b) High explosives, including nitroglycerin explosives, dynamite, chlorate powders, nitrate of ammonia powders, dry picric acid, dry picrates, dry nitrocellulose (gun-cotton and negative cotton), dry nitro- starch, dry trinitrotoluol, dry tetranitroaniline or dry tetranitromethyl- aniline. (c) Smokeless powder. (d) Canceled. (e) Fulminate of mercury or of any other metal except as a com- ponent of manufactured articles whose transportation is not forbidden herein. (f) Blasting caps, including electric blasting caps. (g) Ammunition for cannon, with or without projectiles, (h) Detonating fuses. (i) Explosive projectiles, explosive bombs, explosive mines, explosive torpedoes. (j) Liquid nitroglycerin. (k) Fireworks that combine an explosive and a detonator or blast- ing cap. (1) Fireworks containing a match tip or head, or similar igniting point or surface, unless each such individual tip, head, igniting point, or surface is entirely covered and securely protected from accidental contact or friction with any other surface. (m) Fireworks that ignite spontaneously or undergo marked de- composition when subjected for 48 consecutive hours to the temperature of 75C. > (i67F.). (n) Firecrackers whose dimensions exceed 5 inches in length or * Hand fire extinguishers containing non-liguefied gas for the purpose of ex- pelling fire-extinguishing contents are excepted. 522 three-fourths inch in diameter, or whose explosive charges exceed 45 grains each in weight. (o) Toy torpedoes exceeding i l / 2 inches in diameter, or toy caps containing more than an average of thirty-five hundredths of a grain of explosive composition per cap. Toy torpedoes containing a cap com- posed of a mixture of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate exceeding an average of more than one-half (0.5) grain per cap. (p) Fireworks that can be exploded en masse by a blasting cap placed in one of the units, or by impact of a rifle bullet, or otherwise. (q) Explosives or other dangerous articles properly condemned by the Bureau of Explosives, except properly repacked samples for labora- tory examination. (r) Outside packages containing in the same compartment interior packages, the mixture of whose contents would be liable to cause a dan- gerous evolution of heat, gas, or corrosive materials. (s) Cylinders containing gases capable of combining chemically. (t) Packages containing a dangerous article in a leaky condition or in such an insecure condition as to make leakage probable during transit. (u) Rags or cotton waste oily with more than 5 per cent of animal or vegetable oil, or wet rags, or wet textile waste, or wet paper stock. (v) Boxes or kegs that have been previously used for high explosives must not again be used for shipments of any character. (x) Carbon bisulfide, pyroxylin plastic scrap (celluloid, fiberloid, pyralin, viscoloid, zylonite, etc., scrap), charcoal screenings, and white or yellow phosporus. Group 2. Acceptable Dangerous Articles Inflammable Liquids Red Label This group includes all substances other than those classified as ex- plosives that are liable under conditions incident to transportation to cause fires by self-ignition through friction, through absorption of moist- ure, or through spontaneous chemical changes. Oxidizing Materials Yellow Label This group includes all substances such as chlorates, permanganates, peroxides and nitrates, that yield oxygen readily to stimulate the com- bustion of organic matter. Corrosive Liquids White Label This group, including the strong mineral acids (in strength greater than one-fourth concentrated, i.e., 23 per cent sulfuric, 17 per cent nitric, 10 per cent hydrochloric), and other strongly corrosive liquids that are liable to cause fires when mixed with chemicals or with organic matter, or are liable, in case of leakage from their shipping containers, to dam- age other freight materially. Compressed Gases Red or Green (Gas) Label This group includes all inflammable or non-inflammable gases assem- bled for shipment under pressure exceeding 25 pounds per square inch, except when such gases are in cylinders or tubes not exceeding J^ inch outside diameter and of not more than 4 fluid ounces water capacity. 523 Services Offered to the Chemical Industries by The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc. This Company furnishes three distinct classes of service, each meet- ing a real need of the American chemical industries. They are: 1 i ) The Chemical Engineering Catalog, an annual publication bringing together, to their mutual advantage, buyers and sell- ers of chemical machinery, equipment, laboratory supplies, chemicals, raw materials, etc. (2) The Information Bureau, which amplifies and extends the work of the Catalog, and (3) The Book Department, prepared to furnish any tech- nical book in print and to equip large or small libraries complete. The Chemical Engineering Catalog, the 4th Edition of which was published in September, 1919, has become the standard reference work in its field, giving, as it does, essential information and reliable sources of supply concerning practically every type of machinery and equipment and every kind of chemical and raw material required either for labora- tory work or for the various manufacturing processes broadly classed as chemical. In the 4th edition over 600 manufacturers are rep- resented, using in the aggregate about 850 pages of spaces. All the products of these firms are thoroughly cross-indexed in the Directory Sec- tion which is the most accurate buyers' reference published to-day on be- half of any one industry. There are about 75,000 entries in this Section, which will indicate its completeness. The Chemical Engineering Catalog should be referred to whenever names and addresses of reliable concerns from which to purchase are sought. 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